An electrical connector comprises first and second connector components, each component having a generally circular cross-section oriented perpendicular to a central axis that is common to both components. A rotatable coupling ring is retained on and substantially axially aligned with the first component. This coupling ring has a first end for engaging the second component and axially advancing the first component relative to the second component to urge the contacts of the first and second components into enngagement. The coupling ring also has a second end with a retainer groove that encircles the interior of the second end and that has a bearing surface in a plane substantially perpendicular to the common central axis of the first and second components. A retainer ring snugly engages the interior of the retainer groove. The retainer ring has a resiliently collapsible gap and also has an exterior retainer surface generally parallel to and engaging the bearing surface of the retainer groove. The retainer ring further has a formed lip extending from the exterior retainer surface of the retainer ring toward the common central axis and an interior retainer surface in the plane generally parallel to the exterior retainer surface but facing in the opposite direction. A thrust washer snugly engages the interior retainer surface and the formed lip of the retainer ring. A resilient washer interposed between the retainer ring and a flange on the first component urges the contacts of the first and second components together.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a two-part electrical connector for use in aircraft or other vibration-prone environments, and relates more particularly to a specially configured retainer ring and thrust washer used to hold a coupling ring that maintains the two connector components in their joined position.
2. Description of the Prior Art
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,750,087 and 3,805,379 both show electrical connectors that include a plurality of mated pin and socket contacts held within insulating bodies that are, in turn, contained within protective shells. The respective pin and socket contacts are joined by insertion and a coupling ring is used to draw together and to hold together the two shells and their insulating bodies, thereby insuring adequate electrical contact between the pin and socket contacts and protecting the shells against separation that might be caused by vibration, physical shock or other stress and strain factors.
In U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,750,087 and 3,805,379, an externally threaded retainer ring is used in one connector component to hold in place a special spring washer and detent ring. The washer and ring together provide pre-loading forces to aid coupling and bottoming-out of the two connector components comprising the connector. While the use of a threaded retainer ring permits some adjustability, because the threaded retainer ring can be advanced a specified distance during assembly of a connector component, the use of a threaded retainer ring has certain disadvantages. For example, the threaded retainer ring is necessarily narrow, thus there is only a limited amount of material available for forming the external threads. This can lead to stripping of the threads that hold the retainer ring in place. In addition, forming the threads involves machining and increased costs compared to parts that do not need to be threaded. Finally, to hold a threaded retainer ring in place, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,750,087 and 3,805,379 teach use of welding or staking. Epoxy has also been used in this type of connector. If welding or epoxy is used, it may be incorrectly placed and may be fractured when tools are used to grasp the connector. A staking process, on the other hand, tends to be expensive and makes the part look damaged. Accordingly, what is needed as an improvement over the prior art is a structure for holding the resilient means used in the coupling rings of two-part electrical connectors in such a way that a threaded retainer ring is unnecessary.

Coupling ring retainer mechanism for electrical connector


A method of avoiding monitoring useless dynamic scheduling information (DSI) of multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) for a user equipment of a wireless communication system includes identifying a service type of an ongoing MBMS service, detecting whether the MBMS service is received when the MBMS service is identified as a short session service, and informing a lower layer to stop monitoring DSI when the MBMS service is received.

1. Field of the Invention
A method of avoiding monitoring useless dynamic scheduling information (DSI) of a multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) in a wireless communication system and related communication device is provided, and more particularly, a method of avoiding monitoring useless DSI for a user equipment when the UE receives intermittent services or short session services and related communication device is provided.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A long-term evolution (LTE) system, initiated by the third generation partnership project (3GPP), is now being regarded as a new radio interface and radio network architecture that provides a high data rate, low latency, packet optimization, and improved system capacity and coverage. The 3GPP is now involved in the further advancements for E-UTRA and proposes an LTE-Advanced system as an enhancement of the LTE system. In the LTE system, an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) includes a plurality of evolved Node-Bs (eNBs) and communicates with a plurality of mobile stations, also referred as user equipments (UEs). The LTE protocol stack can be segmented into access stratum (AS) layer and non-access stratum (NAS) layer. The AS layer includes sublayers as Layer 3, also known as the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, Layer 2, consisting of three sub-layers that are the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, and Layer 1, also known as the Physical (PHY) layer. The NAS layer processes the signaling between the UE and the core network.
Evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service (E-MBMS) has been introduced in the LTE specification to broadcast or multicast TV, films, information such as free overnight transmission of newspaper in a digital form. Two important scenarios have identified for the E-MBMS: one is single-cell broadcast, and the other is E-MBMS single frequency network (MBSFN). The MBSFN is a simulcast transmission technique that realizes transmission of identical waveforms at the same time from multiple cells covering a geographic area called an MBSFN area. To realize E-MBMS, the PHY layer of the LTE system offers information transfer services between a physical multicast channel (PMCH) and a downlink transport channel called multicast channel (MCH). The MCH is required to be broadcasted in the entire coverage area of each cell in the MBSFN area. Scheduling of each MCH is done by a multicast coordination entity (MCE), which can be a part of a network except the E-UTRAN. The MAC layer of the LTE system offers data transfer services between the MCH and logical channels including a multicast traffic channel (MTCH) and a multicast control channel (MCCH), which are point-to-multipoint channels for transmitting traffic data and control information. MCCH is transmitted every MCCH repetition period and MCCH may change in a MCCH modification period, in which the same MCCH information may be transmitted a number of times.
The MBSFN transmission takes place on dedicated subframes referred to as MBSFN subframes. Within MBSFN subframes, the transmission of a specific MCH carrying MTCH occupies a pattern of subframes which are not necessarily adjacent in time, called MCH subframe allocation pattern (MSAP). The MSAP for every MCH carrying MTCH is signalled on the MCCH. The MSAP occasion comprises a set of subframes defined by the MSAP during a certain period. A UE determines what subframes are used by each MTCH in the MSAP occasion according to a dynamic scheduling information (DSI), which is generated by the eNB and allocated in the first subframe of the MSAP occasion. The DSI includes values as stop indications for indicating the last subframe of each MTCH. Except the values used as stop indications of MTCH, there are several values reserved for further usage. When an MBMS service is ongoing, one or more sessions are sequentially generated with respect to the corresponding MBMS service.
For an intermittent service which has the updated frequency in a range of tens of seconds or even minute, like a news ticker or a stock ticker, it may only have one active MBMS session in several MSAP occasions. If a UE only subscribes to this kind of service, the UE still needs to wake up to receive DSIs according to the MSAP periodicity even though most of times the received DSIs includes no scheduling information for the intermittent service. These periodical wakeups consume UE power with no any actual gain.
For a short session service, like file download, the actual transmission may be much shorter than the MCCH modification period, which is 5.12 seconds or 10.24 seconds in the current specification. Since there is no session end notification, a UE cannot stop monitoring DSI until a next MCCH modification period. A UE may monitor DSI for receiving a short session service at all MSAP occasions in a long MCCH modification period, such as 10.24 seconds, and find MBMS sessions in MSAP occasions of only 1 second, which indicates that 90% of the DSI monitoring is fruitless and wastes power.

Method of avoiding monitoring useless dynamic scheduling information of multimedia broadcast multicast service in a wireless communication system and related communication device


A readily attaching-detaching structure of a front loader that can make the attaching and detaching work to a vehicle body easier, a front loader, and a work vehicle. The attaching-detaching structure of a front loader is provided with a first retained member that is on either a main frame on a vehicle body or a sub-frame that supports a boom; a second retained member on the other of the main frame or the sub-frame; a first retaining member that retains the first retained member and is on the side opposite of the first retained member; a second retaining member that retains the second retained member and is on the side opposite to the second retained member; a first guiding member that guides the first retained member to the first retaining member when the sub-frame is mounted on the main frame; and a second guiding member that guides the second retained member to the second retaining member when the sub-frame is mounted on the main frame.

Technology for an attaching-detaching structure of a front loader mounted on a working vehicle such as a tractor, etc., is well known from the past. An example is described in JP 2011-126325 A.
In JP 2011-126325 A, described is a tractor provided with a front loader for performing loading of earth and sand, etc. That front loader is mounted on a vehicle body of the tractor via a work support unit attached to a main frame.
This kind of front loader is removed from the vehicle body when not needed, and is mounted on the vehicle body when needed. For this reason, there is demand for a front loader for which the work of attaching and detaching to the vehicle body is easy.

Attaching-detaching structure of a front loader, front loader and work vehicle


A nail file holder device of strong molded material, having a vertical extension of the same width and thickness of a standard nail file that provides a means for protecting, maintaining and conserving said standard nail file.

1. Field of the Invention.
The present invention relates in general to nail files and in particular to a device for protecting, maintaining and conserving nail files. More specifically, the present invention relates to a device (hereinafter referred to as the "File-Saver"), used in protecting, supporting and maintaining nail files from premature breaking or cracking.
2. Prior Art.
No device is known, or known to be similar to, the File-Saver, or have the advantages of this invention.


