A reciprocating pneumatic motor for hydraulics has a pair of guide grooves on the inner wall of a cylinder provided, together with a pneumatic piston and a shuttle valve to function pneumatically. The piston has a seal ring which passes the guide grooves to allow air to flow into the shuttle compression chamber, pushing the shuttle valve and opening up a channel for the venting of air. This continuous air flow and venting causes the piston to reciprocate. In addition, the piston is integrated with a ring plate using plastic ultrasound technology which simplifies the structure of the pneumatic motor.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a reciprocating pneumatic motor. More specifically, this invention relates to a pneumatic motor in which a cylinder has guided grooves to provide a reciprocating action for a piston. The piston is integrated with a ring plate using plastic ultrasound technology.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
A conventional pneumatic motor used in a hydraulic jack consists of a cylinder head, a cylinder, a first piston housing, a second piston housing, a piston and a piston rod. Air is supplied from a inlet of the cylinder head and the piston rod reciprocates to continuously move the piston left and right. The air flows into the cylinder and the air pressure forces the piston to go down. When the air is vented, the tension from a spring pushes the piston upward to support the jack. Another improved version of the conventional pneumatic motor uses a vertical action of the cylinder to simplify the structure. But this version of the design requires external connections such as nozzles and fittings, which make the entire structure more complicated. Moreover, the external connections interfere with the assembly process.

Reciprocating pneumatic motor for hydraulics

9-16, Nan Kan Hsia, Nan Kan, Lu Chu Hsiang


A scoop is used to collect a liquid slurry upstream of an internal collection tank. The scoop is in fluid communication with a downcomer, which receives at least part of the collected slurry, thereby maintaining a continuous flow of liquid slurry through the scoop to prevent plugging. Collected slurry can be removed for treatment from the scoop or the downcomer. In an application to a wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubber, the scoop collects an effluent slurry of partially reacted liquid scrubbing reagent and scrubbing byproducts before they drain into an internal reaction tank. Partially reacted liquid scrubbing reagent and scrubbing byproducts can therefore be withdrawn for treatment before the addition of fresh reagent alters the pH of the treatment stream.

The present invention relates generally to wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers and in particular to systems employing bleed streams or ex situ forced oxidation to oxidize sulfites to sulfates.
Typical wet FGD scrubbers, sometimes referred to as absorbers, consist of two major components: the scrubbing zone in which the actual gas scrubbing takes place and a reaction tank to allow efficient utilization of the reagent. The liquid reagent sprayed in the scrubbing zone captures sulfur dioxide (SO2) forming sulfites and bisulfites. These systems run free of scale if the oxidation of sulfites to sulfates is kept below about 15% (inhibited oxidation) or above 98% (forced oxidation). One means of controlling scale formation in an FGD system is to force oxidization of the sulfites to sulfates by bubbling air through the recirculated reagent.
Many present-day wet FGD scrubbers are single loop forced oxidation systems in which the scrubbing zone and the reaction tank are combined into one structure within the wet scrubber in what is referred to as in situ forced oxidation. A known single loop, in situ forced oxidation wet FGD scrubber 100 is shown in FIG. 1. Flue gas enters the scrubber at an inlet 12 located above the internal reaction tank and passes through a scrubbing zone consisting of a series of spray header levels 14 having a plurality of nozzles 16 which spray liquid reagent recirculated from the internal reaction tank by pumps 18. In the internal reaction tank, air is introduced to promote oxidation of the sulfites to sulfates. Other reactions such as reagent dissolution also occur. Sulfur oxides, produced in significant quantity by the combustion of coal, fuel oil or other fossil fuels, are removed by the liquid spray from the flue gas before the flue gas is exhausted to a stack (not shown) through an outlet 2. The liquid reagent is usually an alkaline slurry of lime, limestone, alkaline fly ash with supplemental lime, magnesium-promoted lime or a solution of sodium carbonate. The liquid reagent sprayed in the scrubbing zone captures SO2, forming sulfites and bisulfites. The pH of the partially reacted liquid reagent leaving the scrubbing zone falls to as low as about pH 4.5 depending on the reagent, stoichiometry, SO2 concentration and other design parameters. The low pH scrubbing liquid then falls into the reaction tank. Fresh liquid reagent is added to bring the pH of the liquid reagent in the tank back up to a preset level, for example from 5.8 to 6.2.
To maintain the reaction tank free of scale, the sulfites are oxidized to sulfates. This oxidation is typically accomplished by forcing air to a header 22 from a pump (not shown) which is distributed to a series of perforated sparger pipes 24 located in the reaction tank to allow air to be bubbled therein to force oxidation of the sulfites to sulfates in the reaction tank.
Older systems were designed to oxidize sulfites by bubbling the air through the reagent in a separate, external reaction tank. The formed sulfates were separated and disposed of. These systems were referred to as ex situ forced oxidation systems. Other systems bled a slip stream of reagent from the internal reaction tank, bubbled air through the reagent to oxidize the sulfites, and then returned the reagent back to the reaction tank, in an arrangement intermediate between the ex situ and in situ oxidation systems.
In some ex situ oxidation systems, the partially reacted liquid reagent is captured in the internal reaction tank, where fresh alkaline reagent is added to replace the reacted reagent and readjust the pH. A first stream is removed from the internal reaction tank and recirculated to the scrubbing zone. A second stream is removed from the internal reaction tank and sent to a separate external reaction tank, sometimes referred to as an oxidizer or oxidation tank. The preferred pH of the reagent in the oxidation process in the external reaction tank is 5 or lower. The pH of the readjusted reagent removed from the internal reaction tank, however, is about 5.8 and may be higher, due to the addition of fresh alkaline reagent. Therefore sulfuric acid is added to the oxidation stream or the separate external reaction tank to neutralize the alkali, and adjust the pH to the range preferred for promoting the oxidation process.
In some other older systems, a semi-in situ forced oxidation process was used in which a scoop collected nearly all of the sprayed liquid reagent, and sent it to an external oxidation tank. The contents of the tank were then pumped directly back to the FGD tower, rather than to a de-watering system. Only a bleed stream containing fresh alkali was removed from the process stream for dewatering.
Yet another FGD system employed a bowl in a double-loop operation to collect all of the liquid reagent from the absorber stage of the FGD system, however no attempt was made to minimize the use of sulfuric acid.
In a double-loop system, there are two loops, which are virtually separate from each other. The scrubbing loop contains fresh alkaline liquid reagent. The liquid reagent is then sprayed over several layers of packing to enhance the SO2 removal capability of the system. The contact between the reagent liquid on the packing and the flue gas causes the pH of the liquid reagent leaving the packing to drop, similar to the single-loop system. Then, the partially reacted liquid reagent, which is fairly low in pH, is collected in a bowl and sent to an external reaction or oxidation tank.
In a double-loop system, fresh liquid reagent is added to the external oxidation tank to maintain the process set point pH, and the adjusted pH liquid reagent is recirculated from the oxidation tank to the spray zone over the packing. Liquid reagent from the external oxidation tank overflows into the bottom of the scrubber, under the bowl, and is recirculated through a second loop to a set of headers, also located under the bowl. The function of these headers is to humidify the flue gas entering the scrubber so that wet/dry interface deposits do not form and assist in the scrubbing process. Partially reacted reagent liquid is usually drawn from the bottom of the scrubber based on a preset level. The lower loop usually runs at a lower pH than the upper loop to improve limestone utilization and reduce operating costs.
FIG. 2 illustrates a known double-loop flue gas desulfurization system comprising a housing, generally designated 5, having an inlet 12 near the bottom of the housing 5 for incoming flue gas. An outlet 2 is located at the top of housing 5 for the exit of flue gas after undergoing a scrubbing process within the housing 5.
Fresh liquid reagent is fed into feed tank 10 and pumped by pumps 30 to a plurality of upper level spray headers 20 located near the top of the housing 5 through a feed line 32 which is connected to the feed tank 10, the pumps 30 and the upper level spray headers 20. The liquid reagent sprayed by the upper level spray headers 20 has a high pH and is sprayed onto a packing 40, which is usually layered and has a depth of 2 to 3 feet, to enhance absorption of the SO2 in the high pH liquid reagent and filter exiting flue gas before the flue gas is channeled through outlet 2.
The sprayed liquid reagent from the upper level spray headers 20 trickles over and through the packing 40, and is diverted by a shroud ring 50 which is disposed concentrically around an inner diameter of the housing 5 for channeling liquid reagent through its inner opening to a bowl 60 located directly beneath the shroud ring 50 which collects the liquid reagent. The shroud ring 50 and the bowl 60 prevent the upper loop liquid reagent from being channeled into the internal reaction tank 70 located at the bottom of the housing 5. The liquid reagent collected in bowl 60 is directed back into the feed tank 10 by a return line 62 which is connected to the bowl 60 and the feed tank 10.
As the level of liquid reagent rises in feed tank 10, excess or overflow liquid reagent overflows back into the housing 5 to the internal reaction tank 70 through an overflow line 80 which is connected to the feed tank 10 and the housing 5 at the internal reaction tank 70. Liquid reagent from the internal reaction tank 70 is pumped by quencher pumps 71 to an array of lower level spray headers 90 through a lower feed line 72 which is connected to the internal reaction tank 70. The pumps 71 and the lower level spray headers 90 are used for quenching and scrubbing the flue gas, and improving the overall reagent utilization within the scrubber housing 5. The level of liquid reagent in internal reaction tank 70 is maintained below the inlet 12 through the use of purge means, i.e. a purge stream, indicated at 7 which is well-known in the art.

Collection scoop for flue gas desulfurization systems with bleed streams or ex situ forced oxidation


The present invention relates to ferroxanes and a method of making wherein a ferroxane may be defined by the general formula [Fe(O)x(OH)y(O2CR)z]n wherein x, y and z may be any integer or fraction such that 2x+y+z=3 and n may be any integer. The ferroxanes may be doped with at least one other element other than iron. The present invention further relates to a ceramic made from the ferroxanes of the present invention and a method of making. The present invention still further relates to supported and unsupported membranes made from the ceramic of the present invention.

