A sealing structure for a cylindrical body has an O-ring holder in which a planar O-ring that provides a seal in the planar direction and a radial O-ring that provides a seal in the axial line direction of the cylindrical body are incorporated in the crossing direction provided at both end parts of the cylindrical body; a pressing means for pressing the O-ring holder in the axial line direction of the cylindrical body via a pressing lid; the O-ring holder is pressed against a tube sheet of the fluid chamber via the pressing lid by the pressing means to press the planar O-ring onto the tube sheet, whereby a fluid tight seal is provided between the fluid chamber and the outside; and the radial O-ring is pressed onto the outer periphery of the cylindrical body to provide a fluid tight seal between the fluid passage and the fluid chamber.

As a synthesis method of DME (dimethyl ether), for example, a method of producing DME and water due to dehydration reaction of ethanol is conventionally known.
In this synthesis method, the produced water and the produced DME increase as the reaction proceeds, and apparent reaction is ended when equilibrium composition is achieved at a reaction temperature. In order to increase the production amount of DME per the amount of the same crude methanol, in a conventional technique, after a gas from an exit of a reactor is cooled, the cooled gas is gas-liquid separated, and DME is recovered as a gas phase while produced water and unreacted methanol are recovered as a liquid phase. Furthermore, the recovered liquid phase is introduced into a distillation tower so that the liquid phase is separated into water and methanol by distillation, and the separated water is discharged outside the system while the separated methanol is circulated into the reactor.
Furthermore, for example, as a synthesis method of terephthalic acid, a method of producing terephthalic acid by paraxylene being subjected to an air oxidation reaction by using an oxidation catalyst under the existence of a solvent of aliphatic carboxylic acid such as acetic acid is common. In this synthesis method, as a result of producing water along with the oxidation reaction, in a conventional technique, an oxidized exhaust gas from an oxidation reactor or a condensate liquid of the oxidized exhaust gas and other solvent containing water generated in the system are introduced into a distillation tower so as to be distilled, and the reaction solvent is recovered by removing oxidized product water.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing a part of a separation membrane 110 for a conventional separation device.
In the separation device shown in FIG. 4, a fluid is introduced from below into a first chamber 111 in the cylindrical separation membrane 110 capable of allowing water to pass through in vapor form, and as the fluid rises, the water content in the fluid is moved into a depressurized second chamber 121 that accommodates the separation membrane 110, and the dehydrated fluid is discharged from the top of the first chamber 111.
In FIG. 4, the separation membrane 110 is held between the top part and the bottom part of the second chamber 121 via O-rings 130T and 130B.
Also, in the above-described dehydrating membrane separation device, in addition to the O-rings shown in FIG. 4, sealing means, for example, as shown in FIGS. 5(A) to 5(D), are provided. In FIGS. 5(A) to 5(D), reference numeral 101 denotes a part connecting with a shell body, and 102 denotes a cylindrical body forming the separation membrane.
In FIG. 5(A), a seal is provided by putting a grand packing 103 and pressing it by using a pressing member 110. In FIG. 5(B), a seal is provided by an O-ring 105 installed in an O-ring case 111. In FIG. 5(C), a seal is provided by installing a U-packing 104. In FIG. 5(D), a seal is provided by installing a T-ring 106.
One usage example of a separation membrane has been proposed in Patent Literature 1 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-89882) and Patent Literature 2 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-89883). These Publications disclose a technique in which a fluid is caused to flow in a membrane separation device having a separation membrane that allows water to permeate and extends in the vertical direction.


An LED tube lamp comprises a heat-dissipating glass lamp tube, protective film attached to a surface of the glass lamp tube, an LED light strip disposed in the glass lamp tube and two end caps, each of the two end caps coupled to a respective end of the glass lamp tube. The LED light strip comprises a substantially flat LED circuit board and a plurality of LED light sources, the LED circuit board comprises a top surface and a base surface, and the plurality of LED light sources mounted on the top surface and the base surface are directly affixed to a curved inner surface of the glass lamp tube. A non-insulating adhesive layer is disposed between the base surface of the LED circuit board and the curved inner surface of the glass lamp tube and extends along a length of the LED light strip. The LED circuit board comprises a first end electrically connecting to a first connector and a second end electrically connecting to a second connector, wherein the first connector and the second connector are connectable to a light fixture through the end caps. The inner space of the glass lamp tube comprises ambient atmosphere. The plurality of LED light sources emit white light. The diameter of the lamp tube is ⅝ inch or 1 inch and a length of the glass lamp tube is 2 ft, 4 ft or 8 ft.

LED lighting technology is rapidly developing to replace traditional incandescent and fluorescent lightings. LED tube lamps are mercury-free in comparison with fluorescent tube lamps that need to be filled with inert gas and mercury. Thus, it is not surprising that LED tube lamps are becoming a highly desired illumination option among different available lighting systems used in homes and workplaces, which used to be dominated by traditional lighting options such as compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) and fluorescent tube lamps. Benefits of LED tube lamps include improved durability and longevity and far less energy consumption; therefore, when taking into account all factors, they would typically be considered as a cost effective lighting option.
The white light with 3000K-5000K color temperature for LED tube lamps has been widely used. Among them, the LED tube lamps with a diameter of ⅝ inch or 1 inch and a length of 2 ft, 4 ft or 8 ft are the most commonly used. Typical LED tube lamps have a heat sink made of aluminum metal, an LED circuit board disposed on the heat sink with light sources being mounted on the circuit board, and end caps provided at two ends of the lamp tube. The LED circuit board is affixed on an upper surface of the heat sink through an adhesive, so heat generated from the LED light sources can be conducted through the LED circuit board and the adhesive to the heat sink. Therefore, the adhesive is usually a thermally conductive or non-insulating adhesive, such as silicone adhesive. The lamp tube is usually a glass tube or plastic tube with good thermal conductivity to improve heat dissipating. The LED circuit board electrically connects to a connector, e.g. including a connecting pin, on the end cap. The connector is suitable for physical and electrical connecting with a traditional lamp holder or light fixture designed for fluorescent tube lamps. In addition, typically the LED tube lamp further comprises a power supply which is suitable for receiving signals from a lamp holder or light fixture. The power supply comprises voltage and current regulating circuits and generates a driving signal that can drive LED light sources. However, existing LED tube lamps have certain drawbacks. For example, metallic heat sinks are usually heavy, which will increase the overall weight of the LED tube lamp a lot, and is unfavorable for assembly and increases difficulty in mass production. In addition, the electrical components and fuses in the LED tube lamps may not perform properly due to increasing temperature inside the LED tube lamps during the use of the LED tube lamps. Specifically, the fuses very likely incorrectly cause open circuits in response to high environmental temperatures inside the LED tube lamps instead of high electrical current flow. The electrical components operate in unexpected ways which are different from circuit design.
Grainy visual appearances are also often found in the aforementioned conventional LED tube lamp. The LED light sources spatially arranged on the circuit board inside the lamp tube are considered as spot light sources, and the lights emitted from these LED light sources generally do not contribute uniform illuminance for the LED tube lamp without proper optical manipulation. As a result, the entire tube lamp would exhibit a grainy or non-uniform illumination effect to a viewer of the LED tube lamp, thereby negatively affecting the visual comfort and even narrowing the viewing angles of the lights. As a result, the quality and aesthetics requirements of average consumers would not be satisfied. To address this issue, the Chinese patent application with application no. CN 201320748271.6 discloses a diffusion tube is disposed inside a glass lamp tube to avoid grainy visual effects. Siemiet (US 20090161359 and US 20090219713) discloses covering a diffusing film (PET film, polyethylene terephthalate) on the interior or exterior surface of lamp tube. PET is also a heat-shrinkable material and can protect glass lamp tube.
Accordingly, the prevent disclosure and its embodiments are herein provided.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Jiaxing Super Lighting Electric Appliance Co., Ltd.


