An aqueous coating composition containing:. (a) an aqueous carrier medium: PA0 (b) a pigment having a pH below 7.0; PA0 (c) an AB block copolymer pigment dispersant resin of PA0 the AB block copolymer has a number average molecular weight of 5,000-20,000 and contains 20-80% by weight of a polymeric A segment and correspondingly 80-20% by weight of a polymeric B segment; PA0 wherein the pigment and the dispersant are present in a pigment to dispersant weight ratio of 0.1/1-20/1; PA0 (d) a film forming polymeric binder containing carboxyl groups and PA0 (e) a crosslinking agent which on curing of the coating composition will react with the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of the AB block copolymer and the carboxyl groups of the film forming polymeric binder.. (1) an A block of a hydrophobic polymer having amine groups; and PA1 (2) a B block of a hydrophilic polymer having hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups;. Pigment dispersions of the AB block copolymer and process for forming the dispersions also are part of this invention.

AB copolymer dispersants are known in the art and are used to form pigment dispersions that are used in a variety of coating compositions and for inks, in particular for inks for ink jet printers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,656,226 issued Apr. 7, 1987, to Hutchins et al shows an AB block copolymer dispersant having polar groups such as acid or amine groups that attach to a pigment's surface and the other block of the polymer keeps the pigments stabile in the dispersion or coating composition. U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,131 to Chu et al issued Jul. 27, 1993 shows the use of graft copolymers to form aqueous pigment dispersions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,201 issued Dec. 21, 1993 to Ma et al and U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,334 issued Jun. 22, 1994, to Ma et al show AB or BAB block polymers that are used in aqueous printing inks to keep pigments dispersed in the inks.
A number of the above polymer dispersants are made via group transfer polymerization (GTP). GTP is a "Living" free radical polymerization technique and is a well-known technique that is used to form the aforementioned block polymers. In GTP, an initiator splits with one end going to the tail of an acrylic monomer unit and the other to the head. The group at the head transfers to the head of a second monomer unit as that unit is polymerized with the first. Such techniques are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,417,034 issued Nov. 22, 1983, and 4,508,880 issued Apr. 2, 1985, to O. W. Webster and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,414,372 issued Nov. 8, 1983, and 4,524,196 issued Jun. 18, 1985 to Farnham et al. The above patents are hereby incorporated by reference.
Conventional truck and automobile finishes comprise a clear coat applied over a pigmented base coat that is applied over a primer layer. The polymer dispersant used in the base coat must not only keep the pigment dispersed but needs to contain a reactive group that will react with the crosslinking agent used in the coating composition which on curing makes the dispersant an integral part of the resulting finish. Polymer dispersants can cause intercoat adhesion failures and usually are used only in limited amounts. It is desirable that the polymer dispersant have reactive groups that will bond with the primer layer to improve intercoat adhesion of the base coat to the primer rather than cause intercoat adhesion problems that cause flaking and chipping of the resulting finish. Carbon black pigments are particularly difficult to disperse and a dispersant is needed that disperses the carbon black pigment but also has the above properties.


A braking system for a vehicle, which includes a control system configured to: actuate a pressure generation device in accordance with a braking request signal to generate the brake pressure; ascertain an operational state of the pressure generation device; ascertain a position of a displacement piston of a brake master cylinder based on the braking request signal; and couple a pressure modulation device to a brake master cylinder volume and actuate the device so that the pressure modulation device conveys brake fluid out of the brake master cylinder volume into the wheel brake circuit, if the operational status of the pressure generation device is ascertained to be nonoperational and the displacement piston is in the idle position.

Braking systems for vehicles, in particular for motor vehicles such as passenger cars or commercial vehicles, are usually implemented as electrohydraulic braking systems. Such braking systems typically have a brake master cylinder having a displacement piston. The latter can be actuatable either directly manually, or by way of a brake booster. The hydraulic pressure generated in the brake master cylinder is conveyed to wheel brakes in order to build up a brake pressure. Pressure modulation circuits, which have a pressure modulation device that is coupled via input and output valves to the wheel brakes, are often integrated into such braking systems in order to allow modulation of the brake pressure independently of the brake master cylinder. One such system is described, for example, in European Patent No. EP 0 281 769 A2.
In such systems, in the event of a failure of the brake booster, generation of the brake pressure is usually assisted by the pressure modulation device which, in order to build up the brake pressure, conveys brake fluid out of the brake master cylinder into the wheel brake circuit.
So-called "brake by wire" systems are also increasingly being used. In a braking system of this kind, a hydraulic pressure is generated in a simulator device by actuation of a brake master cylinder. The pressure generated by the brake master cylinder, or a travel of a displacement piston of the brake master cylinder, is detected, and a corresponding braking request signal is generated therefrom. By way of a pressure generation device that is coupled to a wheel brake circuit, the brake pressure is established in the wheel brake circuit in accordance with the braking request signal in order to actuate the wheel brakes. U.S. Pat. No. 7,806,486 B2, for example, describes for such braking systems a method for pre-filling the wheel brake circuit, a wheel brake cylinder being abutted against a friction surface of a wheel brake by the fact that pressure is built up in the wheel brake circuit by way of the pressure generation device, independently of a braking request signal.
Such braking systems are also increasingly being combined with pressure modulation devices. In order to efficiently assist the buildup of brake pressure with the aid of the pressure modulation device upon failure of the pressure generation device, it is desirable to furnish a sufficiently large volume of brake fluid in the brake master cylinder. If the voltage supply for the pressure modulation device fails, all of the brake pressure must be generated manually with the aid of the displacement piston of the brake master cylinder. It is desirable, for this, to realize the displacement piston with a cross-sectional area that is as small as possible.

Braking system for a vehicle and method for braking a vehicle


A method of producing a cover element for an optoelectronic component includes producing a frame having a multiplicity of openings, wherein the frame is made of a material having embedded particles of TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, AlN, SiO2, or another optically reflective material and/or an embedded colored pigment; introducing a material into a multiplicity of the openings; and dividing the frame.

Optoelectronic components, for example, light-emitting diode components, for the emission of white light or light of another color are known. It is known to equip such optoelectronic components with optoelectronic semiconductor chips, for example, light-emitting diode chips intended for the emission of electromagnetic radiation with a first wavelength, for example, for emission of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the blue spectral range. In addition, such an optoelectronic component has a converter element that converts a wavelength of a part of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the optoelectronic semiconductor chip. To this end, the converter element has wavelength-converting particles configured to absorb electromagnetic radiation with a first wavelength and subsequently emit electromagnetic radiation with a second, typically longer, wavelength. The wavelength-converting particles are generally embedded in a matrix material of the converter element, for example, in silicone or a ceramic.
It is known in such optoelectronic components to embed the optoelectronic semiconductor chip and the converter element, arranged on a radiation emission surface of the optoelectronic semiconductor chip, in an optically reflective encapsulation material covering the side surfaces of the optoelectronic semiconductor chip and the converter element. The encapsulation material may, for example, comprise silicone with embedded scattering particles. To prevent contamination of an upper side used as a light exit surface of the converter element with the encapsulation material, it is necessary to configure the converter element with essentially perpendicular side surfaces and sharp outer edges. Those requirements are difficult to fulfill in converter elements with a matrix material based on silicone.
It could therefore be helpful to provide a method of producing a cover element for an optoelectronic component, provide a method of producing an optoelectronic component and provide an optoelectronic component.

Method of producing a cover element and an optoelectronic component, cover element and optoelectronic component


A silver halide photographic material comprising a support having thereon at least one silver halide emulsion layer spectrally sensitized by at least one adsorptive spectral sensitizing dye, wherein the emulsion layer or a hydrophilic colloid layer adjacent to the emulsion layer contains at least one compound represented by following formula (I), (II), or (III); ##STR1## EQU A.sub.2 --Time.sub.1).sub..sbsb.t.sbsb.1 X (II) EQU A.sub.3 --Time.sub.2).sub.t.sbsb.2 Y (III). (all the symbols of which are defined in the specification) are disclosed.