Not applicable.
The present invention relates to ferroxanes and a method of making wherein a ferroxane may be defined by the general formula [Fe(O)x(OH)y(O2CR)z]n wherein x, y and z may be any integer or fraction such that 2x+y+z=3 and n may be any integer. The ferroxanes may be doped with at least one other element other than iron. The present invention further relates to a ceramic made from the ferroxanes of the present invention and a method of making. The present invention still further relates to supported and unsupported membranes made from the ceramic of the present invention.
Membrane mediated processes currently factor in solving many outstanding problems in engineering and technology including, but not limited to, water treatment, catalysis and fuel cells. Recent improvements in membrane materials and technology have collaborated to make membrane filtration economically competitive with traditional separation technologies for certain applications.
Inorganic membranes, because of a unique profile of characteristics, hold promise for application to specialized problems in science and engineering. Areas ripe for application of inorganic membranes include reduction of costs by capture of reusable by-products in the oil and petrochemical industry; improving efficiency of energy production from fossil fuels by cleaning the coal gasification process; removal of impurities and moisture from natural gas thereby improving the gas mining process; reducing waste in the pulp and papermaking process; and waste and water treatment.
Inorganic, e.g. ceramic or metallic, membranes have particular advantages over their organic counterparts. They are stable at high temperatures with ceramic membranes capable of operating at temperatures in excess of 1000xc2x0 C. and tend to be resistant to degradation in the presence of reactive chemicals. Because of the wide variety of materials that may be used in the fabrication of inorganic membranes, resistance to corrosive liquids and gases, even at elevated temperatures, can be realized.
Typical methods of manufacture for inorganic and/or ceramic membranes include powder processing and the sol-gel method; see, for example, Advances in Ceramics, Vol. 9., Eds., J. A. Mangels and G. L. Messing, American Ceramic Society, Westville, Ohio, 1984 and B. E. Yoldas, J. Mat. Sci. 1975, vol. 10, p. 1856.
Powder processing features the use of environmentally toxic binders and solvents such as trichloroethylene in the synthesis of the powder. Moreover, synthesis of the powder is a bottom-top approach, whereby discrete colloidal aggregates and particles are likely built up from dissolved single molecules of precursor compounds., As a result, particle size tends to be difficult to control using the powder processing method, most likely due to difficulties in controlling the rate of polymerization for assembly to the aggregates. The resulting collection of aggregates usually possesses a broad distribution of particle sizes, that is, it is said to have a low polydispersity index (PDI). The resulting mixture may be pressed, extruded or slip cast to provide the so-called green body, a ceramic precursor in the form of a single mass requiring only subsequent high-temperature thermal treatment to provide the final ceramic product. Ceramics ultimately attained from such a mixture of colloidal particles possessing a low polydispersity index tend to have a similarly broad range of pore sizes. For example, it is typical using this method to obtain average pore sizes between about 5 xcexcm (5,000 nm) and about 15 xcexcm (15,000 nm) in average size; and porosity between about 30% and about 50% pore volume. Ceramic membranes often comprise separate layers, each layer having a characteristic pore size. Large-pore size layers impart mechanical strength and often serve as supports for smaller-pore size layers that serve as the filtration membrane. Small pore layers may be obtained by coating with particles of suitable dimension prepared by a sol-gel process comprising, steps of dispersion, gelation, drying and firing. Crucial to this process is the creation of a stable liquid dispersion, or sol, of the colloidal ceramic precursors. This may be achieved through the use of numerous solvents and additives including strong acids, plasticizers and binders. These toxic agents, combined with sec-butanol which is a common byproduct of the process, are all environmental liabilities of the sol-gel process. The sol-gel also suffers from the general liabilities encountered in any bottom-top approach as described above.
Thus, there remains a need within the art for inorganic ceramics and membranes that can be produced with minimal environmental impact. In particular, the problem of producing iron oxide-based ceramics and membranes without wasteful byproducts remains less than completely solved. Moreover, the problem of producing iron oxide based ceramics and membranes with good control over pore size while simultaneously offering mild processing conditions has heretofore not been adequately addressed within the art.

Organic acid-Fe-OOH (ferroxane) particles and ferroxane-derived ceramics and ceramic membranes


This invention provides a method of determining the behavior of drugs in living bodies, particularly those which contain a variety of active ingredients, like biological, natural drug and crude-drug preparations. It comprises administering a drug being tested to an animal, taking a blood sample from that animal, deproteinizing the plasma separated from the blood, intravenously administering the deproteinized plasma thus prepared to a different test animal, and examining the effect of drug exhibited in that test animal. The amount of active ingredients absorbed into the blood can be estimated by this indirect method even with special drugs including a variety of unknown and trace components.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method of determining whether or not a drug administered to an animal is absorbed into the body and distributed in the blood.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Drugs are applied orally, intravenously, intraperitoneally, rectally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously or by inhalation in the form of internal preparations, or by percutaneous absorption in the form of external preparations, and a proper method of administration is selected case by case depending on the type of drug and the kind of disease to be treated.
In any of these administration methods, it is important to make clear the actual behavior of the applied drug in living bodies, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, in order to prove its efficacy.
Distribution of a drug absorbed in animal bodies is now measured by analysis of that drug contained int he blood or tissues through a physicochemical method, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, or by the use of drug labelled with a radioisotope.
However, some drugs containing substances extracted by a definite method from a plant or an animal treated in a specific way beforehand (like biological, natural drug and crude-drug preparations) often comprise a great variety of active components and hence exhibit the drug action as a result of synthetic effects of these components. If one tries to investigate the actual behavior of such a drug in living bodies, for example, by oral administration, by a conventional analytical method, the behavior of each of these components including unknown or trace substances must be determined. This can hardly be effected by the techniques presently available, and there has been a demand for a new method that can determine the behavior of such drugs simply and correctly.
This invention is to meet this demand.

Method of determining behavior of drugs in living bodies


This invention relates to a process for preparing aminoacetonitriles in one vessel. The process involves the steps of: (A) reacting an alkali metal cyanide with an aldehyde in water to form a cyanohydrin; (B) extracting the cyanohydrin formed in Step (A) into a water immiscible solvent to form a two phase system comprising a water immiscible phase containing the cyanohydrin and an aqueous phase; (C) removing at least 50 weight percent, based on the weight of the water immiscible phase, of the water immiscible solvent from the water immiscible phase thereby concentrating the cyanohydrin; (D) adding a water miscible amide solvent to the concentrated cyanohydrin to form a cyanohydrin solution; and (E) passing ammonia through the cyanohydrin solution to obtain an aminoacetonitrile. Aminoacetonitriles are important intermediates in the preparation of amino acids, thiadiazoles, acylaminoacetonitriles, and imidazole derivatives.

Aminoacetonitriles have been prepared by reacting aldehydes with alkali metal cyanides followed by isolation of the cyanohydrin and subsequent reaction with ammonia in a suitable solvent. Isolation of the cyanohydrin can be difficult due to the solubility of cyanohydrin in aqueous medium. Moreover, isolation of the cyanohydrin is inconvenient and increases the risk of exposure to hydrogen cyanide.
Aminoacetonitriles have also been prepared without isolation of the cyanohydrin by the Strecker synthesis using an alkali metal cyanide and an ammonium salt under aqueous conditions. The Strecker synthesis, however, is not practical in cases where the aminoacetonitriles are subsequently used under nonaqueous conditions because it is difficult to isolate the aminoacetonitriles which are unstable and often water soluble.
In contrast, the present inventor has determined that cyanohydrins can be efficiently extracted into volatile water immiscible solvents such as ethyl acetate, thus, avoiding the problem of isolating the aminoacetonitriles. The solvent is removed to give the cyanohydrin, preferably as an oil, which is dissolved in a water miscible amide solvent and reacted with ammonia in the same vessel. Amide solvents are relatively involatile, thus, allowing passage of ammonia to occur over several hours without incurring significant solvent loss. Furthermore, clean conversion to the aminoacetonitriles occurs when amide solvents are used. The use of amide solvents allows the aminoacetonitriles to be converted to important intermediates such as thiadiazoles and acylamino derivatives. Other solvents are not as useful in these respects. For example, use of pyridine or acetonitrile as solvents in the amination step leads to the formation of by-products.
The process of the present invention for preparing aminoacetonitriles and thereafter thiadiazole derivatives is represented as follows. ##STR1## Reagents/solvents: (1) alkali metal cyanide, mineral acid, water, extract with water immiscible solvent; (2) amide solvent, ammonia; and (3) sulfur monochloride.

Process for preparing aminoacetonitriles in one vessel


A display format adjustment system includes a display control module, a distance measurement module, a timer controller, and a display format determination module. The display control module displays content in a first display format on a display. The distance measurement module continuously measures the current distance between a viewer and the display screen. The timer controller starts a timer. Once the current distance changes, the timer controller restarts the timer. If the timer reaches a predetermined time, the display format determination module determines a second display format based on the first display format and the display control module displays the content in the second display format.

1. Technical Field
The disclosure generally relates to a system and a method for adjusting display format in an electronic device.
2. Description of Related Art
Generally, a desktop computer or a mobile terminal includes a display screen for communicating with a viewer. When content is being displayed in an unchanging format (e.g. a fixed font size and/or a fixed image size) on the display screen and a viewer keeps viewing the content at a constant view distance for quite a long time period, it may do harm to the eyes of the viewer. Therefore, there is a need for a technique for automatically adjusting the display format of the displayed content to require the viewer to refocus his eyes, and/or move his head towards or away from the display screen.

