A system and method for managing, tracking and recording one or more biological process inputs, outputs and their derived forms is provided. The inputs pertaining to the biological process inputs, outputs and their derived forms are received and processed. The inputs include information related to the biological processes and the biological process inputs, outputs and their derived forms. The inputs further include information related to modifications in the biological process inputs, outputs and their derived forms. The inputs also include outputs of the biological processes. The inputs are processed by modifying the received inputs into a predefined format. Thereafter, the received inputs and processed inputs are stored. The stored inputs are accessed for managing, tracking and recording the biological processes, biological process inputs, outputs and their derived forms.

Biological process outputs, also referred to as biological entities, such as cell lines, proteins, plasmids, antibodies, transgenics and so forth, are used for conducting scientific research. The research is conducted to identify the methods involved in biological processes such as transfection, transduction, cloning, hybridization, adaption, amplification, cloning, characterization, purification and so forth. The methods identified are used for further research and development activities such as purifying, characterizing, expressing, recombining, selecting, tailoring outputs for the development of drugs, therapies to combat disease manifestations and so forth.
The biological process outputs, more specifically the derived forms of biological process outputs, have diverse attributes. Further, the derived forms are typically developed via various multi-stage biological processes. Therefore, managing information associated with the biological process inputs, outputs and their derived forms is effort intensive.
The information related to biological processes is typically captured by researchers on index cards, hand note books, personal computers and so forth, which makes the information siloed and difficult to trace. Further there can be loss of valuable information when captured manually. Furthermore, the information related to the research work, associated biological processes, associated chemical processes and workflows etc. is not effectively captured. Also evidence of successful biological process inputs, outputs and their derived forms lying in freezers, are not easily traceable and hence lost. Therefore, the researchers confront information management issues, which in turn intensify tasks such as recording information, compiling information, associating information, filing an investigational New Drug or new biologic application and so forth.
Research starts by procuring bio-products and allied materials from outside vendors or partners. Owing to the scale, speed, and miniaturization of bio-systems and processes there is an enormous need to grow, spilt, derive the initial amounts and conduct individual processes in context to the hypothesis, so that the products brought from outside further expand into different varieties. Keeping track from the nascent product through the several generations of experiments is absolutely important for scientists. Additionally, these products are applied to a range of processes and often put to reuse and repurpose in context to the biological test performed on them. Hence, tracking of information related to the conducted research such as tracking information related to attributes of identified biological process inputs, outputs, properties of identified batches of biological outputs, lineage of biological process outputs and so forth is not efficiently performed when the information is captured manually. Deducing inferences based on the captured information therefore might lead to generation of erroneous information and loss of valuable information.
Biological process inputs, outputs can be procured, e.g. a cell line is procured to constitutively generate a protein, or a hybridoma is procured to develop an antibody. Biological processes involve physical transactions such as biological process output procurement, storage of one or more biological process outputs in freezers, depletion of biological process outputs, splits, merge, audit samples and so forth. Manually capturing information related to the inventory of biological process outputs and their derived forms used in the physical transactions is effort intensive and error prone.
Information captured for various biological processes is used for further research and development work. Collaboration of information captured in various biological processes which include trigger of events from one lab to another, notifying a specific group on sample availability, sharing performance of bio-process data with one or more groups, etc. These are not effectively performed and are typically absent when information is captured and shared manually.
Consequently, there is need for a system and a method for efficiently managing information related to biological processes. Also, the system should enable collaboration and cross referencing information of related biological process inputs, outputs and their derived forms. Further, the system should enable efficient searching, retrieving and tracking of biological process inputs, outputs and their derived forms. In addition, the system should enable efficient inventory management of biological process inputs, outputs and their derived forms. Further, the system should enable capturing of information from various information sources of molecular, cellular, structural, immunological, pharmacological and clinical information. Moreover, the system should enable generation of scanned reports of biological process output properties, location, quantity, and batch property description of biological property outputs.

System and method for managing information of biological entities


A remote controlled helicoper having a video radio frequency link to a fixed control location has a video camera with a field of view including the terrain forward of the helicopter, an airspeed display, a relative wind direction indicator, and a pitch indicator. A video monitor at the fixed location displays received video signals of the terrain, airspeed, relative wind direction and pitch permitting control of the helicopter over a radio link from the fixed location to the helicopter. The system provides training, experience, and practice in operation of the helicopter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to remotely controlled model aircraft such as helicopters, and more particularly to a remote control system for a miniature helicopter which provides realistic training and practice for helicopter pilots and which permits controlling a small scale helicopter out of line of sight range.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Training of helicopter pilots is difficult and expensive, and has many attendant risks due to the relative complexity of operations required during flying of the helicopter. There have been attempts in the prior art to teach helicopter pilots with simulators and the like to avoid using actual helicopters for in-flight instruction, especially in the early phases of training. It is also desirable to use small, unmanned helicopters as remote controlled hovering platforms during surveillance and similar operations. Thus, there is a need for a system which will permit a person to operate all the necessary controls of a small scale helicopter from a fixed location. It is also desirable to be able to control the helicopter when it is out of sight of the operator, and, therefore, a display is required to inform the operator of the helicopter attitude and environment.
Spoolcraft U.S. Pat. No. 4,464,116 discloses a system having a radio controlled, free-flying scale model of a helicopter and a fixed flight station which simulates the helicopter cockpit. However, this system is limited to control of the scale model only when it is in full sight of the operator. U.S. Pat. No. 3,548,518 teaches a similar system in which the scale model helicopter is connected to the flight control station by a tethered umbilical cord. Other U.S. patents related to this area of the art include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,711,594; 4,120,699; 2,916,832; 3,225,458; and 2,958,141.


A cold electron number amplifier device can provide a greater number of electrons at lower electron emitter temperature. The cold electron number amplifier device can comprise an evacuated enclosure 11, a first electron emitter 12 attached to the evacuated enclosure 11, and an electrically conductive second electron emitter 13 also attached to the evacuated enclosure. The first electron emitter 12 can be configured to emit electrons 14 within the evacuated enclosure 11. The second electron emitter 13 can have a voltage V2 greater than a voltage V1 of the first electron emitter 12 (V2>V1). The second electron emitter 13 can be positioned to receive impinging electrons 14 from the first electron emitter 12. Electrons 14 from the first electron emitter 12 can impart energy to electrons in the second electron emitter 13 and cause the second electron emitter 13 to emit more electrons 15.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to x-ray tubes and cold electron number amplifiers.
2. Related Art
Many devices require generation of electrons. For example an x-ray tube can include a cathode attached to one end of an evacuated tube and an anode attached at an opposing end. The cathode can include an electron emitter, such as a filament. The filament can be heated, such as by a laser or an alternating current flowing through the filament. Due to the heat of the filament (1500-2000° C. for example) and a very large voltage differential between the filament and the anode (10 kV-100 kV for example) electrons can leave the filament and accelerate towards the anode. The anode can include a material that will emit x-rays in response to impinging electrons. Other examples of devices that require generation of electrons are cathode-ray tubes, electron microscopes, gas electron tubes or gas discharge tubes, and travelling wave tubes.
Electrons in the above devices can be generated by electron emitters, such as a filament. Due to the high required electron emitter temperature for the desired rate of electron emission, the electron emitter can fail at an undesirably low life. For example, in x-ray tubes, filament failure can be one of the most common failures and limiting factors in extending x-ray tube life. It would be desirable to be able to operate electron emitters at a lower temperature than is presently used while maintaining the same electron generation rate.


The present invention uses a ferromagnetic thin wire having a domain wall inside, with the magnetic moment at the center thereof being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the thin wire. With the domain wall being fixed by a domain wall fixation device (e.g. antiferromagnetic thin wires) so that the domain wall is prevented from moving in the ferromagnetic thin wire, when a direct current is supplied, the magnetic moment rotates in the immobilized domain wall. This rotation of the moment can be detected by a TMR element or the like. This configuration of the ferromagnetic thin wire element can be directly used to create a microwave oscillator or magnetic memory.