For the spectral sensitization of silver halides, spectral sensitizing dyes having an adsorptive property for silver halide (i.e., dyes acting as sensitizing dyes by adsorbing on the surface of silver halides) are generally used and spectral sensitization is attained by the injection of light-excited electrons from the dye adsorbed on the surface of the silver halide.
As such spectral sensitizing dyes, methine dyes which have an adsorptive property and a proper oxidation-reduction potential, such as cyanine dyes, merocyanine dyes, complex cyanine dyes, and complex merocyanine dyes are widely used. However, it is known that in spectral sensitization by these adsorptive dyes, there is a limit on the extent of the spectral sensitization attained since the amount adsorbed of the sensitizing dye on the surface of silver halide is limited, and that saturated adsorption of the dye or adsorption similar to the saturated adsorption frequently causes remarkable desensitization (dye desensitization). Thus, attempts to perform spectral sensitization with non-adsorbed dye molecule utilizing energy transfer from a dye molecule in the non-adsorbed state, to an adsorbed sensitizing dye molecule without the need for adsorption of the dye onto the surface of silver halide are disclosed, for example, in JP-A-51-117619, 62-239143, 63-138341 and 63-138342 (the term "JP-A" as used herein refers to a "published unexamined Japanese patent application").
In these attempts, after spectrally sensitizing silver halide grains by adsorptive dye(s) to optimum sensitivity, an energy transfer type dye is added to the binder at a high concentration to utilize the light-collecting effect of the energy transfer type dye, whereby an increase in spectral sensitization (hereinafter referred to as light-collecting sensitization) is attained.
In light-collecting sensitization, a high light-collecting sensitization effect is obtained in a system having a sufficiently high concentration of an energy transfer type dye (light-collecting dye) in the binder of a silver halide emulsion. Similarly, in regard to an adsorptive sensitizing dye which is an energy acceptor, the use of silver halide grains having a larger specific surface area and, hence, a larger amount of adsorbed sensitizing dye per emulsion grain, such as tabular silver halide grains, gives a higher light-collecting sensitization as disclosed in the example of JP-A-63-138342. In other words, a silver halide emulsion system having a larger amount of adsorbed spectral sensitizing dye per silver halide grain shows a more improved light-collecting sensitization effect.
However, in conventional light-collecting sensitization, since the light-collecting dye is of the non-adsorptive type for silver halide grains, it sometimes happens that in the system of a multilayer silver halide photographic material, in particular, a multilayer color photographic material, the light-collecting dye diffuses into other layer(s) than the layer in which the dye was incorporated to cause photographically undesirable effects in the diffused layer(s) such as desensitization by a filter effect, unnecessary spectral sensitization at a long wavelength region, color mixing, etc.
Also, in conventional light-collecting sensitization, energy is transmitted from the light-collecting dye to a spectral sensitizing dye adsorbed on the surface of the silver halide by energy transfer. However, it sometimes happens that if the distance between the light-collecting dye and the spectral sensitizing dye is increased by diffusion of the light-collecting dye, the energy transmitting effect is reduced to cause an effect similar to that of a filter dye in simply absorbing light contributing to the sensitization effect, whereby desensitization occurs instead of sensitization.


The present disclosure relates to the use of cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of seizures associated with Aicardi Syndrome. In one embodiment the seizures associated with Aicardi Syndrome are convulsive seizures; focal seizures with impairment or infantile spasm. The disclosure further relates to the use of CBD in combination with one or more anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs).