Adjusting display format in electronic device


A loudspeaker is provided which includes: a magnetic circuit including a magnet having at least one hole, a plate fixed to one of a pair of polar surfaces of the magnet, and a box-shaped yoke having an inner bottom surface fixed to the other polar surface of the magnet; a voice coil vertically vibratably provided in a magnetic gap formed by the plate and the yoke; a diaphragm having a peripheral edge connected to an upper end of the voice coil; and a magnetic fluid filled in at least one of a gap between the voice coil and the plate and a gap between the voice coil and the yoke. The loudspeaker includes at least one means for uniformly distributing the magnetic fluid.

In recent years, in order to meet demands for stylish appearances of TVs and mobile equipment, frame narrowing has been progressed which narrows an outer frame surrounding a display device. Therefore, the shape of a loudspeaker generally installed in a frame is desired to be slimmer.
However, in a slim loudspeaker, since the width thereof in a short side direction is narrowed, a sufficient width of a suspension that holds a diaphragm cannot be secured. Therefore, stiffness of the suspension increases, and a minimum resonant frequency f0 of the loudspeaker also increases. As a result, low-frequency characteristics are degraded, and reproduction frequency bandwidth is reduced. As a countermeasure to this problem, Patent Literature 1 proposes a conventional loudspeaker which is a slim loudspeaker utilizing a magnetic fluid and separated suspensions and in which reproduction frequency bandwidth is not reduced.
FIG. 22(a) is a diagram showing a cross-sectional view of a loudspeaker 600 using a magnetic fluid and separated suspensions, which is the conventional loudspeaker disclosed in Patent Literature 1. FIG. 22(b) is a cross-sectional view of the loudspeaker 600 taken along a line A-B in FIG. 22(a) and viewed in a direction of an arrow C. The loudspeaker 600 includes a yoke 601, a magnet 602, a plate 603, a diaphragm 604, suspensions 605a and 605b, a voice coil 606, a sound hole 608, ribs 609, and a magnetic fluid 610. The magnet 602, whose front outer shape is a track shape, is bonded to an inner bottom surface of the box-shaped yoke 601 with an upper surface being opened. The plate 603, whose front outer shape is a track shape, is bonded to an upper surface of the magnet 602. A magnetic gap 607 is formed between the yoke 601 and the plate 603. Thus, the yoke 601, the magnet 602, and the plate 603 form a magnetic circuit having the magnetic gap 607. The sound hole 608 is formed penetrating through the yoke 601, the magnet 602, and the plate 603 along a central axis O. The diaphragm 604 is formed with a plurality of ribs 609 parallel to the short sides of the diaphragm 604. The suspensions 605a and 605b are provided on the short sides of the diaphragm 604, as a support that vibratably supports the diaphragm 604. That is, a suspension is not provided surrounding the entire circumference of the diaphragm 604, but a plurality of independent suspensions (separated suspensions) are provided on portions of the diaphragm 604. The suspensions 605a and 605b are made of the same material as that of the diaphragm 604, and are formed integrally with the diaphragm 604. The voice coil 606, whose front outer shape and front inner shape are track shapes, is provided in the magnetic gap 607. In addition to the voice coil 606, the magnetic fluid 610 is filled in the magnetic gap 607. In the conventional loudspeaker 600 disclosed in Patent Literature 1, the magnetic fluid 610 is filled only on an inner circumference side of the voice coil 606 in the magnetic gap 607.
According to the above configuration, the suspensions 605a and 605b that vibratably support the diaphragm 604 are provided at the different positions on the outer circumference of the diaphragm 604. Therefore, even when the loudspeaker is reduced in size, the stiffness can be reduced by adjusting the width and thickness of the suspensions 605a and 605b, and thus the minimum resonance frequency can be reduced. Further, since the magnetic gap 607 is filled with the magnetic fluid 610, interference between sound waves which occurs at the surfaces of the diaphragm 604, and rolling can be suppressed. As described above, by using the loudspeaker 600 that utilizes the magnetic fluid 610 and the separated suspensions 605a and 605b, it is possible to suppress reduction in the reproduction frequency bandwidth that is a problem in a slim loudspeaker.

Loudspeaker and equipment including the same

PANASONIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CO., LTD.


Novel avermectin derivatives are disclosed, wherein the 5-hydroxy group is replaced by an oxime group. The avermectin-5-oximes can further be derivatized at the 4"- or 4'-positions as amino, substituted amino, acylhydrazone, semicarbazone, or substituted semicarbazone analogues. The avermectin-5-oximes are prepared by the oxidation of the 5-hydroxy compounds with manganese dioxide or with pyridinium dichromate to the known 5-oxo analogues, and these are then reacted with a hydroxylamine salt. The new compounds are potent anti-parasitic agents, in particular, the compounds are anthelmintic, insecticidal and acaricidal agents.

The term avermectin (previously referred to as C-076) is used to describe a series of compounds isolated from the fermentation broth of an avermectin producing strain of Streptomyces avermitilis and derivatives thereof. The morphological characteristics of the culture are completely described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,519. The avermectin compounds are a series of macrolides, each of which is substituted at the 13 position with a 4-(.alpha.-L-oleandrosyl)-.alpha.-L-oleandrose group. The avermectin compounds and the instant derivatives thereof have a very high degree of anthelmintic and anti-parasitic activity.
The avermectin series of compounds isolated from the fermentation broth have the following structure: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.4 is the 4'-(.alpha.-L-oleandrosyl)-.alpha.-L-oleandrosyl group of the structure: ##STR2## and wherein A at the 22,23 position indicates a single or a double bond;
R.sub.1 is a hydrogen or hydroxy and is present only when A indicates a single bond; PA1 R.sub.2 is iso-propyl or sec-butyl; and PA1 R.sub.3 is methoxy or hydroxy PA1 R.sub.2 is an alpha-branched C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 alkyl or alkenyl group, a C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl group, or a thienyl group. PA1 R.sub.3 is hydroxy, loweralkyloxy, loweralkanoyloxy, or ##STR4## wherein R.sub.4 is attached to C-4"or C-4' by a single bond and is hydroxy, amino, N-loweralkylamino, N,N-diloweralkylamino, loweralkanoylamino, N-loweralkylalkanoylamino or triloweralkylsilyloxy; or R.sub.4 is attached to C-4" or C-4' by a double bond and is ketone, semicarbazone,N-loweralkylsemicarbazone, N,N-diloweralkylsemicarbazone, loweralkanoyl hydrazone, benzoylhydrazone, or loweralkylbenzoylhydrazone; and each R5 is independently hydroxy or methoxy. PA1 R.sub.2 is an alpha branched C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 alkyl or alkenyl group; and PA1 R.sub.3 is hydroxy, loweralkyloxy, loweralkanoyloxy, ##STR6## wherein R.sub.4 is attached to C-4" or C-4' by a single bond and is hydroxy, amino, N-loweralkylamino, N,N-diloweralkylamino, loweralkanoylamino, N-loweralkylalkanoylamino or triloweralkylsilyloxy; or R.sub.4 is attached to C-4" or C-4' by a double bond and is ketone, semicarbazone,N-loweralkylsemicarbazone, N,N-diloweralkylsemicarbazone, loweralkanoyl hydrazone, benzoylhydrazone, or loweralkylbenzoyl hydrazone. PA1 A at the 22,23 position represents a single bond and wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or hydroxy, or A represents a double bond and R.sub.1 is absent; PA1 R.sub.2 iso-propyl, sec-butyl, or an alpha-branched C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 alkenyl group; and PA1 R.sub.3 is ##STR7## wherein R.sub.4 is attached to C-4" by a single bond and is hydroxy, amino, N-loweralkylamino, loweralkanoylamino, or N-loweralkylalkanoylamino; PA1 R.sub.6 is loweralkyl, phenyl, or loweralkyl substituted phenyl and Y is halogen. The reduction is completely described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,199,569.
There are eight different avermectin natural product compounds and they are given the designations A1a, A1b, A2a, A2b, B1a, B1b, B2a, and B2b based upon the structure of the individual compounds.
In the foregoing structural formula, the individual avermectin compounds are as set forth below. (The R group is 4'-(.alpha.-L-oleandrosyl)-.alpha.-L-oleandrose):
______________________________________ R.sub.1 (A) R.sub.2 R.sub.3 ______________________________________ A1a (22,23-double bond) sec-butyl --OCH.sub.3 A1b (22,23-double bond) iso-propyl --OCH.sub.3 A2a --OH sec-butyl --OCH.sub.3 A2b --OH iso-propyl --OCH.sub.3 B1a (22,23-double bond) sec-butyl --OH B1b (22,23-double bond) iso-propyl --OH B2a --OH sec-butyl --OH B2b --OH iso-propyl --OH ______________________________________
The avermectin compounds are generaly isolated as mixtures of a and b components. Such compounds differ only in the nature of the R.sub.2 substituent and the minor structural differences have been found to have very little effect on the isolation procedures, chemical reactivity and biological activity of such compounds.
In addition to these natural avermectins containing the 25-iso-propyl or 25-sec-butyl-substituent, closely related derivatives containing other branched or cyclic 25-alkyl or 25-alkenyl substituents, optionally further substituted by heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and halogen, are known in the literature. These derivatives are obtained through various adjustments and additions to the fermentation procedures as described fully in the European Patent Application EPO 0,214,731.
Avermectins are products of microbial fermentations using the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis. These microbes use acetates and propionates as building blocks for most of the avermectin carbon chain, which is then further modified by microbial enzymes to give the completed avermectin molecules. It is known, however, that the carbon C-25 and the 2-propyl and 2-butyl substituents at this carbon are not derived from acetate or propionate units, but are derived from aminoacids L-valine and L-isoleucine, respectively. It was reasoned, that these aminoacids are deaminated to the corresponding 2-keto acids, and that these then are decarboxylated to give 2-methylbutyric and 2-methylpentanoic acids. These acids then have been found to be directly incorporated into the avermectin structures to give the 2-propyl and 2-butyl C25 substituents, as is reported by Chen et al., Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. (186 Meet.,MBTD 28, (1983)). It was also disclosed in European Patent Application number 0,214,731 that additions of large amounts of other acids such as cyclopentanoic, cyclobutyric, 2-methylpentanoic, 2-methylhexanoic, thiophene-3-carboxylic acids and others to the fermentation broth of S. avermitilis causes the microbes to accept these acids as substitutes and to make small amounts of avermectins containing these acids in form of new C-25 substituents. Examples of such avermectin derivatives are:
25-(thien-3-yl)-25-de-(1-methylpropyl)avermectin A2a PA0 25-(cyclohex-3-enyl)-25-de-(1-methylpropyl)avermectin A2a PA0 25-cyclohexyl-25-de-(1-methylpropyl)avermectin A2a PA0 25-(1-methylthioethyl)-25-de-(1-methylpropyl)avermectin A2a PA0 25-(2-methylcyclopropyl)-25-de-(1-methylpropyl)avermectin A2a PA0 3',3"-Bisdesmethylavermectin B1a/B1b. PA0 3',3"-Bisdesmethylavermectin B2a/B2b. PA0 3',3"-Bisdesmethyl-25-cyclohexyl-25-de-(2-butyl)-avermectin B2a PA0 3',3"-Bisdesmethyl-25-cyclopentyl-25-de-(2-butyl)-avermectin B2a PA0 3',3"-Bisdesmethyl-25-(3-thienyl)-25-de-(2-butyl)-avermectin B2a PA0 3',3"-Bisdesmethyl-25-(3-furyl)-25-de-(2-butyl)-avermectin B2a PA0 3',3"-Bisdesmethyl-25-(1-methylthioethyl)-25-de-(2-butyl)-avermectin B1a. PA0 3"-desmethylavermectin B1a/B1b. PA0 R.sub.2 iso-propyl, sec-butyl, or an alpha-branched C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 alkenyl group; and PA0 R.sub.3 is 4'-(.alpha.-L-oleandrosyl)-.alpha.-L-oleandrosyloxy. PA0 4"-oxoavermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 avermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 4"-deoxy-4"-methylamino-avermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 4"-deoxy-4"-epi-methylamino-avermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 4"-amino-4"-deoxyavermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 4"-deoxy-4"-epi-amino-avermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 4"-acetylamino-4"-deoxyavermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 4"-deoxy-4"-epi-acetylamino-avermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 avermectin B1a/B1b 4"-semicarbazone 5-ketoxime PA0 22,23-dihydro-avermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 22,23-dihydro-4"-oxo-avermectin B1/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 avermectin B2a/B2b 5-ketoxime PA0 22,23-dihydro-4"-epi-acetylaminoavermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 22,23-dihydro-4"-deoxy-4"-methylamino avermectin B1a/B1b 5-ketoxime PA0 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino-avermectin B1a/B1b monosaccharide 5-ketoxime PA0 4"-epi-amino-4"-deoxyavermectin B2a/B2b 5-ketoxime PA0 25-cylopentyl-25-de-(1-methylpropyl)-4"-oxo-avermectin B2a 5-ketoxime PA0 25-cylopentyl-25-de-(1-methylpropyl)-avermectin B1a 5-ketoxime PA0 25-cylopentyl-25-de-(1-methylpropyl)-4"-epi-avermectin B1a 5-ketoxime
Still additional avermectin derivatives are produced through artifical modification of the fermentation of Streptomyces avermitilis either by addition of metabolic inhibitors such as cinefungin (as described by Schulman et al., J. Antibiot. (1985), 38, 1494-1498) or by mutation of the parent strain (as described by Schulman et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, (1987), 31, 744-747, and by EP 276-131-A to Pfizer INC.). Some of these avermectin derivatives are still further modified and are missing one or two of the 3'- and 3"-O-methyl groups (Schulman et al., J. Antibiot. (1985) 38, 1494-1498). Examples for such derivatives are:
The fermentation products have been chemically modified in order to obtain further antiparasitic and insecticidal analogs with improved properties. Publications of such procedures in the scientific and patent literature have been reviewed by Fisher, M. H.; Mrozik, H. In Macrolide Antibiotics; Omura, S., Ed.; Academic: New York, (1984); pp 553-606, and by Davies, H. G.; Green, R. H. Nat. Prod. Rep., (1986) 3, 87-121.
For example a group of semisynthetic avermectin derivatives were obtained by hydrogenating specifically the 22,23-double bond of avermectin B1giving 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1 derivatives which have very potent anthelmintic and antiparasitic properties. Other examples of semisynthetic avermectin derivatives contain a 8,9-oxide group, a 4a-hydroxy or acyloxy group, a 23-keto group, which all are potent antiparasitic and insecticidal compounds.
It has also been described by Mrozik in U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,663 that amino substituents at the 4"- and 4'- positions have very high antiparasitic and insecticidal activities.
These compounds may be used as starting materials for the compounds of the instant invention without further modification, or when containing additional reactive groups, which are not to be modified under the reaction conditions applied, only after protection of such with a suitable protecting group.


