A stabilizer for a line may include a guide configured for arrangement on the line to resist and/or damp lateral motions of the line where the guide may include a guide jacket having a static sleeve configured to allow the line to pass through the guide and a fortifying bracket configured to reinforce the guide jacket and configured to interface with a hanging system to support the guide jacket and maintain the guide jacket in position on the line.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
A derrick cable is traditionally used to raise and lower a lifting hook. A lifting hook is often present on a travelling block that is part of a block and tackle arrangement on the derrick. The travelling block may be suspended below a crown block via a plurality of outgoing and returning portions of the derrick cable that is reeved through the traveling and crown blocks. Due to this reeving arrangement, in order to raise and lower the hook at a given speed, the derrick cable must spool on and off a drum at a much higher speed. In some cases, the derrick cable may be spooled on and off the drum at speeds of about 50 to 60 mph. This fast moving line may often have a tendency to sway, wave, or whip laterally relative to the longitudinal motion of the line.
A stabilizer may be positioned on the line, may be suspended from above, and may be positioned laterally by a triangle cabling setup. The triangle cabling may allow the stabilizer and line to move to the left and right along the axis of a winch drum as the cable is spooled on and off the drum. The stabilizer may provide a damping effect on the side-to-side swinging of the derrick cable. However, traditional stabilizers are cumbersome and have many parts often including plates and supported wheels with axles, bearings, and the like. Some stabilizers are known to have 77 different parts and are prone to losing or dropping the parts while in use. The objects may easily become projectiles as they are flung in any direction at very high speeds. Still further, such failures may occur without warning. This can be dangerous for crews and can damage equipment.


A power generation system includes integrated photovoltaic (PV) panels. Each of the integrated PV panel includes photovoltaic cells, a junction coupler coupling the photovoltaic cells in series, in parallel, or in combinations thereof, output terminals, and a DC to AC converter coupled between the junction coupler and the output terminals. The DC to AC converter includes switching devices and the integrated PV panels are coupled in series at the respective output terminals. A controller is provided in the power generation system for generation switching command signals for the switching devices of the integrated PV panels to synthesize an output voltage of the power generation system.

This invention relates generally to electrical energy conversion and, more specifically, to connection of photovoltaic modules to a power grid or a load.
With the rising cost and scarcity of conventional energy sources and concerns about the environment, there is a significant interest in alternative energy sources such as solar power and wind power. Solar power generation uses photovoltaic (PV) modules to generate electricity from the sun. Multiple PV cells are connected electrically to one another in such systems.
When connecting a number of such PV cells, significant wiring and cabling are used. Additional cabling and connections are required when a direct current to direct current (DC to DC) converter is used along with a direct current to alternating current (DC to AC) converter to transmit the generated electricity from the PV modules to a load or to a power grid. Additionally, in embodiments including multiple DC to DC converters, increased power losses occur and larger filters are used due to the voltage output signals of DC to DC converters having higher harmonic components.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved, solar power transmission system to address one or more aforementioned issues.

Solar power generation system and method


A mobile communication device having a first section, a second section, and a hinge mechanism. Functional devices are positioned within the sections and provide for a multitude of uses. The sections are movable about a first axis of rotation and a second axis of rotation. The movement allows for positioning the sections in various orientations to use the functional devices. A method of using the device is also disclosed for moving the sections in a combination of flip motion, jack-knife motion, and twist motion about the first and second axis of rotation.

The present invention relates to a mobile communication device, and more particularly, to a hinge mechanism for selectively positioning the relative orientations of first and second sections of the device.
Mobile communication devices often include multiple functional devices housed within a single unit. By way of example, a single device may include video recording and display features in addition to the traditional mobile communication functionality. Often times these functions require the device to be configured in different orientations when using the different devices. The video recording and display features may require a lens to aim in a first direction, such as away from the operator, and a video display to face in a second direction, such as towards the operator for use as a viewfinder. The mobile communication features may require a microphone to be positioned adjacent to the mouth of the operator, while a speaker is positioned adjacent to the operator's ear.
The unit should be configurable to protect the various functional devices. When the device is in use, the functional devices are positioned to be accessed by the operator. When the device is not in use, it should be movable into a folded orientation with the functional devices shielded to prevent damage to the fragile elements. Additionally, the unit should have a reduced size so it is easily carried by the operator, such as in a pocket when in the folded orientation. The unit should also be easily adjustable between orientations.
The device should also be constructed such that it is durable to withstand the effects of being carried around by the operator. The devices may be dropped by the operator in both the open and folded orientations, be crushed such as when in the operators pocket when he or she sits down, and may also be exposed to a variety of weather elements. The device should be able to withstand these variety of stresses and still be operable.
The design of the mobile communication device should provide for adjustability, but not add excessively to the overall price of the device. Many consumers of these devices make their purchasing selections based on the cost of the device. Therefore, the increase in adjustability cannot add an unreasonable amount to the cost such that consumers will not purchase the device.

Hinge mechanism having multiple axes of rotation for positioning of a mobile communication device


A range of buffer volume/pulse tube volume ratios for two-stage hybrid GM type pulse tube cold-heads that are designed to produce refrigeration at 4 K are provided. The ranges of volume ratios for the first and second stages provides a good balance between the inefficiencies but compact size of a four-valve phase shifting mechanism and the better efficiency but larger size of a double-orifice phase shifting mechanism. The buffer volumes are small enough to be conveniently machined into the warm end housing, or as an option, one can be part of a valve disc housing. The drive motor for the valve disc is in an attached housing to make the valve disc readily accessible for service.

The present invention relates to cryogenic refrigerators, in particular, GM type pulse tube refrigerators. This type of refrigerator is comprised of a compressor unit that is connected by gas lines to an expander unit, commonly referred to as a cold-head. Two-stage GM type pulse tubes running at low speed are typically used for applications below about 20 K. It has been found that best performance at 4 K has been obtained with the pulse tube shown in FIG. 9 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,998. This design has six valves which open and close in the sequence shown in FIG. 11 of that patent. It contains a good description of the mechanism for producing refrigeration at very low temperatures and the important role that the valves and buffer volumes play in shaping the P-V diagram, FIG. 10, to maximize the refrigeration produced per cycle. The relationship between the displacement of the gas and the cycling of the pressure that is seen in the P-V diagram is usually referred to as phase shifting.
The first pulse tube refrigerator was described by W. E. Gifford in U.S. Pat. No. 3,237,421. A significant improvement in performance was made by E. I. Mikulin, A. A. Tarasow and M. P. Shkrebyonock, 'Low temperature expansion (orifice type) pulse tube', Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 29, 1984, p. 629-637 in 1984, when they added an orifice and buffer volume to the warm end of the pulse tube. This improved the phase shifting. S. Zhu and P. Wu, 'Double inlet pulse tube refrigerators: an important improvement', Cryogenics, vol. 30, 1990, p. 514, made a further improvement by adding a second orifice between the warm end of the pulse tube and the inlet to the regenerator. The application of the "double-orifice" principal to a two-stage pulse tube enabled the production of refrigeration below 4 K. Production of refrigeration below 4 K has also been achieved by means of a "four-valve" pulse tube as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,335,505 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,952. The first patent describes single stage pulse tubes and the second describes two-stage pulse tubes. Phase shifting is achieved by the timing of opening and closing the valves between the warm ends of the pulse tubes and the lines to and from the compressor relative to the timing of the valves between the warm end of the regenerator and the lines to and from the compressor. U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,952 describes the addition of buffer volumes connected to the warm ends of the two pulse tubes, with fixed orifices in each connecting line.
The valve timing described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,998 has been found to be more effective than the timing described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,952. U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,998 refers to the combination of "four-valve" control, with buffers and fixed orifices, as a "hybrid" pulse tube. It is to be noted that a "fixed" orifice may be adjustable, so that it can be set in a fixed position when the pulse tube is manufactured.
The four-valve pulse tube is more compact than a double-orifice pulse tube because it does not have buffer volumes; however it is less efficient because all of the phase shifting flow comes from the compressor. Most of the phase shifting flow in the double-orifice pulse tube is exchanged between the buffer volumes and the pulse tubes. A hybrid pulse tube is more efficient than a four-valve pulse tube and can have smaller buffer volumes than a double-orifice pulse tube. The buffer volumes can range in size from almost the zero volume of a four-valve pulse tube to almost the same size as a double-orifice pulse tube would have. Buffer volumes are defined relative to the corresponding pulse tube volumes as a ratio. One of the objects of this invention is to define the volumes for first-stage and second-stage buffers of a two-stage hybrid pulse tube that have been found to provide a good balance between efficiency and size. Another object of this invention is to integrate the buffer volumes into the warm end housing of the pulse tube cold-head assembly.
Some of the concepts that are incorporated in current pulse tube cold-heads are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,620,029. This is an early pneumatically driven GM type expander in which the motion of the displacer is controlled by gas flowing through a fixed orifice between the top of the displacer cylinder and a buffer volume. FIG. 7 of this patent shows a valve motor, in a separate housing, driving a rotary valve, that cycles flow at high pressure from a compressor to a regenerator, then returns it from the regenerator to the compressor at low pressure. The buffer volume is shown in a housing that is separate from the valve motor housing and the valve disc housing. If the displacer were to be removed from the cylinder, the cold-head would become a single orifice pulse tube. In actual practice the buffer volume has been integrated into the valve disc housing as shown in FIG. 1A of U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,997. Many pulse tube patents show the buffer volumes as being separated from the cold head by connecting tubes, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,683, U.S. Pat. No. 5,295,355, U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,998, U.S. Pat. No. 6,343,475 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,434,947.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,378,312 describes a means of integrating one or more buffer volumes, orifices, a valve mechanism, and a valve motor within an integral housing; a housing which has several machined chambers. The pressure oscillation controller, which is usually a rotary valve disk in contact with a valve seat, has to be replaced or repaired when maintenance is needed. This integral configuration has the disadvantage of more difficult maintenance than a cold-head with more direct access to a rotary valve disc.

