Disclosed are processes for making polymeric composite materials and composite materials made from those processes the process comprising: providing a mixture, comprising: a liquid, a polymer precursor, and a dispersed-phase precursor; and subjecting the mixture to reaction conditions sufficient: to effect polymerization of the polymer precursor to produce a polymer and a reaction product; and to remove substantially all the liquid and reaction product from the mixture; wherein said reaction conditions comprise: pressure between about 10 millitorr and about 300 torr; and temperature: greater than or equal to the highest boiling point of the liquid and reaction product; less than the decomposition temperature of the polymer; and less than the decomposition temperature of the dispersed-phase precursor.

Conventional methods of achieving well dispersed blends of inorganic material or cellulose fiber in a polymer matrix include simple mixing, high shear mixing (as developed in a Kady mill or Cowles mixer, or a high pressure homogenizer) or through the use of dispersants. With such methods, it can be difficult to disperse inorganic particles or fibrous materials uniformly throughout the polymer matrix. For example, the high water content and hydrophilic nature of nanocellulose makes it difficult to disperse this material in many polymeric systems, such as plastics and other hydrophobic composites. Additionally, it can be difficult with existing methods to produce a high solids dispersion of some materials. For example, it is difficult with existing methods to achieve greater than 3% solids content of nanocellulose in a water-based slurry and still have a slurry that flows or can be pumped. Similarly, it is difficult with existing methods to achieve greater than 70-72% solids content of inorganic materials in an aqueous slurry that is still pumpable.

Polymeric composite materials and methods of making them

University of Maine System Board of Trustees


An experience information processing apparatus for a social networking service, includes an ontology unit for providing a social ontology including social connection information and location information of a user and a service ontology including web service information, service location information and tag information. Further, the experience information processing apparatus includes an experience information management unit for extracting experience information content having location information from a plurality of mobile devices, classifying the extracted experience information content using the ontology unit to establish an experience information database, and searching the established experience information database based on the location information in response to a request from the mobile device to provide a social media service by linking the social connections information, the location information, and the tag information. Furthermore, the experience information processing apparatus includes an experience information storage unit for storing the experience information database.

A general keyword and tag-based social networking service is basically based on the functions of making connections and profile creation, and provides the functions of making connections, profile management, communication, and contents creation of a user, such as blogs, photos, videos and the like in the system.
However, the prior art has the drawback of not supporting semantic search, and also has wasted time in searching for user desired information because of low reliability of most of the information. Moreover, a mobile device using a social networking service can provide real-time spatial location information through a GPS, but it is difficult to achieve optimization of information to be provided because such real-time spatial location information is not properly utilized for the social networking service.

Experience information processing apparatus and method for social networking service

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


An elevator safety control device realizing suppression in increase in cost and labor hour of installation and maintenance without deteriorating safety of normal safety control functions even when a plurality of safety control functions are provided. The elevator safety control device includes an independence assurance unit assuring independence of a safety control function. The independence assurance unit assures independence of each of the safety control functions by monitoring whether or not the safety control function accesses a memory other than a permitted region. When the independence assurance unit detects an access to the memory other than the permitted region by a predetermined safety control function, the elevator safety control device stops a car.

In a conventional elevator safety control device, in the case of providing a plurality of safety control functions, substrates or devices of the same number as that of the safety control functions have to be prepared (refer to, for example, Patent Literature 1). In one substrate or one device, a logic unit including a processor (CPU) and a memory is formed.
In a technique according to Patent Literature 1, a monitor substrate (monitor) for monitoring the position and speed of a car and a brake control substrate (brake controller) for controlling a brake device when second control operation is performed are provided. That is, in the technique according to Patent Literature 1, two safety control functions are provided, and substrates (devices) in which the logic units are formed, of the same number as that of the safety control functions are disposed.


An electrical connector element having at least one contact receiving member for an electrical contact element which can be inserted in an insertion direction (E) as far as its end position (F) into the at least one contact receiving member, having a locking member by means of which the contact element in its locking position (L) can be secured in the end position (F) against being removed from the at least one contact receiving member counter to the insertion direction (E), and having a securing member which retains the locking member in the locking position (L) in its securing position (B). In order to better secure the contact elements against being removed from the contact receiving members, there is provision according to the invention for the securing member in the securing position (B) to at least partially protrude into the at least one contact receiving member and consequently for the contact element to be able to be additionally secured against being removed from the at least one contact receiving member counter to the insertion direction (E).

The present invention relates to an electrical connector element, in particular as part of an electrical plug type connector, having at least one contact receiving member for an electrical contact element which can be inserted into the at least one contact receiving member in an insertion direction as far as its end position, having a locking member by means of which the contact element in its locking position can be secured in the end position against being removed from the at least one contact receiving member counter to the insertion direction, and having a securing member which retains the locking member in the locking position in its securing position.
Such connector elements are known from the prior art. For example, the specification U.S. Pat. No. 6,024,605 discloses an "inline" connector element, that is to say, a so-called 180° connector, in which locking members in the form of resiliently deflectable catches or catch plates are retained in their locking position by means of a cover which is connected to a housing member of the connector element by means of a type of integral hinge.
Furthermore, the specification U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,345 A discloses a connector element of the generic type, in which catch members for the contact elements are secured in the locking position by means of a cover which is constructed so as to be able to be displaceably fitted to the housing member.
A disadvantage with connector elements known from the prior art is that an additional, so-called second contact securing means, which supplements the contact primary engagement brought about by the locking members and may help to check correct seating of the contact elements in their end positions, is possible only with difficulty.