Epilepsy occurs in approximately 1% of the population worldwide, (Thurman et al., 2011) of which 70% are able to adequately control their symptoms with the available existing anti-epileptic drugs (AED). However, 30% of this patient group, (Eadie et al., 2012), are unable to obtain seizure freedom from the AED that are available and as such are termed as suffering from intractable or "treatment-resistant epilepsy" (TRE).
Intractable or treatment-resistant epilepsy was defined in 2009 by the International League Against Epilepsy (I LAE) as "failure of adequate trials of two tolerated and appropriately chosen and used AED schedules (whether as monotherapies or in combination) to achieve sustained seizure freedom" (Kwan et al., 2009).
Individuals who develop epilepsy during the first few years of life are often difficult to treat and as such are often termed treatment-resistant. Children who undergo frequent seizures in childhood are often left with neurological damage which can cause cognitive, behavioral and motor delays.
Childhood epilepsy is a relatively common neurological disorder in children and young adults with a prevalence of approximately 700 per 100,000. This is twice the number of epileptic adults per population.
When a child or young adult presents with a seizure, investigations are normally undertaken in order to investigate the cause. Childhood epilepsy can be caused by many different syndromes and genetic mutations and as such diagnosis for these children may take some time.
The main symptom of epilepsy is repeated seizures. In order to determine the type of epilepsy or the epileptic syndrome that a patient is suffering from an investigation into the type of seizures that the patient is experiencing is undertaken. Clinical observations and electroencephalography (EEG) tests are conducted and the type(s) of seizures are classified according to the ILEA classification described below and in FIG. 1.
The International classification of seizure types proposed by the ILAE was adopted in 1981 and a revised proposal was published by the ILAE in 2010 and has not yet superseded the 1981 classification. FIG. 1 is adapted from the 2010 proposal for revised terminology and includes the proposed changes to replace the terminology of partial with focal. In addition the term "simple partial seizure" has been replaced by the term "focal seizure where awareness/responsiveness is not impaired" and the term "complex partial seizure" has been replaced by the term "focal seizure where awareness/consciousness is impaired".
From FIG. 1 it can be seen that Generalised seizures, where the seizure arises within and rapidly engages bilaterally distributed networks, can be split into six subtypes: Tonic-Clonic (grand mal) seizures; Absence (petit mal) Seizures; Clonic Seizures; Tonic Seizures; Atonic Seizures and Myoclonic Seizures.
Focal (partial) seizures where the seizure originates within networks limited to only one hemisphere, are also split into sub-categories. Here the seizure is characterized according to one or more features of the seizure, including aura, motor, autonomic and awareness/responsiveness. Where a seizure begins as a localized seizure and rapidly evolves to be distributed within bilateral networks this seizure is known as a bilateral convulsive seizure, which is the proposed terminology to replace Secondary Generalized Seizures (generalized seizures that have evolved from focal seizures and are no longer remain localized).
Focal seizures where the subject's awareness/responsiveness is altered are referred to as focal seizures with impairment and focal seizures where the awareness or responsiveness of the subject is not impaired are referred to as focal seizures without impairment.
Aicardi Syndrome is caused by a genetic malformation which results in complete or partial absence of the corpus callosum in the brain. Children suffering from Aicardi syndrome often additionally present with retinal abnormalities. Seizures usually begin in infancy (infantile spasms), which tend to progress to recurrent seizures (epilepsy) that can be difficult to treat. The seizures associated with Aicardi Syndrome include focal seizures with impairment; infantile spasm; clonic seizures; tonic seizures; tonic-clonic seizures; atonic seizures; myoclonic seizures; absence seizures; and focal seizures evolving to secondary generalised seizures.
Epileptic syndromes such as Aicardi Syndrome often present with many different types of seizure. Identifying the types of seizure that a patient is suffering from is important as many of the standard AED's are targeted to treat a given seizure type these can be both generalised (particularly tonic) and partial seizure types.
Common AED defined by their mechanisms of action are described in the following tables:
TABLE 1Examples of narrow spectrum AEDNarrow-spectrumAEDMechanismIndicationPhenytoinSodium channelComplex partialTonic-clonicPhenobarbitalGABA/Calcium channelPartial seizuresTonic-clonicCarbamazepineSodium channelPartial seizuresTonic-clonicMixed seizuresOxcarbazepineSodium channelPartial seizuresTonic-clonicMixed seizuresGabapentinCalcium channelPartial seizuresMixed seizuresPregabalinCalcium channelAdjunct therapy for partialseizures with or withoutsecondary generalisationLacosamideSodium channelAdjunct therapy for partialseizuresVigabatrinGABASecondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizuresPartial seizuresInfantile spasms due to Westsyndrome
TABLE 2Examples of broad spectrum AEDBroad-spectrumAEDMechanismIndicationValproic acidGABA/Sodium channelFirst-line treatment for tonic-clonic seizures, absenceseizures and myoclonicseizuresSecond-line treatment forpartial seizures and infantilespasms.Intravenous use in statusepilepticusLamotrigineSodium channelPartial seizuresTonic-clonicSeizures associated withLennox-Gastaut syndromeTopiramateGABA/Sodium channelSeizures associated withLennox-Gastaut syndromeZonisamideGABA/Calcium/SodiumAdjunctive therapy in adultschannelwith partial-onset seizuresInfantile spasmMixed seizureLennox-Gastaut syndromeMyoclonicGeneralised tonic-clonicseizureLevetiracetamCalcium channelPartial seizuresAdjunctive therapy for partial,myoclonic and tonic-clonicseizuresClonazepamGABATypical and atypical absencesInfantile myoclonicMyoclonic seizuresAkinetic seizuresRufinamideSodium channelAdjunctive treatment ofpartial seizures associatedwith Lennox-Gastautsyndrome
TABLE 3Examples of AED used specifically in childhood epilepsyAEDMechanismIndicationClobazamGABAAdjunctive therapy in complexpartial seizuresStatus epilepticusMyoclonicMyoclonic-absentSimple partialComplex partialAbsence seizuresLennox-Gastaut syndromeStiripentolGABASevere myoclonic epilepsy ininfancy (Dravet syndrome)
Over the past forty years there have been a number of animal and human studies on the use of the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) to treat seizures.
A study in 1978 provided 200 mg/day of pure CBD to four adult patients, two of the four patients became seizure free, whereas in the remainder, seizure frequency was unchanged (Mechoulam and Carlini, 1978).
Cunha et al. reported that administration of CBD to eight adult patients with generalized epilepsy resulted in a marked reduction of seizures in 4 of the patients (Cunha et al., 1980) and Consroe et al., (1982) determined that CBD was able to prevent seizures in mice after administration of pro-convulsant drugs or an electric current.
In contrast to the studies described above, an open label study reported that 200 mg/day of pure CBD was ineffective in controlling seizures in twelve institutionalized adult patients (Ames and Cridland, 1986).
All of the studies described above focused on the treating subjects suffering from generalised epilepsy and did not look at the treatment of specific seizure sub-types.
More recently, WO 2011/001169 describes the use of CBD in the treatment of focal seizures, WO 2012/093255 describes the use of CBD in combination with standard anti-epileptic drugs in the treatment of epilepsy and WO 2013/045891 describes a composition comprising CBD and CBDV for use in the treatment of epilepsy.
In November 2013 the company GW Pharmaceuticals made a press release to state that they were intending to treat Dravet Syndrome with CBD as it had received orphan drug designation. The company made a further press release in February 2014 that that they were intending to treat Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome with CBD as it had also received orphan drug designation.
Again the rationale was to treat a disease as opposed to the type of seizure that the subject experienced.
It has additionally been suggested that cannabis which is enriched in CBD may be efficacious in the treatment of epilepsy. A case study of a child with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome showed improvement in seizure frequency after treatment with CBD in an oily solution was reported in 2005 (Pelliccia et al. 2005).
Porter and Jacobson (2013) report on a parent survey conducted via a Facebook group which explored the use of cannabis which was enriched with CBD in children with treatment-resistant epilepsy. It was found that sixteen of the 19 parents surveyed reported an improvement in their child's epilepsy. The children surveyed for this paper were all taking cannabis that was purported to contain CBD in a high concentration although the amount of CBD present and the other constituents including THC were not known for many of the cases. Indeed, whilst CBD levels ranged from 0.5 to 28.6 mg/kg/day (in those extracts tested), THC levels as high as 0.8 mg/kg/day were reported. Providing children with TRE with a cannabis extract that comprises THC, which has been described as a pro-convulsant (Consroe et al., 1977), at a potentially psychoactive dose of 0.8 mg/kg/day, is a concern.
In addition a paper published in June 2014 describes the use of a high-CBD strain to treat a patient with Dravet Syndrome; the patient's seizure frequency was stated to be reduced by the treatment (Maa et al. 2014).
A document published after the priority application was filed discloses the use of CBD in the treatment of refractory epilepsy in the treatment of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex in patients having focal onset seizures (Geffrey et al., 2014).
A number of websites have suggested that the use of CBD in the treatment of Aicardi Syndrome may be beneficial, including the Denver Post "Legalization's opening of medical pot research is dream and nightmare" and Salutaris Drops which include posts entitled "Cannabidiol for Aicardi Syndrome". These documents describe the use of medical marijuana which has not undergone rigorous testing and cannot make any claims to efficacy.
Whilst the potential of cannabis and the cannabinoids, including CBD, to treat epilepsy has been rekindled, to date there has been little in the way of real data to support its efficacy in patients.
The applicant has found that CBD shows significant efficacy in patients with Aicardi Syndrome. These patients demonstrated a reduction in total seizures of 69%; and reduction in convulsive seizures of 77% and a reduction in a commonly occurring seizure type associated with Aicardi Syndrome, focal seizures with impairment of 62% and a reduction of infantile spasms of 55.5%.
It is additionally worth noting that the patients being treated were treatment resistant to existing AED and so consequently these figures are even the more remarkable.

Use of cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy


The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for extending the range and accuracy of electronic and electro-optical systems for determining the distance from a reference object to another object. A multiplicity of range baselines is employed, and a computer, usually a microprocessor, is used to automatically switch between baselines to extend the total measurement range, to increase the precision of range measurement over a prespecified set of ranges, or both. The invention has applications in a wide variety of range measuring systems, including robotics, autofocus cameras, autofocus binoculars, and autofocus vision aids for people with impaired vision.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for extending the range and accuracy of electronic and electro-optical systems for determining the distance from a reference object to another object. A multiplicity of range baselines is employed, and a computer is used to automatically switch between base lines to extend the total measurement range, to increase the precision of range measurement over a prespecified set of ranges, or both.
Electronic systems which accurately measure the distance between a reference point and a distant object are of great value for a variety of purposes and in a broad range of applications, one of the most common being autofocus cameras. To measure range, various systems have been developed which are based on a variety of physical principles and which are successful in varying degrees for various purposes. For use in air, sonar ranging systems exist which emit an ultrasonic beam and measure its round trip time to the object of interest. Given the known speed of sound in air, the round trip time contains the information necessary to allow the calculation of the distance between ultrasound source and the object of interest. Ultrasonic systems have been successfully used in autofocus cameras and in portable aids to measure the distance to an obstacle for visually impaired people. A substantial disadvantage for some applications, and an advantage for others, is that the ultrasonic beam is reflected by some transparent objects and thus cannot measure the distance when, e.g., a glass window is interposed between the sound source and the object of interest.
At least two other types of autofocus/range-measuring systems are used in cameras. One employs passive sensors (typically charge-coupled-devices --CCDs), while the other is based on the principal of triangulation and utilizes a collimated beam of light, usually infrared (IR) light. The IR system is very widely used in autofocus cameras, particularly in relatively low-cost units. Not without its disadvantages, the IR system has received the benefit of considerable development over the last decade, and such systems are now commercially available which are capable of accurately measuring the distance between IR source (for camera or other range-measuring application) and object of interest, even in the presence of competing signals such as fluorescent or incandescent lights or the infrared component of sunlight. A representative high-quality IR system is described in16-STEP RANGE-FINDER IC H2476-01, Hamamatsu Corporation, 360 Foothill Road, Bridgewater, N.J., 08807-0910, incorporated herein by reference. The reference IR system can accurately divide the distance between IR source and object into 16 "focus zones", where each of the focus zones is sufficiently well determined that the zone signal can be used to accurately focus the lens of a camera over all distances from about one meter to infinity. By employing a different optical design optimized for measuring small distances, the same electronic system can be used to accurately measure very small differences in distance, down to small fractions of a millimeter. Proximity gauges based on the IR system are one example of applications for this close-measuring capability. No single, integrated system is available or has been described, however, which can accurately measure small distances representative of those of a proximity gauge ranging up through the distances representative of close-up photography (a few millimeters up to a maximum distance of about 1 meter) and continuing to and including those distances representative of conventional photography (typically 1 meter to infinity).
Many inventions have been described for automatically measuring range. In Stimson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,435,744, an automatic focusing system is disclosed for a camera which utilizes an emitting beam and a receiving photocell. A lens which is mounted on a reciprocating mechanism and aligned with the photocell is moved so as to obtain the maximum intensity of reflected light. A distance measurement is computed according to the lens position at which the reflected light is greatest. Pagel, U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,193, discloses an improvement to Stimson which provides a means to actuate the rangefinder with a camera trigger and open the camera shutter after focus is obtained.
Larks, U.S. Pat. No. 3,511,156, teaches a method for splitting an image and comparing the position of each portion. If the portions coincide, the image is in focus, if not, correction is made.
Frazee, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,751,154, uses a pair of photodetectors which are moved side to side to determine object distance. The circuitry compares the signal from the two photodetectors to obtain equal signals from each. The angular position at which the signal from the two detectors is equal is used for a triangulation computation of the focal distance.
Tamura, U.S. Pat. No. 4,44,477, discloses a method of comparing the amplitude of reflected light with a reference amount. The differences may be positive or negative and relate to the distance zone of the object to be photographed.
Takagi, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,482,234, teaches an apparatus and method for rapidly focusing a camera wherein the full range of focus distance is divided into several ranges. The camera operator selects one of the ranges with a selector switch. The circuitry of the camera then checks the distance and adjusts the lens within the selected range.
Kawabata, U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,424, discloses a system in which a series of light sources and a series of light detectors are coupled through analytic circuitry to obtain distance measurement. By the combination of source transmissions and detector receptions, the distance by zone is determined.
Matsuda et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,768,053, teaches an apparatus and method of measuring distance through the use of a number of light sensitive diodes positioned selectively. According to the different quantities of light on each diode, the distance to an object can be calculated by triangulation.
Ishiguro, U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,810, discloses an apparatus incorporating a light source and a plurality of light detectors. The position of reflected light on the light detectors is accurately related to the distance of the object.
None of the cited inventions or other known prior art employ or suggest the employment of the apparatus and method of the subject invention, namely, the use of multiple sets of focus zones designed into hardware and programmed to switch automatically via computer control between focus zone sets to extend the range measurement capability to accurately measure object distances from very small to very large.