A golf club 2 is provided with a head 4, a shaft 6, a grip 8, a head cavity body 10 mounted to the head, a grip cavity body 40 mounted to the grip 8, a head weight 12 attachable to/detachable from the head cavity body 10, and a grip weight 12 attachable to/detachable from the grip cavity body 40. A material of the grip cavity body is a polymer. A material of the head cavity body is a polymer. Preferably, the head weight 12 is attachable to/detachable from the grip cavity body 40. Preferably, the grip weight 12 is attachable to/detachable from the head cavity body 40. Preferably, in the golf club 2, a club mass can be adjusted without substantially changing a club balance.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a golf club having a weight.
2. Description of the Related Art
A golf club having adjustability has been known. For example, a head in which a mass and position of a weight can be changed has been known. A position of a center of gravity of the head can be adjusted by the weight attached to the head. The weight attached to a sole can contribute to lowering of a center of gravity of the head. An increase in a head weight caused by the weight can improve rebound performance to a ball. A golf club in which a weight can be attached to a grip portion has been also known. The weight contributes to lightening of a club balance (swing weight). An increase in a club mass suppresses useless motions of hands and arms, and thereby the increase can contribute to improvement in a swing.
A golf club in which a weight is attached to a head is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2006-212407 (US2006/0178229) and 2006-141710. A golf club in which a weight is attached to a grip portion is disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4507266 (US2011/0124431), International Publication WO2002-053236 (US2004/0038762, US2006/0063618), Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2001-252377 and 10-71222, and Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-Open Nos. 06-39039 and 05-82454. A vibration absorbing member having a weight is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-71222.


Provided is a vehicle lower-part structure including: a pair of center side members; a main battery that is arranged between the pair of center side members; a support cross member connecting the pair of center side members and supporting a front end of the main battery from below; a pair of support brackets that protrude toward a center in a vehicle width direction from the pair of center side members at positions closer to a rear other end with respect to the support cross member, and support the main battery; and a cable drawn out from the main battery.

Conventionally, an electric vehicle that is driven by a driving motor with power supplied from a main battery has been widely known. A main battery mounted on such an electric vehicle is often relatively large. Various techniques have conventionally been proposed for the arrangement of the large main battery. As one such technique, a technique of arranging a flat main battery under a floor of a vehicle interior is known.
For example, JP 2019-6303 A discloses a structure in which a battery pack is arranged between a pair of rockers (center side members) extending in the vehicle front-rear direction below a floor panel. In JP 2019-6303 A, the battery pack has connection flanges projecting outward from a bottom plate of a battery case in the vehicle width direction, and the connection flanges are fastened to the bottom surfaces of the rockers. According to the technique of JP 2019-6303 A, a space under the floor of the vehicle can be effectively utilized to some extent.
Here, in order to maintain the strength of the vehicle, cross members that connect the pair of center side members may be required in addition to the pair of center side members. In JP 2019-6303 A, the cross members are provided above the center side members. When the cross members are provided above the center side members as described above, the floor surface becomes high, and there is a possibility that a sufficient vehicle interior space cannot be secured.
Therefore, it is conceivable to provide the cross members at the same height position as the center side members on both sides of the main battery in the vehicle front-rear direction. With such a configuration, the strength of the vehicle can be maintained while the floor height of the vehicle can be reduced.
However, in this case, depending on the positions of the cross members, a cable drawn out from the main battery may interfere with the cross members, making it difficult to route the cable. That is, generally, a power unit for generating running power of a vehicle is provided at the front or the rear of the electric vehicle, and a cable drawn out from the main battery is connected to the power unit. If there is a cross member extending in the vehicle width direction in the course of the cable, it may be difficult to route the cable.
Therefore, the present specification discloses a vehicle lower-part structure in which a main battery is arranged under a floor, and the degree of freedom in routing a cable of the main battery can be further improved.


A solar power generating and advertising income system including a solar power array assembly having a support framework, a plurality of solar power panels each having a photovoltaic surface, lighted display panels having a media viewable surface, power storage batteries, a power inverter, and a programmable processor unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of advertising and more specifically relates to green technology via a solar power generating and advertising income system.
2. Description of the Related Art
The electric power industry provides the production and delivery of electric energy, often known as power, or electricity, in sufficient quantities to areas that need electricity through a grid connection. The grid distributes electrical energy to customers. Electric power is generated by central power stations or by distributed generation.
Many households and businesses need access to electricity, especially in developed nations, the demand being scarcer in developing nations. Demand for electricity is derived from the requirement for electricity in order to operate domestic appliances, office equipment, industrial machinery and provide sufficient energy for both domestic and commercial lighting, heating, cooking and industrial processes. Electricity costs are a significant ongoing cost for every home and business, with the tendency to rise rather than fall. As available electricity becomes gradually diminished in large cities because of the increasing number of entities requiring power, costs tend to rise. Methods of creating electricity have a diminished return as well. For example, when electricity is produced from natural gas, there is an estimated loss of 66% in efficiency. The installation cost of wind technology is staggering and incurs excessive maintenance cost. In addition to being inefficiently produced, the cost is passed on to consumers.
The cost of producing electricity, which the consumer pays for, can render some businesses non-viable. When monthly expenses are paid, electricity costs can take a big bite out of profits, or worse, put a business in the red. Innovative businesses attempt to generate revenue in efficient and unorthodox ways. Innovative methods are needed to reduce expenses in the area of energy consumption for advertising as well.
Various attempts have been made to solve the above-mentioned problems such as those found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2010/0000596; 2010/0000134; U.S. Pat. No. 7,237,360; 2010/0133850; 2009/0183405; and 2011/0231231. This art is representative of solar powered displays. None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the invention as claimed.
Ideally, a solar powered display should be electrically self sufficient, yet would operate reliably and be manufactured at a modest expense. Thus, a need exists for a reliable solar power generating and advertising income system to be electrically self sufficient and generate additional monetary income, and to avoid the above-mentioned problems.

Solar power generating and advertising income system


An electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery which has a non-aqueous organic solvent including a γ-butyrolactone and optionally a cyclic carbonate, an ester compound having an electron withdrawing group, and at least two salts. The lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte has good safety and good storage characteristics at high temperature.

1. (a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same, and particularly to a non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery having good safety and good storage characteristics at a high temperature, and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same.
2. (b) Description of the Related Art
As lithium secondary batteries comprising non-aqueous electrolytes are known to generate a high voltage, and have a high energy density and good storage characteristics as well as good operability at a low temperature, they are widely applied to portable personal electronic devices. Further, active research has been undertaken to provide batteries having a capacity high enough to apply as an energy storage device for electric vehicles or midnight time electricity. Recently, batteries have come to require thinness as well as a high capacity, so the demand for polymer batteries or laminated thin lithium secondary batteries has increased.
Since most conventional solvents have a low flash point and high inflammability, they may cause dangers such as fire, explosions, and so on. In order to ensure safety, many schemes have recently been suggested. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. H10-189043 discloses a non-aqueous electrolyte that is prepared by adding a halogenated carbonate, thereby obtaining an electrolyte that is able to reduce the risk of combustion and that has good performance at both a high temperature and a low temperature, and good cycle-life characteristics.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. H11-40199 also discloses a non-aqueous electrolyte mixed with a halogenated carbonate, and the obtained battery is able to operate a safety valve upon undergoing an increase in internal pressure thereof, so that its safety is ensured.
However, a lithium secondary battery in which a non-aqueous electrolyte is mixed with a halogenated carbonate causes problems in that a film formed on the surface of the negative electrode decomposes to generate a gas, which remarkably increases the internal pressure thereof when the battery is stored around 60° C. for several days. Particularly, in a case of a polymer battery or a laminated thin lithium secondary battery, it is a serious problem that the battery thickness increases due to the decomposition gas.
In addition, in the case of a polymer battery or a laminated thin lithium secondary battery, internal shorts are repeatedly caused by excessive expansion of the battery volume due to an overcharge. Particularly, when the battery is overcharged by a large current from a discharged state, it is hard to ensure safety since the internal shorts easily occur due to the lithium deposition.

Electrolyte for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery comprising same


Device for cleaning a gas turbine engine (2), and in particular an engine of turbofan type. The present invention further relates to a method for cleaning such a engine. The device comprises a plurality of nozzles (31, 33, 35) arranged to atomize cleaning liquid in the air stream in an air inlet (20) of the engine (2) up-stream of a fan (25) of the engine (2). According to the invention a first nozzle (31) is arranged at a position such that the cleaning liquid emanating from the first nozzle (31) impinges the surfaces of the blades (40) substantially on the pressure side (53); a second nozzle (35) is arranged at a position such that the cleaning liquid emanating from the second nozzle (35) impinges the surfaces of the blades (40) substantially on the suction side (54); and a third nozzle (33) is arranged at a position such that the cleaning liquid emanating from the third nozzle (33) passes substantially between the blades (40) and enters an inlet (23) of the core engine (203). Thereby, the different types of fouling found on the fan and in the core engine compressor of turbofan engine can be removed in an efficient manner.