Connector element having second contact securing means


A composite quantum-dot photodetector comprising a substrate with a colloidally deposited thin film structure forming a photosensitive region, the thin film containing at least one type of a nanocrystal quantum-dot, whereby the nanocrystal quantum dots are spaced by ligands to form a lattice, and the lattice of the quantum dots has an infill material that forms an inorganic matrix that isolates the nanocrystal quantum dots from atmospheric exposure.

CMOS silicon imagers are the dominant focal plane arrays for visible light imaging. CMOS silicon imagers are implemented in multitude of applications from security cameras to cell phones. Due to silicon's band gap, these imaging platforms are spectrally limited with primary applications in the human visible spectrum. As crystalline silicon is mostly transparent to light wavelengths longer than 1.1 μm, for the short wavelength infrared (SWIR), imagers use compound semiconductor materials including indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe), and germanium (Ge). These compound semiconductor materials demonstrate good image performance, but they do so at very high cost due to manufacturability and cost structure due to their incompatibility with commercial high volume CMOS silicon processes. This application relates to another approach.

Composite quantum-dot materials for photonic detectors


Provided is a lens apparatus including: an optical member; and an operation member, which is connected to the optical member and is operated to drive the optical member, in which: the lens apparatus is capable of working in a checking mode for checking a specified set value of the lens apparatus; and in the checking mode, the operation member moves to a position corresponding to the specified set value so as to display the specified set value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lens apparatus, and more particularly, to a lens apparatus in which a set value of each setting factor for the lens apparatus can be checked.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, there is known a method of providing a display unit in a lens system body for checking a set value of each lens system.
For instance, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-294685 discloses a television lens provided with a display unit for displaying information. In addition, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-018035 discloses a lens apparatus that automatically drives a zoom lens to a predetermined position when effective/ineffective of a function is switched.
The television lens disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-294685 requires a special function to be provided for displaying the set value. If a special apparatus structure that is not used for a main operation of the lens apparatus is necessary for displaying and checking the set value in relatively low frequency, a lens system structure becomes complicated and a size thereof increases, which is not preferable. In addition, in the conventional method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-018035, because effective/ineffective of a function is switched by an operation, it cannot be checked whether or not the function is set to be effective at present.


The application discloses a driving method and a driver circuit for a display panel, where the driving method includes the following steps: starting a source electrode driver circuit, outputting OV voltage, and simultaneously enabling a common line to output 0 V voltage or be disconnected; outputting, a preset initial voltage by the source electrode driver circuit, and simultaneously enabling the common line to output the identical initial voltage; after starting the source electrode driver circuit, transmitting a gray-scale voltage to the display panel; meanwhile, controlling a gamma circuit of the display panel to output a preset common voltage to the common line through a common voltage line.

The statements herein merely provide background information related to the present application and do not necessarily constitute the conventional art.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), particularly Thin Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD), are increasingly widely used due to their advantages of being light, thin, and convenient to carry, but the existing LCDs may flicker during use, which affects the display quality thereof.
After the TFT-LCD is powered on, the common voltage can reach the reference voltage in a short time, the source electrode driving voltage value is 0 V because the source electrode driver needs to be reset, and at the moment, if the gate electrode driver is turned on, there will be a voltage difference between the two ends of the liquid crystal, which leads to flash problems and affects people's viewing experience.

