In one example, an image sensor module comprises one or more covers having at least a first opening and a second opening, a first lens mounted in the first opening and having a first field of view (FOV) centered at a first axis having a first orientation, a second lens mounted in the second opening and having a second FOV centered at a second axis having a second orientation different from the first orientation, a first image sensor housed within the one or more covers and configured to detect light via the first lens, and a second image sensor housed within the one or more covers and configured to detect light via the second lens. The first image sensor and the second image sensor are configured to provide, based on the detected light, image data of a combined FOV larger than each of the first FOV and the second FOV.

An image sensor can detect and convey information used to make an image. The image sensor can capture light reflected from a scene and convert the captured light into signals. The light can include, for example, visible light, infra-red light, etc. The signals can be used to generate an image of the scene to support various applications, such as depth-sensing, location tracking, augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR)/mixed reality (MR) applications, etc.
One important performance metric of an imaging system is an extent of a scene that can be imaged by the image sensor. The extent can be affected by various parameters, such as a field of view (FOV) of the image sensor, which measures an angular extent of the scene that can be imaged by the image sensor. FOV can be used interchangeably with angle of view (AOV). It is desirable that an image sensor has a wide FOV, such that the image sensor can image a larger area of a scene and can capture more information about the scene in an image.


The invention relates to a method for computing the geographical location of a mobile terminal (MT) in a cellular telecommunications network. The method includes the steps of collecting identifiers of possible serving cells for the mobile terminal, selecting from a first database (A) geographical coordinates (LONG, LAT) whose expected serving cell ID matches any one of the identifiers of possible serving cells, comparing, for each selected geographical coordinate (LONG, LAT), pairs of cell identifiers and corresponding expected received signal values associated with the geographical coordinate (LONG, LAT) in the first database (A) with pairs of cell identifiers and corresponding actual received signal values of the possible serving cells to determine the geographical locations (LONG, LAT) having a number of matches (NMATCH) greater than a predetermined match threshold (THRESHOLD-NMATCH) and finally processing the geographical locations so determined (LONG, LAT) to obtain the geographical location of the mobile terminal (MT).

Methods are known in the art for computing the location of a mobile terminal.
FR 2 859 348 discloses a process for geographical location of a mobile terminal in a telecommunications network. The process involves the use of data previously requested by the system and combined with calculation of the speed and direction of the mobile terminal, using a digital database. The process includes processing of data held in the SIM card of the mobile terminal without using a remote server. Particularly, the process provides position calculation from data previously requested within the system, followed by calculation of speed and direction from a historical database.
WO 2006/105619 discloses a method and system for computing the location of a mobile terminal in a telecommunications network. According to this method, the mobile terminal collects radio signal parameter measurement data and transmits such data to a network processor for location computing. Particularly, the method involves accumulation of radio parameter measurements from a plurality of measurement cycles.
While the above methods allow computation of the mobile terminal position, they still have a considerable complexity and require large storage availability in the mobile terminal for holding much data, and require changes in the mobile terminal firmware for complex computing.
Thus, the need arises of providing a method for computing the geographical location of a mobile terminal that is of simple execution and allows quick computation of the mobile terminal position.

Method for computing the geographical location of a mobile terminal


A power tool includes an elongated shaft forming a handle and a tool head located at one end of the handle. The tool head includes a working element and a driven shaft configured to drive the working element. A powerhead located at an opposite end of the handle and includes an input shaft. A driveshaft extends between the tool head and the powerhead. The driveshaft is rotatably coupled to the input shaft and the driven shaft to transfer torque from the powerhead to the working element of the tool head. At least a portion of the driveshaft extending between the powerhead and the working element is constructed of a non-conductive material to inhibit transmission of electricity from the working element to the powerhead.

Power tools, such as pole saws, typically include a handle, a powerhead on one end of the handle, and a tool head on opposite end. A driveshaft extends between the powerhead and the tool head to drive a working component, such as saw. The driveshaft may be interchangeable by an operator. When the operator uses the power tool near a power line, there is a chance the saw may contact the power line and injure the operator. As such, there is a desire to electrically insulate the operator from the working component of the power tool.

Power tool with non-conductive driveshaft


A sound system for capturing and reproducing sounds produced by a plurality of sound sources. The system comprises a device for receiving sounds produced by the plurality of sound sources and converting the separately received sounds to a plurality of separate audio signals without mixing the audio signals. The system may further comprise a device for separately storing the plurality of separate audio signals on a recording medium without mixing the audio signals and a device for reading the stored audio signals from the recording medium. A sound system and method for modeling a sound field generated by a sound source and creating a sound event based on the modeled sound field is also disclosed. The system and method captures a sound field over an enclosing surface, models the sound field and enables reproduction of the modeled sound field.