An example method is provided that may include receiving a first request to join a communication session; receiving voice data from a telephonic device in response to an audio prompt requesting a voice input from a dial-in user; interpreting the voice data to identify a particular name; and presenting the particular name in a graphical user interface associated with the communication session, the presentation of the particular name identifying that the dial-in user has joined the communication session.

In certain architectures, service providers and/or enterprises may seek to offer sophisticated online conferencing services for their end users. The conferencing architecture can offer an "in-person" meeting experience over a network. Conferencing architectures can also deliver real-time interactions between people using advanced visual, audio, and multimedia technologies. Virtual meetings and conferences have an appeal because they can be held without the associated travel inconveniences and costs. In addition, virtual meetings can provide a sense of community to participants who are dispersed geographically. Indeed, in certain meeting scenarios, participants can be separated from other participants by several thousand miles and include persons whom one or more of the other participants in the meeting have never met in person or over the phone. Further, in some virtual meeting scenarios, meeting participants may want to identify their participation or presence in the meeting to other participants in the meeting. Meeting participants can be identified by visual and/or audio indicators to assist other participants in identifying who is participating in the virtual meeting.
Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.

Name recognition of virtual meeting participants


Techniques are described to furnish a light sensor that includes a patterned IR cut interference filter integrated with a patterned color pass filter. In one or more implementations, the light sensor includes a substrate having a surface. An IR cut interference filter configured to block infrared light is formed over the surface of the substrate. The light sensor also includes one or more color pass filters placed above or below the IR cut interference filter. The color pass filters are configured to filter visible light to pass light in a limited spectrum of wavelengths to the one or more photodetectors. In an implementation, a buffer layer is formed over the surface and configured to encapsulate the plurality of color pass filters to facilitate formation of the IR cut interference filter. In another implementation, the buffer layer is formed over the IR cut interference filter to function as a quasi-sacrificial buffer layer to facilitate formation of the color pass filters.

Electronic devices, such as smart phones, tablet computers, digital media players, and so forth, increasingly employ light sensors to control the manipulation of a variety of functions provided by the device. For example, light sensors may be used by an electronic device to detect ambient lighting conditions in order to control the brightness of the device's display screen. Typical light sensors employ photodetectors such as photodiodes, phototransistors, or the like, which convert received light into an electrical signal (e.g., a current or voltage). However, the response of such photodetectors can be influenced by the presence of infrared (IR) light (e.g., electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength greater than approximately 700 nanometers (nm) that can be detected by the photodetector). For example, a light sensor of an electronic device may indicate that the surrounding ambient environment is "brighter" than it really is because the surrounding lighted environment contains a larger proportion of infrared light than normal (e.g., where the surrounding lighted environment is furnished by artificial lighting, and so forth).

Light sensor having IR cut interference filter with color filter integrated on-chip


A system and method is disclosed for engine starting and transmission shifting where a controller may be operable to decrease a torque of a motor and operate a starter-generator (ISG) to start an engine responsive to a command to shift the transmission and start the engine. The controller may disengage a second clutch and subsequently shift the transmission to a target gear ratio speed responsive to the torque of the motor achieving zero. The controller may increase respective torques of the motor, ISG, and engine to drive a speed of the motor, ISG, and engine toward a target speed defined by the target gear speed responsive to completion of the shift. The controller may engage the second clutch responsive to the speed of the motor achieving the target speed and engage a disconnect clutch responsive to the respective speeds of the ISG and engine achieving the target speed.

For a hybrid vehicle, difficulties may exist in coordinating an engine starting routine and coordinating the shifting of a transmission between different gear ratios. For large commercial hybrid vehicles that may include a large engine (e.g., a 6.2 Liter V-10 engine), significant power consumption by a starter-generator may be required to generate enough torque required to crank and start the large engine.

Hybrid vehicle engine start and shift control strategy


A floating drive mechanism for a power seat adjuster in which carriages are carried by two parallel inserts, each of the inserts including a toothed rack in mesh with a pinion drive gear. The gear and rack are held in a consistent mesh with one another by a spring retainer so that during adjustment of the seat, as the carriage is moving, dimensional variations of the carriages and inserts do not effect the mesh between the gears and racks. The gears include drive shafts which terminate in spherically radiused square drive ends to which are crimped the ends of a torque tube coupling the pinion gears to one another. A transmission/motor assembly pivotally mounted to one of the carriages is used to drive the two gears. The drive shaft couplings with the torque tube enable the two gears to float relative to one another and also relative to the motor/transmission assembly to maintain the consistent mesh between the gears and the racks.

