Non-repudiation of two-party data is provided by operating a terminal to provide non-repudiation in respect of data exchanged between the terminal and at least one other terminal. The data is exchanged via a link operable to provide a first link mode in which at least a portion of the exchanged data may be lost. The process involves: (a) determining which data sent from the terminal was received at the other terminal; (b) indicating to the other terminal, which data sent from the other terminal was received at the terminal; (c) receiving a digital signature from the other terminal; and (d) in the event that the terminal determines that the digital signature was created utilizing a private cryptographic key associated with the other terminal and data including both the determined data and the indicated data, establishing non-repudiation in respect thereof.

1. Technical Data
The present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for data non-repudiation.
2. Related Art
An abiding concern in the history of communication techniques is the worry that messages or conversations, whilst purporting to come from or be with a particular party might in fact have been made up by another (malicious) party.
Various methods to attempt to raise the level of trust that parties may place in messages or conversations have been introduced, many of them relying on cryptographic techniques. It is certain that, at least as far as the public domain is concerned, cryptographic techniques have themselves been developing apace over the last few decades, leading to the widespread introduction of such technologies as public key encryption, digital signatures and public key infrastructures as now provide for the much vaunted e-commerce revolution.
In terms of the sending of messages, the notion of so-called 'non-repudiation' may embrace both that a message originator is unable to deny either having created the contents of a message or having sent the message and that a message recipient cannot deny having received the message (i.e. non-repudiation of both transmission and receipt).
Cryptographic techniques have been used to address the problem of non-repudiation and related problems such as authentication (providing for a guarantee of message originator identity), confidentiality (providing for a guarantee that the message has not been intercepted and read during transmission) and integrity (providing for a guarantee that the message can only be changed by an authorised party).
Further definitions may be found for "non-repudiation" and associated terms in, for example, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request For Comments (RFC) 2828, "Internet Security Glossary".
A thorough discussion of cryptographic techniques and applications is to be found in "Applied Cryptography", Bruce Schneier, Wiley 1996.
A typical cryptographic approach to providing non-repudiation of, for example, transmission of a message has first involved the formation of a so-called message digest or hash of the message and then signing of the hash with a key. The hashing step tends to account for only a small portion of the time taken in such approaches whereas the signing step tends to account for a large portion, being much more slow. For non real-time operations, the slowness of this step may be of no significance. For applications which have a (near) real-time operation however, the slowness engendered by the signing of messages may well be intolerable.
An application might, for example, produce a stream of messages each carrying data such as a portion of a voice conversation between two parties. Non-repudiation of both transmission and receipt would be desirable to provide for the possibility of proof of who had said what in the conversation and who had heard it. These voice messages may suitably be carried in the form of so-called packets. For an introduction to packet protocols see, for example, "Internet Core Protocols", Eric A. Hall, O'Reilly publishers, 2000.
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is in widespread use on computer networks at the present time. IP was originally intended for asynchronous data transport rather than real time media sessions. IP itself provides no guarantees as to packet delay, ordering or even arrival. Higher level protocols have been developed for use over an IP layer. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP; hence the TCP/IP protocol suite) is a connection oriented service, with which the unreliability associated with IP is managed through the use of acknowledgements to confirm packet arrival (and to re-send where necessary). TCP/IP is not of general use for carrying the data of real time applications since it can introduce intolerable delays occasioned by waiting for lost packets to be re-sent. By way of contrast, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP; hence the UDP/IP protocol suite) is a connectionless service which is therefore more suitable for real time applications in that it does not hold up transmission of a sequence of packets if one of the packets in the sequence is lost.
By way of conversion into a suitable form for packetisation, an analogue signal such as speech can be digitised (including a degree of compression) using techniques such as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM; an 8 bit code converting speech into a 64 kbps stream), Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM; a 4 bit code converting speech into a 32 kbps stream) or Linear Predictive Coding (utilising a model of human speech).
Whilst bandwidth efficient, this digitisation process introduces a delay which may add to other sources of delay arising from sending a packet over a network such as propagation delay (rather small transmission time on hops between network nodes) and handling delay (rather larger time taken in network nodes incurred by such processes as buffering). By way of example, a one way delay of some 100 milliseconds might be introduced in this way.
Rather more serious however than even this absolute delay (with which conversation can still be carried out by making some concessions to the need for parties to speak in turn) is the introduction of a variable delay through packet transport mechanisms. A variable delay or so-called 'jitter', between, for example, syllables, can cause severe difficulties in understanding speech. Techniques have therefore been developed to buffer the received audio data carrying packets. Thus, no matter what jitter has been suffered in the receipt of the buffered packets, the audio data contained within can be played out of the packet buffer at an acceptable constant rate. Whilst smoothing the variable delay, this clearly introduces a further element of absolute end-to-end delay. If a packet arrives outside an acceptable buffer period, instead of holding up the playout, it is generally discarded.
Accordingly, to provide a mechanism for non-repudiation of both transmission and receipt in such a field of application would require the addressing of the issue that the signing of each message may well add an intolerable delay to the cumulative delays already arising from the message network transport. If, as is likely for the reasons indicated above, an unreliable packet protocol is used, the issue of the occasional loss of a message must also be addressed.
The following method might be considered for application to this class of non-repudiation problems:
Gennaro and Rohatgi ("How to sign digital streams", Crypto '97, pp180-197) proposed a scheme for signing a real-time digital stream wherewith the stream is broken into blocks and authentication information is transmitted with each. Packet/is then authenticated by a public key contained in packet/−1 using a fast 1-time signature scheme. If the first packet is authenticated using standard public key cryptography then the whole stream is signed. Whilst faster (using a hash computation based 1-time scheme) problems arise with the overhead incurred by each packet containing the public key for the next and a signature of itself and the fact that authentication cannot continue if a packet is dropped.
Neither the straightforward hashing and signing of every packet nor the proposed alternative method present a solution to the identified problems.

British Telecommunications public limited company


An electrophotographic apparatus has a heat-resistant endless belt having a portion which runs from a transfer position to a heat-fixing position, a driving drum for driving the endless belt, a transfer roller for transferring, at the transfer position, a toner image of information to be recorded from a photosensitive drum to the endless belt, a recording medium feed roller for feeding a sheet-type recording medium to the heat-fixing position, and a heater and a pressure roller which are disposed in the heat-fixing position and cooperative to transfer the toner image from the endless belt to the recording medium. The heater is disposed on the inner side of a loop of the endless belt, while the pressure roller is disposed outside the loop. The photosensitive drum, endless belt, transfer roller and heater are mounted on a common frame which is demountable from the frame of the apparatus. The pressure roller is mounted on the apparatus frame so as to be movable towards and away from the endless belt, thereby facilitating mounting and demounting of the common frame.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic copying apparatus and, more particularly, to an electrophotographic copying apparatus which can perform, in a single step of operation, both transfer of a toner image to a sheet-type recording medium and fixing of the toner image to the recording medium.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As disclosed in Japanese patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2-157883, a typical known electrophotographic copying apparatus has transfer means for transferring a toner image formed in a recording section onto a recording medium such as recording paper, and fixing means for fixing the transferred image to the recording medium, the transferring means and the fixing means being disposed independently at difference locations. The transfer means causes the toner image to be attracted by the paper with a small electrostatic force, and the paper thus holding the tone image with a small force is conveyed to the fixing means. Consequently, a slip tends to occur between the toner particles forming the toner image and the paper during conveyance of the paper from the transfer means to the fixing means, resulting in a degradation or distortion of the image.
Another problem encountered with the known apparatus is that, since the transfer means and the fixing means are disposed separately, the toner image tends to be distorted due to inertia of the toner particles when the leading end of the paper is caught in the fixing means, as a result of difference between the paper transporting speed of the fixing means and that of the fixing means.
In the known electrophotographic copying apparatus, the above-mentioned difference in the paper transporting speed is absorbed by a slack or bend of the paper in the region between the transfer means and the fixing means. Consequently, a considerably large distance is essentially required between these two means, which undesirably increases the size of the whole apparatus.
In addition, copying of image to a recording medium comprising a plurality of sheets, e.g., a notebook, has been practically impossible with the known copying apparatus due to difficulty encountered in conveying such a medium from the transfer means to the fixing means.
Furthermore, in the known electrophotographic copying apparatus, the transfer means and the fixing means are independently mounted on the frame of the apparatus, and so is a developing means for forming the toner image. Consequently, these means have to be handled separately during, for example, maintenance work.
The known electrophotographic copying apparatus of the kind described above, having the developing means, transfer means and fixing means constructed as separate units, suffers from the problem that, since these units have their own periods of maintenance or renewal, the period of the maintenance or other work conducted on the whole apparatus is shorter than that for each of these units. In addition, a troublesome adjusting work is often required to keep these units in good relation to each other in order to maintain a high quality of the copy image.
To discuss this problem in greater detail, assuming here that an electrophotographic copying apparatus has three units: a first unit which is to be renewed for every 10,000 copies, a second unit which is to be renewed for every 15,000 copies and a third unit which is to be renewed for every 20,000 copies. Thus, the lives of the first, second and third units expire when they have been operated to make 10,000 copies, 15,000 copies and 20,000 copies, respectively. Consequently, the second unit has to be renewed after the production of only 5,000 copies after a maintenance work which was conducted for renewing the first unit after production of the initial 10,000 copies. If the expected performance of the copying apparatus has not been recovered despite the renewal of the second unit, the user will be at a loss as to what should be the cause and may attempt to renew the first and/or third units even though the lives of the first and third units have not yet been expired. Consequently, the period of the maintenance is shortened to 5,000 in terms of the number of copies produced. Needless to say, such a frequent renewal of units leads to wasteful use of these units.
In addition, delicate adjustment of the units in relation to each other, which has to be done each time a separate unit is renewed, cannot be executed completely satisfactorily unless the adjustment is done in the factory in which the apparatus was produced or by a skilled maintenance engineer.
For these reasons, electrophotographic copying apparatuses in user's offices are not always used in their best conditions.