A synthetic resin composition stabilized particularly against the deterioration caused by the action of heat and light, which comprises 100 parts by weight of a synthetic resin, 0.001 to 10 parts by weight of a cyclic phosphite compound represented by the following general formula (I) and 0.001 to 10 parts by weight of a hindered amine compound having a group represented by the following general formula (II) in its molecule: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 stands for a tert-butyl or tert-amyl group; R.sub.2 stands for a C.sub.1.about.9 alkyl group; R.sub.3 stands for a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1.about.4 alkyl group and R.sub.4 stands for a C.sub.1.about.30 alkyl group.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a stabilized synthetic resin composition. Particularly, it relates to a synthetic resin composition which is stabilized against the deterioration caused by the action of heat or light by adding a specific cyclic phosphite and a hindered amine light stabilizer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is known that a synthetic resin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ABS resin or polyvinyl chloride resin is unfit for long-term service, because it is deteriorated by the action of heat or light to cause discoloration or lowering in the mechanical strengths.
In order to prevent the above deterioration of a synthetic resin, many additives have been used alone or as various combinations. Particularly, a phosphite compound is known to have a relatively large effect upon the improvement in the heat resistance of a synthetic resin and the depression of the discoloration thereof. Such a phosphite compound includes triorganic phosphites such as trialkyl phosphites, triaryl phosphites and alkyl aryl phosphites and acid phosphites which are corresponding to the compounds obtained by replacing one of the organic groups of the organic triphosphite by a hydroxyl group. However, these phosphite compounds are unsatisfactory for practical use, because the stabilizing effect thereof is insufficient and the water resistance thereof is poor.
Among the organic phosphite compounds described above, a cyclic phosphite compound of a bisphenol is relatively excellent in stabilizing effect and water resistance. For example, U.S. Pat. No.3297631 discloses 2,2'-methylenebis(dialkylphenyl) phosphite. However, this compound is also poor in stabilizing effect and fails to provide satisfactory practical use.
Further, as compounds more desirable than the phosphite compounds described above, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.100391/1979 discloses cyclic phosphites of o-bisphenol, while Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos.114595/1982 and 103537/1983 disclose cyclic phosphites of 2,2'-bisphenol. However, these compounds also exhibit only an unsatisfactory stabilizing effect and are further disadvantageous in that the process for the preparation thereof is complicated. Accordingly, they have not been practically used as yet.
Meanwhile, in order to prevent a synthetic resin from deteriorating in the hue or lowering in the mechanical strengths caused by irradiation with light, ultraviolet absorbers such as benzophenone, benzotriazole, benzoate or cyanoacrylate or light stabilizers such as hindered amine have been used alone or as a mixture of two or more of them. However, many of these compounds stain a resin and are poor in the effect, so that the development of a more desirable stabilizer has been expected.
Among the compounds described above, hindered amine compounds having a tetramethylpiperidyl group have recently been noted, because they are non-staining and exhibit a relatively large effect upon the light stabilization of a synthetic resin. Therefore, many hindered amine compounds of such a type have been proposed. However, when such a hindered amine compound is used alone, the effect is insufficient, particularly unsatisfactory at all for uses wherein long-term resistance to heat and light is necessitated.
Further, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.66551/1977 discloses that the resistance of a synthetic resin to heat and light is improved by using a combination of a hindered amine light stabilizer and one of various phosphites. However, such a combination does not give an effect satisfactory enough to be used practically, so that the development of a combination of stabilizers having a more desirable effect has been expected.


In a radiographic system and a radiographic image generating method that generate a phase contrast image and an absorption image of an subject, the absorption image in which density irregularity is removed or reduced is generated on the basis of a plurality of pieces of image data obtained for generating the phase contrast image.

Since X-ray attenuates depending on an atomic number of an element configuring a material and a density and a thickness of the material, it is used as a probe for seeing through an inside of a subject. An imaging using the X-ray is widely spread in fields of medical diagnosis, nondestructive inspection and the like.
In a conventional X-ray imaging system, a subject is arranged between an X-ray source that irradiates the X-ray and an X-ray image detector that detects an X-ray image, and a transmission image of the subject is captured. In this case, the X-ray irradiated from the X-ray source toward the X-ray image detector is subject to the quantity attenuation (absorption) depending on differences of the material properties (for example, atomic numbers, densities and thickness) existing on a path to the X-ray image detector and is then incident onto the X-ray image detector. As a result, an X-ray transmission image of the subject is detected and captured by the X-ray image detector to obtain an image (hereinafter, referred to as an absorption image) based on an intensity change of the X-ray by the subject. As the X-ray image detector, a flat panel detector (FPD) that uses a semiconductor circuit is widely used, in addition to a combination of an X-ray intensifying screen and a film and a photostimulable phosphor (accumulative phosphor).
However, the smaller the atomic number of the element configuring material, the X-ray absorption ability is reduced. Accordingly, for the soft biological tissue or soft material, a difference of the X-ray absorption abilities is small and thus it is not possible to acquire an enough contrast of an image. For example, the cartilaginous part and joint fluid configuring an articulation of the body are mostly comprised of water. Thus, since a difference of the X-ray absorption amounts thereof is small, it is difficult to obtain the contrast of an image.
Regarding the above problems, instead of the intensity change of the X-ray by the subject, a research on an X-ray phase imaging of obtaining an image (hereinafter, referred to as a phase contrast image) based on a phase change (refraction angle change) of the X-ray by the subject has been actively carried out in recent years. In general, it has been known that when the X-ray is incident onto an object, the phase of the X-ray, rather than the intensity of the X-ray, shows the higher interaction. Accordingly, in the X-ray phase imaging of using the phase difference, it is possible to obtain a high contrast image even for a weak absorption material having a low X-ray absorption ability. As the X-ray phase imaging, an X-ray imaging system has been recently suggested which uses an X-ray Talbot interferometer having two transmission diffraction gratings (phase type grating and absorption type grating) and an X-ray image detector (for example, refer to Patent Literature 1).
The X-ray Talbot interferometer includes a first diffraction grating (phase type grating or absorption type grating) that is arranged at a rear side of a subject, a second diffraction grating (absorption type grating) that is arranged downstream at a specific distance (Talbot interference distance) determined by a grating pitch of the first diffraction grating and an X-ray wavelength, and an X-ray image detector that is arranged at a rear side of the second diffraction grating. The Talbot interference distance is a distance in which the X-ray having passed through the first diffraction grating forms a self-image by the Talbot interference effect. The self-image is modulated by the interaction (phase change) of the subject, which is arranged between the X-ray source and the first diffraction grating, and the X-ray.
In the X-ray Talbot interferometer, moiré fringes generated by superposition of the self-image of the first diffraction grating and the second diffraction grating are detected, and the phase information of the subject is acquired by analyzing a change of the moiré fringes by the subject. As an example of the method of analyzing moiré fringes, a fringe scanning method is proposed. According to the fringe scanning method, a plurality of imaging is performed while the second diffraction grating is translation-moved with respect to the first diffraction grating in a direction, which is substantially parallel with a plane of the first diffraction grating and is substantially perpendicular to a grating direction (strip band direction) of the first diffraction grating, with a scanning pitch that is obtained by equally partitioning the grating pitch. Then, an angle distribution (differential image of a phase shift) of the X-ray refracted at the subject is acquired from changes of signal values of respective pixels obtained in the X-ray image detector. Based on the acquired angle distribution, it is possible to obtain a phase contrast image of the subject.

Radiographic system and radiographic image generating method


An article and method of manufacturing an authenticatable finished fabric and article comprising the steps of: obtaining an original fabric article comprising authentic fiber, the original fabric article being possessed at some time by at least one person; breaking the original fabric article into authentic fiber components; blending the authentic fiber components with virgin fiber to make a authentic fiber blend; generating a authentic fiber blend yarn; weaving or knitting a finished fabric that is configured to form a binary code from a mixture of the authentic fiber blend yarn and a filling yarn; and creating a first level authentication and an second level authentication of the finished fabric with the first and second level authentication being non-interacting or independent.

Counterfeit goods are a significant problem that cost legitimate owners of proprietary products significant amounts of revenue. The apparel industry ranks third in lost revenue, due to counterfeiting, behind electronics and jewelry.
Labeling is one approach to limiting the counterfeiting of clothing. Increasingly sophisticated labels have been developed including holograms, barcodes, alphanumeric codes and the like all aimed at making duplication complicated. However, legitimate labels can be pirated and applied to counterfeit apparel or the label itself can be counterfeited. Furthermore, labels do not protect the final fabric article itself and once separated from the final fabric article the authentication, and therefore value, of the final fabric article may be irrevocably lost.
Fans of sports figures, musicians, actors, and other celebrities in the public eye often collect items of memorabilia that is associated with their heroes. These items are often limited in quantity and therefore they command a high, often unaffordable pricing. Therefore, memorabilia is often lucrative for potential fraud and counterfeiting activity. The buyer of rare memorabilia items is faced with concerns about authenticity.
A potential market is the creation of multiple collectable items from a single collectable item by subdividing the original item. For example, a baseball bat used in a game may be subdivided into small pieces and incorporated in a baseball card. A large market is thought to exist for replica clothing, wherein the clothing replicates a particular article of clothing worn during an event, wherein the replica has authenticated portions, such as thread, from the original clothing. This market has never reached the expected potential due to the propensity, and ease, of counterfeiting which severely mitigates the ability to demonstrate authenticity for the true replica.
It is difficult to track and authenticate collectable materials that are standardized, undifferentiated, substitutable, interchangeable, batch-processed in essentially identical form, and available in bulk or from a variety of sources. Examples of such materials include primary commodities, such as agricultural and mineral products, and processed commodities, such as manufacturing materials, building materials, clothing and industrial chemicals.
Luminescent marking materials have been proposed for identifying or authenticating high-value articles or materials and in particular security documents such as passports, banknotes, credit cards, checks, as well as articles such as jewelry, vehicles, electronic goods, etc. However, prior luminescent marking systems require either relatively high amounts of luminescent materials to make detection reliable in ambient light or, when using trace amounts of luminescent materials, sophisticated and bulky laboratory spectrometers for detecting luminescence. High concentrations of luminescent materials are not practicable or cost-effective for tracking industrial process materials which are generally low-value commodity materials, typically mass-produced and sold in bulk. Furthermore, the use of laboratory detection equipment often requires detailed sample preparation by a trained analytical chemist and is not amenable to high-throughput mass screening of samples for off-site applications.
Various approaches to marking a fiber, or thread, for authentication of that fiber or thread are taught. High-resolution tracking of industrial process materials incorporating traces of luminescent markers is described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,361,561, incorporated herein by reference. Methods for marking threads and fibers is described in WO 2013/026098, incorporated herein by reference. Other approaches are disclosed for marking an overall garment with a label that is applied after the garment is completely constructed. Woven labels with an invisible bar code are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,764,970, incorporated herein by reference, however, as discussed above the labels are only suitable if there is certainty in the correlation between the life cycle of the article and attached label. Clothing item registration systems are known such as in U.S. Publ. Appl. No. 2005/0280534, incorporated herein by reference.
There is an ongoing desire for authenticatable fibers, yarns, and/or components containing authenticatable fibers, and articles comprising the fibers. Provided herein are authenticatable fibers and authenticatable articles/items containing the fibers/components and a method for producing authenticatable articles.

