A fuel cap has a cap main body, a cover with a handle, and a torque mechanism. The torque mechanism includes a torque transmission unit and click units. When the handle is rotated in a closing direction, torque is transmitted to a cantilever spring of the torque mechanism. The cantilever spring is deformed by rotation of the cover in the closing direction. After the spring is deformed by a predetermined amount, in response to rotation of the cover with respect to the cap main body by at least a preset angle, the click units make a click sound. When the user releases the handle, the spring force of the cantilever spring restores the click units to their initial positions. The cap device has a torque mechanism that has a simple structure and consists of a small number of parts.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cap device having a torque mechanism for sealing a tank opening with a rotational torque of a predetermined level.
2. Description of the Related Art
One known cap device is a fuel cap for fuel tanks of automobiles (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,695). The fuel cap includes a closer to seal a tank opening, a cover with a handle for rotational operations, and a torque mechanism. The torque mechanism includes a coil spring that is located between the cover and the closer, and a click mechanism that includes mating engagement elements respectively formed on the cover and the closer. Coupling of the engagement elements is released to give a click sound, in response to a relative rotation of the cover to the closer by a preset angle.
When the user holds and rotates the handle of the fuel cap in a closing direction to close an inlet opening, the coil spring between the cover and the closer is compressed to transmit a rotational torque from the cover to the closer and accordingly rotate the closer in the closing direction. Coupling of the mating engagement elements of the click mechanism is released to give a click by a rotational torque of or over a preset level. This click sound enables the user to confirm that the closer is clamped with a sealing pressure of or over a preset level.
There are high demands for decreasing the total number of parts and simplifying the structure of the fuel cap.


A metal plate to be used in the manufacture of a deposition mask comprises: a base metal plate; and a surface layer disposed on the base metal plate, wherein the surface layer includes elements different from those of the base metal plate, or has a composition ratio different from that of the base metal plate, and an etching rate of the base metal plate is greater than the etching rate of the surface layer. An embodiment includes a manufacturing method for a deposition mask having an etching factor greater than or equal to 2.5. The deposition mask of the embodiment includes a deposition pattern region and a non-deposition region, the deposition pattern region includes a plurality of through-holes, the deposition pattern region is divided into an effective region, a peripheral region, and a non-effective region, and through-holes can be formed in the effective region and the peripheral region.

As a display device having high definition and low power consumption is required, various display devices such as a liquid crystal display device and an electroluminescent display device have been developed.
The electroluminescent display device has been spotlighted as a next generation display device due to excellent characteristics such as low light emission, low power consumption, and high definition, and the like, as compared with the liquid crystal display device.
There are an organic light emitting display device and an inorganic light emitting display device in an electric field display device. That is, an electric field display device may be classified into the organic light emitting display device and the inorganic light emitting display device according to a material of a light emitting layer.
Of these, the organic light emitting display device has received attention because the organic light emitting display device has a wide viewing angle, has a fast response speed, and is required to have low power consumption.
An organic material constituting such a light emitting layer may be formed to have a pattern for forming a pixel on a substrate by a fine metal mask method.
At this point, the fine metal mask, that is, a mask for deposition may have a through-hole corresponding to the pattern to be formed on the substrate, and, patterns of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) forming a pixel may be formed by depositing the organic material after the fine metal mask is aligned on the substrate.
Recently, a display device with ultra high definition (UHD) is required in various electronic devices such as virtual reality (VR) devices. Accordingly, a fine metal mask having fine sized through-holes capable of forming a pattern of UHD class is required.
A plurality of through-holes may be formed at a metal plate capable of being used as a deposition mask by an etching process.
At this point, when the plurality of through-holes are not uniform, uniformity of the deposition may be deteriorated, and as deposition efficiency of a pattern which is formed by the same, may be deteriorated, process efficiency may be deteriorated
Meanwhile, it is difficult to uniformly form a fine sized through-hole capable of forming a pattern of HD or UHD class.
Alternatively, even though a fine sized through-hole is formed, adjacent through-holes are connected to each other, so that a deposition failure may be generated.
Accordingly, a newly structured substrate for deposition mask, a deposition mask and a manufacturing method thereof are required.

Metal plate for deposition mask, and deposition mask and manufacturing method therefor


This instrument for locating the proximal end of the urethra, comprises a graduated measuring rod, a cursor mounted so as to slide on the rod and means for locking of the cursor onto the rod.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the instruments used for the surgical treatment of incontinence in women.
2. Prior Art
This treatment consists of making the vesico-urethral junction stronger by the fitting of the means of retention.
The vesico-urethral junction is located by inserting a small balloon through the urethra into the bladder, by inflating the small balloon fitted with a duct, by pulling it towards the meatus by means of this duct until it comes onto the neck of the bladder. The distal dome of the balloon is considered to correspond to the vesico-urethral junction.
In fact, it is nothing of the sort. Urinary incontinence is due to the softening and to the deformation of the tissues of the vesico-urethral junction. These tissues become deformed under the thrust from the balloon. The position of the neck determined in this way is offset towards the urethra with respect to the original vesico-urethral junction or anatomical junction (if the tissues had not yet yielded) by an unknown length, variable according to whether the balloon engages to a greater or lesser extent in the vesico-urethral funnel, depending on the quality of the tissues and on the traction force applied to the balloon.

Instrument for locating the proximal end of the urethra


A circuit board assembly comprising a surface-mounted microelectronic device combination, including a metallic base member having an insulating layer thereon, and a plurality of electrically conductive mounting pads patterned on the insulating layer. At least one pair of hermetically sealed diodes is bonded to the pads, such that each diode of each pair has one terminal bonded to a first pad, and the other terminal bonded to second and third pads, respectively. For example, a two-diode combination is provided with three leads, one for each pad, whereby various lead connections may be selected, for the purpose of using each diode separately; or for the purpose of using both diodes, either in series or in parallel.

This invention relates to circuit board technology, and more particularly to a versatile surface mount assembly, including a heat sink for microelectronic devices, such as diodes or capacitors to be included in a circuit board.
Surface mount technology is generally defined as relating to any assembly that permits a microelectronic component to be mounted on a circuit board surface without the need for a plug-in socket, or through-hole solder.
Printed circuit board technology and surface mount technology have evolved in parallel to satisfy the requirements of high-density packaging specifications. Surface mount technology frees both sides of a circuit board to carry a large number of components, thereby substantially increasing overall circuit density.


Presented herein are removable pull tabs that are configured to be detachably coupled to pluggable modules in a manner that facilitates removal of the pull tabs from the module without disassembling the modules. In particular, a removable pull tab may comprise a handle, first and second substantially parallel attachment arms extending from the handle, and a reinforcement line embedded in the handle and first and second attachment arms. The first and second attachment arms comprise first and second attachment mechanisms, respectively, disposed at a distal end of the respective attachment arm. The first and second attachment mechanisms are configured to detachably couple to first and second apertures, respectively, of a pluggable module.

The sheer scale and size of large data centers, high-performance computing networks, and other systems can make the management of the equipment in those systems cumbersome. As such, some equipment may include visual aids/indicators or other identifying characteristics, such as logos, labels, etc., that ease the management burden of the equipment. For example, certain equipment may have a modular form that enables the equipment to be "plugged" into, and removed from, a slot in, for example, a rack/cage. These equipment modules, sometimes referred to as "pluggable modules," may include a "pull tab" or "pull handle" having a particular appearance so that a technician can readily identify that the module is associated with, for example, a particular customer, wavelength, function, etc. However, when pluggable modules are reassigned to other purposes, it can be difficult, costly, and/or time-consuming to update the visual indicators of the items to properly reflect their reassignment.

Reinforced removable pluggable module pull tabs


Process for the preparation of a derivative or analog of baccatin III or 10-desacetyl baccatin III having a C2 substituent other than benzoate and/or a C4 substituent other than acetate in which the C2 benzoate substituent and/or the C4 acetate substituent of a derivative of baccatin III or 10-desacetyl baccatin III is/are selectively reduced to the corresponding hydroxy group(s) and converted to R7COOxe2x80x94 and/or R8COOxe2x80x94, respectively, wherein R7 and R8 are independently H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, moncyclic aryl, or monocyclic heteroaryl.