Compact integrated buffer for pulse tube refrigerator


A system and method are disclosed for very accurately determining a value of a substrate doping density in a metal oxide semiconductor device. A plurality of values of threshold voltage of a device under test are measured using a plurality of different values of source to substrate bias voltage. Then a linear relationship is determined between the plurality of values of threshold voltage and a plurality of different values of an expression that is a function of the source to substrate bias voltage and a function of a surface potential of the device. A very accurate value of the substrate doping density is reiteratively calculated from the linear relationship without assuming that the surface potential of the device has a constant value.

A metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) device is a semiconductor device in which a gate dielectric layer electrically insulates a channel region of a semiconductor body from an overlying gate electrode. The channel region extends between a source region and a drain region of the transistor. The substrate region or the substrate (sometimes referred to as the body) is manufactured having an opposite conductivity type than the source and drain.
The charge carriers for an n-channel MOSFET are electrons. The charge carriers for a p-channel MOSFET are holes. The charge carriers move from the source region through the channel region to the drain region when appropriate voltages are applied to the gate electrode, and to the source region and to the substrate region.
Substrate doping density (designated Na) is a key parameter that affects the on and off states of a MOSFET device. Due to the importance and widespread use of MOSFET devices in the integrated circuit (IC) industry, several prior art methods have been proposed that measure the substrate doping density Na. The measured value of the substrate doping density Na in turn predicts the characteristics and operating performance of the MOSFET devices.
One prior art method is the electromechanical capacitance-voltage method (sometimes referred to as the ECV method). The ECV method is based upon an analysis of the capacitance-voltage characteristics of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitance. The ECV method is described in a book by Dieter K. Schroder entitled "Semiconductor Material Device Characterization", Second Edition, pp. 79-82, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.
The ECV method determines the substrate doping density Na by electrolytically etching the semiconductor between capacitance measurements. However, the ECV method is destructive because it etches a hole in the semiconductor sample. For MOSFET devices, the polysilicon and the gate oxide layers have to be removed before beginning to perform the ECV method. Furthermore, following the well and channel implant procedures, MOSFET devices will often experience additional manufacturing steps such as Lightly Doped Drain (LDD) implant steps and high temperature deposition steps. These additional manufacturing steps make the substrate doping density Na appear to have different values compared to the substrate doping density Na of a MOSFET capacitor.
A second prior art method determines the doping profile in epitaxial layers of semiconductor devices. This method measures the conductivity variation originated from a photocurrent that is generated by a laser beam striking an epitaxial layer of the device. This method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,456,780 issued to Hans P. Kleinknecht on Jun. 26, 1984. However, the Kleinknecht method is inconvenient and inaccurate for MOSFET devices.
A third prior art method for measuring the substrate doping density Na of MOSFET devices utilizes the relationship between MOSFET threshold voltage (VTH) and the source to substrate (body) bias voltage (VSB). For a MOSFET device with a bias voltage VSB applied between the source and the substrate, the threshold voltage VTH is given by the expression:VTH=VTO+λ(√{square root over (VSB+φS)}−√{square root over (φS)})  Eq. (1)
where VTO is the threshold voltage when VSB is zero and where φS is the surface potential. The coefficient λ is the body-bias coefficient that is determined by the expression:
                    λ        =                                            2                                            ɛ                SI                                                          qN                a                                                          C            OX                                              Eq        .                                                    (          2          )
where the expression COX is the gate oxide capacitance. The value of the gate oxide capacitance COX is readily available for the device being tested using well-established capacitance-voltage measurements or inline gate oxide thickness measurements. The substrate doping density is represented by the expression Na. The expression ∈SI represents the permittivity of silicon. The letter q represents the charge of an electron.
A linear relationship exists between the threshold voltage VTH and the expression √{square root over (VSB+φS)}−√{square root over (φS)}. Therefore, the third prior art method is able to obtain a value for the substrate doping density Na by using the following procedure:
1. Measure VTH using different values of VSB.
2. Generate a set of data points of VTH versus
√{square root over (VSB+φS)}−√{square root over (φS)} using an estimated value of φS.
3. Plot the data points on a graph to determine the linear relationship between VTH and √{square root over (VSB+φS)}−√{square root over (φS)}.
4. Draw a best fit straight line through the plotted values of VTH versus the values of √{square root over (VSB+φS)}−√{square root over (φS)}.
5. Calculate the y-intercept VTO and the slope λ.
6. Then calculate the value of the substrate doping density Na by placing the value of λ in Equation (2) and solving Equation (2) for the value of Na.
This third prior art method treats the value of the surface potential φS as a constant. This constant φS is taken to be approximately seven tenths of a volt (0.7 V).
In reality the value of the surface potential φS actually depends upon the value of the substrate doping density Na in accordance with the following relationship:
                              ϕ          S                =                  2                                kT            q                                          ln            (                                          N                a                                            n                i                                      )                                              Eq        .                                                    (          3          )
where the letter k represents the Boltzmann constant, and the letter T represents the temperature, and letter q represents the charge of an electron, and the expression ni represents the intrinsic carrier density in silicon.
The prior art methods that determine the value of the substrate doping density Na by assuming a constant value for the surface potential φS are bound to create erroneous results. This is because the surface potential φS is actually dependent on the value of the substrate doping density Na (as seen in Equation (3)).
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a system and method that is capable of obtaining a precise and accurate measurement of substrate doping density Na in a MOSFET device. In particular, there is a need in the art for a system and a method that can obtain more precise and accurate measurements of substrate doping density Na in a MOSFET device by taking into account the fact that the value of the surface potential φS is not a constant but is dependent on the value of the substrate doping density Na of the MOSFET device.

System and method for determining substrate doping density in metal oxide semiconductor devices


SUMMARY

Along with the increase of the technological development and demand for a mobile device, demand for secondary batteries which are rechargeable and can be small-sized and large-sized rapidly increases. In addition, among secondary batteries, lithium secondary batteries having high energy density and voltage have been commercialized and widely used.
A lithium secondary battery has a structure in which an electrode assembly, in which a porous separator is interposed between electrodes, that is, a positive electrode and a negative electrode, each of which includes an active material coated on a current collector, is impregnated with a lithium salt-containing electrolyte. The electrode is prepared by passing through a mixing step of mixing/dispersing an active material, a binder and a conductive material in a solvent to prepare a slurry, a coating process of coating and drying the slurry onto a current collector in the form of a thin film, and a pressing step of increasing the capacity density of the electrode after the coating step and increase adhesion between the current collector and the active material, thereby forming an electrode-coating layer on a current collector.
Recently, attempts have been made to coat active material layers of mutually different materials as electrodes of a multi-layered structure, or to coat even the active material layer of the same material by changing the size and density of the particles.
For example, the electrode mixture portion in contact with the current collector needs to transfer electrons to the active material farther away from the current collector, and so it is required to have high electron conductivity, whereas the electrode mixture portion far from the current collector is required to have excellent impregnation property of an electrolyte and ionic conductivity with the electrolyte, and should be advantageous in discharging gas that may occur during the charge/discharge process. The above-mentioned problem can be solved through electrodes having a multi-layered structure in which the sizes of particles constituting the active material is different for each layer. In addition, in order to increase the capacity and density of the secondary battery, the electrode can be composed of two active material layers. For example, an electrode has been proposed in which one active material layer is a high power layer so that a fast movement speed of lithium ions can be secured, and another active material layer is formed into a high energy layer to ensure a high energy density.
In the preparation of the electrode with a multi-layered structure as above, conventionally, a method in which a first slurry is coated onto an electrode current collector followed by drying and rolling to form a first active material layer, and a second slurry is coated onto the first active material layer followed by drying and rolling to form a second active material layer was used.
However, in the case of the conventional method, the procedure of moving the electrode current collector including the active material layer along the process line during these steps, or winding for the convenience of storage, or unwinding from the winding to be put into the process is repeated, and in that procedure, there has been a problem that the first active material layer coated and dried onto the electrode current collector or the second active material layer coated and dried onto the first active material layer is detached.
Further, each time each layer is formed, the coating, drying, and rolling processes have to be repeated, and thus a complicated process is required. As the number of layers required becomes larger, the manufacturing process is more complicated.
Further, an intermixing phenomenon in which constituent materials of slurries having an alignment error or flowability that may occur when forming a multi-layered structure are mixed with each other through an interlayer interface has become a problem.
Therefore, there is a need to develop a technology capable of fundamentally solving the above-mentioned problems.