Authenticatable articles, fabric and method of manufacture


A memory device includes active circuitry configured to process a segment set that corresponds to a source data, wherein: the source data comprises information corresponding to a device operation, the source data having a block length representing a number of bits therein, and the segment set includes at least a first segment and a second segment, the first segment and the second segment each including number of bits less than the block length; and a set of die pads coupled to the active circuitry and configured to communicate the segment set for operating a second device, wherein the set includes a number of die pads less than the block length.

Memory systems can employ memory devices to store and access information. The memory devices can include volatile memory devices, non-volatile memory devices, or a combination device. Memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), can utilize electrical energy to store and access data. Some memory devices can include vertically stacked dies (e.g., die stacks) that are connected using Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) in a master-slave (MS) configuration. For example, the memory devices can include Double Data Rate (DDR) RAM devices that implement DDR interfacing scheme for high-speed data transfer. The DDR RAM devices (e.g., DDR4 devices, DDR5 devices, etc.) can include memory chips that include die stacks that each include a master die and one or more slave dies.
Some memory device can include TSVs that are dedicated for data communication between dies. For example, DDR4 devices can include eight bidirectional TSVs, such as corresponding to a data bus associated with eight-bit data segments, configured to communicate data for reads and writes. Also, DDR5 devices can include 16 bidirectional TSVs that correspond to a data bus associated with 16-bit data segments.
With technological advancements in other areas and increasing applications, the market is continuously looking for faster and smaller devices. To meet the market demand, physical sizes or dimensions of the semiconductor devices are being pushed to the limit. In view of the ever-increasing commercial competitive pressures, along with growing consumer expectations and the desire to differentiate products in the marketplace, it is increasingly desirable that answers be found to these problems. Additionally, the need to reduce costs, improve efficiencies and performance, and meet competitive pressures adds an even greater pressure to find answers to these problems.

Memory device with a signaling mechanism


A method for the oscillation damping of a drive train in a wind turbine is proposed. The drive train connects a rotor to a generator. Parameter values representing an oscillation of the drive train are calculated and, on the basis of the calculated parameter values, damping forces which counteract the oscillation of the drive train are exerted in a controlled manner on the drive train by a braking device.

In a wind turbine the kinetic energy of the wind is used for the purpose of producing rotational movement in a rotor. This rotational movement is transmitted via a drive train to a generator which generates electrical energy from the rotational energy.
Due to the transmission of force from the rotor to the generator and due to further influences (see below), the drive train and the wind turbine components surrounding it are exposed to a multiplicity of forces, which result in oscillations, i.e. vibrations in the drive train. In this context, it is possible essentially to distinguish between axial oscillations, which therefore propagate along the axis or plurality of axes of the drive train, and radial oscillations, which travel transversely relative to this axis or axes. Such oscillations have a number of causes:
Firstly, external factors such as e.g. the wind speed, the wind direction, the external temperature or turbulence play a role. These factors of influence exert forces on the rotor, not all of which act in an axial direction of the drive train or the axis of the rotor. This results in mainly low-frequency oscillations of up to approximately 10 Hz in the drive train.
Secondly, a complex overall system consisting of numerous mechanically-interconnected components works during operation of the wind turbine. For example, provision is often made for a speed-transforming gear which transforms the relatively slow rotation of the rotor or a first shaft of the drive train into a faster rotation of a second shaft of the drive train. Vibrations (i.e. torsional oscillations) automatically occur in this gear due to the connection of the two drive train components by means of toothed gearwheels or other elements for the transmission of force. Torsional forces are also transmitted from the gear onto the machine housing, i.e. onto the internal structure of the cabin. Moreover, the gear also produces axial oscillations, mainly in the high-frequency range above 10 Hz.
Thirdly, pitch and yawing moments are produced by constraining forces in connections between the cabin and components that are mounted in the cabin. These constraining forces occur as a result of the assembly, as a result of weight distribution, and due to excitation of the natural frequencies of the drive train. The pitch and yawing moments in the drive train produce forces which act on the subfloor in the cabin of the wind turbine and can damage this. The natural frequency of an individual component is dependent on its weight and/or its inertia in this case. By combining a system of components during the assembly, new system characteristics and hence new natural frequencies are produced.
Further oscillations can be induced as a result of a second shaft being arranged, relative to the rotor, behind such a speed-transforming gear, wherein a braking device is attached to said second shaft and wherein said second shaft leads towards the generator via a coupling in a posterior region of the cabin. This coupling can be used to realize e.g. a compensation of levels in the direction of the generator, this being mounted lower or higher than the speed-transforming gear. This coupling can also cause oscillations during operation.
The oscillations and force effects in the region of the drive train as summarized here in the form of an overview represent a problem during operation of the wind turbine, because they can significantly reduce the service life of the wind turbine as a whole, or individual components thereof, and/or permanently jeopardize their functionality. In particular, high frequency oscillations above approximately 10 Hz can cause significant damage at high amplitudes, primarily in the gear, in the generator and to the cabin of the wind turbine. They often continue along the whole drive train and can even be amplified by the transformation in a gear. The VDI specification VDI 3834, whose disclosure contents are explicitly considered to be part of the present application, sets forth the principles for the measurement and evaluation of mechanical oscillations of wind turbines and their components. It contains inter alia limits that should as far as possible not be exceeded for loads caused by vibrations.
The cited oscillations and forces can be equalized by means of various countermeasures, such that as far as possible no constraining forces are transmitted from the gear or the drive train onto the cabin. For example, the drive train is currently mounted elastically on the housing of the cabin. This mounting is effected e.g. by means of a three-point or four-point mounting, which therefore comprises an elastic sprung connection between the subfloor and the drive train or the speed-transforming gear at three or four points of the drive train. In this context, the drive train can be fully or partially surrounded at at least one point along its longitudinal course, such that the drive train is stabilized both laterally and upwards. Axially soft elastomers can be used as rubber dampers for such bearings, e.g. in the form of elastomer bushes which form the contact between the gear or a drive train component and the respective bearing support or the respective bearing ring.
A three-point mounting can comprise e.g. a main bearing and a gear support: the main bearing features a bearing ring which encloses a shaft of the drive train, i.e. a drive train component. The main bearing therefore absorbs both axial and radial forces. The gear support partially encloses a speed-transforming gear from both sides, i.e. in a horizontal direction and transversely relative to the axis of the drive train. It is so designed as to be axially mobile and therefore also absorbs torsional forces. This bearing is also used for the equalization of both pitch and yawing moments. A four-point mounting comprises a second bearing, which encompasses a shaft of the drive train and therefore offers the advantage of increased system stability due to additional absorption of axial forces.
In addition to this passive equalization of oscillations by means of bearings, provision can also be made for active oscillation damping. To this end, provision can be made at the bearings to exert active forces on the drive train or on other wind turbine components connected to the drive train, which active forces counteract the oscillations of the drive train or the components connected to the drive train. However, such active damping components require additional structural space within the cabin of the wind turbine, as well as being expensive to provide and maintenance-intensive. A further type of active oscillation damping is effected by means of converters, i.e. electronic components. By selectively regulating a converter, it is possible to decrease or increase loads from the generator side. Control of the converter for the purpose of oscillation damping is therefore possible and is currently also realized; however, it reduces the efficiency of the energy production and also introduces an additional factor of influence into the control of the converter.

Wind turbine braking device and method of use damping drivetrain oscillation


First characteristic values (SS, FF) which fluctuate most of the characteristic of a device composing a semiconductor device are obtained according to a fluctuation of manufacturing process for the semiconductor device. Next, the width (optimized K value) of a fluctuation width of manufacturing process which matches second characteristic values (C1, C16) of the worst cases of the characteristic of this device with the first characteristic values (SS, FF) is determined. Finally, a third characteristic value of the worst case of the circuit characteristic of the semiconductor device is determined based on this fluctuation width (optimized K value).

This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the Japanese Patent applications No. P2000-292770, filed on Sep. 26, 2000; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns the circuit design of a semiconductor device such as LSI and is particularly for application in the estimation of a fluctuation of the circuit characteristic, as generated by process fluctuation.
2. Description of the Related Art
Securing a high yield rate from the early stages of mass production is very important for the semiconductor devices, especially, LSI products. The reason is that the high yield rate leads to reduction of cost and turnaround time (TAT). This yield rate rises or falls due to fluctuation of the circuit characteristics. The factor which causes circuit characteristic fluctuation is manufacturing process fluctuation. If the manufacturing process did not fluctuate at all, the circuit characteristic also would not fluctuate, and if the circuit operation could be thus assured, the yield rate of the LSI product could always kept at 100%. However, in practice, it is impossible to remove completely manufacturing process fluctuation.
In order to obtain a high yield rate, it is necessary to estimate the fluctuation of the circuit characteristic due to the fluctuation of the manufacturing process with high accuracy and optimize the circuit based on that estimation result.
However, the estimated device and circuit characteristics sometimes do not coincide with the actual, measured values of the semiconductor device. That is to say, estimated values which emerge in simulation, may not always correspond to those found in practice.
The method for simulating the circuit characteristic of the semiconductor device according to the embodiment of the prevent invention is the obtaining a first characteristic value which most fluctuates a characteristic of an element composing the semiconductor device according to a fluctuation of a parameter of the element; the determining a width of the fluctuation of the parameter which matches a second characteristic value of the worst case of the characteristic of the element with the first characteristic value; and the determining a third characteristic value of the worst case of the circuit characteristic of the semiconductor device based on the width of the fluctuation.