Driving method for display panel and driver circuit for display panel

CHONGQING HKC OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


In a method for controlling the inking in at least one inking unit of an offset press, namely for controlling the zonal inking that can be adjusted by inking zone actuating elements of the respective inking unit, measurement regions are measured for this purpose and actual values determined in the process are compared with predefined intended values in order to generate actuating signals for the inking zone actuating elements on the basis of the comparison between the actual values and the intended values. Control deviations between the measured actual values and the predefined intended values are modified on the basis of a model of the respective inking unit and/or on the basis of data from the subject.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for controlling the inking in an offset press, wherein the inking unit has inking zone actuating elements which control zonal inking of a printing material printed with a subject and measurement regions.
2. Description of the Related Art
During printing, a printing material is moved successively through a plurality of printing units of a press, a printing ink normally being applied to the printing material in each printing unit. During collective autotype printing, as a rule the four primary colors black, magenta, cyan and yellow and, if appropriate, special colors are printed, there being a separate printing unit and therefore inking unit for each of these printing inks. The inking unit of a each printing unit has an ink metering device, the ink metering device comprising a number of inking zone actuating elements corresponding to the number of inking zones. The inking zone actuating elements are also designated ink slides or ink knives. Depending on the position of the inking zone actuating elements, printing ink is applied to an ink fountain roll, which is also designated a ductor roll. The quantity of ink applied to the ductor roll for each inking zone as a function of the inking zone actuating elements is transferred by a vibrator roll or film roll to an inking unit roll of the inking unit, which is arranged downstream of a vibrator roll or film roll. The printing ink is moved via a plurality of inking unit rolls in the direction of a forme cylinder or plate cylinder of the respective printing unit. At least one inking unit roll of the respective inking unit, serving as an ink applicator roll, rolls on the forme cylinder of a printing unit. Via the or each ink applicator roll, the printing ink accordingly arrives on at least one printing plate positioned on the forme cylinder. What is known as a transfer cylinder or rubber-covered cylinder interacts with the forme cylinder and transfers the printing ink from the forme cylinder to the printing material.
The color configuration of a printed product to be printed is defined in a prepress stage, as it is known. In this case, for example for all the printing inks to be printed and therefore for all the inking units of the press involved in the printing, what are known as area coverage values are defined for each inking zone. On the basis of these area coverage values, the inking zone actuating elements are set and therefore the zonal inking is determined.
From the prior art, it is already known to measure the inking established on the printing material during printing and, on this basis, to control the zonal inking of the inking units involved in the printing. To this end, measurement regions printed on the printing material outside a subject, what are known as print control elements, are usually measured, in this case actual values of the zonal inking determined being transmitted to a control device of the press. In the control device, the actual values are compared with predefined intended values in order to generate actuating signals for the inking zone actuating elements on the basis of the comparison between the actual values and the intended values and therefore on the basis of the control deviation between the measured actual values and the predefined intended values. In this way, automatic control of the zonal inking is already possible. It is also possible to measure regions within a subject as measurement regions and to control the zonal inking on this basis. In addition, print control elements printed outside a subject as measurement regions and regions within the subject can be measured.
When controlling the zonal inking on the basis of the measurement of print control elements, for example printed outside the subject, it is possible that, although the measured actual values agree with the predefined intended values for all the measurement regions, a deviation between actual values and intended values can be detected in the actual subject for individual separations of the inking. Hitherto, no methods for controlling the inking have been known which take account of this phenomenon.
On this basis, the present invention is based on the problem of providing a novel type of method for controlling the inking in an offset press.

Method for controlling inking in an offset press


Micronized perlite filler product, methods of producing the micronized expanded perlite products, and methods of use thereof are provided. The micronized expanded perlite product has, for example, a small median particle size (for example, less than 11 microns), a high blue light brightness (for example, higher than 84) and low oil absorption (for example, less than 70 percent in volume). The micronized expanded perlite product may be used in a variety of applications such as anti-block filler in plastic films and reinforcement filler in polymers.