Method and apparatus for measuring range by use of multiple range baselines


An apparatus for waking up a computer system is disclosed. The apparatus is electrically coupled to a south bridge, or a Platform Controller Hub (PCH), having a first USB host interface. The apparatus comprises: a second USB host interface; a switch element, for electrically coupling a USB keyboard to either the first USB host interface or the second USB host interface; a control element, electrically coupled to the second USB host interface and the switch element; and a wake-up element, electrically coupled to the control element, wherein when the computer system enters a suspend-to-ram mode, a suspend-to-disk mode or a shutdown mode, the control element controls the switch element to electrically couple the USB keyboard to the second USB host interface; wherein when a user inputs a password, the second USB host interface receives the password and transfers it to the control element, and if the password matches the predetermined password, the control element wakes up the computer system and controls the switch element to electrically couple the USB keyboard to the first USB host interface.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for waking up a system and, in particular, to an apparatus for waking up a system after the system enters into a suspend-to-ram mode, a suspend-to-disk mode or a shutdown mode.
II. Description of the Prior Art
Nowadays, people usually store a great amount of personal information, pictures or movies on a desktop computer or a notebook.
The conventional way for protecting the safety of a computer is by entering a password for verification after the operation system (OS) is ready or by using a basic input/output system (BIOS) for verification when powering on the computer. However, the verification may not always work because the operation system (OS) or the basic input/output system (BIOS) can be deciphered.
Nowadays, in times when personal privacy cannot be overemphasized, other ways are needed to protect the safety of a computer.
Taiwan patent 374871 proposes a method to protect the safety of a computer without entering into the operation system (OS) or the basic input/output system (BIOS) of the computer, which is, however, based on a general computer framework, wherein input/output signals through the USB are managed by a south bridge if the computer peripheral device is a universal serial bus (USB) or by a super IO if the computer peripheral device is a personal system/2 (PS/2) interface. The PS/2-interface was very popular for interfacing a keyboard. However, the keyboard with a USB-interface has become the main stream nowadays.
Because super IO does not have a USB host interface, the method proposed in Taiwan patent 374871 cannot be applied if a keyboard with a USB-interface is used.

Apparatus for waking up a system and the computer system using the same


A finning and thread rolling machine capable of producing an integral finned tube, an extended finned tube or a wrap-on finned tube, whichever is desired, the tubing to be used for extended surface heat transfer. Types of tubes produced are integral low finned tube, bi-metal fin tube with extruded high finned tube on the outer portion, and extruded integral/high finned tube and spiral strip helical wrap-on finned tube. The apparatus also provides a two and three die thread rolling machine for thru-feed threading and form rolling.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to heat exchanger tubing and more particularly to the manufacturing of extended surface tubing for heat exchangers.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Machines now in use to produce finned tubing require the disassembling of the head portion and removal thereof and the reinstallation of a new head for each change in tubing diameter. Also the machines are limited to produce but one product from each type machine; i.e., integral low fin, integral high fin or spiral strip helical wrap-on fin.


A door latch mechanism (10) comprises a pin (11) having an elongate axis, and releasable jaw means (12) comprising a pair of jaw elements (18) which engage the pin therebetween to latch a door (16) in a closed position to a door frame (14). The pin is mounted on the door or the door frame with biasing means, such as a pair of springs, so as to allow the pin to move substantially linearly in a direction perpendicular to the elongate axis of the pin and substantially parallel to the plane of the door when in the closed position. The movement of the pin (11) allowed by the biasing means caters for any vertical displacement of the door caused by worn hinges for example without any forced distortion of the door. The invention is of particular benefit to doors having no frame and which are susceptible to flexing and come with the associated risk of structural failure.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a door latch mechanism for latching a door in a closed position to a door frame. In particular, but not exclusively, the invention relates to a door latch for a vehicle.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional door latch on a vehicle having a door and door frame comprises a pin which is engaged within a releasable jaw arrangement when the door is closed. The pin is mounted to either the door or the door frame. Patent application GB-765,268 describes such a mechanism.
With the continued drive to minimise weight on vehicles, doors are becoming increasingly prone to distortion, particularly when the door is large compared to the points of hinged attachment and/or when the door is frameless. Such distortion can result in a poor sealing of the door within the frame thus allowing drafts to affect the driver (or passengers) of a vehicle when operating in cold weather for example.


A pharmaceutical formulation of the 5HT1-agonist, zolmitriptan, for use in intranasal administration. The formulation is useful in treating migraine and related disorders.