It has been known that a magnetic structure called the "domain wall" appears within a ferromagnetic thin wire having a cross section measuring a few nanometers to several tens of nanometers in diameter. It has also been known that applying a magnetic field or electric current to a ferromagnetic thin wire having domain walls causes the domain walls to move through the thin wire. Particularly, as compared to the case of controlling the position of the domain walls by applying a magnetic field, the technique of controlling the position of the domain walls by a current supply, as described in Non-Patent Document 1, is advantageous in that the structure of the element can be much simplified.
When a domain wall is moved by supplying a current to a ferromagnetic thin wire, the moving velocity of the domain wall increases in proportion to an increase in the current density. However, the moving velocity suddenly falls if the current density exceeds a certain level. FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the current density and the moving velocity of a domain wall for different cross-sectional shapes. The graph clearly shows how the moving velocity abruptly decreases. As can be understood from FIG. 9, the threshold at which the abrupt decrease in the moving velocity occurs becomes lower as the cross-sectional shape of the ferromagnetic thin wire approaches from a rectangle to a square; the threshold disappears when the cross section is a complete square.
It has also been known that, after the abrupt decrease in the moving velocity of the domain wall, the magnetic moment begins to rotate at the center of the domain wall as the domain wall moves in the axial direction of the thin wire. (This rotation constantly occurs if the cross-sectional shape is square). FIG. 10 shows how the magnetic moment rotates in a domain wall moving through a ferromagnetic thin wire. Each of the four rectangular sections enclosed by the dotted lines in FIG. 10, having an array of small arrows, represents a part of the ferromagnetic thin wire across a domain wall. The horizontal direction in the each section, indicates the axial (longitudinal) direction of the ferromagnetic thin wire, and the array of small arrows indicates the direction of the magnetic moment. As indicated by the array of small arrows, the magnetic moments in the left and right halves of the each section face each other across the center, where the boundary is the domain wall. In the upper and lower sections, the directions of the magnetic moments in the domain walls are toward the upper side and the downside, respectively. In the left and right sections, the directions of the magnetic moments of the domain walls are toward the front side and the back side of the sheet, respectively. As indicated by the large arrows, the state of the magnetic moment in the domain wall changes with time. As is evident from FIG. 10, the magnetic moment rotates in a sectional plane and around the longitudinal axis of the ferromagnetic thin wire.    Non-Patent Document 1: Akinobu Yamaguchi, et al., "Supin Toransufaa Kouka Ni Yoru Jiheki No Denryuu Kudou (Current-Driven Domain Wall Motion Due to the Spin-Transfer Effect)", Nihon Ouyou Jikigakkai Shi (Journal of Applied Magnetics Society of Japan), Vol. 28, No. 3, 2004, pp. 343-346    Non-Patent Document 2: Kiselev, S. I. et al. "Microwave oscillations of a nanomagnet driven by a spin-polarized current" Nature, 425, 380-383 (2003)


Provided are a data transmission system and method of using a relay server. In the data transmission method using the relay server, the relay server transmits a registration result message to a client after registering the client through a registration packet when the client transmits the registration packet to the relay server. The relay server transmits registration information of the client to a location server. The location server stores client registration information according to each client.

1. Field
Exemplary embodiments relate to data transmission technology, and more particularly, to data transmission technology using a relay server.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Peer-to-peer (P2P) technology enables users to share various information and content by directly connecting individual terminals. The P2P technology has initially been used as means for enabling users to unlawfully share music files and video files with each other on the Internet. However, recently, the P2P technology has been utilized in various services such as file transmission between clients in a messenger system, audio data transmission in Internet telephony, and the like. The number of fields using the P2P technology is increasing.
If a direct connection between clients is not possible because the clients exist in private networks in the P2P technology, a method of relaying data using a relay server is used. At this time, a user datagram protocol (UDP) relay server is used when UDP data is relayed, and a transmission control protocol (TCP) relay server is used when TCP data is relayed. However, the data transmission method using the relay server in the related art has the following problems.
The first problem is that a client should be periodically connected to a specific server so as to establish a connection to a service and exchange data (a message, a file, or the like) with other clients. For this, many service providers configure login servers so that the clients can access services when the clients are authenticated by the login servers. At this time, the client maintains a TCP connection to the login server, and recognizes a state in which a P2P service is available through the TCP connection. However, a heavy load is placed on the server when the clients continuously maintain TCP connections through the login server.
The second problem is that each client should transmit data to a second client through the relay server after establishing a connection to the relay server (the TCP relay server or the UDP relay server) if a direct connection between clients is not possible because the clients exist in private networks. However, because the TCP relay server relays only TCP data and the UDP relay server relays only UDP data, the client does not transmit data through the UDP relay server in an environment where a UDP connection is not possible. When types of relay servers connected to the clients are different from each other, data transmission may be impossible.
The third problem is that data transmission is not directly ensured because each client is not in a state in which a direct connection to a second client is established when data is relayed through the relay server between the clients. That is, there is a problem in that the reliability of data transmission is not ensured because it is not possible to directly determine whether or not a second client has successfully received its own sent data.

Data transmission system and method using relay server


Methods and structures for validating tag information received in SAS frames by any of a plurality of ports comprising a SAS wide port. Each port may have a dedicated transport layer processing element. A tag information table is shared by all of the one or more transport layer processing elements. The tag information table is used to store information regarding a particular tag value being valid for use with a particular device and is updated when the particular tag value is no longer valid for use with the particular device. The information is initially stored in response to transmission of a frame that first uses the particular tag value with the particular device. The tag information table is updated to indicate the particular tag value is no longer valid upon receipt of an appropriate SAS frame or by a processing element external to the one or more transport layer processing elements.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to management of SAS wide ports. More specifically, the invention relates to methods and structures for efficiently validating transfer tags in the transport layer processing of a SAS controller.
2. Related Patents
This patent is related to co-pending, commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/920,984 filed on Aug. 18, 2004 and entitled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR FRAME ORDERING IN WIDE PORT SAS CONNECTIONS which is hereby incorporated by reference.
3. Discussion of Related Art
Small Computer Systems Interface ("SCSI") is a set of American National Standards Institute ("ANSI") standard electronic interface specifications that allow, for example, computers to communicate with peripheral hardware. Common SCSI compatible peripheral devices may include: disk drives, tape drives, Compact Disc-Read Only Memory ("CD-ROM") drives, CD Read/Write ("CD-RW"), digital versatile disk ("DVD") drives, printers, scanners, etc. SCSI as originally created included both a command/response data structure specification and an interface and protocol standard for a parallel bus structure for attachment of devices. SCSI has evolved from exclusively parallel interfaces to include both parallel and serial interfaces. "SCSI" is now generally understood as referring either to the communication transport media (parallel bus structures and various serial transports) or to a plurality of primary commands common to most devices and command sets to meet the needs of specific device types as well as a variety of interface standards and protocols.
The collection of primary commands and other command sets may be used with SCSI parallel interfaces as well as with serial interfaces. Examples of serial interface transport media and protocol standards that support SCSI command processing include: Fibre Channel, Serial Bus Protocol (used with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1394 FireWire physical protocol; "IEEE 1394") and the Serial Storage Protocol (SSP).
SCSI interface transports and commands are also used to interconnect networks of storage devices with processing devices. For example, serial SCSI transport media and protocols such as Serial Attached SCSI ("SAS") and Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ("SATA") may be used in such networks. These applications are often referred to as storage networks. Those skilled in the art are familiar with SAS and SATA standards as well as other SCSI related specifications and standards. Information about such interfaces, media, protocols and commands is generally obtainable at the website http://www.t10.org.
Such SCSI storage networks are often used in large storage systems having a plurality of disk drives to store data for organizations and/or businesses. The network architecture allows storage devices to be physically dispersed in an enterprise while continuing to directly support SCSI commands directly. This architecture allows for distribution of the storage components in an enterprise without the need for added overhead in converting storage requests from SCSI commands into other network commands and then back into lower level SCSI storage related commands.
A SAS network typically comprises one or more SAS initiators coupled to one or more SAS targets via one or more SAS expander devices. In general, as is common in all SCSI communications, SAS initiators initiate communications with SAS targets. In particular, SAS initiators use a process often referred to as "discovery" to determine the topology of devices in the network (i.e., to discover other SAS initiators, SAS expanders and SAS targets). Once such information is known, initiators generally establish the first contacts with a given target device. The initiator issues an "open" request (i.e., a SAS OPEN address frame) to an identified SAS target to establish a first connection with the SAS target device. Once the first connection is so established, either the SAS initiator or the SAS target device may re-establish a connection. For example, a connection may be established initially by the initiator, closed after some transactions are exchanged, and then re-opened by the same initiator for a subsequent sequence of transactions. Or, for example, a SAS target device may have deferred processing of a transaction received from an initiator. At some later time when the SAS target is ready to proceed, the target device may "open" a connection back to the initiator that originally requested the deferred transaction.
In SAS protocol command exchanges, a SAS initiator device sends a command and associated data to a particular identified SAS target device. The command and data exchanged may be voluminous but the SAS specifications limit each frame to approximately 1 kilobyte. Thus a larger exchange must be broken into smaller frames and distributed over a number of frames. Further, since the SAS specifications permit multiple commands/data to be exchanged concurrently, each SAS command is identified with a set of field values that, collectively, uniquely identify the I/O being processed to which a sequence of exchanged frames are related. For example, in a SCSI application, the combination of an initiator device ID, a target device ID, a logical unit number ("LUN") and a tag value (assigned by the initiator) is assured to uniquely identify a sequence of related frames all related to a particular I/O operation. As a matter of design choice, in a particular application, a unique TAG field value (or using the Target Port Transfer Tag ("TPTT") field value) may provide a sufficiently unique ID to identify all frames related to a particular I/O request. Collectively the TAG and TPTT field values may be referred to herein as tag fields (or "transfer tags" or "tag values"). The specification for contents of these tag fields and their use in SAS transport layer processing are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and are documented in the SAS specifications. In general, these tag values are provided in the headers of each transmitted/received frame so that the receiver may determine which command a received frame is associated with.
SAS specifications also allow for a wide port—a logical port comprising a plurality of ports aggregated to operate as one logical port. SAS specifications restrict use of the wide port such that at any given point in time, frames for a particular command may be transferred over only one of the multiple ports that make up the wide port at a time. Once one frame is completely transmitted (and acknowledged by the receiver), another frame may be received on the same port or another of the multiple ports of the wide port.
The SAS specifications for the transport layer processing calls for validation of frames to include validation of the tag fields exchanged in frames between an initiator and a target device. It is common in SAS controller implementations that the transport layer processing is performed by a single transport layer processing element —i.e., a general or special purpose processor programmed with software/firmware (programmed instructions) to perform the transport layer processing according to SAS specifications. Such a software/firmware implementation of a transport layer may also perform transport layer processing for a SAS wide port by coordinating with the multiple link layer processing elements for the ports that make up the wide port. Such a software/firmware implementation of a transport layer integrates the management of the multiple physical ports and their communication in the single transport layer processing element.
Where particular SAS controller embodiments separate the transport layer processing such that each physical/link layer is associated with a distinct transport layer processing element, such coordination for tag validation in wide ports is problematic. For example, some embodiments of SAS controller provide customized integrated circuits—one per link/transport pair—for controlling physical/link layer processing and for controlling transport layer processing in accordance with the SAS specifications. In such an embodiment, each transport layer is associated with a corresponding link/physical layer to define the processing of a single port. In a wide port application, the multiple custom circuits that control each of the multiple ports of the wide port would have to cooperate to effectively validate tags as required of the transport layer in the SAS specifications. For example, a first port of the multiple ports that comprise the wide port may receive the initial frame that defines the valid tag for a sequence of related, tagged frames. The other ports would potentially receive subsequent frames but without the knowledge of the valid tag defined by the first frame of the sequence. This level of coordination presents a problem for managing transport layer tag validation in SAS wide port applications.
In view of the above discussion, it is evident that there is an ongoing need for improved systems and methods for transport layer tag validation in the processing of SAS frames received over multiple physical ports of a SAS wide port.