Electrophotographic copying apparatus having ribbon-shaped toner image carrier


A separator includes an intervening portion that is disposed between two adjacent batteries and insulates the two batteries, an input part that receives external force input during assembly of a battery module and is deformable by the external force, and a battery pressing part that is in contact with a first surface of one of batteries, the first surface extending in a stack direction X of the batteries, and use the external force input into the input part to press the first surface.

Some power sources, such as power sources for vehicles, need to output high voltage. As such a power source, a battery module that includes a battery stack that includes a plurality of batteries connected in series is known. PTL 1 discloses such a battery module. The battery module disclosed in PTL 1 includes a battery stack, a heat dissipating member that is sheet-shaped and is thermally connected to each of batteries of the battery stack, and an intervening layer that adheres to the battery stack and the heat dissipating member and transfers heat of the battery stack to the heat dissipating member.

Separator, battery module and battery module production method

PANASONIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CO., LTD.


This measurement device for measuring the angular velocity or acceleration of a two-wheel vehicle, is provided with a main detection unit which detects the three-axis angular velocity or three-axis acceleration, a support unit which can support the main detection unit on the body of the two-wheel vehicle, and a correction unit which cancels the lean of the body to the left and right in the main detection unit.

At present, vehicle navigation systems, such as a vehicle navigation system that utilizes a global Navigation satellite system (GNSS), utilizes information on various sensors, such as mounted acceleration sensor and angular-velocity sensor, and performs positioning of a vehicle, are known.
As a technique related to this, PTL 1 discloses a technique in which a vehicle navigation system is mounted on a motorcycle.

MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES MACHINERY SYSTEMS, LTD.


Composition, method and system for PVD TiN hard mask removal from 28/20 nm pattern wafers have been disclosed. The composition uses peroxide as oxidizing agent for PVD TiN hard mask removal under slightly basic conditions. The composition comprises bulky or long chain organic amines or polyalkylamine to improve removal/etching selectivity of PVD TiN vs CVD TiN. The composition further comprises long chain organic acids or amines to maintain Co compatibility.

As scaling continues to ever smaller feature sizes, integrated circuit (IC) reliability is an increasing concern in IC fabrication technology. The impact of trace interconnect failure mechanisms on device performance and reliability demand much more from integration schemes, interconnect materials, and processes. An optimal low-k dielectric material and its related deposition, pattern lithography, etching and cleaning are required to form dual-damascene interconnect patterns. A hard-mask scheme approach of interconnects-patterning wafer fabrication is the ability to transfer patterns into under layers with tightest optimal dimension control.
As technology nodes advance to nanotechnology, metal hard-mask materials such as TiN are used to gain better etching/removal selectivity, better pattern retention and profile control to the low-k materials during the pattern etching process.
Compositions have been developed to pullback or remove these types of metal hard-masks from substrates. The following patents are representative.
US 2006/0226122 discloses a wet etching composition including hydrogen peroxide; an organic onium hydroxide; and an acid. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of wet etching metal nitride selectively to surrounding structures comprising one or more of silicon, silicon oxides, glass, PSG, BPSG, BSG, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride and silicon oxycarbide and combinations and mixtures thereof and/or photoresist materials, including steps of providing a wet etching composition including hydrogen peroxide, an organic onium hydroxide, and an organic acid; and exposing a metal nitride to be etched with the wet etching composition for a time and at a temperature effective to etch the metal nitride selectively to the surrounding structures.
US 2011/0147341 discloses an etching solution for titanium-based metals, tungsten-based metals, titanium/tungsten-based metals or their nitrides. The etching solution contains 10-40 mass % hydrogen peroxide, 0.1-15 mass % of an organic acid salt, and water.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,922,824 discloses an oxidizing aqueous cleaning composition and process for cleaning post-plasma etch residue and/or hardmask material from a microelectronic device having said residue thereon. The oxidizing aqueous cleaning composition includes at least one oxidizing agent, at least one oxidizing agent stabilizer comprising an amine species selected from the group consisting of primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines and amine-N-oxides, optionally at least one co-solvent, optionally at least one metal-chelating agent, optionally at least one buffering species, and water. The composition achieves highly efficacious cleaning of the residue material from the microelectronic device while simultaneously not damaging the interlevel dielectric and metal interconnect material also present thereon.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,928,046 discloses an aqueous, silicate free, cleaning compositions of about pH 9 or below and method of using the cleaning compositions for cleaning microelectronic substrates, which compositions are able to essentially completely clean such substrates and produce essentially no metal corrosion of the metal elements of such substrates. The aqueous cleaning compositions of present invention have (a) water, (b) at least one of ammonium and quaternary ammonium ions and (c) at least one of hypophosphite (H2PO2−) and/or phosphite (HPO32−) ions. The cleaning compositions also may contain fluoride ions. Optionally, the composition may contain other components such as organic solvents, oxidizing agent, surfactants, corrosion inhibitors and metal complexing agents.
US 2013/0045908 discloses a semiconductor processing composition and method for removing photoresist, polymeric materials, etching residues and copper oxide from a substrate comprising copper, low-k dielectric material and TiN, TiNxOy or W wherein the composition includes water, a Cu corrosion inhibitor, at least one halide anion selected from Cl− or Br−, and, where the metal hard mask comprises TiN or TiNxOy, at least one hydroxide source.
WO 2013/101907 A1 discloses compositions comprising etchants including hexafluorosilicic acid and hexafluorotitanate, at least one oxidant including high valent metals, peroxide or high oxidation state species and at least one solvent.
US 2013/0157472 discloses a semiconductor processing composition and method for removing photoresist, polymeric materials, etching residues and copper oxide from a substrate comprising copper, low-k dielectric material and TiN, TiNxOy or W wherein the composition includes water, at least one halide anion selected from Cl− or Br−, and, where the metal hard mask comprises only TiN or TiNxOy, optionally at least one hydroxide source.
US 2012/0058644 A1 (BASF) discloses a liquid composition free from N-alkylpyrrolidones and hydroxyl amine and its derivatives, having a dynamic shear viscosity at 50° C. of from 1 to 10 mPas as measured by rotational viscometry and comprising based on the complete weight of the composition, (A) of from 40 to 99.95% by weight of a polar organic solvent exhibiting in the presence of dissolved tetramethylammonium hydroxide (B) a constant removal rate at 50° C. for a 30 nm thick polymeric barrier anti-reflective layer containing deep UV absorbing chromophoric groups, (B) of from 0.05 to <0.5% of a quaternary anunonium hydroxide, and (C)<5% by weight of water; method for its preparation, a method for manufacturing electrical devices and its use for removing negative-tone and positive-tone photoresists and post etch residues in the manufacture of DD Stacked Integrated Circuits and 3D Wafer Level Packagings by way of patterning Through Silicon Vias and/or by plating and bumping.
US 2009/0131295 A1 discloses compositions for removing and cleaning resist, etching residues, planarization residues, metal fluorides and/or metal oxides from a substrate are provided, the composition including a metal ion-free fluoride compound and water. The resist, etching residues, planarization residues, metal fluorides and/or metal oxides are generated during one or more patterning processes during which a metal hard mask is used.
Compositions based on peroxides for TiN removal have been described in the prior art. These have incorporated alcohol amine bases in aqueous solvent systems and solvent-rich systems. A key problem of previous compositions has been the instability of the compositions once peroxide is added. This appears to be due to the use of oxidizable components in the composition which lead to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the composition and its de-activation. This inherent instability has necessitated expensive point of use mixing of the peroxide with the remaining components of the composition and has limited the ability to use the prior art chemistries in a recycle-mode.
In addition to its use as hard mask material, TiN is also often used as a metallic adhesion or liner layer for metal plugs at the MO level. While PVD TiN is used for forming a hard mask over large regions of the wafer prior to plasma etching, PVD deposition methodology does not readily provide the kind of conformal deposition required for depositing the liner prior to deposition of the high aspect ratio metal plugs. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is ideally suited to deposit such conformal coatings, and is typically used for forming the TiN adhesion layer. Ideally a wet chemistry designed for removing the TiN hard mask after the plasma etching process, should not etch the TiN liner. Depending on the type of metal plug, this can pose a difficult challenge, because the hardmask and adhesion layer TiN are often very similar in chemical composition.
Compositions of the prior art show no selectivity for etching of PVD TiN used in a hard mask vs. etching of CVD TiN used in a metal liner or adhesion layer. In those compositions high TiN hard mask removal will also likely coincide with some liner/adhesion layer loss. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a stripper composition that does not suffer from the above-mentioned drawbacks.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A sheet conveying device, which is incorporated in an image forming apparatus, includes a fixing device to fix an image to a sheet, a holding/conveying belt device having a plurality of belts to sandwich and convey the sheet to a downstream side from the fixing device, and a first sheet detector to detect whether the sheet exists in the belt device. When the sheet is detected at a paper jam, the fixing device and the belt device are continuously driven. When not detected, driving of the fixing device and the belt device is stopped. A method of conveying the sheet includes detecting the paper jam in the image forming apparatus, detecting the sheet in the belt device or between the fixing device and the belt device, and continuing at least one of the belt device and the fixing device based on a sheet detection result.