Method of preparing electrode for secondary battery

Abstract: SUMMARY

Abstract: A method of preparing an electrode for a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes the steps of: injecting a first slurry prepared by dissolving a first active material in a first solvent and a second slurry prepared by dissolving a second active material in a second solvent into a single coating device; and coating the first slurry and the second slurry onto a current collector through the single coating device, wherein the first solvent and the second solvent have different physical properties, and form a layered structure of a first layer including the first slurry and a second layer including the second slurry on the current collector, respectively.


Disclosed is an apparatus and method for wirelessly transmitting power to power receivers from a power transmitter. The present disclosure provides a rational search procedure for locations of the power receivers, and provides a function of simultaneously charging multiple receivers using microwave multi-focusing. The wireless power transmission method performed by a power transmitter includes determining angular coordinates of the power transmitter in relation to a position of at least one power receiver; determining a distance between the at least one power receiver and the power transmitter based on the determined angular coordinates by using a focused microwave field; determining a location of the at least one power receiver based on the determined angular coordinates and the distance; and wirelessly transmitting power by focusing the microwave field to the determined location of the at least one power receiver.

The number of portable electronic devices is ever increasing these days.
The electronic devices are typically powered from an external power supply via wired connection. However, it is not practical for the user to always receive power through the wired connection. Since various electronic devices have different power requirements, most of the electronic devices are provided with their own dedicated power supplies. As a result, there exist various kinds of numerous power supplies dedicated to the respective electronic devices.
In the meantime, many portable electronic devices are powered by batteries. Frequent use of the portable electronic devices often makes the batteries easily depleted. However, the use of the batteries will avoid the need for a wired connection to a power supply during the use of the electronic device. Again, however, since the batteries lose their power from the use of the devices, they will need recharging (or replacing). To provide a significantly improved user experience, a power supply for wirelessly supplying power to electronic devices by means of microwaves has been proposed. The microwave power transmission enables wireless power transfer to the electronic devices without requiring any wired connection.
The efficiency of wireless power transmission depends on sizes of the power receiver (RX) and transmitter (TX) and a distance between the RX and the TX. Transmitted microwaves considerably diverge with increasing distance between the TX and the RX. The divergence rate of microwaves is determined by relations between transmitting aperture size, distance, and operating wavelength. To approximately estimate the achievable efficiency, an RX antenna aperture is denoted as DRx, and DTX denotes an equivalent TX aperture size recalculated for the receiver position. The equivalent aperture DTX is determined in such a way to include the main power flux emanating from a TX antenna. The efficiency η of power transmission is proportional to ratio of the square of RX antenna aperture to the square of equivalent TX antenna aperture (η˜DRX2/DTX2). FIGS. 1A and 1B show comparison of power transmission efficiency depending on the distance between TX and RX antennas, the TX antenna being small. Specifically, FIG. 1A shows high efficiency at a short distance between the TX and RX antennas, and FIG. 1B shows low efficiency at a long distance between the TX and RX antennas. More specifically, when the TX antenna is small, the efficiency η of power transmission is high as the distance between the TX and RX antennas becomes short. However, as the distance between the TX and RX antennas increases, the efficiency η of power transmission drops very fast because of intense field divergence.
On the other hand, for a large TX antenna as shown in FIG. 1C, field divergence is lower than that of the small antenna shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Accordingly, with the large TX antenna, the efficiency η of power transmission drops slowly as the distance between the TX and RX antennas increases. It stays on a moderate level even when TX and RX antennas are close to each other (see FIG. 1C). Assessment of the efficiency η of power transmission is based on assumption of divergent electromagnetic waves. As shown in FIGS. 1A through 1C, by providing radiating waves converging from TX to RX, the received power and thus the efficiency η may be sufficiently increased. This effect is referred to as electromagnetic waves focusing phenomena, and may be employed in microwave wireless charging systems.
For effective power transmission from TX to RX antennas, TX system can be provided with information about an RX antenna position relative to TX antenna. One method to obtain this information is to elaborate preliminary RX search by TX system providing a narrow beam of radiated electromagnetic power. If a TX implements beam steering for a nearby RX, there is no difference in received power, because for different scanning angles (e.g., FIGS. 2A and 2B) the receiver absorbs the same rate of microwave power. The TX selects an angle for the maximum received power and scans to find an angular position of the RX, and during the scanning, the RX sends feedback information about the received power. For the most effective power transmission control, the TX system can determine a precise location of the RX based on the feedback information from the RX. However, the received power of the RX is not different for a different scanning angle, it is impossible to determine a precise location of the RX.
Accordingly, at present, the field of wireless power transmission is actively being developed and there are many solutions disclosing different aspects of the issues.
Taking a close look at one of the solutions, a system for providing wireless charging and/or primary power for electronic/electric devices through microwave energy, the microwave energy is focused to a location by a power transmitter having one or more adaptively-phased microwave array emitters. Rectennas within a device to be charged receive and rectify the microwave energy and use it for battery charging and/or for primary power. However, a transmitting unit can have many transceiver modules to operate both in transmitting and receiving modes to detect a receiver unit. During the latter mode, the transmitting unit can operate to detect a phase of a received signal at every element of the antenna array. Moreover, the aforementioned TX design assumes that the system can be able to maintain a single transmitting array element operation mode. The TX architecture is rather complex and can have at least two times more hardware elements than a single-mode transmitting unit. Also, how to simultaneously charge several receiving units may not be provided.
Another power system suggests a TX that transmits a power transmission signal (e.g., microwave signal waves) to create a three-dimensional pocket of energy. At least one RX may be connected to or integrated into electronic devices and may receive power from the pocket of energy. The TX may locate the at least one RX in a three-dimensional space using a communication medium (e.g., Bluetooth technology). The TX generates a waveform to create a pocket of energy around each of the at least one RX. The TX uses an algorithm to direct, focus, and control the waveform in three dimensions. The RX may convert the transmission signals (e.g., microwave signals) into electricity for powering an electronic device. Accordingly, the embodiments for wireless power transmission may allow powering and charging a plurality of electrical devices without wires. However, a search procedure for determining locations of power receivers in relation to the power transmitter is very long and not optimal, as it is based on iterative sorting of all phase states for each TX antenna element. Furthermore, multi-receiver charging can have TX antenna separation on several arrays, which leads to low efficiency of power transmission.

Microwave wireless charger with focusing of microwave field


A gas sensing element having a sample gas chamber into which a sample gas is introduced, and a reference gas chamber into which a reference gas is introduced. A sensor cell detects a specific gas concentration in the sample gas chamber. An oxygen pump cell pump cell pumps oxygen gas from or to the sample gas chamber. An introducing passage includes at least one pinhole provided on a surface of the oxygen pump cell for introducing the measuring gas into the sample gas chamber. The surface of the oxygen pump cell faces an outside of the gas sensing element. And, a porous diffusion resistive layer is provided on the surface of the oxygen pump cell so as to cover a portion corresponding to the introducing passage, thus serving to reduce or eliminate the effects of temperature dependency upon gas sensor output for properly sized and machine pinholes.