Methods and systems for recording and reproducing sounds produced by a plurality of sound sources are generally known. In the musical context, for example, systems for recording and reproducing live performances of bands and orchestras are known. In those cases, the sound sources include the musical instruments and performers' voices.
Recording and reproducing sound produced by a sound source typically involves detecting the physical sound waves produced by the sound source, converting the sound waves to audio signals (digital or analog), storing the audio signals on a recording medium and subsequently reading and amplifying the stored audio signals and supplying them as an input to one or more loudspeakers to reconvert the audio signals back to physical sound waves.
Audio signals are typically electrical signals that correspond to actual sound waves, however this correspondence is "representative", not "congruent", due to various limitations intrinsic to the process of capturing and converting acoustical data. Other forms of audio signals (e.g., optical), although more reliable in the transmission of acoustical data, encounter similar limitations due to capturing and converting the acoustical data from the original sound field.
The quality of the sound produced by a loudspeaker partly depends on the quality of the audio signal input to the loudspeaker, and partly depends on the ability of the loudspeaker to respond to the signal accurately. Ideally, to enable precise reproduction of sound, the audio signals should correspond exactly to (i.e., be a perfect representation of) the original sound, including its spatial (3D) properties, and the reconversion of the audio signals back to sound should be a perfect conversion of the audio signal to sound waves including its spatial (3D) properties. In practice however, such perfection has not been achieved due to various phenomenon that occur in the various stages of the recording/reproducing process, as well as deficiencies that exist in the design concept of "universal" loudspeakers.
Additional problems are presented when trying to precisely record and reproduce sound produced by a plurality of sound sources. One significant problem encountered when trying to reproduce sounds from a plurality of sound sources is the inability of the system to recreate what is referred to as sound staging. Sound staging is the phenomena that enables a listener to perceive the apparent physical size and location of a musical presentation. The sound stage includes the physical properties of depth and width. These properties contribute to the ability to listen to an orchestra, for example, and be able to discern the relative position of different sound sources (e.g., instruments). However, many recording systems fail to precisely capture the sound staging effect when recording a plurality of sound sources. One reason for this is the methodology used by many systems. For example, such systems typically use one or more microphones to receive sound waves produced by a plurality of sound sources (e.g., drums, guitar, vocals, etc.) and convert the sound waves to electrical audio signals. When one microphone is used, the sound waves from each of the sound sources are typically mixed (i.e., superimposed on one another) to form a composite signal. When a plurality of microphones are used, the plurality of audio signals are typically mixed (i.e., superimposed on one another) to form a composite signal. In either case the composite signal is then stored on a storage medium. The composite signal can be subsequently read from the storage medium and reproduced in an attempt to recreate the original sounds produced by the sound sources. However, the mixing of signals, among other things, limits the ability to recreate the sound staging of the plurality of sound sources. Thus, when signals are mixed, the reproduced sound fails to precisely recreate the field definition and source resolution of the original sounds. This is one reason why an orchestra sounds different when listened to live as compared with a recording. This is one major drawback of prior sound systems. Other problems are caused by mixing as well.
While attempts have been made to address these drawbacks, none has adequately overcome the problem. For example, in some cases, the composite signal includes two separate channels (e.g., left and right) in an attempt to spatially separate the composite signal. In some cases, a third (e.g., center) or more channels (e.g., front and back) are used to achieve greater spatial separation of the original sounds produced by the plurality of sound sources. Two popular methodologies used to achieve a degree of spatial separation, especially in home theater audio Systems, are Dolby Surround and Dolby Pro Logic. Dolby Pro Logic is the more sophisticated of the two and combines four audio channels into two for storage and then separates those two channels into four for playback over five loudspeakers. Specifically, a Dolby Pro Logic system starts with left, center and right channels across the front of the viewing area and a single surround channel at the rear. These four channels are stored as two channels, reconverted to four and played back over left, center and right front loudspeakers and a pair of monaural rear surround loudspeakers that are fed from a single audio channel. While this technique provides some measure of spatial separation, it fails to precisely recreate the sound staging and suffers from other problems, including those identified above.
Other techniques for creating spatial separation have been tried using a plurality of channels. However, regardless of the number of channels, such systems typically involve mixing source signals to form one or more composite signals. Even systems touted as "discrete multi-channel", typically base the discreteness of each channel on a "directional component" (i.e., Dolby's AC-3, discrete 5.1 multi-channel surround sound is based on five discrete directional channels and one low-frequency effect channel). Surround sound using discrete channels for directional cues help create a more engulfing acoustical effect, but do not address the critical losses of veracity within the representative audio signal nor does it address the reproduction of the intraspace dynamics created by individual sound sources interacting with one another in a defined space.
Other separation techniques are commonly used in an attempt to enhance the recreation of sound. For example, each loudspeaker typically includes a plurality of loudspeaker components, with each component dedicated to a particular frequency band to achieve a frequency distribution of the reproduced sounds. Commonly, such loudspeaker components include woofer or bass (lower frequencies), mid-range (moderate frequencies) and tweeters (higher frequencies). Components directed to other specific frequency bands are also known and may be used. When frequency distributed components are used for each of multiple channels (e.g., left and right), the output signal can exhibit a degree of both spatial distribution and frequency distribution in an attempt to reproduce the sounds produced by the plurality of sound sources. However, maximum recreation of the original sounds is not fully achieved because the source signals continue to be a composite signal as a result of the "mixing" process.
Another problem resulting from the mixing of either sounds produced by sound sources or the corresponding audio signals is that this mixing typically requires that these composite sounds or composite audio signals be played back over the same loudspeaker(s). It is well known that effects such as masking preclude the precise recreation of the original sounds. For example, masking can render one sound inaudible when accompanied by a louder sound. For example, the inability to hear a conversation in the presence of loud amplified music is an example of masking. Masking is particularly problematic when the masking sound has a similar frequency to the masked sound. Other types of masking include loudspeaker masking, which occurs when a loudspeaker cone is driven by a composite signal as opposed to an audio signal corresponding to a single sound source. Thus, in the later case, the loudspeaker cone directs all of its energy to reproducing one isolated sound, as opposed to, in the former, the loudspeaker cone must "time-share" its energy to reproduce a composite of sounds simultaneously.
Another problem with mixing sounds or audio signals and then amplifying the composite signal is intermodulation distortion. Intermodulation distortion refers to the fact that when a signal of two (or more) frequencies is input to an amplifier, the amplifier will output the two frequencies plus the sum and difference of these frequencies. Thus, if an amplifier input is a signal with a 400 Hz component and a 20 KHz component, the output will be 400 Hz and 20 KHz plus 19.6 KHz (20 KHz−400 Hz) and 20.4 KHz (20 KHz+400 Hz).
The mixing of signals can also dictate the use of "universal loudspeakers", meaning that a given loudspeaker must be capable of reproducing a full or broad spectrum of possible sounds. With the exception of frequency range breakout (e.g., electronic crossovers), loudspeakers are typically capable of reproducing a full range of sound sources. Subwoofers and tweeters are exceptions to this rule but their mandate for separation is based on frequency, not "sound source type". The drawbacks with "universal" and "frequency dependent" loudspeakers is that they are not capable of being configured to achieve a full integral sound wave (including full directivity patterns) for a given sound source. By being "universal" and "non-configurable", they can not be optimized for the reproduction of a specific sound source.
More specifically, existing sound recording systems typically use two or three microphones to capture sound events produced by a sound source, e.g., a musical instrument. The captured sounds can be stored and subsequently played back. However, various drawbacks exist with these types of systems. These drawbacks include the inability to capture accurately three dimensional information concerning the sound and spatial variations within the sound (including full spectrum "directivity patterns"). This leads to an inability to accurately produce or reproduce sound based on the original sound event.
A directivity pattern is the resultant sound field radiated by a sound source (or distribution of sound sources) as a function of frequency and observation position around the source (or source distribution). The possible variations in pressure amplitude and phase as the observation position is changed are due to the fact that different field values can result from the superposition of the contributions from all elementary sound sources at the field points. This is correspondingly due to the relative propagation distances to the observation location from each elementary source location, the wavelengths or frequencies of oscillation, and the relative amplitudes and phases of these elementary sources.
It is the principle of superposition that gives rise to the radiation patterns characteristics of various vibrating bodies or source distributions. Since existing recording systems do not capture this 3-D information, this leads to an inability to accurately model, produce or reproduce 3-D sound radiation based on the original sound event.
On the playback side, prior systems typically use "Implosion Type" (IMT) sound fields. That is, they use two or more directional channels to create a "perimeter effect" sound field. The basic IMT method is "stereo," where a left and a right channel are used to attempt to create a spatial separation of sounds. More advanced IMT methods include surround sound technologies, some providing as many as five directional channels (left, center, right, rear left, rear right), which creates a more engulfing sound field than stereo. However, both are considered perimeter systems and fail to fully recreate original sounds. Perimeter systems typically depend on the listener being in a stationary position for maximum effect. Implosion techniques are not well suited for reproducing sounds that are essentially a point source, such as stationary sound sources or sound sources in the nearfield (e.g., musical instruments, human voice, animal voice, etc.) that should retain their full spectrum directivity patterns and radiate sound in all or many directions.
Despite significant improvements over the last two decades in signal processing and equipment design, the goal of "perfect sound reproduction" remains elusive.
Another problem with the existing systems of sound reproduction are the paradigmatic and other distortions created in an original event right from the beginning of the recording and reproduction process. Such distortions include: (1) lack of true field definition (source signals are mixed together and rely on perceptual effects for definition); (2) lack of source resolution (source rendering is via plane wave transducers, not integral wave transducers); (3) lack of spatial congruency (when source signals are mixed together, sound staging is an approximation at best, once again relying heavily on perceptual effects). These distortions are passed down through the recording and reproduction chain, so that each phase of the chain creates its own colorations on the original distortions created by the paradigm itself.
For example, in a typical stereo reproduction system, when an original event is captured, a multi-dimensional sound wave is represented by a two-dimensional (left/right) signal which is then mixed together with other two-dimensional signals representing other original sound sources within the same sound event, creating a mixture of two-dimensional signals. Once "spatial" and "mixing" distortions have been captured and processed they are passed along to the storage, recall, and reproduction parts of the recording and reproduction chain where additional colorations may be added, compounding the nature of the paradigmatic distortions.
Other contextual issues such as paradigms within paradigms (or sub-paradigms), often are a result of protocol and/or design issues. An example of a sub-paradigm issue is that of "perceptual" effects versus "physical" effects. Perceptual methods of sound reproduction are designed to trick the ear into perceiving certain elements such as spatial qualities and sound stage. Physical objectives for reproduction are focused on physically reproducing source dynamics including primary sources (sound producing entities) and secondary sources (sound effecting entities like room acoustics).
Yet another problem in sound reproduction is amplification. The current amplification of sound concept has remained essentially unchanged for over 40 years, in that, the output signal equals the input signal but at an elevated level. The problem with this approach is that the input signal may be a distorted representation of the original event and most of the time is a compilation of mixed signals representing the original event. When these signals are amplified, the distortions that are present due to the paradigm are amplified and as a result become more noticeable and have a greater impact on the reproduced event.
Another aspect of the problem relates to the issue of "film" paradigm versus the "music" paradigm. The film paradigm utilizes surround sound very well because, with the exception of dialog, most of the soundtrack is a far-field, moving, dynamic type of sound field (e.g., traffic, outdoor environments, etc.) or ambiance-related sound field (e.g., indoor venue, etc.) both of which do well with surround sound formats. Music, on the other hand, is typically a stationary sound event, usually in the near-field, and usually with a more intimate divergent type wave front as opposed to a convergent type wave front created from mid-field and far-field reproductions used in the film industry. Sub-paradigm issues such as these must be harmonized in accordance with the goals of the broader reproduction paradigm if the paradigmatic context is to be optimized and the paradigmatic distortion minimized or eliminated.
Another issue in the present state of sound recording and reproduction is the objectivism vs. subjectivism issue on how close the reproduced event matches the original sound event. Within the current state-of-the-art paradigm, objective measurements can be made (e.g., input signal vs. output signal), but the comprehensive evaluation of a given sound event remains somewhat subjective primarily because of a flawed context—comparison is between an integral form (original event) and a facsimile form (reproduced event). Only when the reproduction system can generate a synthetic sound event in the same integral form as an original event can we expect to render an objective evaluation of the reproduced event. Subjectivity will always play a role in determining which variations, deviations, etc. to an original event are preferable from one person to the next, but the quantifiable evaluation of a reality event and its corresponding synthetic event, should ultimately be an objective analysis.
The problem with trying to use a term like "realism" as a reference standard is not that it is inherently subjective ("reality" is actually inherently objective—it can be objectively measured and modeled, e.g., acoustical holography), but rather that it cannot be adequately synthesized in the same integral form as the original event. The subjective element arises when the audio community attempts to compare various distorted synthetic realities (reproduced events) to their corresponding undistorted original realities (original events), or worse yet, to one another. Even if perfection is interpreted differently by different people, that should not change the fact that the comparison of a reproduced event A to its corresponding original event A, should be an objective analysis. Even if an original source is unnatural or a hybrid of a natural sound, the objective is still to reproduce the source's integral state as determined by an artist and/or producer. A drawback of current systems is the lack of a means for developing reference standards for the articulation of all definable sound sources, and a means for describing derivatives, hybrids, and any other type of deviation from a given reference sound.
Thus, despite significant research and development, prior systems suffer various drawbacks and fail to maximize the ability of the system to precisely reproduce the original sounds.