1. Technical Field
Embodiments of the present invention relate to a sheet conveying device that includes at least a pair of sheet holding/conveying belts, an image forming apparatus incorporating the sheet conveying device, and a method of conveying a sheet in the image forming apparatus including the sheet conveying device.
2. Related Art
Known image forming apparatuses include a configuration to form a toner image on a sheet-like recording material using electrophotography and to fuse and fix toner to the recording material by causing the recording material to pass through a thermal fixing device. When an image output operation is serially performed and the recording materials are loaded one after another in a sheet discharging part after passing through the thermal fixing device, the toner on the recording material may not harden sufficiently. If the toner is still soft, the toner on the recording material can adhere to a subsequent or different recording material. This defect in printing is referred to as blocking. When blocking occurs, the quality of image formation decreases significantly.
To address this inconvenience, it has been proposed to provide electrophotographic image forming apparatuses including a cooling device therein. The cooling device provides a method of cooling a recording material directly by intaking air from outside with fans or a method of cooling a recording material by causing the recording medium to contact a cooled heat exchanger directly or via a thermal conducting member. By using this configuration, heat exchange is conducted between the heat exchanger and the recording material.
Along with the recent increase in speed of printing, the cooling device increases in size. To cool the toner on the recording material more effectively, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. JP 2012-167844-A discloses a cooling device that includes a pair of endless belts disposed vertically in an image forming apparatus. An air-cooled or liquid-cooled heat exchanger is disposed on an inner circumference of one of the belts to cool the recording material.
However, non-contact areas on the belt in a vicinity of an entrance and an exit of the cooling device do not contact the heat exchanger, and therefore have a higher temperature than contact areas where the heat exchanger contacts the belt. Accordingly, the toner on the non-contact areas is difficult to be hardened, in other words, the toner remains soft. Specifically, the non-contact area on the belt that is separated from a heat exchanger disposed at an extreme downstream side in a sheet conveying direction approaches the entrance of the cooling device disposed closest to the fixing device along with rotation of the belt. Consequently, in the event of a paper jam anywhere in paper paths in the image forming apparatus during an image forming operation (a printing operation), if the recording material remains in the vicinity of the entrance or the exit of the cooling device for a long period, the fresh toner that remains soft can adhere to the belt. Even after the paper jam is cleared, if the image forming operation is resumed in this status, toner sticking marks or streaks are formed on the image formed on the recording material, which results in production of a defect image.

Sheet conveying device, image forming apparatus incorporating same, and method of conveying a sheet in the image forming apparatus


The disclosure relates processing point cloud data based on a neural network. The method includes: acquiring first point set data and second point set data respectively representing a point data set of an outer surface of a target object in different shapes; processing the first point set data using structure parameters of the neural network to obtain a multi-scale feature of each point in the first point set data; acquiring target point set data according to the first displacement vector, the first point set data and the second point set data. The method of processing the point cloud data provided in the present application can implement shape conversion of the point cloud.

Point cloud data refers to scanning data recorded in the form of points, each point containing three-dimensional coordinates. Some points can contain position information, color information, or reflection intensity information. As a basic form of shape expression, the point cloud formed by the point cloud data collection has the advantages of simple, flexible and accessible etc. Thus, the point cloud has unique advantages and applications in the field of image transformation. In recent years, many scholars have made extensive and in-depth research on point clouds.
At present, works applying neural network into the processing of point cloud data includes PointNet and PointNet++ etc. Both works aggregate the point clouds to be converted into local features or global features of the point clouds by extracting the characteristics of each point in the point cloud. The classification and segmentation of the point clouds are implemented according to the local features or global features of the point clouds.
However, the above described method of processing the point cloud data cannot implement the shape conversion of the point cloud.

Method of processing point cloud data based on neural network


An lighting apparatus comprising an elongated tubular housing for snugly receiving therein a charged gas light source, such as, a neon lighting assembly. A power source is connected to the light source by electric power cords which pass through one of two endcaps removably secured to the ends of the housing. The light source includes at least one elongated glass tube containing a neon gas mixture having both ends of the tube bent back along itself such that the ends are secured within the housing away from the open housing ends. Alternatively, the housing can be comprised of a base and cover member slidingly received within the base, thereby forming a central opening therebetween for receiving therein the light source, wherein the side walls of the base and cover member substantially overlap for preventing electricity from passing therethrough.

Well known examples of charged gas lighting instruments include neon lighted beer signs for smallscale, indoor application, and neon lighted billboards for outdoor, large-scale operation. Most often these type of charged gas lighting instruments utilize glass lighting tubes. The tubes are filled with an assortment of light emissive gas mixtures which often include neon gas. Depending on the mixtures, different colors of brightly glowing light, commonly referred to as "neon light," can be created when the gases contained in the glass tubes are subjected to an electrical discharge.
In most commercial settings (e.g., beer signs and billboards) the unprotected, glass tubes are secured to a frame, or in some cases, directly to the facade of a building for display. The fragile tubes, however, are highly susceptible to breaking. Indeed, quite often the tubes are damaged during shipping or installation procedures. Moreover, it is exceptionally difficult to reuse or relocate the tubes once they have been installed. When used outdoors, exposed tubes and their respective electrical fittings are extremely vulnerable to the outside elements. In addition, a charged gas lighting device, such as a neon light, utilizes a high voltage power source (e.g., 10,000 volts), and is therefore relatively dangerous. These devices should be installed and maintained only by a professional electric sign installer.
Various methods of protecting the glass tubes and electrical fittings are known in the art. They include U.S. Pat. No. 4,947,301 to Steele describing a non-conductive housing for sheltering the electrode ends and high voltage conductors of a neon tube; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,150,961 and 5,192,125 to Gonzalez describing apparatuses for illuminating a vehicle license plate including an annular neon tube mounted within a front transparent channel member and a rear protective cover plate.
There are various drawbacks, however, with the prior art. In particular, the apparatus as described in Steele mounts the neon tube to the housing exterior thereby exposing the fragile tube to the outside elements and greatly increasing the likelihood that the unprotected tube will be prematurely broken. The broken glass, or high voltage current from the wires attached to a damaged tube, poses a serious injury risk.
Even prior art devices which locate the neon tube within a housing do not eliminate the risk of high voltage shock. For instance, the apparatuses as described in the Gonzalez patents enclose the neon tube within a front transparent channel member and a rear protective cover plate. Although this protects an individual from accidentally touching the neon tube's high voltage electrical connections, the front and back covers create a seam through which a high voltage current may pass. That is, it is possible for electric current to arc from the electrical fittings through a seam in the housing. It is even more likely to occur if a conductive apparatus, like a metal screwdriver, is placed at or near the seam which is likely to occur during installation or maintenance procedures. In addition, electricity which arcs through a seam in the housing presents a serious fire hazard.
Also known in the art is U.S. Pat. No. 2,562,740 to Rizer describing a tubular florescent element covered by flexible plastic tubing also for illuminating a license plate. The flexible tube, however, does little to protect the neon tube from breaking upon a heavy impact, or insulate the electrical connections from delivering an electric shock.

Encapsulated charged gas light apparatus


A multi-layered complementary conductive line structure, a manufacturing method thereof and a manufacturing method of a TFT (thin film transistor) display array are provided. The process of TFT having multi-layered complementary conductive line structures does not need to increase the mask number in comparison with the currently process and is able to solve the resistance problem of the lines inside a display.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a conductive line structure, a manufacturing method thereof and a manufacturing method of a thin film transistor (TFT) display array, and particularly to a multi-layered complementary conductive line structure capable of solving the line resistance problem, a manufacturing method thereof and a manufacturing method of a TFT display array having the conductive line structure.
2. Description of the Related Art
Along with an increasing display panel size, the total length of the metal conductive lines in a TFT display is accordingly increased, which makes the time delay phenomenon a remarkable problem for a good display quality. Since a LCD TV panel over 37 inch size today generally has a 16:9 panel aspect ratio of width over height, the RC (resistance-capacitance) delay time problem caused by scan lines are more significant than data lines. To solve the RC delay problem for a better display quality, most manufacturers take a bilateral driving mode. The scheme in bilateral driving mode needs more IC drivers, not to mention a higher packaging cost is necessary.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a conventional TFT display array structure. Referring to FIG. 1, a TFT array 10 comprises a plurality of pixels 18 arranged in an array. Each pixel 18 includes a TFT 16, and a plurality of gate scan lines 14 in horizontal parallel arrangement and a plurality of data lines 12 in vertical parallel arrangement together partition every pixel. Each TFT 16 is connected to and driven by a pair of the gate scan line 14 and a data line 12.
FIG. 2 is a pixel structure diagram of a conventional TFT display. Referring to FIG. 2, each pixel 18 has a TFT 16, the gate scan line 14 connects the gate terminal 26 of the TFT 16 and the data line 12 connects the source terminal 20 of the TFT 16. The drain terminal 22 of the TFT 16 is connected to a pixel electrode 28 of the pixel 18. TFT 16 serves as a switch component for controlling switches through the gate scan line 14 and connecting the data line 12 to the pixel electrode 28 of the pixel 18.
FIG. 3 is a schematic 3-dimentional drawing showing a cross portion of a data line and a gate scan line. Referring to FIG. 3, a data line 12 and a gate scan line 14 belong to different metal layers, respectively and are isolated from each other by an isolating layer 30, and the two lines are not connected to each other. As described above, along with an increasing display panel size, the total length of the metal connection lines in a TFT display and the corresponded resistance of the data lines and the gate scan lines are noticeably increased, which makes the time delay phenomenon a remarkable problem for a good display quality.