The present invention relates to new pharmaceutical formulations, their preparation and their use in treatment of disease In particular the present invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations of the anti-migraine drug zolmitriptan for nasal application.
Zolmitriptan has the chemical name (S)-4-{{3-[2-(dimethylaminoethyl]-1H-indol-5-yl]methyl]-2-oxazolidinone. Zolmitriptan is a selective 5HT1-receptor agonist. The 5HT1-receptor mediates vasoconstriction and thus modifies blood flow to the carotid vascular bed. 5HT1-receptor agonists are beneficial in the treatment (including prophylaxis) of disease conditions wherein vasoconstriction in the carotid vascular bed is indicated, for example migraine, cluster headache and headache associated with vascular disorders, hereinafter referred to collectively as xe2x80x98migrainexe2x80x99. Zolmitriptan has been developed for the acute treatment of migraine in the form of a 2.5 mg and 5 mg tablet intended to be taken up to a maximum of 15 mg per day.
Although zolmitriptan is a successful drug of considerable benefit to migraine sufferers, there is a continuing need for alternative methods for the direct treatment of migraine and the prophylactic treatment of migraine. In particular, patients suffering from migraine or the onset of migraine need fast relief of their suffering.
Zolmitriptan is a member of a class of drugs known as triptans, for example sumatriptan, naratriptan and rizatriptan, which are prescribed for the treatment of migraine. The leader in terms of sales is sumatriptan which has been marketed as an oral formulation. A subcutaneous formulation was also developed; this was more efficacious (P. Tfelt-Hansen, Cephalalgia 1998, Vol. 18(8), page 532-8) and gave a faster onset of action but was not so acceptable to the patient. An intranasal spray was also developed. This was more user-friendly than the subcutaneous injection but was reported to be less effective in reducing the symptoms of migraine attacks (C Dablof, Cephalalgia 1998; 18(5); 278-282). Also, many patients reported an unpleasant bitter taste after using the nasal spray.
The present inventors sought a formulation of zolmitriptan that achieved fast relief whilst maintaining high efficacy. They also sought a formulation that, for the wide variety of patients that suffer from migraines, had a more acceptable route of administration than a subcutaneous injection. Clearly, the thought of a subcutaneous injection may dissuade many patients from taking appropriate and necessary treatment. Furthermore, the inventors sought a formulation that was convenient, effective and acceptable to the patient and did not cause any unnecessary irritancy or side-effects.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,699 discloses a class of chemical compounds for the treatment and prophylaxis of migraine. U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,699 discloses that this class of compounds may be formulated for oral, sublingual, buccal, parenteral (for example subcutaneous, intramuscular or intraveneous), rectal, topical and intranasal administration and examples of such possible formulations, including an example of an intranasal formulation, are disclosed. The intranasal formulation consists of an active ingredient, methyl hydroxybenzoate (0.2%), propyl hydroxybenzoate (0.02%), citrate buffer and sufficient hydrochloric acid to take the pH to 7.
The present inventors devised an intranasal formulation of zolmitriptan that provided effective and improved fast relief for migraine sufferers. Although, the inventors do not wish to be bound by theory, it is thought that this is at least partly due to the direct mucosal absorption of a significant proportion of zolmitriptan administered by the intranasal route.
Furthermore, studies with an intranasal formulation of zolmitriptan having a pH of above 7.0, at a pH of 7.4, showed the stability of that formulation would not be acceptable over extended periods of time.
The present inventors provided an improved rapid onset of action with a stable intranasal formulation of zolmitriptan having a pH of below 7.0. In addition, this formulation was acceptable to the general patient population and did not cause unnecessary irritancy or side effects.
Accordingly the present inventors provide a pharmaceutical formulation suitable for intranasal administration which comprises zolmitriptan and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier wherein the pH of the formulation is less than 7.0.
The zolmitriptan formulation for intranasal administration is generally prepared as an aqueous formulation and typically is buffered. Suitable buffering agents include citric acid, phosphates such as disodium phosphate (for example the dodecahydrate, heptahydrate, dihydrate and anhydrous forms) or sodium phosphate and mixtures thereof (for example McIlvaine""s buffer which is a mixture of citric acid and disodium phosphate).
In a particular aspect the pH of the pharmaceutical formulation of zolmitriptan is below 6.0, for example in the range 3.5 to 5.5, and in particular in the range 4.5 to 5.5. In a particular aspect the pH of the formulation is about 5.0.
In addition to the buffer, the zolmitriptan formulation may contain other ingredients typically found in intranasal formulations, such as antioxidants for example sodium metabisulphite, taste-masking agents such as menthol and sweetening agents for example dextrose, glycerol, saccharin and sorbitol.
In another aspect the present invention provides an aqueous solution of zolmitriptan in a buffer at a pH of less than 7.0 in particular at a pH below 6.0, for example in the range 3.5 to 5.5 and in particular in the range 4.5 to 5.5, for example at about 5.0. In particular the present invention provides an aqueous solution of zolmitriptan in a buffer of citric acid and phosphate at a pH of less than 7.0, in particular at a pH below 6.0, for example in the range 3.5 to 5.5 and in particular in the range 4.5 to 5.5, for example at about 5.0.
The pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention may be co-administered (simultaneously or sequentially) with one or more pharmaceutical agents of value in treating migraine or related disease conditions.
The pharmaceutical formulations of the invention will normally be administered to humans so that, for example a unit dose of about 0.5 mg to 15 mg (for example 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, 2.5 mg, 5.0 mg and 10 mg) of zolmitriptan is delivered to the patient in need thereof. The concentration and volume of the formulation may vary as known in the intranasal art, typically a volume of 50 to 250 xcexcl is administered, for example 50 xcexcl or 100 xcexcl (in one spray or in two 50 xcexcl sprays-13 one for each nostril), The precise dose delivered depends on various factors known in the art including the weight, age and sex of the patient being treated and on the particular migraine disease condition being treated. Such a unit dose may be taken at any stage in the onset of, or during the course of, a migraine attack. Such a unit dose may be taken as needed, typically from 1 to 3 times a day.
The pharmaceutical formulations of this invention may be prepared by dissolving zolmitriptan in an acidic medium, for example aqueous citric acid, thereby forming the citrate salt of zolmitriptan, and taking the pH to the desired value by adding a suitable agent for example a phosphate. The resultant buffered solution is typically manufactured to ensure that it contains a low bioburden or to ensure that it is sterile. Typically the solution is sterilised for example by passing through a sterile filter (for example 0.2 xcexcm) or by autoclaving. Preferably, the solution is purged with nitrogen, and overlaid with nitrogen in the primary pack, to minimise the possibility of degradation. Alternatively, another inert gas, such as argon, could be used. Therefore in another aspect the present invention provides a sterile pharmaceutical formulation suitable for intranasal administration which comprises zolmitriptan and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier wherein the pH of the formulation is less than 7.0.
The pharmaceutical formulations of the invention are typically filled into a suitable administration device capable of delivering a unit dose amount of zolmitriptan to the patient in need thereof. Such administration devices include those available commercially and the device disclosed in UK Registered Design 2071555. Therefore in a another aspect, the present invention provides an intranasal administration device containing zolmitriptan and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier wherein the pH of the formulation is less than 7.0.
The filled intranasal administration device may be packaged to provide protection from light. Accordingly in yet a further aspect, the present invention provides an intranasal administration device containing zolmitriptan and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in light-protecting packaging, for example in foil pouches. In an alternative aspect the device itself is a dark colour to provide protection from light, for example, a dark blue colour.
Therefore in a further aspect the present invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation suitable for intranasal administration which comprises zolmitriptan and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier wherein the pH of the formulation is less than 7.0 for use in a method of therapeutic treatment of the human or animal body.
In yet a further aspect the present invention provides a method of treating a disease condition wherein agonism of 5HT1-receptors is beneficial which comprises administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation suitable for intranasal administration which comprises zolmitriptan and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier wherein the pH of the formulation is less than 7.0. The present invention also provides the use of zolmitriptan and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical formulation suitable for intranasal administration wherein the pH of the formulation is less than 7.0.
Zolmitriptan used in the formulations of the present invention may be prepared according to the disclosures of WO 91/18897 and WO 97/06162.

Pharmaceutical formulations containing zolmitriptan


Creating a replica of an anatomical structure. At least some of the example embodiments are methods including: accepting a plurality of pictures of the anatomical structure of a subject; creating an object file that contains an initial model of an outside surface of the anatomical structure; cutting the initial model to a predetermined exterior shape circumscribing the anatomical structure, the cutting creates a positive model of the anatomical structure within the predetermined exterior shape; creating a negative model of the anatomical structure from the positive model; placing a stem tool object on an outside surface of the negative model in relationship to an orifice of the anatomical structure, and thereby creating a final negative model; printing, by way of a three-dimensional printer, the final negative model to create a negative mold; and casting the replica of the anatomical structure using the negative mold.

Creating replicas of anatomical structures in the related art is a time consuming process. Before advancements in computer technology, creating the replicas involved making a plaster cast of the subject to be replicated to create a negative image, and then using the negative image to cast a positive image, such as in an elastomer gel that simulates human skin. The techniques were used not just for faces, but any anatomical structure, like feet, hands, and legs.
As computer technology has advanced, the ability to create digital images of existing structures, like faces, has improved significantly. Moreover, advances in three-dimensional printing technology theoretically enable printing of positive images of a subject or portion of a subject to be replicated without the need to mix vats of plaster. However, while the advances have eliminated the use of plaster and arguably sped the process, the various technologies are not well integrated. Creating a replica of an anatomical structure in the related art is still a time consuming process that cannot support mass production of replicas of anatomical structures, where each anatomical structure is unique.
Thus, any improvement or advancement which shortens cycle time in the creation of replicas of anatomical structures would provide a competitive advantage in the marketplace.

