The present invention is related to a photosensitive composition which comprises 70 to 99 weight % of a vinyl polymer (A) comprising recurring units derived from a monomer (a) of the following general formula (1) and 1 to 30 weight % of at least one photosensitive compound (B) selected from the group consisting of azide compounds and diazo compounds.

The present invention relates to a photosensitive composition having exceptionally high sensitivity and high resolution and to technologies for fabrication of a black matrix and phosphor screen for a color picture tube using the same.
Black matrices for a color picture tube are generally fabricated in accordance with the following procedure:
(1) coating a glass panel all over with a water-soluble photosensitive composition,
(2) exposing the coated panel to ultraviolet light through a photomask to insolubilize the exposed areas against water,
(3) removing the unexposed areas by water spray to form a resist pattern,
(4) applying a dispersion of a black substance such as graphite,
(5) decomposing the resist pattern with an oxidizing agent, and
(6) removing the decomposition product by water spray.
Since this process involves many steps and time-consuming, a shortening of the process, particularly of the UV exposure step which is rate-determining, has been required.
As photosensitive compositions for use in the process to resolve the problem,
(1) a photosensitive composition comprising a polyvinylpyrrolidone and a water-soluble azide compound (Japanese Kokai Publication Sho-48-79970),
(2) a photosensitive composition comprising an acrylamide-diacetoneacrylamide copolymer and a water-soluble azide compound (Japanese Kokai Publication Sho-50-33764), and
(3) a photosensitive composition comprising an acrylamide-diacetoneacrylamide-acryloylmorpholine copolymer and a water-soluble azide compound (Japanese Kokai Publication Hei-6-51509), among others, have heretofore been proposed.
Meanwhile, phosphor screens for a color picture tube are manufactured by subjecting a glass panel having a black matrix formed thereon to the following sequence of steps:
(1) coating the whole surface of the glass panel with three kinds of photosensitive compositions each comprising a suspension of one of three phosphors corresponding to the primaries of red, green and blue,
(2) exposing the coated surface to ultraviolet light through a photomask to insolubilize the exposed areas against water, and
(3) removing the unexposed areas by water spray, the above series of steps being carried out for each of the three primary phosphors, finally followed by heating the coated panel within the air to oxidatively decompose and remove the organic component.
However, because photosensitive compositions containing a noxious chromium compound are used, this conventional process has disadvantages that the operation and equipments for removing chromium from the waste liquor are required for protection of the environment and that because of the poor aging resistance of the photosensitive components, the so-called dark reaction proceeds gradually, for example during storage, even when the phosphor screen is not directly exposed to ultraviolet light. An additional problem is that chromium tends to remain in the phosphor pattern after said decomposition and removal of organic matter and cause coloration of the phosphor screen or interfere with emissions from the phosphors to reduce the luminance of the color picture tube. In view of those disadvantages, development of chromium-free photosensitive compositions has been needed.
As phosphor-containing photosensitive compositions for use in the process with a view to overcoming the above disadvantages, the followings have heretofore been proposed:
(4) a phosphor-containing photosensitive composition comprising a water-soluble polymer, such as polyacrylamide or polyvinylpyrrolidone, and a water-soluble azide compound (Japanese Kokai Publication Sho-49-43569),
(5) a phosphor-containing photosensitive composition comprising a water-soluble polymer, such as polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone, and a water-soluble diazo compound (Japanese Kokai Publication Sho-49-100955), and
(6) a phosphor-containing photosensitive composition comprising an aqueous solution of a water-soluble styrylpyridinium compound (Japanese Kokai Publication Sho-60-71682), among others.
However, all the above-mentioned photosensitive compositions (1) to (6) are not so sufficiently sensitive to low-illuminance levels of exposure light that if the illuminance drops in the course of manufacture of large-sized cathode-ray tubes or high-definition tubes, the exposure time will be considerably protracted to result in decrease in productivity. Moreover, an additional number of exposure units must be installed but this leads to disadvantages in respect of machine space, equipment maintenance, and cost of equipments.
Furthermore, in the case of the above-mentioned photosensitive compositions (4) to (6) for use in the fabrication of phosphor screens, the light-sensitive components are of poor aging resistance, which inavoidably results in degradation due to the dark reaction and moreover may cause troubles and loss of yield, during continuous use in a picture tube production line.
The inventors have made a thorough analysis of the above drawbacks and study for resolving these problems of known photosensitive compositions for a black matrix and phosphor screen of a color picture tube and have reached the present invention discovering that a photosensitive composition comprising a vinyl polymer comprising a recurring unit derived from a monomer containing a functional group having a frontier electron density of not less than 0.067 and an azide compound and/or diazo compound (B) provides for exceptionally high sensitivity leading to a drastic reduction in exposure time as well as high aging resistance. This, according to this invention, is provided a photosensitive composition comprising 70 to 99 weight % of a vinyl polymer (A) comprising recurring units derived from a monomer (a) of the following general formula (1) wherein the functional group represented by Q has a frontier electron density of not less than 0.067 as computed in accordance with the following equation and 1 to 30 weight % of at least one photosensitive compound (B) selected from the group consisting of azide compounds and diazo compounds.
H2Cxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94Xxe2x80x94Qxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(1)
[wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, a 1,4-phenylene group, a sulfonyl group, a methylene group, and an alkylene group of 2 to 5 carbon atoms (said methylene and alkylene groups may respectively have one ether, carbonyl, carboxyl, amide or urea group). Q represents a functional group selected from the group consisting of xe2x80x94NHxe2x80x94R, xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3, and xe2x80x94SO2NH2. R represents a residue selected from the group consisting of xe2x80x94CHO, xe2x80x94H (hydrogen), alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (said alkyl may have one hydroxyl, ether, amino, nitro, cyano, carbonyl, carboxyl, amide, or urea group), xe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94COOH, xe2x80x94CH2CH2OH, xe2x80x94CH2CH2NH2, xe2x80x94CONH2 and xe2x80x94CONHCH3.]
Frontier electron density=2xc3x97(Atomic orbital coefficient in lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO))2
In another aspect of the invention, is provided a photosensitive composition comprising 70 to 99 weight % of a vinyl polymer (A1) comprising recurring units derived from a monomer (a1) containing a functional group having a frontier electron density of not less than 0.067 and a solubility parameter of 8.6 to 11.0 and 1 to 30 weight % of at least one photosensitive compound (B) selected from the group consisting of azide compounds and diazo compounds.
The present invention further provides a photosensitive composition comprising 30 to 98 weight % of a photosensitive composition and 2 to 70 weight % of at least one water-soluble polymer (C), having a weight average molecular weight of not less than 1000, and being selected from the group consisting of vinylpyrrolidone polymers, (meth)acrylamide-diacetone(meth)acrylamide polymers, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate polymers, 3-sulfopropyl (meth)acrylate polymers inclusive of their salts, N,N-dimethylaminopropyl(meth)-acrylamide polymers, 2-(meth)acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid polymers inclusive of their salts, and styrenesulfonic acid polymers inclusive of their salts.
In a further aspect, the present invention is concerned with technologies for fabricating black matrix and phosphor screen of a color picture tube using said photosensitive composition(s).
The present invention is now described in detail.
The photosensitive composition of the present invention comprises said vinyl polymer (A) comprising recurring units derived from monomer (a) and said photosensitive compound (B).
Referring to the above general formula (1), X is preferably a direct bond.
Further in general formula (1), R is preferably xe2x80x94CHO, xe2x80x94H, xe2x80x94CH3, xe2x80x94C2H5, xe2x80x94CH2CH2CH3, xe2x80x94CH(CH3)2, xe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94COOH, xe2x80x94CH2CH2OH, xe2x80x94CH2CH2NH2, xe2x80x94CONH2 or xe2x80x94CONHCH3. The more preferred is xe2x80x94CHO.
Referring, further, to the above general formula (1), the frontier electron density of the functional group represented by Q therein is not less than 0.067.
The frontier electron density (hereinafter referred to briefly as fr) is a quantity computed from the electron density of frontier orbital of a molecule, and it is known that the higher the value of fr is, the more reactive is the molecule [e.g. Fukui et al., J. Chem. Phys., 20, 722 (1952) and Fukui et al., J. Chem. Phys., 22, 1433 (1954)].