A gas turbine installed as an aircraft engine comprises a compressor compressing ambient air, a combustor burning fuel together with the compressed air and a turbine for powering the compressor. The expanding combustion gases drive the turbine and also result in thrust used for propelling the air craft.
Gas turbines engines consume large quantities of air. Air contains foreign particles in form of aerosols which enters the gas turbine compressor with the air stream. The majority of the foreign particles will follow the gas path and exit the engine with the exhaust gases. However, there are particles with properties of sticking on to components in the compressor's gas path. Stationary gas turbines like gas turbines used in power generation can be equipped with filter for filtering the air to the compressor. However, gas turbines installed in aircrafts are not equipped with filters because it would create a substantial fall in pressure and are thereby more exposed to air contaminants. Typical contaminants found in the aerodrome environment are pollen, insects, engine exhaust, leaking engine oil, hydrocarbons coming from industrial activities, salt coming from nearby sea, chemicals coming from aircraft de-icing and airport ground material such as dust.
Preferably engine components such as compressor blades and vanes should be polished and shiny. However, after a period of operation a coating of foreign particles builds up. This is also known as compressor fouling. Compressor fouling results in a change in the properties of the boundary layer air stream of the components. The deposits result in an increase of the component surface roughness. As air flows over the component surface the increase of surface roughness results in a thickening of the boundary layer air stream. The thickening of the boundary layer air stream has negative effects on the compressor aerodynamics. At the blade trailing edge the air stream forms a wake. The wake is a vortex type of turbulence with a negative impact on the air flow. The thicker the boundary layer the stronger the turbulence in the wake. The wake turbulence together with the thicker boundary layer has the consequence of a reduced mass flow through the engine. The reduced mass flow is the most profound effect of compressor fouling. Further, the thicker boundary layer and the stronger wake turbulence formed at the blade trailing edge result in a reduced compression pressure gain which in turn results in the engine operating at a reduced pressure ratio. Anyone skilled in the art of heat engine working cycles understands that a reduced pressure ratio result in a lower thermodynamic efficiency of the engine. The reduction in pressure gain is the second most remarkable effect from compressor fouling. The compressor fouling not only reduces the mass flow and pressure gain but also reduces the compressor isentropic efficiency. Reduced compressor efficiency means that the compressor requires more power for compressing the same amount of air. The reduced mass flow, pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency reduce the engine thrust capability. The power for driving the compressor is taken from the turbine via the shaft. With the turbine requiring more power to drive the compressor there will be less thrust for propulsion. For the air craft pilot this means he must throttle for more power as to compensate for the lost thrust. Throttling for more power means the consumption of fuel increases and thereby increasing operating costs.
Compressor fouling also has a negative effect to the environment. With the increase of fuel consumption follows an increase of emissions of green house gas such as carbon dioxide. Typically combustion of 1 kg of aviation fuel results in formation of 3.1 kg carbon dioxide.
The loss in performance caused by compressor fouling also reduces the durability of the engine. As more fuel has to be fired for acquiring a required thrust, follows an increase in the temperature in the engine combustor chamber. When the pilot throttles for take-off on the runway the temperature in the combustion chamber is very high. The temperature is not too far from the limit of what the material can stand. Controlling this temperature is a key issue in engine performance monitoring. The temperature is measured with a sensor in the hot gas path section downstream of the combustor outlet. This is known as exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and is carefully monitored. Both exposure time and temperature are logged. During the lifetime of the engine the EGT log is frequently reviewed. At a certain point of the EGT record it is required that the engine will have to be taken out of service for an overhaul.
High combustor temperature has a negative effect to the environment. With the increase of combustor temperature follows an increase of NOx formation. NOx formation depends to a large extent on the design of the burner. However, any incremental temperature to a given burner results in an incremental increase in NOx.
Hence, compressor fouling has significant negative effects to aero engine performance such as increased fuel consumption, reduced engine life, increased emissions of carbon dioxide and NOx.
Jet engines can have a number of different designs but the above-mentioned problems arises in all of them. Typical small engines are the turbojet, turboshaft and turboprop engines. Other variants of these engines are the two compressor turbojet and the boosted turboshaft engine. Among the larger engines there are the mixed flow turbofan and the unmixed flow turbofan which both can be designed as one, two or three shaft machines. The working principles of these engines will not be described here.
The turbofan engine is designed for providing a high thrust for aircraft operating at subsonic velocities. It has therefore found a wide use as engines for commercial passenger aircrafts. The turbofan engine comprises of a fan and a core engine. The fan is driven by the power from the core engine. The core engine is a gas turbine engine designed such that power for driving the fan is taken from a core engine shaft. The fan is installed upstream of the engine compressor. The fan consists of one rotor disc with rotor blades and alternatively a set of stator vanes downstream if the rotor. Prime air enters the fan. A discussed above, the fan is subject to fouling by insects, pollen as well as residue from bird impact, etc. The fan fouling may be removed by washing using cold or hot water only. This cleaning washing process is relatively easy to perform.
Downstream of the fan is the core engine compressor. Significant for the compressor is that it compresses the air to high pressure ratios. With the compression work follows a temperature rise. The temperature rise in a high pressure compressor may be as high as 500 degree Celsius. We find that the compressor is subject to different kind of fouling compared to the fan. The high temperature results in particles more easily being "baked" to the surface and will be more difficult to remove. Analyses show that fouling found in core engine compressors are typically hydrocarbons, residues from anti-icing fluids, salt etc. This fouling is more difficult to remove. It may at some time be accomplished by washing with cold or hot water only. Else the use of chemicals will have to be practised.
A number of cleaning or washing techniques have been developed during the years. In principle, aero engine washing can be practised by taking a garden hose and spraying water into the engine inlet. This method has however a limited success due to the simple nature of the process. An alternative method is by hand scrubbing the compressor blades and vanes with a brush and liquid. This method has limited success as it does not enable cleaning of the interior blades of the compressor. Moreover, it is time-consuming. U.S. Pat. No. 6,394,108 to Butler discloses a thin flexible hose which one end is inserted from the compressor inlet towards the compressor outlet in between the compressor blades. At the inserted end of the hose there is a nozzle. The hose is slowly retracted out of the compressor while liquid is being pumped into the hose and sprayed through the nozzle. The patent discloses how washing is accomplished. However the washing efficiency is limited by the compressor rotor not being able to rotate during washing. U.S. Pat. No. 4,059,123 to Bartos discloses a mobile cart for turbine washing. However, the patent does not disclose how the cleaning process is accomplished. U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,912 to Hodgens II et al. discloses a cleaning composition for chemically dislodging deposits of a gas turbine engine. The patent illustrates the injection of the liquid into a fighter jet aircraft engine. However, no information is provided about the washing process. U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,860 to Asplund discloses the use of a manifold for aero engines with inlet guide vanes and another manifold for engines without inlet guide vanes. Further the patent discloses the use of high liquid pressure as means of providing a high liquid velocity, which will enhance the cleaning efficiency. However, the patent does not address the specific issues related to fouling and washing of turbofan aero engines.
The arrangement described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 1 is further regarded as common knowledge in this field. A cross section view of a single shaft turbojet engine is shown in FIG. 1. Arrows show the mass flow through the engine. Engine 1 is built around a rotor shaft 17 which at its front end is connected a compressor 12 and at its rear end a turbine 14. In front of the compressor 12 is a cone 104 arranged to split the airflow. The cone 104 is not rotating. The compressor has an inlet 18 and an outlet 19. Fuel is burnt in a combustor 13 where the hot exhaust gases drives turbine 14.
A washing device consist of a manifold 102 in form of a tube which in one end is connected to a nozzle 15 and the other end connected to a coupling 103. Hose 101 is at one end connected to coupling 103 while the other end is connected to a pump (not shown). Manifold 102 is resting upon cone 104 and is thereby held in a firm position during the cleaning procedure. The pump pumps a washing liquid to nozzle 15 where it atomizes and forms a spray 16. The orifice geometry of nozzle 15 defines the spray shape. The spray can form many shapes such as circular, elliptical or rectangular depending on its design. For example, a circular spray has a circular distribution of droplets characterized by the spray having the shaped of a cone. An elliptical spray is characterised by one of the ellipses axis is longer than the other. A rectangular spray is somewhat similar to the elliptical spray but with corners according to the definition of a rectangle. A square spray is somewhat similar to the circular spray in that the two geometry axes are of equal length but the square shaped spray has corners according to the definition of a square.
Liquid is atomized prior to entering the compressor for enhanced penetration into the compressor. Once inside the compressor the droplets collide with gas path components such as rotor blades and stator vanes. The impingement of the droplets results in wetting surface and establishing of a liquid film. The deposited particles on the gas path components are released by mechanical and chemical act of the liquid. Liquid penetration into the compressor is further enhanced by allowing the rotor shaft to rotate during washing. This is done by letting the engine's starter motor turn the rotor whereby air is driven through the engine carrying the liquid from the compressor inlet towards the outlet. The cleaning effect is further enhanced by the rotation of the rotor as the wetting of the blades creates a liquid film which will be subject to motion forces such as centrifugal forces during washing.
What is said about the cleaning of the compressor will also have effect on cleaning of the whole gas turbine engine. As the cleaning liquid enters the engine compressor and the rotor is rotating the washing fluid will enter the combustion chamber and further through the turbine section and thereby cleaning the whole engine.
However, this method is not efficient for a turbofan turbine engine for a number of reasons. Firstly, because the fouling of different components of a turbofan engines may have significantly different properties regarding, for example, the stickiness, it will require different methods for the removal as discussed above. Secondly, since the fan and its cone for splitting the airflow is rotating, the cone cannot be used for holding the manifold. Possible, the manifold can be mounted on a stand or a frame placed upstream of the fan but this arrangement would not provide an efficient cleaning of the engine since the main part of the cleaning liquid emanated from the nozzles would impinge at the suction side of the blades of the fan.