The present invention relates to a gas sensing element used in a gas sensor installable in an exhaust gas passage of an internal combustion engine of an automotive vehicle for detecting a specific gas component, such as a NOx gas concentration, contained in the exhaust gas, or an air-fuel ratio sensor incorporated in an air-fuel ratio (A/F) control system of the internal combustion engine, or a sensor for detecting an oxygen gas concentration.
Automotive vehicles exhaust harmful emission gases, such as NOx, HC, CO, that cause serious air pollution. Nowadays, the global warming phenomenon caused by CO2 is a big social problem to be solved.
To prevent air pollution, law regulations have become severe and strict to substantial reduce of harmful emissions exhausted from automotive vehicles and also in detection of deteriorated catalytic converters which may not function to purify the exhaust gases.
To stop the global warming phenomenon, effective countermeasures will include reduction of CO.sub.2, restriction in fuel consumption, and favorable treatment in tax.
In the market of automotive vehicles, reduction of harmful emissions and improvement of fuel economy are main goals to be attained to respond to the requirements from the modern society.
To satisfy such requirements, lean burn engines including direct-injection type engines (injecting fuel directly in a combustion chamber) have been developed as prospective engines having the capability of improving the fuel economy of the gasoline engines.
The lean burn techniques are characterized in that the air-fuel ratio (A/F ratio) is set to be a higher level compared with a stoichiometric (or theoretical) value, i.e., 14.7, of the ordinary engines. In general, shifting of the air-fuel ratio to a higher level increases the NOx amount contained in the exhaust gas. The conventional three-way catalytic converters were chiefly developed to purify the stoichiometric exhaust gases. Thus, it is necessary to develop a new exhaust gas purification system effectively applicable to advanced lean burn techniques.
Meanwhile, there are advanced diesel engines that are electronically controlled. Reduction of NOx gas is also important for the diesel engines. In this respect, development of so-called DeNOx catalytic converter systems will be indispensable for the advanced diesel engines.
To develop the NOx catalyst based purification systems, it is important to accurately control the purification rate of the NOx catalyst or monitor the deterioration of the NOx catalyst. To realize this, it is desirable to directly detect the NOx gas concentration of the exhaust gas.
Unexamined Japanese patent publication No. 64-39545 (No. 1-39545) discloses a gas sensing element that is capable of directly detecting the NOx gas concentration of the exhaust gas. This conventional gas sensing element comprises two sets of cells, each consisting of an oxygen pump cell and a sensor cell. Each oxygen pump cell includes electrodes provided on opposite sides of a solid electrolytic member disposed between a sample gas chamber and an exhaust gas passage. Each sensor cell includes electrodes provided on opposite sides of a solid electrolytic member disposed between the sample gas chamber and a reference gas chamber. The exhaust gas is introduced via an introducing port into sample gas chamber. The NOx gas concentration is detectable by measuring an electric current value between the sensor cells.
FIGS. 9A and 9B are views showing another conventional gas sensing element (for example, disclosed in the Unexamined Japanese patent publication No. 8-271476). A gas sensing element 9 comprises two solid electrolytic members 901 and 902 between which a spacer is interposed. A sample gas chamber is formed in this spacer. The sample gas chamber consists of a first chamber 903 and a second chamber 904.
The sample gas is introduced via an introducing passage 905 into the first chamber 903. An oxygen sensor cell 91 detects the oxygen gas concentration in the first chamber 903. A drive voltage of a first oxygen pump cell 92 is feedback controlled so as to equalize a detected oxygen gas concentration with a predetermined value.
The oxygen sensor cell 91 includes two electrodes 911 and 912 provided on a surface of the solid electrolytic member 902. One electrode 911 is exposed to air in an air introducing passage 907, and the other electrode 912 is exposed to the gas in the first chamber 903. The first oxygen pump cell 92 comprises two electrodes 921 and 922 provided on opposite surfaces of the solid electrolytic member 901. One electrode 921 is exposed to the sample gas, and the other electrode 922 is exposed to the gas in the first chamber 903.
The second chamber 904 communicates with the first chamber 903 via a passage 906. A second oxygen pump cell 93 is provided in the second chamber 904 to discharge the oxygen gas from the second chamber 904. The second oxygen pump cell 93 comprises two electrodes 911 and 932 provided on the surface of the solid electrolytic member 902. The electrode 932, having NOx deoxidizing properties, is exposed to the gas in the second chamber 904.
In the second chamber 904, NOx contained in the exhaust gas is deoxidized and decomposed so as to newly generate oxygen gas. The pump current flowing through the second oxygen pump cell 93 increases or decreases in response to the generated oxygen gas.
The oxygen gas, contained in the sample gas diffusing from the first chamber 903 to the second chamber 904, has a constant concentration. From this fact, it is believed that the increase or decrease of the pump current is dependent on the deoxidization of NOx. In other words, the NOx gas concentration is detectable by measuring the pump current.
However, the introducing passage of the above-described gas sensing element is a pinhole which is usually formed by machining. The pinhole is formed by opening a through hole extending vertically across a sheet serving as a solid electrolytic member.
The gas amount diffusing through the pinhole is dependent on the ambient temperature T. Usually, when the pinhole is formed by machining, the gas diffusion amount is proportional to T.sup.1.75.
For this reason, the output current of the sensor element has temperature dependency. When the exhaust gas temperature changes in a wide range, a significant measuring error will be caused.
This is a common problem raised in gas sensor elements which are used for detecting the concentration of specific gas components, such as O.sub.2, HC and CO, involved in the sample gas.

Gas sensing element and a method for measuring a specific gas concentration


A unique method and apparatus processes and validates Manchester-coded data transmitted on a communications channel and containing a synchronization word and a data word including a plurality of data bits and coded according to a predetermined BCH error correcting code. Each data bit has a binary state determined by a left half non-return-to zero (NRZ) bit sample and a right half NRZ bit sample. The method for processing such data includes the steps of receiving a data word from the communications channel; checking the right half NRZ bit samples of the received data word according to the predetermined error correcting code to detect the number of erroneous bits (810); error correcting the right half NRZ bit samples of the received data word according to the predetermined error correcting code if the number of erroneous bits is less than a first predetermined number (814); comparing the left half NRZ bit samples to the error-corrected right half NRZ bit samples of the received data word to determine the number of data bits that are in error (824); and discarding the received data word if it has more than a second predetermined number of data bits that are in error (830). The novel method may be used in processing data communications in any suitable system, such as, for example, data communications in cellular radio telephone systems.

The present invention relates generally to data communications, and more particularly to an improved method and apparatus for detecting errors in data communications, such as, for example, data communications in cellular radio telephone systems.
Radio telephone systems provide telephone service to handheld portables and vehicular mobiles by means of radio base stations, microcellular base stations, and control terminals coupled to telephone company phone system (TELCO) by telephone landlines. Such systems may also include cordless base stations located in a home or building and coupled to a telephone landlines for providing local telephone service when in the home or building (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,230). In such radio telephone systems, telephone calls are typically originated and terminated by means of data communications over dedicated signalling radio channel. Such data communications consist of one or more frames containing a synchronization word and a data word or message transmitted individually or in multiword packets. The synchronization word is selected to be a unique sequence of bits for defining the beginning of the following data word. In US cellular telephone systems, the data communications on the signalling radio channels is Manchester encoded and transmitted at a 10 kilo-bit rate. The format of the synchronization word and data words for US cellular telephone systems is specified in Electronic Industries Associates Standard EIA-553.
Since radio signals are subject to interference and fading, bit errors may be introduced during transmission and reception of the data. In order to detect the presence of bit errors, parity bits are typically included with each frame of data. If the parity bits indicate that a received data word has an error, the data word may be discarded. The parity bits may also be coded to allow correction of one or more erroneous bits using any of a number of coding schemes, such as, for example, a Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem coding scheme. Then, if one of more bits of the received data word are erroneous, the erroneous bits may be corrected using the parity bits. However, it is possible that correcting a received data word may transform it into a valid data word different from that which was transmitted. Bit errors may also result in false synchronization and processing of a meaningless data word.
Problems introduced by bit errors may be reduced by increasing the number of bits in the synchronization word, increasing the number of parity bits, or correcting fewer bit errors. However, increasing the number of bits in a frame decreases data throughput, and correcting fewer bits causes more data words to be discarded. Accordingly, there is a need for an improved method and apparatus for detecting and correcting errors in radio data communications for cellular radio telephone systems.

Error detecting method and apparatus for data communications


A dust removal arrangement for a turning bar in folders for printing machines has the turning bar surrounded by several suction chambers which, when viewed in cross-sectional, are arranged in a semicircular manner successively in parallel to the turning bar axis as well as in the moving direction of the paper, at least in the area of one of the lateral edges of the paper moving path. Discharge electrodes, has a d.c. voltage applied and are arranged at the paper inlet in the front area of the first suction chamber and at the paper outlet in the area behind the last suction chamber opposite the turning bar.

The present invention relates to an arrangement for removing dust from turning bars in folders for printing machines and more particularly, to a dust removal arrangement in which one or more suction chambers are provided in the area of one of the two lateral edges of a paper web and discharge electrodes are arranged at the paper inlet.
Folders used, for example, for printing machines have turning bars by which the moving direction of the paper webs passing through is reversed. By virtue of ventilated turning bars, the cutting dust carried along at the cutting edges is repelled an deposited both by the blowing air of the turning bar and the centripetal acceleration. As a result, dust formation impairs the operation of the whole folder and, up to now, has made it necessary to clean the folder mechanically at certain time intervals.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an arrangement for removing dust which occurs during cutting widths of material in printing machines which makes mechanical cleaning unnecessary.
The foregoing object of the present invention has been achieved by providing an arrangement in which, at least in the area of one of two lateral edges of the paper web, one or more chambers are provided, each extending in the same direction as the turning bar, and one or more individually arranged one behind the other in a curved manner, in the moving direction of the paper, around a portion of the turning bar, with discharge electrodes arranged at the paper inlet in the area in front of a first suction chamber and at the paper outlet in the area behind the last suction chamber on the side of the paper web not having the turning bar.
According to a presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least in the area of one of the lateral edges of the paper web at which a dust removal is to take place, the turning bar, as viewed in cross-section, has a semicircular portion surrounded by several suction chambers. The suction chambers may also be arranged, however, so that, in respective pairs, they cover the two lateral edges of the paper web. When creation of a large amount of dust is expected, suction chambers may also be arranged over the entire width of the paper web.
A high d.c. voltage is applied to discharge electrodes arranged at the paper inlet and at the paper outlet in which case the turning bar, preferably with respect to this d.c. voltage, may be grounded or insulated by an appropriately sized bleeder resistor. Because of the low dust formation, the danger of an explosion caused by dust is thereby reduced.
As a result of the semicircular arrangement of the suction chambers, as viewed in cross-section, the dust particles which are thrown off tangentially during rotation around the turning bar are sucked away. The suction effect can be further improved when the turning bar is rigid and hollow and, at least in the angle of wrap of the paper web, has a perforation to which compressed gas or compressed air is supplied by way of the interior of the hollow turning bar. This compressed gas or compressed air is then sucked off by the suction chambers. This arrangement has the advantage that an air cushion is generated on the turning bar over which the paper web "floats" when it moves over the turning bar. In addition, the rotation of the paper web around the turning bar is improved because it exercises a suction effect on the paper web, while the air cushion reduces the frictional forces. The high air current formed at the edges of the paper web promotes the suction effect during the dust removal.
A further feature of the present invention includes the space between the paper inlet and the paper outlet being constructed as a suction chamber. As a result, the dust particles occurring between the webs and the dust particles deposited on the rear side of the turning bar because of turbulence are also sucked off.
The suction chambers which surround the turning bar in a semicircular arrangement, as viewed in cross-section, and which are connected with a suction device, such as a pump, at their sides facing the paper web or the turning bar, are bounded, at their sides facing the paper web or the turning bar, by a plurality of roller-shaped boundary elements which are arranged at such distances from one another that sufficient space remains between them for the passage of the sucked-off dust particles. Roller-shaped boundary elements have proved to be particularly effective for this purpose because they offer fewer points of attachment for deposition of the dust particles to be sucked off. The suction chamber disposed in the space between the paper inlet and the paper outlet, at its side facing the turning bar, may be bounded at least partially by the roller-shaped boundary elements.