Method and system of creating a replica of an anatomical structure


The objective lens of a scanning device is mounted in a movable section which is interconnected to a mounting section by two supports which extend parallel to each other and the lens axis and transverse to a direction of movement for correcting tracking errors. Each support has two first members, one movable and one fixed, having central portions fixed to the movable and mounting sections respectively, and two stiff second members connecting respective ends of the first members. Between the central portions and the ends, the first members are elastically deflectable to correct focussing errors, and elastically twistable to correct tracking errors.

The invention relates to an electro-optical scanning device comprising a mounting section, which is normally moved only to access different recording tracks and is hereinafter referred to as a stationary section, a section which is movable relative to said stationary section and which comprises a lens having an optical axis, and supporting means disposed between the stationary section and the movable section for movably supporting the movable section, which movable section is movable at least substantially along a first axis parallel to the optical axis, in order to form at least one radiation spot on a surface to be scanned, and at least substantially along a second axis oriented transversely of the optical axis, in order to follow a recording track in said surface, there being provided an electromagnetic actuator comprising first actuator means provided on the stationary section and second actuator means provided on the movable section, which actuator means cooperate magnetically with one another via an air gap in order to drive the movable section.
Such a scanning device is known from WO 91/01549 (herewith incorporated by reference). The known electro-optical scanning device has an objective lens for optically scanning a surface provided with information tracks. The objective lens, which has an optical axis, is mounted in a movably supported holder. The holder with the objective lens is movable parallel to the optical axis and parallel to the surface to be scanned. For this purpose the holder is pivotally connected to a support by means of two holding devices. The holding devices, which are wholly made of a plastics, each have two end pasts, two intermediate parts and two central parts, which pans are interconnected by plastics integral hinges. It is generally known that plastics exhibit a creep effect in the course of time, particularly at higher temperatures. In the known scanning device, in which the supporting device for the objective is wholly made of a plastics, the creep effect leads to deformations of the integral hinges and, consequently, to deviations of the position and the orientation of the objective lens relative to the originally established references.
An accurate support is of great importance in order to maintain the position in the tracking direction and the orientation of the lens relative to the information tracks during scanning because current scanning systems do not have a reference for this, so that no corrections can be made. Deviations of the position of the lens in the focusing direction can generally be corrected because most scanning systems use the position of the surface to be scanned as a reference for the focusing position of the objective lens, but such corrections lead to an increased power consumption. Particularly in battery-powered apparatuses, especially portable apparatuses, an unnecessary power consumption may be very undesirable.

Scanning lens mount using deflection and twisting for separate movements


A chill tube (1) for the continuous casting of metals has a double T-shaped cross section in beam blank format. Inner contour (3) defining the cross section of the cast billet is cooled by cooling water, which is guided through cooling channels (4) in tube wall (2). Cooling channels (4) have a round cross section when manufactured. Inner contour (3) has rounded transitions (6) between wall sections (9) bordering a flange region (7) and a crosspiece region (8). The distance (A) between two cooling channels (4) adjacent to each other in transitions (6) is smaller than distance (B) in the remaining wall sections (9).

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to a chill tube for the continuous casting of metals. More specifically, the invention relates to a chill tube whose tube wall has an inner contour in beam blank format, having rounded transitions between the wall sections bordering on one side a flange region and on the other side a crosspiece region, the inner contour being able to be cooled indirectly by a cooling medium supplied from the outside and having cooling channels in the tube wall which extend in its longitudinal direction.
2. Description of Related Art
In the continuous casting of metals, in order to dissipate the heat that accrues, it is known that one may build a chill tube into a water-guiding jacket. In this connection one has to take care that, on account of the inner dimensions of the water-guiding jacket on the one hand, and the outer dimensions of the chill tube on the other hand, a specified gap is formed, from a thermal technology point of view, through which cooling water flows from bottom to top, which absorbs the accruing heat and carries it off. If a chill tube in beam blank shape is installed, the inner contour of the water-guiding jacket has also to correspond to the outer contour of such a shape.
Heat dissipation by the cooling water is largely determined by the speed of the water in the gap between the chill tube and the water-guiding jacket. However, with each recalibration of a chill tube, the gap becomes larger because of the erosion due to wear, and the inevitable reduction in the wall thickness of a chill tube caused thereby. Meanwhile, the enlargement of the water gap is connected with a reduction in the water speed, and consequently also with a reduction in the heat dissipation.
It is known from GB 954 719 that one can furnish chills, for the continuous casting of metals, with cooling bores which extend both in the longitudinal direction and in the transverse direction of the chill tube. However, in the case of chill tubes in beam blank format, the problem arises that the cooling bores transverse to the longitudinal extension can be applied to the chill tubes only with great effort. In addition, in the case of the special geometry of the beam blank format, extreme local heat stresses are created in the transitions between wall sections bordering, on the one side, a flange region and, on the other side, a crosspiece region. In the case of unfavorable geometrical relationships of the transitions, these local heat stresses lead to overheating of the chill tube, and to a drastic reduction in its service life.
It is an object of the invention to provide a chill tube, for the continuous casting of metals, which has an improved service life and in which local overheating is avoided.
These and other objects of the invention are achieved by a chill tube for the continuous casting of metals, whose tube wall (2) has an inner contour (3) in beam blank format, having rounded transitions (6) between the wall sections (9) bordering on one side a flange region (7) and on the other side a crosspiece region (8), the inner contour (3) being able to be cooled indirectly by a cooling medium (cooling water) supplied from the outside; and the cooling channels (4) being provided in the tube wall (2) which extend in its longitudinal direction, wherein the distance (A) between two cooling channels (4) which are adjacent to each other in transitions (6) is smaller than the distance (B) in the remaining wall sections (9).
In another embodiment, the cooling channels (4) are provided only in the rounded transitions (13), while the remaining wall sections (16) as well as the rounded transitions (13) are able to be cooled by a water guiding jacket adapted to the outer contour (17) of the tube wall (18).

Chill tube for the continuous casting of metals


A high Q self-resonant inductor and method for manufacturing the same is disclosed herein for use in an implantable medical lead. The method of manufacture includes depositing a first conductive material over an elongated ceramic member and removing portions of the conductive material to leave a continuous helical metallic pattern on an elongated ceramic structure. The helical metallic pattern has a first terminal end located at a proximal end of the elongated ceramic member and a second terminal end located at a distal end of the ceramic member. The method also includes covering the helical metallic pattern with a ceramic material to form a first ceramic layer and forming vias in the ceramic material. At least one electrode is coupled to the helical metallic pattern through the vias in the ceramic material.

Existing implantable medical leads for use with implantable pulse generators, such as neurostimulators, pacemakers, defibrillators or implantable cardioverter defibrillators ("ICD"), are prone to heating and induced current when placed in the strong magnetic (static, gradient and RF) fields of a magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI") machine. The heating and induced current are the result of the lead acting like an antenna in the magnetic fields generated during a MRI. Heating and induced current in the lead may result in deterioration of stimulation thresholds or, in the context of a cardiac lead, even increase the risk of cardiac tissue damage and perforation.
Over fifty percent of patients with an implantable pulse generator and implanted lead require, or can benefit from, a MRI in the diagnosis or treatment of a medical condition. MRI modality allows for flow visualization, characterization of vulnerable plaque, non-invasive angiography, assessment of ischemia and tissue perfusion, and a host of other applications. The diagnosis and treatment options enhanced by MRI are only going to grow over time. For example, MRI has been proposed as a visualization mechanism for lead implantation procedures.
There is a need in the art for an implantable medical lead configured for improved MRI safety. There is also a need in the art for methods of manufacturing and using such a lead.

MRI RF rejection module for implantable lead


A channel loading pre-adjusting system for 5G wireless communication adapted to be used for communicating at least one user's device with a core network includes a radio unit, a distributed unit in communication with the radio unit via a specified transmission channel, and a central unit. The distributed unit periodically detects transmission conditions of the specified channel and determines whether to issue an alarm signal accordingly, and in response to the alarm signal, the central unit determines whether to suspend data transmission via the specified transmission channel. The transmission conditions include a first group of latency parameters realized in a first number of consecutive detecting operations of the distributed unit and a temporal threshold derived from a second group of latency parameters realized in a second number of consecutive detecting operations of the distributed unit, and the first group of latency parameters are dynamically updated with time.