Method and apparatus for cleaning a turbofan gas turbine engine


A method for perforating a sheet material provides for a perforating die located intermediate two orbital rollers. The two orbital rollers move in orbital paths in the same orbital direction at the same speed and in positions which are 180 degrees apart. Each roller acts as a temporary storage input and output in opposite phase from each other so that incoming sheet material is alternately stored and dispensed as a loop on the orbital roller. Since the rollers are out of phase, this permits a segment of the sheet material to be stopped intermediate the orbital rollers so that the perforating die can act on the stopped segment.

Perforating equipment for perforating webs of sheet materials such as stamps have typically used a rotary perforating wheel with a plurality of perforating pins to punch perforations in a web material.
Recently, it has been considered desirable to affix individual postage stamps to solicitations and other mass mailings instead of using metered mail or other forms of postage. The reasoning is that the recipient is likely to view a stamped envelope as a more personalized letter. The affixing of the individual stamps to a mass mailing is generally automated. The equipment typically receives a roll of stamps. The stamps are conveyed by a roller having pins that fit into the perforations to engage the stamp roll and convey it in the equipment. The equipment separates each stamp from the adjacent stamp by separating successive stamps from the stamp roll at a perforation line. This roller has been found to be very sensitive to variations in the distance between perforation lines. The equipment input may become fouled when the roller pins do not engage and convey the stamp.
The separation of successive stamps should occur along each perforation line between adjacent stamps. However, since the equipment is designed for and operated on the assumption that the perforation lines are of uniform distance, variations in the distance between perforation lines may cause the cut edges to become out of register with the stamp perforation edges. This can cause additional registration and alignment problems if the equipment is unable to process the misaligned stamps. Potentially, the equipment output may also become fouled. Thus, with variations in the distance in the perforation lines, the entire stamping operation may have to be halted, the stamp coil relocated, and the faulty stamps replaced. This creates considerable expense if large numbers of stamps must be discarded.
It would be desirable to provide an apparatus and method capable of providing consistently precise perforation lines of an exact distance.

Method for perforation of a sheet material


An optical disk drive for reproducing an optical disk having a recording layer and a super-resolution film provided on a reproduction-beam incident side with respect to the recording layer, the super-resolution film being formed of such a material that an optical aperture formed by irradiation of a reproduction beam remains after the reproduction beam passes. The optical disk drive comprises a reproduction light source for generating the reproduction beam, a reproduction optical system for detecting a reproduction beam having been incident to the recording layer via the optical aperture formed in the super-resolution film, and reflected from the recording layer, and an initialization light source, provided at a back of the reproduction light source in a track direction of the optical disk, for generating an initialization beam for closing the optical aperture remaining on the super-resolution film.

The present invention relates to an optical disk drive and a super-resolution reproduction method for an optical disk.
Optical disk memories, which accomplish information reproduction alone or information recording and reproduction by irradiation of a light beam, have been put to practical use, as high-capacity, fast-access and portable storage media, in various files, such as audio data, image data and computer data. It is expected that development of those memories will continue. There may be several schemes available to increase the density of optical disks, such as shortening the wavelength of a gas laser for cutting a master, shortening the wavelength of a semiconductor laser as an operational light source, increasing the numerical aperture of an objective lens and making optical disks thinner. With regard to recordable optical disks, various other approaches are possible: mark length recording, and land/grove recording.
As a scheme having a great effect on improvement on the density of optical disks, a super-resolution reproduction technique which uses a medium film has been proposed. The super-resolution reproduction was originally proposed as a scheme specific to magneto-optical disks. In the super-resolution reproduction for magneto-optical disks, a magnetic film (super-resolution film) is provided on the reproduction-beam incident side with respect to the recording layer so as to cause exchange coupling or magnetostatic coupling between them. Then, a reproduction beam is irradiated to raise the temperature of the super-resolution film to change the exchange force or magnetostatic force, thereby forming an optical aperture or optical mask in the super-resolution film to realize super-resolution reproduction.
Later, for ROM disks in addition to MO disk, was reported an attempt to provide a super-resolution film whose light transmittance varies with the irradiation of a reproduction beam, on the reproduction-beam incident side with respect to the recording layer for the purpose of super-resolution reproduction. It has become obvious that super-resolution reproduction can be adapted to all optical disks like a magneto-optical disk, CD-ROM, CD-R, WORM and a phase change optical disk.
Implementation of super-resolution reproduction of optical disks requires that the transmittance of the super-resolution film should change by a significant amount with practical reproduction power, an optical aperture should be formed fast in as a short period as the pass time of the reproduction beam spot, and repeated reproduction should be accomplished stably. Prior arts cannot however meet all of those requirements.

Optical disk drive and super-resolution reproduction method for optical disk


Methods and apparatus are disclosed for maintaining statistic counters and updating a secondary counter memory via a queue for reducing or eliminating overflow of the counters. Multiple counter values are stored in a primary counter storage. An indication of a particular counter to update is received. An updated value for the particular counter is determined. A determination is made whether to store the updated value in the primary storage or to add to an update counter queue based on the updated value and an occupancy level of the update counter queue. In one implementation, this determination includes comparing a function of the updated value with the occupancy level. In one implementation, this determination includes comparing twice the updated value with the occupancy level. In one implementation, a backpressure signal is generated if the updated value is to be added to the update counter queue and the queue is full.

The communications industry is rapidly changing to adjust to emerging technologies and ever increasing customer demand. This customer demand for new applications and increased performance of existing applications is driving communications network and system providers to employ networks and systems having greater speed and capacity (e.g., greater bandwidth). In trying to achieve these goals, a common approach taken by many communications providers is to use packet switching technology. Increasingly, public and private communications networks are being built and expanded using various packet technologies, such as Internet Protocol (IP).
In networking devices, it is important to maintain accurate packet and byte count statistics for all traffic flowing through the device. Such statistics are important for customers, for lab testing, and also for verification and debug. Generally, statistics must be maintained for a large number of items in a few different categories (e.g., individual routes the packets are taking, the adjacencies (next hops) of the packets, etc.). It is not unusual for a core router to need to maintain statistics on packets arriving at a rate of 50M packets per second (PPS), and to have to support 1M routes (1M different sets of packet and byte counters in the route category).
Maintaining accurate statistics is so important that many systems will "back-pressure" (artificially restrict the rate of incoming traffic) rather than lose any counter updates in the event that they cannot keep up with the counter-update rate. A very big issue in maintaining these counters is providing the necessary combination of storage space and bandwidth in a fashion that is cost effective, low in power, and low in pin count. Complicating the bandwidth issue is that, as the number of counters grows, the frequency at which S/W can read an individual counter lessens. To prevent counter overflow, the counters must be made large enough so that they will not overflow in the time it takes software to service (read) all the counters. In a system with 1M counters, it is not unreasonable for S/W to read all the counters every 10 sec. This implies that the size of the counters must be chosen so that they do not overflow in at least 10 sec. Reasonable counter sizes for a 50M PPS arrival rate are at least 32 bits for packet counters, and at least 38 bits for byte counters. The size and number of counters make storing the full counters directly on a packet-switching chip impractical with today's technologies.
There is an additional advantage to storing the counters in a large off-chip memory—if the counters can be made sufficiently large (e.g., approximately 56 bits), then they will overflow so infrequently (tens of years) that S/W does not have to periodically read them to prevent overflow. Large enough counters will only have to be read when it is desired to gather the statistics from them.
At a peak rate of 50M counter updates per second (cups), and using 128 bits to store both the byte and packet counters for one item, the bandwidth required for counter updates (which must read the old counter value and then write back an updated value) is approximately 12.8 Gbps (and this ignores overheads due to CPU access to the counters and to refresh cycles for DRAM based solutions). This data bandwidth could be achieved by a 64-bit wide Reduced Latency Dynamic Random Access Memory (RLDRAM) at 200 MHz, with appropriate attention to pipelining and bank conflicts. But this would only support one category of counter, and typical implementations have two or three categories they try to maintain. As can be seen, the cost (in terms of board space, power budget, and dollars) of implementing this large a number of counters off-chip at the necessary throughput rate can be very high.
The large number of packet and byte counters required necessitates some type of RAM-based storage for the counters. Updating a RAM-based counter, however, involves doing a read-modify-write (RMW) open—the previous contents of the RAM must be read, the contents must be updated, and the new contents must be written back. An RMW open is well-known in the art, but it does require more bandwidth since the RAM must be accessed twice for each counter update.
Previous solutions to the counter update problem have used very expensive, high-bandwidth off-chip RAM-based solutions (high-speed DDR or QDR SRAMs or DDR SDRAM) that can keep up with the worst-case counter-update bandwidth requirements. If the packet arrival rate is 50M PPS, then the counter-update rate (for one type of counter) is 50M counter updates per second (cups) in the worst case. And on top of this, some bandwidth is necessary for CPU activity (to read the counters), and for refresh (for DRAM-based solutions).
Some solutions to this problem have used FIFOs to compensate for reduced bandwidth and/or CPU activity (which can delay counter updates). These solutions have generally just used the FIFO as a buffer—the off-chip RAM is still designed for the worst-case bandwidth. (Typically, such FIFOs can hold no more than a few thousand entries, much smaller than the number of items.)
Another technique that has been used is to build two-level counters, where the least-significant bits (LSBs) and the most-significant bits (MSBs) are maintained separately. This can save bandwidth by only having to reference the MSBs when the LSBs overflow, instead of on every counter update.
Some aspects of the counter update problem are described in the article: Devavrat Shah et al., Maintaining Statistics Counters in Router Line Cards, IEEE Micro, Jan.-February 2002, pp. 76-81, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Shah et al. describe a theoretical approach, and a largest-counter-first counter management algorithm (LCF CMA) that selects a counter with the largest count to update to a secondary memory. This requires that some mechanism be employed to maintain counters in a sorted order or to quickly determine the largest counter. Shah et al. admit that their "LCF CMA is a complex algorithm that is hard to implement at a very high speed. It would be interesting to obtain a similar performance as LCF CMA with a less complex algorithm." Id. at 80-81.