Systems and methods for tag information validation in wide port SAS connections


Apparatus, system and methods of burial using a columbarium pod are disclosed. In one embodiment, a burial system includes a water ballast control system, a stabilizing system, an identification system, a position registration system, and a mapping system. The system may include a plurality of tubes, each tube configured to store a plurality of containers, each container retrievable after burial. The plurality of containers may include, for example, a cremation urn container, and one or more additional containers that store DNA-based biological material of the decreased, memorial materials or the like.

The trends of funeral practices are showing a growing acceptance of cremation. In the United States, approximately 26% of deaths are disposed through cremation (Cremationist-Vol. 38, No. 2, 2002). The Peoples Republic of China cremates approximately 46% of its deaths, whereas Sweden and Switzerland cremate approximately 70% of its deaths.
In the United States, many cremationists and funeral home professionals have observed regional variation in cremation rates. For example, about half the families on the West Coast choose cremation. Of these, approximately half have the cremated remains returned to them for scattering or other forms of personal disposition. Those not wishing to be buried in traditional cemeteries often select scattering of the deceased cremains.
With scattering, the direct or immediate family may be present, but not the friends or others to share the grieving process. Often those who scattered the cremated remains later regret not having a ceremony that often accompanies a funeral or a fixed location to return for extended mourning or periodic reflection to include future generations.
Some cemeteries have developed "scattering" gardens, and have moderate acceptance by the public but distasteful to others. A few cemeteries have developed urn paths, where rocks or boulders are marked with small individual markers or monuments, but mapping is difficult, and aesthetics degrades with the haphazard placements of urn gardens and wall-based Niche columbariums.
Traditionally, cemeteries use graves and crypts in mausoleums for burial or entombment, and niches in columbariums or graves in urn gardens for cremated remains. The grave spaces of burial or cremation are generally marked with a bronze or granite marker or headstone mounted on a cement base. In the case of an urn garden, there is typically row upon row of small markers that look very unnatural. Niches in columbariums or walls look more attractive, but are costly.
Interring cremation remains over conventional whole-body burials in caskets is attractive to cemetery owners, mostly due to decreasing space available for future burials. Though urns take up less space then coffins, they are stored in relatively high-volume boxes known as niches, each niche usually a member of a group of niches built into a wall. Though efficient, in that the reduced size of storing cremation urns in niches allows more burials per cemetery than larger volume coffins and crypts, traditional niches cannot easily adapt to landscapes having a varied terrain. Many cemeteries have fixed landscapes and dedicated areas for urn gardens and conventional gravesites and are limited primarily to this readily usable land. After all the readily useable lands are used, only sloped landscapes and grounds prone to water saturation remain. Often ground near ponds and rivers, having high underground water levels, and hilly areas, cannot be used.
As cemeteries reach capacity, only sloped terrains, narrow areas between established pathways, areas adjacent to existing closely-packed structures, and areas prone to seasonal or permanent high-water levels cannot be used for underground inurnments. Sloped terrains present practical burial problems to keep inumments stabilized and into position. Similarly, existing columbaria in urn gardens cannot be interred underground in water soaked areas because conventional underground niches are built impervious to water and serve to float out or be expelled from the ground as the water level rises. Moreover, single inurnment systems take up too much space and cannot as readily be positioned in tight spaces remaining between buildings, pathways, and landscaped trees and bushes.
A disadvantage to cremation is the obliteration of DNA sources of the diseased, forever losing genetic based information for future studies. Often, for reasons of forensics, genealogy, or epidemiology, analysis of post-interred remains is desired or required. Additionally, a source of DNA from the deceased with the cremated remains would also serve as a relic for visitation by the bereaved survivors.
It is desirable therefore to have a storage system for storing a large number of cremated remains in a space efficient manner. Furthermore, it is desirable to have a storage system that will efficiently utilize the limited supply of cemetery land.

Apparatus and methods of burial using a columbarium pod


A cooling system for a shafting and a control method therefor, and a wind turbine are provided. The cooling system includes a cold air supply unit and a rotating-shaft air blow box. The rotating-shaft air blow box is mounted on an inner surface of the stationary shaft and in the shape of a circular ring-shaped box, multiple first air blow openings are uniformly distributed in a surface, facing the rotating shaft, of the rotating-shaft air blow box in a circumferential direction, to blow cold air from the cold air supply unit to the rotating shaft. Each first air blow opening is in the shape of a slit to form a jet.

Wind turbines mostly employ permanent-magnet direct-drive wind power generators. As shown in FIG. 1 (a schematic view showing the structure of a wind turbine), the wind turbine with a permanent-magnet direct-drive wind power generator mainly includes: blades 1, a hub 2, a generator subsystem 3, a nacelle 4 and a tower 5. As shown in FIG. 2 (a cross-sectional view of a portion A of FIG. 1), the generator subsystem 3 mainly includes: a permanent-magnet direct-drive wind power generator 6, a stationary shaft 7, a rotating shaft 9, and a main bearing. The main bearing includes an inner ring 10, rollers 8 and an outer ring 11, the inner ring 10 is connected to the rotating shaft 9, and the outer ring 11 is connected to the stationary shaft 7. Since the blades 1 and the hub 2 are connected to the rotating shaft 9, the relative movement between the rotating shaft 9 and the stationary shaft 7 can be achieved by the rollers 8 of the main bearing under the action of external wind loads. Therefore, the main bearing is one of the core components of the wind turbine, and the service life of the main bearing affects the service life of the entire wind turbine. Once the main bearing fails, the replacement of the main bearing is very difficult and expensive.
In order to ensure the normal operation of the main bearing, the main bearing needs to be lubricated. At present, there are two main lubrication methods for the main bearing: grease lubrication and oil lubrication. For rolling bearings, grease lubrication is generally used because compared to the oil lubrication, the grease lubrication device is simpler and the grease is less likely to leak, which is convenient for the maintenance of the main bearing.
However, the wind turbine may be installed in coastal areas, Gobi and grassland areas, and the climatic conditions vary greatly between these areas. If the heat generated in the main bearing cannot be effectively dissipated, and additionally the wind turbine is located in a harsh environment (such as a high temperature environment), the main bearing may operate under a high temperature continuously, and the service life of the grease will decrease rapidly as the temperature increases, thereby causing failure of the lubricating function of the grease.
Since the rollers 8, the inner ring 10 and the outer ring 11 are subjected to the external wind loads and bear the weight of the wind turbine itself, a large friction torque is produced when the inner ring 10 and the outer ring 11 rotate relative to each other, and thus large amounts of heat is generated inside the main bearing. If the generated heat cannot be dissipated in real time, the main bearing will have a high temperature, and the high temperature will cause the viscosity of the grease to decrease, further affecting the formation of the lubricating oil film between the inner ring 10, the rollers 8 and the outer ring 11 of the main bearing. As a result, dry friction may occur, causing the temperature of the components inside the transmission system to rise sharply, and the working clearance of the main bearing may exceed a reasonable working range due to the thermal expansion, and even a "shaft seizure" phenomenon may occur. It can be seen that long-term high-temperature operation will lead to severe vicious cycle, and seriously affect the service life of the main bearing, resulting in failure of the main bearing, which is unable to meet the requirement of allowing the wind turbine to have an operation life of 20 to 25 years.
In fact, not only the main bearing but also the bearings in other shafting have the above problems. Most failure modes of the bearings are ultimately caused by "heat". Moreover, as the power of the wind turbine increases gradually, the heat dissipation problem not only affects the service life of the grease, but also poses a threat (for example, internal components may melt due to high temperatures) to other components of the wind turbine, which attracts more and more attentions.