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of baccatin III and 10-desacetylbaccatin III analogs having new C2 and/or C4 functional groups.
Taxol is a natural product extracted from the bark of yew trees. It has been shown to have excellent antitumor activity in in vivo animal models, and recent studies have elucidated its unique mode of action, which involves abnormal polymerization of tubulin and disruption of mitosis. It is currently undergoing clinical trials against ovarian, breast and other types of cancer in the United States and France and preliminary results have confirmed it as a most promising chemotherapeutic agent. The structure of taxol and the numbering system conventionally used is shown below; this numbering system is also applicable to compounds used in the process of the present invention.
In Colin U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,470, it was reported that a taxol derivative, commonly referred to as taxotere, has an activity significantly greater than taxol. Taxotere has the following structure:
Taxol, taxotere and other biologically active tetracyclic taxanes may be prepared semisynthetically from baccatin III and 10-desacetyl baccatin III as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,924,011 and 4,924,012 or by the reaction of a xcex2-lactam and a suitably protected baccatin III or 10-desacetylbaccatin III (xe2x80x9c10-DABxe2x80x9d) derivative as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,315 or copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/949,107 (which is incorporated herein by reference). Baccatin III 1 and 10-DAB 2 can be separated from mixtures extracted from natural sources such as the needles, stems, bark or heartwood of numerous Taxus species and have the following structures.
The tetracyclic core of taxol and taxotere bear six singly bonded oxygen substituents. Two of these (three in the case of taxotere) are present as hydroxyl groups, and the others-are esters of three different carboxylic acids. Selective manipulation of these groups presents a formidable problem which must be overcome before a series of taxol analogs can be prepared by a rational synthetic sequence. Hydrolytic and solvolytic methods have previously encountered complications. For example, it has been reported by that hydrolysis of taxol under mildly basic conditions yields a complex mixture of products. Miller et al., J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 1469. Recently it has been found that solvolysis of baccatin (III) derivatives leads to rearrangement of the tetracyclic core. Farina, et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1992, 33, 3979.
Among the objects of the present invention, therefore, is the provision of a process for selectively attaching different functional groups to the C2 and/or C4 oxygens of baccatin III and analogs or derivatives thereof; the provision of such a process which is relatively straightforward; the provision of such a process in which the C2 benzoate substituent of baccatin III and analogs or derivatives thereof may be selectively reduced or hydrolyzed and the provision of such a process in which the C4 acetate substituent may be selectively reduced.
Briefly, therefore, the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of analogs or derivatives of baccatin III or 10-desacetyl baccatin III in which the C2 substituent and/or the C4 acetate substituent of baccatin III or 10-desacetoxy baccatin III or an analog thereof is selectively converted to the corresponding hydroxy group(s).
The present invention is additionally directed to a derivative of baccatin III or 10-desacetyl baccatin III having the formula
wherein R4a, R7a, R10a, and R13a are as defined elsewhere herein.
Other objects and features of this invention will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
As used herein xe2x80x9cArxe2x80x9d means aryl; xe2x80x9cPhxe2x80x9d means phenyl; xe2x80x9cMexe2x80x9d means methyl; xe2x80x9cEtxe2x80x9d means ethyl; xe2x80x9ciPrxe2x80x9d means isopropyl; xe2x80x9ctBuxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9ct-Buxe2x80x9d means tert-butyl; xe2x80x9cRxe2x80x9d means lower alkyl unless otherwise defined; xe2x80x9cAcxe2x80x9d means acetyl; xe2x80x9cpyxe2x80x9d means pyridine; xe2x80x9cTESxe2x80x9d means triethylsilyl; xe2x80x9cTMSxe2x80x9d means trimethyl-silyl; xe2x80x9cTBSxe2x80x9d means Me2t-BuSixe2x80x94; xe2x80x9cTfxe2x80x9d means xe2x80x94SO2CF3; xe2x80x9cBMDAxe2x80x9d means BrMgNiPr2; xe2x80x9cSwernxe2x80x9d means (COCl)2, Et3N; xe2x80x9cLTMPxe2x80x9d means lithium tetramethylpiperidide; xe2x80x9cMOPxe2x80x9d means 2-methoxy-2-propyl; xe2x80x9cBOMxe2x80x9d means benzyloxymethyl; xe2x80x9cLDAxe2x80x9d means lithium diisopropylamide; xe2x80x9cLAHxe2x80x9d means lithium aluminum hydride; xe2x80x9cRed-Alxe2x80x9d means sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride; xe2x80x9cMsxe2x80x9d means CH3SO2xe2x80x94; xe2x80x9cTASFxe2x80x9d means tris(diethylamino)sulfoniumdifluorotrimethylsilicate; xe2x80x9cTsxe2x80x9d means toluenesulfonyl; xe2x80x9cTBAFxe2x80x9d means tetrabutyl ammonium hydride; xe2x80x9cTPAPxe2x80x9d means tetrapropyl-ammonium perruthenate; xe2x80x9cDBUxe2x80x9d means diazabicycloundecane; xe2x80x9cDMAPxe2x80x9d means p-dimethylamino pyridine; xe2x80x9cLHMDSxe2x80x9d means lithium hexamethyldisilazide; xe2x80x9cDMFxe2x80x9d means dimethylformamide; xe2x80x9cAIBNxe2x80x9d means azo-(bis)isobutyronitrile; xe2x80x9c10-DABxe2x80x9d means l0-desacetylbaccatin III; xe2x80x9cFARxe2x80x9d means 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorotriethylamine; xe2x80x9cmCPBAxe2x80x9d means metachloroperbenzoic acid; xe2x80x9cDDQxe2x80x9d means dicyanodichloroquinone; xe2x80x9csulfhydryl protecting groupxe2x80x9d includes, but is not limited to, hemithioacetals such as 1-ethoxyethyl and methoxymethyl, thioesters, or thiocarbonates; xe2x80x9camine protecting groupxe2x80x9d includes, but is not limited to, carbamates, for example, 2,2,2-trichloroethylcarbamate or tertbutylcarbamate; xe2x80x9cprotected hydroxyxe2x80x9d means xe2x80x94OP wherein P is a hydroxy protecting group; and xe2x80x9chydroxy protecting groupxe2x80x9d includes, but is not limited to, acetals having two to ten carbons, ketals having two to ten carbons, ethers such as methyl, t-butyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, allyl, trityl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and trialkylsilyl ethers such as trimethylsilyl ether, triethylsilyl ether, dimethylarylsilyl ether, triisopropylsilyl ether and t-butyldimethylsilyl ether; esters such as benzoyl, acetyl, phenylacetyl, formyl, mono-, di-, and trihaloacetyl such as chloroacetyl, dichloroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, trifluoro-acetyl; and carbonates including but not limited to alkyl carbonates having from one to six carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl; isobutyl, and n-pentyl; alkyl carbonates having from one to six carbon atoms and substituted with one or more halogen atoms such as 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl and 2,2,2-tri-chloroethyl; alkenyl carbonates having from two to six carbon atoms such as vinyl and allyl; cycloalkyl carbonates having from three to six carbon atoms such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl; and phenyl or benzyl carbonates optionally substituted on the ring with one or more C1-6 alkoxy, or nitro. Other hydroxyl, sulfhydryl and amine protecting groups may be found in xe2x80x9cProtective Groups in Organic Synthesisxe2x80x9d by T. W. Greene, John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
The alkyl groups described herein are preferably lower alkyl containing from one to six carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 15 carbon atoms. They may be straight or branched chain and include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, hexyl and the like. They maybe hetero-substituted with the various substituents defined herein, including alkaryl.
The alkenyl groups described herein are preferably lower alkenyl containing from two to six carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 15 carbon atoms. They may be straight or branched chain and include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, isobutenyl, hexenyl, and the like. They may be heterosubstituted with the various substituents defined herein, including alkenaryl.
The alkynyl groups described herein are preferably lower alkynyl containing from two to six carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 15 carbon atoms. They may be straight or branched chain and include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, isobutynyl, hexynyl, and the like. They may be heterosubstituted with the various substituents defined herein, including alkynaryl.
The aryl moieties described herein contain from 6 to 15 carbon atoms and include phenyl. They may be hydro-carbon or heterosubstituted with the various substituents defined hereinbelow. Phenyl is the more preferred aryl.
The heteroaryl moieties described herein contain from 5 to 15 atoms and include, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl and the like. They may be hydrocarbon or heterosubstituted with the various substituents defined hereinbelow.
The acyl moieties described herein contain alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups.
The alkoxycarbonyloxy moieties described herein comprise lower alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl groups.
The hydrocarbon substituents described herein may be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl, and the heterosubstituents of the heterosubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl moieties described herein contain nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, halogens and/or one to six carbons, and include lower alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, butoxy, halogen such as chloro or fluoro, and nitro, heteroaryl such as furyl or thienyl, alkanoxy, hydroxy, protected hydroxy, acyl, acyloxy, nitro, amino, and amido.
Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the C2 ester of a suitably protected derivative of baccatin III or 10-DAB having the formula
may be selectively reduced to form a 1,2 diol having the formula
which, in turn, may be converted to a 1,2 carbonate intermediate which permits the selective formation of a variety of C2 esters through reaction with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl lithium reagents or Grignard reagents. The 1,2 carbonate intermediate has the formula
wherein
R4a is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyano, hydroxy, or xe2x80x94OCOR30;
R6 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, hydroxy, protected hydroxy or together with R6a forms an oxo;
R6a is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, hydroxy, protected hydroxy or together with R6 forms an oxo;
R7 is hydrogen or together with R7a forms an oxo,
R7a is hydrogen, halogen, protected hydroxy, xe2x80x94OR28, or together with R7 forms an oxo;
R9 is hydrogen or together with R9a forms an oxo,
R9a is hydrogen, hydroxy, protected hydroxy, or together with R9 forms an oxo;
R10 is hydrogen or together with R10a forms an oxo,
R10a is hydrogen, hydroxy, protected hydroxy, or together with R10 forms an oxo;
R13 is hydroxy or protected hydroxy;
R14 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
R14a is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, hydroxy, protected hydroxy or together with R1 forms a carbonate;
R28 is hydrogen, hydroxy protecting group or a functional group which increases the solubility of the taxane derivative; and
R30 and R31 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, monocyclic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl.
Any agent which selectively removes the C2 and/or C4 acyl groups and thereby converts the ester(s) to the corresponding alcohol(s) may be used. The agent may be a reducing agent, preferably a hydride of aluminum or boron, more preferably an alkyl substituted aluminum hydride or an alkyl substituted borohydride, and most preferably lithium aluminum hydride (xe2x80x9cLAHxe2x80x9d), sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride (xe2x80x9cRed-Alxe2x80x9d) or lithiumtriethylborohydride. Alternatively, the agent may be a base, preferably a tetraalkylammonium base and most preferably, tetrabutylammoniumhydroxide. The conversion of the ester to the corresponding alcohol is carried out in a single phase, non-aqueous system such as methylene chloride.