Arrangement for removing dust in folders for printing machines


An image capture apparatus includes: an image capture optical system; a rotary device rotatable from an initial position in a first direction and rotatable from the initial position in a second direction; a protective cover that performs an opening action to expose (uncover) the image capture optical system in response to rotation of the rotary device from the initial position in the first direction, and that performs a closing action to cover the image capture optical system in response to rotation of the rotary device from the initial position in the second direction; and an energizing member that returns the rotary device to the initial position.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image capture apparatus provided with a lens protective cover (barrier) for covering an image capture lens.
2. Description of the Related Art
Compact cameras having a barrier mechanism for protecting a lens surface during storage and travel have been well-received. Conventionally, such cameras have various commercially practical designs and mechanisms.
FIG. 18 shows an example of such a conventional camera. As shown in FIG. 18, the camera generally includes a camera body having a front cover 21, a barrier cover 22, a picture-taking lens 23, a stroboscope 24 that emits light toward a subject when a picture is taken of the subject under low light conditions, a view finder window 25 for viewing the subject, and a shutter button 26. The barrier cover 22 is attached to the front cover 21 by mating mounting hooks 22a, 22b with groove rails 21a, 21b, respectively, whereby the barrier cover 22 may slide back and forth across the front cover 21.
In a picture taking operation, the photographer first manually slides the barrier cover 22 from right to left, as shown in FIG. 18, to an open position, thereby exposing the picture-taking lens 23 and the view finder window 25. After optionally performing various focus and exposure operations, a picture is taken by depressing the shutter button 26. After the picture taking operation is completed, the photographer slides the barrier cover 22 back from left to right, as shown in FIG. 18, thereby covering the image capture lens and the view finder window 25. The camera is thus ready for storage, with the picture-taking lens 23 and the view finder window 25 covered for protection from inadvertent impact, contact and environmental elements.
This conventional arrangement has several drawbacks. The lens must be arranged close to a side end surface of the camera body (for example, the right side end surface as shown in FIG. 18) in order to maintain a desired compact camera body; that is, it is not possible to locate a large lens at or near the center of the camera body and still provide sufficient room for sliding the barrier cover to an open position. Since the movement range of the barrier cover takes up a large space, protrusions and other structural elements, such as a grip, and other emblems or marks, cannot be conveniently arranged on the front cover of the camera. The location of the view finder window and stroboscope also are subject to significant restrictions. The large sliding motion of the barrier cover may be onerous, and typically has a feeling of poor agility. Finally, the sliding motion of the barrier cover cannot be used to perform repetitive switching functions, whereby the barrier cover is likely to serve only the function of opening and closing so as to expose and cover the picture-taking lens, and optionally the view finder window and/or stroboscope.
The barrier cover 22 also is aesthetically unappealing. The barrier cover generally has a reduced thickness, to reduce its size and weight and facilitate the sliding operation. When the photographer slides the barrier cover over the large sliding range, as discussed above, the thin side surface and the inside of the cover become fully exposed to view. This construction makes the camera appear cheap, and gives the camera a feeling of poor precision. This also exposes a large area of the camera body inside the barrier cover to undesirable external elements, such as sand, dust and other foreign matter. In such construction, the picture-taking lens also is exposed to greater risk of fingerprints due to contact with the photographer""s fingers associated with increased handling. Finally, the large size of the barrier cover makes it prone to inadvertent opening, for example, during storage and travel; such inadvertent opening is undesirable and may result in damage to the barrier cover, the picture-taking lens, the view finder window or the stroboscope.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an image capture apparatus which has excellent design flexibility and decency and which is provided with a lens protective cover capable of effectively improving functionality, usability, etc.
In order to achieve the aforementioned object, one aspect of the present invention is an image capture apparatus including a protective cover for opening and closing the front of an image capture optical system, a rotary device which brings the aforementioned protective cover into an opening action by rotating from the initial position in a first direction and which brings the aforementioned protective cover into a closing action by rotating from the aforementioned initial position in a second direction, and an energizing member for returning the aforementioned rotary device to the aforementioned initial position.
Another aspect of the present invention is an image capture apparatus including a protective cover for opening and closing the front of an image capture optical system, a rotary device which brings the aforementioned protective cover into an opening action by rotating from the initial position in a first direction and which brings the aforementioned protective cover into a closing action by rotating from the aforementioned initial position in a second direction, and a control device which brings the aforementioned image capture apparatus into an activated condition in response to rotation of the aforementioned rotary device in the aforementioned first direction and which sequentially switches the action mode to different action modes in response to each rotation of the aforementioned rotary device in the aforementioned first direction while the aforementioned image capture apparatus is in an activated condition.
Further objects, aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.

Image capture apparatus having multi-function rotary device and protective cover


The present invention relates to a combine header transport having a wheeled chassis with front and rear axle units, at least one longitudinally extended rail interconnecting the axle units, and a second rail spaced transversely from the first rail to support the combine header during transport, the improvement comprising interconnecting at least one end of the first rail to one of the axles in a manner to allow the one axle to oscillate relative to the first rail thereby allowing the wheels to be more evenly loaded when the unit is traversing uneven roads.

In order to provide safe and reliable transport of combines on highways, the header of a combine is detached therefrom and carried on transports of a trailer type such that the longer axis of the header is supported longitudinally upon the transport. The transports are of a size to carry a grain platform of up to 15 feet and a corn head of up to six rows.
Although header transports are comprised of various structural arrangements, each includes a chassis having a front and rear axle, a wheel mounted at each axle end, one or more frame members interconnecting the axles, a lower rest bar also interconnecting the axles, a raised upper rest bar disposed parallel to the lower rest bar, and mechanisms for adjustably raising and lowering the upper rest bar. This arrangement, plus the provision of a number of header rest brackets adjustably mounted on the lower rest bar enables this generic-type header to support most, if not all, headers and grain platforms of known size and shape.
Due, nevertheless, to the normally elevated nature of the upper rest bar, relative to the lower rest bar, the provision of evenly loading the wheels is important, particularly when the transport is traveling over an uneven road. The fixed nature of the chassis works against such even loading due to its rigidity; thus it is to this area of the conventional transport that this invention is directed.

Combine header transport oscillation frame


A method, system and apparatus for managing persona-based notifications at a communication device are provided. A port is dynamically assigned to an application on the basis of a persona at a communication device, the application enabled to receive notifications from a given provider. The port is registered with a server to receive the notification. The port is opened to receive notifications associated with the persona for the application from the server.

The evolution of computers is currently quite active in the mobile device environment. It is now well-known to including calendaring, contacts, and messaging functions in mobile devices. More recently, there has been a veritable explosion of the number and type of applications that are configured to the unique form factors and computing environments of mobile devices.
In particular mobile devices are increasingly enabled to operate using personas corresponding to one or more of different user credentials, log-in credentials, persona identifiers and the like. When a given persona is active at a mobile device, it is configured to operate in given manner associated with the given persona. For example, a mobile device can be enabled to operate with a "Corporate" persona and a "Consumer" persona, with the mobile device configured to operate differently in each persona, for example receive email, messages etc., for a given identifier associated with the persona (e.g. a corporate email address for the "Corporate" persona and personal email address for the "Consumer" persona), and have respective calendars associated with each persona, and the like. An outstanding issue with personas, however, is that applications at mobile devices are generally independent of personas with regard to notifications; hence applications notifications are received independent of persona, which inherently defeats the purpose of personas, when subscribed notifications for one persona are provided while another persona is active.