Cooling system for shafting and control method thereof, and wind turbine

BEIJING GOLDWIND SCIENCE & CREATION WINDPOWER EQUIPMENT CO., LTD.


An apparatus for reprocessing special waste of photocrosslinkable scrap material is composed of a housing equipped with a feed hopper, one or more UV emitters arranged in the housing to irradiate the scrap material, and a chopper arranged in the housing to comminute the scrap material by chopping. The apparatus is usefully employed in a method for reprocessing photocrosslinkable scrap material.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an apparatus useful for reprocessing special waste containing photocrosslinkable scrap to give domestic waste.
2. Description of Related Art
Photocrosslinkable waste materials arise from many process areas. For example, photocrosslinkable materials, such as dry resists, are used in the production of printed circuit boards. These dry resists are light sensitive materials containing a film which is applied by lamination using pressure and heat to the surface of a support material and is converted by exposure and development to a masking layer. Waste material from such a process since it is photocrosslinkable can generally not be disposed of as normal waste, similar to domestic waste, but must be treated as a special waste. This special waste must correspondingly be disposed of in a complex and thus higher cost manner.
Furthermore, in the lamination of printed circuit boards, dry resist strips are generally produced as scrap material, the surfaces of which are photocrosslinkable and thus must be disposed of as special waste.
Also, photopolymer layers which change their adhesive properties as a result of irradiation are, for example, used in the production of color proof films. These are usually light-sensitive layers which are enclosed in a sandwich-like manner between two different support materials, generally films, of which one is transparent to the irradiation. If the two support materials separate following the irradiation, the unexposed parts of the photopolymer layer remain adhered to the one support material, while the exposed parts of the photopolymer layer, on the other hand, adhere to the other support material.
The production of such color proof films gives unexposed waste strips, i.e., photocrosslinkable waste strips, which must be disposed of as special waste.
Such special waste is likewise produced in the processing of solder resist in the form of a solder mask. Solder resist is fundamentally a photocrosslinkable resist, the processing parameters and irradiation results of which differ somewhat from those for dry resist. If support materials or printing films are treated with photocrosslinkable solder resist, the scrap must be disposed of as special waste.
The thermally crosslinkable components produced in systems such as those described above must be converted into unreactive material by the action of heat before being disposed of as normal waste. Scrap from screen printing films can also be disposed of as normal waste by photocrosslinking the scrap.

Apparatus for reprocessing special waste


The invention relates to a method and apparatus for the fragmentation of large molecules, especially biopolymers. The invention consists in reacting analyte ions with excited or radical neutral particles, whereby, at least in the case of bombardment of analyte ions with helium atoms from an FAB generator, a new type of fragmentation occurs which strongly resembles fragmentation by electron capture (ECD). The reactions may be performed in magnetic ion traps (ion cyclotron resonance cells, ICR), in RF ion traps according to Wolfgang Paul, in RF ion guides, or in free beams of analyte ions or neutral particles.

The aim of human proteomics is to identify all the proteins of the human body, to determine their ever-changing structures and modifications, to identify their interaction partners and to find out the partners and type of interactions with other proteins. The 22,000 genes which have been found in the human genome generate a much larger number of different types of proteins (100 to 1000 times more) as a result of mutations, posttransscriptional and posttranslational modifications of the proteins. The task of human proteomics is therefore immense. Further tasks are waiting in animal proteomics and plant proteomics. In the end, success in researching these building blocks of our life will depend on the development of effective tools for identifying protein structures and their modifications.
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is one of most useful tools in proteomics because of its high detection power (femtomoles and lower) and its high specificity. The conventional MS/MS method of protein characterization consists in enzymatic digestion of the protein and subsequent fragmentation of the digest peptides in the mass spectrometer by collisions with a collision gas. (Definition: peptides are small proteins with up to about 30 or 40 amino acids; digest peptides are formed from larger proteins by enzymatic digestion, for example by trypsin). The masses of the fragment ions and the molecular ion are then entered into a search engine, which compares the measured fragmentation pattern with theoretical fragmentation patterns of the virtual digest peptides of all the proteins in a protein sequence database. The success of this method depends on how many fragment ions are formed from the digest peptide ion and how characteristic these fragment ions of a given digest peptide are.
The customary fragmentation technique is collisionally induced fragmentation (CID=collision induced dissociation, also often called CAD=collisionally activated dissociation). The peptide ions are accelerated to kinetic energies of between 20 and 4000 electronvolts and collide with molecules of neutral gas, thereby exciting internal bonding systems to oscillations. CID preferably splits the so-called peptide bonds (C—N bonds in the central chain of amino acids) thereby forming so-called N-terminal B fragments and C-terminal Y fragments. The disadvantages of this fragmentation are, firstly, losses of side chains which are easily split off—these groups occur in many posttranslational modifications (for example phosphorylations and sulfations)—and, secondly, the incomplete fragmentations which frequently occur.
In reality, the information on the protein transmitted to the database search engines in the form of MS/MS spectra is rarely complete, and therefore false identifications cannot be ruled out. In fact, they occur rather frequently because the databases contain only a minute fraction of all actually occurring proteins. Even if the genome has been completely decoded, particularly all mutational forms and modifications are lacking in the data base. False identifications and incorrect structural information are a serious problem of present day proteomics.
To avoid false identifications and incorrect structural information, independent (so-called "orthogonal") and preferably also gentle types of fragmentation must be available. Methods which are orthogonal to each other provide confirmatory information via other, independent means. These orthogonal fragmentation methods can be drawn on to confirm the identifications and correct the structural information. A good candidate for a type of fragmentation orthogonal to collisionally induced fragmentation CID is electron capture dissociation (ECD), which splits N—Ca bonds of the amino acid chain and generates N-terminal C fragments and C-terminal Z fragments without losing labile groups in the process. The mass difference between B and C ions of the same type is +17 atomic mass units (Daltons), and the difference between Z and Y ions is −16 Daltons. These mass differences, which must occur between the independent measurements, given the correct identification, can make the identification more certain. Applying a combination of CID and ECD increases the certainty of the identification by factors of between 20 and 100.
Up to now, fragmentation by electron capture ECD could only be used routinely in expensive ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers ICR-MS (also called Fourier transform mass spectrometer FTMS). The prerequisite for this fragmentation method is that doubly charged ions of the analytical substance (termed analyte substance below) are available.
A further method of fragmentation has recently been published which also is orthogonal to collisionally induced fragmentation CID: The fragmentation of multiply charged positive ions by reactions with suitable negative ions by electron transfer is called "electron transfer dissociation" or ETD, described by J. E. P. Syka, J. J. Coon, M. J. Schroeder, J. Shabanowitz and D. F., Hunt in the paper "Peptide and protein sequence analysis by electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 9528-9533. These reactions can take place in RF ion traps, which means both linear ion traps made of rod electrodes and three-dimensional ion traps made of ring electrodes and end cap electrodes. But to obtain high yields of fragment ions, it is necessary to start with triply charged ions. For this reason the method has its limitations, because precisely for digest peptides—which are by far the most interesting biomolecules—triply charged ions can only be produced with a very limited yield. The fact that it is necessary to begin with triply charged analyte ions reduces the detection power of the method with ETD by factors of between 10 and 20.
A commonly used way of ionizing large biomolecules is to use electrospray ionization (ESI), which ionizes ions at atmospheric pressure outside the mass spectrometer. These ions are then introduced into the vacuum of the mass spectrometer, and from there into the ion trap by means of inlet systems of a type which has already been described.
This type of ionization generates hardly any fragment ions. The ions are mostly those of the analyte molecule. Electrospray ionization does, however, produce multiply charged analyte ions. In the case of peptides, the doubly charged ions are the most prevalent ions in around 85 to 90 percent of cases. The triply charged ions generally represent only a few percent of all the ions formed. For lighter peptides, the singly charged ions are the most prevalent, the doubly charged ones the second most prevalent. The lack of almost any fragmentation of the analyte ions created during the ionization process limits the information from the mass spectrum to the molecular weight; there is no information concerning internal molecular structures which can be used for further identification of the substance present. This information can only be obtained by the above-described acquisition of fragment ion spectra in tandem mass spectrometers.
Owing to the high prices of Fourier transform mass spectrometers (FTMS) it would be desirable for fragmentation methods which are complementary and orthogonal to collisionally induced fragmentation CID, such as electron capture dissociation ECD, to also be carried out in simpler, smaller and less expensive mass spectrometers, for example in quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometers operated with RF voltages. Until now, the fragmentation in quadrupole ion traps has been exclusively carried out using collisionally induced fragmentation CID. For fragmentation by electron capture ECD, on the other hand, the kinetic energy of the electrons must be very low, as otherwise no capture can take place. In practice one supplies electrons with an energy just above the thermal energy. This works very well in the very strong magnetic fields of the Fourier transform mass spectrometer, but not in electric RF ion traps. It has not yet proven possible, neither in three-dimensional nor in linear ion traps, to fragment the ions by electron capture and obtain a high enough yield. The disrupting factor here is the fact that there is practically always a high electric field strength, which makes it difficult, if not impossible, for low-energy electrons to enter (in spite of patents in this fields, see J. Franzen DE 100 58 706 C1; or R. Zubarev et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,851 B1).
Ion traps according to Wolfgang Paul normally comprise a ring electrode and two end cap electrodes, the ring electrode usually being supplied with the storage RF voltage. These ion traps are also called three-dimensional ion traps ("3D ion traps"). It is also possible to use four-rod quadrupole filters according to Paul as ion traps if both ends of the rod system are supplied with ion-repelling potentials through diaphragms. These so-called "linear quadrupole ion traps", or "linear ion traps" for short, are easier to fill with ions, and with slightly more ions than the "three-dimensional ion traps". In the interior of the ion trap, ions can be stored in the quadrupole RF field. Linear ion traps are also often called "two-dimensional ion traps" or "2D ion traps".
Both three-dimensional and linear ion traps can also be employed as ion analyzers by using resonant excitation to eject the ions selectively according to mass and then measuring them as ion currents. The ions can be mass-selectively ejected from the linear quadrupole ion traps either radially through slits in at least one of the long electrodes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,425, M. E. Bier and J. E. Syka, which corresponds to EP 0 684 628 A1), or axially by means of coupling processes in the inhomogeneous end field of the rod system ("A new linear ion trap mass spectrometer", J. W. Hager, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 16, 512-526). The mass-selectively ejected ions are measured by a detection unit, for example a secondary-electron multiplier, and then the measurements can be processed to a mass spectrum.
Ion trap mass spectrometers have properties which make them of interest for use in many types of analyses. In particular, selected ion species (so-called "parent ions") can be isolated and fragmented in the ion trap. The isolation consists in ejecting all undesired ions from the ion trap by resonant excitation and only leaving the desired analyte ions in the ion trap. The fragmentation occurs in a slightly different way to the fragmentation by acceleration of the analyte ions described above. By exciting their oscillations, the analyte ions are forced to undergo a large number of individual collisions with the collision gas, thereby absorbing very small portions of energy until finally a fragmentation occurs. Both this type of fragmentation and the collisionally induced fragmentation after acceleration provide fragment ions of the B and Y series. The spectra of these fragment ions are also called "daughter ion spectra" of the respective parent ions. In ion traps, "granddaughter ion spectra" can also be measured as fragment ion spectra of selected daughter ions.