Simulator of semiconductor device circuit characteristic and simulation method


A system and method for self-publishing includes components reflecting an author's intent with respect to other contributors and readers. Embodiments may include an object model which manages permissions to permit contributors to contribute content and services to the book to replace aspects of the traditional publishing process, and to offer new opportunities for republishing a book. A book may be an electronic book comprising context associated with a focus in the book which is reflected in schema underlying the book. Content may be added by contributors, and different versions of the book may be published with the new content. Ratings and other business intelligence may be provided to the original author to aid selection of contributors and content. A resulting book may be published electronically or as a hard copy.

As electronic book readers become more sophisticated, and as the cost of technologies that are capable of producing rich media content decrease, providing rich media content to an audience is becoming more important. Traditional books are having a more difficult time competing with the content that is available through the Internet. And as electronic book readers become more commonplace, the demand for books printed on paper is going down, leaving authors with fewer opportunities to publish their works in a profitable fashion.
Much of the rich content that is available through modern technology is not accessible to an average author. Although modern electronic readers are being produced with increasingly sophisticated abilities, and markup languages such as HTML, HTML5, Javascript, and XML have been simplified through various applications, the level of technical sophistication required to incorporate rich content into a published work is beyond the abilities of most authors.
Another shortcoming of modern authorship is the lack of a format for collaborative efforts and continuing additions. The Internet facilitates websites where multiple authors can post their works, but a good system for controlling the contributions of multiple authors to a single work, especially with regards to rights and revenues, is lacking.
Formats accessible through the Internet are not well suited to reading on electronic book readers, and are often cluttered with unwanted advertisements and links that are present to provide revenue for the website.


A buckle positioning apparatus in a seat belt system of a motor vehicle for positioning a buckle at a heightened position above a seat bottom for enhancing occupant accessibility of the buckle. The buckle has a lever that is poised for engagement by a back side of a seat back so that the buckle rises and descends with the seat back while not interfering with the movement of the seat back and seat bottom between a cargo position and a normal seating position. The buckle yields to a torsional spring upon an occupant pushing the heightened seat belt buckle upon the occupant entering and exiting the vehicle.

Generally, it is well known in motor vehicles to provide a seat belt system that includes a buckle connected to the vehicle floor by a strap extending through a space between a seat back cushion and a seat bottom cushion so that the cushions support the buckle in its normal use position.
It is also known for some vehicles to utilize a clam shell seat arrangement in which the rear seat is mounted to the vehicle floor by a mechanism comprising of pivots and linkage arms which allow the seat back to fold downward to a horizontal cargo position to form a cargo floor. In some vehicle arrangements, the seat back may also move simultaneously forward with the seat bottom away from the buckle and its connecting strap.
The use of a substantially stiff connecting strap for the buckle, such as a metal bracket or a length of belt supported by a stiff plastic sheath, can support the buckle in its use position even after the seat back and seat bottom have moved away from the buckle. However, in some seating arrangements, the stiff connecting strap and buckle interfere with the movement of the seat back and seat bottom when moving between the cargo position and the normal seating position. Also, the stiff connecting strap and buckle may cause an occupant discomfort upon entering and exiting the vehicle, especially when the buckle is positioned substantially above the seat bottom to facilitate passenger access to the buckle.
Accordingly, the prior art has recognized that the buckle can be connected to the floor by a spring supported yieldable support that continuously biases the buckle into engagement with the seat back so that the buckle always follows the movement of the seat back. However, when utilized in conjunction with a clam shell seat arrangement, the buckle becomes disengaged from the seat back upon the seat back moving away from the buckle towards the cargo position. This results in the buckle being behind the seat back upon the seat returning to its normal seating position, and thus the buckle is unable to obtain the use position.
It would be advantageous to provide a new and improved buckle positioning apparatus for use in conjunction with seating arrangements in which the seat moves substantially away from support of the buckle.
It would also be advantageous to provide such a buckle positioning apparatus that would reliably position the buckle during the return movement of the seat back from the cargo position to the normal seating position so that the buckle is re-established in the occupant accessible use position extending between the seat bottom and the seat back.
In addition, it would be advantageous to provide such a buckle positioning apparatus that would position the buckle at a heightened position above the seat bottom to enhance occupant accessibility to the buckle.
Furthermore, it would be advantageous to provide such a buckle positioning apparatus that would yield during movement of the seat between the normal seating position and the cargo position so that the buckle and support strap would not interfere with the movement of the seat.
Lastly, it would be advantageous for such a buckle positioning apparatus to yieldably support the buckle at its normal use position in order to improve occupant comfort by allowing the buckle to yield and move upon the occupant pushing the buckle.

Buckle positioning apparatus for improving occupant access in a motor vehicle


Foreshocks are key to understand the dynamics of earthquake processes, thus, they can lead to short-term earthquake prediction. The method consists the steps of detecting/observing a foreshock clustering/nucleation zone, which grew over a 100 hours period prior to the main-shock occurrence, and studying the deepening of nucleation zone to foresee a hypocenter of a future moderate size reservoir-triggered earthquake at the base of the seismogenic layer