The equation for computation of the above fr depends on the mode of reaction. In the case of the photosensitive composition of the present invention, said photosensitive compound (B) is irradiated to generate an active species, which removes a hydrogen atom from a specific site of said polymer (A) or (A1) to thereby give rise to a new active species which, in turn, induces various crosslinking and other reactions leading to insolubilization against a developer solvent.
In this case, fr is found by squaring the Atomic orbital coefficient in lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (abbreviated hereinafter as LUMO) and multiplying the product by 2. For identification of the site of reaction, the intramolecular hydrogen atoms only may be taken into consideration.
Thus, a polymer containing a functional group having a large value of fr is so fast in removing hydrogen as to result in increased crosslinking reaction rate and high sensitivity of the photosensitive composition.
Regarding the molecular structure for computation of fr in the present invention, the computation was carried out with respect to compounds having each functional group linked to a 2-butyl group, as model compounds for said vinyl polymers. For example, when the functional group was xe2x80x94NHCHO, the computation of fr was performed for the following:
As the computation software, MOPAC 93-PM3 (Parametric Method 3) was used. The computation flow was as follows.
(1) Using the PM3 method, is performed a structural optimization for the subject compound.
(2) The LUMO of the optimized structure is determined.
(3) The atomic orbital coefficient of each hydrogen atom in the LUMO is squared, followed by multiplying the product by 2 to obtain fr for the corresponding hydrogen atom.
(4) Of the fr values thus computed for the hydrogen atoms, the largest value is taken as the fr of the functional group.
The fr values computed by the above method for the functional groups represented by Q, for instance, are as follows.
xe2x80x94NH2 (fr=0.2667), xe2x80x94NHCH3 (fr=0.1958), xe2x80x94NHCH(CH3)2 (fr=0.1689), xe2x80x94NHC2H5 (fr=0.1611), xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2CH3 (fr=0.1473), xe2x80x94NHNH2 (fr=0.1468), xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2OH (fr=0.1370), xe2x80x94NHCOOH (fr=0.1213), xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2NH2 (fr=0.1157), xe2x80x94NHN(CH3)2 (fr=0.0946), xe2x80x94NHCONH2 (fr=0.0730), xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3 (fr=0.0729), xe2x80x94SO2NH2 (fr=0.0707), xe2x80x94NHCONHCH3 (fr=0.0685), and xe2x80x94NHCHO (fr=0.0676).
A polymer having a functional group with a fr not less than 0.067 is so fast in removing hydrogen, that the rate of crosslinking reaction is high and, hence, the sensitivity of the photosensitive composition is very high.
It is only sufficient that, in the vinyl polymer (A) mentioned above, the functional group represented by Q exists within the molecule of the vinyl polymer (A), and may have been introduced by polymerizing a vinyl monomer (a) containing said functional group within its molecule or by way of a polymer modification reaction to a vinyl polymer. Incidentally, it should be understood that the term xe2x80x9cpolymerxe2x80x9d as used in this specification includes both a homopolymer and a copolymer unless otherwise indicated.
Some typical preparation methods for various species of said vinyl polymer (A) usable in the composition of the present invention are described below.
[1] X represents a direct bond:
(1) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCHO
The polymer is obtainable by polymerizing commercially available N-vinylformamide.
(2) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NH2
The polymer is obtainable by hydrolyzing the polyvinylformamide obtained in the above (1) with sodium hydroxide.
(3) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polyvinylamine obtained in the above (2) with methyl iodide.
(4) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHC2H5
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polyvinylamine obtained in the above (2) with ethyl iodide.
(5) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2CH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polyvinylamine obtained in the above (2) with n-propyl bromide.
(6) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCH(CH3)2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polyvinylamine obtained in the above (2) with isopropyl bromide.
(7) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHNH2
The polymer is obtainable by treating the polyvinylamine obtained in the above (2) with gelatin in an aqueous solution of chloramine.
(8) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCOOH
The polymer is obtainable by oxidizing the polyvinylformamide obtained in the above (1) with chromic acid in the presence of acetic acid.
(9) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2OH
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polyvinylamine obtained in the above (2) with ethylene oxide.
(10) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2NH2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polyvinylamine obtained in the above (2) with ethyleneimine.
(11) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCONH2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polymer obtained in the above (8) with urea.
(12) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCONHCH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polymer obtained in the above (11) with methyl iodide.
(13) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94SO2NH2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting thionyl chloride with vinylsulfonic acid, followed by treating the reaction product with ammonia and polymerizing the resulting vinylsulfonamide.
(14) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting vinyl methyl ketone with mixed acid anhydride derived from acetic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid in the presence of sodium methoxide and polymerizing the resulting compound.
[2] X represents 1,4-phenylene
(1) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NH2
The polymer is obtainable by polymerizing 4-aminostyrene.
(2) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCHO
The polymer is obtainable by reacting dimethylformamide with the polymer obtained in the above (1).
(3) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polymer obtained in the above (1) with methyl iodide.
(4) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHC2H5
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polymer obtained in the above (1) with ethyl iodide.
(5) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2CH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polymer obtained in the above (1) with n-propyl bromide.
(6) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCH(CH3)2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polymer obtained in the above (1) with isopropyl bromide.
(7) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHNH2
The polymer is obtainable by treating the polymer obtained in the above (1) with gelatin in an aqueous solution of chloramine.
(8) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCOOH
The polymer is obtainable by oxidizing the polymer obtained in the above (1) with chromic acid in the presence of acetic acid.
(9) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2OH
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polymer obtained in the above (1) with ethylene oxide.
(10) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2NH2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polymer obtained in the above (1) with ethyleneimine.
(11) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCONH2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polymer obtained in the above (8) with urea.
(12) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCONHCH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting the polymer obtained in the above (11) with methyl iodide.
(13) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94SO2NH2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting thionyl chloride with p-styrenesulfonic acid, treating the reaction product with ammonia and polymerizing the resulting p-styrenesulfonamide.
(14) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting p-vinylacetophenone with mixed acid anhydride derived from acetic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid in the presence of sodium methoxide and polymerizing the resulting compound.
[3] X represents xe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94
(1) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NH2
The polymer is obtainable by polymerizing CH2=CHxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NH2 (n=1 to 5).
(2) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCHO, xe2x80x94NHCH3, xe2x80x94NHC2H5, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2CH3, xe2x80x94NHCH(CH3)2, xe2x80x94NHNH2, xe2x80x94NHCOOH, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2OH, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2NH2, xe2x80x94NHCONH2 or xe2x80x94NHCONHCH3
Each polymer is obtainable in the same manner as defined in the above [2].
(3) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94SO2NH2
The polymer can be provided by reacting thionyl chloride with H2Cxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94SO3H (n=1 to 5), treating the reaction product with ammonia, and polymerizing the resulting vinylalkyl sulfonamide.
(4) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting H2Cxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94COCH3 (n=1 to 5) with mixed acid anhydride comprising acetic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid in the presence of sodium methoxide and polymerizing the resulting compound.