Throughout this application, various publications, patents, and published patent applications are referred to by an identifying citation; full citations for these documents may be found at the end of the specification. The disclosure of the publications, patents, and published patent specifications referred in this application are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure.
Fillers are added to plastics for enhancement of various structural, processing and application properties. Anti-block products are normally used in the plastic films to lessen the adhesion or blocking of the plastic film surface. This can be achieved by slightly roughening the film surface through surface treatment with wax/polymers or by adding anti-block filler products into the plastic films. Commercial anti-block filler products include synthetic silica, natural silica (such as diatomaceous earth), and other mineral products such as talc, calcium carbonate, and nepheline syenite. These additives are intended to produce microscopic roughness on the surface of the film to minimize the flat contact between adjacent layers, i.e., to prevent individual layers from sticking to one another or blocking.
Although synthetic silica has good anti-block performance and optical properties, the high cost limits its applications in the plastic films. Diatomaceous earth is an effective anti-block agent with moderate cost. The anti-block performance of other mineral products such as talc, calcium carbonate, and nepheline syenite are not as effective compared to diatomaceous earth product.
Mineral fillers have been added to thermoplastic and thermoset materials to improve their properties including tensile strength, heat distortion temperature, and modulus. Besides improvement on the properties, fillers also reduce costs since the filled thermoplastics are sold in even larger volumes than neat thermoplastics.
Thermoplastic materials are those which soften under the action of heat and harden again to their original characteristics on cooling, that is, the heating-cooling cycle is fully reversible. By conventional definition, thermoplastics are straight and branched linear chain organic polymers with a molecular bond. Examples of well-known thermoplastics include products of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylate styrene acrylonitrile (ASA), methacrylate butadiene styrene (MBS). Also included are polymers of formaldehyde, known as acetals; polymers of methyl methacrylate, known as acrylic plastics; polymers of monomeric styrene, known as polystyrenes; polymers of fluorinated monomers, known as fluorocarbons; polymers of amide chains, known as nylons; polymers of paraffins and olefins, known as polyethylenes, polypropylenes, and polyolefins; polymers composed of repeating bisphenol and carbonate groups, known as polycarbonates; polymers of terephthalates, known as polyesters; polymers of bisphenol and dicarboxylic acids, known as polyarylates; and polymers of vinyl chlorides, known as polyvinyl chlorides (PVC). High performance thermoplastics have extraordinary properties, for example, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), which has exceptionally high strength and rigidity; polyether ketone (PEK), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyamide imide (PAI), which have very high strength and rigidity, as well as exceptional heat resistance; and polyetherimide (PEI), which has inherent flame resistance. Unusual thermoplastics include ionomers, i.e., copolymers of ethylene and methacrylic acid that have ionic rather than covalent crosslinking which results in behavior resembling that of thermoset plastics in their operating range; polyvinylcarbazole, which has unique electrical properties; and polymers of isobutylene, known as polyisobutylenes, which are viscous at room temperature.
Thermoset plastics are synthetic resins that are permanently changed upon thermal curing, that is, they solidify into an infusible state so that they do not soften and become plastic again upon subsequent heating. However, certain thermoset plastics may exhibit thermoplastic behavior over a limited portion of their useful application ranges, and are similarly useful as matrix components in applications employing the present invention. Some types of thermoset plastics, especially certain polyesters and epoxides, are capable of cold curing at room temperature. Thermoset plastics include alkyds, phenolics, epoxides, aminos (including urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde), polyimides, and some silicon plastics.
The adhesion of the polymer matrix onto filler particles has strong impact on the reinforcement provided by the filler. The mechanical properties can be further enhanced if the polymer matrix adheres to the filler particle surface through chemical coupling agents such as silanes.
Perlite products have been prepared by milling, screening, and thermal expansion. Depending on the quality of the perlite ore and the method of processing, expanded perlite products have been used as filter aids, lightweight insulating materials, filler materials, horticultural and hydroponic media, and chemical carriers; expanded perlite has been used in filtration applications since about the late 1940's (Breese and Barker, 1994). Expanded perlite is also used as an absorbent for treating oil spills (e.g., Stowe, 1991).
Conventional processing of perlite consists of comminution of the ore (crushing and grinding), screening, thermal expansion, milling, and air size separation of the expanded material to meet the specification of the finished product. For example, perlite ore is crushed, ground, and separated to a predetermined particle size range (e.g., passing 30 mesh), then the separated material is heated in air at a temperature of 870-1100° C. in an expansion furnace (cf. Neuschotz, 1947; Zoradi, 1952), where the simultaneous softening of the glass and vaporization of contained water leads to rapid expansion of glass particles to form a frothy glass material with a bulk volume up to 20 times that of the unexpanded ore. The expanded perlite is then air separated to meet the size specification of the final product. The expanded perlite product may further be milled and separated for use as filter aid or filler material (Breese and Barker, 1994). Some degree of separation after expansion is common, for example, using cyclones, which are simple conical devices that separate particles according to their aerodynamic mass by suspending them in a stream of air. Stein (1955) states that two or more cyclones in series are sometimes used, the first cyclone having lower efficiency than the following ones, so as to air-separate the product into several size fractions. Expanded perlite products with controlled particle size distribution can be made by classifying commercial expanded perlite products (Palm, 2002, 2004). These products may be used in a variety of applications including functional filler and filter applications.
Expanded perlite products have found widespread utility in filtration applications. The principles of filtration using porous media have been developed over many years (Carman, 1937; Heertjes, 1949, 1966; Ruth, 1946; Sperry, 1916; Tiller, 1953, 1962, 1964), and have been recently reviewed in detail from both practical perspectives (Cain, 1984; Kiefer, 1991) as well as from their underlying theoretical principles (Bear, 1988; Norden, 1994).
Perlite products are applied to a septum to improve clarity and increase flow rate in filtration processes, in a step sometimes referred to as "precoating." Perlite products are also added directly to a fluid as it is being filtered to reduce the loading of undesirable particulate at the septum while maintaining a designed liquid flow rate, in a step often referred to as "body feeding". Depending on particular separation involved, perlite products may be used in precoating, body feeding, or both. Perlite products, especially those which are surface treated, can enhance clarification or purification of a fluid (Ostreicher, 1986).
Expanded perlite products are also often used as insulating fillers, resin fillers, and in the manufacture of textured coatings (Breese and Barker, 1994).
Particle size has strong effect on both filter aid and filler applications. The selection of the proper grade of filter aid depends on the size of the suspended particles that are to be removed. The performance of fillers is also closely related to the particle size. The anti-block performance and the film physical properties enhancement through the use of a filler strongly depend on the particle size of the filler products.
Color is also important for a filler in any application, especially where color of the end product is important. Whiter filler products with high blue light brightness normally have greater utility, as they can be used in all colored and white products and, relative to non-white fillers, improved plastic film optical properties. For these reasons, micronized perlite products with high blue light brightness are often desirable.
Oil absorption of filler products has strong impact on the plastic film processing and film quality. High absorption of resin additives such as antioxidants, slip agent and processing aid by the anti-block filler can cause serious problems during the film processing and also reduce the film quality. Therefore, low oil absorption is preferred for the anti-block filler products.
The median particle size, blue light brightness and oil absorption of commercially available expanded perlite products, measured using the standard methods described below, are shown in Table I. The lowest median particle size (d50) for the product having a blue light brightness higher than 80 is 17.87 microns (sometimes abbreviated "μ"; i.e., μm, or micrometer). The lowest oil absorption for these commercially available expanded perlite products is 182 percent by weight.
TABLE 1d50Blue lightOil AbsorptionProductManufacturer(μm)Brightness(weight %)Harborlite ® 2000Harborlite Corp.58.8483463Harborlite ® 1950SHarborlite Corp.62.4073337Harborlite ® 1900SHarborlite Corp.54.9471346Harborlite ® 1500SHarborlite Corp.52.6469374Harborlite ® 1500Harborlite Corp.50.4581364Harborlite ® 900SHarborlite Corp.54.0070411Harborlite ® 900Harborlite Corp.44.3782355Harborlite ® 800Harborlite Corp.39.6981281Harborlite ® 700Harborlite Corp.38.6681294Harborlite ® 635Harborlite Corp.25.3079255Harborlite ® 500Harborlite Corp.44.1576287Harborlite ® 475Harborlite Corp.28.5077281Harborlite ® 400Harborlite Corp.36.5576285Harborlite ® 300CHarborlite Corp.18.7580226Harborlite ® 200ZHarborlite Corp.19.1875222Harborlite ® 200Harborlite Corp.21.8575213Europerlita ™ 1500Europerlita Espanola, S.A.52.6974326Europerlita ™ 900Europerlita Espanola, S.A.49.5972381Europerlita ™ 700Europerlita Espanola, S.A.46.4571294Europerlita ™ 475Europerlita Espanola, S.A.37.9371239Europerlita ™ 400Europerlita Espanola, S.A.22.9176283Europerlita ™ 350Europerlita Espanola, S.A.18.1374231Europerlita ™ 75Europerlita Espanola, S.A.15.9870218Dicalite ™ 416Grefco, Inc.12.0277185Dicalite ™ 426Grefco, Inc.23.9182183Dicalite ™ 476Grefco, Inc.49.9380241Clarcel Flo ™ 2ACeca S.A.53.0571316Randalite ™ W9Winkelmann Materaria S.r.L.33.9073226Randalite ™ W12Winkelmann Materaria S.r.L.42.3578220Randalite ™ W19Winkelmann Materaria S.r.L.43.0473300Randalite ™ W24Winkelmann Materaria S.r.L.45.2180320Randalite ™ W28Winkelmann Materaria S.r.L.53.8177413Randalite ™ W32Winkelmann Materaria S.r.L.63.4476339Topco ™ #54Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd5.4776200Topco ™ #51Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd34.2778285Topco ™ #31Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd37.9675287Topco ™ #34Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd39.7478355Topco ™ #36Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd44.3376411Topco ™ #38Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd45.5677374Roka Help ™ #419Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd19.2977298Roka Help ™ #479Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd39.4373281Roka Help ™ #4159Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd47.5277344SM 101Samson Co., Ltd.11.6075213SM 201Samson Co., Ltd17.8781357SM 441Samson Co., Ltd37.0379290SM 501Samson Co., Ltd52.2177355SM 601Samson Co., Ltd56.6574350SM 771Samson Co., Ltd60.0275438SM 881Samson Co., Ltd62.1775440SM 901Samson Co., Ltd62.9875433
There is a need for a micronized perlite product with fine particle size, high blue lightness brightness, and low oil absorption for various filler applications.