After the C2 and/or C4 esters are reduced to the corresponding alcohol(s), standard acylating agents such as anhydrides and acid chlorides in combination with an amine such as pyridine, triethylamine, DMAP, or diisopropyl ethyl amine can be used to form new esters at C2 and/or C4. Alternatively, the C2 and/or C4 alcohols may be converted to new C2 and/or C4 esters through formation of the corresponding alkoxide by treatment of the alcohol with a suitable base such as LDA followed by an acylating agent such as an acid chloride.
As will be discussed in greater detail below, baccatin III and 10-DAB derivatives having new C2 and/or C4 esters can be produced by several reaction schemes. To simplify the description, 10-DAB is used as the starting material in Reaction Schemes 1-6. Baccatin III derivatives or analogs, however, may be produced using the same reactions (except for the protection of the C10 hydroxy group with TES) by simply replacing 10-DAB with baccatin III as the starting material.
In Reaction Scheme 1, the C7 hydroxyl group of 10-deacetyl baccatin (III) was selectively protected as its triethylsilyl (TES) ether as described by Green, et al., JACS 110, 5917 (1988). The C10 hydroxyl group was then protected as the TES ether through the use of n-butyllithium and triethylsilyl chloride. The C13 hydroxyl group was subsequently protected as the trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether, which could be selectively removed at a later stage. The fully protected 13-O-trimethylsilyl-7,10-bis-O-triethylsilyl10-deacetyl baccatin (III) 3 underwent selective reduction with Red-Al to give the 2 hydroxy derivative 4. 2 hydroxy derivative 4 may alternatively be obtained by selectively reducing the fully protected baccatin III 3 with tetrabutylammonium borohydride in either or by hydrolyzing the C4 ester of fully protected baccatin III with tetrabutylammoniumhydroxide. Deprotonation of 4 with ether n-butyllithium or a bulky amide base such as LDA was followed by the addition of an appropriate acid chloride to provide the C2 ester derivative 5. The C13 TMS group may then be removed using HF.
As shown in Reaction Scheme 2, 1,2 diol 4 can be readily converted to the 1,2 carbonate 6 which can be transformed to the C2 formate 5 (R31=H) by treatment with Red-Al under mild conditions. In addition, carbonate 6 reacts selectively with nucleophilic agents (e.g., Grignard reagents or alkyllithium reagents) to provide the C2 ester derivative 5. Again, the C13 TMS group may then be removed using HF.
10-DAB analogs having different substituents only at C4, or at both C2 and C4 can be prepared as set forth in Reaction Schemes 3-6.
In Reaction Scheme 3, protected 10-DAB 3 is converted to the triol 7 with lithium aluminum hydride. Triol 7 is then converted to the corresponding C2 ester using Cl2CO in pyridine followed by a nucleophilic agent (e.g., Grignard reagents or alkyllithium reagents).
Alternatively, protected 10-DAB 3 may be converted directly to the C2 ester by treating 10-DAB 3 with lithiumtriethylborohydride which selectively cleaves the C4 acetyl group. Also, deprotonation of triol 7 with LDA followed by introduction of an acid chloride selectively gives the C4 ester. For example, when acetyl chloride was used, triol 7 was converted to 1,2 diol 4 as set forth in Reaction Scheme 4.
Triol 7 can also readily be converted to the 1,2 carbonate 8. Acetylation of carbonate 8 under vigorous standard conditions provides carbonate 6 as described in Reaction Scheme 5; addition of alkyllithiums or Grignard reagents to carbonate 6 provides the C2 ester having a free hydroxyl group at C4 as set forth in Reaction Scheme 2. As set forth in Reaction Scheme 6, other C4 substituents can be provided by reacting carbonate 8 with an acid chloride and a tertiary amine to yield carbonate 10 which is then reacted with alkyllithiums or Grignard reagents to provide 10-DAB derivatives having new substituents at C2 as set forth in Reaction Scheme 6.
Taxanes having alternative acyloxy C2 and C10 substituents may be prepared as set forth in Reaction Scheme 7, using, for example, baccatin III as a starting material. After being protected at C7 and C13, baccatin III is reduced with LAH to produce 1,2,4,10 tetraol 12. Tetraol 12 is converted to carbonate 13 using Cl2CO and pyridine, and carbonate 13 is acylated at C10 with an acid chloride and pyridine to produce carbonate 14 (as shown) or with acetic anhydride and pyridine (not shown). Acetylation of carbonate 14 under vigorous standard conditions provides carbonate 15 which is then reacted with alkyl lithiums to provide the baccatin III derivatives having new substituents at C2 and C10.
10-desacetoxy derivatives of baccatin III and 10-desoxy derivatives of 10-DAB having alternative C2 and C4 substituents may be produced using the same reactions (except for the protection of the C10 hydroxy group with TES) by simply replacing 10-DAB with 10-desacetoxy baccatin III as the starting material in Reaction Schemes 1-6. Baccatin III and 10-DAB may be selectively and nearly quantitatively converted to the corresponding 10-desacetoxy or 10-desoxytaxane when they are reacted with samarium diiodide. Alternatively, the 10-DAB derivatives having alternative C2 and C4 substituents may themselves be reacted with samarium diiodide to yield the corresponding 10-deacetoxy compound.
As illustrated in Reaction Scheme 8, the reaction of baccatin III with Bu4NBH4 in methylene chloride yields 9-desoxo-9xcex2-hydroxybaccatin III 5. After the C7 hydroxy group is protected with the triethylsilyl protecting group, for example 7-protected-9xcex2-hydroxy derivative 6 may be used as a starting material in Reaction Schemes 1-7.
Alternatively, the C13 hydroxy group of 7-protected-9xcex2-hydroxy derivative 6 may be protected with trimethylsilyl or other protecting group which can be selectively removed relative to the C7 hydroxy protecting group as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 9, to enable further selective manipulation of the various substituents of the taxane. For example, reaction of 7,13-protected-9xcex2-hydroxy derivative 7 with KH causes the acetate group to migrate from C10 to C9 and the hydroxy group to migrate from C9 to C10, thereby yielding 10-desacetyl derivative 8. Protection of the C10 hydroxy group of 10-desacetyl derivative 8 with triethylsilyl yields derivative 9. Selective removal of the C13 hydroxy protecting group from derivative 9 yields derivative 10 which may be used as a starting material in Reaction Schemes 1-7.
As shown in Reaction Scheme 10, 10-oxo derivative 11 can be provided by oxidation of 10-desacetyl derivative 8. Thereafter, the C13 hydroxy protecting group can be selectively removed followed by attachment of a side chain as described above to yield 9-acetoxy-10-oxo-taxol or other 9-acetoxy-10-oxotetracylic taxanes having a C13 side chain. Alternatively, the C9 acetate group can be selectively removed by reduction of 10-oxo derivative 11 with a reducing agent such as samarium diiodide to yield 9-desoxo-10-oxo derivative 12 which can be used as a starting material for Reaction Schemes 1-7.
Reaction Scheme 11 illustrates a reaction in which 10-DAB is reduced to yield pentaol 13. The C7 and C10 hydroxyl groups of pentaol 13 can then be selectively protected with the triethylsilyl or another protecting group to produce triol 14 which a can be used as a starting material for Reaction Schemes 1-7 above.
Taxanes having C9 and/or C10 ayloxy substituents other than acetate can be prepared using 10-DAB as a starting material as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 12. Reaction of 10-DAB with triethylsilyl chloride in pyridine yields 7-protected 10-DAB 15. The C10 hydroxy substituent of 7-protected 10-DAB 15 may then be readily acylated with any standard acylating agent to yield derivative 16 having a new C10 acyloxy substituent. Selective reduction of the C9 keto substituent of derivative 16 yields 9B-hydroxy derivative 17 to which a C13 side chain may be attached. Alternatively, the C10 and C9 groups can be caused to migrate as set forth in Reaction Scheme 9, above.
10-desacetoxy derivatives of baccatin III and 10-desoxy derivatives of 10-DAB may be prepared by reacting baccatin III or 10-DAB (or their derivatives) with samarium diiodide. Reaction between the tetracyclic taxane having a C10 leaving group and samarium diiodide may be carried out at 0xc2x0 C. in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran. Advantageously, the samarium diiodide selectively abstracts the C10 leaving group; C13 side chains and other substituents on the tetracyclic nucleus remain undisturbed. Thereafter, the C9 keto substituent may be reduced to provide the corresponding 9-desoxo-9xcex2-hydroxy-10-desacetyoxy or 10-desoxy derivatives as otherwise described herein.
C7 dihydro and other C7 substituted taxanes can be prepared as set forth in Reaction Schemes 13, 14 and 14a.
As shown in Reaction Scheme 14, Baccatin III may be converted into 7-fluoro baccatin III by treatment with FAR at room temperature in THF solution. Other baccatin derivatives with a free C7 hydroxyl group behave similarly. Alternatively, 7-chloro baccatin III can be prepared by treatment of baccatin III with methane sulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in methylene chloride solution containing an excess of triethylamine hydrochloride.
Taxanes having C7 acyloxy substituents can be prepared as set forth in Reaction Scheme 14a, 7,13-protected 10-oxo-derivative 11 is converted to its corresponding C13 alkoxide by selectively removing the C13 protecting group and replacing it with a metal such as lithium. The alkoxide is then reacted with a xcex2-lactam or other side chain precursor. Subsequent hydrolysis of the C7 protecting groups causes a migration of the C7 hydroxy substituent to C10, migration of the C10 oxo substituent to C9, and migration of the C9 acyloxy substituent to C7.
A wide variety of tricyclic taxanes are naturally occurring, and through manipulations analogous to those described herein, an appropriate side chain can be attached to the C13 oxygen of these substances. Alternatively, as shown in Reaction Scheme 15, 7-O-triethylsilyl baccatin III can be converted to a tricyclic taxane through the action of trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate in methylene chloride solution. The product diol then reacts with lead tetraacetate to provide the corresponding C4 ketone.
Recently a hydroxylated taxane (14-hydroxy-10-deacetylbaccatin III) has been discovered in an extract of yew needles (CandEN, p 36-37, Apr. 12, 1993). Derivatives of this hydroxylated taxane having the various C2, C4, etc. functional groups described above may also be prepared by using this hydroxylated taxane. In addition, the C14 hydroxy group together with the C1 hydroxy group of 10-DAB can be converted to a 1,2-carbonate as described in CandEN or it may be converted to a variety of esters or other functional groups as otherwise described herein in connection with the C2, C4, C7, C9, C10 and C13 substituents.
Synthesis of tetracyclic taxanes having a C13 side-chain and different substituents at C2 and/or C4 can readily be prepared from baccatin III and 10-DAB derivatives having different substituents at C2 and/or C4 using presently known methods. For instance, a suitable side chain may be attached to a baccatin III or 10-DAB derivative as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,924,011 and 4,924,012 or by the reaction of a xcex2-lactam and a suitably protected baccatin III or 10-desacetylbaccatin III derivative as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 14a wherein X1-X5 are as follows:
X1 is xe2x80x94OX6, xe2x80x94SX7, or xe2x80x94NX8X9;
X2 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
X3 and X4 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
X5 is xe2x80x94COX10, xe2x80x94COOX10, xe2x80x94COSX10, xe2x80x94CONX8X10, or xe2x80x94SO2X11;
X6 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy protecting group, or a functional group which increases the water solubility of the taxane derivative;
X7 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or sulfhydryl protecting group;
X8 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterosubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
X9 is an amino protecting group;
X10 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterosubstituted alkyl, alkenyl alkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
X11 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, xe2x80x94OX10, or xe2x80x94NX8X14; and
X14 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