The present invention relates to a drive mechanism for an automotive vehicle seat adjuster and in particular to a floating drive mechanism for a power seat adjuster.
In recent years, automobile designs have changed to a sleeker, more aerodynamic, shape in which the roof line of the vehicle has been lowered. As a result of the lowered roof lines, the occupant seats have changed to a more reclined position in order to comfortably fit the occupant within the vehicle. With the more reclined seats, in order to accommodate various size occupants, the seat adjustment travel in the fore and aft direction has been increased from approximately a five inch travel to a nine to eleven inch travel.
Many power seat adjusters utilize a rack and pinion for moving the seat fore and aft. The seat assembly is attached to a carriage that is slidable along a stationary rack mounted to the vehicle floor pan. The carriage is moved fore and aft by a pinion gear driven by a motor and transmission assembly running on a stationary rack. The machining tolerances of the rack and the carriage can result in an uneven meshing of the pinion gear teeth with the rack teeth over the length of travel of the rack. This creates noise and an uneven or jerky motion during the horizontal seat adjustment. With the five inch seat adjustment travel, the noise and uneven motion is normally within acceptable levels. However, when the rack length is increased to provide a greater horizontal travel, the noise level and uneven motion can exceed acceptable levels.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a drive mechanism that maintains a constant mesh between the pinion gear and the rack along the entire length of travel to avoid noise and uneven motion.
The present invention achieves the objective of maintaining a constant mesh between the pinion gear and rack teeth by providing a floating drive mechanism in which the pinion gear is allowed to move vertically relative to the motor and transmission assembly. The pinion gear is retained in a fixed position relative to the rack so that a constant mesh between the pinion gear and rack teeth is maintained. Flexible couplings in the pinion gear's drive shaft as well as a pivotal connection of the motor and transmission assembly to the carriage enables the motor and transmission assembly and the pinion gear to float relative to one another. A typical seat assembly includes a pair of carriages, racks and pinion gears with one of each disposed along opposite lateral sides of the seat.
Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the following description and the appended claims when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

Power seat adjuster with floating drive mechanism


Disclosed herein are system, method, and computer program product embodiments for creating and utilizing configuration providers for layered repository facilities. An embodiment operates by creating or loading a custom data structure for a software application, retrieving configuration information from at least one configuration provider, storing the retrieved configuration information in the custom data structure, and associating the custom data structure with the application and a specific layer of a layered repository facility. When this is done across multiple layers of the layered repository for the same software application, configurations can be efficiently managed for different users having different roles and relationships within an enterprise software environment, while maintaining a user experience that is flexible, extensible, dynamic, and yet consistent and familiar across many devices and platforms, even for users having multiple roles and different relationships within the enterprise software environment.

Management of enterprise application configurations in interconnected business environments is becoming more complicated and challenging for enterprise software end users and administrators. Such tasks will generally involve the diverse technology platforms. For example, applications or components of one platform may be written in different programming languages and implemented in different technology stacks from applications and components of another platform. This data must be accessed and managed with a variety of applications across platforms. These applications must also be managed across different types of configuration file formats and/or schemas, which are often mutually incompatible. Enterprises may use these diverse platforms and technology stacks distributed across different business domains within the enterprise, or among other parties with specific roles, such as across partner businesses, vendors, suppliers, client businesses, and personal end users, etc., each of which may have different preferences and desired configurations for user experience.
For parties such as vendors, partners who provide further contributions to enterprise applications, or customers that are also businesses themselves, such parties may have multiple roles, may be involved in multiple domains of the enterprise, and/or may have multiple different or changing relationships with the enterprise. Managing these roles and relationships creates further complexity, which significantly increases difficulty in providing consistent configurations for a reliably coherent user experience with users in different roles across the same enterprise software applications. Accordingly, in such environments, it becomes difficult to manage configuration information for the numerous applications that must be managed across parties in multiple different roles or domains that must use these same applications implemented across multiple technology stacks and diverse platforms. End users and administrators in today's enterprise environments face what may become overwhelming challenges in accessing, configuring, and managing many different applications available on many diverse platforms in a consistent and efficient manner.
In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical or similar elements. Additionally, generally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.

Configurable provider for layered repository


A taper coupling structure includes a groove, serving as a hollowed part, provided in a rear end surface of a hub. The groove is formed continuously in the circumferential direction and uniformly in the radial direction. In the state in which a taper shaft is fitted in the hub, the groove interferes with the taper shaft in the radial direction. An inner shell part, which is a portion on the inside of the groove in the radial direction, has a low radial rigidity because of the presence of the groove. For this reason, if a force is applied from the hollow portion of a flange part toward the outside in the radial direction, the diameter of the inner shell part is liable to be increased in the radial direction by elastic displacement (deflection).

Couplings are known as machine elements for transmitting the output of a prime remover to a driven machine. Among these couplings, there is known a coupling in which the output shaft (hereinafter, referred to as the "taper shaft") of prime mover, in which the outer periphery of the shaft end portion is formed into a tapered shape, is fitted in a hub, into which the shaft end portion is inserted and which has a hollow portion the inner periphery of which is formed into a tapered shape. This coupling structure is used to transmit a high output, for example, to transmit the output of a steam turbine to a compressor, or to transmit the power of an engine to a propeller shaft.
A taper coupling structure (hereinafter, referred simply to as a coupling structure in some cases) is configured so that when the taper shaft is fitted in or removed from the hub, oil is supplied to a fitting surface between the taper shaft and the hub and thereby the diameter of the hub is expanded (the diameter is increased) to enable the fitting and removing operations. For this purpose, in the coupling structure, an oil path is provided in the taper shaft (or the hub), and an oil groove connected with the oil path is provided in the outer peripheral surface of the taper shaft (or the inner peripheral surface of the hub), whereby oil is supplied to the fitting surface via the oil path and the oil groove.
The fitting and removing operations in the coupling structure can be accomplished not only by using an oil pressure as described above but also by heating the hub to permit heat expansion thereof. In the case where the hub is large, however, the heating work is not easy to do.
Therefore, in the coupling structure, the fitting and removing operations are accomplished mostly by using the oil pressure.
The coupling structure in which the fitting and removing operations are accomplished by using the oil pressure has a problem that oil splashes out of the oil groove and pollutes the surroundings as described in Patent Document 1. Patent Document 1 proposes that the inner peripheral surface of the hub is subjected to microgroove fabrication (the depth: 5/100 mm or smaller). According to Patent Document 1, due to the microgroove fabrication, oil as a perfect fluid is not present on the inner peripheral surface of hub, and resultantly, even if the taper shaft is removed and the oil is exposed to the space, the oil does not splash as a fluid, and remains in a state of sticking to the surface portion.

Taper coupling structure and rotating machine


An automatic device for storing wheelchairs behind vehicles is provided. The wheelchair storage device is configured to mount to the exterior of a vehicle on the vehicle's roof rack. The storage device includes a horizontal and vertical arm, that when activated by a motor, uses a series of motors and gears to move a wheelchair attached to the vertical arm to the rear of the vehicle. A storage platform is further provided that receives and secures the wheelchair behind the vehicle. The motors of the storage device may be powered by the vehicle's engine, and a remote may be provided for user control.

There are currently several devices available on the market for the transfer and storage of manual wheelchairs in an automobile. These systems are difficult for wheelchair users to use or operate as they enter or exit a vehicle. There are approximately 1.5 million manual wheelchair users in the United States, and of those, 70% are at one time or another injured when they transfer from their wheelchair to an automobile. These injuries are typically overuse injuries, and the resulting damage could cause a manual wheelchair user to prematurely switch to an automated wheelchair.
Some wheelchair users simply disassemble their wheelchairs before entering their vehicles and reassemble the wheelchair when they reach their destination. The process of a wheelchair user transferring from the wheelchair seat to a vehicle seat, disassembling the wheelchair, and hoisting it into the vehicle is an arduous one that often results in injury.
Of the products currently available on the market for storing a manual wheelchair during transit, the majority of systems are crane-based and semi-automated. The systems can be mounted on the interior or exterior of the automobile. For those systems, manual assistance is often first required to attach such systems to the wheelchair. A manual control is then used to activate and automate the lift function, sometimes requiring additional manual effort to guide the chair safely into the vehicle. If not in combination with a second system or piece of equipment, these systems may require the driver to possess a level of independence and functional mobility necessary to return to the driver's seat after their chair is stored all by themselves. Besides being limited to use by individuals having greater ambulatory capabilities, the use of these systems are often restricted to particular types of vehicles with sufficient storage space. Moreover, having ample storage space often limits seating for other passengers.
Another system variation is storing a manual wheelchair in a rooftop carrier. This system also requires manual assistance for attachment, but the manual control performs both the lift and storage function with no additional effort. With storage on the rooftop, this system may be compatible with a wider range of automobiles including a standard sedan-type. However, it poses safety risks when driving under a bridge or overpass. Also, use with rigid frame manual wheelchairs is not possible as the system requires folding of the wheelchair for storage in a more compact rooftop carrier to limit wind resistance. Moreover, non-rigid manual wheelchairs can be problematic because they often fail to provide adequate back and/or seat support for wheelchair users.
In yet another existing system, wheelchair users may store their wheelchairs in the bed of a pickup truck when in transit. This system also requires manual assistance for attachment, and a vehicle lift may be used to lift the wheelchair into the truck bed. However, because truck seats of a cab are typically elevated, a modified truck must be used with this system.


A terrain surveillance, powered aircraft is disclosed to have an on-board video camera that is not gimballed relative to the aircraft, the aircraft typically comprising multiple components; the method of the invention including: assembling the components into aircraft configuration at or near a launch site; launching the aircraft at that site with no human pilot on board same; remotely controlling the flight path of the aircraft by radio or cable link, to fly to a location for terrain surveillance; operating the on-board video camera to survey the terrain while varying yaw of the aircraft to provide sweep viewing of the terrain; and recovering the aircraft by controlling its flight to steeply descend to a landing zone.