Search engine optimization for all digital content of an entity, including category specific content such as images, videos, products, news, places, and other content, can change the entity's visibility on the internet, particularly on search engine result pages. A method for increasing search engine optimization of digital content can include performing a search and analyzing the search results to identify category specific search results. The method can further include determining an equivalent search engine ranking for each category specific search result that depends on one or more factors and making a recommendation on how to increase the search engine optimization of the entity's digital content.

Search engine optimization (SEO) generally describes the use of computing systems for running computing processes that collect, store and analyze search engine data in order to provide recommendations to improve visibility of a website or a webpage in search engines. Search engine results can be obtained by various search strategies, such as natural, un-paid, organic, or algorithmic search results as well as for paid search algorithms of search engine marketing (SEM) target paid listings. Generally, the higher a website is located on a website listing and the more frequently a website appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine's users. An entity may target different kinds of search results besides strictly website results for SEO. For example, universal results, such as images, location, videos, news, and other industry-specific vertical search results can be optimized for search engines. SEO can improve the availability of a website or other digital content to internet users.
SEO is implemented by Internet Technology (IT) professionals to improve the volume and quality of traffic to a given webpage or other Internet site. Typical techniques include keywords in title tags, keywords in meta tags, keywords in body text, anchor text in inbound links, age of site, site structure, link popularity in a site's internal link structure, amount of indexable text/page content, number of links to a site, popularity/relevance of links to site and topical relevance of inbound link tags, any of which can include SEO data. Additional techniques are sometimes employed based on the search engine for which the webmaster is attempting to optimize. Since search engine algorithms and metrics are proprietary, SEO techniques are widely used to improve visibility of a webpage or other online data on search engine result pages.
In the past, when a general search was performed, search engines displayed only websites that best matched the query on its results page. Recently, in response to general search queries, search engines have begun to blend website results (i.e. non-category specific results) with universal results (i.e. category specific results) relevant to the search query thereby affecting the volume and quality of traffic to a given webpage or other Internet site.
The subject matter claimed herein is not limited to embodiments that solve any disadvantages or that operate only in environments such as those described above. Rather, this background is only provided to illustrate one exemplary technology area where some embodiments described herein may be practiced.

Search engine optimization for category specific search results


This invention concerns blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate) and a compatibilizing amount of a copolyester which comprises (1) an acid component comprising repeating units of from about 10 to about 20 mole % terephthalic acid and about 80 to about 90 mole % naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, and (2) a glycol component comprising repeating units of ethylene glycol. Clear containers containing less than 10% haze produced from such blends are useful for a variety of packaging applications, particularly hot-fill food and beverage containers where good barrier and clarity are needed.