System and method for integral transference of acoustical events


An induction-powered camera may be capable of being installed external to a building without any building alterations. The induction-powered camera may include a continuous power source. The induction-powered camera may transmit one or more images to a control panel associated with security and/or automation systems. The induction-powered camera may be movable and/or removable with undue burden. In one example, an apparatus for a security and/or automation system is described. The apparatus may include a first half of the apparatus and an electricity transmission unit positioned within the first half. An electricity receiving unit may be positioned a predetermined distance away from the electricity transmission unit. The electricity receiving unit proximate a second half of the apparatus and a camera may be proximate the second half of the apparatus, the camera powered by the electricity receiving unit.

The present disclosure, for example, relates to security and/or automation systems, and more particularly to capturing one or more outdoor images without significant alterations to a building.
Security and automation systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication and functional features such as monitoring, communication, notification, and/or others. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with a user through a communication connection or a system management action.
Cameras for security and/or automation systems may require a dedicated power source as well as means for transferring data to a control panel of the security and/or automation system. Wiring external devices to a building may present challenges. This may require permanent alterations to a building such as running electricity wires and/or making one or more alterations to an exterior of a building. Holes may need to be drilled through one or more exteriors to a building, wires may need to be run, and the like. Additionally, drilling holes through an exterior may open the potential for one or more pests to enter the building, may be difficult to seal out weather, and the like. The cost to permanently install an external monitoring system may be high due to the complexity of the system. Additionally, a user may not wish to make the permanent alterations to a building to accommodate the external monitoring system. This may prevent the install for external security detection and/or precautions despite a growing need.


The online poker gaming system comprises a live or recorded poker game, and at least one gaming terminal. The game involves a group of players sitting around a table, playing for prize money so there is a cash incentive for each to win. The player terminal displays images of the game being broadcast for view by an online player. The player terminal also includes a schematic of the game to present the game status and gaming data of the game. The player terminal also includes a keypad, enabling the online player to select one or more players to win, and select a value for each selection. The online player cannot fold, call, check, and raise, but can participate by making selections, much as one would make selections at a racetrack. The online player can make multiple playing selections unavailable to the player sitting at the table.

While there are many poker-type games that can be played on the Internet, practically all of them offer the same wagering options, and many of them are canned or preprogrammed. As racetracks have expanded their reach with off-track betting, casinos can dramatically increase revenues by enabling play online. While wagers can be placed on horse races in various racetracks around the country and the world online and in real time, such system are not available for other live play in the casino. U.S. Pat. No. 5,762,552 (Vuong) discloses a network based gaming system that enables a plurality of players to place wagers on a real-time game of chance being conducted in a casino via a distributed network system or, alternatively, to place wagers on a game of chance using internally generated game sequences. In the preferred embodiment of the system, a gaming machine provides a menu of a plurality of live-action board games of chance, such as roulette, craps or baccarat.
Many people enjoy poker but lack the skill or the bankroll to play in a high-profile game. Some people are uncomfortable in a crowded casino, particularly, alone prime time in the bigger casinos. The air is smoke-filled, heavy drinking is common, the crowds are shoulder to shoulder, people become separated, and space at gaming tables is rare.
Once gaming information is captured on current gaming activity, quality online play becomes a reality. Each online player directly enters his playing decisions (hi/lo, winning player or best cards, player, value) into the gaming computer through a keypad. Once the hand is completed, the gaming computer knows all relevant information about the game in progress. This information is used to provide the online player with historical information about the players and the game.
Poker is now the most popular card game because of television. On almost any evening, there is at least one poker tournament on cable television—usually "No-Limit Texas Hold'em." In the No-Limit version of Texas Hold'em, any participating player can wager any portion of his chips at any time. There is also a Limit version of Texas Hold'em, where there are limits to the amount of the wager. The use of windows and cameras located in front of each player enables the game to be broadcast and the home viewer can watch each player as the cards are dealt each round.
Texas Hold'em is the most popular form of casino poker. It has been popularized by televised poker contests such as the World Poker Tour and the World Series of Poker, which have brought many new players to the game. Texas Hold'em is easy to learn, but it boasts intricate strategy and requires practice, skill and cunning to play well. Yet, the lower limits of the game are forgiving enough to new players, and with a plethora of online poker rooms, it is very easy to learn and practice the game while wagering little or no money. Texas Hold'em is a community card game. Every player is dealt two cards face down, and then five community cards are dealt in the middle of the table. The five community cards may be used by every player.
"Community card poker" as used herein refers to any poker game that uses community cards, which are cards dealt face up in the center of the table and shared by all players. In these games, each player is dealt privately a plurality of "hole cards", which are then combined with the community cards to make a poker hand. The set of community cards is called the "board", and may be dealt in a simple line or arranged in a special pattern. Rules of each game determine how they may be combined with each player's private hand. In addition to Texas Hold'em, other community card poker games include, but are not limited to, Omaha Poker, Iron Cross Poker, No River Hold'em Poker, Royal Hold'em, Double-board Hold'em, Double Hold'em, Pineapple, Crazy Pineapple, Tahoe Hold'em, Super Hold'em, Manila, Six-Pack, East Village, London Bridge, Tic Tac Toe, Pinatubo, Cincinnati, Chowaha, and Otis Elevator.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Community poker card game online playing system


A mask structure of a color picture tube includes a number of grid wires stretched over a frame in the same direction and separated from one another, and a damp wire stretched to traverse the number of grid wires in contact with the number of grid wires. The damp wire is formed of a tungsten core wire coated with a secondary emission semiconductor material layer. Thus, art asymmetrical electron lens is formed by a potential difference generated between the grid wire and the damp wire, so that an electron beam having passed through a spacing between the grid wires is deflected in a converging direction. Therefore, the electron beam is guided onto a zone of a phosphor screen shaded by the damp wire. Accordingly, a black line, which would otherwise appear because the electron beam is shielded by the damp wire, becomes inconspicuous. Namely, the display quality is elevated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a color picture tube, and more specifically to a color picture tube having a shadow mask structure composed of a number of grid wires, which constitute color selection or switching electrodes.
2. Description of Related Art
In a typical conventional shadow mask structure composed of a number of grid wires, which constitute color selection or switching electrodes for a color picture tube, the grid wires are stretched over a mask frame in the same direction, in parallel with one another.
In operation of the color picture tube, if the grid wires vibrate, or if the grid wires are shifted relative to one another proper color selection can no longer be obtained. In order to avoid this drawback, a damp wire is stretched over the grid wires to traverse the grid wires, and is contacted or fixed to the grid wires. With this arrangement, vibration and relative shifting of the grid wires are minimized or prevented. In ordinary cases, the damp wire is formed of a tungsten wire having a diameter of 20 .mu.m to 30 .mu.m.
In the above mentioned conventional mask structure, since the damp wires are formed of tungsten wire, when an electron beam passes through a spacing between each pair of adjacent grid wires, a portion of the electron beam directed toward a desired portion of a phosphor screen is blocked by the damp wire so that a corresponding portion of the phosphor screen does not emit light. In particular, in the case of a display signal for causing the whole of the phosphor screen to emit light, a black line appears in the display screen, and therefore, the display quality is inevitably deteriorated.

Damp rod construction for CRT grid structures


In an electrophotographic printing apparatus for printing an image to an image transfer sheet medium by producing a latent image on a photosensitive unit and transferring the latent image to the image transfer sheet medium, a width-directional position of the image transfer sheet medium is detected before the latent image is produced and the same after the latent image is produced on the photosensitive unit by the width-directional positional sensor, and the detection results are compared with one another; and it is determined from the comparison result whether or not printing operation is continued.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic printing apparatus and a printing system, and, in particular, to an electrophotographic printing apparatus and a printing system having a configuration for detecting a position of an image transfer sheet medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 8-230231 discloses a digital image forming apparatus. In this apparatus, during conveyance of transfer paper to a toner image transfer position, paper end position detection is carried out, and a position of writing a latent image is controlled appropriately for correcting a possible skew of the transfer paper that is detected.
Japanese Laid-open Utility-Model Application No. 1-76835 discloses a copier in which, during conveyance of transfer paper to a toner image transfer position, intermediate rollers and registration rollers are provided in sequence, and, when the registration rollers feed the transfer paper to the toner image transfer position, the hold of the transfer paper by the immediate rollers is released to avoid meandering of the transfer paper.
However, even applying such a method, it may be difficult to positively detect, even with a simple configuration, a possible printing start position error.

Electrophotographic printing apparatus and printing system


An electrical connection between an electric conductor and an oxide superconductor is effected without the intermediary of a thin insulating layer that is formed by leaving the oxide superconductor in the atmosphere. This electrical connection is formed by removing the thin insulating layer that is formed by leaving the oxide superconductor in the atmosphere, and by electrically connecting the electric conductor and an exposed surface of the oxide superconductor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and a construction of electric connection to an oxide superconductor, and more specifically to an electrical connection to an oxide superconductor which can be effectively implemented in a superconductor device using an oxide superconductor thin film.
2. Description of Related Art
Superconductor devices using an oxide superconductor thin film have been expected to be an oxide superconductor product which will be reduced to practice first. In general, most of this type superconductor devices use the oxide superconductor in the form of a thin film. In this case, an oxide superconductor portion of the superconductor device has to be connected to an internal or external normal conductor. However, a connection technique for this purpose has not yet been established. Some of researchers have tried to squeeze a drop of indium (In) onto a surface of the oxide superconductor so as to bring the drop of indium into electric contact to the oxide superconductor, and then, to connect a leading wire through the drop of indium to the oxide superconductor.
When the oxide superconductor thin film is exposed to the atmosphere, a surface of the superconductor thin film is deteriorated due to moisture contained in the atmosphere and other factors. More specifically, if the oxide superconductor is left in the atmosphere, a very thin insulating layer will be formed on a surface of the oxide superconductor in contact with the atmosphere. Therefore, if a connection wire is led directly from the surface of the oxide superconductor, an ohmic contact having a sufficiently low resistance cannot be obtained due to a contact resistance through the very thin insulating layer on the oxide superconductor. As the result, a characteristics of the superconductor device cannot be fully utilized.