Methods and apparatus for maintaining statistic counters and updating a secondary counter storage via a queue for reducing or eliminating overflow of the counters


A computer memory stores a data structure representing a ternary search tree (TST) representing multiple word n-grams for a corpus of documents. The data structure includes plural records in a first memory, each record representing a node of the TST and comprising plural fields. At least some n-grams have a sequence of units. The plurality of fields includes one for identifying a given unit of the sequence for a given node, one reserved for storing payload information for the given node, and plural child fields reserved for storing information for a first, second and third child nodes of the given node. The child fields store a null value indicating the absence of the child node or an identifier identifying a memory location of the child node. For at least one record, at least one of the child fields stores an identifier identifying a memory location of a memory different than the first memory.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to data structures for storing information for document collections and, in particular, relates to systems and methods for populating and accessing such data structures for word n-gram collections to provide for efficient memory use and enhanced speed of use.
2. Background Information
N-gram language models (LMs) (or n-gram models) for word-level n-grams (i.e., n-grams of words, or word n-grams) have become increasingly of interest as a resource for data-driven algorithms in many areas of computational linguistics. Along with traditional use for speech recognition, n-gram models have been embraced for a variety of text-processing tasks, such as statistical machine translation, text tagging, spelling correction, named entity recognition, word sense disambiguation, lexical substitution, etc. An n-gram of words is a sequence of words where n is an integer. For instance, a single word (e.g., the) is a word 1-gram, a sequence of two words (e.g., the dog) is a word 2-gram, a sequence of 3 words (e.g., the dog barked) is a word 3-gram, etc. A n-gram model as referred to herein is a language model that includes a collection of specified word n-grams (or word n-gram collection) and that provides some statistical information about the word n-grams, e.g., the count for a given word n-gram, which the number of times a given word n-gram appears in the corpus (or corpora) from which the word n-gram collection was generated. So, for instance, a corpus of documents or textual information could be parsed (sequenced) to identify specific word n-grams therein to create a word n-gram collection. Appending statistical information to the word n-gram collection, e.g., the count for each n-gram or frequency of occurrence, for instance, can yield an n-gram model. N-gram models may conventionally be stored in a database (which may be referred to as a n-gram database), which may typically be in the form of a table or index, such that a given record (or row of the table) has a field containing data representing the word n-gram and another field containing data representing the count or frequency for that word n-gram. An n-gram model can include more than just word sequences; it can also include, for instance, information regarding symbols, punctuation, or other linguistic sequences with meaning but not conventionally characterized as words. For brevity, the terminology "n-gram" may be used herein to refer to word-level n-grams as well as other types of n-grams.
Larger and larger text corpora have become available, such as the Google Web1T corpus (Brants and Franz, 2006), for example, and the World Wide Web ("the Web") itself can be used as a corpus. The present inventor has observed that such large corpora combined with increasingly large n-gram lengths (e.g., 5-grams or even higher order) will call for the development of very large word n-gram models, requiring n-gram databases with billions of n-grams and multi-gigabyte storage sizes.
Conventional approaches for storing and deploying very large n-gram models may use file-based indexing (e.g., flat files with additional inverted indexing for search), relational databases (e.g., with SQL-based querying capabilities), or specialized systems such as language model (LM) toolkits (e.g., with custom-engineered encoding approaches). Prefix trees and randomized hashing are two prominent examples of specialized systems. The specialized systems typically utilize the architecture of prefix trees (also called "prefix tries," where each symbol in sequence is represented by a node in a tree structure), or the architecture of randomized hashing (which uses random hash functions to map n-gram strings to their associated counts/probabilities).
The present inventor has recognized that for wider adoption and use of n-gram models, both for research and for practical purposes, there is a need for greater simplicity and greater efficiency for working with n-gram models containing very large collections of n-grams.

Systems and methods for optimizing very large n-gram collections for speed and memory


A process for the polymerization of actylenically unsaturated compounds by contacting the monomer(s) under polymerization conditions with a catalyst system comprising:. a) a source of cations of one or more Group VIII metals;. b) a bidentate ligand containing phosphorus, arsenic and/or antimony; and. c) a source of anions.

Acetylenes can be polymerized by contacting an acetylenically unsaturated compound with a catalyst.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 3,883,570 acetylene is polymerized by heating, under autogenic pressure, the monomer, a bis(diethyl-aminomethyl)-1,2-phenylene-dipalladium compound as catalyst and o-dichlorobenzene as solvent, for 8 hours at 200.degree. C.
The polymerization of aromatic compounds containing at least one ethynylgroup as substituent is disclosed in JP 59089310-A. The catalyst consists of a palladium compound, a triorganophosphine, a cuprous salt and an organic amine.
However, it would be desirable to provide a process for the polymerization of various acetylenically unsaturated compounds in the presence of a catalyst which allows the use of relatively mild reaction conditions.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved process to polymerize acetylenically unsaturated compounds.


A full complement antifriction bearing includes an inner race, an outer race, and rolling elements organized in a circular row between the races without a cage or retainer for separating the rolling elements. While the absence of a cage or retainers enable the bearing to have the maximum number of rolling elements and thus transfer greater loads, adjacent rolling elements contact each other. Each rolling element or every other rolling element is covered with a tribological coating that retards adhesive wear and reduces friction.

None
Not Applicable.
This invention relates in general to antifriction bearings and more particularly to full complement antifriction bearings.
Antifriction bearings, often referred to as rolling element bearings, find widespread use in a variety of machinery generally to support one machine component on another such that the one can rotate relative to the other. The typical antifriction bearing includes an inner race or ring provided with a raceway that is presented outwardly away from the axis of the bearing, an outer ring or race provided with a raceway that is presented inwardly toward the axis and toward the raceway on the inner race, and rolling elements arranged in a circular row between the raceways of the two races. The rolling elements may take the form of balls, tapered rollers, cylindrical rollers, spherical rollers or even so-called xe2x80x9cneedlesxe2x80x9d. Most antifriction bearings also include a retainer or cage to maintain a uniform separation between the rollers and with some types of bearings to further keep the rolling elements oriented properly between the raceways. Most cages contain pockets, although in some bearings containing rollers, the cages may have pins that project into the rollers where they serve as a spindle about which the rollers rotate. A pocket-type cage, which is usually formed from pressed steel, must of necessity spread the rolling elements apart to fit between them, and this reduces the load-carrying capacity of the bearing. The pin-type cages, since the pins do not pass between the rollers but instead project through them, enable the rollers to be organized with less spacing between them, so a bearing equipped with such a cage will have greater capacity than one equipped with a pocket-type cage. However, pin-type cages are not as durable as pocket-type cages, and furthermore cannot be used with some types of rolling elements.
Full complement antifriction bearings have no cages whatsoever and thus can hold the maximum number of rolling elementsxe2x80x94a full complement, in other words. Without a cage to separate the rolling elements, adjacent rolling elements in a full complement bearing can and actually do contact each other during the operation of the bearing and also while the bearing is at rest. Indeed, when the bearing is not in operation, the contact between adjacent rolling elements can produce an adhesive wear condition known as fretting. Basically, fretting occurs when the asperities along contacting surfaces of adjacent rolling elements cold weld together. Microscopic motion between the contacting surfaces, which motion may be generated by vibrations, causes the welds to break, and this, if repeated over time, results in a deterioration of the surfaces.
Adhesive wear can also occur along contacting surfaces of adjacent rolling elements when the bearing is in operation. Normally, a hydrodynamic lubrication film exists between the rolling elements and the raceway along which they roll, and thus inhibits adhesive wear between these contacting surfaces. The same does not hold true with regard to contacting rolling elements at the point or line of contact between adjacent rolling elements. According to Dowson""s equations, the thickness of the lubricant film along contacting surfaces in a rolling element bearing is:   h  =            K      D                  {                                    a            0.54                                                                        R                                  0                                                        xe2x80x83                                                      .43                                                                          (                                                      μ                    0                                                      V                                )                                      0.7                                    W                      0                                      xe2x80x83                                    .13                              }
where KD is a constant containing the modulus of elasticity, xcexc0 is the lubricant viscosity, V is the entrainment velocity, xcex1 is the lubricant pressure viscosity coefficient, W is the load per unit length, and R is an equivalent radius. Since at the contact point or line between the rolling elements in a full complement bearing the tangential velocities for each element are of equal magnitude but opposite direction, the entrainment velocity at that contact is zero, and the thickness h of the hydrodynamic lubrication is likewise zero. This exposes the rolling elements to adhesive wear.
Of course, frictional or abrasive wear also occurs where adjacent rolling elements contact each other with the bearing in operation.
The present invention resides in an antifriction bearing including first and second races provided with raceways and rolling elements located between the races and contacting the raceways along the raceways. The rolling elements are arranged such that adjacent rolling elements contact each other, and at least some of the rolling elements are covered with a tribological coating.