Biaxially oriented containers constructed of PET by either injection stretch blow molding (single stage) or reheat stretch blow molding (two stage) processes have about 80.degree. C. glass transition (Tg) temperature, about 5 cc-mil/100 in.sup.2 -24 hr-atm oxygen permeability coefficient at 30.degree. C. and 68% RH, and have found wide use in food and beverage applications that do not require hot filling. The upper use temperature of these containers can be increased by heat setting techniques to provide some hot-fill capabilities, but even when heat-set, these PET containers may have limited upper temperature uses. Thus PET has enjoyed popularity in a large number of packaging applications, but does not meet the requirements of some specific food and beverage packaging applications.
PEN has been found useful for producing monolayer biaxially oriented containers having about 1.5 cc-mil/100 in.sup.2 -24 hr-atm oxygen permeability coefficient at 30.degree. C. and 68% RH with Tg of about 125.degree. C. by either single stage or two stage processes, and these containers will be useful for a variety of food and beverage applications requiring both good barrier to oxygen (and other gases) and hot-fill capabilities.
As the markets for polyester packaging materials have developed, the needs for materials having improved performance over that offered by PET has been recognized. While it is also recognized that these needs could be filled by a material such as PEN, there are areas where some improvement over PET is desired, but the performance (and expense) of PEN is not needed or desired. These market segments could be filled by packages produced from blends of PET/PEN which would have performance levels between the two pure components. However, to be useful for most applications a packaging material would normally be clear (for some uses good clarity is a requirement), and blends of PET/PEN are generally incompatible and produce opaque parts.
Some prior information on PET/PEN blends may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,546,320 (1970) assigned to Sun Oil Co., U.S. Pat. No. 3,937,754 (1976) assigned to Teijin, Ltd., Japanese Patents 72/24177 (1972), 81/49014 (1981), 74/22957 (1974), and 75/74652 (1975) all assigned to Teijin, Ltd. Further information may also be found in Research Disclosures 28340 (1987) and 29410 (1988).
It has now been found that clear compatible blends containing less than 10% haze of PET/PEN can be made through the use of a compatibilizing amount of a copolyester as hereinafter disclosed, thereby avoiding a significant amount of processing and the costs associated therewith.

Tricomponent polymer blends of poly(ethylene tereptholate), poly(ethylene naphthalate) and a copolyester


A method for treating anemia comprises administering an atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) alone or in combination with erythropoietin (Epo). The ANF potentiates the activity of Epo and causes production of erythroid progenitors, BFU-E and CFU-E, and as a consequence red blood cell production at greater levels than if Epo alone is present in the blood stream.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a method of using a recently discovered class of polypeptides for boosting red blood cell (erythrocyte) production and, more particularly, to using an atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) at a low concentration to potentiate the activity of erythropoietin (Epo).
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the United States alone, several million people suffer from anemia secondary to renal failure, chronic inflammatory disease and malignancies. Many hypotheses have been proposed for explaining the mechanism behind the development of anemia, and they include the blockade of iron in the reticuloendothelial system due to abnormal iron metabolism, impaired iron release, spleen involvement, impaired Epo production, hemolysis, and disorders in hemopoietic stem cells. Treatment of chronic anemia with blood transfusions may become unacceptable because of the risk of viral infections, such as AIDS or hepatitis, and other side effects, such as transfusion reaction or iron accumulation.
Epo is a large glycoprotein hormone synthesized in the kidney which affects the terminal stages of erythroid differentiation by enhanced cell division and maturation (see. Iscove, Cell Tissue Kinet. 10: 323, (1977)). Epo stimulates the proliferation of the late erythroid progenitor known as colony forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) which are detectable by in vitro cell culture but not by microscopy, and morphologically recognizable erythroid cells which are derived from CFU-E after cell division and maturation (see, Jelkinan, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol 104: 139, (1986)).
Humoral control of the early stages of erythropoiesis is not as well understood. In vitro stimulation of the early erythroid progenitor known as burst forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) has been observed in the presence of three species of molecules. Interleukin-3 (IL-3), also called multipotential growth factor (Multi-CSF), which acts on many hemopoietic precursors, stimulates BFU-E formation in vitro (see, Sieff, J. Clin. Invest. 79: 1549, (1987)). Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which is thought to act mainly on granulocyte and macrophage precursors, stimulates BFU-E in vitro if cultures are initiated in the presence of this factor and Epo is added three to five days later (see, Donahue et al., Blood 66: 1479, (1985)). Erythroid potentiating activity factor (EPA) stimulates the growth of both BFU-E and CFU-E in vitro from both human and murine marrow and stimulates colony formation by the K-562 human erythroleukemic leukemia line cells (see, Gasson et al., Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 184: 95, (1985), Gasson et al., Nature 315: 768, (1985), and Fraser et al., Blood 71: 104, (1988)). In vivo enhancement of erythropoiesis has been observed after administration of EPA to experimental animals (see, Niskanen et al., Clin Res 35: 429A, (1987) and Niskanen et al., Blood, (in press), (1988)). IL-3, GM-CSF and EPA are all large proteins that are difficult to produce in large quantities and are not easily introduced into the bloodstream by noninvasive means.
The sequence of red blood cell production can be summarized generally in the following manner. BFU-E originate from multipotential progenitor cells and give rise to CFU-E. The CFU-E then give rise to nucleated erythroid cells. The nucleated erythroid cells give rise to reticulocytes, and the reticulocytes give rise to red blood cells.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,889 to Cynshi et al discloses using Epo to treat anemia found in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Studies performed on adjuvant-induced arthritis rats showed that rats which had been injected intraperitoneally with human urinary derived Epo or cell derived recombinant Epo had significantly improved erythrocyte counts as compared with a control group. Currently, the treatment of choice for patients suffering from anemia is replacement therapy with recombinant Epo (see, for example, Eschbach et al., New Eng. J. Med. 316: 73-78, (1987) and Erslev, New Eng. J. Med. 316: 101-103, (1987)). Some of the disadvantages of replacement therapy with recombinant Epo include the high cost of Epo, the necessity of applying Epo by injection, and the possibility of developing antibodies which destroy Epo. Development of the antibodies may occur because large proteins, like Epo, are likely to be immunogenic.
Hypoxia is a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching bodily tissues. Stimulation of red blood cell production following hypoxia has been attributed to enhanced synthesis of Epo and its subsequent release from the kidney into the bloodstream (see, Jelkinan, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 104: 139, (1986)). ANF is another hormone released in response to low oxygen pressure (see, Baertschi et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 140: 427, (1986), and Baertschi et al., Am. J. Physiol., (in press), (1988)). ANF peptides are active hormonal substances which are synthesized in cardiac atria. Peptides which have been obtained from heart muscle have also been referred to as cardionatrin (de Bold et al., Life Sci., 33 297, (1983)), atriopeptin (Currie et al., Science 223 67, (1984)), and auriculin (Atlas et al, Nature 309: 717, (1984)). ANF is a family of polypeptides, all of which have a common amino acid sequence, but differ in length by the presence or absence of 1-8 amino acids on the amino or carboxyl termini (N-terminal or C-terminal, respectively).
U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,437 to de Bold discloses that extracts of ANF peptides play a role in extracellular fluid volume regulation. Shortly after administration, the extract enhances urinary flow and increases urinary sodium, potassium, and chloride excretion. U.S. Pat. No. 4,607,023 to Thibault et al discloses synthesized ANF peptides having diuretic, natriuretic, vasorelaxant, hypotensive or anti-hypertensive properties. These synthesized ANF peptides are administered systemically, either by intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular injection, or by sublingual or nasal administration. U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,549 to Blaine discloses that ANF peptides can act as cardiac anti-hypertrophic agents. In addition, ANF peptides allow intravascular fluid to exit across capillaries leading to acute hematocrit rise (see, Fluckiger et al., Am. J. Physiol. H251:H880, (1986)).