Construction of electrical connection to oxide superconductor


A complementary semiconductor device is disclosed having a substrate and a four layer structure of pnpn provided on the substrate wherein the first three layers constitute a pnp-type bipolar transistor and the second to the fourth layer constitute an npn-type bipolar transistor. According to the present invention, the pnp- and npn-type transistor which are disposed on different portions of a principal surface of the substrate, respectively, can be produced concurrently by crystal growth and thus production steps are simple and yield is remarkably improved.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a semiconductor device and, more particularly, it relates to a complementary bipolar integrated semiconductor device which has a high operation speed and has a low power consumption and is easily made in large scale integration and to a method for making it such a complementary bipolar integrated semiconductor device.
Hitherto an Si complementary bipolar integrated circuit has been discussed in the I.E.D.M 84, Technical Digest (1984), pages 753-756.
According to conventional techniques, pnp and npn type transistors have been produced through separate processing steps, and the steps have been complicated and yield has been low. Furthermore, such conventional techniques have had problems that since more high-temperature processing steps are required in the manufacture thereof than for production of either one of pnp or npn type transistors, it has become difficult to implement elements exactly as designed owing to the effect of diffusion of impurities. Moreover, with reference to compound semiconductors, although the "Applied Physics Letter" vol. 46 (3), (1985) pages 302-304 makes mention of npn type transistors, there have been severe restrictions associated therewith and complementary circuits have not yet been realized. Besides, as in the case of Si, when pnp and npn are produced through separate processing steps, the same problems as above occur.


Method for operating a sensor for determining the concentration of oxidizing gases in gas mixtures, especially of the nitrogen oxide concentration in exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, wherein the sensor includes: at least one chamber (1; 2) mounted in a solid state electrolyte (20), the chamber being connected to the gas mixture via a first diffusion barrier (4); a second chamber (3) arranged in the solid state electrolyte (20) and the chamber having a pregivable constant oxygen partial pressure; on the solid state electrolyte, an oxygen pump electrode (9) subjected to the exhaust gas; a further oxygen pump electrode (7; 8) as well as an NO pump electrode (10) in the at least one chamber (1; 2); and an oxygen reference electrode (6) arranged in the second chamber (3); and at least a voltage is made available at the electrodes and at least a pump current is evaluated as a measurement signal. The method is characterized in that the voltages (U_IPE; U_O2; U_NO), which are applied to the electrodes, are changed in dependence upon the currents, which flow in the electrode feed lines and/or between the electrodes (6; 7; 8; 9; 10), during operation of the sensor in such a manner that the voltages correspond to pregivable desired values, these voltages being applied to the electrodes (6; 7; 8; 9; 10) in the interior of the sensor.

The invention relates to a method for operating a sensor for determining the concentration of oxidizing gases, especially for determining the nitrogen oxide concentration in exhaust gases of internal combustion engines.
Such a sensor is presented, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,190.
Electrical fields and electrical currents arise between the individual electrodes and between the electrodes and the heater which cause the measuring result to be incorrect. This occurs because all electrodes of such a sensor are conductively is connected to the solid state electrolyte and the insulation layer of the heater has a finite resistance and, accordingly, all electrodes are connected to each other via electrically conductive structures and are connected at high resistance to the heater.
The method of the invention offers the advantage that the measuring errors can be eliminated by active compensation or at least can be minimized. The measurement errors arise because of the mutual coupling of the electrodes via electrical fields and currents in the solid state electrolyte as well as by the voltage drops across the feed line resistances. It is possible to precisely adjust the voltages on the electrodes without voltages on the electrodes being made incorrect by erroneous voltage drops on the electrode feed lines. This is made possible by changing the voltages, which are applied to the electrodes in accordance with function, in dependence upon the currents which flow in the electrode feed lines and/or between the electrodes. It is especially advantageous that the adjustment is independent of the current intensity with which the individual electrodes are charged.
An advantageous embodiment provides that one adds voltages to the voltages applied to the electrodes. The voltages added correspond to a feedback of voltage components weighted with factors and these voltage components are proportional to the currents. Furthermore, the sliding mean values of the voltages and/or their derivation of higher order and/or their sliding mean values or linear combinations thereof can be fed back. These voltages are proportional to the currents and the mean values are formed by means of known electric circuit elements. In this way, it is also possible to eliminate capacitive couplings.
The adjustment of the voltage on the electrodes takes place in this case advantageously by changing these factors. These factors are increased until the system starts to oscillate because of the feedback. The oscillation arises when the fed back factor is xe2x89xa71 in magnitude and, at the same time, the phase is greater than or equal to 180xc2x0. Then, the factors are reduced slightly but only so far that just no oscillation occurs anymore. In this way, almost all voltage drops, which arise at the electrode feed lines, as well as the voltage drops which arise because of a fictive resistance network within the solid state electrolytes, can be compensated.


An apparatus for the analysis of power quality and the effects of harmonic distortions on machinery or equipment. The apparatus is compact, portable, and non-invasive in that the apparatus can be operatively connected to an electrical carrier without power interruption. A display device is built in allowing graphical display of averaged or continuously updated measurements and analysis. A central processing unit analyzes measurements using Fourier analysis.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for evaluating the power quality in an electrical carrier. More particularly, the apparatus of the present invention comprises a non-invasive, hand-held, portable device for measuring and graphically displaying harmonic distortions in an electrical waveform which may negatively affect machinery connected thereto.
The amount of electric power used by machinery and the machinery itself can be affected by the harmonic distortions present in a power system. Elimination or control of the distortions may provide a substantial cost savings with respect to electrical consumption, and a cost savings with respect to machinery failure and repair or replacement. Thus, measuring and evaluating the harmonic distortions in electrical carriers can result in a substantial cost savings for power users.
2. Description of the Relevant Art
The present invention overcomes the many disadvantages and difficulties associated with known analyzers. The known devices fail to provide a truly portable, hand held, simple-to-use device with a multitude of displays for quickly and easily measuring and analyzing harmonic distortions in power systems.

Harmonic analyzer and methods of constructing and utilizing same


The present invention relates to new peptides and to use thereof, in particular for treatment and/or prevention of infections, inflammations, pain, wounds, scar and/or tumors.

Lactoferrin is a single chain metal-binding glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 77 kDa. It has been found that the structural domain of lactoferrin responsible for the bactericidal properties is a pepsin-cleaved fragment called lactoferricin (see e.g. Bellamy W., et al., Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1121: 130-136, 1992, and Bellamy W., et al., Antibacterial spectrum of lactoferricin B, a potent bactericidal peptide derived from the N-terminal region of bovine lactoferrin, J. Appl. Bact. 73: 472-479, 1992).
Lactoferrin receptors are found on many types of cells including monocytes and macrophages, lectin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes, brushborder cells, and tumour cell lines.
Several patent publications describe the possible use of lactoferrin for treatment of infections or inflammations. In WO 98/06425, e.g., it is disclosed that lactoferrin and lactoferricin can be used for treatment and prevention of infections, inflammations and tumours.
EP 629 347 describes an antimicrobial agent containing (A) lactoferrin hydrolysate and/or one or more of antimicrobial peptides derived from lactoferrins, and (B) one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of metal-chelating protein, tocopherol, cyclodextrin, glycerine-fatty acid ester, alcohol, EDTA or a salt thereof, ascorbic acid or a salt thereof, citric acid or a salt thereof, polyphosphoric acid or a salt thereof, chitosan, cysteine, and cholic acid as the effective components thereof. This antimicrobial agent is intended for treatment of products, and especially for safely treating e.g. food and medicines. The agent according to this publication is thus a new preservative. In the publication several peptide sequences are given and some of them resemble the peptides according to the invention, although there are several important differences described further below.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,633 discloses antimicrobial peptides isolated from hydrolysates of human and bovine lactoferrin. Isolation of peptides corresponding to amino acids 12 to 47, and 17 to 41 of human lactoferrin are specifically disclosed.
JP 7145196 describes the preparation of antibiotic peptides by hydrolysis of lactoferrin. The preparation of a peptide corresponding to amino acids 17 to 41 of human lactoferrin is specifically described.
JP 8040925 discloses pharmaceutical compositions containing lactoferrin derived peptides and their use in the treatment of cornea damages, especially keratitis. Peptides corresponding to amino acids 17 to 41, 12 to 58, and 19 to 38, of human lactoferrin are specifically disclosed.
JP 7274970 describes the recombinant production of antibacterial lactoferricin derived peptides, specifically a peptides corresponding to amino acids 18 to 42 of human lactoferrin is disclosed.
JP 8143468 describes lactoferrin derived peptides and their use as antiulcer drugs, a peptide corresponding to amino acids 19 to 33 of human lactoferrin is specifically disclosed.
WO 00/01730 describes peptides derived from human lactoferrin and their use for treatment of infections and inflammations.
EP 1 228 097 describes peptides derived from the immediate N-terminal end of human lactoferrin and their use as microbial agents.
EP 1151009 describes peptides comprising a sequence corresponding to amino acids 35 to 50 of human lactoferrin having antimicrobial and/or endotoxin neutralizing activity.
WO 2006/047744 describes immunomodulatory peptides derived from the N-terminal part of human lactoferrin comprising at least 33 amino acids and being substituted in both the N- and C-terminus with four positively charged amino acids.
WO 2009/050279 describes mutated lactoferrin peptides and their antimicrobial activity.
WO 2009/062898 describes arginine substituted lactoferrin peptides and their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity.