In the architecture of the 5th generation (5G) wireless communication system, each radio unit transmits signals to and receives signals from a corresponding distributed unit. Meanwhile, a plurality of distributed units are controlled and coordinated by a central unit. Generally, the network traffic of a fronthaul network, which is between the distributed unit and the central unit, is predetermined while the network is being deployed. However, the actual traffic occurring when the network is used is likely to deviate from the default amount. Therefore, in order to enable the network to operate normally, an appropriate and flexible mechanism for network load detection and adjustment becomes very important.

Channel loading pre-adjusting system for 5G wireless communication


A novel input/output device that is highly convenient or reliable is provided. The input/output device includes a display portion and an input portion, and the display portion includes a liquid crystal element. The liquid crystal element includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a layer containing a liquid crystal material, a first alignment film, and a second alignment film, and the second electrode is provided such that an electric field is applied to the layer containing a liquid crystal material between the first electrode and the second electrode. The layer containing a liquid crystal material scatters incident light with first scattering intensity when the electric field is in a first state, the layer containing a liquid crystal material scatters the incident light with second scattering intensity when the electric field is in a second state, which is higher than that in the first state, and the second scattering intensity is 10 or more times as high as the first scattering intensity. The layer containing a liquid crystal material contains a liquid crystal material and a polymer material, and the layer containing a liquid crystal material is stabilized by the polymer material. The input portion includes a sensing region, the input portion senses an object approaching the sensing region, the sensing region includes a region overlapping with a pixel, and the sensing region includes a sensor.

A display device is known which includes a first substrate having a light-transmitting property, a second substrate facing the first substrate and having a light-transmitting property, an optical modulation layer provided between the first substrate and the second substrate, a light source unit that illuminates the optical modulation layer from the outside of a position opposite to, in the normal direction, a display region on which an image is displayed, first to third color filters of different colors of red, green, and blue, which are provided over the first substrate, and first to third electrodes facing the respective first to third color filters, and the optical modulation layer can modulate light-scattering properties of regions facing the corresponding first to third color filters depending on electric fields generated by the respective first to third electrodes (Patent Document 1).

Input/output device and data processing device

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


Included are a housing that includes a housing chamber of an electronic component and from which electrical wires are drawn out to the outside when the electrical wires are electrically connected to the electronic component, and at least one retaining mechanism that is provided between a retaining wall out of a plurality of walls composing the housing chamber and the electronic component or a retaining member of the electronic component, and makes the housing chamber retain the electronic component or the retaining member. The housing includes a main component in which at least one housing chamber communicating with respective openings at both ends is formed. The retaining wall is made to warp toward the housing chamber side as compared with when the electronic component is in an accommodated state.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrical connection box and a wire harness.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally known have been an electrical connection box in which electronic components are accommodated in a housing chamber in the inside of a housing and in which the electronic components and electrical wires are electrically connected in the housing chamber, and a wire harness that includes the electrical connection box (Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2001-186629 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2013-223367). The electrical wires are drawn out from the inside of the housing to the outside and are electrically connected to certain connection target objects. For example, the electrical connection box or the wire harness is installed in a vehicle and, by being interposed between a power source of the vehicle and a load thereof, can yield the electrical connection between them. In the electrical connection box, a retaining mechanism that directly or indirectly retains the electronic components in the housing chamber is provided (JP-A-2013-223367). The retaining mechanism includes engaging bodies provided on each of the housing chamber and the electronic component side and, by making the engaging bodies engage with each other, directly or indirectly retains the electronic components in the housing chamber.
Meanwhile, in such a retaining mechanism of the foregoing example, in order to ensure an engaged state of the engaging bodies (in other words, the connection strength between the housing chamber and the electronic component side), and in order to facilitate the workability of the electronic component side in attaching and detaching with respect to the housing chamber (in other words, the workability of the engaging bodies in attaching and detaching), a certain play is provided between the engaging bodies that are in the engaged state. Thus, in the electrical connection box, in the case that the electronic component side is retained to the housing chamber only via such a retaining mechanism, there is a possibility that the connection strength between the housing chamber and the electronic component side is deteriorated when the vibration associated with the input from a road surface is transmitted via a vehicle body. In the above-described technology in JP-A-2001-186629, the one that is similar to the retaining mechanism is provided as a retaining mechanism of a fitting state between a box body and a lower cover and, by curving, in a depth direction, an opening side of walls of the lower cover on which engaging bodies are provided, it is designed to ensure the connection strength between the box body and the lower cover. In the technology disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2882313, by clamping a substrate with supporting ribs provided on each of a lower case and an upper case, it is designed to ensure the connection strength between the case and the substrate.

Electrical connection box and wire harness


Embodiments of the present application provide a wireless communication method and device. The method may include: a terminal device determines at least one time domain resource unit occupied by SRS transmission over an SRS resource; the terminal device determines a resource utilization mode used for transmitting the SRS on the at least one time domain resource unit; the terminal device performs, according to the determined resource utilization mode, the SRS transmission on the at least one time domain resource unit.

In a wireless communication system, a terminal device may send a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) through an SRS resource.
A network device may perform, for example, measurement for Channel State Information (CSI) and beam management based on an SRS sent by a terminal.
In a future wireless communication system, communication scenarios are various. How to realize reasonable SRS sending to improve communication performance is an urgent problem to be solved.

Wireless communication method and device

GUANGDONG OPPO MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS CORP., LTD.


A system for enabling an inmate to make a telephone call to a called party telephone located outside of a correctional facility includes a facility network having inmate and prepaid platforms associated with a PSTN. A called party provides the prepaid platform with information regarding a prepaid card purchased by the called party and the called party telephone number. The prepaid platform associates the telephone number with a prepaid account of the called party, determines value of the prepaid card based on its information, and then transfers the value to the prepaid account. An inmate uses an inmate telephone within the facility to make a telephone call to the called party telephone via the PSTN. The network completes the call if the call is authorized, the called party has a prepaid account associated with the telephone number, and the value of the prepaid account is sufficient for paying for the call.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to telephone communications between inmates of correctional facilities and persons located outside of the facilities such as family and friends of the inmates. More particularly, the present invention relates to telephone communications methods and systems in which a person located outside of a correctional facility prepays for the cost of calls made from an inmate of the facility to the person. The present invention further relates to telephone communications methods and systems in which a person located outside of a correctional facility establishes a prepaid account from which funds are paid to a telephone service provider for the cost of calls made from an inmate of the facility to the person.
2. Background Art
Inmates of correctional facilities such as prisons typically do not have their own telephone services. Inmates rely on telephone services made available by the facilities in order to make telephone calls to persons such as family and friends located outside of the facilities. Inmates typically are limited with respect to when, how long, with whom, etc., they may make telephone calls. For example, inmates may be required to provide facilities with a list of persons (such as family and friends) that they would like to be able to call. In turn, the facilities review and approve each person and associated telephone number on the lists before the inmates are authorized to be able to establish telephone communications with these persons. Requiring such approved lists is to prevent inmates from making unauthorized telephone calls to persons such as victims, judges, law enforcement, etc.
Inmates generally lack access to funds with which to pay for telephone calls made by the inmates to persons outside of the facilities (i.e., the called parties). Prepaid calling cards and the like are generally not available to inmates. Thus, a problem associated with inmates making telephone calls to called parties is arranging payment to the telephone service provider for the calling costs.
A solution to this problem is for the inmates to make collect calls to the called parties. In this event, the telephone service provider subsequently bills the called parties for the costs of the calls. However, a problem for the called parties is that the costs of collect calls are typically much higher than the costs of ordinary calls. A further problem for both the telephone service provider and the called parties is that called parties in this market segment usually lack the resources for paying the costs of collect calls or do not have proper credit ratings to establish credit accounts with the telephone service provider. Thus, the telephone service provider causes the telephones of many called parties to be collect call restricted.
Collect calls are not enabled to be made to telephones having telephone numbers that are collect call restricted. In this case, the called parties having collect call restricted telephones do not have the option of designating calls from inmates as collect calls to be paid for by the called parties. As a result, if an inmate attempts to place a collect call from prison to a telephone number that is collect call restricted, then the call is not completed. In this case, the called party may be contacted and advised of the requirement to establish a prepaid account in order to receive calls from the inmate. The called party can then fund the prepaid account by the use of a credit/debit card or a check. However, again, a problem is that called parties in this market segment often do not have credit cards, checking accounts, etc., and therefore must use other non-popular payment methods (such as money orders and wire transfers) in order to fund their prepaid accounts. Such non-popular payment methods require more time and effort by the called parties to use to establish and fund their prepaid accounts and have relatively high transaction fees.