A vent apparatus is described for providing filtered air intake and rollover protection for a fuel tank. The apparatus may include a housing configured to be coupled with the fuel tank, the housing including at least one air intake port and at least one air exhaust port. The apparatus may include an air intake filter disposed within the housing and configured to receive and filter air from the at least one air intake port. The apparatus may include a rollover protection valve disposed adjacent to the housing and configured to be located inside the fuel tank when the housing is coupled with the fuel tank, the rollover protection valve coupled with the at least one air exhaust port. The rollover protection valve may include a chamber and a plug configured to impede the flow of fuel from the fuel tank into the at least one air exhaust port.

To rapidly fill containers, such as the fuel tanks on mobile equipment, liquids may be pumped under relatively high pressures into the containers. In many pieces of heavy equipment, such as mining equipment, fuel tanks may hold a significant amount of fuel, potentially resulting in a time consuming fueling operation. Given the size of fuel tanks on such heavy equipment, high pressures are often used to reduce filling times and return the equipment to service more quickly. In order to avoid damaging the fuel tanks by over-pressurizing, it may be necessary to allow air to exit the tank during the filling process. Similarly, when the engine of the mobile equipment is drawing fuel out of the fuel tank, it may be necessary to allow air to enter the tank to avoid creating a vacuum within the tank. Where air is entering the fuel tank from outside the container, it may be desirable to avoid particulate contamination of the fuel by filtering the air as it enters the tank.
Existing fueling apparatuses may provide an external air filter in order to avoid contaminating the fuel tank. Such external filters, however, may present difficulties in fuel tanks having space constraints within the mobile equipment. Accordingly, it may be desirable to provide filtering that is integrated with the fueling apparatus to avoid the need for extra space to accommodate the filter.
Where air is allowed to enter and exit the fuel tank, a risk may arise that, in the event of equipment rollover, the fuel may leak out of the air entry and exit points. Accordingly, it may be desirable to allow a fuel tank to be vented, while reducing the likelihood or amount of fuel spillage in the event of equipment rollover.


A rolling mill drive with axially slidable spindles arranged between drive shafts and drive rolls, particularly between driven necks of pinions and drive necks of rolls. The spindle heads of each spindle are each provided with a wobbler with a curved toothing and coupling sleeve having an internal toothing surrounding the wobbler. The coupling sleeve is connected to the pinion neck or to the roll neck. The spindle is guided between the coupling sleeves by means of at least one support element arranged in the region of the spindle axis and an axially adjustable pressure plunger. The internal toothing of the coupling sleeve extends beyond the curved toothing of the wobbler and has at least a supporting length which corresponds to the length of the possible axial displacement of the spindle.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a rolling mill drive with axially slidable spindles arranged between the drive shafts and driven rolls, particularly between driven necks of pinions and drive necks of the rolls. The spindle heads of each spindle are each provided with a wobbler with a curved toothing and a coupling sleeve having an internal toothing surrounding the wobbler. The coupling sleeve, in turn, is connected to the pinion neck or the roll neck. The spindle is guided between the coupling sleeves by means of at least one support element arranged in the region of the spindle axis and an axially adjustable pressure plunger.
2. Description of the Related Art
In modern rolling mills it is required to accelerate the rolling work and to increase the rolling accuracy and the rolling speed. In order to compensate any possibly occurring errors in planeness of the rolled material, for example, the work rolls of the rolling mill stand are axially displaced within certain adjustment ranges, so that arching of the strip in the center and at the edges can be advantageously influenced in a controlled manner. For this purpose, a suitable adjusting drive effects the translatory displacement of the work rolls by precisely predetermined distances in the rolling mill stand, while the rotary drive of the work rolls is effected in the known manner by means of spindles which are arranged between the driven work rolls and the driving pinions. Since the pinions are mounted in stationary stands and are in turn connected through suitable gear assemblies to drive motors, the spindles must be constructed in such a way that, on the one hand, they can compensate the displacement of the work rolls in the rolling mills and that, on the other hand, they can transmit the full drive power from the pinions to the work rolls.
For the foregoing reasons, in an older patent application No. P 37 06 557.7, it has been suggested in a spindle of the above-described type to construct the spindle at the end facing the pinion in such a way that the wobbler with the curved toothing is a long sleeve which is slid over a substantial portion of the spindle shaft and wherein the inner surface of the wobbler and the outer surface of the spindle shaft has longitudinally directed toothings which are capable of meshing, for example, a key and groove connection. The length of the toothings is at least such that the entire adjustment distance of the work roll can be compensated.
However, the angular displacement of the spindles is carried out in the known manner in the spindle joint which is formed by the curved toothing of the wobbler and the internal toothing of the coupling sleeve. These structural measures for the longitudinal compensation of the spindle and for adjusting the spindle to the position assumed by the work rolls have been found in practice to be reliable and useful in many situations. However, it was found that great frictional forces in the toothings had to be taken into consideration when the wobbler was displaced on the spindle sleeve.
It is, therefore, the primary object of the present invention to improve the rolling mill drive of the above-described type in several respects. The machine elements for effecting the translatory displacement and for the vertical angular compensation of the spindle are to be structurally simple and simple to manufacture. In addition, the frictional forces to be overcome during displacement of the spindle are to be significantly reduced. Moreover, a problem-free lubrication of the spindle joint and an efficient removal of the frictional heat from the joint are to be ensured.

Rolling mill drive having a spindle with curved toothing


Method employing low pressure plasma having high electron density for rapid oxide etching employing hydrogen and argon and specific electron clyclotron resonance (ECR) operating parameters in an ECR having a non-oxygen contributing environment in the reaction chamber.