Process for the preparation of baccatin III analogs bearing new C2 and C4 functional groups


A resonance type non-contact charging apparatus is disclosed. A charger of the apparatus receives the high frequency power from a secondary side resonance coil of the apparatus. A power ratio detecting section of the apparatus detects the ratio of the reflected power from a primary side resonance coil to the high frequency power source with respect to the output power from the high frequency power source to the primary side resonance coil. A stop control section of the apparatus stops the high frequency power source when the ratio detected by the power ratio detecting section becomes greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold value.

The present invention relates to a resonance type non-contact charging apparatus.
For example, International Patent Publication No. W0/2007/008646 discloses a resonance type power transmission system that transmits power wirelessly from a primary side resonance coil at a transmission side to a secondary side resonance coil at a reception side, which is arranged separated from the primary side resonance coil. Specifically, in the power transmission system, when the primary side resonance coil produces an AC electric field from AC voltage supplied by a high frequency power source, an oscillating magnetic field is generated in the proximity of the primary side resonance coil. The power is then transmitted from the primary side resonance coil to the secondary side resonance coil through resonance.
However, if there is an object between the primary side resonance coil and the secondary side resonance coil, some or all of the power transmitted from the primary side resonance coil to the secondary side resonance coil is reflected to the high frequency power source, thus possibly damaging the high frequency power source.

Resonance type non-contact charging apparatus


Systems, methods, and media that: implement a boosted classifier having a plurality of weak hypotheses that produce a classification, each of the plurality of weak hypotheses having at least one weight; receive testing data; receive at least one piece of training data subsequently to receiving the testing data; calculate corrective terms for correcting a sum of weights of correctly classified training data and a sum of weights of incorrectly classified training data; calculate the sum of weights of correctly classified training data and the sum of weights of incorrectly classified training data based on the corrective terms; modify the at least one weight of at least one of the plurality of weak hypotheses in response to the at least one piece of training data based on the sum of weights to produce modified weights; and classify the testing data based on the modified weights to produce a classification.

Classification techniques are widely used for machine intelligence. Such techniques can be used for a wide variety of applications, such as, but not limited to, to perform image recognition, to control buying and selling of securities, to perform natural language processing, to perform medical detection functions (such as detecting cancer in an image), to perform stock market analysis (which can then be presented on a computer display, for example), to perform weather prediction, to perform analysis of motion in video images (which can then be used to generate new video (for display on a display, for example), to alert a user (e.g., in a security application), etc.), to provide bio sensors, to control systems (such as the motion of robots, the operation of HVAC systems, the operation of cruise control systems, the operation of navigation systems, etc.), etc.
Techniques for boosting the performance of classifiers are known. For example, the Adaboost technique can be used to boost the performance of weak classifiers making up a classifier by repeatedly training the classifier to provide updates to the classifier weights corresponding to the weak classifiers. Adaboost is described in Robert E. Schapire et al., "Boosting the Margin: a New Explanation for the Effectiveness of Voting Methods," Annals of Statistics, 26(5):1651-1686, 1998, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
In many instances, classifiers need to be updated when online—for example, when being used to perform classification. This the case, for example, because many classifiers are designed for general applications but only used in particular applications, where a more application-specific training would produce improved results. However, known techniques for boosting classifiers are inadequate.

Systems, methods, and media for performing classification using a boosted classifier

The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York


The invention provides compounds of formula (I):

Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is a member of the mammalian sirtuin (NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase) family that comprises SIRT1-7 (Houtkooper, R. H., et al., Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2012, 13, 225-238). SIRT2 is the only sirtuin that predominantly resides in the cytosol even though it is localized in the nucleus during mitosis. Interestingly, an alternatively spliced isoform has been reported to permanently reside in the nucleus. As the most abundant sirtuin homolog in the brain (Pandithage, R., et al., J. Cell Biol. 2008, 180, 915-929), SIRT2 has emerged as an important regulator in brain physiology and pathology (Harting, K., et al., Eur. J. Cell Biol. 2010, 89, 262-269). Several studies have suggested that selective pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 is a promising therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease (PD). First, overexpression of SIRT2 induced neuronal apoptosis (Pfister, J. A., et al., PLoS One 2008, 3, e4090). Second, blocking SIRT2 protected cells from the neurotoxicity induced by α-synuclein, a risk factor associated with the familial PD, in the cellular and fruit fly models of PD (Outeiro, T. F., et al., Science 2007, 317, 516-519). Third, SIRT2 exacerbated the nigrostriatal neurotoxicity induced by neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) while genetic deletion (Liu, L., et al., Front. Aging Neurosci. 2014, 6, 184) or pharmacological inhibition (Chen, X., et al., PLoS One 2015, 10, e0116919) of SIRT2 prevented MPTP-induced neurodegeneration in mice. Furthermore, as a major deacetylase of α-tubulin (North, B. J., et al., Mol. Cell 2003, 11, 437-444.), SIRT2 decreased the acetylation level of microtubules, enhancing their association with pathologically mutated leucine-rich kinase 2 (LRRK2) in the Roc-COR domain (R1441C and Y1699C). While this strengthened association impaired axonal transport, genetic knockdown of SIRT2 restored both axonal transport and locomotion in fruit flies (Godena, V. K., et. al., Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5245).
Besides PD, blocking SIRT2 may also provide protection in other neurodegenerative diseases. First, inhibition of SIRT2 had a protective effect in a cellular model of multiple system atrophy (Hasegawa, T., et al., Neurochem. Int. 2010, 57, 857-866), which is one form of synucleinopathy like PD. Second, in the granule cells obtained from slow Wallerian degeneration (Wld(s)) mice, genetic knockdown of SIRT2 enhanced resistance to axonal degeneration while overexpression of SIRT2 abrogated the resistance (Suzuki, K., et al., Neuroscience 2007, 147, 599-612). Third, inhibiting SIRT2 offered neuroprotection in the fly, worm, and primary striatal neuron models of Huntington's disease, likely by reducing sterol biosynthesis ((a) Luthi-Carter, R., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107, 7927-7932; (b) Taylor, D. M., et al., ACS Chem. Biol. 2011, 6, 540-546), even though the therapeutic potential still remains to be unequivocally defined. Four, SIRT2 inhibitors have been explored for their potential therapeutic applications in the mouse models of tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Green, K. N., et al., J. Neurosci. 2008, 28, 11500-11510) and frontotemporal dementia (Spires-Jones, T. L., et al., Front. Pharmacol. 2012, 3, 42). Lastly, a neurotoxic role of SIRT2 in AD has been recently proposed ((a) Theendakara, V., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110, 18303-18308; (b) Silva, D. F., et al., Mol. Neurobiol. 2016, PMID: 27311773). Taken together, these studies suggest that optimized SIRT2 inhibitors will have a broad impact on the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Recently, SIRT2 has been shown as a key player in the transcription regulation signalling initiated by bacterial infection, suggesting that blocking host SIRT2 may be a viable approach to fight bacterial infection (Eskandarian, H. A., et al., Science 2013, 341, 1238858). Furthermore, there are studies that suggest that SIRT2 inhibitors can be therapeutically useful in the treatment of cancer ((a) Hu, J.; Jing, H.; Lin, H., Future Med. Chem. 2014, 6, 945-966; (b) Soung, Y. H., et al., Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 3846; (c) Jing, H., et al., Cancer Cell 2016, 29, 297; (d) Deng, A., et al., Sci. Rep. 2016, doi: 10.1038/srep27694; (e) Jing, H.; Lin, H., Oncotarget 2016, doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8502.) and kidney diseases ((a) Zhou, X., et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. 2014, 23, 1644-1655; (b) Ponnusamy, M., et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2014, 350, 243; (c) Jung, Y. J., et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephroi. 2015, 26, 1549). SIRT2 inhibitors can also be useful for the treatment of sepsis (Zhao, T., et al., Curr. Mol. Med. 2015, 15, 634.) and hepatic fibrosis (Arteaga, M., et al., Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2016, 310, G1155), and for the control of platelet function (Moscardo, A., et al., J. Thromb. Haemost. 2015, 13, 1335).
Currently there is a need for agents that are useful for inhibiting SIRT2. Such agents may be useful to treat pathologies associated with SIRT2, such as, for example, Parkinson's disease.