Method, system and apparatus for managing persona-based notifications at a communication device


This invention pioneers an enhanced crawling mechanism and technique called “Enhanced Browser Based Web Crawling”. It permits the fault-tolerant gathering of dynamic data documents on the World Wide Web (WWW). The Enhanced Browser Based Web Crawler technology of this invention is implemented by incorporating the intricate functionality of a web browser into the crawler engine so that documents are properly analyzed. Essentially, the Enhanced Browser Based Crawler acts similarly to a web browser after retrieving the initially requested document. It then loads additional or included documents as needed or required (e.g. inline-frames, frames, images, applets, audio, video, or equivalents.). The Crawler then executes client side script or code and produces the final HTML markup. This final HTML markup is ordinarily used for the rendering for user presentation process. However, unlike a web browser this invention does not render the composed document for viewing purposes. Rather it analyzes or summarizes it, thereby extracting valuable metadata and other important information contained within the document. Also, this invention introduces the integration of optical character recognition (OCR) techniques into the crawler architecture. The reason for this is to enable the web crawler summarization process to properly summarize image content (e.g. GIF, JPEG or an equivalent) without errors.

Database systems store enormous amounts of information that can be accessed by users for identification and retrieval of valuable documents that contain data, text, audio and video information. A typical example of a database system 100 is shown in FIG. 1. Information processing units 101a to 101n can be any of the following: personal computers (DOS, WINDOWS or Macintosh, Linux machines), workstations, a client, a dumb terminal or equivalent. Hub processing units 102a to 102y can be any of the following: a server, a master, a database controller or equivalent. Network (100) can be any of the following: a token ring network, a star network, a telecommunication switching network, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a corporate intranet, the Internet or equivalent. Information processing units 101a to 101n are in communication with hub processing units 102a to 102y via network 100. The sharing of data across network 100 is accomplished by computer search programs 103a to 103x operating in conjunction with the hub processing units 102a to 102y. The search programs can be located on the hub processing units themselves or on another processing units that are not shown. In addition, a user employs a graphical user interface (GUI) 104a to 104n that permits him or her to submit search queries across network 100 to the hub processing units.
Upon reception of the search query, the hub processing units forward the request to the search programs 103a to 103x for completion of the transaction. As is well known, search programs provide Boolean Operators (AND, OR NOT) to help build more sophisticated queries in order to narrow down the search result set. These Boolean Operators are used to provide the various permutations to the search programs 103a to 103x which uses these to locate pertinent documents. Once in possession of the search query, the search programs compare the requested search parameters against documents stored in databases 105a to 105z. Finding words or phrases that compare favorably with the search query, the search programs return a list of relevant documents to the information processing units 101a to 101n as well as library information such as type of document, location and highlighted words or phrases indicating the flags that caused the search program to retrieve the particular document. Finally, the search results are loaded into the graphical user interface GUI 104a to 104n for the user's review.
The search programs 103a to 103x used to return the search results in FIG. 1 are commonly referred to as "web crawlers". Today's web crawling methodologies are already able to retrieve heterogeneous, static content from the World Wide Web (WWW). However, as more and more designers use dynamically generated content in their web-based documents, existing crawling techniques are not always capable of retrieving the data correctly. Known Enhanced Crawling architectures are able to simulate user interaction; thus, these enable automatic crawling of web sites that dynamically generate their data and associate data with session information.
Referring now to the flow diagram 200 of FIG. 2, a typical web crawler performs two main operations in order to execute the crawling process; namely, the access—retrieval of a document (202) and then the analysis phase of the document, also called the summarization process (204). Whereas today's web crawler might be able to access a dynamically generated document correctly (e.g., a document generated through Active Server Pages, Perl Script or an equivalent), the summarization process will fail or produce flawed results if the document itself contains executable client side software code. The reason for this is that the client side software code (e.g., JavaScript, VBScript, or equivalent) is targeted to be executed and interpreted within a web browser's scripting engine. Eventually the code will be replaced with content, or the code produces content. Web designers often make use of this feature to dynamically create content on the client side; examples of this can include computation results which are originated based on some user input, or specific text based on the client's web browser version used or some other such equivalent. More generally, dynamic documents rely on a web browser's capabilities to:    a) retrieve additional documents (206) as needed (frames, in-line images, audio, video, applets, or equivalents) or required;    b) execute client side script (208) and code (JavaScript or equivalents);    c) furnish a fault tolerant HTML filter to recognize various HTML standards and interpret HTML markup errors; unscramble content that a web designer has purposefully scrambled in order to thwart crawling and other programmatic analysis methods; thereby produce a final HTML markup (210); and    e) integrate all these previously obtained results to render (212) the document for presentation to a user (214).As one can see the information unit 101a to 101n side web browsing 104a to 104n process can become very complicated and convoluted. That's the reason why it's not a trivial task to implement a decent web browser. Further, there are additional problems involved in this implementation. As an example, a web browser has to achieve fault tolerance in regard to the underlying HTML used to create a document. First, there are many different HTML versions and standards currently available. Second, human error is introduced into the document when individuals do not correctly compose HTML markup. They forget brackets, use the wrong syntax, arguments, parameters or other such errors that necessitate a fault-tolerant browser. Therefore, there is a need for a fault-tolerant web crawler that does not fail when summarizing dynamic documents.
Further, today's web designers often make intensive use of images and image maps to represent text data in documents. Some of these documents consist only of images and the images themselves contain all the textual data and other information in the document. However, standard web crawlers will not be able to summarize such a document. Therefore, there is a need for a web crawler that can interpret and summarize textual and other information contained within the body of a web-based image document.
In summary, a web browser has to execute a complicated algorithmic process in order to eliminate the problems previously described; this complex algorithmic process enables the browser to present and render a document in the manner that the web document composer intended it to be displayed. A web browser's functionality is similar to that of a multi-tasking management component which has to coordinate several tasks to yield an effective end product. The web browser must coalesce information from a variety of sources to produce the final HTML code which will be rendered and displayed.

System and method for enhanced browser-based web crawling

International Business Machines Corporation


Dithienobenzo-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-copolymers of the formula (I) wherein: pi is a monocyclic or polycyclic moiety optionally substituted with 1-4 Ra groups, wherein Ra, at each occurrence, is independently hydrogen or a) a halogen, b) —(CN, c) —NO2, d) oxo, e) —OH, f) ═C(Rb)2; g) a C1-20 alkyl group, h) a C2-20 alkenyl group, i) a C2-20 alkynyl group, j) a C1-20 alkoxy group, k) a C1-20 alkylthio group, l) a C1-20 haloalkyl group, m) a —Y—C3-10 cycloalkyl group, n) a —Y—C6-14 aryl group, o) a —Y-3-12 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, or p) a —Y-5-14 membered heteroaryl group, wherein each of the C1-20 alkyl group, the C2-20 alkenyl group, the C2-20 alkynyl group, the C3-10 cycloalkyl group, the C6-14 aryl or haloaryl group, the 3-12 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and the 5-14 membered heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with 1-4 Rb groups; Y, at each occurrence, is independently a divalent C1-6 alkyl group, a divalent C1-6 haloalkyl group, or a covalent bond; and R1, R2, R3, at each occurrence, are independently H, a halogen, CN, a C1-30 alkyl group, a C2-30 alkenyl group, a C1-30 haloalkyl group, a C2-30 alkynyl group, a C1-30 alkoxy group, a C(O)—C1-20 alkyl group, a C(O)—OC1-20 alkyl group, a Y—C3-10 cycloalkyl group, a —Y-3-12 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, each optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents selected from a halogen, —CN, a C1-6 alkyl group, a C1-6 alkoxy group, and a C1-6 haloalkyl group, -L-Ar1, -L-Ar1—Ar1, -L-Ar1—R4, or -L-Ar1—Ar1—R4 and Y, at each occurrence, is independently a divalent C1-6 alkyl group, a divalent C1-6 haloalkyl group, or a covalent bond; n=0, 1, 2; and o=1-1000.