The present invention relates to a digitally implemented method of short term forecasting of moderate size reservoir-triggered earthquakes. More particularly the present invention relates to short-term earthquake forecasting method for exactly foreseeing the hypocenter and the date of the occurrence of a moderate size reservoir-triggered earthquake.
The reservoir-triggered earthquakes can lead to significant damages because of their location in the vicinity of thickly populated towns (Gupta and Rastogi, 1976). Presently, there are about 70 cases of reservoir-triggered seismicity in the Globe (Gupta, 1992). Damaging earthquakes exceeding magnitude 6 occurred near large reservoirs at Hsinfengkiang in China, at Kariba in the Zambia-Zimbabwe border region, at Kremasta in Greece, and at Koyna in India. So far, the largest and most damaging reservoir triggered earthquake occurred on Dec. 10, 1967 at Koyna region which claimed over 200 human lives, 1500 injured and rendered thousands homeless (Gupta et al., 1972, 1976, 1983, 1999 and 2002). Till date, one M6.3, seventeen earthquakes of Mxe2x89xa75 (where M is the intensity), about 170 earthquakes of Wxe2x89xa74 and hundred thousand of smaller events. Earthquakes of Mxe2x89xa75 occurred in 1967, 1968(probably an aftershock of 1967 event), 1973, 1980, 1993-94 and 2000 when certain conditions of reservoirs filling parameters are met (i.e. water level in Koyna and/or Warna reservoir exceeding the previous maximum (Kaiser effect), rate of loading exceeding 12 m/week and the retention time of high water level (Talwani, 1997; Rastogi et al., 1997; Gupta et al., 2002). It is inferred based on the estimation of moment release by Mxe2x89xa75 (where M is the intensity of earthquake) earthquakes including one M6.3 that the activity will continue for 34 decades with Mxe2x89xa75 earthquakes (Gupta et al., 2002). Thus, short-term prediction of Mxe2x89xa75 earthquakes will be quite important to mitigate seismic hazard of the region. It will also be important method for earthquake prediction for several other reservoir-triggered sites of the world. Earthquake prediction is debatable (Mogi, 1969). Nevertheless, there are at least three types of (conventional) earthquake prediction. Deterministic prediction is where the behavior before the earthquake (the stress interactions with the surrounding rocks, say) can be calculated (by whatever techniques are available) so that the time, place, and magnitude of the future large earthquakes can be estimated within well-defined windows (Di Luccio et al., 1997). Earth is complex, non-linear and heterogeneous at all scales which makes deterministic prediction difficult. Statistical prediction is where seismicity in the past can yield estimates of seismicity in the future. Statistical analysis of seismicity in the past in order to attempt to predict future behavior again fails because of complexity and heterogeneity. The third and most common type is where some key precursory phenomenon or a group of phenomena indicate that a large earthquake is imminent (Agnew and Jones, 1991). I suggest that all three types cannot predict time, place, and magnitude of a future large earthquake. It is complexity and heterogeneity that prevents it each time.
Foreshocks are just the small fraction of mainshocks that trigger aftershocks at the high end of the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude distribution, and thus with magnitudes greater than themselves (Utsu, 1969; Ogata et al., 1995; Abercrombie and Mori, 1996). Immediate foreshocks are the only incontrovertible, causal earthquake precursor but their cause and their relationship to their mainshock is not obvious (Dodge and Beroza, 1995; Many studies have demonstrated the strongly non-random clustering of foreshocks with mainshocks (e.g., Papazachos, 1975; Bowman and Kisslinger, 1984; Ohnaka, 1992; Console et al., 1993; Savage and dePolo, 1993; Ogata et al., 1995), but without a consistent idea emerging of the physical relationship between foreshocks and mainshocks. Foreshocks have been considered as accelerating failure (e.g., Jones and Molnar, 1979), as triggers of the mainshock (e.g., Dodge et al., 1995) and as mechanisms to delay the mainshock (e.g., Jones et al., 1982; Jones, 1984; Dodge et al., 1997). Earthquakes come in a range of magnitude 1 to 9, and they exhibit clustering in both space and time. Power law distributions of number versus energy and energy versus time before and after large events suggest that a complex systems approach to earthquake mechanics may yield new insights into the spatio-temporal distribution of slip for individual earthquakes, and into the spatio-temporal patterns of regional seismicity.
Foreshocks have been used to detect the nucleation process of large- or moderate size earthquakes, which in turn, leads to earthquake prediction. Quasi-static slip within the nucleation zone preceding the large/moderate size earthquakes has been noticed. For 1978 Izu peninsula earthquake of M7.2, the nucleation zone grew at a rate of 1 to 40 cm/sec before reaching a diameter of 10 km within one day of the mainshock (Ohnaka, 1992). According to this theory, foreshocks will cluster before the occurrence of mainshocks, therefore, accurate estimation of hypocentral parameters of foreshocks will make possible to detect foreshock clustering. The nucleation zone deepens with depth if mainshocks are occurring within the seismogenic layer otherwise nucleation zone propagates upwards. Accordingly, this theory obviously means that all of the earthquakes should nucleate at a point where the stress level exceeds critical level and then the rupture propagates along the fault zone causing foreshocks at asperities (Rastogi and Mandal, 1999; Singh et al., 1998; Mandal et al., 2000). And finally the nucleation zone reaches the base of the seismogenic layer to cause the main shocks.
The above-mentioned theory involves an assumption that the foreshocks should occur in a cluster and mainshock should occur within the seismogenic layer, seems to be rather unsuitable to predict earthquake, which occurred below the seismogenic layer, which may nevertheless cause a considerable damage. Thus, this method seems to be suitable for reservoir-triggered earthquakes, which generally would occur in a cluster due to the influence of fluids at hypocentral depth, characterized by shallow focal depths.
Abercrombie, R, and J. Mori, 1996, Characteristics of foreshock occurrence to large earthquakes in the western USA, Nature, 381, 303-307.
Agnew, D. C., and L. M. Jones, 1991, Prediction probabilities from foreshocks, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11,959-11,971.
Bowman, J., and C. Kisslinger, 1984, A test of foreshock occurrence in the central Aleutian arc: Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 74, 181-198.
Console, R., M. Murru, and B. Alessandrini, 1993, Foreshock statistics and their possible relationship to earthquake prediction in the Italian region: Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 83, 1248-1263.
Di Luccio, F., R. Console, M. Imoto, and M. Murru, 1997, Analysis of short time-space range seismicity patterns in Italy: further step towards earthquake prediction, Annali di Geofisica, XL, 783-798.
Dodge, D. A. and G. C., Beroza, 1995, Foreshock sequence of the 1992 Landers, Calif., earthquake and its implication for earthquake nucleation, J. Geophys., Res. 100, 9865-9880.
Dodge, D. A., G. C. Beroza, and W. L. Ellsworth, 1995, The foreshock sequence of the 1992 Landers, Calif., earthquake and its implication for earthquake nucleation, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9865-9873.
Dodge, D. A., G. C. Beroza, and W. L. Ellsworth, 1997, ???, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9865-9873.
Gupta, H. K. and Rastogi, B. K., Dams and Earthquakes, Elesvier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, p. 288, 1976.
Gupta, H. K., Reservoir Induced Earthquakes, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, p. 355, 1992.
Gupta, H. K., Rastogi, B. K., and Narain, H. Common features of the Reservoir associated seismic activities. Bull. Seism. Soc. America, 62, 481-492, 1972.
Gupta, H. K. and Combs, J. Continued seismic activity at the Koyna Reservoir site, India. Engineering Geology, 10, 307-313, 1976.
Gupta, H. K. Induced seismicity hazard mitigation through water level manipulation at Koyna, India: A suggestion. Bull. Seism. Soc. America, 73, 679-682, 1983.
Gupta, H. K. et al., Anatomy of surface rupture zones of two stable continental region earthquakes, 1967 Koyna and 1993 Latur, India. Geophy. Res. Letters, 26 (13), 1985-1988, 1999.
Gupta, H. K., Mandal, P. and Rastogi, B. K., 2002, How long triggered earthquakes at Koyna, India will continue?, Curr. Sci., 82 (2), 202-210.
Ohnaka, M., 1992, Earthquake source nucleation: A physical model for short-term precursors, Tectonophysics 211, 249-178.
Rastogi, B. K. and P. Mandal, 1999, Foreshocks and Nucleation of small and moderate size Koyna earthquakes (INDIA), Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 89(3), 1-8.
Jones, L. M., 1984. Foreshocks (1966-1980) in the San Andreas System, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 74, 1361-1380.
Jones, L. M., and P. Molnar, 1979. Some characteristics of foreshocks and their possible relationship to earthquake prediction and premonitory slip on faults, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3596-3608.
Jones, L. M., B. Q. Wang, S. X. Xu, and T. J. Fitch, 1982. The foreshock sequence of the Feb. 4, 1975, Haicheng earthquake (M=7.3), J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4575-4584.
Mandal, Prantik, B. K. Rastogi and C. S. P. Srama, 1998, Source Parameters of Koyna Earthquakes, India, Bull. Seis. Soc. Am., 88(3), 833-842.
Mandal, Prantik, B. K. Rastogi and Harsh Gupta, Recent Indian Earthquakes, Curr. Sci., 79, 101-113, 2000.
Mogi, K., 1969. Relationship between the occurrence of great earthquakes and tectonic structure, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 47, 429-451.
Ogata, Y., T. Utsu, and K. Katsura, 1995, Statistical features of foreshocks in comparison with other earthquake clusters: Geophys. J. Int., 121, 233-254.
Ohnaka, M., 1992. Earthquake source nucleation: a physical model for short term precursors, Tectonophysics, 211, 149-178.
Papazachos, B., 1975, Foreshocks and earthquake prediction: Tectonophysics, 28, 213-226.
Rastogi, B. K., Chadha, R. K., Sarma, C. S. P., Mandal, P., Satyanaryana, H. V. S., Raju, I. P., Kumar, N., Satyamurthy, C. and Nageshwar Rao, A., Seismicity at Warna Reservoir (near Koyna) through 1995. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., v. 87(6), 1484-1494, 1997.
Rastogi, B. K. and Mandal, P., Foreshocks and Nucleation of small and moderate size Koyna earthquakes (INDIA), Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., V. 89(3), 1-8, 1999.
Savage, M., and D. M. dePolo, 1993, Foreshock probabilities in the western great-basin eastern Sierra Nevada: Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 83, 1910-1938.
Singh, S. K., M. Ordaz, T. Mikumo, J. Pacheco, C. Valdes and P. Mandal, Implications of a composite model and seismic-wave attenuation for the observed simplicity of small earthquakes and reported duration of earthquake initiation phase, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., v. 88, 1171-1181, 1998.
Utsu, T., 1969. Aftershocks and earthquake statistics (I)xe2x80x94Investigation of aftershocks and other earthquake sequences based on a new classification of earthquake sequences, J. of Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Univ., Series VII (Geophysics), 3,
Talwani, P. Seismotectonics of the Koyna-Warna Area, India. Pure Appl. Geophys., 150, 511-550, 1997.
The primary object of the present invention is to provide an earthquake forecasting method capable of foreseeing occurrence of a future earthquake and the epicenter in a simple manner.
Another object of the present invention is to obtain accurate and reliable hypocentral parameters (ERH less than 0.5 km and ERZ less than 1 km and RMS less than 0.1 s) in real time, which needs expensive telemetered network of digital stations.
Yet another object of the present invention is to detect foreshock clustering in real time. Further object of the present invention is to detect the nucleation zone for studying deepening of nucleation zone with time in real time.
Yet another object of the present invention is to make a successful short-term prediction of moderate size Koyna-Warna events.
The present invention provides a new earthquake forecasting method which comprises combined steps of observing/detecting a foreshock clustering/nucleation zone at shallow depth over a 100 hours period prior to the mainshock occurrence and observing/studying the deepening of nucleation zone with time to forecast, with a considerable accuracy, a future moderate size reservoir-triggered earthquake and the epicenter which may occur within two days after the foreshock clustering is observed.

Method of short term forecasting of moderate size earthquakes

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research


A method of transmitting data to a receiver, wherein the data is transmitted using a plurality of sub-carriers, is provided. The method provided includes determining, for each sub-carrier and for each of a plurality of combinations of the sub-carrier and an antenna of a plurality of antennas to be used for transmitting the data, a transmission characteristic of a transmission of the sub-carrier using the antenna; and selecting, for each sub-carrier, an antenna of the plurality of antennas to be used for the transmission of the sub-carrier based on the transmission characteristic of the transmission of the sub-carrier between the antenna and the receiver.