Multi-layered complementary conductive line structure and manufacturing method thereof and manufacturing method of a thin film transistor display array

Industrial Technology Research Institute


Graphics enabled applications run on a text-based host server by allowing a client application running at a workstation to inform the server of this session (1) that it, the client application, is graphics capable and (2) the IP address and port(s) it is waiting on; and then by having the server set capability indicia, such as rwt attributes, in the operating system for this session to indicate the (1) the client is graphics enabled, (2) the IP address and port(s) it is waiting on, (3) optionally, the path to an application to be automatically launched.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to client/server systems. More particularly, it relates to enabling graphical applications to run on a traditionally text based host.
2. Background Art
Many new software applications developed for the Internet are Java based, because Java is a prime operating system (OS) portability facilitator. Theoretically, a Java-based application can run on any Operating System unchanged, be it Windows 95, Linux, OS/2, VM, etc. It also has the advantage of being able to tie into the Graphical User Interface (GUI) support of a host through an Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), which is a standardized OS interface for application graphics support. (AWT is a product of Sun Microsystems, and is further described at http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/awt/.) Having GUI support enables the blending together of graphics and text from a variety of sources into one seamless screen or xe2x80x9cpanelxe2x80x9d, a highly desired attribute for any OS or application.
Unfortunately, many legacy application environments don""t conveniently lend themselves to a GUI interface. Most of these legacy machines have added additional support consistent with the connectionless, stateless, http class of web servers. These Web based applications have to incorporate some method of State maintenance in order to mimmick a traditional connection and state oriented legacy programming model. These models are typically mainframe interactive. Many legacy applications can""t really blend graphics and text very well . . . that is, until recent technology innovations have afforded some relief. For example, through use of Java applications great strides have been made in blending graphics and text.
IBM""s AS/400 system legacy programming model has a text-only xe2x80x9cgreen screenxe2x80x9d interface (so named after the default color of text on the screen). This presents a problem porting popular Java applications to the AS/400, since many such applications require GUI support. Since the AS/400 system is a business computer, this means many businesses cannot easily migrate their legacy applications to their customers with a GUI interface. For example, suppose company ABC, Inc. offers customers terminal access to its AS/400 system and all the business applications installed on it, charging an hourly rate for connect time to use these applications. Customers connect to the AS/400 using a Telnet Client and get a text-only terminal emulator, at best. They cannot take advantage of GUI enabled Java applications that may be installed or ported over from other platforms.
IBM solved this problem on the AS/400 by adding Remote Abstract Window Toolkit support (RAWT). With Remote AWT, Java AWT graphical programs can be executed on a AS/400 system while remotely displaying the graphics.
The use of Remote AWT requires that Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) be set up, and Sun Microsystems, Inc., Java Developer""s Kit (JDK) 1.1.x installed on both the server AS/400 and the remote display. Any graphics-capable hardware, including IBM Network Station, can be used as a remote display for Remote AWT as long as it includes:
1) Graphics-capable hardware that runs Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0, IBM Operating System/2 (OS/2), Sun Solar, Sun Solaris or AIX.
2) Configured hardware to access AS/400 with TCP/IP.
3) Java Developer""s Kit 1.1.x (JDK 1.1.6 or later is recommended.)
AWT refers to Abstract Window Toolkit. The AWT is part of the Java Foundation Classes (JFC)xe2x80x94the standard API for providing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for Java programs. This is a platform-independent windowing, graphics and user interface toolkit. With the Remote Abstract Window Toolkit (RAWT), a Java AWT graphical program can run on the AS/400 (a text-only platform) and display the graphics remotely. To use Remote AWT, the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is set up, and Sun Microsystems, Inc., Java Developer""s Kit (JDK) 1.1.x installed on the AS/400 and remote display.
As an example, this support is used to supply the interface for Operations Navigator, a remote configuration tool that ships free with every AS/400 as part of the 5769-XE1 Licensed Program Product, and allows AS/400 System Administrators to configure an AS/400 using a remote Windows 95/NT platform.
There are also Java-based terminal emulator clients, such as IBM""s Host-On-Demand product. These are truly GUI clients, but they connect to the traditional TCP/IP Telnet Server, which primarily supports xe2x80x9cgreen screenxe2x80x9d applications. IBM""s Network Station is similar, in that it is also a GUI capable client and can exploit tunneling of graphics from the integrated file system (IFS) on the AS/400, but this is not using Java virtual machine (JVM) capabilities on the AS/400. Further, Host-On-Demand must do many kinds of datastream conversions to work with a variety of Telnet Servers. For example, to communicate with OS/400 (AS/400), the Java client must convert 5250 datastreams into something the host GUI understands, in order for it to display on the client Operating System. Likewise, for VM systems (S/390) 3270 datastreams must be converted to host GUI. Replicating this across a few more platforms results in considerable code expansion in a Java-based client, if it is expected to support more than one platform.
Host-On-Demand supports xe2x80x9cservletsxe2x80x9d, which are supposed to be Java applets that run on a server machine. But, by requiring a Host-On-Demand client, servlets cannot be exploited on Thin Clients, such as Network Stations.
The problem with using Operations Navigator to run Java applications is that it is a custom application, and requires a custom server on the AS/400 system to run the Remote AWT. There is no Internet standard or protocol by which graphical clients can connect to the AS/400 system and run the Remote AWT (and by extension, a Java application).
It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide an improved system and method for enabling graphics enabled applications to run on a text based host.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a system and method whereby an AS/400 host can enable standard Telnet Clients to connect and be able to receive output from Java graphics applications.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a system and method for graphics enabled application platform independence for workstations by supporting a variety of clients and hardware.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved system and method for exploiting a Java virtual machine on a text based host system to run both text based and remote graphics applications, such as Java and X Windows applications.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a system and method for enhancing the ability of a text based host system to perform work management, including authentication, NLS, and job routing, for many clients at once.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved system and method for centralizing applications and support for applications.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved system and method for centralizing of backup/recovery processes.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved system and method for centralizing upgrades/fixes, such that such upgrades and fixes need be done only one time, not once for each workstation.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a system and method for comprising a single source for consulting, leasing, and marketing text based and graphical applications.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an system and method for supporting thin clients, such as network stations, by offloading CPU cycles workstations to a central mainframe.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved system and method for using existing terminal emulators which requires no new development and exploits existing standards, including Internet RFC""S.
In accordance with the system and method of the invention, a multimedia enabled application runs on a text based host. A client negotiates a connection with a server on a first port, and informs the server that the client is multimedia enabled and is listening on one or more additional ports for multimedia application data. Responsive thereto, the host establishes a multimedia connection from a virtual machine executing a selected application to the second port on the client for presentation of a multimedia application interface at the client.

System and method for enabling graphic applications in an interactive programming model

International Business Machines Corporation


Method and apparatus for storage and retrieval of vehicles, particularly in parking lots surrounding shopping malls, airports, stadiums and the like is disclosed. The method includes identification of the vehicle owner and the stored vehicle with a common code utilizing a two part identifier. The first part of the identifier is used to imprint an identifying code on the vehicle owner and is also attached to the vehicle while it is stored. The second part of the identifier with the same code is attached to the vehicle's keys which are kept in a secure facility. The vehicle's description and location in the parking lot is recorded on the second part and is also inputed to a central computer which maintains data on each vehicle stored. When the vehicle owner wants to retrieve his or her vehicle, the code inprinted on the owner is read and transmitted to the area where the vehicle is stored along with the location where the vehicle is to be delivered. That code is used to locate the vehicle in the parking area, which is then driven to the location desired by the vehicle owner.