[4] X represents xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94
(1) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NH2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting a polyvinyl alcohol derivative with Brxe2x80x94(CH2)n, xe2x80x94NH2 (n=1 to 5) in the presence of a base.
(2) In the cases of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCHO, xe2x80x94NHCH3, xe2x80x94NHC2H5, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2CH3, xe2x80x94NHCH(CH3)2, xe2x80x94NHNH22, xe2x80x94NHCOOH, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2OH, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2NH2, xe2x80x94NHCONH2 or xe2x80x94NHCONHCH3
Each polymer is obtainable by the same corresponding method as described in [2].
(3) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94SO2NH2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting a polyvinyl alcohol derivative with Brxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94SO3H (n=1 to 5) in the presence of a base, reacting thionyl chloride with the reaction product, and treating the resulting compound with ammonia.
(4) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting a polyvinyl alcohol derivative with Br(CH2)nxe2x80x94COCH3 (n=1 to 5) in the presence of a base and reacting the resulting compound with mixed acid anhydride comprising acetic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid in the presence of sodium methoxide.
[5] X represents xe2x80x94COOxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94
(1) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NH2
The polymer is obtainable by esterifying OHxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NH2 (n=1 to 5) with acrylic acid and polymerizing the resulting ester.
(2) In the cases of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCHO, xe2x80x94NHCH3, xe2x80x94NHC2H5, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2CH3, xe2x80x94NHCH(CH3)2, xe2x80x94NHNH2, xe2x80x94NHCOOH, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2OH, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2NH2, xe2x80x94NHCONH2 or xe2x80x94NHCONHCH3
Each polymer is obtainable by the same corresponding method as described in the above [2].
(3) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94SO2NH2
The polymer is obtainable by esterifying OHxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94SO3H (n=1 to 5) with acrylic acid, reacting thionyl chloride with the resulting ester, treating the reaction product with ammonia, and polymerizing the resulting sulfonamide derivative.
(4) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3
The polymer is obtainable by esterifying OHxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94COCH3 (n=1 to 5) with acrylic acid, reacting the resulting ester with mixed acid anhydride comprising acetic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid in the presence of sodium methoxide, and polymerizing the resulting compound.
[6] X represents xe2x80x94OCOxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94
(1) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NH2
The polymer is obtainable by esterifying a polyvinyl alcohol derivative with HOOCxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NH2 (n=1 to 5).
(2) In the cases of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCHO, xe2x80x94NHCH3, xe2x80x94NHC2H5, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2CH3, xe2x80x94NHCH(CH3)2, xe2x80x94NHNH2, xe2x80x94NHCOOH, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2OH, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2NH2, xe2x80x94NHCONH2 or xe2x80x94NHCONHCH3
Each polymer is obtainable by the same corresponding method as described in the above [2].
(3) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94SO2NH2
The polymer is obtainable by esterifying a polyvinyl alcohol derivative with HOOCxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94SO3H (n=1 to 5), reacting thionyl chloride with the resulting ester compound, and treating the reaction product with ammonia.
(4) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3
The polymer is obtainable by esterifying a polyvinyl alcohol derivative with HOOCxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94COCH3 (n=1 to 5) and reacting the resulting ester with mixed acid anhydride derived from acetic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid in the presence of sodium methoxide.
[7] X represents xe2x80x94CONHxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94
(1) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NH2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting H2Nxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NH2 (n=1 to 5) with acryloyl chloride and polymerizing the resulting compound.
(2) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94NHCHO, xe2x80x94NHCH3, xe2x80x94NHC2H5, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2CH3, xe2x80x94NHCH(CH3)2, xe2x80x94NHNH2, xe2x80x94NHCOOH, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2OH, xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2NH2, xe2x80x94NHCONH2 or xe2x80x94NHCONHCH3
Each polymer can be prepared by the same corresponding method as described in the above [2].
(3) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94SO2NH2
The polymer is obtainable by reacting H2Nxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94SO3H (n=1 to 5) with acryloyl chloride, reacting thionyl chloride with the reaction product, treating the resulting compound with ammonia, and polymerizing the resulting sulfonamide derivative.
(4) In the case of Q representing xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3
The polymer is obtainable by reacting H2Nxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94COCH3 (n=1 to 5) with acryloyl chloride, reacting the reaction product further with mixed acid anhydride derived from acetic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid in the presence of sodium methoxide, and polymerizing the resulting compound.
In the present invention, a vinyl polymer (A1) comprising a recurring unit derived from a monomer (a1) having a functional group which has a frontier electron density of not less than 0.067 and a solubility parameter (hereinafter abbreviated as SP) of 8.6 to 11.0 can also be employed. This polymer is preferred because of its good balance between developer solvent resistance and responsiveness to etching.
If the SP of the functional group is less than 8.6, the responsiveness of the composition to etching may possibly be insufficient. If the SP exceeds 11.0, the solvent resistance may possibly be insufficient.
SP, mentioned above, is expressed as the square root of cohesive energy density (xcex94E)/molecular volume (V), thus
SP2=xcex94E/V
SP is an indicator of the solubility of an individual substance. The closer the SP values of two substances to each other, the higher is the compatibility of the substances.
The method for calculation of SP is detailed in literatures [e.g. R. F. Fedors, Polymer Engineering and Science, 14 (2), 147 (1974)].
Regarding the molecular structure for use in the computation of SP in the invention, compounds having each functional group linked to a 2-butyl group were used as model compounds for vinyl polymers, in the same manner as in the computation of fr.
The SP values and fr values of functional groups as computed using the above methods are as follows.
xe2x80x94NHNH2 (SP=9.35, fr=0.1468), xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2OH (SP=11.05, fr=0.1370), xe2x80x94NHCOOH (SP=10.24, fr=0.1213), xe2x80x94NHCH2CH2NH2 (SP=9.17, fr=0.1157), xe2x80x94NHCONH2 (SP=11.70, fr=0.0730), xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3 (SP=9.84, fr=0.0729), xe2x80x94NHCONHCH3 (SP=10.13, fr=0.0685), xe2x80x94NHCHO (SP=10.21, fr=0.0676).
The functional groups of said monomer (a1) are not restricted to these, but may be any groups having an SP value of which is within the range of 8.6 to 11.0 among the functional groups represented by Q in said general formula (1).
The monomer (a1) is not particularly restricted as far as it is a monomer containing a functional group having a frontier electron density of not less than 0.067 and an SP value of 8.6 to 11.0, thus including, for example, those monomers having an SP value within the range of 8.6 to 11.0, among the species of the monomer (a) of general formula (1).
In the present invention, N-vinylformamide is preferred among the above monomers (a) and (a1).
The vinyl polymer (A) or (A1), as far as it has any of said functional groups within its molecule, may be a homopolymer or a copolymer with another vinyl monomer.
When the above vinyl polymer (A) or (A1) is a copolymer, the other vinyl monomer is not particularly restricted as far as it is a copolymerizable monomer containing a vinyl group and compatible with said monomer (a) or (a1) having said functional group in the polymerization system, and may be water-soluble or insoluble.
Water-soluble vinyl monomers (b) includes, for example,
{circle around (1)} unsaturated carboxylic acids (and salts)
(meth)acrylic acids, crotonic acid, itaconic acid (anhydride), maleic acid (anhydride), fumaric acid, etc. and their salts (amine salts, alkali metal salts, etc.), etc.;
{circle around (2)} hydroxy- or alkoxy-containing (meth)acrylic esters
2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylates, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylates, glycerol monomethacrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl (meth)acrylates, carbitol (meth)acrylates, polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylates, etc.;
{circle around (3)} unsaturated amides and their derivatives