This invention relates generally to remotely controlled unmanned aircraft; and more particularly to hand launchable aircraft, the components of which are easily assembled in the field, or disassembled so as to fit in a small size package, the aircraft carrying sensor instrumentation for terrain surveillance. The aircraft is inherently stable and therefore simple to operate, and an autonomous "deep-stall" landing mode requires no piloting skills.
There is a need for small size aircraft of the type described, which will enable data transmission from a sensor such as a television camera carried on board the aircraft, the data to be transmitted by radio frequency, fiber optic cable, or similar means and received by a ground receiver, as for example at the point of launch. Such as an aircraft must be capable of transport in a small size container to the point of launch, then quickly assembled and launched, for data retrieval.

Rapid assembly aircraft for ground surveillance


A startup circuit in an LDO includes an operational amplifier having an inverting terminal and a non-inverting terminal and an output node. The non-inverting terminal receives a reference voltage. The startup circuit further includes a feedback capacitor coupled between an output node and the inverting terminal and a current source coupled between the inverting terminal and ground such that the current source and the feedback capacitor together control rate of change of an output voltage of the operational amplifier. A comparator is used to stop the rate of change of output voltage after the output voltage reaches a desired value.

When an LDO is activated, an output capacitor of the LDO is charged to a nominal voltage as fast as possible which causes a large amount of current to flow (inrush current). The power source for an LDO, included in a system, can have variable characteristics and constraints. Because of the finite impedance of the sources, these types of LDOs are expected to limit the initial charging current. Large inrush current can cause the power source to dip dangerously low, at times even low enough to cause system-level problems. Many LDOs do not support an inrush current limit feature. Absence of this key feature creates problems that become especially severe if the LDO is capable of high load current, and if an input source is a switching converter. Output of the switching converter can be pulled down by a large inrush current that flows into charge the output capacitor, triggering the switching regulator enable circuit, and in some cases forcing the circuit to reset. The step-down regulator may then cycle between charging and reset states. There needs to be a startup circuit that can limit inrush current in LDOs.


A terminal frame of a stator frame comprises a body adapted to receive a terminal. The body of the terminal frame is also adapted to be mounted to a coil frame of the stator frame in a detachable manner.

A motor generally comprises a stator, a stator frame mounted in the stator, a coil wound on the stator frame, and a rotor mounted in the stator. When the coil is powered, an electromagnetic force is generated to drive the rotor to rotate. The stator frame is usually made of plastic, and the stator and the rotor are usually made of magnetic conductive material.
The stator frame generally comprises a coil frame for winding coils and a terminal frame for installing terminals. The stator frame is usually a single molded piece; the coil frame and the terminal frame are molded into a single component. In the process of manufacturing the motor, the stator frame is first pressed into the stator. Then, a wire, such as an enameled wire, is wound on the coil frame to form a coil. Lead ends of the coil are then pressed into wire slots formed in the terminal frame. Lastly, terminals are pressed into terminal chambers formed in the terminal frame to electrically connect the lead ends of the coil.
There are many different types of terminals, such as a MAGMATE type of terminal and a SIAMEZE type of terminal, and many different types of wires known in the art. In order to cooperate with different types of terminals and different types of wires, it is necessary to provide different types of terminal frames with different shapes or dimensions of terminal chambers and wire slots. Because the coil frame and the terminal frame of the stator frame is integrated together, the whole stator frame has to be replaced when it is necessary to replace different types of terminals or different types of wires. For example, if the terminal frame is damaged during the process of pressing the lead ends into the wire slots or pressing the terminals into the terminal chambers, the whole stator frame including the coil frame and the terminal frame must be replaced, which leads to serious waste and increased cost.


The present invention relates to a MOS transistor which is capable of compensating the shortcomings of the conventional MOS transistor having three gate electrodes. In order to achieve the object the MOS transistor of the present invention is characterized in that the sidewall gates are made of material having an energy band gap higher than that of the material constituting the main gate or the sidewall gates are implanted with holes (or positive charges) or electrons (or negative charges). The MOS transistor of the present invention includes a gate dielectric layer formed on a semiconductor substrate at a predetermined width, a main gate formed onto a middle of the gate dielectric layer at a width narrower than that of the gate dielectric layer, sidewall insulators formed on both sides of the main gate, sidewall gates formed on the sidewall insulators and the gate dielectric layer extended outward the main gate, the sidewall gates being injected by holes or electrons, and source/drain regions formed outward the sidewall gates within the semiconductor substrate.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a MOS transistor structure and, in particular, to a MOS transistor structure having three gate electrodes.
(b) Description of the Related Art
A conventional MOS transistor structure having three gate electrodes has been disclosed in "Threshold voltage adjusted-0.1 μm MOSFET using an inversed layer as very shallow source/drain" by H. Noda, F. Murai, and S. Kimura, IEDM Tech. Dig., 1993, pp. 123˜126.
Also, the U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,133,098 and 5,047,816 have been disclosed conventional MOS transistor fabrication techniques.
FIG. 1 shows a conventional MOS transistor structure having three gate electrodes. In case of NMOS, as shown in FIG. 1, a gate oxide layer 5 and a polysilicon main gate 8 doped with N-type impurity of high concentration are sequentially formed on a P-type silicon substrate 1.
Between sidewall gates 7 and the main gate 8, oxide layers 6 are formed so as to electrically isolate the sidewall gates 7 and the main gate 8 from each other, and the gate oxide layer 5 is between the sidewall gate 7 and the P-type silicon substrate 1.
A source 2 and a drain 3 are formed outward the sidewall gate 7 within the semiconductor substrate.
In case of PMOS, the entire structure is identical with the NMOS except for the conductive type of the impurity.
If a voltage is regularly applied to the above structure sidewall gates, the inversed layer below the sidewall gates acts as source/drain extension areas. In the meantime, if the voltage is applied to the main gate, a channel is formed such that the electric current flows from the drain to the source.
Since the sidewall gates are used for forming the virtual source/drain extension areas, the source/drain extension area can be formed at a junction depth of 5˜10 nm, thereby it is possible to efficiently improve a short channel effect such as a drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) and a threshold voltage reduction effect which occurs by penetration of the drain electric field to the channel.
In case of forming the source/drain extension region through the conventional ion implantation process, however, the implanted impurity spreads into the channel region, thereby the source and drain are coupled if the gate length is below 0.06 μm. Even when the gate length is longer than 0.06 μm it is impossible to form the source/drain junction at the depth below 10 nm, resulting in occurrence of the severe short channel effect.
As an alternative to the technique for forming the source/drain extension region of the nano-transistor below 0.1 μm, a virtual source/drain extension region structure using the sidewall gates has been interested.
In order to regularly apply the voltage to the sidewall gates of the conventional MOS transistor structure having three gate electrodes, contacts should be formed at the sidewall gates, which is difficult. Also, the ions injected for the purpose to adjust the threshold voltage of the sidewall gates may spread in the following thermal treatment process so as to make an effect to the threshold voltage of the main gate region.
Furthermore, there can be parasitic capacitances between the sidewall gate and the main gate, between the sidewall gate and the body, and between the sidewall gate and the source/drain, that make slow the transfer speed of the sidewall gate bias voltage so as to degrade transistor performance.
Also, the voltage regularly applied to the sidewall gates causes additional leakage current so as to increase the power consumption and deteriorate the isolation layer between the sidewall gate and the main gate.


A device for cooling a rail weld zone according to the invention includes a first cooler cooling a head portion of the rail weld zone, a second cooler cooling a rail web portion of the rail weld zone, and a control section controlling the first and second coolers. The first cooler includes a first temperature detecting section that detects the temperature of the head portion, and a first ejection section that ejects a first cooling fluid to the head portion. The second cooler includes a second temperature detecting section that detects the temperature of the rail web portion, and a second ejection section that ejects a second cooling fluid to the rail web portion. The control section individually changes the kinds, the flow rates, and the flow velocities of the first and second cooling fluids while cooling the head portion and the rail web portion.