Over the past thirty years shopping malls have continuously grown in size and complexity. Often the malls are surrounded by a bewildering array of parking options spread over a large geographical area. In many instances, mall parking is available in multilevel garages. One seeking to find a vehicle in these garages must remember the particular garage, level, row and space where he or she parked the vehicle. Similarly, in open parking lots surrounding a mall the search for a vehicle can be equally, if not more, bewildering. This is especially true if a vehicle is parked in the daylight and sought to be retrieved after nightfall. The change in lighting causes ones perspective to change making it difficult to locate a vehicle. Similarly, if a vehicle is parked when a lot is relatively empty and then retrieved after the lot fills up, the owner's impression of the vehicle's location can also change.
Compounding these difficulties are the issues of safety and weather. A recent study by the Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that there were more than four hundred thousand violent crimes in parking lots in 1985 alone. A single mall in New Jersey reported an annual average of 2 rapes, 16 robberies, 78 assaults, 173 burglaries, 670 larcenies and 202 motor vehicle thefts. The fear of such crimes has led to increased police patrols of parking lots, television surveillance, stakeouts and the like. All of these measures are, however, palliative, not preventive. In addition they are expensive.
In many climates, both in the north and south, the weather can deter shopping. The prospect of walking several hundred yards from vehicle to store in biting cold weather to do Christmas shopping is a serious deterrent to many shoppers. Conversely, extreme heat and humidity can deter shoppers at any time of the year, especially the elderly. The prospect of returning to a vehicle that has been baked by 90.degree. sun for several hours is similarly not very pleasant.
Most of the abovementioned negatives surrounding mall parking lots and parking garages apply equally well to other areas such as shopping centers, airports, sports complexes and the like.
One solution to such problems might be the provision of traditional valet parking for customers. Traditional valet parking operations, however, have several drawbacks. First, such operations are typically operated out of a single location. Thus, if a shopper were to drop off a vehicle at that location in a mall and to proceed to the opposite end of the mall he or she would have to backtrack to the drop-off location to retrieve the vehicle. Failing this, the shopper more frequently chooses not to venture far from the parking entrance location, thus discouraging cross-mall shopping.
A second drawback of the typical valet parking system is the method used to record and verify vehicle ownership. In the traditional valet system a two part printed ticket is used with one half given to the vehicle owner and the other haphazardly placed on the vehicle dashboard or under the windshield wiper. This system often results in loss of the owner's ticket half when misplaced in pocket or purse, especially during shopping when the owner is constantly reaching in pocket or purse for credit cards, money, etc. Theft of the owner's ticket half is also an ever present danger. Conversely, the other half of the ticket is easily lost if, for example, placed under the windshield wiper of the vehicle. Or the readily visible number on the ticket can be read by someone who can use that number to illegally claim ownership by feigning the loss of his or her ticket half. In addition, the vehicles, once parked by the valet service, are generally unattended and thus subject to theft or vandalism.

Method and apparatus for vehicle storage and retrieval


A display device includes a plastic substrate and a thin film transistor layer including at least one thin film transistor. The thin film transistor layer is disposed on the plastic substrate via a resin film having no viscosity or adhesion and an adhesive film. The resin film has a first surface formed on a first surface of the thin film transistor layer, the first surface of the thin film transistor layer being at one side of the plastic substrate, and the adhesive film is formed on a second surface of the resin film, the second surface of the resin film being at the one side of the plastic substrate, and the resin film is attached to the plastic substrate by the adhesive film.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device, and in particular, to a display device of which the mechanical strength of a display panel, being vulnerable to impact, and using a thin glass substrate, on which a thin film transistor and a color film are formed, and a transferred thin film transistor layer, has been improved.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various display devices, such as a liquid crystal display device and an organic electroluminescence display device (organic EL display device), have been put into practical use. Also, portable telephones and portable information terminals, into each of which one of these display devices is built, have also been provided. In a display device of recent years, in order to promote a reduction in thickness, reduction in weight, and increase in flexibility of the display device, the practice is that a thin glass substrate in JP-A-2008-39866, or the like, and a plastic substrate in JP-A-2008-89994, or the like, are used as a substrate material forming the display device.
Also, as shown in JP-A-2008-89994 or the like, a display device is also proposed which deforms flexibly by, after forming a functional element, such as a thin film transistor (TFT), on a glass substrate, removing the glass or reducing it into a thin film, and reattaching the functional element to a plastic substrate.
A display device, such as a liquid crystal display device or an organic EL display device, is not only configured of one substrate but, for example, as shown in FIG. 1, with a display panel of the liquid crystal display device, as well as a glass substrate (GS (CF)) on which a color filter is formed being disposed opposed to a glass substrate (GS (TFT)) on which a thin film transistor (TFT) is formed, a seal member SE is disposed on the perimeter of the substrates, thus sealing a liquid crystal LC. Furthermore, a structure is such that polarizing plates PP1 and PP2 are attached to surfaces of the substrates with adhesives AD1 and AD2 respectively. Also, in the organic EL display device too, as in JP-A-2007-335365, a configuration is employed wherein polarizing plates are attached to a display panel.
In this way, in a display device, it is necessary that a plurality of plate-like bodies are layered one on another, causing a further increase in the thickness of a display panel configuring the display device. For this reason, it is necessary to still further reduce the thickness of a glass substrate and a plastic substrate, further weakening the mechanical strength of the display panel. In particular, a display device having this kind of display panel is weakened in impact strength, which has become a major problem in a case of using the display device in an instrument, such as a portable telephone or a portable information terminal, which is highly likely to suffer a variety of impacts.

Panasonic Liquid Crystal Display Co., Ltd.


An apparatus and method in which the lateral surface of a sealed container (11) containing a beverage liquid (12) is pressed (21, 22) for deformation to measure the internal pressure (P) of the container, and displacement caused by the pressure and the load (F, 31) applied by the pressure is detected (35) so that the gas density of the beverage liquid may be evaluated from these values. An ultrasonic pressure wave is applied (111) to the sealed container to measure the sugar content of the beverage from the propagation velocity of the pressure wave received by an ultrasonic receiver (112), container surface temperature and the ambient temperature resulting from sensors (121, 122) and a calculation unit (50). For simultaneously measuring the gas density and the sugar content a gas density measuring unit (220, 230, 240) and a sugar content measuring unit (290) are provided. In addition, for shaking the content of a sealed container in which the container (500) is placed in a water tank (503), an ultrasonic wave is generated from an ultrasonic shaker (501) provided at the bottom of the water tank to agitate the content of the container for uniformity.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for measuring the gas density and sugar content of a beverage within a sealed container and a method of measuring the same.
More specifically, the present invention relates to an apparatus for measuring the gas density in a beverage within a sealed container and a method of measuring the same, an apparatus for measuring the sugar content of a beverage within a sealed container and a method of measuring the same, an apparatus for and method of simultaneously measuring the gas density and sugar content of a beverage within a sealed container, and a shaker used for a nondestructive inspection apparatus for shaking and agitating the content of a container containing a water-soluble gas and having an elastically deformable barrel portion, such as a can or sealed plastic container prior to inspecting its internal pressure, sugar content or the like.
Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, as a sealed container for a beverage a thin wall container made of a metal or a plastic material has been used.
It is important to control the quality of a beverage, such as a carbonated beverage, beer or the like, after it is automatically filled using a filling machine. For such beverages to which pressure is applied when filled, a sampling test has been carried out on their gas density characteristics.
A conventional example of this method is described with reference to FIG. 23, in which reference numeral 710 denotes a measuring stand, 711 a base for the measuring stand 710, 712 a lateral guide bar erected on the base 711, 714 a sliding stand slidably supported by each guide bar 712, 713 a grip mounted at opposite ends of each sliding stand 714, 700 a pressure measuring head supported by the sliding stand 714, 701 a piercing needle, 702 a main body, 703 a passageway for introducing pressure which is formed within the main body 702, 704 an on-off valve, 705 a pressure gauge, 720 a sealed container, 721 a cap for the sealed container 720, 730 a matter filled in the sealed container 720, 731 a portion filled with the beverage and 732 a portion filled with the gas (gas phase portion).
When the gas density in the sealed container 720 is measured, the container 720 is placed on the base 711 and, subsequently, the on-off valve 704 is closed. Then, the sliding stand 714 and the pressure measuring head 700 are lowered to pierce through the cap 721 of the sealed container 720 by means of the piercing needle 701. The lower end portion of the piercing needle 701 enters into the sealed container 720 to introduce the gas 730 in the sealed container 720 from the piercing needle 701 through the passageway 703 to the pressure gauge 705 to measure the internal pressure p of the container 720. Subsequently, the cap 721 is removed to measure the temperature t of the beverage liquid 731 within the container 720 by means of a thermometer (not shown). The gas density is evaluated from the internal pressure p of the container 720, the temperature t of the beverage liquid 731, and the known solubility characteristic (see FIG. 5).
Next, a conventional example of the method of measuring the sugar content of a beverage within the sealed container is described.
When the sugar content of the beverage 731 of the sealed container 720 is measured, first, the container 720 is opened, and then a proper amount of beverage 731 is extracted as a sample to make measurements on. Subsequently, the extracted sample is placed on the measuring portion of a sugar meter using an optical refractometer. The sample is left as it is until it reaches a predetermined temperature, and its sugar content is calculated from the measured refraction index and the temperature. Finally, the calculated sugar content value is recorded.
When the sampling test is carried out to find out changes in the properties and specific characteristics of the content of the filled foodstuff or beverage and the extent of such changes without destroying the container, it is necessary to shake the sealed container, agitate its content well enough and make the content uniform so that the measuring accuracy of measurement may be improved.
Further, in the case of a gas-filled beverage, it is also necessary to increase the measuring accuracy by shaking the container and agitating it well enough to bring the solubility of the gas in the water into an equilibrium state.
Here, conventionally, prior to carrying out the foregoing test, after the sealed container filled with the solution is manually shaken and fully agitated, it is mounted on the non-destructive test machine for measurement.
Also for a non-destructive testing machine for inspecting all products produced in sealed containers, an apparatus has already been proposed in which the sealed container is subjected to vibrations produced by a conveyer to agitate and mix the solution and the gas within the container, and, with the content being kept in a resonant state, every product is passed through supersoft X-rays to inspect for any abnormalities and their extent (See Japanese Patent Provisional Publication (Kokai) No. 2-309230, if necessary).