The invention relates to a device for the regeneration, temperature loading and/or thermal management of a component, assigned to an exhaust system, of an internal combustion engine. The device includes at least one injection valve which injects a fluid, in particular fuel, into the exhaust system, preferably in chatter mode, for example as a function of the pressure of the supplied fluid. The injection valve has a valve head and a valve seat which have geometries designed in such a way that a fluidic force of the supplied fluid acting on the injection valve drops continuously over a stroke of the valve head. The invention also relates to an injection valve having such valve-head and valve-seat geometries and to a corresponding method for the regeneration, temperature loading and/or thermal management of a component, assigned to an exhaust system, of an internal combustion engine.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a device for regeneration, temperature loading, and/or thermal management of an exhaust system-associated component of an internal combustion engine, an injection valve for use in such a device, and a method for regeneration, temperature loading, and/or thermal management of an exhaust system-associated component.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is known to install a particulate filter in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine of a vehicle. If the internal combustion engine is a diesel engine, for example, then the particulate filter functions as a soot filter, for example, and its filtering action reduces the output of fine particulate matter. In order to prevent the filter from becoming clogged after a certain amount of use, it is necessary to regenerate the filter from time to time. The regeneration is produced by increasing the temperature, for example to approximately 600° Celsius, which triggers combustion of the particulate matter, especially soot particles. Since it is not possible in all operating states to achieve this through steps taken with the engine, the temperature increase is produced by means of fuel, for example diesel, which is injected into the exhaust line via an injection valve.
The injected fuel travels to an oxidizing converter that is situated upstream of the particulate filter. The fuel traveling into the oxidizing converter is oxidized and burned. thus increasing the exhaust temperature so that correspondingly hot exhaust travels into the downstream particulate filter and causes the regeneration to occur in it.
Conventional multiport and single-port injection valves can be used to meter fuel into the exhaust. However, these have the disadvantage that the ports become clogged or coked with residues of soot contained in the exhaust under the existing operating conditions. As a result, the metering quantity decreases over the operating duration; under some circumstances, this results in the fact that the injected quantity is no longer sufficient for the regeneration of the particulate filter or in the worst-case scenario, can no longer be metered at all.
It is also possible to use an injection valve that operates as a function of the pressure of the supplied fuel, i.e. if the pressure of the supplied fuel exceeds a certain predetermined value, then the injection valve opens and injects a fuel quantity into the exhaust system. This reduces the pressure in the supply system so that the injection valve closes again. Then, the pressure increases again so that the injection valve opens again and fuel is injected into the exhaust system. As a result, the injection valve opens and closes rhythmically, which results in a so-called chattering operation. Such a chattering operation is known from the "Bosch Automotive Handbook, 6th Edition," Robert Bosch GmbH, 2004, ISBN 0-8376-1243-8, page 645. In addition, the occurrence of a chattering operation in a device for exhaust treatment of an internal combustion engine is described in the German patent application DE 102005034704. Since the supply of fuel to the injection valve is not produced with a constant pressure due to the involved components, but is instead accompanied by pressure fluctuations and possibly also short-term pressure peaks, a stoppage of the chattering operation may occur.

Device for regeneration, temperature loading, and/or thermal management, associated injection valve, and method


A pilot operated, diaphragm actuated fluid valve assembly having an annular main valve seat with a tapered annular surface disposed therearound. A movable diaphragm has a generally flat central main valving surface thereon and an integrally formed annular wiper extending outwardly therefrom. The annular wiper contacts the tapered annular surface a relatively small distance before the main valving surface contacts the main valve seat.

The present invention relates to fluid valves of the pilot operated type having a diaphragm actuated main valve and particularly to valves of the type having the pilot valve member electrically energized. Valves of this type are commonly employed for controlling water inlet flow to household appliances such as washing machines and dish washers.
Typically, in appliance water inlet valves, an electromagnetic actuator such as a solenoid coil moves the pilot valve member to permit water at line pressure in a pilot chamber to discharge to the outlet thereby creating a pressure differential across a flexible diaphragm having the central portion thereof acting as a main valve. Forces of the pressure differential acting across the surfaces of the diaphragm then move the diaphragm to open the main valve permitting a larger flow to the outlet. Such solenoid operated pilot valves draw a very low current and therefore can be energized and deenergized by a set of electrical contacts operated by a small timing motor driven programmer.
Valves of this type are relatively low in manufacturing costs and are readily manufactured in very high volume mass production for the residential appliance industry.
In designing pilot operated diaphragm actuated valves for appliance water inlet, problems have been encountered with leakage across the main valve seating surface often caused by the trapping of foreign particles in the water supply on the main valve seat thereby preventing the valve from closing altogether.
Thus it has been desired to find a way or means of proving the reliability of closing of a pilot operated diaphragm actuated valve assembly without requiring complete redesign and retooling of the valve.


A process for making a clad article of a densified metal powder core and a compatible metal cladding metallurgically bonded thereto results in a significantly reduced concentration of metal oxides in the core so as to prevent embrittlement of the core at and adjacent the core/cladding interface that results in rupture between the core and the cladding along the interface during working or forming. In carrying out the process, the temperature of the undensified metal powder and/or the temperature of the compatible metal container into which the metal powder is filled are closely controlled so as to avoid adsorption of moisture during the filling step.

This invention relates to a process for making clad articles of densified metal powder, and in particular to such a process for making a clad article having improved workability and formability as a result of the improved preparation technique.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,413 ('413 patent), R. J. Taglang and W. C. Ziolkowski, issued Mar. 31, 1981 and assigned to the assignee of the present application, discloses a clad article that includes a core of densified metal powder and a metal cladding that is compatible with the metal powder. The process disclosed for making the article includes compacting a metal container filled with prealloyed metal powder. The compacted, powder-filled container is then hot and/or cold worked to form a shaped, clad article.
The '413 patent stresses the need to prepare the interior of the container properly before the powder is added and points out that cleaning with a solvent to remove foreign matters, though desirable, is not sufficient to remove adherent material or coatings including oxides. To remove such materials, particularly oxides, the '413 patent teaches the use of an organic solvent, followed by chemical, e.g., acid cleaning, or by mechanical cleaning, as by sanding or sand blasting. Any suitable technique for filling the containers with the metal powder can be used as long as the powder entering the container is free of adsorbed water. Vacuum filling in which the metal and the container interior are maintained at about 10 microns Hg is specified. Alternatively, metal powder that has been thoroughly dried, as by heating in a fluidized bed, may be filled in dry air or in a dry inert gas at atmospheric pressure. After air and water vapor have been eliminated, the container is sealed and then compacted.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,080 ('080 patent), G. J. Del Corso, J. W. Martin and D. L. Strobel, issued Jan. 2, 1990 and assigned to the assignee of the present application, relates to a workable, boron-containing, stainless steel article and the process for making such an article. The '080 patent discloses a powder metallurgy technique in which the metal powder is baked to remove moisture prior to being loaded into a similarly baked canister for compaction. The metal powder and the canister are baked at less than 400 F. to avoid oxidation. The '080 patent points out at column 5, lines 1-2 that the canister "must be clean and essentially free of oxides."
The teachings of the referenced patents have been used successfully to produce relatively small, clad articles containing less than about 400 pounds of metal powder in which the metal cladding is bonded to the densified metal powder core. The present invention stems from the discovery that, in such articles, metal oxides are inevitably present in a zone of the core adjacent the core/cladding interface. Here and throughout this disclosure, the terms "oxide" or "metal oxide" refer to any oxide of metals such as Mn, Cr, Ni, Fe, etc. When significantly larger intermediate articles such as billets or slabs, containing about 400 pounds or more of metal powder are made by such processes, the presence of a significantly larger concentration of such metal oxides in a zone of the core extending a limited distance from the interface toward the center of the core as compared to the remainder of the core material, results in significantly reduced local ductility compared to the remainder of the core material. Such reduced local ductility has adversely affected the workability of the clad article in such operations as forging or rolling, and would adversely affect its formability in such operations as drawing or bending.