It is known that in general, the transmission range of a signal is primarily determined by the transmit power of the signal. In the case where the transmit power of the signal is limited due to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations, for example, the transmission range of the signal is also limited. For example, according to the IEEE 802.15.3a technical requirements, in view of the FCC transmit Power Spectral Density (PSD) mask, the expected signal transmission range may be only about 10 meters for a data transmission of 100 Mbps, or about 4 meters for a data transmission of 200 Mbps, or about 2 meters for a data transmission of 480 Mbps.
Such a short signal transmission range (for example as discussed above) for a communication system in general puts severe constraints on the potential applications of the said communication system. It is therefore desirable to increase the signal transmission range for such a communication system while still adhering to the transmission power restrictions due to FCC regulations, for example.

Method of transmitting data to a receiver

Agency for Science, Technology and Research


A test connector adapter plate for use with a pipe bracket portion of a freight brake control valve of a railway freight vehicle and with a portable automated single car brake tester. The pipe bracket portion having four test ports vertically disposed on a front side of such pipe bracket portion for single car brake testing. These test ports are fluidly connected to passageways within the pipe bracket for communicating fluid pressure with brake pipe, brake cylinder, emergency reservoir and auxiliary reservoir, respectively. A first member of the test connector adapter plate is engagable with the test ports on such front side of the pipe bracket portion for accessing the passageways respectively communicating to brake pipe, brake cylinder, emergency reservoir and auxiliary reservoir and are fluidly connected to respective passageways within the adapter plate. A second member of the test connector adapter plate is a manifold with access ports for providing fluid communication from brake pipe, brake cylinder, emergency reservoir and auxiliary reservoir to test receiver of the portable automated single car brake tester. The manifold of the second member of the adapter plate is directed to provide access on an axis perpendicular to that of the first member of the adapter plate so as to provide at. least one of a top and a bottom access for the portable automated single car brake tester.

Typical freight brake control valves include a pipe bracket portion having a service portion and an emergency portion mounted on opposite sides or faces of the pipe bracket. Such typical prior art brake control valve assembly is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1. Typically, the rear side of the pipe bracket portion has a number of locations for connecting the pipe bracket portion to the piping of the freight car. These rear locations generally will include the connections to the brake pipe, the brake cylinder retaining valve, the brake cylinder, the emergency reservoir and the auxiliary reservoir.
These pipe bracket connections to the pneumatic piping permits the pipe bracket to provide the necessary communication of fluid pressures to both the service and emergency portions of the brake control valve as well as to the brake cylinder and reservoirs.
Most type AB pipe brackets only have connections to pipe lines on the rear surface. However, since it is sometimes necessary to tap into the fluid lines for the purpose of obtaining pressure measurements of the fluid within the piping, such access to the fluid is frequently quite difficult depending on the placement of the brake control valve on the freight car. In addition, the connections between the pipe bracket and the freight car piping would require them to be broken to allow monitoring of the pressures.
Recent modifications to the AB brake pipe bracket have provided direct access to the fluid passageways through the front side of the pipe bracket on the freight brake control valve. This modification eliminates the need to access the rear side of the freight brake control valve. The front side test ports provide access to the brake pipe line, the brake cylinder, the emergency reservoir and the auxiliary reservoir. Providing these test ports on the front side of the pipe bracket enables the testing of the fluid pressures within the pipe bracket without having to remove the freight brake control valve from the car or the service portion or the emergency portion from the pipe bracket portion.
Such brake pipe bracket modification has been disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/547,929, which is assigned to the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. The automated single car brake tester has been disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/396,815 and is, also, assigned to Westinghouse Air Brake Company.
The test ports on the front side of the pipe bracket provide a significant improvement over the old pipe bracket by providing access to the passageways in the pipe bracket without having to disconnect the normal fluid lines connected to the rear side of the pipe bracket portion. However, this modification only provides for a side access to the pipe bracket portion. Unfortunately, there may be instances where car builders cannot utilize the side access, which has vertically disposed test ports, and may prefer or require a top or a bottom access.

Automatic test connector adapter plate for AB pipe bracket


A method and apparatus for managing a database having a plurality of partitions are provided in various embodiments. The database is managed by users of a first user class and accessible to users of a second user class. Respective partition states are established for the partitions of the database, and access is provided to users of the first user class to partitions having a first partition state. Users of the second user class are denied access to partitons having the first partition state, and users of the second user class are provided access to partitions having a second partition state.

The present invention generally relates to database management systems, and more particularly, to administering a partitioned database.
A database is partitioned primarily for administrative purposes, wherein a partition is defined in terms of a range of keys, either primary or secondary, to records in a table. Partitions allow a database administrator (DBA) to add, delete, or change information for a range of records in a table. For example, if some data within a partition of the table is no longer valid, the DBA can remove the partition that contains invalid data and then restore the valid data to the partition. Without partitions, the DBA would have to remove the entire table and restore the valid data, thereby making the entire database inaccessible to users. The partitions allow a user to continue to access some portions of a table while another portion of it has been removed for maintenance.
For some database applications, such as a data warehouse, users are typically limited to selecting records according to user-specified selection criteria. Thus, users are not permitted to insert, update, or delete records from the data warehouse. Data warehouses also tend to have very large storage requirements, often in the terabyte range. The large storage requirements can lead to more active administration of the partitions of the database. That is, partition ranges may need to be actively managed.
Removing a partition for administrative purposes may be appropriate in some circumstances, for example, when the partition contains invalid data. Since the data is invalid, user visibility of the data is undesirable. In other circumstances, however, removing a partition may be undesirable since user visibility of the data is important. For example, if an administrator is realigning partitions, in a data warehouse, users may require continued visibility of the records in the subject partitions.
A method and apparatus that addresses the aforementioned problems, as well as other related problems, are therefore desirable.
A method and apparatus for managing a database having a plurality of partitions are provided in various embodiments. The database is managed by users of a first user class and accessible to users of a second user class. Respective partition states are established for the partitions of the database, and access is provided to users of the first user class to partitions having a first partition state. Users of the second user class are denied access to partitions having the first partition state, and users of the second user class are provided access to partitions having a second partition state.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a computer program product is provided to be operable to manage a database having a plurality of partitions, wherein the database is managed by users of a first user class and accessible to users of a second user class The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment of the present invention. The figures and detailed description that follow provide additional example embodiments and aspects of the present invention.

Method and apparatus for administration of database partitions


The present invention is a filtering apparatus in an 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK) system. The filtering apparatus comprises a π/16 phase shift module, a weight distribution module, and a combination module. The π/16 phase shift module is used for shifting a second vector from a 3π/8 phase shift module with π/16 radians to generate a corresponding third vector. The weight distribution module is used for distributing a plurality of selected weights to a predetermined distribution waveform and storing a plurality of corresponding weighted distribution waveforms. The combination module, according to the third vector, is used for determining which weight distribution waveforms to be selected from the weight distribution module and combining the selected weighted distribution waveforms to generate a modulation signal. The filtering apparatus and method of the present invention may save a lot of memory in the filtering process.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a filtering apparatus and method, and more particularly to a filtering apparatus and method in mobile communication apparatus.
2. Description of the Prior Art
To enhance the capability of data processing of mobile phone and base station, the researchers of wireless system develop the technology of 2.5 G for the operator of wireless communication to provide the users with voice and high-speed data service without replacing the whole telecommunication infrastructure.
An important technology, the Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE), interests the researchers of 2.5G system. The EDGE uses the modulation method of improved 8PSK and is an innovative technology to the current GSM system. The EDGE may provide the data transmission rate of 384 kbps for system to supply the solution of voice, data, Internet linkage, and other kinds of mutual linkage. The GSM 5.04 provides the standard for the modulation method of 8PSK.
Please refer to the modulation method of 8PSK of EDGE stipulated in GSM 5.04 (V8.0.8). The modulation method of 8PSK comprises the three following steps: First, perform an input with a Gray mapping. Second, perform with a 3π/8 phase shift. Finally, get an output by a filtering process, and provide the output for a RF system to generate a corresponding RF signal.
Please refer to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of converting a digital bit to a first vector by Gray mapping of the prior art. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of converting the first vector shown in FIG. 1 to a second vector by the 3π/8 phase shift module. The input of 8PSK system is a series of digital bits. A set of every 3 digital bits (d3i, d3i+1, d3i+2) is treated as one signal processing unit. The 8PSK system converts the set of every 3 digital bits to a first vector (Si=ej2πl/8) by Gray mapping. The first vector will be converted to a second vector (Ŝi=Si·eji3π/8) by 3π/8 phase shift. The second vector is output to be a modulation signal (Ii, Qi) by a filtering process. The modulation signal is the output of 8PSK system and is taken as a baseband signal. The baseband signal may be provided to a RF transmitter to proceed with the signal modulation. The object is to generate a RF signal for wireless communication. The modulation signal (Ii, Qi) is also called y(t′) and may be shown as the following equation:
      y              (              t        ′            )        =            ∑      i                                    s          ^                i            ·                        c          o                                  (                                    t              ′                        -                          i                                                                                T                        +                                          5                2                                          T                                )                    wherein T is a time period.
The above equation represents that y(t′) is the result of multiplying a plurality of second vectors with the corresponding predetermined distribution waveforms or called filtering coefficient Co(t) and summing up the values.

Reduced memory architecture for edge modulator


A battery management system includes a microcontroller having first and second applications. The first application transitions a contactor to an open operational position if a first CRC diagnostic flag is equal to a first encoded fault value. The second application transitions the contactor to the open operational position if a second CRC diagnostic flag is equal to a second encoded fault value. The first and second encoded fault values have a Hamming distance of at least four from one another.