Apparatus for measuring gas density and sugar content of a beverage within a sealed container and method of measuring the same


An electrochemically-activated optical switch is provided, comprising a molecular system configured between a pair of electrodes. The molecular system includes a moiety that is oxidizable or reducible in the presence of an electric current.

The present invention relates generally to optical switching, and, more particularly, to improved optical switching speed, and/or electrical power dissipation, relying on reversible (electrochemical) oxidation-reduction reactions.
Currently, there are a wide variety of known chromogenic materials that can provide optical switching in thin film form. These materials and their applications have been reviewed recently by C. B. Greenberg in Thin Solid Films, Vol. 251, pp. 81-93 (1994); R. J. Mortimer in Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 26, pp. 147-156 (1997); and S. A. Agnihotry in Bulletin of Electrochemistry. Vol. 12, pp. 707-712 (1996).
Such chromogenic materials are currently being studied for several applications, including active darkening of sunglasses, active darkening of windows for intelligent light and thermal management of buildings, and various types of optical displays (such as heads-up displays on the inside of windshields of automobiles or airplanes and eyeglass displays). Despite their long history of great promise, there are very few photon gating devices made from the existing classes of electrochromic materials. This is because most of them require an oxidation-reduction reaction that involves the transport of ions, such as H+, Li+ or Na+, through some type of liquid or solid electrolyte. Finding the appropriate electrolyte is a major problem, as is the slow speed of any device that requires transport of ions. Furthermore, such reactions are extremely sensitive to background contamination, such as oxygen and other species, and thus degradation of the chromogenic electrodes is a major limitation.
In fact, for photonic switching applications such as a crossbar switch router for a fiber optic communications network, the lack of a suitable chromogenic material has forced companies to use very different approaches: (a) transform the optical signal into an electronic signal, perform the switching operation, and then transform back to an optical signal before launching into a fiberxe2x80x94this is the most frequent solution used today but it is very inefficient and the electronics have a hard time keeping up with the data rates of the optical system; (b) use a moving-mirror array made by micro-electromechanical processing to switch optical data packetsxe2x80x94this has the disadvantage that extremely high tolerances are required for the device, which makes it very expensive, and (c) use ink jet technology to push bubbles into a chamber to create a mirror to deflect an optical beamxe2x80x94this approach again requires precision manufacturing and the switching time is slow.
Thus, there remains a need for an optical switch that can rapidly switch optical signals from one path to another with low power dissipation.
In accordance with the teachings of the embodiments herein, an electrochemically-activated optical switch is provided, comprising a molecular system configured between a pair of electrodes. The molecular system includes a moiety that is oxidizable or reducible in the presence of an electric current induced by an applied voltage of the appropriate magnitude and sign.
A primary advantage of the present invention is simplification (and thus easier manufacturability and lower cost) of the apparatus required for switching.
A second major advantage of the present invention is improved speed of the switching process, since die time scale for switching is determined by the injection or extraction of electrons and holes directly into or from the reductant and oxidant, in a fashion similar to charging or discharging a capacitor, rather than transport of an ion through a thick electrolyte layer.
A third major advantage is that the voltage and the amount of power used to change the color of the structure are quite low, and in fact since the structure is essentially a very thin battery, much of the energy required to store information in the system can be reclaimed later upon erasing or changing the color state of the material.

Class of charge-actuated chromogenic structures based on the oxidation and reduction of optical switchable materials in a thin-film electrochemical cell

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A rotary assembly for an aircraft engine is disclosed. A shaft is mounted for rotation about a central axis and a rotary part is mounted on the shaft for common rotation therewith. The rotary part has an axial end portion extending away from a center of mass of the rotary part, the axial end portion having a radial thickness smaller than that of the rotary part at an axial location aligned with the center of mass. The shaft and the rotary part have an interface defining an interference fit between the shaft and the axial end portion of the rotary part. The interface is located at a distance along the central axis from the center of mass. An undercut is defined in the rotary part. The undercut extends axially from adjacent the interface towards the center of mass.

Aircraft engine parts rotating at high speed may experience high centrifugal loads and thermal expansion in normal operating conditions. Rotors, such as compressor rotors, coupled to a shaft, or other rotary parts mounted one to another within the engine may experience such high centrifugal loads and thermal expansion. Radial pull due to the centrifugal loads and/or thermal expansion of one such rotary part relative to the other over a range of running conditions of the engine may cause variations in the interference fit, for instance relaxing of the fit, between these rotary parts.

Interference fit control for the assembly of rotary parts


The present invention seeks to provide cadmium-free quantum dots with a narrow fluorescence FWHM. The quantum dot does not contain cadmium and its fluorescence FWHM is 30 nm or less. The quantum dot is preferably a nanocrystal containing zinc and tellurium or zinc and tellurium and sulfur or zinc and tellurium and selenium and sulfur. Further, the quantum dot preferably has a core-shell structure in which the nanocrystal serves as a core and the surface of the core is coated with a shell.

Quantum dots are nanoparticles made of around several hundreds to several thousands of atoms, each having a particle diameter of around several nanometers to several tens of nanometers. Quantum dots are also referred to as fluorescent nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, or nanocrystals.
The emission wavelength of quantum dots may be variously changed depending on the particle diameter and the composition of the nanoparticles. Examples of the properties of quantum dots include the fluorescence quantum yield (QY) and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the fluorescence peak (hereinafter referred to as fluorescence FWHM). When quantum dots are used as a wavelength conversion material for a visible light region, the reproducibility of a wider range of colors, that is, a wider color gamut can be given as the most major feature. Accordingly, in increasing the color gamut using a wavelength converting member for a visible light region with the use of quantum dots, the fluorescence FWHM is an important optical property.
Conventionally used high efficiency quantum dots mainly contain cadmium (Cd). Quantum dots containing Cd are advantageous in that a high fluorescence quantum yield and a narrow fluorescence FWHM can be achieved. On the other hand, because of the toxicity of Cd, the use of such quantum dots is restricted in many countries, which have been a large barrier in terms of the commercialization.
Meanwhile, the development of Cd-free quantum dots which do not contain Cd is intensively studied. Typical Cd-free quantum dots include chalcopyrite-based copper indium sulfide (CuInS2): CIS-based quantum dots (for example, see WO 2007/060889 A: PTL 1). However, since the emission using such quantum dots is the defect emission, the optical performance is not high as compared with the case of using Cd-based quantum dots, and their fluorescence FWHM is typically 80 nm to 100 nm or more. This also applies to quantum dots using chalcopyrite other than CIS, and the composition of chalcopyrite-based quantum dots with a fluorescence FWHM of less than 60 nm has not been reported.
Further, typical Cd-free quantum dots also include indium phosphide (InP): InP-based quantum dots (for example, see PTL 1). However, the fluorescence FWHM is wide when InP-based quantum dots are used compared with the case of using CdSe-based quantum dots, and any composition of InP-based quantum dots with a fluorescence FWHM of less than 35 nm has not yet been reported.
In addition, although zinc selenide (ZnSe) is known as a material of Cd-free quantum dots, since the band gap of ZnSe is 2.7 eV, the emission of light with a longer wavelength than green light cannot be achieved when only ZnSe is used.
Another possible example of zinc-based quantum dots is zinc telluride (ZnTe); however, there are not many reports on a liquid phase synthesis using the quantum dots.
Journal of Materials Chemistry. C, 2014, 2, 2877 Synthesis and properties of ZnTe and ZnTe/ZnS core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals (NPL 1) below describes a method of the direct synthesis of ZnTe using an organic zinc compound and trialkylphosphine telluride in detail. For ZnTe obtained in NPL 1, for example the shifting of the absorption peak toward the longer wavelength side with the growth of particles is specifically studied; however, any ZnTe quantum dots synthesized in NPL 1 do not have fluorescent properties.
Further, in Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2008, 112(14), pp 5454-5458 Shape-Control of ZnTe Nanocrystal Growth in Organic Solution (NPL 2) below, ZnTe having a sphalerite structure is synthesized using an organic zinc compound and Te reduced by Super-Hydride® (lithium triethylborohydride: LiBHEt3) as raw materials. Studies of controlling the form of nanoparticles of ZnTe by selecting from a variety of reaction conditions are reported. The method of synthesis is characterized by using Super-Hydride® which is very reactive and cannot readily be used in mass production. The particle form, the crystal structure, and the absorption spectrum for ZnTe obtained are reported in detail in the paper; however, the paper does not refer to the fluorescence properties.

Quantum dot and wavelength converting member, lighting member, back light unit, and display device using quantum dot, and method of producing quantum dot


Products manufactured from a structural laminate generally include a first elongate portion and a second elongate portion fixedly coupled together such that the layers of the structural laminate are visible on at least one surface of the products. The second elongate portion is divided to produce a cut at an intermediate position such that at least one layer of the structural laminate is removed by the cut and an intermediate layer is exposed such that it is visible on an edge of the products. Additionally, a substrate is fixedly coupled to the elongate portions in an orthogonal orientation to layers in the structural laminate of the elongate portions. In some products, portions of the structural laminate are removed to produce voids in the surface, exposing intermediate features of the structural laminate.