Process for making clad articles and article made thereby


A cable TV connector which will not allow the cable signal to pass unless sufficient torque has been applied to secure the connector to the mating jack. The connector includes two coaxial parts which move together in rotation during initial securement onto the cable jack during which a conductor contact is shorted to one of the parts under the urging of a spring mechanism. A cam and cam follower are provided on the parts such that once sufficient torque has been applied, the parts will move axially relative to each other causing separation of the conductor contact from the surface of one of the parts to break the short and allow the signal to pass.

It is well known in the field of electrical connectors, for example, cable television connectors, that if the connector is not sufficiently secured such as by torquing to the cable jack, a loss or leakage of the signal will occur. One attempt of the prior art to deal with the aforementioned problem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,159 in which a visual sleeve serves to indicate when the connector has been optimally torqued.
One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a novel method for securing a connector in a manner which minimizes, if not prevents, loss of the signal passing through the connector. Included herein is the provision of such a method which clearly indicates or determines whether or not the connector has been sufficiently secured. Further included herein is the provision of such a method which will indicate whether sufficient torque has been applied for securing the connector.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved connector for coaxial cable or other equivalent installations which will establish a secure connection to a mating jack, for example, so as to minimize or prevent leakage of the signal passing through the connector. Included herein is the provision of such a connector which will clearly determine or indicate whether it has been sufficiently secured so as to guard against leakage or loss of the signal. Further included herein is the provision of such a connector which will indicate whether sufficient torque has been applied for securing the connector to a jack, for example, so as to minimize the possibility of signal loss arising from an insecure connection.


A method and system for recovery of hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon-bearing formation. A gaseous component of the produced hydrocarbon-containing fluid is separated from the fluid. The gaseous component is combusted with air in a power plant. Mixing and compressing of the gaseous component and air are realized to produce a flammable and pressurized gas-air mixture prior to combustion. An exhaust gas resulting from combustion is injected into the formation.

It is well known that injection of a mixture of steam and flue gas into a hydrocarbon-bearing formation is used for increasing the production of hydrocarbons. Also, injection of gases at high temperatures into the hydrocarbon-bearing formation is used for the same purpose. This technique is very well described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,829; U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,323; U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,135; U.S. Pat. No. 2,734,578. This technique of affecting the hydrocarbon fluid present in the formation is realized by using primarily heat energy. However, the energy produced during combustion of such expensive and critical commodities, as hydrocarbon fuel, natural gas, products of oil refinery and recovered oil, is consumed to heat up the formation fluid.
Inert gases, such as, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, power plant exhaust gases are injected into a hydrocarbon-bearing formation to increase recovery of hydrocarbons.
The U.S. Pat. No. 4,330,038 offers to employ wet oxidation of combustible materials, as a source of energy and of production of a gas, which is to be injected into the formation. However, a part of energy, produced by the process of combustible materials wet oxidation, is consumed to support the process of wet oxidation, and, also, steam is used to produce energy. Consequently, the equipment for energy production is rather large and heavy.
The U.S. Pat. No. 5,402,847 describes a method of recovering methane from a coal bed by internal combustion engine exhaust gas injection into the coal bed, where methane is used as at least a part of fuel for a gas turbine engine or a diesel engine, and, where the exhaust gas is the exhaust gas of the gas turbine engine or the diesel engine. The gas, produced by this method from the coal bed, is a mixture comprising methane and inert gas, the inert gas comprising the exhaust gas components. In connection with this, the methane needs to be separated from the produced gas, and this operation requires additional expenses.
The U.S. Pat. No. 5,133,406 describes methane recovery from a coal seam by injecting fuel cell power system exhaust into the coal seam. Fluids, comprising methane, produced from the coal seam are further utilized in a fuel cell power system, which is very costly.
Injection of inert gas (such as, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, exhaust gas, and the like) into a hydrocarbon-bearing formation to increase recovery of hydrocarbons is accompanied by a significant increase of an amount of the produced gaseous component of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid, which is recovered from the formation. An increase of a gas factor (the term "gas factor" is explained below) is caused by inert gas breakthrough into production wells and by an increase of an amount of produced gaseous hydrocarbons, due to the inert gas ability to extract a part of gaseous hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon-containing fluid present in the formation. For example, an increase of a gas factor was achieved, when formation oil-containing fluid was affected upon by carbon dioxide, and it resulted in 30-35% increase of the produced gaseous hydrocarbons amount and, accordingly, the value of the gas factor increased. Said 30-35% increase of the value of the gas factor has been achieved, due to the ability of the carbon dioxide to extract gaseous hydrocarbons from oil-containing fluid. An amount of gaseous hydrocarbons extracted from heavy oil (said oil, after its separation from formation oil-containing fluid has been affected upon by carbon dioxide) may be equal to an amount of gaseous hydrocarbons, separated from the formation oil-containing fluid /see: Mirsayapova, L. I. Extraction of light hydrocarbons from degassed oil under effect of CO2// Geology, oil recovery, physics and reservoir hydrodynamics/ Works TatNIPIneft. Kazan: Tatarskoye Publishing House, 1973, Vol. No. 22, p. 233, p. 236, p. 238; Vakhitov G. G., Namiot A. Yu., Skripka V. G. et al. Study of oil displacement with nitrogen on reservoir model at pressures up to 70 MPa. Neftianoye khozyastvo, 1985, No. 1, p. 37/. A considerably higher influence on the increase of the gas factor has the inert gas breakthrough into production wells. For example, the carbon dioxide concentration in the produced gaseous component (Schedel R. L in his article uses the term <<associated gas>>) can increase up to the levels of 90% after a period of 6 months of carbon dioxide injection. This means, that carbon dioxide breakthrough may result in increase of 5-10 times the volume of the produced gaseous component, containing up to 80-90% of carbon dioxide /see: Schedel R. L. EOR+CO2=A gas processing challenge. //Oil and Gas Journal, 1982, Vol. 80, N 43, Oct. 25, p. 158/.
Thus, inert gas injection into a hydrocarbon-bearing formation to increase recovery of hydrocarbons is inseparably connected with a significant increase of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid gaseous component production, and with an increase of an inert gas concentration in the produced gaseous component. Inert gas presence in the gaseous component worsens its quality, decreases a heating value of the gaseous component and an ability of the gaseous component to burn will deteriorate. Accordingly, using the gaseous component as gaseous fuel will be quite difficult.
A method for the production of pressurized nitrogen for injection application at high pressure is offered in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,710. Natural gas is combusted in air, the air is compressed prior to combustion. Carbon dioxide is removed from flue gas, and the remaining nitrogen is used for injection. Heat energy, produced during the natural gas combustion, is transformed into mechanical energy. The compression of the air prior to combustion was offered so as to reduce the equipment's mass. The produced nitrogen is offered to be used preferably for injecting into oil and natural gas formations. However, this method does not provide for the effective utilization of the produced gaseous component of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid, where the gaseous component is a mixture, comprising natural gas (for example, associated gas) and the injection nitrogen.
The article /Hlozek R. J. "Engine-Exhaust Gas Offers Alternative for EOR," Oil and Gas Journal, Apr. 1, 1985, p.p. 75-78/describes exhaust gas injection into an oil-bearing formation. The exhaust gas production is described as the process of methane combustion in gas engines. Produced fluid is separated into oil and a gaseous component (the term "produced gas" is used in the article). Depending on the stage of the project's development, the gaseous component is injected into the formation and/or is sold as fuel gas. Also, natural gas liquids may be recovered from the gaseous component. However, there is no mentioning in the article about which methods and technical means would be employed to combust the gaseous component, which is sold as fuel gas. Together with this, the author declares, that when heating value of the produced gaseous fluid becomes lower than 950 BTU/cu ft (35,4×106 Joule/m3), nitrogen and carbon dioxide are removed from the gaseous component. This conditions the necessity of the nitrogen and carbon dioxide removal practically during the whole process of the project, which will require additional expenses for purchasing and maintenance of the necessary equipment.