(meth)acrylamides, diacetone(meth)acrylamides, N-methyl(meth)acrylamides, N-ethyl(meth)acrylamides, N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamides, N,N-dimethyl(meth)acrylamides, N,N-diethyl(meth)acrylamides, N-methylol(meth)acrylamides, N-methoxymethyl(meth)acrylamides, N-ethoxymethyl-(meth)acrylamides, N-butoxymethyl(meth)acrylamides, N,N-dialkylaminoethyl(meth)acrylamides, N,N-dialkylaminopropyl(meth)acrylamides, etc.;
{circle around (4)} sulfonic acid (salt) group-containing monomers
styrenesulfonic acid, 3-sulfopropyl(meth)acrylates, 2-(meth)acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acids, etc. and their salts (amine salts, alkali metal salts, etc.), etc.;
{circle around (5)} phosphoric acid (salt) group-containing monomers
[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate or its salts (amine salts, alkali metal salts, etc.), etc.;
{circle around (6)} tertiary amine (salt) group- or quaternary ammonium salt group-containing monomers
N,N-dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylates, N,N-diethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylates, their salts with acids (inorganic acids or organic acids), [2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride, etc.; and
{circle around (7)} heterocycle-containing monomers N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine, vinylimidazole, vinylpyridine, N-vinylpyrrolidone, etc.
Water-insoluble vinyl monomers include, for example,
{circle around (1)} nitrile monomers
(meth)acrylonitriles, etc.;
{circle around (2)} aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
xcex1-olefins, isoprene, butadiene, etc.;
{circle around (3)} styrenic monomers
styrene, xcex1-methylstyrene, p-methoxystyrene, vinyltoluene, p-hydroxystyrene, p-acetoxystyrene, etc.;
{circle around (4)} alkyl(meth)acrylates of 1 to 18 carbon atoms
methyl(meth)acrylates, ethyl(meth)acrylates, butyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl(meth)acrylates, lauryl (meth)acrylates, stearyl(meth)acrylates, etc.;
{circle around (5)} vinyl ester monomers
vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, etc.; and
{circle around (6)} vinyl ether monomers
vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, etc.
The other vinyl monomer mentioned above may be used alone of monomer or in a combination of two or more monomers.
In copolymers with the above-mentioned other vinyl monomer, the proportion of the recurring units derived from monomer (a) or (a1) is preferably not less than 5 mole %, more preferably not less than 10 mole %. If its proportion is less than 5 mole %, no sufficient improvement in sensitivity may be obtained under some circumstances.
The polymers (A) or (A1) may be whichever of being water-soluble or water-insoluble. Preferred are water-soluble polymers for using in the fabrication of black matrix or phosphor screen of a color picture tube. More preferred are water-soluble copolymers with a water-soluble vinyl monomer (b).
The weight average molecular weight of said polymer (A) or (A1) is preferably 50,000 to 2,000,000, more preferably 200,000 to 1,500,000. If it is less than 50,000, the sensitivity-improving effect may not be sufficient. If 2,000,000 is exceeded, the viscosity may increase and unevenness of the film in the coating process may possibly be caused.
In applying the photosensitive composition of the present invention to fabrication of a black matrix for color picture tube, it is preferable that said composition has reciprocity law failing characteristics.
Reciprocity law failing characteristics are properties of a composition to form a stripe or dot pattern which is substantially smaller than the irradiated area of the glass surface in the presence of oxygen gas.
Detailed discussions on reciprocity law failing can be found in Japanese Kokai Publication Sho-48-79970, Poly. Eng. Sci., 17 (6), 353 (1977) and other literatures.
By using a photosensitive composition having a reciprocity law failing characteristic in the formation of the black matrix for a color picture tube, a black matrix having a smaller area than the mask area can be formed. When, using a panel formed with such a black matrix, green, blue and red phosphor patterns are successively formed, the area of the phosphor pattern is also substantially smaller than the mask area. Therefore, when a color picture tube is manufactured using this mask, the spot size of the electron beam incident through the slit or hole of the mask will be larger than the phosphor pattern so that the color picture tube will be bright and of high contrast.
Thus, to manufacture a high-resolution, high-quality color picture tube, the black matrix is preferably formed using a photosensitive composition having said reciprocity law failing characteristics.
If the composition of the present invention has such a reciprocity law failing characteristics, (i) a copolymer of said monomer (a) or (a1) with another water-soluble vinyl monomer (b1) can be used as the polymer used for the composition of the invention.
As said water-soluble vinyl monomer (b1) other than the monomer (a) or (a1) having said functional group, in the above copolymer (i), the following compounds, among the above mentioned examples of said other water-soluble vinyl monomer (b), can be used with advantage.
{circle around (1)} Aromatic ring-containing water-soluble monomers
Styrenesulfonic acid or its salts, vinylbenzyl-trimethylammonium hydroxide, etc.;
{circle around (2)} Heterocycle-containing water-soluble monomers
Vinylimidazole, vinylpyridines, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-(meth)acryloylmorpholines, N-[(meth)acryloyloxy]-ethylmorpholines, etc.;
{circle around (3)} Acrylic water-soluble monomers with a molecular weight not less than 130
Monomeric acrylamides such as diacetone(meth)acrylamides, N-butoxymethyl(meth)acrylamides, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl-(meth)acrylamides, N,N-diethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylamides, N,N-dialkylaminopropyl(meth)acrylamides, N-butoxydimethyl-(meth)acrylamides, etc.; monomeric acrylates such as diethylene glycol ethoxy acrylate, glycerol mono(meth)acrylates, 2-ethoxyethyl(meth)acrylates, 2-hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylates, polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, etc.; sulfonic acid (salt)-containing monomers such as 2-(meth)acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and salts thereof, and 3-sulfopropyl (meth)acrylate and salts thereof, etc.; phosphoric acid (salt)-containing monomers such as [2-[(meth)acryloyloxy]ethyl] phosphates etc.; and quaternary ammonium salt-containing monomers such as [2-[(meth)acryloyloxy]ethyl]trimethylammonium chlorides etc.
In the case of the above copolymer (i), the copolymerization molar ratio of the monomer (a) or (a1) having said functional group to the water-soluble vinyl monomer (b1) is preferably 99:1 to 20:80, more preferably 95:5 to 30:70. If the proportion of the monomer (a) or (a1) exceeds 99 mole %, the reciprocity law failing characteristic may not be expressed. When it is less than 20 mole %, a sufficient improvement in sensitivity may not be obtained.
Furthermore, as a composition having reciprocity law failing characteristics in the present invention, there can be employed a composition (ii) obtainable by formulating another water-soluble polymer (C) having a weight average molecular weight of not less than 1000 with a photosensitive composition of the present invention which comprises 70 to 99 weight % of the vinyl polymer (A) or (A1) having said functional group and 1 to 30 weight % of the photosensitive compound (B).
The other water-soluble polymers (C) mentioned above include, for example, vinylpyrrolidone polymers, (meth)acrylamide-diacetone(meth)acrylamide polymer, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate polymer, 3-sulfopropyl (meth)acrylate polymers and salts thereof, N,N-dimethylaminopropyl(meth)acrylamide polymers, 2-(meth)acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid polymers and salts thereof, and styrenesulfonic acid polymers or salts thereof. The above (c) can be used as a polymer blend with the vinyl polymer (A) or (A1).
In the photosensitive composition (ii) obtainable by formulating said other water-soluble polymer (C) having a weight average molecular weight of not less than 1000 with said photosensitive composition comprising said polymer (A) or (A1) having said functional group and said photosensitive compound (B), the formulating ratio of the combined amount of polymer (A) or (A1) and photosensitive compound (B) to the amount of the water-soluble polymer (C) is 30:70 to 98:2 by weight, preferably 50:50 to 95:5 by weight.
For said reciprocity law failing characteristic to be expressed, gaseous oxygen must be present in the vicinity of the azide compound and, to insure the presence, the coat film of the photosensitive composition must be oxygen-permeable. When said water-soluble vinyl monomer (b1) is contained as a structural unit of the copolymer (i) contained in the photosensitive composition or said water-soluble polymer (C) is contained as a component unit of the composition (ii), the intermolecular interaction is attenuated to enhance the permeability of the composition to oxygen gas, with the result that the photosensitive composition containing said units has the reciprocity law failing characteristics.
As the photosensitive compound (B) used in the composition of the present invention, there can be mentioned both azide compounds and diazo compounds.