The present invention relates to the manufacture of semiconductor integrated circuits, and more particularly to processes for ultra high purity plasma cleaning and ultra pure material epitaxy.
Ion bombardment of surfaces is an important aspect of plasma etching, reactive ion etching, and sputter deposition. Ion bombardment also is an important part of several analytical techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and low energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS). Auger electron spectrometry (AES) also employs low energy inert gas ions for physical sputtering to obtain erosion to support depth profiling. Although these have become very important processes, the ion induced surface chemistry and alteration of near surface chemical, physical and electronic characteristics are very complex and remain poorly understood processes. This has lead to the empirical development of most commercial plasma assisted etching processes.
Plasmas are partially ionized quasi-neutral gases. They can be created in a vacuum chamber by applying enough electric field to ionize the gases. The power source may be a DC electric field, inductive RF coil, microwaves or a capacitively coupled RF electric field. Electrons have small mass relative to other particles so most of the energy gained in these systems is initially absorbed by the electrons. These high energy electrons collide with other particles and ionize the gas and sustain the plasma. The typical ionizing potential is high so that the majority of molecules and atoms stay neutral. Eventually a DC potential will build up between a plasma and any dielectric surface nearby, preventing any further imbalance.
In general, semiconductor processing plasmas are in a state of thermal non-equilibrium and are affected by the following:
(a) Power--By increasing power absorbed the sheath potential is increased as well as the number of ions produced. Any wafer within the plasma will experience induced temperature increases from increased ion energy bombardment as well as increased ion flux. Obviously, more damage can be done to the substrate at higher powers. PA1 (b) Pressure--At higher pressures, more gas molecules are available which is generally believed to result in higher ion flux. However, in our work we discovered a very sharp peak in production of excited hydrogen species at low pressure in our electron cyclotron resonance, (ECR) plasma generator. This discovery has enabled us to take advantage of this peak in obtaining very fast etching at low ion energy so that we avoid surface damage usually occurring with energetic ions. While such surface damage is expected with heavy ions, it has also been documented with light ions such as H.sup.+. PA1 (c) Device configuration--In ECR devices, parameters such as chamber geometry including positioning of the substrate, magnet configuration chamber materials and ion density uniformity will affect the etching process.
It is postulated that the explanation for the distinctly different etching rates of materials by various etchant gases has to do with the ability of the reactive gas molecule to penetrate into the surface being etched and to break the subsurface bond or lower the binding energy for the surface atoms and to replace that bond by bonding itself to the subsurface such that the released product is volatile at the temperature of release. It is believed that when an energetic ion strikes a solid, it transfers its energy to near surface atoms through a series of elastic collisions and electronic and vibrational processes. Collisional cascade effects can produce ion implantation, crystalline damage, ion mixing and physical sputtering. These effects can also result from low energy ion bombardment. Ion mixing is the process under which target atoms are relocated by ion impact, which process is broken up by recoil and cascade contributions. It is believed that mixing processes may be important in enhancing volatile product formation. This is distinct from sputtering in which near surface atoms receive enough momentum transfer perpendicular to the surface to overcome the surface potential barrier and thereby escape into the vacuum.
Two types of equipment are being most frequently used for plasma etching. One type of such apparatus employs a resonant cavity excited by RF fields to induce and sustain the plasma. These are relatively simple devices but have the difficulty that the plasma density and ion energy cannot be separately controlled and accordingly high ion energies cannot be curtailed in high power requirement situations. The conventional RF field, inductive or capacitively coupled, are characterized by low electron density and high plasma potential. Another type of plasma producing apparatus employs a microwave resonant cavity to produce plasma which is flowed out of the cavity to a remote area. This is called a downstream microwave plasma. Downstream microwave is characterized by low electron density, low plasma potential, and high plasma pressure. For this reason, electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) microwave plasma apparatus have become more popular for etching application. The ECR apparatus can provide low pressure, high ion density at low ion energy and the ion energy can be controlled by substrate bias and the plasma potential is also low.
An electron in motion in a magnetic field is acted upon by the field to produce a force at fight angles to the direction of motion of the electron. As a result, an electron entering a fixed magnetic field will follow a curved path. The radius of curvature is an inverse function of the intensity of the magnetic field. The frequency of electron rotation, w, is expressed as w=2.8.times.10.sup.6 B cycles/sec where B is in gauss. This is known as the electron cyclotron resonance frequency. We have designed our ECR plasma generator to employ a magnetic field of 875 gauss and the corresponding cyclotron frequency of 2.45 GHz.
In recent years, the demands for reducing line widths and increasing device density in integrated circuits has forced the industry towards a manufacturing device called the integrated cluster tool. The integrated cluster tool is a multichamber vacuum system, in which the working chambers are arranged around a central transfer chamber and in which each working chamber is separated from the central transfer chamber by a pair of gate valves forming a vacuum lock. During operation, a semiconductor wafer can be processed in a working chamber, while the remainder of the cluster apparatus is isolated from the environment of any of the other working chambers. After a wafer Treatment is completed in a particular working chamber, the wafer is able to be automatically passed to the transfer chamber through a double gate valve and then automatically passed to a subsequent working chamber through another double gate valve. This integrated cluster tool permits a plurality of various vacuum working chambers to be "clustered" around the central transfer chamber and permits the processing of a wafer through many of its most demanding processes without any requirement for the wafer to be passed back into ambient or clean room air. It has been proven that it is impractical and almost impossible, to control the particulate count in a clean room to the tolerances demanded by the density of modern integrated circuits.
Because of the increasing importance of cluster tools, it is becoming commercially important to decrease the time required for each process step on a wafer. In the past, many wafers were processed simultaneously in large furnaces. Because of the high vacuum requirements and mechanical transfer requirements, a cluster tool working module generally processes only one wafer at a time. Although duplicate identical modules can be clustered around a transfer chamber, it is seen that the cluster tool device is essentially a serial processing system and that the process time of each step will have a direct affect on the overall throughput rate.


A sewing clip is provided. In one embodiment, the sewing clip securely clamps fabrics of various thicknesses, sizes, elasticity, and textures in assistance of a sewing operation. The sewing clip includes two rigid members and an elastic assembly. The two rigid members each have a first surface with a clamping and handling end and a hinge extension coupled to the first surface. When employed in a sewing operation, the clamping end of each rigid member has a tapering-width adapted to slide in a direction away from a stitching point. An elastic assembly couples the hinge extensions of each rigid member and biases the two rigid members so as to secure overlapping fabric between the clamping ends while avoiding unnecessary alteration or damage to the fabric. A recessed divot is also provided in the clamping end that allows for retention of surplus fabric.

The present disclosure relates generally to an apparatus for textiles and more particularly to an apparatus for a sewing operation.
During the process of sewing, small pieces of metal wire having at least one pointed end, such as straight pins, safety pins, and T-pins, are widely used and have been around for many years. These pins, generally known as sewing pins, are used to join or affix layers of fabric. For example, layers of material in temporarily held in place prior to and during stitching for the purpose of simulating where a line of stitching or a seam would be on an article of clothing.
The typical sewing pin is secured in place by alternately piercing the material and weaving above and below the layer(s) of fabric. As such, the pins cause unsightly pinholes in the material(s) and may also destroy the structural elasticity and integrity of some textiles. Additionally, if the sewing pin does not cleanly slide through the fabric, the pin can snag the threads of delicate materials.
Another disadvantage is that sewing pins lack durability and can easily break if handled with excess force. In a typical sewing operation, sewing pins hold the layer(s) of fabric in place up until right before a needle more permanently stitch the layer(s) of fabric. Due to the proximity of the sewing needle to sewing pins, sewing needles frequently come in contact with pins during a sewing operation. More specifically, a sewing machine (an appliance that automates the motion of a needle or needles to bind fabric with a stitch) can easily snap or bend a sewing pin if the machine's needle strikes the sewing pin. Likewise, sewing pins can disrupt the function of a sewing machine by breaking, dulling, or misaligning the sewing machine's needle(s). This contact during a sewing operation often damages the sewing needle, calling for frequent (and expensive) replacement.
The sewing pin's slight dimensions render a further disadvantage when lost or misplaced. In addition, a further disadvantage is the possibility of sustaining an injury from the sharp pointed end, wherein the piercing-end punctures the skin and causes blood to stain fabric. Furthermore, metal sewing pins are susceptible to rust and corrosion, causing problems for the user and the fabric. Moreover, the process of pinning in place, removing, and then safely stowing away entails additional time and care to prevent injury, loss, and breakage.
Another drawback to sewing pins is that the thin metal wire cannot completely penetrate or weave through excessively thick or bulky textiles such as leather hide or fur. In lieu of sewing pins, glues such as rubber cement and vinyl acetate, have commonly been employed to temporarily affix these textiles together. However, it has been found that these glues can clog sewing machine needles, break the thread, and cause skipped stitches. Moreover, these glues emit a toxic odor and are harmful to all whom are exposed to the fumes.


This invention discloses an LCD which includes an LCD panel and a pixel voltage adjuster. The LCD panel includes a plurality of pixel units which are arranged in the way of a matrix. Each pixel unit is provided with a liquid crystal capacitor. The liquid crystal capacitor includes a pixel electrode and a common electrode oppositely arranged. The pixel voltage adjuster receives a feedback common voltage from the common electrode and adjusts the voltage of the pixel electrode in terms of the feedback common voltage. The LCD provided in this invention can reduce cross-noise and improve the display quality of the LCD.