A joint of a rail is a portion that is most easily damaged in the rail and incurs maintenance cost. Further, a joint of a rail is a main generation source of noise and vibration that are generated during the passage of a train. The speed of passenger rail services and the load of freight trains are increasing at home and abroad. From this situation, a technique for manufacturing a long rail having a length of 200 m or more by continuously connecting joints of rails by welding is becoming widespread.
As main methods of welding a rail joint, there are flash butt welding (for example, see Patent Document 1), gas pressure welding (for example, see Patent Document 2), enclosed arc welding (for example, see Patent Document 3), and Thermit welding (for example, see Patent Document 4).
When a joint of a rail is welded, stress is concentrated in the vicinity of the neutral axis of a rail weld zone. Accordingly, it is necessary to frequently replace a rail in order to prevent fatigue cracks from being generated. FIG. 7A shows an aspect where a fatigue crack 51 extending in the horizontal direction is generated in the vicinity of the neutral axis of a rail weld zone 50 and a brittle crack 52 is growing toward a rail head portion and a rail foot portion. An aspect where the fatigue crack 51 is generated from the vicinity of the neutral axis of the rail weld zone 50 as an origination and the brittle crack 52 then penetrates the rail web portion in the thickness direction is found from FIG. 7B that shows a fracture surface of the crack.
Meanwhile, in this specification, a rail upper portion coming into contact with a wheel is referred to as a "head portion", a rail lower portion coming into contact with a sleeper is referred to as a "foot portion", and a portion formed between the head portion and the foot portion is referred to as a "rail web portion". Further, the upper surface of the head portion is referred to as a "head-top portion", side surfaces of the head portion are referred to as "head-side portions", and the back surface of the foot portion is referred to as a "sole portion".
It is considered that the generation of the fatigue crack is affected by not only an external load condition but also residual stress in the rail weld zone. FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 9 show an example of residual stress distribution generated when a joint of a rail is subjected to flash butt welding. In the graphs of FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 9, a positive direction of the vertical axis represents tensile residual stress and a negative direction of the vertical axis represents compressive residual stress. FIG. 8A shows the residual stress distribution which is generated at a peripheral portion of the rail weld zone in a circumferential direction. From FIG. 8A, it is found that tensile residual stress of the rail web portion is large. Further, FIG. 8B is a view showing tensile residual stress of a middle portion of the rail web portion in the circumferential direction (vertical direction), while a distance from a welding center plane in the axial direction of the rail is represented on the horizontal axis. From FIG. 8B, it is found that tensile residual stress in the circumferential direction (vertical direction) is distributed in the range between the welding center plane and a position that is distant from the welding center plane by a distance of about 25 mm. If a rail weld zone is positioned on the sleeper, compressive stress in the vertical direction acts on the rail web portion during the passage of a train. However, large tensile stress in the vertical direction remains at the rail web portion. Accordingly, while tensile stress is always substantially applied to the rail web portion, the rail web portion repeatedly receives stress. For this reason, fatigue cracks are apt to be generated at the rail web portion. Meanwhile, FIG. 9 shows the residual stress distribution of the peripheral portion of the rail weld zone in the axial direction of the rail. From FIG. 9, it is found that large compressive stress remains at a rail sole portion. If a rail weld zone is positioned between sleepers, tensile stress in the axial direction of the rail acts on the rail sole portion during the passage of a train. However, the tensile stress in the axial direction of the rail and the compressive residual stress in the axial direction of the rail offset each other. Accordingly, while compressive stress is always substantially applied to the rail foot portion, the rail foot portion repeatedly receives stress. For this reason, fatigue cracks are not easily generated at the rail foot portion.
In order to prevent the damage to the rail web portion, a method of rapidly cooling the head portion and the rail web portion of the rail weld zone or the entire rail weld zone, which is in a high-temperature state by welding heat or heat transferred from the outside, is proposed in Patent Document 5 and Patent Document 6. According to this method, it is possible to reduce tensile residual stress that is generated at the rail web portion of the rail weld zone in the vertical direction or to convert the tensile residual stress into compressive stress. Accordingly, it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of the rail weld zone.
Further, as techniques that improve the fatigue strength of the rail weld zone, there is a method that uses a shot-peening treatment (for example, see Patent Document 7) or the like. In the shot-peening treatment, steel balls which have a diameter of several mm are projected to a material to plastically deform the surface layer of the material, so that the surface layer is subjected to work hardening. That is, it is possible to improve fatigue strength by converting residual stress into compressive stress.
Furthermore, the invention of a device for cooling a rail weld zone is disclosed in Patent Document 8. The device includes an air chamber that cools a head-top surface of the rail weld zone, an air chamber that cools head-side surfaces of the rail weld zone, and air chambers that cool an abdomen portion (rail web portion) and a bottom portion (foot portion) of the rail weld zone. Each of the air chambers is provided with a plurality of nozzles that ejects compressed air, and a nozzle for detecting temperature is provided in the middle of a nozzle group of the air chamber that cools the head-top portion.

Device and method for cooling rail weld zone


Methods and kits for producing cellular fractions enriched in adipose derived stem cells. Methods are provided where adipose tissue obtained from liposuction is enzymatically treated using a solution containing collagenase and divalent cations prior to the application of traditional methods of stromal-vascular fraction isolation. The enzymatic solutions may contain collagenase types I and II to a final concentration of about 0.001 mg/ml to 0.010 mg/ml. The divalent cations may be present as calcium, magnesium, and zinc chloride. The final concentration of calcium, magnesium, and zinc may range from about 0.001 to 0.1 micromolar; about 0.005 to 0.5 micromolar; and about 0.0015 to 0.15 micromolar, respectively. The enzymatic solutions may be generated using a kit where the collagenase and divalent components are held in separate containers until just prior to use. The cellular fractions isolated in this manner may be used in autologous fat grafts in therapeutic applications.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the fields of plastic and cosmetic surgery and regenerative medicine and specifically to the field of autologous stem-cell based therapies.
2. Description of the Background
In recent years myriad publications and discoveries have emerged describing the biology and therapeutic potential of stem cells. By definition, a stem cell is characterized by its ability to self-renew and its ability to differentiate into other cell types along multiple lineage pathways. Additionally, several studies have shown the plasticity, transdifferentiation, cyto-protectivity, angiogenicity, migration capability, cytokine production and secretion, and related immuomodulatory effects of stem cells. Accordingly, stem cells offer a large therapeutic potential in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
Due to ethical and political controversies, safety concerns, and regulatory issues, embryonic stem cells are a disfavored source of therapeutic cells. Recent studies indicate that stem cells also exist throughout the adult body in tissues including the brain, dermis, bone marrow, periosteum, skeletal muscle, synovium, and vasculature. However, the most abundant and accessible source of adult stem cells is adipose tissue. There are over 400,000 stem cells/mL in fat tissue (>50 mil in 200 mL of fat).
Stem cells derived from adult tissues consist of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) or Stromal Cells. Several researchers have demonstrated that mesenchymal cells within the stromal-vascular fraction of subcutaneous adipose tissue display multilineage developmental plasticity in vitro and in vivo.
With the increased incidence of obesity in the United States and abroad, subcutaneous adipose tissue is abundant and readily accessible. Approximately 400,000 liposuction surgeries are performed in the United States each year. These procedures yield anywhere from 100 mL to >3 L of lipoaspirate tissue, and this material is routinely discarded. Adipose-derived stem cells are multipotent and hold promise for a range of therapeutic applications.
These adipose-derived stem cells hold great therapeutic potential in the plastic surgery area. The autologous transplantation of fat tissue is a promising treatment for facial reconstructive surgery and soft tissue augmentation. The fat tissue provides a natural feel and look to the tissue, compared to synthetic implants. Moreover, the potential for immune system rejection of the tissue is eliminated. There are many tissue defects that cannot be treated with existing synthetic fillers and fat grafting is the only option for such indications. However, many of stem cells are being damaged or lost during the liposuction process. The idea of supplementing the fat with concentrated stem cells can replace the lost and improve graft survival.
Some problems with autologous fat transplantation remain, however. The retention and survival of transplant fat tissue is unpredictable. Generally, there is a fairly low rate of graft survival due to partial necrosis of the graft. Additionally, fat may resorb from the graft into the body. Variations in the mechanical process of fat harvesting have been undertaken to improve viability of harvested tissue, though predictability remains elusive.
Some researchers augment the transplanted fat tissue with cellular additives to promote survival. Specifically, the augmentation of fat tissue with adipose-derived stem/stromal cells has been employed to promote survival of the transplanted tissue. See Yoshimura, et al. "Cell-assisted lipotransfer for cosmetic breast augmentation: Supportive use of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells" Aesth. Plast. Surg. 32:48-55 (2008), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The isolation of stem cells and stromal cells from adipose tissue presents a further challenge for the plastic surgeon using autologous fat grafting. The raw tissue obtained from patients may be processed to isolate a stromal vascular fraction ("SVF" as described below), which is enriched in adipose-derived stem cells. The methods for obtaining and isolating this tissue fraction should preserve the viability and promote enrichment of the stem cells. The present invention accomplishes this goal through a carefully selected enzyme-containing cocktail that may be used during cellular enrichment. By obtaining stem cell-enriched SVF, the present invention also increases the effectiveness and success of numerous medical procedures and interventions.

Clinical applications of formulations containing adipose-derived stem cells


A data storage device includes a memory and a controller. The controller is configured to receive a read request that indicates a logical address. The controller is further configured to perform a first read operation to retrieve a representation of an entry of a logical mapping table from the memory, and perform a second read operation to retrieve a representation of a codeword from the memory. The controller is further configured to decode the representation of the codeword to determine whether an error exists at the entry, and, prior to completion of decoding, to initiate a third read operation to retrieve first read data from a first physical address corresponding to the logical address as determined based on the representation of the entry.

Non-volatile data storage devices, such as universal serial bus (USB) flash memory devices or removable storage cards, have allowed for increased portability of data and software applications. Flash memory devices can enhance data storage density by storing multiple bits in each flash memory cell. For example, Multi-Level Cell (MLC) flash memory devices provide increased storage density by storing 3 bits per cell, 4 bits per cell, or more. Although increasing the number of bits per cell and reducing device feature dimensions may increase a storage density of a memory device, a bit error rate of data stored at the memory device may also increase.
Random input/output operations per second (IOPS) performance has become one of the criteria by which memory products such as iNAND are compared. Page based Flash Management (FM) can improve performance during programming (e.g., for large number of programming IOPS). However, issuing Control Reads (CR) prior to data reads can reduce read performance when page based Flash Management is used.
For example, a CR may be used to identify a physical address of the data in the memory. The physical address may be stored in a logical-to-physical address mapping table in the memory. The logical-to-physical address mapping table may be too large (e.g. 1 MB table size per 1 GB of memory) to be kept as a whole at a controller of a flash memory device. As a result, during random read operations over a large span of read addresses, whenever a portion of the logical-to-physical address mapping table including a requested address is not cached in the controller, a CR may be issued to read the logical-to-physical address mapping table from the memory, resulting in increased overall read latency and reduced number of IOPS.

System and method to reduce read latency of a data storage device


Device comprising two clasps which are fixed to two skis to form two cavities suitable to accommodate an element which is connected to a shoulder strap; the strap is provided with an element for adjusting its length, and the element is provided with two elastic structures which are suitable to be engaged in the two cavities of the two skis, which are suitable to contain, as an alternative to the element, an anti-theft device; a buckle element is provided in a belt for accommodating the element extracted from the cavities.

The present invention relates to an ergonomic device which is suitable to facilitate carrying items, particularly skis, and is suitable to cooperate with a key device and with a chain to form an anti-theft device for one or more pairs of skis and for the associated ski-sticks. The device is suitable, in particular, to be applied to a pair of elongated members, such as two skis, and can be used to engage an element of a buckle arranged at the end of a traction element of a shoulder-strap in order to easily support a pair of skis. More advantageously, it can be used to protect the two skis against theft.