Ion fragmentation by reaction with neutral particles


The present invention provides compositions and methods for improving wound healing, reducing scar formation and/or promoting skin health and aesthetic appearance. In particular, the present invention provides protein compositions that are derived from Cohn fraction IV and/or IV-1 useful in promoting wound healing and for cosmetic care of the skin.

Human blood plasma contains proteins serving many different functions including transport of lipids, hormones, vitamins and minerals in the circulatory system, regulation of acellular activity and functioning of the immune system and further function as enzymes, complement components, protease inhibitors and more.
Cohn fractionation process, initially developed by Edwin Joseph Cohn, is a process that includes series of purification steps which was originally developed for extracting albumin from blood plasma. Later the process was modified to purify other plasma proteins such as immunoglobulins, coagulation factors, and Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT), also known as alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor. Variety of plasma ingredients are removed during the purification of this desired plasma proteins, usually regarded to as byproducts or waste.
The Cohn fractionation process includes elevation of ethanol concentration and pH decrease from the natural pH to a more acidic pH (around 4.8) and temperature decrease from room temperature to about (−)5° C. Five major fractions are precipitated during the process, with Fractions I, II, and III precipitating out at earlier stages and fractions IV, IV-1 and V each being an end product. Relatively to plasma composition, Fraction IV and Fraction IV-1 are enriched with relatively low molecular weight plasma proteins (<200 kD) including proteases, protease inhibitors and growth factors.
There is a tangible need for a large variety of skin care products for various cosmetic or medical purposes. For instance, skin care may be directed to avoiding or repairing skin damage as a result of one or more of various factors. Common examples of such factors are exposure to heat (which may result in burns), cold, drought, radiation, such as UV radiation (for example solar radiation, which may result in sun-burn), ionizing radiation (for example as a result of cancer treatment or exposure to radioactive nuclear compounds), rough surfaces (which may result in abrasion of the skin), and exposure to substances that are harmful to the skin.
For cosmetic purposes, skin care compositions may also be directed to treat or delay the visible signs of aging of the skin, e.g. by slowing down aging of the skin and/or by rejuvenating the skin, addressing various aspects including, for example, wrinkling of the skin, sagging of the skin, loss of elasticity, age spots, hyperpigmentation and the like. To achieve effective treatment, the type of skin (e.g. dry, oily, sensitive (to e.g. solar radiation or physical contact), dark, light), must be also considered when a specific skin care product is designed. In addition, there is a growing need for hypo-allergenic or even anti-allergenic skin care products.
Wounds are caused by a disruption in the structural integrity of biological tissue. The wound healing and tissue repair is a complex and dynamic process which often is inadequate or unacceptably slow. Wound healing process includes variety of biochemistry events acting in orchestrated cascade to repair the damage. The classic model of wound healing encompasses four sequential, yet overlapping, phases comprising hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The events of each phase must occur in a precise and regulated manner. The hemostasis stops the bleeding by generating blood clots. During the inflammation phase, platelet aggregation and clotting form a matrix which traps plasma proteins and blood cells to induce the influx of various types of cells. During the cellular proliferation phase, new connective or granulation tissue and blood vessels are formed. During the remodeling phase, granulation tissue is replaced by a network of collagen and elastin fibers leading to the formation of scar tissue.
Wound healing process can become impaired by patient- or wound type factors. This is especially true in certain chronic diseases such as diabetes in the elderly, and in cancer patients. Treatments of such severe sores may include applying of autologous plasma therapies. For example, platelet rich plasma is utilized for treating hard-to-heal acute and chronic wounds (Lacci et al. 2010. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 83:1-9; Carter et al. 2011. Eplasty 11:e38). The combination of variety of cellular and acellular plasma components was found to improve the healing process. However, the use of plasma per se is restricted to an autologous use because of immunological response against foreign antigens and potential harming viruses.
Several isolated plasma proteins such as collagen, fibrin, fibronectin, elastin, and albumin, were shown to assist in the wound healing process.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,483 discloses gel and cream formulations comprising human plasma fibronectin for use in promoting wound healing in humans.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,651 discloses a sprayable admixture comprising thrombin, stabilizing agent such as albumin, globulin and/or fibrinogen, and a fibrinolysis inhibitor. The sprayable admixture is used for accelerating hemostasis and optimizing biochemical control of wound closure.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,650 discloses an enriched plasma derivative for supporting wound closure and healing, containing fibrinogen and a fibrinolysis inhibitor.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,691,816 discloses pharmaceutical compositions comprising TGF-beta superfamily members and sugars for treating wounds and fibrosis.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,011 discloses tissue treatment composition comprising fibrin or fibrinogen and biodegradable and biocompatible polymer.
EP Patent No. 1257304 discloses a foam wound dressing, comprising albumin.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,909 discloses the use of alpha-1-antitrypsin compositions in wound healing process.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,746 discloses pharmaceutical compositions containing fragments of alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (API) for treating wounds.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,962,813 discloses a process for manufacturing of a composition containing a purified factor for supporting wound healing, typically from blood, the factor being selected from the group consisting of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), Epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), insulin like growth factor (IGF-I) and Fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The manufacturing process comprises purification steps which are performed in the presence of antithrombin III (AT-III).
For the purpose of deriving therapeutic components from blood plasma, a large number of fresh or frozen plasma units are pooled together from various donors. Human plasma proteins for therapeutic use have been manufactured from large pools of plasma for over 50 years. One of the important concerns of single donor or pooled plasma, however, is viral safety. Though every donor who contributes to the pool of plasma is tested individually for viruses, including HIV, HBV, HCV, etc., before blood or plasma donation, there remains a small risk of infection with viruses due to "window period donations," that is donations made between the initial acquisition of infection and the detection of a positive test result with existing diagnostics due to inherent technical limitations. Even a single donor infected with a pathogen, which remained undetected after screening, can potentially contaminate an entire pool of plasma and infect many or all recipients exposed to the pool. Therefore, there is a need to address the viral safety of pooled plasma or the therapeutic proteins derived therefrom.
Although several plasma-derived proteins are known to have wound healing effect, there is a need for additional allogeneic, standardized, hypoallergenic wound healing compositions providing sufficient efficacy together with viral safety and high patient tolerance. Additionally, there is a need for innovative compositions effective in skin care providing protection to the skin and improving its appearance.

Compositions derived from Cohn fraction paste and use thereof


A system and related methods for locating an electrical box through a covering material. The system utilizes a magnetized seeker disk in combination with a magnetized mounting disk that is mounted within an opening on an electrical box. The mounting disk attaches to the electrical box by being wedged into and displacing/deflect a perimeter wall of the electrical box. The electrical box is then covered by sheetrock or any other wall or ceiling covering. The seeker disk is placed on top of the covering near where the electrical box is thought to be located. By operation of the embedded magnets, the seeker disk signals the precise location of the electrical box by interacting with the previously mounted insert disk.