The present invention relates to dithienobenzo-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-copolymers and their use as high performance solution processable semiconducting polymer.
The formidable building block for the development of (micro)electronics during the second one-half of the 20th century is the field-effect transistor (FET) based on inorganic electrodes, insulators, and semiconductors. These materials have proven to be reliable, highly efficient, and with performance that increases periodically according to the well-known Moore's law. Rather than competing with conventional silicon technologies, an organic FET (OFET) based on molecular and polymeric materials may find large scale applications in low-performance memory elements as well as integrated optoelectronic devices, such as pixel drive and switching elements in active-matrix organic light-emitting diode displays, RFID tags, smart-ID tags, and sensors.
As a result of the development of several conductive or semiconductive organic polymers, the application of those as active layer, thus the semiconductor, in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) has gained increasing attention.
The use of organic semiconductors in OTFTs has some advantages over the inorganic semiconductors used to date. They can be processed in any form, from the fiber to the film, exhibit a high mechanical flexibility, can be produced at low cost and have a low weight. The significant advantage is, however, the possibility of producing the entire semiconductor component by deposition of the layers from solution on a polymer substrate at atmospheric pressure and temperature, for example by printing techniques, such that inexpensively producible FETs are obtained.
The performance of the electronic devices depends essentially on the mobility of the charge carriers in the semiconductor material and the ratio between the current in the on-state and the off-state (on/off ratio). An ideal semiconductor therefore has a minimum conductivity in the switched-off state and a maximum charge carrier mobility in the switched-on state (mobility above 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 on/off ratio above 102). In addition, the semiconductor material has to be relatively stable to oxidation, i.e. has to have a sufficiently high ionization potential, since its oxidative degradation reduces the performance of the component.
EP 1 510 535 A1 describes polythieno(2,3-b)thiophenes which have a mobility of 3·10−3 or 1.7·10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on/off ratios of about 106. WO2006/094645 A1 describes polymers which have one or more selenophene-2,5-diyl and one or more thiophene-2,5-diyl groups, while WO 2006/131185 discloses polythieno(3,4-d)thiazoles, and US 2005/0082525 A1 discloses benzo(1,2-b,4,5-b′)dithiophenes.
WO2007/105386 discloses homo- and copolymers of substituted benzo[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene having the following repeating units:
and having weight average molecular weights of up to 105 g/mol. Both reported materials show charge carrier mobilities in the range of 10−5 to 10−3 cm2/Vs.
Furthermore a copolymer with bisthiophene
was reported which had only a weight average molecular weight of 4100 g/mol. This material showed only very poor performance in a field effect transistor (mobility: 1.6×10−5, on/off ratio: 100).
It is an object of the present invention to provide novel compounds for use as organic semiconductor materials, which are easy to synthesize, have high mobilities, a good stability, and can be processed readily.

Dithienobenzo-thieno[3,2-B]thiophene-copolymer and its use as high performance solution processable semiconducting polymer

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften e.V.


A method for linking between a first information communication device and a second information communication device in wireless communication. The method includes transmitting, by the first information communication device executing any one of a station function and an access point function of wireless communication, information for a connection to the second information communication device executing the other function and storing, by the second information communication device, received information. The method also includes requesting, by the first information communication device, the second information communication device to transmit the information and storing, by the first information communication device, the received information.

It has been needed heretofore to set up an SSID (Service Set IDentifier) and an encryption key of an access point (hereinafter referred to as "AP") (or a router with a built-in AP) in an information processing device in order for the information processing device to connect to the AP of a wireless LAN. The technologies of AOSS (AirStation One-Touch Secure System) and WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) are known as a technology for simplifying work on this setting (hereinafter also referred to as setup).
In AOSS, encryption keys are exchanged between an information processing device and an AP by use of an original encryption technology thereof upon setup to connect between devices and to perform security settings. If the information processing device temporarily connects with the AP at an early stage of the setup, the AP transmits an SSID of the same value shared with other APs to the information processing device, and the information processing device sets the received SSID to perform a setup process. Moreover, the information processing device receives from the AP an SSID automatically generated by the AP according to the setup to set the received SSID. The information processing device connects to the AP with the SSID under normal operation to perform data communication.
In WPS, the information processing device receives an SSID automatically generated by the AP and an encryption key upon setup to set the received SSID and encryption key. The information processing device connects to the AP with the SSID and encryption key under normal operation to perform data communication.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2002-159053    Patent Document 2: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2005-117247
However, in the conventional AOSS and WPS, the information processing device sets an SSID and an encryption key of an AP in the device itself to connect to the AP.

Non-transitory computer readable storage medium, information communication device and method


A touch terminal, an active stylus detection method, and a system are disclosed. The method includes the following steps: separately scanning, by a touch screen controller, multiple pieces of noise information on multiple operating frequencies of an active stylus of a touch screen; determining, by the touch screen controller, a target operating frequency according to the multiple pieces of noise information; and sending, by the touch screen controller, the target operating frequency to the active stylus, and adjusting an operating frequency of the active stylus to the target operating frequency, so that the active stylus and the touch screen operate jointly at the target operating frequency. In the method, the touch screen controller scans noise information on multiple operating frequencies of the active stylus, so as to determine a target operating frequency of the active stylus, so that the active stylus operates at the target operating frequency.

Capacitive touch screens have become standard input devices for mobile electronic devices. Controllers for driving capacitive touch screens generally have a frequency hopping function. Active styluses have gradually appeared on the market in recent two years. For example, HTC, Ntrig, and Goodix all have launched their active stylus products. An active stylus needs to be used with a capacitive touch screen. FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a touch screen. As shown in FIG. 1, the main components are two sheets of glass. The upper glass is a Coverlens that serves as a touch surface and also has a protection function. The lower layer of glass is a sensor substrate, with driving electrodes and sensing electrodes distributed on an upper surface, and a shielding layer (optional) distributed on a lower surface. The two sheets of glass are usually attached together by means of an ultraviolet (UV) adhesive or an optical clear adhesive (OCA). A flexible printed circuit (FPC) with a capacitive touch screen control integrated circuit (IC) and a peripheral circuit is bonded to the driving and sensing electrodes.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of Driving & Sensor electrodes that form a vertical intersection matrix structure. As shown in FIG. 2, a capacitive touch screen subsystem needs to detect a touch of a hand and a touch of an active stylus. The two types of detection correspond to different modes. When a finger touch operation is detected, as shown in FIG. 3, the driving electrodes generate a driving signal, and the sensing electrodes receive the driving signal. When the active stylus is detected, as shown in FIG. 4, the driving electrodes are connected to a sensing circuit unit through a multiplexing circuit, the sensing electrodes are also connected to the sensing circuit unit through the multiplexing circuit, and the driving electrodes and the sensing electrodes occupy the sensing circuit unit in different time periods.
An existing system composed of an active stylus and a capacitive screen employs only one-way communication from the active stylus to the capacitive touch screen, and cannot implement communication from the capacitive touch screen to the active stylus.
Such communication mode causes various problems to the application of the active stylus. For example, interference of different frequencies, typically liquid crystal display (LCD) interference, exists on different mobile products. A solution in the prior art is that for a specific customer project, an active stylus pre-appoints a frequency f without interference as an operating frequency of the stylus. Taking two projects as an example, it is possible that the stylus of project 1 needs to operate at frequency f1, while the stylus of project 2 needs to operate at frequency f2. In this way, stylus produced by even one manufacturer cannot be used universally, bringing a lot of inconvenience to the producer and users. An existing practice is that a stylus may generate different frequencies according to a user's selection, for example, selection made by the user through a key. For example, the operating frequency is switched once by pressing one key until the touch screen normally responds to the operation of the active stylus. Such practice alleviates the problem to a certain degree but still requires user intervention.

Determining touch terminal and active stylus target operating frequency according to noise information