The above azide compounds are not particularly restricted as far as they are capable of forming nitrene upon exposure to ultraviolet light and reacting with said polymer (A) or (A1). Preferred are aromatic bisazide compounds having two azide groups within the molecule. Illustrative example include water-soluble azide compounds such as 4,4xe2x80x2-diazidostilbene-2,2xe2x80x2-disulfonic acid, sodium 4,4xe2x80x2-diazidostilbene-2,2xe2x80x2-disulfonate, 4,4xe2x80x2-diazidobenzalacetophenone-2-sulfonic acid, sodium 4,4xe2x80x2-diazidobenzalacetophenone-2-sulfonate, 4,4xe2x80x2-diazidostilbene-xcex1-carboxylic acid, sodium 4,4xe2x80x2-diazidostilbene-xcex1-carboxylate, 1,5-penta-3-one-1,4-diethenyl-bis(azidobenzenesulfonic acid), 1,5-penta-3-one-1,4-diethenyl-bis(sodium azidobenzenesulfonate), 2,6-bis(4-azidobenzal-2-sulfonic acid)-cyclopentanone, 2,6-bis(sodium 4-azidobenzal-2-sulfonate)cyclopentanone, etc.; and water-insoluble azide compounds such as 2,6-bis(4,4xe2x80x2-diazidobenzal)-cyclohexanone, 2,6-bis(4,4xe2x80x2-diazidobenzal)-4-methylcyclohexanone, 4,4xe2x80x2-diazidostilbene-2,2xe2x80x2-bis[N,N-di(2-ethoxyethyl)sulfonamide], 1,3-bis(4xe2x80x2-azidocinnamylidene)-2-propanone, etc.
The above diazo compounds are not particularly restricted as far as they are capable of liberating a radical through denitrification on exposure to ultraviolet light and reacting with said polymer (A) or (A1). Prefered are aromatic diazo compounds containing two or more diazo groups within the molecule. Illustrative examples include benzidinetetrazonium chloride, 3,3xe2x80x2-dimethylbenzidinetetrazonium chloride, 3,3xe2x80x2-dimethoxybenzidinetetrazonium chloride, 4,4xe2x80x2-diaminodiphenyl-aminotetrazonium chloride, 3,3xe2x80x2-diethylbenzidinetetrazonium sulfate, diazodiphenylamine-formalin condensate, and their several salts (zinc chloride salts, p-toluenesulfonic acid salts, etc.).
The photosensitive compound (B) may be used above or as a mixture of two or more species.
Among these, azide compounds are preferred for the fabrication of the black matrix and phosphor screen for a color picture tube. More preferred are water-soluble azide compounds, particularly sodium 4,4xe2x80x2-diazidostilbene-2,2xe2x80x2-disulfonate.
In the photosensitive composition of the present invention, the polymer (A) or (A1) and the photosensitive compound (B) are formulated in a weight ratio of (A) or (A1) to (B) of 70:30 to 99:1, preferably 80:20 to 99:1. If the proportion of the photosensitive compound (B) exceeds 30 weight %, the sufficient adhesion to the glass surface may not be expected. If it is less than 1 weight %, the sufficient sensitivity may perhaps be attained.
The photosensitive composition of the present invention may contain a finely divided powder (D). The above fine powders (D) include, for example,
{circle around (1)} phosphors [red phosphors such as Y2O2S:Eu, Y2O3:Eu, etc.; green phosphors such as ZnS:Cu, Al, ZnS:Au, Cu, Al, ZnS:Au, Al, etc.; and blue phosphors such as ZnS:Ag, Cl, ZnS:Ag, Al, etc.];
{circle around (2)} metal oxides [magnesia, alumina, antimony oxides, titanium dioxide, white carbon, diatomaceous earth, iron oxide, etc.];
{circle around (3)} metal hydroxides [aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, iron hydroxide, metatitanic acid, etc.];
{circle around (4)} metal salts [e.g. silicates such as kaolin, aluminum silicate, clay, talc, mica, asbesto powder, calcium silicate, cericite, bentonite, etc.; carbonates such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, barium carbonate, dolomite, etc.; sulfates such as calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, etc.];
{circle around (5)} pigments [indicated in the color index numbers below; black pigments such as C. I. Pigment Black 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, etc.; red pigments such as C. I. Pigment Red 48, 97, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 122, 123, 144, 149, 166, 168, 177, 178, 180, 187, 190, 192, 208, etc.; green pigments such as C. I. Pigment Green 7, 36, etc.; blue pigments such as C. I. Pigment Blue 15, 22, 60, 64, etc.; yellow pigments such as C. I. Pigment Yellow 10, 17, 24, 34, 35, 42, 48, 83, 86, 93, 94, 108, etc.; violet pigments such as C. I. Pigment Violet 19, 23, 29, 30, 32, 37, 40, 50, etc.; orange pigments such as C. I. Pigment Orange 13, 36, 43, 51, 55, 59, 61, 64, 65, etc.; and white pigments such as C. I. Pigment White 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, etc.]. Preferred are phosphors.
The mean particle diameter of said finely divided powder (D), which may vary dependent on the kind of powder, is generally not greater than 1 mm, preferably 0.01 to 100 xcexcm.
The formulating amount of said finely divided powder (D) in the finely divided powder-containing photosensitive composition, in terms of the weight ratio of the total of (A) or (A1) and (B):(D) or the weight ratio of the total (A) or (A1), (B) and (C):(D) in the case of containing (C) is preferably 0.5:99.5 to 60:40. It is preferred to formulate the respective components in a weight ratio of (A) or (A1):(B):(D) is (0.5 to 50):(0.002 to 20):(99.5 to 40). When the composition further contains (C), preferable weight ratio of (A) or (A1):(B):(C):(D) is (0.2 to 49):(0.0006 to 19):(0.003 to 60):(99 to 15).
The above finely divided powder-containing photosensitive composition preferably contains a dispersant (E) to disperse of (D) uniformly within the composition. The dispersant (E) is not particularly restricted as far as it has a dispersing action and is compatible with the other components. There may be mentioned anionic dispersants, nonionic dispersants and cationic dispersants.
Anionic dispersants include, for example,
{circle around (1)} polycarboxylic acid (salt) dispersants [e.g. polyacrylic acid, isobutylene-maleic acid copolymers, styrene-maleic acid copolymers and their salts (amine salts, alkali metal salts, etc.)]; and
{circle around (2)} sulfonic acid (salt) dispersants [e.g. dioctyl sulfosuccinate (amine salts, alkali metal salts, etc.), naphthalenesulfonic acid-formaldehyde condensate, etc.].
Nonionic dispersants include, for example,
{circle around (1)} alkylene oxide adduct dispersants [e.g. polyoxyalkylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyalkylene higher fatty acid esters, polyoxyalkylene polyhydric alcohol higher fatty acid esters, polyoxyalkylene alkylphenyl ethers, polyoxyalkylene alkylamino ethers, higher fatty acid dialkanolamides, polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene block copolymers, etc.] and
{circle around (2)} polyhydric alcohol dispersants [e.g. a polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester and its alkylene oxide adducts, a polyhydric alcohol alkyl ether and its alkylene oxide adducts, etc.].
Cationic dispersants include, for example,
{circle around (1)} amine dispersants [e.g. N,N-dialkylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate polymers neutralized with an inorganic or organic acid (formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, etc.) etc.] and
{circle around (2)} quaternary ammonium dispersants [e.g. tetralkylammonium halides, quaternized N,N-dialkylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate polymers, etc.].
Among them, preferred are anionic and nonionic dispersants, particularly polyacrylic acid or its salts, isobutylene-maleic acid copolymer or its salts, styrene-maleic acid copolymer or its salts, polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene block copolymer, sorbitan fatty acid ester-ethylene oxide adducts and quaternary ammonium salts unsaturated acid.
In using the dispersant (E), the amount of (E) is preferably 0.01 to 10 weight %, more preferably 0.05 to 5 weight %, based on the weight of said finely divided powder (D). If the amount of (E) is less than 0.01 weight %, a sufficient dispersion stabilizing effect may not be obtained under some circumstances. If 10 weight % is exceeded, there are cases in which sensitivity and developability will be sacrificed.
The photosensitive composition of the present invention may contain a water-soluble or water-insoluble solvent or a mixture of such solvents as a diluent. By incorporating a diluent, it becomes possible to control the spreadability, shelf-stability, developing characteristic, adhesion and other properties of the composition of the present invention can be controlled.
Solvents are not particularly restricted as far as compatible with the respective components; and include water-soluble solvents, for example, water, alcohol type solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, etc.; cellosolve type solvents such as methylcellosolve, ethylcellosolve, butylcellosolve, etc.; glycol type solvents such as diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, etc.; and amide type solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, etc.
As water-insoluble solvents, there can be mentioned, for instance, an aliphatic hydrocarbon type solvents such as pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, etc.; aromatic hydrocarbon type solvents such as benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.; ester type solvents such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl-3-ethoxypropionate, etc.; a glycol type solvents such as ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, etc.; and a halogen-containing hydrocarbon type solvents such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene.
Among those diluents, water-soluble solvents are preferred and water is more preferred for the fabrication of the black matrix and phosphor screen for a color picture tube.
The diluent content can be freely selected according to coating conditions, etc. of the photosensitive composition. In case without fine powder (D), it is preferred to contain the diluent in an amount of 50 to 98 weight % within 100 weight % of the photosensitive composition. When fine powder (D) is contained, it is preferred to contain the diluent in an amount of 40 to 95 weight % within 100 weight % of the photosensitive composition.