The majority of building construction follows the same general standardized building process steps. With respect to the steps at issue for the present invention, after a room has been framed, the electrical is roughed-in, which includes mounting desired electrical boxes flush with the wall studs and threading wires through the framing and into the boxes. Electrical boxes can include, for example, outlets, switches, lights, or fans. After the electrical has been roughed-in, Sheetrock® or wallboard or other covering is installed over the mounted box. Because the covering then masks the location of the various electrical boxes, a method of locating the boxes must be used. Traditionally, the locations of electrical boxes and plumbing outlets were derived based on various hand-recorded pre-covering measurements of the distance of the box relative to the walls, ceiling, or floor. This is a time-consuming and often inaccurate way of locating the boxes.
However, these systems all suffer from one or more problems like ease of use, alignment difficulties, or not facilitating the secondary covering removal step, among others. Thus, there is a need for a system of efficiently and easily locating an electrical box through a covering material and facilitating the removal of the covering material.


An embodiment is an electromechanical door latch system including a latch device configured for motion between a latched position and an unlatched position. A manually actuated mechanical apparatus is coupled to the latch device and configured to move the latch device to the unlatched position in response to force applied by a user to a component of the mechanical apparatus. An electromechanical actuator system moves the latch device to an actuator unlatched position in response to an electrical signal from an access control device. The electromechanical actuator system includes a control module, a motor, and a ball screw drive including a ball screw or threaded nut, with one coupled to the motor shaft and the other configured for connection to a latch mechanism, and at least one recirculating ball circuit including ball bearings for transferring torque from the motor to the ball screw drive.

Push bar exit devices are mounted on the egress side of the door. They can be mounted for rim, mortise, surface vertical rods, or concealed vertical rods applications. Push bar exit devices feature an enclosed mechanism case with a push bar area to allow egress. Some electrified latch pullback mechanisms for exit devices allows for remote keyless access control where exit devices are used or required. Common applications include conditions such as hospitals, airports, schools, churches and they are commonly specified in applications that require automatic door openers. The device may be continuously energized allowing for a push/pull condition if desired.
Electrified latch pullback modifications are a common product within the industry. They are typically solenoid or motor driven devices. Motor driven devices are usually coupled to an acme style threaded leadscrew combination to translate the rotational output force of the motor to the linear force most commonly required to actuate the latch of an exit device. Because of the high contact area required in this type of leadscrew, the friction losses are generally very high. Because of these losses, larger motors and/or finer thread pitches are required to create the linear force requirements for the specific application.
However, larger motors and/or finer pitches cannot always satisfy the requirements for each exit device. Size limitations may prevent larger motors from fitting within the enclosed mechanism case. Finer thread pitches create several other problems. First, the finer pitch often results in a slower actuation time. More problematic however, is the requirement for the springs within the device to return the leadscrew to the starting point for "fail-safe" operation.
Fail-safe operation within an exit device requires that a non-energized device return to a locked or latched state. Power is generally applied to the device to unlock the latch. Because of the fail-safe requirement, driving the motor in reverse to lock the latch would not be possible. Thus springs must be used to store mechanical energy during latch retraction, then when released, to force the lead screw back to the starting position once power is removed. Adding these springs to a device then requires more power output from the motor, requiring a larger motor. Motors, and more particularly, stepper motors, have an inherent magnetic and mechanical friction observed when rotating the motor shaft in a non-powered state. This friction force increases as the motor size increases. All of these required forces must be balanced for a system to work correctly.
The drive forces of the acme, or a similar style lead screw, is further complicated by the fact that the friction loss characteristics are different when the screw is "back-driven". Normally, lead screws are used to convert rotary motion into linear motion. Back driving is the result of the load pushing axially on the screw or nut to create rotary motion, this in turn, rotating the motor. As a thread pitch is made finer, the friction losses increase, nearly exponentially, to the point that the screw can no longer be back driven. This is known as self-locking. As this relates to the previously mentioned springs used for fail-safe return, only a small range of very coarse thread lead screws can be used. Courser thread pitches require more power from a larger motor. All of these constraints often lead to an impossibility of driving an exit device with a motor and lead screw within the existing specified enclosure constraints.


There is disclosed herein a probe comprising a process connection for mounting to a process vessel. A sealed connector is for connection to the measurement instrument and includes an extension sleeve. A return tube extends from the extension sleeve and is secured to the process connection, the return tube has a connector end proximate the sealed connector and a distal end including vent openings below the process connection. A process tube is connected to the distal end of the return tube and extends into the process vessel. A center conductor is coaxial with the return tube and the process tube for conducting the pulses. A target tube is coaxial with and received within the return tube to define a condensation return path therebetween. The target tube extends downward from a near end at the return tube connector end by bottom end to a position below the process connection. The target tube includes apertures at the near end opening into the condensation return path. Steam from the process vessel flows from inside the target tube through the target tube apertures and into the condensation return path whereby the steam condenses and exits via the vent openings into the process vessel.

Process control systems require the accurate measurement of process variables. Typically, a primary element senses the value of a process variable and a transmitter develops an output having a value that varies as a function of the process variable. For example, a level transmitter includes a primary element for sensing level and a circuit for developing an electrical signal proportional to sensed level.
Knowledge of level in industrial process tanks or vessels has long been required for safe and cost-effective operation of plants. Many technologies exist for making level measurements. These include buoyancy, capacitance, ultrasonic and microwave radar, to name a few. Recent advances in micropower impulse radar (MIR), also known as ultra-wideband (UWB) radar, in conjunction with advances in equivalent time sampling (ETS), permit development of low power and low cost time domain reflectometry (TDR) instruments.
In a TDR instrument, a very fast pulse with a rise time of 500 picoseconds, or less, is propagated down a probe that serves as a transmission line in a vessel. The pulse is reflected by a discontinuity caused by a transition between two media. For level measurement, that transition is typically where the air and the material to be measured meet. These instruments are also known as guided wave radar (GWR) measurement instruments.
One type of probe used by GWR level instruments is a coaxial probe. The coaxial probe consists of an outer tube and an inner conductor. When a coaxial probe is immersed in the liquid to be measured, there is a section of constant impedance, generally air, above the liquid surface. An impedance discontinuity is created at the level surface due to the change in dielectric constant of the liquid versus air at this point. When the GWR signal encounters any impedance discontinuity in the transmission line, part of the signal is reflected back toward the source in accordance with theory based on Maxwell's laws. The GWR instrument measures the time of flight of the electrical signal to, and back from, this reflecting point, being the liquid surface, to find the liquid level.
With any steam vessel, thermal energy is lost to the surroundings due to thermal conduction through the tank walls and convection around the exterior of the tank. If enough heat is lost, then the saturated vapor in the vessel will condense on the interior walls. Condensation can also occur in the GWR probe P located on top of a tank T as shown in FIG. 1. Particularly, there is a space S between the center conductor and the outer sleeve. Heat lost is represented by the arrows H. Because of the heat lost, the space S may be partially filled with condensation. Because the dielectric constant of water condensation is much greater than the vapor, the presence of condensation in the space S of the probe P may cause a significant delay of the signal transmission and result in a level measurement error.
The present invention is directed to solving one or more of the problems discussed above in a novel and simple manner.


A method for controlling a selective catalytic reduction catalyst in an exhaust line of an internal combustion engine is disclosed, wherein the supply of a quantity of a gaseous ammonia reductant to the SCR catalyst uses a closed-loop SCR catalyst model coupled to a SCR-out NOx sensor that measures a SCR-out NOx emission value. The closed-loop SCR catalyst model uses a relationship linking the measured SCR-out NOx value to the NOx conversion efficiency and the ammonia slip. The actual NH3 emission value and/or an actual SCR-out NOx indicative value are computed based upon differentiation of said relationship.

SCR catalysts remove nitrogen oxides (NOx), often the most abundant and polluting component in exhaust gases, through a chemical reaction between the exhaust gases, a reducing agent, and a catalyst
Urea-based SCR catalysts use gaseous ammonia as the active NOx reducing agent. Typically, an aqueous solution of urea, also known as carbamide ((NH2)2CO), is carried on board of a vehicle, and an injection system is used to supply it into the exhaust gas stream entering the SCR catalyst where it decomposes into gaseous ammonia (NH3) and is stored in the catalyst. The NOx contained in the engine exhaust gas entering the catalyst then reacts with the stored ammonia, which produces nitrogen and water. The amount of urea (reductant precursor) injected is controlled to provide the maximum NOx conversion efficiency whilst keeping excess NH3, also known as NH3 slip, to low values.
SCR catalysts have mainly been introduced on heavy-duty vehicles where high NOx levels are present and where steady state can be considered to be the main operating conditions. In these conditions, SCR control consists of supplying a certain NH3 to NOx ratio, usually mapped as a function of speed and load.
Applying this kind of control on a passenger car, where transient conditions are more frequent, usually requires specific transient corrections. Moreover, vanadium based catalysts are often used on heavy duty vehicles and this technology is known to have a reduced buffering effect (the temporary storage of NH3) than new Zeolite based catalysts (Fe, Cu) used on passenger car (or light duty) applications. In this connection, it is now known that the NOx conversion efficiency depends on the amount of ammonia stored therein, while it is not necessary that all of the catalyst storage capacity be utilized by ammonia to achieve the optimal NOx conversion efficiency. Additionally, the NOx conversion efficiency also depends on the catalyst temperature.
As a result, SCR control generally involves:                an open-loop dosing of reducing agent based on maps or based on chemical modelling of the SCR system;        closed-loop correction of the dosing with a post-SCR exhaust sensor, typically a NOx sensor.
A difficulty of closed-loop control of such a system is that NOx sensors are sensitive to NH3. In practice, this implies that when excess urea is injected and converted to NH3, the post-SCR NOx sensor detects the NH3 breakthrough (slip) as an increase in NOx, which is thus interpreted by conventional controllers as a need to increase the reducing agent dosing, while the urea injection should actually be reduced.
This cross-sensitivity to NH3 thus creates additional difficulty that is required to be taken into account in the control of SCR catalyst systems in order to avoid wrong dosing actions.
Hence, there is a need for an improved method for the closed-loop control of a SCR catalyst. This is achieved by a method for controlling a SCR catalyst as claimed in claim 1.