A biometric authentication device includes a biometric sensor that obtains an image of a biometric authentication portion of a user without contacting, a distance sensor that obtains a distance between the biometric sensor and the biometric authentication portion, and a guidance image display unit that shows a guidance image for guiding the biometric authentication portion to a distance that is appropriate for the biometric sensor to obtain the biometric authentication portion, the guidance image changing continuously or in stages according to the distance obtained by the distance sensor.

Biometric authentication is a technology for identifying an individual based on a biometric feature of a person (a vein pattern or the like). In the biometric authentication, a feature data of an individual is registered as a registered data in advance. In an authentication process for determining whether an objective person is an identical person, a feature data obtained by a sensor such as a camera is compared with a registered data. In concrete, a similarity indicating a degree how both data are similar with each other is calculated. When the similarity is more than a given threshold, it is determined that the objective person is the identical person.
The biometric authentication is used in various fields needing identification. For example, the biometric authentication is used in an ATM (Automated Teller Machine), an entering and leaving administration in addition to a logon administration of a personal computer.
Various features in addition to a finger print, a sound and a face can be used as the biometric feature used in the biometric authentication. For example, a vein pattern of a palm or the like can be used. In a vein authentication, a vein image inside of a biometric body is obtained with use of a near-infrared light camera, and the obtained image is used as the biometric feature. The vein authentication uses information inside of a biometric body, and thereby has a merit that a feature is difficult to steal.
Recently, a biometric authentication without contacting such as the vein authentication is focused. Non-contacting authentication is an authentication enabling identification without contacting of a user to an authentication device. The non-contacting authentication reduces a psychological burden from a hygiene viewpoint in a public place. The non-contacting authentication does not need a guide device for fixing a biometric body of a user, and has a merit of downsizing an authentication device.
It is necessary for a user to put his or her hand close to an authentication device with a correct distance. Therefore, it is necessary for a beginner to get used to the non-contacting authentication. And so, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2006-042880 discloses a technology in which a guidance image is shown when an imaging of a biometric body is failed.

Biometric authentication device and computer readable, non-transitory medium


A pixel comprises a photo-sensitive element for generating charges in response to incident radiation and a sense node. A transfer gate is positioned between the photo-sensitive element and the sense node for controlling transfer of charges to the sense node. A reset switch is connected to the sense node for resetting the sense node to a predetermined voltage. A first buffer amplifier has an input connected to the sense node. A sample stage is connected to the output of the first buffer amplifier and is operable to sample a value of the sense node. A second buffer amplifier has an input connected to the sample stage. Control circuitry operates the reset switch and causes the sample stage to sample the sense node while the photo-sensitive element is being exposed to radiation. An array of pixels is synchronously exposed to radiation. Sampled values for a first exposure period can be read while the photo-sensitive element is exposed for a second exposure period.