W. B. Bleakley in his article describes, that flue gas is injected into an oil-bearing formation. A gaseous component (the author uses the term "gas stream") of produced oil-containing fluid is separated from the fluid. The gaseous component is mixed with ethane and propane to increase heating value and then to be combusted in steam boilers, wherein the flue gas is produced. /Bleakley W. B., "Block 31 Miscible Flood Remains Strong," Petroleum Engineer International, November, 1982, p.p. 84, 86, 90, 92/. The use of this technique requires the combustion of combustible substances with high heating value, which are quite expensive.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 1,729,300 it has been offered recovering an oil-containing fluid through at least one production well, separating a gaseous component of the fluid from the fluid in a separator and producing steam in a power plant. A part of steam is injected into the formation by an injection device (which is represented by a pump with a steam converter). Another part of steam is used to produce energy. A part of the heat energy produced in the power plant is consumed to increase oil recovery.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,786 the secondary oil recovery and fuel gas production by employing a fuel generator is described. A part of energy produced when combusting the fuel gas with air, is transformed into mechanical energy and/or electrical energy, and heat energy of exhaust gas is used to produce steam, which is injected into the formation. However, a part of the energy is consumed to produce the fuel gas in the fuel gas generator, and a part of energy is consumed to produce the steam injected into the formation, which leads to the increase of the energy consumption.
As it is described in RU Pat. No. 2,038,467, a gaseous component (the term "associated gas" is used) of an oil-containing fluid is separated from the fluid, recovered from an oil-bearing formation through at least one production well. The gaseous component is combusted with oxygen in a power plant and the produced exhaust gas, is injected into the formation.
As it is described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,486, a mixture comprising hydrocarbon, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide is combusted with an oxygen enriched gas to produce heat energy, and to produce a concentrated carbon dioxide stream, which is to be injected into a hydrocarbon-bearing formation, so as to increase the recovery of liquid hydrocarbons.
Methods and equipment, offered in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,486 and the RU Pat. No. 2,038,467, allow to produce heat energy and to quite simply realize the separation, because a gaseous component separated from a hydrocarbon-containing fluid may comprise any hydrocarbon in gaseous state. However, a volume of the gas, produced from the combustion of the gaseous component in oxygen, is approximately equal to a volume of the gaseous component. That is why, it is necessary to additionally supply gas from exterior sources for the injection into the formation. Also, oxygen (or the oxygen enriched gas) is quite expensive, and the production of the oxygen, (or, the oxygen enriched gas) is connected with the extra energy losses.
It is an object of this invention to provide a method and system for recovery of hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon-bearing formation, wherein, the disadvantages and deficiencies of known methods and systems for recovery of hydrocarbons are overcome.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method and a system for recovery of hydrocarbons by means of gas injection into a hydrocarbon-bearing formation, wherein, an improved production of gas, to be used for injection into the formation, is realized, and wherein expensive separation equipment is not required.
It is still another object of this invention to provide a method and a system for recovery of hydrocarbons by means of gas injection into a hydrocarbon-bearing formation, wherein the method and the system are environmentally safer and energy efficient.
And, it is still another object of this invention to provide a method and a system for recovery of hydrocarbons by means of gas injection into a hydrocarbon-bearing formation, wherein, economical and energy efficient utilization of a gaseous component of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid, recovered from a hydrocarbon-bearing formation, is employed.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will undoubtedly become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description, figures and claims.
The following terms, as used in the description and claims of the present invention, shall have the following meaning.
The term "hydrocarbon-containing fluid" is herein used to denote a fluid comprising any liquid and any gas, which comprises at least one gaseous hydrocarbon and from about 0 to about 90 mole percent of inert gas. A hydrocarbon-containing fluid may comprise solid particles. Oil, gas-condensate, water and the like, and also, their mixtures may be examples of a liquid contained in a hydrocarbon-containing fluid. Any gaseous hydrocarbon (for example, such as, methane, ethane, propane, propylene, butane or the like) or a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons may be contained in a hydrocarbon-containing fluid. A hydrocarbon-containing fluid is recovered from a hydrocarbon-bearing formation. For example, a hydrocarbon-containing fluid may be recovered from an oil-bearing formation, or for example, from a gas-condensate reservoir, or from a natural gas reservoir, or the like.
The term "gaseous component of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid" or the term "gaseous component" is used to denote a component of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid, which said component comprises at least one gaseous hydrocarbon (for example, such as, methane, ethane, propane, butane or the like), and, from about 0 to about 90 mole percent of inert gas (for example, such as, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, exhaust gas or a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen). A gaseous component of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid may be separated from the fluid and may comprise sulphur-containing substances, vapor, solid particles and other substances.
The term "liquid component of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid" is used to denote a component of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid, which said component comprises at least one liquid, for example, any liquid hydrocarbon, water and the like. Also, oil, gas-condensate, a mixture of oil and water, and, the like may be examples of a liquid contained in a liquid component of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid. A liquid component of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid may be separated from the fluid.
The term "air" is used to denote atmospheric air, or a similar gaseous mixture, for example, a gaseous mixture comprising between about 20 and 25 volume percent of oxygen, and between about 75 and 80 volume percent of nitrogen. In addition to free oxygen and nitrogen, this gaseous mixture may comprise water vapor, inert gas (for example, such as, argon and carbon dioxide) and others constituents, which are the like of constituents atmospheric air.
The term "inert gas" is herein used to denote any gas, which is not able to promote and to support combustion. Examples of inert gases include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, exhaust gas, argon, and the like, and, also, mixtures of these gases. "Inert gas" is preferably used to denote any gas selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, exhaust gas, and a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
The term "exhaust gas" is used to denote a gaseous mixture, which results from combustion of a gaseous fuel with an oxidant. An oxidant may consist of air. An exhaust gas, resulting from combustion of a gaseous fuel with air, comprises nitrogen and carbon dioxide, if the gaseous fuel comprises at least one hydrocarbon. In addition to carbon dioxide and nitrogen, an exhaust gas may comprise oxygen, nitrogen oxides, water vapor, mechanical contaminants and other constituents.
The term "gas factor" is the ratio of a volume of produced gas to a volume of produced liquid hydrocarbons (for example, such as, oil, or gas-condensate, or the like), both are determined under standard conditions.
The term "power plant" is used to denote: 1) any device capable of generating energy by combusting a fuel, for example, such as, an internal combustion engine; or 2) an equipment combination capable of generating energy by combusting a fuel. For example, mechanical, or electrical, or heat energy, or any combination thereof, may be generated in a power plant by combusting a fuel.
The term "gas engine" is used to denote an internal combustion engine, which is capable of operating by combusting a gaseous fuel with air. Preferably the term "gas engine" is used to denote any internal combustion engine of piston type, which is capable of operating by combusting gaseous fuel with air. A spark-ignition engine capable of operating on gaseous fuel may be an example of a gas engine, and which, for example, may be a four-stroke, or a two-stroke type. Also, an example of such engine may be the Wankel engine, adapted to operate on gaseous fuel. The term "gas engine" is not used to denote a gas turbine engine. The term "gas engine" is not used to denote a gas-diesel engine.
The term "gas turbine engine" is used to denote an internal combustion engine comprising a gas turbine, which is capable to be driven by the expanding products of combustion of a gaseous fuel with air.
The term "gas-diesel engine" is used to denote an internal combustion engine which is capable of operating by combusting a gaseous fuel with air, but with injection of a small portion of liquid fuel to promote ignition only.
Also, we shall denote the following properties of gaseous hydrocarbons:                volume heating value of gaseous hydrocarbons, when they are being compressed, increases practically in proportion with pressure /see: Chugunov M., Khomich A. Handbook of a gas industry specialist. Transportation and use of natural liquefied gases., Minsk, Nauka I Technika, 1965, p. 23/. The term "volume heating value", as used herein, shall denote heat amount value divided by fuel volume value, wherein the heat amount is produced from the complete combustion of the fuel;        increase of pressure of a hydrocarbon-air mixture widens its limits of flammability. For example, natural gas and atmospheric air mixture limits of flammability widen approximately twice as much, when pressure is increased from 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa /see: Lewis B., Elbe G. Combustion, flames and explosions of gases.—Moscow: Mir, 1968, p. 575/;        the gaseous hydrocarbons combustion reaction rate is in proportion with pressure /see: Isserlin A. S. The basics of gaseous fuel combustion. Leningrad: Nedra, 1987, p. 64/. That is, when the pressure is increased, burning rate of fuel, comprising gaseous hydrocarbons, increases and, accordingly, an amount of the fuel that may be combusted per time unit is increased also.