Woodworking specialists employ a wide variety of techniques and materials to enhance the aesthetics and value of their workpieces. The rarity of the materials used, notoriety of the woodworker, and relative amount of time necessary to create a product, among other factors, can have a large impact on the monetary value placed on the product. There is an ever-increasing demand for wood products that are both aesthetically pleasing and durable, while using materials that are lower cost and/or readily available to help reduce both price to the consumer and impact on the environment. In this regard, low-cost wood materials may be used to replace or reduce the amount of higher cost wood materials used in a product. Examples of low-cost wood materials are engineered wood products (e.g., particleboard, chipboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), etc.) and structural laminates (e.g., plywood), among others.
One difficulty in the use of low-cost wood materials in finished products is their relatively low aesthetic appeal when compared to higher-cost wood materials. Engineered wood products consist of small pieces of wood, often sawdust, left over from milling processes. These engineered wood products typically require a cosmetic finish (e.g., paint, veneer, linoleum, plastic, etc.) to be used as a finished product due to the irregularities and quality of the wood used. Similarly, structural laminates are often constructed from lower grade wood sections and may contain certain features that are not aesthetically pleasing in a finished product (e.g., knots, fill pieces, filler compound, etc.). With respect to structural laminates, a modification to the configuration of the laminate can lead to difficulty in meeting the durability requirements of the application in which the materials are installed.
When structural laminates are arranged in certain configurations, they can exhibit a tendency to fail under loading conditions. In some instances, the loading condition that causes a tendency to fail occurs in the most common use of the structural laminate as applied to the finished product—such as a normal force acting on a table top. Therefore, a need exists for methods that can be used to create aesthetically pleasing wood products from low-cost materials that can withstand the loading conditions present during common use of the product.

Structural laminates and their manufacturing


A method of visibility event navigation includes receiving, via processing circuitry of a client device, a first visibility event packet from a server, the first visibility event packet including information representing 3D surface elements of an environmental model that are occluded from a first viewcell and not occluded from a second viewcell, the first and second viewcells representing spatial regions of a specified navigational route within a real environment modeled by the environmental model. The method also includes acquiring, surface information representing the visible surfaces of the real environment at a sensor and determining, a position in the real environment by matching the surface information to the visibility event packet information. The method further includes transmitting, the position from the client device to the server and receiving a second visibility event packet from the server if the at least one position is within the specified navigational route.

The "background" description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventor, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description which may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly or impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
Precision navigation in obstacle-strewn environments such as the urban canyon or indoors is challenging. Typically GPS does not provide the precision required to navigate in obstacle rich environments. Also GPS reception requires line of sight access to at least four satellites, which is often not available in the urban canyon because of occlusion of the sky by buildings. Additionally, GPS radio signals are relatively weak, and can be jammed or spoofed (replaced by a false data stream that can mislead the targeted navigational system).
Higher-power radio navigation methods such as eLORAN may be less susceptible to jamming near the transmitter. Otherwise these methods inherit most of the vulnerabilities of GPS radio navigation, including susceptibility to denial of service by attack on the fixed transmitters. The precision of eLORAN localization is significantly less than GPS, and the global availability of eLORAN service has been significantly limited by the recent decision by the United Kingdom to discontinue eLORAN service in Europe.
3D map-matching is a navigational basis that is orthogonal to GPS and eLORAN navigation and consequently does not suffer from the same limitations and vulnerabilities. Early 2.5D map matching systems such as TERCOM (Terrain Contour Matching), were effectively employed in cruise missile navigation prior to GPS. The ability to pre-acquire detailed 3D environmental data has increased exponentially since the time of TERCOM. Moreover, commodity sensors are now available which generate real-time point-clouds that could potentially be matched to the pre-acquired 3D environmental data to provide rapid, precise localization in many GPS denied environments.
However, two problems have slowed the general adoption of efficient 3D map-match solutions. First, because the 3D environmental data sets are so large, it can be difficult to transmit and maintain them over existing networks using conventional data delivery approaches. Second, processing of these massive 3D datasets by 3D map-matching algorithms can be very inefficient because the matching algorithm is typically forced to process a large amount of occluded data that is irrelevant to the immediate 3D map-match localization solution. This is especially true in densely occluded natural terrains, indoors, or within the urban canyon, where buildings make most of the surfaces of the environment occluded from any small region.

Visibility event navigation method and system


A light for mounting on an implement is provided. In particular, a light configured to be releasably attached to a firearm is provided. The light includes first and second light elements. A selector switch is operable to select which of the two light elements is energized when a primary switch is actuated.

Lights may be mounted to various objects, such as tools or implements so that they provide light directed toward the work area of the tool or implement. One object to which lights may be mounted is a firearm, such as a handgun or pistol, a long gun or rifle, a shotgun, or another type of gun or weapon, any one or more of which are typically referred to as a gun.
For a typical gun, the arrangement for mounting a portable light on a gun is similar to the arrangement for mounting a telescopic sight on a gun. A gun mount, also called a gun rail or a mounting rail, is typically provided in a convenient location that affords a forward-looking view for a light mounted thereon. Because a telescopic sight or other sight is typically mounted on the top or upper surface of the gun barrel, a separate mount is often provided on the side or underside (bottom) surface of the gun barrel, typically near to the muzzle end thereof.

Portable light with multiple light sources


Virtual links are used between two different displays to represent a single virtual object. In one example, the invention includes generating a three-dimensional space having a first display of a real first device and a second display of a real second device and a space between the first display and the second display, receiving a launch command as a gesture with respect to the first display, the launch command indicating that a virtual object is to be launched through the space toward the second display, determining a trajectory through the space toward the second display based on the received launch command, and presenting a portion of the trajectory on the second display.

Typical computing input air-gestures (air-gestures as opposed to touch screen gestures) can involve users moving their body and having a corresponding action happen on a display. Current air gesture technology uses either sensors (such as in the Wii remote controller by the Nintendo Company) or 3D camera technology (such as in the Microsoft Kinect by the Microsoft Corporation) to approximate body motion as a modal input source. Television displays are typical feedback mechanisms for viewing the effects of air-gesture modal input on a graphical environment. Integrated cameras are known that gather video input for gesture detection, and rudimentary interpretation of gesture input may accomplished with software that can run on a PC. QualiEYE by the EVAS Corporation is an example of this type of software product. The addition of depth sensing camera technology has also been known to provide the ability to recognize where a person's body is in relation to a display or compute device. In addition, mobile displays that incorporate touch-screen technology, such as laptops, tablets and smartphones the screens of which respond to touch input are also well known. Touch and sweep gestures on a display screen to move objects from one screen (e.g. a handheld console screen) to another screen (e.g. a TV screen) in the context of electronic games have also been made possible, and may be implemented for example when using the PlayStation Portable game console marketed by the Sony Corporation. In addition, the Kitty Cat Coin Toss marketed through iTunes by the Apple Corporation is an application that can detect a flip motion of an iPhone and flips a virtual coin on the iPhone's screen. Above-screen interactions with objects on a screen using gesture have also been researched.

Virtual links between different displays to present a single virtual object


A vibrator is disclosed for mounting on furniture in which a pair of vibrator motors is each mounted to an independent long relatively rigid resonator member capable of transmitting virations, the two long resonators for the respective motors being parallel to one another and mounted by non-rigid means such as a sheet of cardboard or springs to the remainder of the structure of the furniture. One form of complete unit comprises a non-rigid sheet containing two rigid rods each associated with an off-center vibrating motor, which underlies the surface of the furniture contacted by the user. A vibrator controller supplies the two vibrator motors with 60 Hertz pulsed D.C. current which is amplitude modulated at approximately 16 cycles per minute, with the modulation supplied to one motor 180.degree. out of phase with the other motor so that the user experiences the sensation of moving wave. The user simultaneously receives a 16 cycle per minute alternating tactile stimulation, and a 60 Hertz audio wave which is aplitude modulated at 16 cycles per minute. The effect is somewhat similar to a Yoga chant and induces relaxation and a slower breathing rate. Other forms use rigid linear resonators attached to each vibrator and placed parallel to one another but not a permanent part of the furniture with which they are used.

Non-rotating vibrators and vibrator controllers for furniture are well known as illustrated by previous patents to this patentee, such as Raffel U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,024, and a patent to Christensen, U.S. Pat. No. Re 31,503 herein incorporated by reference. Many other such patents exist.
However, in an effort to improve the relaxing effect of such vibrators, applicant has invented a novel physical system for applying vibrations to the furniture and ultimately to the user and at the same time has incorporated a novel excitation system which is believed to tend to induce the body of the user to respond to the preferred modulation cycle of approximately 10 to 20 cycles per minute. A range of 1 to 120 cycles per minute may be useful in some cases. Either modulation is superimposed on a frequency of 30 Hertz to 110 Hertz and preferably the 60 Hertz of rectified alternating current. A non-rotating vibrating motor is used rather than a rotating motor.