Abstract: wherein, A, C, D, X, and Y have any of the values defined in the specification, and salts thereof. The compounds are SIRT2 inhibitors and are useful for treating SIRT2 associated conditions.


The front-side portion of an outer column includes a substantially cylindrical column main body portion having a pair of clamp portions and externally fitting with an inner column, and a reinforcing bridge portion that is integrally provided below the column main body portion. The front-side connecting portion of the reinforcing bridge portion includes a front-side inclined portion that inclines in a direction toward the front side going toward the upper side, and a rear-side connecting portion inclines in a direction toward the rear side going toward the upper side.

A steering device installed in a vehicle such as an automobile or the like transmits the movement of a steering wheel operated by a driver to a steering gear unit via a steering shaft, and applies a steering angle to left and right steered wheels. The steering device may be provided with a position adjusting mechanism capable of adjusting the position of the steering wheel according to the physique and the driving posture of the driver.
FIGS. 19 to 21 illustrate an example of a steering device that includes a steering wheel position adjusting mechanism as disclosed in WO2016/186149. In the steering device 1, a steering shaft 2 to which a steering wheel (not illustrated) is fixed at a rear-end portion thereof is rotatably supported inside a tubular steering column 3 via a plurality of rolling bearings. Note that unless specified otherwise, the front-rear direction, the width direction (horizontal direction), and the vertical direction refer to the front-rear direction, the width direction (horizontal direction), and the vertical direction of the vehicle in a state in which the steering device is installed.
A front-side portion of the steering column 3 is supported by a lower bracket 4, and an intermediate portion in the front-rear direction of the steering column 3 is supported by an upper bracket 5. The lower bracket 4 and the upper bracket 5 are supported by the vehicle body 6. An electric assist device 7 for reducing the force required for operating the steering wheel is provided on the front-side portion of the steering column 3.
In order to enable the adjustment of the front-rear position of the steering wheel, the steering column 3 is configured so that, by fitting the front-side portion of the outer column 9 that is arranged behind with the rear-side portion of the inner column 8 that is arranged in the front so as to enable relative displacement in the axial direction, the overall length may be expanded or contracted. The outer column 9 is supported so as to be able to move in the front-rear direction with respect to the upper bracket 5. The steering shaft 2 is configured by combining the inner shaft 10 and the outer shaft 11 by spline engagement or the like so that torque may be transmitted and the entire length may be expanded or contracted.
In order to enable adjustment of the vertical position of the steering wheel, the steering column 3 is supported by the lower bracket 4 so as to be able to pivotally displace about a tilt shaft 12 arranged in the width direction, and the outer column 9 is supported by the upper bracket 5 so as to be able to move in the vertical direction.
The upper bracket 5 includes a pair of mounting plate portions 31 that are supported so as to be able to detach toward the front with respect to the vehicle body 6, and a pair of support plate portions 21 that are arranged on both sides in the width direction of a sandwiched portion 13 of the outer column 9. The pair of support plate portions 21 includes elongated tilt adjustment holes 32 that extend in the vertical direction.
In the steering device 1, it is possible to maintain both the strength of the outer column 9 and the holding force of the inner column 8. More specifically, the outer column 9 includes the sandwiched portion 13 arranged in the front-half portion and a tubular portion 14 arranged in the rear-half portion. A substantially cylindrical column main body portion 15 for externally fitting the inner column 8 is provided on an upper-side portion of the sandwiched portion 13, and a substantially box-shaped reinforcing bridge portion 16 is integrally provided with the column main body 15 on the lower-side portion of the sandwiched portion 13.
A front-rear direction slit 17 that extends in the front-rear direction is provided on a lower surface of the column main body portion 15. The front-side portion and the rear-side portion of the lower-half portion of the column main body portion 15 are provided with a front-side circumferential-direction slit 18 and a rear-side circumferential-direction slit 19 so that each crosses the front-rear direction slit 17 in the circumferential direction. On each of both sides in the width direction of the column main body portion 15, each clamp portion forming a pair of clamp portions 20 is provided in a portion that is surrounded on three sides by the front-rear direction slit 17, the front-side circumferential-direction slit 18, and the rear-side circumferential-direction slit 19. The lower-end portions of the outer-side surfaces in the width direction of the pair of clamp portions 20 are provided with first tightening surfaces 22 that receive a tightening force from the inner-side surfaces in the width direction of the pair of support plate portions 21 of the upper bracket 5.
The reinforcing bridge portion 16 is arranged so as to cover the pair of clamp portions 20 via a substantially U-shaped gap 23 as viewed from the width direction, and includes a bottom-plate portion 24, a front-side connecting portion 25, and a rear-side connecting portion 26. The bottom-plate portion 24 extends in the front-rear direction and the width direction, and is arranged below the pair of clamp portions 20 via an elongated telescopic adjustment hole 27 that extends in the front-rear direction and constitutes the lower side of the substantially U-shaped gap 23. The lower-side portions of both side surfaces in the width direction of the bottom-plate portion 24 include second tightening surfaces 28 that receive a tightening force from the inner-side surfaces in the width direction of the pair of support plate portions 21. The front-side connecting portion 25 connects the front-end portion of the bottom-plate portion 24 and a portion of the lower surface of the column main body portion 15 that is adjacent to the front side of the front-side circumferential-direction slit 18. The rear-side connecting portion 26 connects the rear-end portion of the bottom-plate portion 24 and a portion of the lower surface of the column main body portion 15 that is adjacent to the rear side of the rear-side circumferential-direction slit 19.
Ridge portions 29 projecting toward the outside in the width direction are provided at portions of both side surfaces in the width direction of the column main body portion 15 that overlap with the center axis of the outer column 9 in the vertical direction. The tip-end surfaces of the ridge portions 29 constitute third tightening surfaces 30 that receive a tightening force from the inner-side surfaces in the width direction of the pair of support plate portions 21.
In the steering device 1, an adjustment lever 34 that is attached to the end portion of an adjustment rod 33 that is inserted in the width direction through the elongated telescopic adjustment hole 27 and the elongated tilt adjustment holes 32 is operated to increase or reduce the dimension in the axial direction of a cam device 35; and by doing so, the gap between the inner-side surfaces in the width direction of the pair of support plate portions 21 may be increased or reduced. With this configuration, the force with which the inner-side surfaces in the width direction of the pair of support plate portions 21 press the first tightening surfaces 22, the second tightening surfaces 28, and the third tightening surfaces 30 in the width direction may be adjusted. In a clamp state where the gap between the inner-side surfaces in the width direction of the pair of support plate portions 21 is shortened, the inner sides in the width direction of the pair of clamp portions 20 are elastically deformed, and the outer-circumferential surface of the inner column 8 is held from both side in the width direction. Therefore, position adjustment of the steering wheel becomes impossible. In an unclamp state where the gap between the inner-side surfaces in the width direction of the pair of support plate portions 21 is widened, the pair of clamp portions 20 are elastically restored, and the force holding the outer-circumferential surface of the inner column 8 is decreased. Therefore, adjustment of the front-rear position and the vertical position of the steering wheel becomes possible within a range in which the adjustment rod 33 is able to move inside the elongated telescopic adjustment hole 27 and the elongated tilt adjustment holes 32.
The second tightening surfaces 28 and the third tightening surfaces 30 are arranged in portions where the rigidity in the width direction is higher than the pair of clamp portions 20 in which the first tightening surface 22 are arranged. Therefore, when the gap between the inner-side surfaces in the width direction of the pair of support plate portions 21 is reduced, the pair of clamp portions 20 may be bent a large amount in the width direction. For example, in a structure where the steering device 1 includes a steering lock device for preventing vehicle theft, in a state in which the steering lock device is activated, and in a case where torque is applied to the outer column 9 by operating the steering wheel with a large force, the torque is transmitted to the support plate portions 21 from the outer column 9 via the second tightening surfaces 28 and the third tightening surfaces 30. With such a structure, it is possible to maintain both the strength of the outer column 9 and the holding force of the inner column 8.