A MIMO-based multiuser OFDM multiband of UWB communications is presented to meet FCC emission limitations for indoor UWB operations. The present UWB system divides a single UWB frequency band of 7.5 GHz into eleven frequency bands as a multiband. Each frequency band has 650-MHz frequency bandwidth, uses an OFDM with multicarrier, and employs different modulations. The present UWB system can be programmable not only to transmit different data rates in a relatively longer distance but also to avoid interference with other devices by controlling the multiband and/or some of the multicarrier within each of the OFDM. The present UWB system can transmit a very high data rate up to 11 Gbps approximately.

This invention is generally relative to a Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)-base multiuser Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) multiband of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Communications for short-distance wireless broadband communications.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released a revision of Part 15 of Commission's rules regarding UWB transmission systems to permit marketing and operation of certain types of new products incorporating UWB technology on Apr. 22, 2002. With appropriate technologies, UWB device can operate using spectrum occupied by existing radio service without causing interference, thereby permitting scarce spectrum resources to be used more efficiently. Adapting UWB technology offers significant benefits for Government, public safety, businesses, and consumers under an unlicensed basis of operation spectrum.
In general, FCC is adapting unwanted emission limits for UWB communication devices that are significantly more stringent than those imposed on other Part 15 devices. For indoor UWB operations, FCC allows a wide variety of the UWB communication devices, such as high-speed home and business networking devices, subject to certain frequency and power limitations. An emission limitation is −10 dBm for the indoor UWB operations. The UWB communication devices must operate in the frequency band from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. In addition, the UWB communication devices should satisfy the Part 15.209 emission-mask limitations for the frequency band below 960 MHz and above 960 MHz.
For indoor UWB communication devices, Table 1 lists the FCC restrictions of the emission masks (dBm) along with the frequencies (GHz) as follows:
TABLE 1Frequency (MHz)EIRP (dBm) 0-960−41.3 960-1610−75.31610-1990−53.31990-3100−51.3 3100-10600−41.3Above 10600−51.3
FCC defines an UWB communication device device where a fractional bandwidth (FB) is greater than 0.25 given by,
                              FB          =                      2                                      (                                                                    f                    H                                    -                                      f                    L                                                                                f                    H                                    +                                      f                    L                                                              )                                      ,                            (        1        )            where fh is the upper frequency of −10 dBm emission point, and fL is the lower frequency of −10 dBm emission point.
The center frequency Fc of an UWB transmission system is obtained by using an average of the upper and lower −10 dBm emission points as follows:
                              F          c                =                                                            f                H                            +                              f                L                                      2                    .                                    (        2        )            Furthermore, a minimum frequency bandwidth of 500 MHz must be used for any indoor UWB communication devices regardless of the center frequency.
In indoor environments, the UWB communication devices can be used for wireless broadband communications within a short-distance range, particularly for a very high-speed data transmission suitable for broadband access to networks, a device access to any devices, and Internet access to high-definite television, etc.
An UWB frequency bandwidth of 7.5 GHz from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz is used as a single frequency band, an analog-to-digital (A/D) and a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter must operate at a very-high sampling rate F, so that an UWB communication transceiver can be directly implemented in a digital domain. However, this leads to a very-high requirement for the A/D and D/A converter in an UWB transmitter and receiver. Presently, developing such a very high-speed A/D and D/A converter may not be possible with a reasonable cost, thereby having a difficult problem to apply the A/D and the D/A converter for the UWB communication transceiver based on the single frequency band. On the other hand, a single frequency band-based UWB communication transceiver may not have flexibility and scalability for transmitting and receiving a user data. In addition, the single frequency band-based UWB communication transceiver may have interference with a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 802.11a transceiver without using a special filter system since the WLAN 802.11a transceiver operates at a lower U-NII frequency range from 5.15 GHz to 5.35 GHz and at an upper U-NII upper frequency range from 5.725 GHz to 5.825 GHz.
Furthermore, since FCC is adapting unwanted emission limits for indoor UWB communication devices that are significantly more stringent than those imposed on other Part 15 devices, transmitting distance of the indoor UWB communication devices is limited if employing a convention approach, such as a single antenna for the single frequency band in the UWB communication devices. As a result, transmitting distance is approximately in a range of one meter to ten meters depending on a transmitting data rate.
An OFDM is an orthogonal multicarrier modulation technique that has been extensively used in a digital audio and video broadcasting, and a WLAN 802.11a. The OFDM has its capability of multifold increasing symbol duration. With increasing the number of subcarriers, the frequency selectivity of a channel may be reduced so that each subcarrier experiences flat fading. Thus an OFDM approach has shown in a particular useful for wireless broadband communications over fading channels.
A direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is to use a pseudorandom (PN) sequence to spread a user signal. The PN sequence is an ordered stream of binary ones and zeros that referred to as chips rather than bits. The DSSS can be used to separate signals coming from multiuser. Thus the multiple access interference (MAI) among multiuser can be avoided if a set of PN sequences is designed with as low crosscorrelation as possible.
A MIMO is a multiple-input-multiple-output as a wireless link and is also a space-time signal processing so that a natural dimensional of transmitting data is complemented with a spatial dimension inherent in the use of multiple spatially distributed antennas. Thus, the MIMO is able to turn multipath propagation into a benefit for a user. In a MIMO communication system, signals on transmitter antennas at one-end and receiver antennas at the other-end are integrated in such a way that the quality of bit error rate (BER), data rate of communication for each user, or transmitting distance is improved, thereby enhancing a communication network's quality of service.
A MIMO-based multiuser OFDM multiband for an UWB communication transceiver system is disclosed herein according to some embodiments of the present invention. The present invention uses eleven frequency bands as a multiband, each of the frequency bands having 650 MHz frequency bandwidths. Each of the frequency bands employs an OFDM modulation for a multiuser UWB communication transceiver. A base station of UWB communications employs eleven antennas while a mobile station of the UWB communications uses two antennas. A solution of MIMO-based OFDM multiband allows using a set of low-speed A/D and D/A converters in parallel. A unique of the PN sequences is assigned to each user so that multiuser can share the same frequency band or the multiband to transmit and receive information data. An orthogonal sequence is also used to spread the data within each of the frequency bands, thereby leading to multiband orthogonality. On the other hand, since the OFDM is an orthogonal multicarrier modulation, subcarriers within each of the frequency bands may be flexibility turned on or off avoiding the interference with the WLAN 802.11a during the indoor UWB operations. In addition, the MIMO-based multiuser OFDM multiband of the UWB communication transceiver system improves the capability of transmitting very-high data rate in a much longer distance than the convention approach does. Moreover, the present invention of the MIMO-based multiuser OFDM multiband of the UWB communication transceiver system has a scalability to transmit and receive the data rate of 2.770 Gbps by using one of the frequency bands up to the data rate of 11.082 Gbps by using all of the eleven frequency bands.
Thus, there is a continuing need of the MIMO-based multiuser OFDM multiband of the UWB communication transceiver system for transmitting a very-high data rate in a greater distance range in indoor environments.

MIMO-based multiuser OFDM multiband for ultra wideband communications


The present invention is an acoustic wave device including first and second acoustic wave resonators. A first tilt angle that is an angle formed between a direction perpendicular to a direction in which electrode fingers of the first acoustic wave resonator extend and a direction along which the electrode fingers are arranged is different from a second tilt angle that is an angle formed between a direction perpendicular to a direction in which electrode fingers of the second acoustic wave resonator extend and a direction along which the electrode fingers are arranged.

At present, filters employing surface acoustic wave devices have widely been used mainly for mobile phones and the like. In general, such a filter is composed of a resonator in which an IDT (comb-shaped electrode) and a reflector are provided on a piezoelectric substrate. In such a filter, characteristics required for the surface acoustic wave device depend on a frequency band and a system, and thus it is important to use a piezoelectric substrate suited to the frequency band and the system. Here, the frequency band and the pass band are greatly influenced by a surface acoustic wave velocity and an electromechanical coupling coefficient, and their characteristics largely depend on the material and cut angle of the piezoelectric substrate.
In the piezoelectric substrate, if there is no symmetry of crystal about the direction in which the wavefront of a surface acoustic wave propagates, the phenomenon called beam steering occurs in which the wavefront propagation direction (the direction of phase propagation) is different from the direction of energy travel. The angle formed between the wavefront propagation direction and the direction of energy travel is called power flow angle. If the power flow angle is high, an energy loss occurs and thus the filter characteristic may deteriorate. Therefore, using a cut angle at which the power flow angle is zero is considered, but optimal surface acoustic wave velocity and electromechanical coupling coefficient are not necessarily obtained with such a cut angle. For that reason, it is important how the loss is reduced in a state where there is beam steering.
As a filter that achieves this, a filter composed of a resonator as disclosed in Patent Literature 1 is proposed. FIG. 10 shows a top view of the filter 900. In the filter 900, a pair of IDT electrodes 901 and reflectors 902 are formed on a piezoelectric substrate 910. A plurality of electrode fingers 903 of each IDT electrode 901 are arranged so as to be parallel to each other such that the direction in which the electrode fingers 903 extend is orthogonal to an X axis that is the direction in which the wavefront of a surface acoustic wave propagates. In addition, the direction along which these electrode fingers 903 are arranged is the direction along an X′ axis which is tilted relative to the X axis by a power flow angle ζ. Furthermore, the reflectors 902 provided on both sides of the IDTs are arranged along the X′ axis. Moreover, a plurality of conductor strips 904 constituting each reflector 902 are arranged so as to be parallel to each other such that the direction in which the conductor strips 904 extend is orthogonal to the X axis. Thus, intersection areas of the electrode fingers 903 and the reflectors 902 are arranged along the direction of energy travel, and hence the energy can be confined and the loss can be reduced.

Acoustic wave device and antenna duplexer employing the same

SKYWORKS PANASONIC FILTER SOLUTIONS JAPAN CO., LTD.