A method of testing cache memory is used in a memory system having a primary memory unit and a cache memory unit. The method first writes a block of test data into the cache memory unit. Then, the test data is converted by a first encoding process into a first block of encoded data. The first block if encoded data is written into the primary memory unit. Data from the primary memory unit is fetched. The fetched data from the primary memory unit is converted by a second encoding process into a second block of encoded data. The second block of encoded data is stored into the cache memory unit. Either the first block of encoded data or the second block of encoded data is compared with a predetermined block of reference data to check whether the read/write operation to the cache memory unit is normal.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to memory testing technology, and more particularly, to a method of testing cache memory.
2. Description of Related Art
Cache memory is a special memory subsystem in a computer, which is used to stored a copy of the most frequently used data in the primary memory. Since cache memory is faster in access speed than primary memory, it allows an increase in data access speed, thereby making the program execution faster. When the CPU references an address in the primary memory and if that address is held in the cache memory, the data is returned to the CPU from the cache memory instead of from the primary memory. The use of cache memory can significantly enhance data access speed, thus increasing the performance of program execution. To ensure the reliability of data stored in cache memory, it is an essential step in the manufacture of cache memory to test whether the cache memory would operate correctly in read/write operations.
One conventional method for testing cache memory is to provide an additional hardware architecture to the cache memory for the implementation of the testing procedure on the cache memory. The required hardware architecture can be provided in two ways:
(1) Build-In memory Self-Test mode (BIST), which is an internal hardware architecture in the cache memory; and
(2) External hardware support, which can supply a set of special instructions to the cache memory being tested for performing simulated read/write operations on the cache memory.
One drawback to the use of additional hardware architecture to the cache memory for implementing the testing procedure, however, would require additional circuit layout space to realize, and thus is quite cost-ineffective to implement. Moreover, it would result in a slower access speed to the cache memory.
It is therefore an objective of this invention to provide a new method for testing cache memory, which can be implemented without having to provide additional hardware architecture for implementing the testing procedure, so as to make the testing of the cache memory more cost-effective to implement than the prior art.
In accordance with the foregoing and other objectives, the invention proposes a new method for testing cache memory, which is based on the hit/miss and encoding of data in the cache memory to test whether the cache memory would operate normally in read/write operations.
The method of the invention is designed for use on a memory system having a primary memory unit and a cache memory unit for testing the cache memory unit to check if the cache memory unit is normal in read/write operations. The method of the invention is applicable to any kind of write operation on primary memory (including programmed direct access, or read/write operation on cache memory). In one embodiment, the method according to the invention comprises the following steps: writing a block of test data into the cache memory unit; converting the test data through a first encoding process into a first block of encoded data; writing the first block of encoded data into the primary memory unit; fetching data from the primary memory unit; converting the fetched data from the primary memory unit through a second encoding process into a second block of encoded data; and then, storing the second block of encoded data into the cache memory unit; and finally comparing either the first block of encoded data or the second block of encoded data against a predetermined block of reference data to check whether the read/write operation to the cache memory unit is normal. The cache memory unit can be embedded in a microprocessor; and no encoding process is performed during any read/write operation between the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and the cache memory.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the fetched data from the primary memory unit is the first block of encoded data; and the predetermined block of reference data for the first block of encoded data is obtained through a first logic operation on the test data; and the predetermined block of reference data for the second block of encoded data is obtained through a second logic operation on the fetched data from the primary memory unit.
In another embodiment, the method according to the invention comprises the following steps: writing a block of test data into the cache memory unit; converting the test data through an encoding process into a block of encoded data; writing the encoded data into the primary memory unit; fetching data from the primary memory unit; and then, storing the fetched data from the primary memory unit into the cache memory unit; and finally, comparing either the block of encoded data or the block of fetched data against a predetermined block of reference data to check whether the read/write operation to the cache memory unit is normal.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the fetched data from the primary memory unit is the encoded data; and the predetermined block of reference data for the block of encoded data is obtained through a first logic operation on the encoded data; and the predetermined block of reference data for the fetched data from the primary memory unit is obtained through a second logic operation on the fetched data from the primary memory unit.
In another embodiment, the method according to the invention comprises the following steps: writing a block of test data into the cache memory unit; writing the test data into the primary memory unit; fetching data from the primary memory unit; converting the fetched data from the primary memory unit through an encoding process into a block of encoded data; and storing the encoded data into the cache memory unit; and finally, comparing either the block of test data or the block of encoded data against a predetermined block of reference data to check whether the read/write operation to the cache memory unit is normal.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the fetched data from the primary memory unit is the test data; and the predetermined block of reference data for the block of test data is obtained through a first logic operation on the test data; and the predetermined block of reference data for the block of encoded data is obtained through a second logic operation on the fetched data from the primary memory unit.
In conclusion, the invention is characterized in that the encoding method for the write operation of data from cache memory to primary memory is different from that for the read operation of data by the cache memory from the primary memory. This feature allows the testing procedure to be performed without having to provide additional hardware architecture, allowing the testing procedure to be more cost-effective to implement than the prior art.


A guide for a chain, or similar endless, flexible, power transmission device, is composed of a molded guide body, and a reinforcing plate fitting into a slot in the guide body. A nearly circular, but slightly elongated, mounting hole in the guide body is elongated in the front-to-back direction of the guide. The elongated mounting hole overlaps a circular mounting hole in the reinforcing plate, and allows relative adjustment of the positions of the holes so that the guide can be more easily mounted on an inner wall of an engine by a bolt or pin which extends through both mounting holes.