The inventors herein have recognized a need for an improved battery management system that redundantly determines when communication faults are detected at a voltage monitoring IC that receives messages from the microcontroller via a serial communication bus, utilizing first and second diagnostic flags, and to redundantly take safe action if either of the first and second diagnostic flags indicate a fault condition.

Battery management system that detects communication faults


The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor package having a substrate structure with selective surface finishes, and a process for making the same. The disclosed semiconductor package includes a substrate body, a first metal structure having a first finish area and a second finish area, a second metal structure having a third finish area, a surface finish, and a tuning wire. The first metal structure and the second metal structure are formed over the substrate body. The surface finish is provided over the first finish area of the first metal structure and at least a portion of the third finish area of the second metal structure. The surface finish is not provided over the second finish area of the first metal structure. The tuning wire is coupled between the first finish area and at least one portion of the third finish area.

Hybrid assembly technology, which combines a flip chip assembly and a wire-bonding assembly, is attractive in current semiconductor packaging. The hybrid assembly benefits the short interconnect paths between flip chip dies and a substrate, and utilizes wires to form tuning elements for flip chip dies. With the flip chip dies, the package space needed for wire bonding of dies is eliminated and thus the overall size of the package is reduced. In addition, the wires accompanied with the flip chip dies may be used to form jumpers, inductors, or other features that may be used to improve the performance of the flip chip dies.
In general, a flip chip die has a die body and multiple interconnect structures that are used to attach the flip chip die to the substrate. Each interconnect structure includes a solder and a pillar extending outward from the die body to the solder. In flip chip assembly, reflowing solders of the interconnect structures is one of the process steps used to connect each interconnect structure to a corresponding metal structure on a top surface of the substrate. Due to cost and performance considerations, the pillar of each interconnect structure and the corresponding metal structure are formed of copper. During the reflowing step, the solder of each interconnect structure will turn into a liquid-phase and flow along the most active surface. Since the pillar and the corresponding metal structure are formed from a common material—copper, there is a risk that the liquid phase solder will flow back to the flip chip die along the pillar and short circuits on the flip chip die. To address this issue, a surface finish is applied to the metal structure to increase its surface activity. One possible surface finish formed of gold will effectively pull the liquid-phase solder onto the metal structure and prevent the liquid-phase solder from flowing up the pillar back to the flip chip die.
In addition, in order to get a reliable wire bonding for a tuning wire, the substrate normally requires metal pads with high active surface finishes, which have high wire-bonding pulling strength. One possible surface finish formed of gold will effectively pull ends of the tuning wire onto the metal pads. However, the gold surface finish is expensive, which will raise the cost of the final product.
Accordingly, there remains a need for improved semiconductor package designs to reduce the possibility of the solders flowing back to the flip chip die and achieve the reliable wire bonding for the tuning wire. Further, there is also a need to keep the final product cost effective.

Semiconductor package having a substrate structure with selective surface finishes


A corrector performs designating a target pixel belonging to a pixel array corresponding to an ejection port, the target pixel being designated sequentially as one of pixels arranged in an array direction, the pixel array being formed with the pixels in the N-value image data corresponding to dots formed by the ejection port respectively, allocating a corresponding one of N representative tone values out of L tone values of L tones to a tone value of the target pixel of the N-value image data, adding the correction value to a representative tone value of the target pixel, thereby obtaining a corrected tone value of the target pixel, quantizing the corrected tone value of the target pixel to N tones; and diffusing an error generated in quantizing the corrected tone value to the corrected tone value of an adjacent pixel adjacent to the target pixel in the array direction.

As a liquid ejection apparatus for recording an image by ejecting liquid onto a recording medium, there is known an inkjet recording apparatus including a liquid ejection head in which a plurality of ejection ports for ejecting ink onto a recording medium is formed. In general, the number of tones (e.g., 2 to 4 tones) that can be expressed by the inkjet recording apparatus is smaller than the number of tones (e.g., 256 tones) in display image data (multi-value image data) displayed on a liquid crystal display provided in a host computer. Therefore, when an image according to multi-value image data is recorded on a recording medium, tones of the multi-value image data are quantized to be decreased to tones that can be expressed by the inkjet recording apparatus. As one of the methods for the quantization, an error diffusion process is known. The error diffusion process is image processing, in which a tone value is reduced and thereby an error generated in each pixel is diffused to peripheral pixels.
Further, with respect to the inkjet recording apparatus, in production of a liquid ejection head, an ejection amount of ink varies in each ejection port. Therefore, when an image is recorded on a recording medium using such a liquid ejection head, density nonuniformity is generated in the image recorded on the recording medium.


A sheet film developing device with a dark chamberside introduction of sheet films to be developed comprises a developing unit, a unit for moving a sheet film to the developing unit, a sheet film supplying unit for supplying sheet films to the developing unit, the sheet film supplying unit including a sheet film stacking device provided with a loading flap openable from outside for inserting a sheet film stack, a pulling device for pulling individual sheet films at a side of a stack opposite to the loading flap, an individual sheet supporting surface associated with the loading flap, a sheet film transporting unit arranged after the pulling device and the individual sheet supporting surface operative for guiding a sheet film from one of the individual sheet supporting surface and the sheet film stacking device in a transporting direction, and a sheet film sensing unit located in a transporting path defined by the sheet film transporting unit and operative for determining the presence of a sheet film on the individual sheet supporting surface and operative for turning off the pulling device and a part of the sheet film transporting unit located at a side of the stack and turning on the individual sheet supporting surface in response to the determining.

The present invention relates to a sheet film developing device, and particularly with a dark chamber-side insertion of sheet film to be developed.
Devices of the above mentioned general type are known in the art. A known device includes a sheet film wet developing unit with a dark chamber-side insertion of the sheet film, and a transporting unit for moving the sheet films through the device. In the known devices the sheet films are supplied to the developing unit individually by hand. In general, also a sheet film stack is known with which the individual sheets are automatically withdrawn from a stack one after another and inserted in the device. When such a sheet film stack is used for supply to the developing unit, there will be no possibility to immediately develop individual sheet films.


A suction valve for a gas compressor includes a cylindrical valve guide cage with plurality of rows of valve guides, each with a corresponding poppet valve slidably movable therein. Each valve guide communicates with a compressor cylinder. A concentric cylindrical valve seat chair with a like plurality of rows of valve seats surrounds the valve guide cage. Each valve seat communicates with a suction chamber. A plurality of openings extending through the guide cage are spaced between the rows of valve guides. To unload the compressor, the valve guide cage is movable relative to the valve seat chair, thus unseating the poppet valves and effectively opening the compressor cylinder to the suction chamber. A first embodiment uses a pneumatic cylinder to move the valve guide cage longitudinally while a second embodiment uses a rotary crank to move the valve guide cage rotationally.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention is directed to a valve unloader assembly for a gas compressor, and more particularly to such an assembly in which a cylindrical valve guide cage or guard is movable relative to a concentrically positioned cylindrical valve seat or sleeve chair to place a plurality of poppet valves in the guide cage in an open position and therefore to unload the associated compressor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Gas compressors, such as those used in natural gas transportation pipelines and the like often use poppet valves for suction and discharge valves. In these and many other applications, poppet valves can provide reliable service as well as energy savings.
When conditions do not warrant full compression by the gas compressor, one or both ends of the compressor pistons must be "unloaded". This is usually done by bypassing the suction poppet valves so that gas is free to enter and leave the compressor cylinder from a suction chamber, thus allowing the compressor piston to idle back and forth under no load.
A number of prior art systems have been devised to selectively open or bypass similar valves in compressors or other fluid systems.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,275,032 to Gruller, a plurality of "darts", each with an integral enlarged cam section, are selectively positionable to hold certain poppet valves open.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,455,335 to Pekarek teaches the use of a plurality of poppet valves in a fluid diverting valve, with each poppet valve having a stem which is selectively engaged by a movable actuator to open one or more of the valves.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,777,776 to Boisserand teaches a fluid distributor with a central bore surrounded by a plurality of cylindrical bores, each of which includes a sliding gate valve which is selectively operated via a pair of cam plates which move the valves within their respective bores.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,471,809 to Thomsen, et al. teaches a hydraulic control valve with a central cylinder with a number of orifices spaced thereabout and an outer, concentric cylinder with a like number of orifices. The cylinders are selectively rotatable relative to each other to align or misalign the orifices and thus open or close the valve. No poppet valves are used within the orifices.
Previous attempts to unload suction valves in gas compressors have included U.S. Pat. No. 4,043,710 to Bunn, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, in which a compressor suction valve has a central passage therethrough. An unloading assembly includes a movable sleeve positioned within the central passage which selectively covers or uncovers ports which are positioned, when uncovered, to bypass a like number of poppet valves in the suction valve. In a similar system, U.S. Pat. No. 4,445,824 to Bunn et al. teaches a compressor suction valve clearance system in which a valve sleeve is movable relative to a tubular member within a compressor cylinder. An opening in the tubular member is selectively opened thereby to permit the compressor cylinder to communicate with a clearance pocket for unloading the compressor, or covered to allow the compressor cylinder to pressurize. Alternative manual and hydraulic operators are provided for moving the valve sleeve.
Such prior art unloading systems have utilized additional bypass openings in the compressor cylinder which must be closed for proper compressor operation. The provision of additional openings in the cylinder presents additional sealing problems. Furthermore, the slidable sleeves, although presenting a minimal surface area to the to the compressed gas within the cylinder, are still susceptible to buffeting and vibration from contact with the gas.
Accordingly, it is clear that a need exists for an improved system for unloading a suction valve in a compressor for a gas pressurization system. Such an unloading system should preferably not rely on additional bypass openings in the compressor cylinder, but, instead, should selectively hold the suction valves themselves open, thus eliminating the need for a valve bypass.