Inmate called party prepaid card method and system


A process for the in-flight programming of a trigger time for an element of a projectile by a fire control system of a weapon, wherein the muzzle velocity (Vo) of the projectile is measured and the distancing velocity of the projectile at at least one other point during its trajectory after exiting the weapon barrel it measured. Based on these measured values an optimal trigger time is determined for the element so as to minimize the difference between the actual ground impact point and the desired ground impact point for the projectile or for a payload released during the payload's trajectory, and a programming or corrective programming is transmitted to the projectile which takes this optimal trigger time into account.

The technical scope of the invention is that of processes enabling the in-flight programming of a time to trigger a projectile element form the fire control system of a weapon.
Projectiles fired from a cannon theoretically have a well-known ballistic trajectory.
However, certain non-reproducible external factors are able to influence this trajectory.
It is known that the muzzle velocity (Vo) of the projectile can vary by a few percent from one powder charge to another depending on the firing conditions, for example, temperature, consistency of the characteristics of the powder, and barrel wear. This results in deviations in the impact on the ground of the projectile, the ground impact point varying from 1 to 35 km from the firing weapon system.
The atmospheric conditions as well as the differences concerning the drag coefficient of the projectile also notably influence its trajectory.
So as to improve firing accuracy, it is known to transmit an order to correct the trajectory to the projectile.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,995,792 thus describes a projectile whose actual trajectory is measured using laser tracking means. A fire control system using this measurement computes the deviation between the actual trajectory and the theoretical trajectory and transmits corrective orders to the projectile enabling the actual trajectory to draw nearer to the theoretical trajectory.
The trajectory is corrected, for example, using boosters or steering fins.
One drawback of such a solution is its cost. In fact, the tracking of the projectile trajectory requires the implementation of powerful (and therefore expensive) means whose range extends beyond 15 km.
Such tracking means are also bulky and are difficult to implement.
Additionally, the use of laser tracking over a major part of the trajectory prejudices firing secrecy and creates the risk of making it easier for hostile forces to locate the artillery.
A fully autonomous projectile is also known which locates its own position by means of a global positioning system (GPS).
Before firing, the projectile is programmed with its theoretical trajectory and the desired ground impact point. It measures its own actual trajectory and, using suitable algorithms, controls the implementation of trajectory correcting means.
Such a projectile is extremely costly, since it integrates an electronic unit combined with a global positioning system. Moreover, the global positioning system is bulky and prejudices the on-board load capacity of the projectile.
Patent WO84/03,759 describes a device which increases the precision of artillery firing. This device implements a speedometer, a projectile tracking radar and radio transmission means.
The radar tracks the projectile over its full trajectory and a second radar monitors the position of the target. The fire control system transmits a trajectory correction order at a given time to the projectile in order to bring it closer to its target.
Such a device is costly to implement, since two radars are required; one to track the target, the other to track the projectile. Secrecy is not ensured either, since the correction order is sent far from the firing platform.

Process for the in-flight programming of a trigger time for a projectile element


A light guide plate includes a first optical member having a first light path-changing portion to separate a first light portion and a second light portion from a light, and a second optical member having a second light path-changing portion corresponding to the first light path-changing portion. The first optical member has a first refractive index against the first light portion of the light and a second refractive index against the second light portion of the light, and the second optical member has the first refractive index against the first and second light portions. Thus, brightness and brightness uniformity of an image displayed on a display apparatus may be improved, and a number of parts of the display apparatus may be reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light guide plate, a backlight assembly having the same, a display apparatus having the same, and a method of manufacturing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a light guide plate having improved brightness and reduced size, a backlight assembly having the light guide plate, a display apparatus having the backlight assembly, and a method of manufacturing the light guide plate.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a display apparatus, such as a cathode ray tube ("CRT") display apparatus, a liquid crystal display ("LCD") apparatus, a plasma display panel, and an organic light emitting diode ("OLED") display, converts data processed in an information-processing device and displays an image using the converted data.
The LCD apparatus displays the image using electrical and optical properties of liquid crystal. The LCD apparatus requires a light source because its display panel is not self-emissive. Further, the LCD apparatus requires an optical member to improve brightness uniformity of a light emitted from the light source. The optical member includes various members such as a light guide plate that improves the brightness uniformity of the light, a reflecting plate that reflects the light leaked from the light guide plate and optical sheets that enhance the brightness of the light from the light guide plate. The optical sheets include a brightness enhancing film that enhances the brightness and a prism sheet that condenses the light.
However, since the optical sheets are disposed on the light guide plate, a volume of the LCD apparatus increases, an assembly time for the LCD apparatus is lengthened, and a manufacturing cost of the LCD apparatus increases.

Light guide plate, backlight assembly having the same, display apparatus having the same and method of manufacturing the same


A microscopy and/or lithography system uses a comparatively low-resolution image projection system, which has a very small numerical aperture but large image field, in conjunction with a microlens array comprising miniature lens elements, each of which has a large numerical aperture but very small field. The projection system contains a small aperture stop which is imaged by the microlenses onto an array of diffraction-limited microspots on the microscope sample or printing surface at the microlens focal point positions, and the surface is scanned to build up a complete raster image from the focal point array. The system design thus circumvents the tradeoff between image resolution and field size which is the source of much of the complexity and expense of conventional wide-field, high-NA microscopy and microlithography systems. The system makes possible flat field, distortion-free imaging, with accurate overlay, focus, and warp compensation, over very large image fields (larger than the practical limits of conventional imaging means). The image source may be a spatial light modulator such as a Grating Light Valve.

The invention relates generally to what can be broadly categorized as "image writing." The invention's primary intended application for image writing would be as a microlithography printer for semiconductor manufacture; however this field may also include applications such as document printing, photographic reproduction, etc.
The following references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes:
Ref. 1: "Microlens Scanner for Microlithography and Wide-Field Confocal Microscopy" (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/803,096; PCT Serial No. PCT/US97/02949; filed Feb. 20, 1997) PA1 Ref. 2: "Method of Making and an Apparatus for a Flat Diffraction Grating Light Valve" (U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,592, issued Aug. 26, 1997) PA1 Ref. 3: "Flat Diffraction Grating Light Valve" (U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,579, issued Nov. 24, 1998)
Ref. 1 proposed the use of a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD, manufactured by Texas Instruments) as a spatial light modulator for a maskless lithography system. The DMD is manufactured in a megapixel (10.sup.6 pixel) configuration and has a mechanical switching time of 20 microseconds; hence the maximum achievable data rate would be 50.multidot.10.sup.9 bits per sec per DMD unit (i.e. 50 KHz per pixel times 10.sup.6 pixels). Compared to commercial laser writing systems this is a very high rate, but for wafer production applications much higher throughput would be required. Assuming a minimum feature resolution of 0.1 .mu.m, a typical 200-mm wafer can have on the order of 3.multidot.10.sup.12 resolvable feature elements. The wafer design would require a grid snap significantly smaller than the minimum resolvable spot size; hence the number of image data bits per 200-mm wafer would typically exceed 3.multidot.10.sup.13. Commercial lithography steppers achieve throughput levels on the order of 100 wafers per hour, so a competitive maskless lithography system would need to write at least 100.multidot.3.multidot.10.sup.13 image bits per hour, which translates to a data rate of about 1 THz (i.e. 10.sup.12 bits per sec).
One method proposed in Ref. 1 to boost throughput would be to operate several DMD units in parallel, but to achieve a 1 THz pixel rate this would require about 20 megapixel DMD units, each with its own associated optics, servo control, and image generation electronics. A more practical and economical approach to improving throughput would be to use a faster spatial light modulator.

High-throughput, maskless lithography system