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display widely used at present, which has the advantages of thin and light appearance, electricity economization and no radiation. The operating principle of LCD is that the voltage difference at the two ends of a liquid crystal layer is utilized to change the arrangement state of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer, so as to change the light transmission of the liquid crystal layer, and display the image by cooperating the light source provided by a backlight module.
FIG. 1 is the schematic diagram for the circuit structure of an existing LCD. The LCD includes an LCD panel 110, a common voltage generator 15, a scanning driver 17 and a data driver 16, wherein the LCD panel 110 includes a plurality of scanning lines 9 and a plurality of data lines 14, the scanning lines 9 and the data lines 14 are crosswise arranged by way of insulation, thereby defining a plurality of pixel units 100 arranged in the way of a matrix.
Each pixel unit 100 is provided with a thin film transistor 10, a liquid crystal capacitor 12 and a storage capacitor 13. The liquid crystal capacitor 12 includes a pixel electrode 121 and a common electrode 122 oppositely arranged and a liquid crystal layer (not shown in the figure) sandwiched between the both. The storage capacitor 13 includes the pixel electrode 121 and a storage electrode 132 oppositely arranged and the insulating material (not shown in the figure) sandwiched between the both. Besides, the data lines 14, the common electrode 122 and the liquid crystal layer between the both generally form a parasitic capacitor 11.
The thin film transistor 10 includes a gate electrode, a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the gate electrode is connected with one of the scanning lines 9, the source electrode is connected with one of the data lines 14, and the drain electrode is connected with the pixel electrode 121.
The scanning driver 17 is used for outputting a plurality of scanning signals in sequence to each of scanning lines 9, when the scanning driver 17 outputs scanning signals to one line of scanning lines 9, the thin film transistor 10 connected with the line of scanning lines 9 is conducted, and meanwhile, the data driver 16 provides a plurality of gray-scale voltages to the plurality of data lines 14, thereby causing the gray-scale voltages to be loaded to the pixel electrode 121 through the source electrode and the drain electrode of the conducted thin film transistor 10.
The common voltage generator 15 is used for providing the common voltage Vcom to the common electrode 122 and the storage electrode 132. Therefore, after the gray-scale voltages are loaded to the pixel electrode 121 through the source electrode and the drain electrode of the conducted thin film transistor 10, the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal capacitor 12 deflects due to a voltage difference between the common voltage and the gray-scale voltages on the liquid crystal capacitor 12, thereby displaying the required gray scale according to the deflection angle of the liquid crystal. The function of the storage capacitor 13 is to maintain the gray-scale voltage on the pixel electrode 121, so as to keep the gray-scale voltage on the pixel electrode 121 lasting until the arrival of the next gray-scale voltage.
Please also refer to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows the arrangement diagram for pixel units 100 of a certain exemplary region of the LCD. The region is a pixel region in the size of 3*3, the middle pixel units 100 are represented by A, and the surrounding pixel units 100 are represented by B.
For a certain pixel unit A, the gray-scale voltages provided on the data lines 14 of the pixel units B certainly change when the image gray scale required to be displayed on the pixel units B surrounding the certain pixel unit A changes. At this moment, due to the fact that the voltage of the parasitic capacitor 11 of the pixel units B can not instantly change, the voltage of the common electrode 122 of the pixel units B fluctuates. Whereas, the common electrode 122 of each pixel unit is communicated, so the voltage of the common electrode 122 of the pixel unit A fluctuates as well. For example, for an ever-light type LCD, the gray-scale voltages on the data lines 14 of the pixel units B increase B when the pixel units B surrounding the pixel unit A displaying the bright state change from bright to dark; due to the fact that the voltage of the parasitic capacitor 11 of the pixel units B can not instantly change, the voltage of the common electrode 122 of the pixel units B fluctuates upwards, therefore, the voltage of the common electrode 122 of the pixel unit A displaying the bright state also fluctuates upwards. On the contrary, the voltage of the common electrode 122 of the pixel unit A fluctuates downwards when the pixel units B surrounding the pixel unit A displaying the bright state change from dark to bright.
Likewise, the problem that the voltage of the common electrode 122 fluctuates upwards or downwards exists in a plurality of single pixel units 100 of the LCD, and the common electrodes 122 of the pixel units 100 are communicated, therefore, the problem that the whole voltage of the common electrode 122 of the LCD fluctuates upwards or downwards easily generates the phenomenon of cross noise, thereby greatly influencing the display quality of the LCD.

Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co. Ltd.


According to one embodiment, an image forming apparatus includes a conveyance mechanism, a scanner, a buffer memory, a passage sensor, and a controller. The conveyance mechanism conveys a document along a conveyance path. The scanner reads an image on the document at a reading position along the conveyance path and generates image signals corresponding to the image that is read. The buffer memory stores image data corresponding to the image signals. The passage sensor is on the conveyance path upstream of the reading position. The controller determines whether to output the image data from the buffer memory after a sheet passage prediction time elapses based on the length of time required during a normal operation for the trailing edge of the document to reach the reading position.

An image forming apparatus including an automatic document feeder (ADF) and a scanner is known. The image forming apparatus prints sheets of paper or the like based on a printing request and outputs printed sheets. The automatic document feeder conveys documents comprising multiple printed sheets sheet-by-sheet past a reading position of a scanner. The scanner optically reads the sheets conveyed by the document feeder and outputs image signals corresponding to the sheets.
The automatic document feeder includes a passage sensor. The passage sensor detects the passage of the sheets of the document along a conveyance path upstream of a reading position of the scanner, that is, portion of the conveyance path from insertion port of the document to reading position. The document feeder is thus able to detect when document sheet is not properly conveyed but stays or becomes stuck (jammed) along the conveyance path of the document feeder. That is, the occurrence of a feeding jam or the like can be detected by the passage sensor.
If a jam occurs, the image signal output from the scanner becomes abnormal. Therefore, the image forming apparatus must determine whether image data generated based on an image signal is corresponding to when the jam was detected. The image forming apparatus performs control so that the image data is not output if a jam is detected and is output if no jam is detected.
However, there can be a problem in that it is possible that image data generated based on an abnormal image signal has already been output before the jam is detected.

Image forming apparatus with ouput of image data from memory depending on elapsing of prediction time after document leading edge passes sensor


The charge control agent comprises aggregate particles including an azo-type iron complex salt represented by the following chemical formula [VI]

An image formation process of an electro photography system applied to a copy machine, a printer or a facsimile performs to develop an electrostatic latent image on photosensitive frame by toner having frictional electrification, and transfer the imaged toner and then fix onto a paper.
A charge control agent is added to the toner beforehand so as for the toner to quicken a rise speed of the electrification, electrify sufficiently, control a proper quantity of the electrification stably, improve electrification property, rise up a speed for developing the electrostatic latent image, and form the vivid images. For instance, as the negative charge control agent, metallic complex salt are mentioned in Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 61-155464.
In recent year, a copy machine and a printer cause high efficiency with improving resolution and so on. The electro photography system is used with not only a high speed development but also a low speed development for widespread purposes. Therefore, it is required that the charge control agent causes faster rise speed of the electrification of the toner, more excellent electrification property, the agent is able to form the vivid images of high resolution, and the agent is able to be manufactured simply. And it is required that the charge control agent is able to be used of a powder paint for an electrostatic powder printing method which attracts and bakes the electrostatic powder paint onto a surface of a frame work having charge.
The present invention has been developed to solve the foregoing problems.
It is an object of the present invention to provide the charge control agent manufactured simply, and its manufacturing method. The charge control agent causes the fast rise speed of the electrification, excellent electrification property, making to form the vivid images of high resolution. It is another object of the present invention to provide the toner for electrostatic image development including this agent, and the images formation process of an electro photography system using this toner.

Electric charge controlling agent, toner for developing electrostatic charge image containing the same, and method for forming image using the toner

Abstract: (in the chemical formula [VI], B+ is (H+)x(Na+) 1−x and x is mole ratio and 0.6 to 0.9, or B+ is (H+)y(Na+)1−y and y is mole ratio and 0 to 0.2) and the aggregate particles have 0.5 to 5.0 microns of an average particle size. A toner for developing an electrostatic image comprises a resin for the toner and the charge control agent. An image formation process of electrophotography comprises a step for developing an electrostatic latent image on an electrostatic latent image frame by a developer including the toner.


This disclosure discloses a method and apparatus for generating a machine learning model. An embodiment of the method comprises: generating model parameter combinations, and generating machine learning models respectively corresponding to the model parameter combinations; dividing preset machine learning data into training data and validation data; training the machine learning models in parallel respectively based on the training data; validating a learning accuracy of the trained machine learning models respectively based on the validation data to obtain validation scores; determining an optimal model parameter combination corresponding to a machine learning model to be generated based on the validation scores, and generating a machine learning model corresponding to the optimal model parameter combination, thereby realizing training and validation of the machine learning models respectively corresponding to the model parameter combinations in parallel, improving the whole parameter optimization process, and rapidly generating a desired machine learning model.

Machine learning is a widely used artificial intelligence technology. When generating machine learning models, different equipped parameter combinations lead to different learning effects of the machine learning models. Therefore, the model parameters need to be optimized. At present, usually all model parameter combinations within a certain scope are searched according to a certain step length, and the machine learning models respectively corresponding to the model parameter combinations are trained and validated in order, that is, implementing training and validation in serial mode, and determining an optimal model parameter combination according to the validated results.
However, when measures are taken to determine an optimal model parameter combination of a machine learning model, the machine learning models respectively corresponding to the parameter combinations are trained and validated in serial mode. Because usually there are mass training and validation data, comparatively large expenses are paid for each training and validation process, thereby affecting the execution schedule of subsequent training and validation process of model parameter combinations, thus slowing down the whole model parameter optimization process, and leading to failure in obtaining a desired machine learning model in a relatively short time.

Method and apparatus for generating machine learning model by using distributed computing framework

BAIDU ONLINE NETWORK TECHNOLOGY (BEIJING) CO., LTD.


A micromechanical device and a corresponding manufacturing method. The micromechanical device includes: a spring element which is moveably coupleable or is moveably coupled to a frame unit at at least one connecting point of the spring element, the spring element including at least one web, which extends outward from the at least one connecting point; and the at least one web being structured in such a way that it includes at least one first section as well as at least one widening section for reducing a non-linearity of the spring element, which is widened compared to the first section.

Oscillating micromechanical devices are frequently operated in resonance, a spring element of the device being resonantly driven and oscillating at a resonance frequency. This makes it possible for micromirrors or other actuators, for example, to be deflected in the desired manner.
A micromechanical spring element is described in PCT Application No. WO 2009 033914 A1.

Micromechanical spring device and method for manufacturing a micromechanical spring device