A rolling bearing including a rolling bearing ring and a rolling element, at least one of the rolling bearing ring and the rolling element consisting of carburized steel containing at least 0.3% and at most 0.6% of C, at least 0.1% and at most 0.35% of Si, at least 1.1% and at most 1.5% of Mn, at least 0.5% and at most 2.0% of Cr, at least 0.2% and at most 0.6% of Ni and at least 0.15% and at most 0.5% of Mo by weight. Thus, an inexpensive and long life carburized steel rolling bearing can be obtained using a combination of chemical components of a relatively low cost.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a rolling bearing and particularly to a rolling bearing consisting of carburized steel.
2. Description of the Background Art
Carburized steel commonly used as a bearing material has a longer rolling contact fatigue life than bearing steel. Thus a rolling bearing made of carburized steel is generally used as a long life bearing.
A long life of a carburized steel bearing is assumed to be attributable to a large amount of retained austenite produced by carbulizing and the presence of compressive residual stress in its surface layer. It is assumed that a conventional steel product has a large amount of non-metallic inclusion, which acts as a source of stress concentration, whereas in the carburized steel rolling bearing, compressive residual stress and retained austenite produced by carburizing of the surface layer serve to relax the stress concentration.
Recent development in steelmaking technique, however, has resulted in the improvement in steel quality and has enhanced the life of bearing steel. Thus the advantage of carburized steel over bearing steel in terms of service life has almost eliminated.
Although it has been known that carburized steel(e.g. M50NiL steel) containing a large amount of Cr(chromium), Mo(molybdenum) and/or V(vanadium), exhibits a life even longer, the use of these expensive chemical components, such as Cr, Mo, and V is not practical.


A fluid dynamic pressure bearing having a tapered seal part provided between a sleeve and a housing, from which lubricating liquid is injected and functions as a buffer of the lubricating liquid. An end part of a radial gap between the sleeve and a shaft body is a labyrinth filled with lubricating liquid. An opening periphery is covered with an oil repellent film to prevent outflow of the lubricating liquid. These features can make the size of the tapered seal part small in the axial direction. It enables a larger radial dynamic pressure bearing mechanism to be formed and, in particular, bearing rigidity in the radial direction can be increased.

For a spindle motor used in a signal recording and reproducing device such as a hard disk drive, various fluid dynamic pressure bearings have conventionally been used. The fluid dynamic pressure bearing is a bearing in which a lubricating liquid such as oil is interposed between a shaft body and a sleeve and a fluid pressure generated in the lubricating liquid is used as a supporting force.
One example of a spindle motor using a conventional dynamic pressure bearing is illustrated in FIG. 13. In this spindle motor, a pair of radial dynamic pressure bearing mechanism 137, 137 are arranged away from each other in an axial direction between an outer peripheral surface of a shaft body 131 formed integrally with a rotor 105 and an inner peripheral surface of a sleeve 133 into which the shaft body 131 is inserted rotatably. In addition, a pair of thrust bearing mechanism 136, 136 are Conned between an upper surface of a disk-shaped thrust plate 134 protruded from an outer peripheral surface of one end part of the shaft body 131 outward in a radial direction and a step formed in the sleeve 133, and between a lower surface of the thrust plate 134 and a thrust bush 132 closing one opening of the sleeve 133, respectively. Above the radial dynamic pressure bearing mechanism, a tapered seal part 140 is formed into peripheral surface of the shaft body 131.
With respect to such a spindle motor, further reduction in thickness has been sought after. It is because demand for compact information equipment has been increased, and according to this, miniaturization and reduction in thickness have also been sought after with respect to a hard disk drive or the like.
However, in the case where the spindle motor as shown in FIG. 13 is made thin, the height of a fluid dynamic pressure bearing device is inevitably imposed strict limitation on. Therefore, a span between to two radial dynamic pressure bearing mechanisms cannot help being reduced. This, in particular, reduces resistance to an external force trying to collapse the shaft body (rigidity), thereby making the design of bearing extremely difficult. A thin fluid dynamic pressure bearing device with strong bearing rigidity or a thin spindle motor with excellent performance has been sought after.

Fluid dynamic pressure bearing and spindle motor


Detecting and isolating competing speech for voice controlled systems are provided herein. An example method includes isolating a voice command from a plurality of competing voice sound signals received internally or externally to a vehicle, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of competing voice sound signals are received using a sensor coupled with a window of the vehicle, and processing the voice command by the voice command system.

Using a voice-based digital assistant while speaking from outside the vehicle is disclosed in U.S. Patent Pub. No. 20190106069, which includes using piezoelectric sensors attached to vehicle glass to detect vibrations from pressure waves as the user speaks, turning the glass into a microphone. While the system is very effective at picking up the exterior customer's voice, the sensor element picks up pressure waves on both sides of the glass, and cannot determine if the voice detected came from outside the vehicle or inside the vehicle. This can be important if there are occupants inside the vehicle talking while a person outside the vehicle is trying to use the voice-based digital assistant, for example asking the car what the tire pressure should be, or requesting the lift gate to open. Another example might be in an autonomous vehicle situation, if the vehicle needs authentication information from the person standing outside the vehicle while ride-sharing passengers inside the vehicle may be talking to one another or on their phone. In the domain of automatic speech recognition (ASR) this is classified as competing speech.


According to one embodiment, a color facsimile apparatus includes a printer portion that performs color print and monochrome print of a received image of a color facsimile signal transmitted from a certain outgoing listed number, an outgoing detecting portion that receives the facsimile signal to detect the outgoing listed number, an image determination portion that determines whether the received image of the facsimile signal is a color image or a monochrome image, and a color print control portion that compares the outgoing listed number to listed numbers on a previously stored white list to restrict the color print of the received image when the outgoing listed number does not exist in the listed numbers on the white list.

Recently color copy machines that can perform color print become considerably common. However, a color print sheet is relatively expensive, and not the color print but monochrome print is frequently performed in the color copy machine to hold down expenses.
Color facsimile machines that can perform the color print are becoming increasingly common in the field of facsimile apparatus. However, the expensive color sheet and color ink are necessary to be also used in the color print. Accordingly, cost increases due to use of the color sheet for the color print when a facsimile signal is received. Particularly, facsimile communication via the Internet is also becoming common, and the facsimile communication that is unnecessary for a received side is printed. Accordingly, a large amount of expense is required when the facsimile communication is output in the expensive color print.
In order to solve the problem, for example, US Pub. No. 2004/0051899 discloses an image processing apparatus that controls automatic print of a received document for a color document. However, in the apparatus, how to control the performance of the automatic print is unclear when the color document is received.


A system for automatically instrumenting and tracing an application program and related software components achieves a correlated tracing of the program execution. It includes tracing of endpoints that are the set of functions in the program execution path that the developers are interested. The tracing endpoints and related events become the total set of functions to be traced in the program (called instrument points). This invention automatically analyzes the program and generates such instrumentation points to enable correlated tracing. The generated set of instrumentation points addresses common questions that developers ask when they use monitoring tools.

The present invention relates generally to software system performance diagnosis, and more particularly, to correlated tracing with automated multi-layer function instrumentation localization.
In modern large system software, understanding the root cause of system problems is a complicated task. In the execution of application software, multiple software layers such as external libraries and low level system services are involved in addition to the main program binary. The code components of such layers create numerous hidden dependencies which cause the analysis of software problems (e.g., program bugs, performance anomaly) challenging. FIG. 1 depicts software problems and the root cause impact from related components in the same and/or other software layers.
In order to address this challenge, a correlated tracing of multiple software layers (e.g., the application, libraries, and the OS kernel) is necessary for constructing the complete view of program execution paths. By clarifying related events across multiple layers, this information can be a valuable input for application performance debugging to localize root cause problems.
Monitoring application execution has been studied in many publications and patents. Most such approaches meet one of two goals between performance and coverage. Also, these prior approaches are focused on a certain software layer without addressing the monitoring issues systematically across multiple software layers.
For instance, CA's Introscope, http:11www.ca.com/us/application-management.aspx, focuses on a pre-defined set of monitoring functions in the library/API layers (e.g., J2EE/EJB functions). This monitoring scope covers a common set of popularly used functions across the application programs. With this design choice, while this approach can achieve a competent monitoring performance, it does not systematically cover the functions specific to applications or low level system services such as system calls.
The other kind of example is traditional debugging/tracing tools that are popularly used in the debugging and software engineering, such as disclosed by Gdb: the GNU Project debugger, http//sources.redhat.com/gdb, Valgrind: Nicholas Nethercote and Julian Seward. Valgrind: a framework for heavyweight dynamic binary instrumentation. In Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation (PLDI '07). ACM, New York, N.Y., USA, 89-100: and Pin: C.-K. Luk, R. Cohn, R. Muth, H. Patil, A. Klauser, G. Lowney, S. Wallace, V. J. Reddi, and K. Hazelwood. Pin: building customized program analysis tools with dynamic instrumentation. In Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation, PLDI '05, pages 190-200, New York, N.Y., USA, 2005. ACM.
These tools can track software execution in the granularity of instruction. The tracing with this fine-grained granularity provides detailed runtime program information which is very effective for debugging. However, as the downside, these approaches slow down the program execution with an order of magnitude. Therefore they are not suitable for deployed/production systems.
Accordingly, there is a need for request profiling in service systems with kernel events.

Method and system for correlated tracing with automated multi-layer function instrumentation localization