A device mounting a fuze in the casing of an ordanance item and providing r pop-out of the fuze to reduce cook-off hazard when the casing is heated. The device has an outer sleeve fixed to the casing, an inner sleeve slideably mounted in the outer sleeve and receiving the fuze, and a resilient element urging the inner sleeve and the fuze from the casing. The sleeves are retained together at normal temperature by a layer therebetween of material which melts at a higher temperature to release the inner sleeve and fuze.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to the field of receptacles. More particularly, the invention pertains to fusible receptacle attachments for explosion control.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Ordnance items present an extreme hazard in the event of "cook-off," which is defined for purposes of the subject application as detonation or deflagration of the main explosive charge of the item due to an accidental fire. The booster charge of a fuze presents such a hazard, and it is known to provide a fuze mounting attachment resiliently urged from an ordnance item for expulsion of the attachment and a fuze mounted thereon from the item. The attachment is normally retained by a material which is weakened by heat from an accidental fire to release the attachment. A booster charge in the fuze is thereby prevented from initiating detonation or deflagration of a main charge of the item, and the main charge is thereby vented so that it burns with relatively little effect instead of detonating or deflagrating. It is highly desirable that such an attachment be adapted for use with existing fuzes and ordnance items, and it is essential that such an attachment not interfere with proper operation of an ordnance item deployed for effect.
A typical fuze is cylindrical and is received in a tubular wall, and the prior art has included annular elements of heat softened material, such as nylon, arranged between the fuze and the wall to retain the fuze therein at normal temperature against the urging of a spring. A unitary such prior art element having a pair of screw threads individually engaging the fuze and well was deficient in that softening to allow fuze expulsion did not occur consistently in time to prevent cook-off. Other prior art attachments having heat softenable washers functioned effectively to prevent cook-off but, due to the limited space available between existing fuzes and fuze walls, lacked sufficient strength to retain the fuze for proper operation on impact.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


In a cross-connect system, test pattern insertion circuits are connected respectively to input line circuits to receive a sequence of frames each containing an idle timeslot and a sequence of data timeslots. Each insertion circuit is enabled at multiple frame intervals to insert a test pattern into the idle timeslot of one of the multiple frames. Time switches are associated respectively with output line circuits, each of the time switches comprising a plurality of memories connected respectively to the insertion circuits for receiving sequences of frames therefrom, and a selector connected to the memories. An incoming frame from each insertion circuit is written into the associated memories of each time switch, producing copies of the frame. Contents of the memories are then read on a per timeslot basis and the selector of each time switch is controlled to select one of the memories of the time switch to deliver a test pattern as well as data signals from the selected memory of each time switch to the associated output line circuit. Test pattern check circuits examines the delivered test patterns to evaluate the quality of paths from the input line circuits to the output line circuits.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to digital cross-connect systems of parallel time switch structure, and more specifically to a path monitoring system for the digital cross-connect system.
2. Description of the Related Art
A prior art digital cross-connect system of parallel time switch structure is shown in FIG. 1. In this system, TDM input lines #1-#N are respectively connected to test pattern insertion circuits 10.sub.1 .about.10.sub.N to which test patterns are supplied from a multiple test pattern generator 17 so that a unique test pattern can be inserted into a particular timeslot of each TDM (time division multiplex) frame. Each TDM frame contains N idle timeslots and data timeslots (FIG. 2). Using frame and timeslot pulses from a timing generator 16, multiple test pattern generator 17 inserts a test pattern A into idle time slot #1 of each frame of line input #1 and a test pattern B into idle timeslot #2 of each frame of line input #2. Continuing in this way, a test pattern N is inserted into idle timeslot #N of each frame of input line #N. The outputs of the insertion circuits are connected respectively to identical time switches 11.sub.1 -11.sub.N each comprising dual-port random access memories 20.sub.1 .about.20.sub.N that are connected respectively to the outputs of insertion circuits 10.sub.1 -10.sub.N, so that N copies of the output signal of test pattern insertion circuit 10.sub.i are sequentially stored into respectively corresponding RAM's 20.sub.i of all time switches 11.sub.1 -11.sub.N according to a lower-significant-bit output of an address control memory 14 driven by a timeslot counter 15. Each of the time switches 11 includes a selector 21 that is responsive to a higher-significant-bit output of control memory 14 to select one of the outputs of RAM's 20 and applies it to a corresponding one of test pattern check circuits 12.sub.1 .about.12.sub.N. The contents of address control memory 14 are altered or updated by commands from a network management system 13 according to varying network traffic or cable failures to switch incoming line to an alternate output line. For path monitoring purposes, address control memory 14 successively reads all test patterns A, B. . . N from all RAM's of each time switch 11. Each check circuit 12 determines whether each test pattern matches the original pattern in order to evaluate the quality of each all parallel signal paths of time switch at frame intervals. If a mismatch is detected, network management system 13 is notified of this fact to control the address control memory 14.
Since the prior art path monitoring system involves the use of N idle timeslots for each TDM input signal and N unique test patterns, the number of such timeslots and test patterns undesirably increases as input lines increase.

Path monitoring system for cross-connect system


A uniform temperature reference block for connection with the cold reference wires of a plurality of thermocouples employing a corresponding plurality of screw terminal modular connectors each provided with an insulated termination cavity containing a terminal conductor compressable, upon tightening the screw, against the thermocouple input wire and, in turn, the wire against an adjacent electrically insulated but thermally conductive projection of a thermal bridging bar, preferably of anodized aluminum, within the termination cavity, to establish electrical termination connection of the thermocouple wire with thermal coupling along the block.

Many industries have need for the making of accurate temperature measurements utilizing pluralities of thermocouples. A key source of temperature measurement error in such systems, however, is the temperature difference between any of the cold junction thermocouple connections and a cold Junction reference sensor. The UTR apparatus is designed to increase the thermal conduction path between the cold junctions of the plurality of thermocouples and the cold junction reference, while preserving electrical isolation between these points.
To attain such electrical isolation but with thermal connection, various techniques have been earlier employed including those embodied in the Model UTR-48N and the DIG14 Model V2222 of the assignee of the present application, as described, for example, in the Kaye Product Data Sheet #506, Thermocouple Reference Systems and Data Sheet #500. In the aluminum frame carrying the epoxy-mounted matrix of heavy copper terminals of such apparatus, BeO ceramic wafers, metalized only on their two faces, are soldered between the copper terminals to form the matrix, with the ceramic body of the wafers providing excellent electrical isolation between terminals; and, because of the excellent thermal conductivity of such ceramic (approaching that of the aluminum frame), provides superior thermal coupling between terminals necessary to attain the desired uniform thermal reference function. As a result, the thermocouple reference junctions of all channels on the UTR plate are maintained at the same temperature, and one sensor, as before-described, may be employed to monitor the entire isothermal plate. A foam-filled enclosure thermally isolates the UTR terminal plate from ambient temperature changes, so that the response to a change in ambient temperature is extremely slow.
Multiple units, indeed, may be ganged together, if desired, to accomodate for any number of channels, and the UTR apparatus may be operated as shielded or unshielded units.
The construction required for the above and other previous UTR assemblies, however, has rendered such devices relatively expensive to manufacture, and quite specialized in components and assembly.
In accordance with the present invention, on the other hand, a novel UTR design has been evolved which is suitable for use with modular screw-terminal blocks, while obviating the need for ceramic wafers and the like, and with attendant lower cost manufacture and assembly (including by the end user), and with a higher degree of accuracy from close thermal contact of each UTR member with the associated cold junction and with shortened thermal paths.

Uniform temperature reference apparatus for use with modular screw-terminal block


A method for detecting mammalian heparanase activity in a sample such as mammalian tissue, cells or bodily fluids; and a method for the purification of mammalian heparanase from a heparanase-containing material, such as human platelets.