Method and system for recovery of hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon-bearing information


The object of the present invention is to provide a method of driving of an AC type plasma display panel with higher emitting efficiency without increasing the external-sustain voltage VSUS, even if the discharge sustain gap dp is extended.

1) Technical Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a driving method of an AC type plasma display panel.
2) Description of Related Arts
FIG. 8A shows a cross sectional view of a conventional AC type surface discharge plasma display panel 1 (referred to as the xe2x80x9cconventional panelxe2x80x9d hereinafter), and FIG. 8B shows an another cross sectional view taken along line Axe2x80x94A in FIG. 8A.
As shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the conventional panel 1 comprises, in general, a forward substrate 3 and a back substrate 4, both made of glass, opposing to each other through a discharge space 2.
The forward substrate 3 includes a plurality of scan electrodes 7 and sustain electrodes 8, arranged parallel to each other on the lower surface thereof. A dielectric layer 5 covers across the lower surface and the scanning and sustain electrodes 7, 8 as well. A protective layer 6 covers on the dielectric layer 5. The scan electrode 7 and the sustain electrode 8 are made of transparent electrodes 7a, 8a and metal bus 7b, 8b for enhancing conductivities of the electrodes.
The back substrate 4 includes a plurality of data electrodes 9 on the upper surface thereof, and a plurality of partition walls partitioning each data electrode 9. The back substrate 4 further includes fluorescent layer provided on the upper surface thereof, the data electrodes 9, and the sides of the partition walls 10. The forward and back substrates 3, 4 are arranged so that the scan electrodes 7 and the sustain electrodes 8 oppose orthogonally to data electrodes 9. Thus, a plurality of linear discharge spaces 2 are defined by the forward and back substrates 3, 4 and a plurality of partition walls 10.
Gas such as neon, xenon, or the mixture thereof is filled in the discharge space 2, which allows to emit ultraviolet rays in accordance with the electric discharge (referred to as simply xe2x80x9cdischargexe2x80x9d hereinafter).
In such a panel 1, an external-sustain voltage VSUS is alternately applied on each of the scan electrode 7 and the corresponding sustain electrode 8 so as to cause gas in the discharge space 2 to emit ultraviolet rays when the discharge is generated, thereby to excite the fluorescent layer to transform ultraviolet rays into visual rays.
This is a conventional mechanism for displaying as a plasma display panel, and such a discharge is referred to as a xe2x80x9cdisplay dischargexe2x80x9d. The display discharge is also referred to as the xe2x80x9csurface dischargexe2x80x9d generated between the scan electrode 7 and the sustain electrode 8. A distance between the scan electrode 7 and the sustain electrode 8 is determined so that an external-sustain voltage VSUS that can sustain the discharge therebetween is minimized. The distance is referred to as a xe2x80x9cdischarge sustain gap dpxe2x80x9d.
According to the currently available conventional panel, in case where gas within the discharge space 2 has a pressure in the range of about 50 to 60 kPa, and the discharge sustain gap dp falls within the range of 80 to 100 xcexcm, then the external-sustain voltage VSUS is minimized to 180 to 200V. In that case, it is known that the maximum emitting efficiency can be obtained where the partial pressure of xenon gas is 5 to 10% of the total pressure.
However, the conventional panel yet has an insufficient emitting efficiency in comparison with other displays such as CRTs. For example, the aforementioned panel has the maximum emitting efficiency of approximately 11 m/W, which is one-fifth of that of CRTs.
It is well known that the longer discharge sustain gap dp enhances the emitting efficiency, but increases the external-sustain voltage VSUS. Eventually, it is difficult to drive such a panel with higher emitting efficiency.
This invention is ad dressed to this problem and has an object to provide an AC type plasma display panel with higher emitting efficiency without increasing the external-sustain voltage VSUS, even if the discharge sustain gap dp is extended, as well as a method of driving the same.
In a driving method of an AC type plasma display panel according to the first aspect of the present invention, the AC type plasma display panel comprises: a first substrate including a plurality pairs of a first and second electrodes extending parallel to each other on a first surface, and a dielectric layer covering across the first surface and on the first and second electrodes; and a second substrate including a plurality of third electrodes extending on a second surface in a direction crossing the first and second electrodes, and a plurality of partition walls partitioning each third electrode from another; wherein said first and second substrates are arranged so that the first and second surfaces oppose to each other; and said driving method comprising: driving said AC type plasma display panel so that the discharge generated in a first opposing discharge space between a first and third electrodes moves towards a second opposing discharge space between a second and third electrodes, and extends along the third electrode. Therefore, the positive column discharging can be achieved so that the high emission efficiency can be obtained.
In the driving method of the AC type plasma display panel, said AC type plasma display panel further comprises a blue, green, and red fluorescent layers provided on the third electrodes between adjacent partition walls, emitting a blue, green, and red visual rays, respectively, in accordance with ultraviolet rays generated by the discharge; and at least one of widths between the adjacent partition walls provided with the blue, green, and red fluorescent layers are different from others. Therefore, any desirable color light can be obtained.
In the driving method of the AC type plasma display panel, the adjacent partition walls provided with the blue fluorescent layer have the width greater that those provided with green and red fluorescent layers. Therefore, a color temperature of a white light can be adjusted by selecting the widths between the adjacent partition walls.
In a driving method of an AC type plasma display panel according to the second aspect of the present invention, the AC type plasma display panel comprises: a first substrate including a plurality pairs of a first and second electrodes extending parallel to each other on a first surface, and a dielectric layer covering across the first surface and on the first and second electrodes; and a second substrate including a plurality of third electrodes extending on a second surface in a direction crossing the first and second electrodes, and a plurality of partition walls partitioning each third electrode from another; wherein said first and second substrates are arranged so that the first and second surfaces oppose to each other; said driving method comprises the steps of: a) applying a predetermined voltage between the first and second electrodes so that the second electrode is positively biased relative to the first electrode, and applying a data pulse voltage to the third electrode during an address period; and b) applying voltages during an sustain period so that after the discharge begins in a second opposing discharge space between the second and third electrodes, it moves towards a first opposing discharge space between the first and third electrodes, and extends along the third electrode. Therefore, the AC type plasma display panel can be driven with reduced discharging voltages in a stable way.
The driving method of the AC type plasma display panel, further comprises the step of: c) applying voltages so that after the discharge begins in the first opposing discharge space, it moves towards the second opposing discharge space, and extends along the third electrode.
In the driving method of the AC type plasma display panel, said step b) and said step c) are repeatedly and alternately performed so as to sustain the discharge.
In the driving method of the AC type plasma display panel, the voltages applied during the sustain period are less than the minimum voltage necessary for generating a surface discharge between the first and second electrodes.
The driving method of the AC type plasma display panel, further comprises the step of: d) applying a signal voltage with a gradually varying inclined portion to the first, second, or third electrode during an initialize period prior to the address period.
In the driving method of the AC type plasma display panel, the inclined portion has a varying rate of 10 V/xcexcs or less.
Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the sprit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

Driving method of AC type plasma display panel

Abstract: An AC type plasma display panel according to the present invention comprises a first and second substrates arranged opposite to each other. The first substrate includes a plurality pairs of a first and second electrodes extending parallel each other, and a dielectric layer covering thereon. The second substrate includes a plurality of third electrodes extending in a direction crossing the first and second electrodes, and a plurality of partition walls between each third electrode. A method of the panel according to the present invention comprises applying a voltage so that the discharge generated in the first opposing discharge space progresses towards a second opposing discharge space and extends along the third electrode. Therefore, the positive column discharge can be achieved so that the high emission efficiency can be realized.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A device for cooling a battery or batteries of a motor vehicle, for example an electric vehicle, includes a temperature regulating unit including an evaporator that is used to cool the passenger compartment of the vehicle and arranged in a housing, the battery or batteries being contained in a case. The housing of the evaporator is connected to a conduit, an outlet of which is oriented towards a heat exchange area on at least one outer surface of the case containing the battery or batteries.

The present invention relates to a device for cooling the battery or batteries of notably an electric motor vehicle, of the hybrid or all-electric type.
Vehicles with an electric motor are fed with electric power by a battery the life of which is crucial considering its initial price.
These electrochemical batteries, very sensitive to temperature variations, are usually designed to operate optimally in a temperature range of 20 to 40° C., or even of 20 to 30° C.
A temperature higher than 40° C. makes it possible to improve the performance of a lithium battery but increases its speed of deterioration, a temperature of 40° C. already being high for ensuring a long life.
A temperature higher than 40° C. for a battery of the NiMH (or NiCd) type affects the charging capacity of the battery and accelerates its rise in temperature.
Because of their relatively large size and weight (typically 15 to 20 kWh for a battery of 150 to 200 kg providing a range of 100 to 150 km), these batteries increase in temperature slowly but are difficult to cool.
Since the generation of heat is proportional to the square of the electric current and the power is proportional to the current, the generation of heat is proportional to the square of the power.
A very rapid charge of the battery (in approximately fifteen minutes) can therefore cause a generation of very great heat in the battery.
In the case of a system for rapidly charging the battery, the driver may use the vehicle several times in the same day by rapidly charging the battery after it has been completely discharged following the use of the vehicle.
In this case, the temperature of the battery will increase more and more until it reaches the maximum authorized temperature, the battery not having the time to cool between two rapid charging cycles of the battery.
It is then necessary to cool the battery in order to protect its life.
The document U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,132 proposes a system for regulating the temperature of a battery of a motor vehicle.
This system proposes a cooling circuit traveling between the cells of the battery, this circuit being supplied with cooling fluid by a reservoir.
A pump is necessary for circulating the cooling fluid.
The fluid is cooled by the outside air by means of a radiator and an associated fan.
However, in order to ensure an effective cooling, the dimensions of the radiator and the capacity of the fan must be considerable, the temperature differences between the outside air and the fluid and between the battery and the fluid being relatively small.
The result of this is a relatively large bulk and weight of such a system, which moreover is complex and costly because of the cooling circuit, the pump, the radiator and the ventilator, which are large in size, and because of the necessary valves.
Moreover, such a system is not sufficiently effective to cool the battery in the case of successive rapid charges because of the generation of very considerable heat in a very short time.
Another known cooling device uses the air-conditioning system of the vehicle to cool the battery or batteries.
This device is fitted to the vehicles of the Ford Escape type and is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1.
This device comprises an evaporator 1 situated in the passenger compartment 2 which is connected to the condenser 3 situated outside the passenger compartment by two ducts 4, 5 in which a coolant, such as Freon, that is compressed in a compressor 6, flows.
The two ducts 4, 5 are connected to two branch ducts 7, 8 that are connected to an evaporator 9 which cools the inside of a casing 10 enclosing the batteries 11.
The holders 12, 13 make it possible to regulate the flow of the coolant in the ducts 4, 5 and 7, 8.
The drawback of this cooling device lies in the fact that the evaporator 9 is situated in the casing 10 which encloses the batteries, which increases the volume of this casing 10 and complicates the connection between the evaporator 9 and the branch circuit of the coolant, which poses problems when it is desired to remove the casing 10 from the vehicle.

Device for cooling the batteries of an especially electric vehicle and vehicle comprising such a device