The composition of the present invention may be optionally supplemented with another polymer with an average molecular weight of not less than 1,000. The spreadability, sensitivity, development characteristic, adhesion and other properties can be controlled by adding such other polymer.
The above other polymers mentioned are not particularly restricted and inclusive of poly(meth)acrylamides or (meth)acrylamide copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol copolymers, styrylpyridinium salt compounds as described in Japanese Kokai Publication Sho-55-23163, poly(meth)acrylic acids or (meth)acrylic acid copolymers, casein, gelatin, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinylcellulose, and polyethylene glycol.
When such other polymer is added, its addition amount can be liberally selected but is generally not greater than 50 weight %, preferably not greater than 30 weight %, based on the weight of the polymer (A) or (A1). If the amount exceeds 50 weight %, there may be cases in which sensitivity is sacrificed.
The composition of the present invention may be optionally supplemented with a hydroxyl and/or iodine-containing low molecular compound having a molecular weight of not greater than 990. By adding this low molecular compound, it becomes possible to adjust development characteristic and adhesion, etc. and to improve sensitivity.
Low molecular compounds having a hydroxyl group within the molecule include, for example, n-butanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, triethanolamine, glycerol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol and hexitol.
Iodine-containing low molecular compounds include, for example, iodoacetic acid, 3,5-diamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, sodium 3,5-diamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate, 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, sodium 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate, 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid, sodium 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalate, 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalamic acid, sodium 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalamide, 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, sodium 3,5-diiodosalicylate, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, sodium 2,3,5-triiodobenzoate, tetraalkyl-ammonium iodide, sodium iodide and potassium iodide.
When said low molecular compound having a hydroxyl group and/or an iodine atom within the molecule is used, its amount is generally 1 to 200 weight %, preferably 1 to 100 weight %, based on the weight of the polymer (A) or (A1).
If the amount is less than 1 weight %, no sufficient effect of addition may be obtained. If 200 weight % is exceeded, development characteristic and resolution may tend to deteriorate.
For improved wettability with respect to the substrate, the composition of the invention may be supplemented with a surfactant as needed. Surfactants are not particularly restricted as far as compatible with the components of the composition, and include, for example, anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and cationic surfactants. Preferred are nonionic surfactants (e.g. sorbitan ester-ethylene oxide adducts, alkylphenol-ethylene oxide adducts, etc.).
When said surfactant is added, its addition amount is generally not over 5 weight %, preferably 0.05 to 3 weight %, based on the weight of the polymer (A) or (A1).
The composition of the present invention may be optionally supplemented with an adhesion promoter. The above adhesion promoter can be mentioned silane coupling agents, titanium coupling agents, organic carboxylic acid compounds, organophosphoric acid compounds, and organophosphoric ester compounds. Preferred are silane coupling agents [e.g. vinyl-tris-(xcex2-methoxyethoxy)silane, N-xcex2-(aminoethyl)-xcex3-amino-propylmethyldimethoxysilane, N-xcex2-(aminoethyl)-xcex3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-xcex2-(aminoethyl)-xcex3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, xcex3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, xcex3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, xcex3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, xcex3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, xcex3-glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, etc.] and titanium coupling agents [e.g. dihydroxy-bis(lactado)titanium, dialkyl-bis(triethanol-aminato)titanium, oxotitaniumbis(monoammonium oxalate), etc.].
When said adhesion promoter is added, its addition amount is generally not over 10 weight %, preferably 0.01 to 5 weight %, based on the weight of the polymer (A) or (A1).
There is no particular limitation on the method for preparing the composition of the present invention and, for example, it is sufficient to admix the components described hereinbefore.
As examples of application of the composition of the present invention, fabrications of a black matrix and of a phosphor screen for a color picture tube are now described.
The process for fabricating a black matrix for a color picture tube may typically comprise the following sequence:
{circle around (1)} coat a glass panel is coated with a photosensitive composition comprising said vinyl polymer (A) or (A1) and said photosensitive compound (B) according to the invention in a thickness of, usually, 0.1 to 2.0 xcexcm;
{circle around (2)} the coat is dried with a hot plate, an infrared heater, a far-infrared heater, or the like to prepare a coated film;
{circle around (3)} using an ultra-high-pressure mercury vapor lamp, a high-pressure mercury vapor lamp, or a metal halide lamp, the film is exposed to ultraviolet light through a photomask having a desired pattern, usually at a 0.5 to 50 mJ/cm2;
{circle around (4)} a resist pattern is formed through developing the film with water for removal of the unexposed areas;
{circle around (5)} the surface is coated with a dispersion of a black material such as graphite;
{circle around (6)} the film is dried with a hot plate, an infrared heater, a far-infrared heater or the like;
{circle around (7)} the resist pattern is decomposed by oxidation with an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide; and
{circle around (8)} the pattern is developed with water. The polymer (A) or (A1) and the photosensitive compound (B) in the photosensitive composition used in the above step {circle around (1)} are preferably water-soluble.
When the photosensitive composition of the present invention has a reciprocity law failing characteristic, the luminous intensity of exposure UV light is preferably within the range of 0.02 to 1.0 mW/cm2.
If the luminous intensity of exposure light is less than 0.02 mW/cm2, either the pattern is drastically reduced in size or no pattern will be obtained. When the intensity of exposure light exceeds 1.0 mW/cm2, the exposure time for attaining a pattern of the proper size will be drastically reduced, resulting in swelling and wrinkle formation of the pattern.
On the other hand, the process for fabricating a phosphor screen for a color picture tube comprises the following sequence:
{circle around (1)} a glass panel carrying a black matrix is coated with a photosensitive composition of the invention, comprising said vinyl polymer (A) or (A1), said photosensitive compound (B) and a phosphor suspended therein, usually in a thickness of 5 to 15 xcexcm;
{circle around (2)} the coat is dried with a hot plate, an infrared heater, a far-infrared heater or the like to prepare a dry film;
{circle around (3)} using an ultra-high-pressure mercury vapor lamp, a high-pressure mercury vapor lamp, a metal halide lamp, expose the film is exposed to ultraviolet light through a photomask having a desired pattern usually at 0.5 to 50 mJ/cm2; and
{circle around (4)} a phosphor pattern is formed through developing the film with water to wash away the unexposed areas; said series of steps being carried out for each of the three primary phosphors of red, green and blue, and finally heating the assembly (about 400xc2x0 C.) within the air to oxidize and remove the organic matter. The polymer (A) or (A1) and the photosensitive composition (B) in the above step {circle around (1)} are preferably water-soluble.
Where necessary, an aqueous solution containing a water-soluble polymer and a water-soluble azide compound may be applied to the glass panel to form a thin film prior to said step {circle around (1)}, whereby the adhesion of the phosphor can be further improved. Water-soluble polymers usable for this purpose are not particularly restricted but include, for example, polyvinylformamide or vinylformamide copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone or vinylpyrrolidone copolymers, poly(meth)acrylamides or (meth)acrylamide copolymers, (meth)acrylamide-diacetone(meth)acrylamide copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol copolymers, and the like. Water-soluble azide compounds usable for the purpose are not particularly restricted, but preferred is sodium 4,4xe2x80x2-diazidostilbene-2,2xe2x80x2-disulfonate.
The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention in further detail and should by no means be construed as defining the scope of the present invention. In the following description, % stands for weight %.
The term xe2x80x9cexposurexe2x80x9d is used in the following examples to mean exposure with a given spacing (e.g. 3.0 mm) maintained between the photomask and the glass substrate, the so-called gap exposure. Furthermore, although xe2x80x9csensitivityxe2x80x9d has been variously defined, the xe2x80x9csensitivityxe2x80x9d referred to in the examples is the exposure time which elapses until the phosphor pattern width has reached 80% (56 xcexcm) of the mask size when exposure is carried out through a photomask having a mask size of 70 xcexcm at a given luminous intensity. Here, the shorter the exposure time is, the higher is the sensitivity of the composition.