A component connection between a first component and a second component involves the first component having a fold that at least sections of an edge region of the second component engage, and at least sections of the components being bonded to one another by an adhesion agent in the region of the fold. An end region of the fold is shaped in such a way that a distance between the first and second components increases towards the end region, so that a funnel-shaped, outward-opening gap is formed between the two components, in which the surfaces of the two components are either joined to each other by the adhesion agent or provided with a coating across their entire surface area.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a component connection between a first component and a second component, the first component having a fold which at least sections of an edge region of the second component engage, and at least sections of the components being bonded to one another by an adhesion agent in the region of the fold.
A fold, as for example used in sheet metal joints, involves an indentation or fold of a first part, which is engaged by an edge or projection of a second part to be joined to the first part. Depending on loading and application, folds of different designs are possible, including single or double folds, vertical or horizontal folds or covering folds. When joining sheet metal parts, the durability of the fold is primarily determined by the compression with which the fold seam is closed.
To protect a folded connection against external influences, folded connections are in the automotive industry often provided with a PVC seam seal, irrespective of the materials used for the components. This effectively prevents corrosion in the region of the seam. If the components to be joined are made of aluminum, however, the seam seal can be omitted, in particular if the fold is completely filled with an adhesion agent, e.g. an adhesive. However, the complete filling of the fold with an adhesion agent has the disadvantage that it usually involves considerable expense in terms of component and/or plant cleaning. This is mainly due to the fact that any surplus adhesion agent has to be removed without leaving a residue.
Alternative strategies in motor vehicle production involve the complete omission of seam seals and the acceptance of the risk of corrosion or the use of complex painting processes.
With regard to the sheet metal components used in the automotive industry, a further factor to be taken into account is that they are usually covered by a layer of paint which is produced by cathodic dip painting (CDP). With this type of component coating, it is vitally important that the entire surface of the components, in particular the sheet metal components, is completely covered by the CDP coating.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are directed to a component connection involving a fold in which the adhesion agent is applied without any significant contamination of the visible surfaces of the components and the manufacturing plant. At the same time, complete coating should be possible, in particular by CDP coating, even in the region of the fold end. The folded connection reliably avoids any corrosion of the components irrespective of the omission of a seam seal.
According to the invention, a component connection between a first component and a second component, the first component having a fold which at least sections of an edge region of the second component engage, and at least sections of the components being bonded to one another by an adhesion agent in the region of the fold, is such that an end region of the fold is shaped in such a way that a distance between the first and second components increases towards the end region, so that a funnel-shaped, outward-opening gap is formed between the two components, in which the surfaces of the two components are either joined to each other by the adhesion agent or provided with a coating across their entire surface area.
In accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the end region of the fold is shaped such that the adhesion agent can be applied in a simple way while ensuring that the surfaces of the first and second components that surround the funnel- or wedge-shaped gap and that are not covered by the adhesion agent are provided with a coating that covers their entire surface. The end region of the fold is preferably deformed in such a way that the sheet metal end of the first component is offset by bending or folding.
The component connection according to the invention thereby represents a special type of fold formation. The special structural fold formation according to the invention allows for a reliable and good filling of the fold with adhesion agent and a proper, full-surface CDP coating. In this way, the fact that a seam seal is no longer required can create savings, irrespective of what material is used for the components. Moreover, the need for further treatment of the components because of potential adhesion agent contamination is avoided.
The adhesion agent applied between the first and second components, one of which has a fold, is preferably an adhesive. Alternatively, a solder can conceivably be used as an adhesion agent.
The end region of a fold formed according to the invention is bent or folded in such a way that the distance between the first and second components increases towards the end region. The result of this design is a wedge- or funnel-shaped opening between the first and second components in the end region of the fold, to which opening an adhesion agent, in particular an adhesive, can be applied in a suitable manner. The adhesive that is used advantageously as an adhesion agent is applied in such a way that the open region between the first and second components is filled with the adhesive on the one hand, while the openly accessible surfaces of the components in the end region of the fold are provided with a CDP coating covering the entire surface on the other hand. This ensures that no adhesive runs out of the edge region of the fold while the whole surface of the components is reliably provided with a CDP coating even in the end region of the fold.
The method according to the invention for producing a component connection by means of a fold can in principle be used for any sheet metals, in particular irrespective of the material used. In accordance with an aspect of the invention the components to be joined are aluminum components, in particular aluminum sheets.
The invention is described in greater detail below with reference to an embodiment and to the figures without restricting the general inventive idea.

Fold formation of a component connection


Extracting one or more keywords in a claim, including: decomposing an independent claim into a plurality of elements, wherein each element in the plurality of elements has at least one term; constructing a dependency structure from the plurality of elements, wherein each element in the plurality of elements has a depth in the dependency structure; calculating a score using the depth of the element corresponding to the at least one term in the independent claim; and extracting at least one keyword from the at least one term having a score equal to or larger than a predetermined threshold.

The present invention relates to keyword extraction and, more specifically, to an extraction of a keyword in a claim.
Recently, the need for patent analysis is growing. The patent analysis is carried out for the purpose of detecting technical trends, hidden needs, competitors strategies, important technologies, or related patents to the company-owned technologies.
A patent analysis is carried out using text mining techniques, such as Natural Language Processing (NLP) based approaches, semantic analysis based approaches, rules based approached, property-function based approaches, and neural networks based approaches.
Various approaches for the patent analysis are proposed by the following Patent Literatures [1] and [2] and Non-patent Literatures [A] to [I]. However, there is no technique for extracting a keyword from a patent document with a high accuracy.    [1] US 2015/0178272 A1    [2] CN 105426546 A    [A] Toru Takaki et. al., "Associative Document Retrieval by Query Subtopic Analysis and its Application to Invalidity Patent Search", ACM New York, Proceeding CIKM '04 Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management, pp. 399-405, November 2004.    [B] Fu-ren Lin et. al., "The Study of Patent Prior Art Retrieval Using Claim Structure and Link Analysis", PACIS 2010 Proceedings, July 2010.    [C] Assad Abbas, "A literature review on the state-of-the-art in patent analysis", Word Patent Information, Volume 37, pp. 3-13, June 2014.    [D] Akihiko Shinmori et. al., "Rhetorical Structure Analysis of Japanese Patent Claims using Cue Phrases", Proceedings of the third NTCIR Workshop, pp. 69-77, 2013.    [E] Svetlana Sheremetyeva, "Natural Language Analysis of Patent Claims", Proceeding PATENT '03 Proceedings of the ACL-2003 workshop on Patent corpus processing, Volume 20, pp. 66-73, 2003.    [F] Yiqun Chen et. al., "Novel word features for keyword extraction", Web-Age Information Management, Volume 9098 of the series Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 148-160, Jun. 6, 2015.    [G] Manisha Verma et. al., "Applying key phrase extraction to aid invalidity search", Proceeding ICAIL '11 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 249-255, 2011.    [H] Heeyong Noh et. al., "Keyword selection and processing strategy for applying text mining to patent analysis", Expert Systems with Applications, ELSEVIER, Volume 42 (9), pp. 4348-4360, Jun. 1, 2015.    [I] Svetlana. Sheremetyeva et. al., "Generating patent claims from interactive input", Proceedings of the 8th. International Workshop on Natural Language Generation (INLG '96), pp. 61-70, June 1996

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A cover (101) for being located on an infusion device, which cover (101) comprises an upper plate element (103) with an upper face (104) and a lower face (105) oriented towards the upper face of the infusion device, wherein the lower face (105) of the plate element (103) comprises attachment means (106), which means cooperate with elements on the infusion device.

In connection with an infusion device being located on the skin, it is known to shield it; such shielding, however, involving a complete covering of the infusion device and in such a manner that it becomes inaccessible to manipulation from the outside.
One example of this is known for instance from WO 87/06474. This discloses a device that can be strapped to the body over the location of insertion of an intravenous needle to shield the puncture area against contact and for anchoring the tube so that the needle will not be pulled out inadvertently.
However the construction necessitates use of an additional frame for securing the infusion device and also for securing the dome that shields the entire infusion device and is also manufactured to be very voluminous. There is thus a risk of it being torn off during use and, likewise, it prevents access to the infusion device and, furthermore, there is a risk of the adhesive effect ceasing and, likewise, it cannot be expected that adjustments of the shielding are possible as the adhesive effect will cease.

Abstract: Hereby the risk of bacteria and soil collected thereon penetrating into the construction, is reduced considerably, and likewise the cover yields a smoother surface with an ensuing minimisation of the risk of the infusion device being torn off.


A flux based on alkali fluoroaluminate is described which is highly suitable for dry application (xe2x80x9cdry fluxingxe2x80x9d). This is a flux which is free of fine-grained fraction, which is defined by a range of grain-size distribution.

The invention relates to a flux which can be used for dry application, and to the use thereof as a brazing flux.
For many years, it has been known to braze together components of aluminium or aluminium alloys, in particular heat exchangers for the automobile industry, using fluxes based on alkali fluoroaluminate. In such a case, the flux is usually sprayed on to the heat exchangers as an aqueous suspension. In the presence of a brazing composition or of a braze-forming precursor such as silicon powder or potassium fluorosilicate, a stable, non-corrosive compound is formed upon heating the components to a temperature above the melting point of the flux. A process has indeed already been disclosed by published German patent application no. DE-OS 197 49 042 with which the waste water produced in this procedure can be recirculated. However, other process parameters are critical: the concentration of the flux slurry must be monitored, the heat exchangers must be dried before heating, the flux slurries, which are likewise recirculated, may pick up impurities. These disadvantages can be avoided if the flux is applied dry to the components to be joined. This is the case in the dry-flux process. Therein, the dry flux powder is applied to the components electrostatically. The advantage is that no slurries need to be produced, that the concentration of the slurry does not need to be monitored, that it is not necessary to provide a separate drying stage for the components, and that no waste water is produced.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved brazing flux based on alkali fluoroaluminate.
Another object of the invention is to provide a brazing flux which can be conveyed well pneumatically and can be sprayed well in the dry state.
A further object of the invention is to provide a brazing flux which adheres well to components on which it is sprayed and is therefore suitable for the method of dry application (dry fluxing).
These and other objects are achieved in accordance with the present invention by providing an alkali fluoroaluminate flux which can be used for dry application, said flux having a particle volume distribution lying within the area bounded by Curves 1 and 2 of FIG. 10.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, the objects are achieved by providing a process for joining components of aluminium or aluminium alloy, said process comprising applying a flux having a particle volume distribution lying within the area bounded by Curves 1 and 2 of FIG. 10 to the components to be joined, the flux being applied dry and electrostatically charged, and thereafter heating the components to braze them together.
The invention is based on the finding that the particle size or the grain-size distribution of the alkali fluoroaluminate fluxes has an influence on the pneumatic transport, the spraying ability and the adhesive power of the flux particles on the components. It was discovered that it is advantageous if smaller and larger particles are contained in the flux and the ratio thereof is subject to certain rules.
The flux composed of alkali fluoroaluminate according to the invention which can be used for dry application (dry fluxing) is characterised in that the volume distribution of the particles lies substantially within Curves 1 and 2 of FIG. 10. The particle-size distribution was determined by laser diffraction.