Important processes in tissue invasion by blood-borne malignant tumour cells and leukocytes include their adhesion to the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium, their passage through the vascular endothelial cell layer and the subsequent degradation of the underlying basal lamina and extracellular matrix (ECM) with a battery of secreted and/or cell surface protease and glycosidase activities (Nakajima et al, 1983; Schmitt et al, 1992; Vlodavsky et al, 1992). The basal lamina and underlying connective tissue stroma consist predominantly of a complex network of fibronectin, laminin, collagen type IV and vitronectin, each of which interact with heparan sulphate (HS) side chains of heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPG) embedded within the matrix (Yurichenco and Schittny, 1990). HS chains generally consist of clusters of sulphated disaccharide units (predominately N-sulphated glucosamine linked 1.fwdarw.4 to .alpha.-L-iduronic acid residues) separated by lowly or non-sulphated regions (predominately disaccharide units of N-acetylated glucosamine linked 1.fwdarw.4 to .beta.-D-glucuronic acid) (Turnbull and Gallagher, 1990,1991). Cleavage of the HS chains by endoglycosidase or heparanase activity produced by invading cells may therefore assist in the disassembly of the ECM and facilitate cell migration. Heparanase activity has been shown to be related to the metastatic potential of murine and human fibrosarcoma and melanoma cell lines (Nakajima et al, 1983, 1986a,b, 1988; Ricoveri and Cappelletti, 1986). Furthermore, heparanase activity has been described in a number of tissues and cell types including rat liver (Gallagher et al, 1988; Hook et al, 1975), human placenta (Klein and Von Figura, 1979; Lider et al, 1989), human platelets (Hoogewerf et al, 1995; Oldberg et al, 1980; Oosta et al, 1982), cultured human skin fibroblasts (Klein and Von Figura, 1976), human neutrophils (Matzner et al, 1985, 1992), activated but not resting rat T-lymphocytes (Naparstek et al, 1984), normal and neoplastic murine B-lymphocytes (Laskov et al, 1991), human monocytes (Sewell et al, 1989) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Bartlett et al, 1995; Godder et al, 1991). Because the cleavage of HS appears to be essential for the passage of metastatic tumour cells and leukocytes through basement membranes, studies of heparanase inhibitors provide the potential of developing novel and highly selective classes of anti-metastatic and anti-inflammatory drugs (Coombe et al, 1987; Irimura et al, 1986; Parish et al, 1990; Vlodavsky et al, 1992; Willenborg and Parish 1988).
The expression of heparanase activity by platelets, metastatic tumour cells and circulating cells of the immune system has been related to their involvement in their diapedes and extravasation. Studies have shown that while the initial entrapment of metastatic tumour cells by the capillary endothelium is platelet-independent, platelet aggregation which occurs shortly afterwards can lead to platelet activation and degranulation, resulting in gap formation and retraction of endothelial cells exposing the underlying basement membrane to adhesion by the tumour cells (Tanaka et al, 1986; Crissman et al, 1985; Yahalom et al, 1985). Human platelets have been shown to contain high levels of heparanase activity, capable of degrading endothelial cell surface, tumour-derived and ECM-derived HSPG (Bartlett et al, 1995a, 1995b; Castellot et al, 1982; Hoogewerf et al, 1995; Wasteson et al, 1976, 1977; Yahalom et al, 1984; ) as well as free HS and heparin chains (Graham et al, 1995a and b; Oldberg et al, 1980; Oosta et al, 1982; Wasteson et al, 1976, 1977). To date, three separate mammalian cell heparanase activities have been reported: mouse melanoma B16 heparanase which cleaves HS only, human platelet heparanase which cleaves both heparin and HS and a mouse mastocytoma endoglucuronidase which was reported to cleave newly synthesised heparin precursor but not heparin or HS (Hoogewerf et al 1995; Nakajima et al, 1988; Thunberg et al, 1982). More recent studies have indicated that murine melanoma and macrophage extracts are in fact able to degrade both HS and heparin, however heparin was degraded to a lesser extent than by human platelet extracts (Graham and Underwood, 1996). Although Hennes et al (1988) reported that tumour-derived heparanase was able to degrade matrix HS but was unable to degrade endothelial cell surface HS, human platelets have been shown to degrade endothelial cell surface HS (Wasteson et al, 1977) which was shown by Gamse et al (1978) to be more heparin-like in structure. Thus, it is likely that the platelet heparanase, which is capable of degrading both heparin and HS, may play a critical role in degrading cell-surface HS in focal adhesion plaques, and aiding the extravasation of blood-borne cells.
Following partial purification of human platelet heparanase by Oldberg et al (1980), who determined that the enzyme was an endoglucuronidase which acted upon N-sulphated, iduronic acid-containing heparin biosynthetic intermediates, the enzyme was purified 240,000-fold to apparent homogeneity in 6% yield by a 6-column procedure (Oosta et al, 1982). The enzyme was a 134 kDa single subunit protein which was active towards .sup.125 I-heparin and was confirmed to be an endoglucuronidase. In subsequent studies, the platelet heparanase was shown to cleave endothelial cell surface heparin-like material which inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation (Castellot et al, 1982) and to cleave the antithrombin III (AT III)-binding octasaccharide between GlcA-GlcNS3S (Thunberg et al, 1982), presumably resulting in the loss of the anticoagulant activity of heparin following its degradation (Oldberg et al, 1980). Although, the purified enzyme was shown to act towards an octasaccharide substrate, platelet extracts were also shown to degrade ECM-derived HS chains to 10 kDa (Yahalom, et al 1984) and to 5 kDa fragments (Freeman and Bartlett, unpublished observations), indicating the existence of specific structural motifs determining the site of cleavage. The size of heparin-cleavage products following platelet heparanase action has not been determined (Graham and Underwood, 1996; Oldberg et al, 1980; Oosta et al, 1982). Recently, however, Hoogewerf et al (1995) reported the 4100-fold purification of a human platelet heparanase activity in 8% yield which was shown to be an endoglucosaminidase that cleaved both heparin and HS principally to disaccharides following radiolabelling of the digestion products. The activity resided in the 8-10 kDa subunit CXC chemokines connective tissue activating peptide-III (CTAP-III) and neutrophil activating peptide-2 (NAP-2) which are members of the platelet basic protein family. In contrast, Graham and Underwood (1996) has since shown that the heparanase activity in human platelet extracts had a Mr of 40-60 kDa, and cleaved both HS and heparin, although the size of the degradation products was not determined.
The resolution of the reported differences in the molecular size (8 to 134 kDa), the substrate specificity (whether the enzyme is an endoglucuronidase or endoglucosaminidase activity), and the size of the substrate cleavage products (disaccharides or 5 to 10 kDa) requires purification of the enzyme(s) to homogeneity in high yield. While some studies of the substrate specificity of the platelet enzyme have been reported (Oldberg, et al 1980; Oosta et al, 1882; Thunberg, et al 1982), surprisingly little has been reported on the inhibition of the enzyme by sulphated polysaccharides (similar to the studies by Nakajima et al (1986a and b)) on the inhibition of tumour cell heparanase activity) apart from the use of some modified heparins and heparin itself to inhibit platelet degradation of ECM-associated HSPG (Eldor, et al 1987). This is especially surprising considering the potentially important role of platelets during the initial stages of tumour cell extravasation.
In order to purify and characterise mammalian heparanase activities and to screen for and develop effective heparanase inhibitors, a simple and rapid assay for heparanase activity is required. However, previous heparanase assays have been cumbersome and time consuming in both preparation of radiolabelled substrate and separation of degradative products from the uncleaved substrate. Frequently heparanase assays have involved the biosynthetic radio-labelling of ECM-associated HSPG and the detection of HS chain degradation by gel filtration analysis of radiolabelled material released from the ECM (Bartlett et al, 1995; Vlodavsky et al, 1992 and references within). Such an approach suffers from the main disadvantage that degradation of HS chains in an ECM involves the synergistic action of proteases which are required to expose the HS chains for subsequent heparanase attack (Bar-Ner et al, 1985, 1986; Benezra et al, 1992; Vlodavsky et al, 1988). Furthermore, most heparanase assays have required extensive degradation of the radiolabelled HS (or ECM-derived HSPG) substrate to allow separation of the degraded product from the substrate by gel filtration (Bartlett et al, 1995; Klein and Von Figura, 1979; Nakajima et al, 1986a; Vlodavsky et al, 1992), although cleavage of HS chains at a single site may be all that is required to allow passage of leukocytes and tumour cells through the basement membrane. Solid phase heparanase assays also have been developed where chemically and biosynthetically radiolabelled heparin and HS chains were attached to a solid support with release of radiolabel from the solid support being a measure of enzyme activity (Nakajima et al, 1986a; Oosta et al, 1982; Sewell et al, 1989). Such assays, however, suffer from the disadvantage that the immobilized substrate may be less accessible to the mammalian heparanase enzyme, and the coupling of the radiolabelled substrate to the solid support, via the substrate's reducing terminus, is a complex and inefficient procedure. Previous studies have also radiolabelled both heparin and HS by iodination at naturally occurring glucosamine residues (Oosta et al, 1982) or by N-acetylation of the partially de-N-sulphated substrate (Nakajima et al, 1986a). Such procedures, however, may result in the masking, or the creation of new heparanase cleavage sites.

Detection of mammalian heparanase activity and purification of mammalian heparanase


A computerized process for REAL TIME AUTOMATED UNOBTRUSIVE ANCILLIARY INFORMATION INSERTION INTO A VIDEO is described that requires no manual operations by the Source advertising business entity. A USER who has access to any computer hardware device chooses his Selected Video but sees on his Monitor that Selected Video with an Advertising Segment or a User clickable Logo inserted at some position in the video that does not distract from the dynamic content.

1). Proposed Field Classification.
The field of invention is primarily in CLASS 345, Computer graphics processing and selective visual display systems and involves CLASS 348, Television and CLASS 707, Data processing: database and file management or data structures. The potential subclasses are too numerous to mention as data processing covers many sub-disciplines.
2). Introductory Information And Related Art
Advertising is a main sources of revenue for internet companies (Sources) operating communication channels on the ubiquitous Internet. Some companies have their operation based solely on advertising income. With the constantly growing number of communication devices (e.g.: Smart TV set, a mobile device, a laptop, a PC or a tablet.), the target audience is accessible over many of these communication channels. The Internet is the central communication provider of the Sources using these various communication channels and advertising is the main way the Sources make a profit. Targeting potential customers (Users) connected with their mobile communication devices to the Internet has made inserted digital media advertising a major avenue to get public exposure. However, the usual approach of using pop-ups has been so distracting and annoying to Users, all communication devices have internal programs to block them. Therefore, new methods to target the public has to be used to get to these Users. These Users can be accessed 24 hours a day on many different communication devices all connected at one information communication channel.
Goggle™ is well known communication channel which sells Internet advertising. In pursuit of a broader audience of Users, Goggle™ bought Utube™ and explored inserting advertising into movie digital media, but had limited success. Being able to insert advertising digital media into movie digital media will open a new technique to sell products to Users. For example, take an old classic movie like THE WIZARD OF OZ which has an ongoing youth audience and inserting into that movie a promotion for children's red shoes by some advertiser company (Advertiser) but without distracting the audience from the art of the movie itself

Real time automated unobtrusive ancilliary information insertion into a video


A magnetic field transducer includes a phase transition material exhibiting a change from an antiferromagnetic phase to a ferromagnetic phase when heated above a critical temperature, means for applying a magnetic bias field to the phase transition material, and means for heating the phase transition material above the critical temperature. Magnetic recording heads that include the transducer and magnetic disc drives that include the magnetic recording heads are also described. A method of producing a magnetic field pulse including applying a magnetic bias field to a phase transition material, and heating the phase transition material to cause the phase transition material to change from an antiferromagnetic phase to a ferromagnetic phase, is also provided. The phase transition material can comprise a rare earth-transition metal alloy, where the alloy is heated above a compensation temperature.