Radial valve with unloader assembly for gas compressor


A decorative toy for fusible toy bead includes a bead engagement portion. The bead engagement portion includes a protrusion, a groove or a hole having a width dimension which is set in accordance with a maximum dimension of fusible toy beads, and is configured to be engageable with an aggregation of the fusible toy beads.

There has been fusible toy beads that use granular beads formed of a water-soluble resin. JP-U-3131292 discloses a toy bead set including: a holding tray having a plurality of concave portions such that fusible toy beads are placed therein; a base tray; and a sheet to be inserted between the holding tray and the base tray. Here, the sheet has a pattern illustrated thereon, and the user can create various shapes of fusible toy bead aggregations by placing fusible toy beads on the holding tray in accordance with this pattern.
The fusible toy beads are formed, for example, by compounding polyvinyl alcohol into a resin, mixing them and forming them into granules. Then, after a plurality of fusible toy beads are placed on the holding tray, water is supplied to the fusible toy beads by an atomizer or the like so as to be wet, whereby the fusible toy beads are molten. Then, after being left for a predetermined time and dried, the molten resin hardens, so that the fusible toy beads unite together. In this way, children who are main users can enjoy creating aggregations of fusible toy beads of desired patterns.
The created aggregations of fusible toy beads can also be used as ornaments. In this case, as disclosed in JP-A-561-044699, an adhesive sheet may be attached to the object to be decorated so that aggregations of fusible toy beads can be attached to this adhesive sheet.

Decorative toy for fusible toy bead, and fusible toy bead set


A device for use in the installation of lightweight concrete roof systems includes a base element having a substantially flat portion and a wire tie. The wire tie extends from the base element and terminates at opposite ends which may be formed in a ring or loop. In use, the base element is mechanically fastened to the bar joist, through the steel deck, of the roof system. The terminal ends of the wire tie are secured to steel-welded wire reinforcement fabric overlying a layer of lightweight concrete, thereby securing the lightweight concrete to the steel deck of the roof system and preventing separation of the lightweight concrete due to external forces such as wind sheer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for use in the installation of lightweight concrete roof systems and, more particularly, to a device for securing lightweight concrete to an underlying steel deck of a roof system, thereby preventing separation of the lightweight concrete from the underlying roof structure when subjected to external forces, such as wind sheer.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Certain roof systems, such as those typically found in the construction of a commercial building, involve the installation of a steel deck over a bar joist. The steel deck is attached to the underlying bar joist by direct welding, welding with washers, or the use of mechanical fasteners such as TEK screws. Once the steel deck is properly attached to the underlying bar joist, the top of the steel deck is prepared and a layer of lightweight concrete is installed on top of the deck. In many instances, expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation boards or panels are installed in the slurry of lightweight concrete. The lightweight concrete and EPS board provide a desired slope for drainage and add insulation R-value to the building.
Presently, the failure of lightweight concrete roof systems is often a result of separation of the lightweight concrete layer from the steel deck caused by wind sheer and flexing of the underlying steel deck. When the steel deck is caused to flex, separation often occurs between the steel deck and the lightweight concrete. Separation also occurs between the lightweight concrete and the EPS board.
Presently, the A.R.B.S. System, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,237,293B1 and 6,421,971B1 to Gembala is the most effective means used in the construction industry for securing lightweight concrete to the underlying deck structure of a roof system in order to prevent subsequent separation and sheering of the lightweight concrete from the deck. The fastening device of the present invention is most effective when used in conjunction with the A.R.B.S. System. However, the fastening device may be used with other conventional roof blocking methods, such as wood blocking.

Fastener for lightweight concrete roof systems


The subject matter relates to relates to a one-bead-one-sequence composition, a library of tagged chemicals comprising a plurality of one-bead-one-sequence compositions, a method for identifying a candidate molecule from a library of tagged chemicals, and a composition produced by a process, all as described herein.

1. Field
The subject matter relates to a one-bead-one-sequence composition, a library of tagged chemicals comprising a plurality of one-bead-one-sequence compositions, a method for identifying a candidate molecule from a library of tagged chemicals, and a composition produced by a process, all as described herein.
2. Background
Pharmaceutical product pipelines and FDA approval rates have weakened dramatically over the past decade. Thus, to aid the discovery of new drugs, Applicants have developed a technology for processing and screening encoded chemical libraries.
State-of-the-Art in Achieving Molecular Recognition.
Currently, specific recognition of molecular targets is primarily achieved using monoclonal antibodies selected by hybridoma technology in which antibody-producing animal cells are hybridized with immortalized myeloma cells. To a much lesser extent, target-specific binding has been demonstrated using peptides selected by phage display or small molecule lead compounds selected by labor-intensive screening methods.
Conceptually, all screening technologies involve finding a "needle in a haystack" by exploiting some property of the needle not found in the rest of the haystack. Often in the prior art, this amounts to a trial-and-error testing of each candidate in the haystack. Ultrahigh-throughput methods allow practical implementation of the trial-and-error screening principle without undue time, expense, effort, and experimentation. However, different screening technologies have been shown to produce very different results in the candidates identified from a given library, and throughput remains inadequate to keep up with available library production capabilities. Therefore, much effort has been devoted to evaluate different screening methods and improve throughput by multiplexing, miniaturizing, and automating.
The three most widely used current methods of target-specific binding (antibodies, peptides, and small molecule pharmacophores) are each associated with their own unique challenges. For example, antibodies are complex proteins with variable glycosylation patterns and microheterogeneity at the antigen binding site. Peptides typically lack this heterogeneity, but share antibodies' sensitivity to extremes of pH and ionic strength. Small molecule lead compounds are chemically well-defined, stable and can be produced with very high purity. However, they are difficult to screen. What is needed is a method to rapidly and sensitively screen promising lead compounds from a large and diverse library of small molecules.
Clonal DNA-bead libraries are a novel improvement over current state-of-the-art products, such as the Clonal Single Molecule Array™ (CSMA) technology developed by Solexa, Inc. In CSMA, single molecules of DNA are attached to a flat surface. The surface is conjugated with PCR primers, and each single molecule of DNA is amplified by PCR to produce ˜1000 identical copies, achieving densities of ˜10 million clonal clusters per cm2 (1 clonal cluster per 10 μm2).
One approach for multiplexing and miniaturizing is to use tiny beads made of different plastics or glasses. These can be functionalized with a range of fluorescent dyes, small molecules and magnetic (or paramagnetic) particles. Beads functionalized in this way can serve both as "handles" and "tags" for small molecule lead compounds and drug candidates during the screening process.
Three primary obstacles stand in the way of using beads to screen small molecule libraries. First, one must find a way to attach enough of the small molecules to the beads in order to generate a detectable signal of the desired functional property. Second, each bead must have only one type of small molecule attached to it so as to avoid attenuating the signal or confounding it with cross-talk. Third, the signal must be processed to convey the identity of the small molecule; when a target-binding bead is detected, its corresponding small molecule is efficiently identified, characterized, and synthesized.

Compositions, methods, and kits for identifying candidate molecules from encoded chemical libraries


An OLED display according to an exemplary embodiment includes: a first substrate; a second substrate arranged opposite to the first substrate; a sealant arranged in the shape of a closed loop along an edge of the second substrate between the first substrate and the edge of the second substrate; and a metal wire formed along the sealant between the first substrate and the sealant. One area of the metal wire has an opening pattern.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display and a manufacturing method thereof. More particularly, it relates to an OLED display in which a sealant which seals a pair of substrates is cured using a laser, and a manufacturing method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display has an emissive characteristic, and differs from a liquid crystal display (LCD) in that it does not require a separate light source and has reduced thickness and weight. Furthermore, as the OLED display has high quality characteristics such as lower power consumption, high luminance, and short response time, it has been spotlighted as a next generation display device for portable electronic appliances.
The OLED display includes a plurality of OLEDs respectively having a hole injection electrode, an organic emission layer, and an electron injection electrode. When the anode and cathode inject holes and electrons, respectively, into the organic light emitting layer, the OLEDs emit light using energy generated when excitons generated by electron-hole combinations in the organic light emitting layer are dropped from an excited state to a ground state, and an image is then displayed.
The OLED display is formed by sealing a pair of substrates respectively arranged opposite to each other, and interposing an organic light emitting element therebetween. The sealant is arranged to surround the organic light emitting element along an edge of the substrate.
However, the sealant should be uniformly cured so as to stably seal the pair of substrates. For curing a sealant, irradiation of a laser beam to the sealant has been recently used.
However, the curing of the sealant using the laser beam has a problem in uniform curing of the sealant. Particularly, the sealant is non-uniformly cured at the start and end points of the laser beam irradiation.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of an understanding of the background of the described technology, and therefore it may contain information which does not form the prior art which is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Organic light emitting diode display and method for manufacturing the same