Photosensitive composition and use thereof

Abstract: [wherein X is selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, a 1,4-phenylene group, a sulfonyl group, a methylene group, and an alkylene group of 2 to 5 carbon atoms (the methylene and alkylene groups may respectively have one ether, carbonyl, carboxyl, amide or urea group); Q represents a functional group selected from the group consisting of xe2x80x94NHxe2x80x94R, xe2x80x94COCH2COCH3, and xe2x80x94SO2NH2; R represents a residue selected from the group consisting of xe2x80x94CHO, xe2x80x94H (hydrogen), an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (the alkyl group may have one hydroxyl, ether, amino, nitro, cyano, carbonyl, carboxyl, amide, or urea group), xe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94N(CH3)2, xe2x80x94COOH, xe2x80x94CONH2 and xe2x80x94CONHCH3].


A vehicle storage structure is deformed and crushed, when an excessive load is inputted to a vehicle from outside, without any influence to functions of surrounding structures. The vehicle storage structure includes a case formed in a box shape having side walls, rising integrally with a periphery of a bottom plate, and an open top face, wherein when a line in a vehicle front-rear direction, connecting centers in an up-down direction of the bottom plate, is defined as a bottom-plate center line, and a line connecting a front end of the bottom-plate center line with a rear end of the bottom-plate center line is defined as a bottom-end connection line, the bottom-plate center line is a polygonal line having a ridge as a folding point and the ridge is positioned higher than the bottom-end connection line.

There has been a technique of providing a storage structure as a storage space inside a vehicle but outside a vehicle interior. For example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-029103 discloses a trunk box provided, as a storage space, in an engine room at a front of a vehicle, to effectively utilize a limited in-vehicle space.


The present invention relates to a pigment dispersion solution, a pigment photoresist and a color filter. The pigment dispersion solution includes a colored pigment, a dispersant, a binder resin and a solvent, and further includes particles of white pigment. The pigment photoresist using the pigment dispersion solution of the present invention includes an alkali-soluble resin, a monomer, a photo initiator and an additive. The color filter using the pigment photoresist of the present invention includes a substrate, and the pigment photoresist is developed to be shaped in regions corresponding to pixels on the substrate. The present invention adopts a technical means that adding the particles of the white pigment into the pigment dispersion solution, thereby taking advantage of properties such as high reflectivity and diffused reflection on surface of the white pigment, so as to increase transmitting path and absorbing path of lights in the pigment dispersion solution. Therefore, when the pigment photoresist made of the pigment dispersion solution is irradiated by lights to cure, the curing speed could be improved distinctly, the curing time could be reduced and the curing effect could be improved.

A color filter is an important component of the liquid crystal display to achieve color display. White lights emitting from a back light illuminate the color filter through a liquid crystal layer, and the red, green and blue lights can be displayed when the lights pass through color filter with three colors respectively, such as red, green and blue, which is disposed on the color filter and corresponds to every pixel. Various pixels with different colors are mixed to form a colorful image finally.
The conventional methods to manufacture the color filter include a staining method, a printing method, an electrodeposition method, a pigment dispersion method and so on. The pigment dispersion method becomes a main manufacturing method due to its advantages in terms of color property, image precision, photo stability and thermal stability.
A fundamental principal of the pigment dispersion method is to coat a pigment photoresist on a transparent substrate, and form the color filter through the technology of photoetching. The pigment photoresist includes a pigment dispersion solution. The pigment dispersion solution mainly containing a colored pigment, a dispersant, a binder resin and a solvent. The colored pigment in the pigment dispersion solution can determine the color of the final formed color filter. Colored pigments known in the prior art mostly could be taken as the colored pigment in the pigment dispersion solution. For example, the patent of No. JP5-281414 disclosed several kinds of pigments with red, green, blue, yellow and purple which could be taken as bepaint material of color resist ink.
Regarding the pigment photoresist formed on the color filter by the pigment dispersion method, one of the properties representing good or bad of its quality is ability to cure when the pigment photoresist on the substrate is irradiated to be cured, therefore, improving the ability to cure is an issue concerned broadly in the prior art.

Pigment dispersion solution, pigment photoresist and color filter


A system is described to allow musicians to collaborate over a network such as the Internet.

Musicians often desire to collaborate across the Internet. For example:
Scenario 1: A musical composition teacher and her students live far enough apart that lessons cannot be conducted face to face. The teacher, for example, might reside in a rural area, while the student needs to live in a metropolitan environment that offers employment opportunity. Alternatively, student or teacher may be disabled and thus incapable of travel.
Scenario 2: A number of musicians wish to collaborate in the creation of a composition. The work continues over an extended period of time, and the artists cannot collocate frequently enough to be effective. They each need to play stretches of music for each other and communicate verbally about the evolving art.
There are a few devices presently available that will allow for musical collaboration over the Internet. We consider these in turn.
1. Video Conferencing. A number of video conferencing solutions exist for supporting meetings of geographically distributed participants. Assume for the moment the simple case that two sets of participants are attempting to meet. The two groups are each located in a specially equipped room.
In one approach, a video conferencing system simply records the sounds in each room and transmits the recorded sounds to a remote location. Once there, the sound is played back through loudspeakers to the remote participants. Similarly, cameras capture the scene in each room. The video signal is also transmitted and replayed at the remote site. Video cameras or other image capture devices, for example, Web Cams, can be deployed for the visual component of video conferencing. These are small, inexpensive cameras that transmit video signals across the Internet.
A common disadvantage of typical video conferencing approaches is that, once stored in digital form on a computer, the audio of musical performance snippets is difficult to manage. Typically, collaborative music sessions consist of numerous re-renderings of music fragments. When composition is the goal, musicians often generate a number of improvised alternatives. Often recording is very difficult to organize without expensive management software.
An exacerbating fact in the context of snippet organization is that the transcription of audio recordings into musical notation can also be very difficult. This task may require an expert and considerable time investment.
Finally, sounds transmitted using this system are normally limited by the quality of the instrument that generates them. A receiving musician therefore does not benefit from his own equipment's (potentially) superior capabilities. If the remote instrument is mediocre, the receiver must work with the resulting sound.
2. Custom Instruments. Custom instruments such as Yamaha's Music Path approach the problem by custom modifying acoustic grand pianos. Special sensors measure how hard piano keys are pressed during a performance. The resulting data, and video images, are transmitted to the remote piano through a high-speed connection.
The remote piano's keys and pedals are attached to mechanical actuators that physically reproduce the motions of the originating instrument. The keys and pedals at the receiving piano move "by themselves."
This method has an advantage over the video conferencing technique: the receiving musician can hear the corresponding sounds as produced by his own instrument. Knowing his own piano well, the receiving musician can therefore judge with great refinement the effectiveness of the remote musician's key attack techniques. Similar techniques and technologies can be used for other musical instruments as well.
The custom instruments solution can be very expensive and, as with video conferencing, may be inadequate when it comes to easy snippet management.
3. Pure MIDI. Another approach is to use MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), the well-established standard for digital communication among musical instruments. MIDI defines how two or more instruments can communicate through a wire about which notes are to be played at the receiving instrument. The standard includes instructions on how to communicate the force with which, for example, piano keys are struck.
Inexpensive computer programs exist for turning MIDI into musical notation. Once available on the computer in notation, simple cut/paste manipulations can be used to arrange snippets. The snippet management problem is thereby much alleviated. Anyone who understands music can easily interact with notation. This stands in contrast to stored audio, which requires the skills of audio engineers to manipulate.
MIDI devices cover a wide range of acquisition costs. Very inexpensive units are available. The signals they produce can be of almost as high a quality as MIDI that is produced on more expensive devices. The difference between instruments instead enters into the reproduction of sound from the MIDI data stream. The MIDI stream recipient might own a MIDI-capable instrument that can produce excellent sound, while the sender operates on a much more modest keyboard.
Unfortunately, MIDI is confined to very fast communication networks, such as those comprising point-to-point wires between instruments. These wires must not exceed 50 feet.
4. Other possible approaches. It is possible to translate MIDI signals into digital form and to transport them to other instruments over a local area network (LAN). This approach may allow musicians that are situated close together within, for example, a small building, to collaborate. However, as soon as the distance between the participants grows, network delays render this solution unusable.

MIDIWan: a system to enable geographically remote musicians to collaborate


A method includes generating a representation of each of a plurality of dialects of structured query language (SQL) statements, and receiving a first SQL statement. The first SQL statement is in a first dialect of the plurality of dialects. The method further includes generating a first output corresponding to the first SQL statement. The first output has a plurality of first data structures arranged in a first tree structure. Each of the plurality of first data structures corresponds to a portion of the first SQL statement. The method further include receiving a second SQL statement, the second SQL statement is in a second dialect of the plurality of dialects, and generating a second output corresponding to the second SQL statement. The second output has a plurality of second data structures arranged in a second tree structure. Each of the plurality of second data structures corresponds to a portion of the second SQL statement. A first data structure of the plurality of first data structures is the same as a second data structure of the plurality of second data structures.