With the rapid increase of areal density and data rate for magnetic recording systems, the examination of high frequency switching dynamics of the recording medium becomes even more important. However, one of the biggest challenges is the lack of an ultrafast magnetic field pulse source with a large amplitude (>1 Tesla) and short rise-time (<100 ps). Conventional recording heads capable of generating large fields are typically limited by the precession frequency of the magnetization direction in the write pole, even when driven by a waveguide. Other options like high bandwidth co-planar waveguides have difficulty generating a large amplitude pulse field. Optical pulse excitation of a Schottky barrier can deliver an ultrafast pulse, but the amplitude is well below 1 kOe. The Stanford Linear Accelerator can also deliver such short pulse fields with large amplitudes, but it cost millions of dollars.
It has been shown that the magnetization of ferromagnetic (FM) thin films can be modulated on a sub-picosecond timescale by photoexciting the electron spins away from their equilibrium position with the lattice, thereby creating an non-equilibrium condition such that Te>>T1 and Ts>>T1, where Te, Ts and T1 are temperatures defined in terms of a three-temperature model, specifically designated for the sub-system of electron, spin and lattice degrees of freedom of the spin-polarized magnetic systems. However the application of fast heat pulses on such ordinary ferromagnetic material can only result in a demagnetizing field, where the photoexcitation terminates the fringing field for a short period.
There is a need for a transducer that can provide fast magnetic field pulses at a magnetic field strength that would be useful in practical devices.

Ultrafast pulse field source utilizing optically induced magnetic transformation


Disclosed herein is a process for the preparation of a reaction injection molded elastomer comprising injecting a reaction mixture into a closed mold via a RIM machine, with the ratio of components being such that the isocyanate index is from about 70 to about 130, said reaction mixture comprising (a) an organic di- and/or polyisocyanate, (b) an amine terminated chain extender, and (c) a compound which is derived from the reaction of a polyfunctional acetoacetic acid ester and an aliphatic amine having amino groups of different reactivity.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a process for preparing reaction injection moldings containing polyurea materials. More specifically the present reaction relates to the use of specified isocyanate reactive materials in the preparation of the reaction injection moldings.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Reaction injection molded (RIM) materials are well known in the art and have met with substantial commercial success. U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,543 describes the use of relatively high molecular weight hydroxyl group containing materials, aromatic diamines as chain extenders, and isocyanates for the production of RIM parts.
More recently, the activity in the art has been towards the production of polyurea RIM parts. Typically, these parts are made from relatively high molecular weight polyethers which contain amine groups, diamine chain extenders, and isocyanates. Typical of the materials used and the technologies known in the art are those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,396,729, 4,433,067, 4,444,910, 4,530,941, 4,774,263 and 4,774,264. As is known in the art, RIM parts are generally produced from two separate streams. One stream generally contains the isocyanate component, while the other stream contains the amine-containing polyether and the amine chain extender. Amine-containing polyethers (prepared by hydrolysis of isocyanate prepolymers) where the amine groups are attached to aromatic groups are generally too viscous for use in conventional RIM machinery, while amine-containing polyethers where the amine groups are attached to aliphatic moieties are too reactive to be used alone with conventional aromatic isocyanates.
Recently, the use of aminocrotonates in reaction injection molding applications has been discovered. See U.S. patent application Ser. No. 523,769, filed on May 15, 1990. In addition, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 524,268, filed on May 15, 1990, relates to production techniques for similar compounds which can contain aliphatic as well as aromatic bound amine groups. Similar compounds and their methods of production can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,666,726 and 3,691,112.
From the foregoing, it is clear that there is a continuing need for a suitable combination of polyamine and polyisocyanates which would constitute a RIM composition and process for preparing RIMs which has the desired processing and performance properties. The present invention provides such a process.

Process for preparing reaction injection moldings


A light emitting device package and a method of manufacturing the light emitting device package are provided. A base is first provided and a hole is formed on the base. After a light emitting portion is formed on the base, a mold die is placed on the light emitting portion and a molding material is injected through the hole. The mold die is removed to complete the package.

A light emitting device is a semiconductor device that converts electrical energy into light such as infrared lays, visible rays, and ultraviolet rays using a characteristic of a compound semiconductor. A typical example of the light emitting device is a light emitting diode (LED). The LEDs are widely used for home appliances, a remote controller, an electronic display board, a display device, a variety of automation apparatuses, and the like and classified into an infrared emitting diode (IRED) and a visible light emitting diode (VLED).
A blue LED is structure to include a sapphire substrate. An N-type GaN layer is formed on the sapphire substrate and an N-metal is formed on a portion of the N-type GaN layer. A portion except for the portion on which the N-metal is formed defines an active layer.
A P-type GaN layer is formed on the active layer and a P-metal is formed on the P-type GaN layer. The active layer is a light emitting layer that generates light by the combination of holes transmitted through the P-metal and electrons transmitted through the N-metal.
Meanwhile, a liquid crystal display (LCD), which is one of flat panel displays, is a device that varies optical anisotropy of the liquid crystal by applying electric field to the liquid crystal having both a liquidity property of liquid and an optical property of a crystal. The LCD has been widely used as it has a variety of advantages over a cathode ray tube (CRT) in power consumption, a thickness, a screen size, and a superfine display.
The LCD includes an LCD panel, a backlight, a printed circuit board (PCB), and a module holder. The LCD panel includes a lower substrate on which a transparent electrode pattern and pixel electrodes are connected to switching elements and an upper substrate on which common electrodes are formed. Liquid crystal is filled in a space defined between the upper and lower substrates. The backlight is a light source for emitting light to the LCD panel. An LED panel manufactured by an array of LED packages is generally used as the backlight.
The PCB includes a power supply/control module such as an integrated power module. The module holder includes a rectangular frame for fixing the above-described elements.
FIG. 1 is a side sectional view of a conventional LED panel 10.
Referring to FIG. 1, a PCB 15 on which light emitting devices 12 and conductive lines 14 are formed is attached on an inner lower portion of a rectangular frame 11. A molding layer 13 for dispersing the light of the light emission elements 12 is formed inside the frame 11. A diffusing plate 16 is attached on a top of the frame 11. At this point, a distance between the diffusing plate 16 and the light emitting devices 12 is greater than 5 mm to increase the luminescence.
In the above-described LED panel 10, the light that is diffuse-reflected toward the light emitting devices 12 can not be utilized. In addition, since the distance between the diffusing plate 16 and the light emitting devices 12 must be maintained above 5 mm, it is difficult to reduce the weight and thickness of the LED panel 10.
In addition, when intensity of the current applied to the light emitting devices 12 increases to generate high output light, the heat dissipation performance in the package is not good to generate heat in the package. When the internal heat is not effectively dissipated, the resistance increases to deteriorate the light efficiency.
Particularly, the conventional LED panel 10 is designed such that the light emitting devices 12 that emit light in a specific direction (e.g., in an upward direction) are independently arranged without the light interference between them, it is difficult to display white light that can be realized by mixing red (R), green (G) and blue (B) colors.

Light emitting device package and method of fabricating the same


The processor executes programs from an internal EEPROM or from an external source. The EEPROM can be read either by a special operating (test) mode of the processor or by an instruction executing under normal operating mode from the EEPROM or from an external source. Similarly, the EEPROM can be programmed (written) either by a special operating mode or by under a normal operating mode instruction. The read and write circuits for the EEPROM are controlled to provide two levels of security against piracy of programmed information. In the first level, access is prevented for the read and write test modes and also for the read and write normal operating instructions if the instructions originate from an external source. In the second level, program execution from external source is also disabled.

The present invention relates to electronic memory devices and more particularly to circuitry for securing an electronic memory from piracy of the data stored in it.
A digital signal processor is a high speed microcomputer usable for applications requiring digitally adaptive, secure, and intelligent signal processing. Such processors may be used to accomplish pattern recognition, adaptive control storage, intelligent finite impulse filtering, linear circuit control, encryption, diagnostics, precision servo control, voice band data processing and many other applications. They find use, for example, in industrial robots to synthesize and recognize speech, sense objects with radar or optical intelligence and perform mechanical operations through digital servo loop computations. They are also used in direct broadcast satellite systems for implementing encryption algorithms.
Processors of this type include an internal memory which stores data. This data comprises both program instructions and constants. The data may include certain proprietary information which must be protected from unauthorized access and alteration.
The present invention relates to a digital signal processor called DSP320EE12, which shares many features of the DSP320C10, a commercially available device produced by Microchip Technology Incorporated, Chandler, Ariz. However, the DSP320EE12 also includes an improved internal program memory in the form of an integrated electronically erasable and programmable read only memory (EEPROM) with a 2.5K word (40K bits) capacity and an expanded internal data RAM (static) with a 256 word (4K bits) capacity.
Although the DSP320EE12 uses EEPROM, the concept of providing an internal security for program memory is more generic and is applicable to other erasable internal program memories such as EPROM, RAM and NVRAM. Also, although the DSP320EE12 is a digital signal processor, the concepts of this invention are applicable to any processor with on chip memory.
The improved processor has a unique addressing system which is disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 191,983, filed May 9, 1988 and entitled "Method And Apparatus For Controlling The Movement Of Data In A RAM Of A Digital Signal Processor." The improved digital signal processor also has the capability of programming the internal EEPROM at the same time as a program is being executed, as described in copending application Ser. No. 191,984, filed May 9, 1988, entitled "Digiital Signal Processor With Run Time Programming Capability." The reader is referred to those applications for further details of those aspects of the processor.

Security for digital signal processor program memory