This invention relates to a guide for a mechanical power transmission device, of the kind used in an automobile engine for valve timing, in which power is transmitted through a flexible, circulating, power transmission medium such as a chain, a belt or the like. The invention relates more specifically to a guide which limits the traveling path of the transmission medium, to prevent vibration noise, transverse vibration, and meshing failure, or to a guide which, in cooperation with a tensioner, imparts tension to the transmission medium.
FIG. 8 shows a typical timing drive of an engine E, in which an endless chain C, travels over a driving sprocket S1 and a pair of driven sprockets S2. A movable guide Ga, over which the chain C slides, cooperates with a tensioner T to impart tension to the chain. A fixed guide Gb limits the traveling path of the chain C to prevent vibration noise, transverse vibration, and meshing failure. Both guides are attached to an inner wall of the engine by attachment means P, which may be mounting bolts, pins or the like.
As shown in FIG. 9, the movable guide Ga comprises a shoe A11 for sliding contact with a chain, and a guide body A10 integrally molded with the shoe. The guide body includes a plate-receiving portion A12, which extends longitudinally along the back of the shoe A11, that is, on the side of the shoe opposite the chain-contacting side. A reinforcing plate A20, which reinforces the guide body A10, fits into a slot A12a, which is open along the length of the plate-receiving portion A12. The movable guide Ga is mounted on an inner wall of an engine by a mounting bolt P, which is inserted into a mounting hole A12b bored through the guide body A10 and a mounting hole A21 bored through the reinforcing plate A20, and in register with hole A12b when the reinforcing plate is located in the slot A12a.
In the conventional movable guide Ga, the mounting hole A12b in the guide body A10 has the same hole diameter as the mounting hole A21 in the reinforcing plate A20. Thus, when the centers of the hole A12b and the hole A21 are shifted relative to each other by even a slight distance during assembly, either in the longitudinal direction of the guide or in the front-to-rear direction, in many cases the mounting bolt P cannot be inserted through the mounting holes. Moreover, when the mounting bolt P can be inserted through the holes, the tightness of the fit resulting from misalignment of the mounting holes can prevent the guide from pivoting smoothly on its mounting bolt.
In a high temperature environment such as encountered in an engine the guide body A10, which is composed of synthetic resin, is subject to thermal shrinkage, which can cause the guide body A10 to shift relative to the reinforcing plate. Such shifting not only impairs smooth rotation of the guide on the mounting bolt P, but also deforms the shape of the guide and reduces its strength and durability significantly.
Accordingly, among the objects of the invention are the solution of one or more of the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, and the provision of a guide for a flexible transmission medium, in which a reinforcing plate can be easily fitted into a guide body during assembly, and which can be easily mounted on bolt or mounting pin in a location such as on an inner wall of an engine.
To address the above objects the guide in accordance with the invention comprises an elongated guide body and a reinforcing plate. The guide body is composed of an elongated shoe having a front surface for sliding contact with the power transmission medium and a back side, and a plate-receiving portion extending longitudinally along the back side of said shoe and having a longitudinally extending slot open in a direction opposite to the direction in which said front surface of the shoe faces. The shoe and plate-receiving portion are integrally molded as a unit from a synthetic resin. The reinforcing plate fits into the slot. The guide body has a nearly circular, but elongated, mounting hole adjacent one end of the guide body. The mounting hole in the guide body is elongated in the front-to-back direction of the shoe. The reinforcing plate has a circular mounting hole, and the elongated mounting hole of the guide body overlaps the circular mounting hole of the reinforcing plate. An attachment means, such as a bolt or pin is inserted through the circular and elongated mounting holes, and supports the guide on an inner wall of an engine.
The plate-receiving portion has first and second ends spaced from each other along the longitudinal direction of the guide body, and, in a preferred embodiment, the guide body has a positioning guide wall at one end of its plate-receiving portion, for guiding the reinforcing plate in the front-to-back direction of the shoe during assembly of the guide, and limiting the shift of the reinforcing plate in the longitudinal direction of the guide body during operation of the guide.
The guide according to the invention may be a fixed guide for sliding contact with a chain, a belt or other circulating transmission medium, in order to prevent vibration noise, transverse vibration, meshing failure and the like by limiting the traveling path of the transmission medium. Alternatively, the guide may be a movable guide, which, in cooperation with a tensioner, imparts appropriate tension to a circulating transmission medium.
The synthetic resins of which the guide body is composed are not limited particularly, but they are preferably synthetic resins such as nylon 6, nylon 66, and all aromatic nylons referred to as xe2x80x9cengineering plastics,xe2x80x9d which have excellent wear resistance and lubricating properties, so that they are suitable to function as a shoe for sliding contact with a traveling transmission medium. The resins may be fiber-reinforced where improved strength is required.
The reinforcing plate may be composed of any suitable material which can reinforce the guide body. For example, iron-based metal such as cast iron, stainless steel or the like, non-iron metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium or the like, and engineering plastic having high bending rigidity and strength, and fiber-reinforced plastics or the like may be used. Further, by providing a plurality of punched holes in the reinforcing plate, distributed in the longitudinal direction of the guide, a significant reduction in the overall weight of the guide can be attained.
The attachment means for attaching the guide to an inner wall of an engine may be a mounting pin, a mounting bolt and the like. For a movable guide, the attachment means serves as a pivot at one end of the guide. Attachment means may be provided at both ends of a fixed guide. In either case, the specific shapes of the attachment means are not particularly limited.
The mounting hole in the guide body, which is nearly circular, but slightly elongated in the front-to-back direction, overlaps the circular mounting hole in the reinforcing plate. The guide body is mounted on an inner wall of an engine by an attachment means, inserted through both mounting holes. Even if a shift in the relative positions of the guide body and the reinforcing plate occurs during the mounting of the guide, an attachment means such as a mounting bolt or the like can be easily inserted and secured. The relative positions of the holes in the guide body and reinforcement plate can be adjusted in the process of mounting the guide on the attachment means.
In the case of a movable guide, when the guide body, which is composed of synthetic resin, is pivoted on a bolt or other attachment means on an inner wall of an engine, it is subject to thermal shrinkage as a result of its exposure to high temperature. The elongated mounting hole in the guide body not only absorbs the positional shift due of the guide body resulting from thermal shrinkage, thereby ensuring smooth pivoting of the guide on the attachment means, but also absorbs deformation of overall shape of the guide, and maintains the strength of the guide over a long period of time.
Since a positioning guide wall is provided on one end of the plate-receiving portion of the guide body, the reinforcing plate is guided in the front and back direction during assembly. The positioning guide wall also contributes to the restriction of the reinforcing plate against longitudinal shifting while the guide is in use.


A low surface tension liquid supply unit supplies a low surface tension liquid onto the upper surface of a substrate to form a liquid film of the low surface tension liquid on the substrate. An opening is formed in a central region of the liquid film of an organic solvent. The liquid film is removed from the upper surface of the substrate by expanding the opening. While a low surface tension liquid is supplied from the low surface tension liquid supply unit, to the liquid film, toward a liquid landing point set outside the opening, the liquid landing point is moved so as to follow the expansion of the opening. While an facing surface of a drying head faces a dry region set inside the opening to form a low-humidity space between the facing surface and the dry region, with the low-humidity space having a humidity lower than that outside the space, the dry region and the facing surface are moved so as to follow the expansion of the opening.

In substrate processing performed by a single substrate processing type substrate processing apparatus that processes substrates one by one, for example, a chemical liquid is supplied to the substrate that is held almost horizontally by a spin chuck. Thereafter, a rinse liquid is supplied to the substrate, and the chemical liquid on the substrate is replaced with the rinse liquid. Thereafter, a spin-drying step is performed to remove the rinse liquid on the substrate.
When fine patterns are formed on the front surface of a substrate as shown in FIG. 16, there is a possibility that the rinse liquid that has entered into the patterns cannot be removed in a s spin-drying step. Accordingly, there is a possibility that a drying failure will occur. The liquid level (the interface between air and the liquid) of the rinse liquid that has entered into the patterns is formed in the pattern. Therefore, the surface tension of the liquid acts on contact positions between the liquid level and the patterns. If the surface tension is high, a pattern collapse tends to occur. Water, which is a typical rinse liquid, is high in surface tension. Accordingly, the pattern collapse in the s spin-drying step cannot be disregarded.
Accordingly, there has been proposed a technique of supplying isopropyl alcohol (IPA), which is a low surface tension liquid having lower surface tension than water. In this technique, water that has entered into patterns is replaced with IPA, and the IPA is removed thereafter to dry the upper surface of the substrate.
For example, the wafer cleaning apparatus disclosed in Patent Literature 1 includes a nozzle head having an IPA discharge nozzle and a nitrogen gas discharge nozzle which are provided at its distal end and a gas discharge head that covers almost the entire upper surface of a substrate and can discharge a low-humidity gas. Ina spin-drying step, while a substrate is rotated and IPA is discharged from the IPA discharge nozzle, the nozzle head is moved from the center of the substrate to its peripheral edge, thereby pushing a liquid film of IPA to outside the substrate owing to a centrifugal force.
In order to dry the upper surface of the substrate by evaporating the IPA remaining on the upper surface of the substrate after the liquid film is pushed outside by centrifugal force, a nitrogen gas is discharged from the nitrogen gas discharge nozzle when the nozzle head is moved from the center of the substrate to its peripheral edge. Alternatively, while the nozzle head is moved from the center of the substrate to its peripheral edge, a low-humidity gas is discharged from the gas discharge head toward the upper surface of the substrate.

Substrate processing method and substrate processing device


To reduce network harmonics upon connecting a fluorescent lamp (LP) with a ower network rectifier (2) and a push-pull frequency generator (3) and a series resonance circuit (4) to the network, a harmonic filter is connected in the circuit with the fluorescent lamp. The harmonic filter includes two diode pairs (D8, D9; D10, D11) connected in forward current passing direction to the power rectifier (2). Two capacitors (C7, C8) connected to the common junction (M2) between the diodes (D8, D9) of one pair and a center common terminal (M1) between the alternately conducting transistors (T1, T2) of the push-pull frequency generator and an electrode (E1) of the lamp; and an inductance (L2) connected through a blocking capacitor (C9) to a common junction (M4) between the diodes (D10, D11) of the second pair, to provide for pumping of respectively leading and lagging reactive energy into the power network when the current wave of the a-c power supply passes through zero or null and thereby improve the overall wave shape of the power supply system.

The referenced U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,887, Fahnrich and Zuchtriegel, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, describes a circuit which includes an active harmonic filter operating in a double pump system. The active harmonic filter has a capacitor which is coupled to a center terminal between diodes of the double pump filter and a center terminal between two transistors which form the high-frequency oscillator circuit providing high frequency energy to the fluorescent lamp.
The circuit, with the filter as described in the referenced patent, ensures sufficient filtering so that the standards required by the International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC Standard 555- 2 of 1982, and amended by an amendment No. 2 of Sep. 1988 (which incorporates a prior amendment No. 1 of Oct. 1985), is met. The circuit functions as described and economically meets the IEC standards and specifications only, however, if the lamp power does not exceed 35 W. If lamps with higher lamp power are to be connected in such a circuit, or a plurality of lamps are connected together, either in parallel or in series, it has been found that the pumping capacitors must have capacity values of substantial level so that, in a push-pull amplifier, substantial switching losses will result. Thus, although the circuit functions well, the circuit losses in connection with its use render it uneconomical. Further, the network current may have a wave shape which, at the zero cross-over, has higher harmonic contents than permissible by the IEC standard, resulting in suddenly changing wave slopes rather than in essentially pure sine functions.

Power network supplied high-frequency low-pressure discharge lamp operating circuit

Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fur elektrische Gluhlampen mbH