Structured query language (SQL) is a programming language used for maintaining data in relational databases. Relational databases rely upon parsed SQL statements for translating incoming information into outputs that various types of databases and application software can understand and process. Such databases and application software can use the translated or parsed information for various purposes and tasks including but not limited to, reverse engineering, forward engineering, code completion, script optimization, and so on. For example, a user can enter first SQL statements of a first type (e.g., MySQL® statements) to request a parser to return all tables from the first SQL statements. The parser can parse the first SQL statements, process the parsed first SQL statements, and pull those tables out of a database. The user can also enter second SQL statements of a second type (e.g., Oracle® statements) to request the parser to return all tables from the second SQL statements. The parser can parse the second SQL statements, process the parsed second SQL statements, and pull those tables out the database.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention, and therefore, it can contain information that does not constitute prior art.

Systems and methods for identifying common components across SQL parser dialects


A printed circuit board includes: an insulating substrate, and a patterned conductive layer having a signal line and fixed on the insulating substrate, where signal lines on different planes of the patterned conductive layer are electrically connected to a via hole through a pad. An inner wall of the via hole is formed of a conductive bar and an insulating bar that penetrate the via hole; the pad is at an edge of the via hole and is connected to the conductive bar; the pad has an unclosed structure. In the printed circuit board according to the present invention, the size of the pad is significantly reduced by arranging the pad at partial edge of the via hole, thereby effectively improving a layout density of the patterned conductive layer, hence reducing the size of the printed circuit board, and satisfying the market demand for smaller electronic products.

1. Field of Invention The present invention relates to a printed circuit board.
2. Description of Related Arts
The printed circuit board employs an insulating board as a base material, and is cut into a certain size. At least one patterned conductive layer is attached onto the board and holes are arranged thereon (for example, component holes, fastening holes, and plated-through holes). The board is used for replacing the base on which electronic devices are mounted, and for connecting the electronic elements. This type of board is made by means of electronic lithography, and is therefore referred to as a printed circuit board. The printed circuit board is an important electronic component, and supports electronic devices.
Electronic products are becoming smaller in size and have more functions, and the size of the printed circuit board is also becoming smaller. However, the number of via holes and the interference between signal lines have constantly restricted the size reduction of the printed circuit board; hence, it is difficult to make a breakthrough in substantial size reduction of the printed circuit board. For example, if the pad at the edge of the via hole is too close to the signal line arranged near the pad, interference will occur. So, a certain distance should be maintained between the via hole and the signal line. For another example, the via hole of the printed circuit board is closely related to the circuit connections of the electronic devices arranged on the printed circuit board and/or the circuit connections among multiple layers of printed circuit boards. Therefore, each circuit connection requires a via hole; as a result, the size and the number of via holes further restrict the size reduction of the printed circuit board.
Therefore, to improve the via hole so as to effectively reduce the size of the printed circuit board is a problem that needs to be solved by persons skilled in the art.

CELESTICA TECHNOLOGY CONSULTANCY (SHANGHAI) CO. LTD.


Systems, methods, and software are disclosed herein for indicating a change to content in a document to a user. A document is displayed in a user interface to an application. Content then is introduced into the document from a source external to the document. After the content has been introduced into the document, the source of the content is queried for any changes to the content at the source. If a change has occurred, an indication of the change to the content at the source is introduced in the document.

Many software applications provide users with the capability to transfer data from a location in one software application to a new location within the same or different software application. These software applications include related commands that offer user-interface techniques to duplicate data and store the duplicated data in a temporary storage location. This temporary storage location is often referred to as a clipboard and different clipboards may be used to transfer the data between locations in the software applications. Clipboards may be found in a variety of applications, including text-based applications, spreadsheet applications, presentation applications, mobile applications, web applications, database applications, and graphic design applications, and may be especially useful in the context of document drafting and formatting.
Once a user has indicated a location within the software application that the duplicated data is to be placed, the data stored in the clipboard is inserted into the position where the command was issued by the user. The command may be issued by a copy and paste command, an insert command, a drag and drop command, an import/export command, or any other command that indicates the transfer of data between locations within software applications. The data may be presented in various forms, such as text, photos, graphs, tables, spreadsheet data, audio files, video clips, among other items displayed or recorded for later use. Unfortunately, the clipboards in the software applications duplicate the data at its current state and any later modifications made to the content at the source location are not carried over to the content previously presented in destination location. Moreover, current applications do not carry over data origin information or real-time analytics information associated with the content that is gathered from the source location. This limits an ability of the application to enhance a user experience when copying data from an external location into a document.

Displaying an indication of changes made to content at a source


Systems and methods for removing charge buildup/leakage from solar modules. A discharge controller may be coupled between a solar module and a string bus of a solar array. The discharge controller is configured to disconnect the solar module from the string bus, and to connect a grounded frame to solar cells of the solar module. Since the grounded frame of the solar module is grounded, connecting the grounded frame and the solar cells allows charge buildup/leakage to discharge into ground.

Charge often builds up between the glass (transparent) portion of a frame of a solar module and the solar cells protected by the glass. Alternatively, charges can leak into the solar cells. Both effects, charge buildup and charge leakage ("charge buildup/leakage"), may diminish photon absorption and electron transport, and thus decrease energy generation. To mitigate charge buildup/leakage, some manufacturers have suggested grounding either the plus or minus end of a string bus of solar modules. However, this solution may require an insulated frame due to the potential difference between the solar cells and ground. Additionally, it may be difficult to use transformerless inverters with this solution.

Systems and methods to reduce field buildup between cells and glass and frame assembly for solar energy production


A display substrate, a manufacturing method thereof, a display panel, and a display device are disclosed. The display substrate includes a display region and a non-display region located around the display region, the display substrate includes: a base substrate and a black matrix located in the non-display region on the base substrate; at least one concave portion is located in the black matrix, and the at least one concave portion is filled with a non-transparent insulating material.

With the rapid development of display technology, thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) with narrow frame has become the current mainstream display device. Correspondingly, how to solve the problem of electrostatic interference has become a major problem for a display device with narrow frame.
Although each film layer in a color filter substrate in a display device (especially a black matrix of a non-display area of the display device) is capable of accumulating and transmitting a part of static electricity, so that the static electricity cannot enter the display area. However, upon the display device displaying an image, due to a narrow frame of the display device, the static electricity transmission may not be smooth upon the frame of the display device being touched, and an edge of the display area has the problem of display defects such as purplish or greenish defect.

Display substrate, manufacturing method thereof, display panel, and display device

BEIJING BOE OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


The optical system includes first (positive) and second (negative) lens units arranged in order from an object side to an image side, and an aperture stop disposed further on the image side than the second lens unit. The first lens unit includes at least one first optical element satisfying φGH>0.0, νdGH<39.5 and ndGH>1.70. The optical system satisfies 0.65<|φ2/φ1|<6.00 and 0.45<|ΣφGH×φ2/φ12|<4.00. φGH represents a refractive power of the first optical element when light-entrance and light-exit surfaces thereof are in contact with air, νdGH and ndGH respectively represent an Abbe number and a refractive index of a material forming the first optical element for a d-line, φ1 and φ2 respectively represent the refractive powers of the first lens unit and the second lens unit, and ΣφGH represents a sum total of the refractive power φGH of the at least one first optical element.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical system including two or more lens units, which is suitable for, for example, image pickup.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various aberrations such as chromatic aberration which vary with focusing are often corrected by using extraordinary dispersion materials. In particular, macro lenses whose maximum image-forming magnification is large and aberration variation with focusing is significant are formed by using extraordinary dispersion materials having a low dispersion to suppress the variation of the chromatic aberration. Moreover, it is also possible to suppress such variation of the chromatic aberration by using high dispersion resin materials having extraordinary dispersion characteristics.
For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-329924 discloses a macro lens that suppresses variation of various aberrations with focusing by using a low dispersion material. Moreover, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-15026 discloses a macro lens that suppresses variation of various aberrations with focusing by using a high dispersion resin material having extraordinary dispersion characteristics.
However, the low dispersion material and the high dispersion resin material having the extraordinary dispersion characteristics used for the macro lenses disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 2003-329924 and 2009-15026 generally have a low refractive index, which makes it difficult to suppress variation of spherical aberration with the focusing. On the other hand, providing a large refractive index to a low dispersion material in order to correct the chromatic aberration may increase a volume and a weight of the material.
In addition, such high dispersion resin materials generally have characteristics that are easily changed with temperature, humidity and ultraviolet, which causes concern about environment resistance.