CMOS image sensors are used in a wide range of applications. In many applications, the sensor is operated with a so-called rolling shutter mode. If the exposure period needs to be reduced, the timing of the sensor is adapted so that only a sub-set of the total set of rows in the sensor array are integrating light during the image readout time. This sub-set of rows can be considered as a window which rolls over the focal plane array, hence the name 'rolling shutter'.
Some applications, such as machine vision and motion analysis, demand a global shutter (also called a snapshot shutter) which allows the capture of all of the pixels of the sensor during the same time period. There are two main types of global shutters: a triggered global shutter and a pipelined global shutter. In a triggered global shutter the image must be read out before the next image can be captured. In a pipelined global shutter a new image can be captured during the readout of the image data from the previous image. Triggered global shutters are typically used in machine vision where an object needs to be inspected. Pipelined global shutters are typically used in motion analysis and high frame rate cameras. In a continuous recording mode, a pixel with a pipelined shutter is sensitive at all times.
Image sensors can be implemented using Charge Coupled Device (CCD) technology or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. An interline-transfer CCD device inherently allows pipelined global shutter operation. However, it is more difficult to implement a global shutter in CMOS image sensors. There have been several proposals for providing a global shutter in a CMOS image sensor. U.S. Pat. No. 7,224,389 shows a pipelined synchronous shutter pixel. The pixel comprises a photodiode, a reset transistor, a first buffer amplifier, a sample capacitor and a second buffer amplifier. The next image can be acquired during readout of an image, thus allowing pipelined shutter operation. The pixel does not allow cancelling non-uniformities caused by threshold voltage variations in the buffer amplifier or reset transistors in pipelined shutter operation. There is no possibility to obtain a reference level of the pixel during readout of the image, without destroying the signal on the photodiode, which will be capturing the next image in pipeline shutter operation.
The paper "A 600×600 pixel, 500 fps CMOS Image Sensor with a 4.4 μm Pinned Photodiode 5-Transistor Global Shutter Pixel", I. Takayanagi, et al, proc. International Workshop on Image Sensors, Maine, June 2007, p. 287 describes a 5-transistor pixel which can perform a pipelined shutter operation and fixed pattern noise correction. U.S. Pat. No. 6,847,070 shows a 5-transistor pixel with the same topology. The pixel is shown in FIG. 1 and comprises a pinned photodiode, a transfer gate, a floating diffusion, a reset transistor, a source follower, a selection transistor and a separate anti-blooming transistor connected to the photodiode. The floating diffusion is used for storage of the signal during exposure of the next signal. A reference level can be read out by resetting the floating diffusion after the readout. The pixel thus allows fixed pattern noise correction and pipelined shutter operation. However, storing charges at the floating diffusion has several drawbacks. The floating diffusion is light sensitive, which means that the signal stored at the floating diffusion will be influenced by light collected during the storage time. Since the time that the signal is stored at the floating diffusion is larger at the last rows of the image than at the first rows, this can create a (light-dependent) gradient in the image, with a brighter area near the last rows of the image. A second problem is that the storage node is a surface junction which has a considerable leakage current. This leakage current will be added to the signal stored on the storage node, and thereby increase the noise on the sample. An additional anti-blooming transistor in the pixel is utilized to drain away excess charges, which might otherwise disturb the signal stored on the floating diffusion. The anti-blooming transistor can also be used to drain the photodiode during part of the readout time, when the required shutter time is lower than the frame readout time.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,286,174 describes a dual storage node pixel which is intended to store the signal level of a photosite recorded in each of two different frames, such as a high-speed imaging application where a scene is differently lit between two frames. A signal level of the photosite is transferred to one of the storage capacitors after each exposure. This signal is either transferred in the charge domain, in which case the charge is converted to voltage on the storage capacitor, or in the voltage domain, in which case the signal is converted to a voltage on the photosite.
Fixed pattern noise in CMOS pixels is largely caused by threshold voltage variations of the different transistors inside the pixel. The buffer amplifier (source follower) and also the reset transistor in the pixel will have variations in threshold voltage. Some reasons for the threshold voltage variations are local variations in dopant concentration in the transistor channel, oxide thickness, and dopant concentration of the gate. This threshold voltage variation results in a variable offset level of the pixel output signal. Usually, this offset variation is cancelled by measuring a reference level of the pixel which does not contain a photosignal, and subtracting this reference level from the measured signal level. To perform noise correction, the pixel must support measurement of this reference level.
The present invention seeks to provide a pixel, and a pixel array, which is capable of global shutter operation and which overcomes at least one of the problems of existing pixels.

Pixel array capable of performing pipelined global shutter operation including a first and second buffer amplifier


A hinge assembly includes a pintle supporting a first coupling member and a second coupling member. The second coupling member includes two protrusions formed on two opposing faces. Two position limiting members simultaneously abut against the protrusions respectively when the hinge assembly is fully opened. A biasing means include a plurality of resilient members that provides non-continuous contact with the pintle.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hinge assembly.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is known that a hinge assembly of a notebook computer enables a movement of a display and a base connected thereto relatively, provides torque in order to maintain the display at a particular position and some even designed to facilitate user opening the notebook as well as prevents slam when closing the notebook. As an example, Chinese Patent ZL 200520127486.1 discloses a hinge assembly with the feature of facilitating user opening the notebook as well as preventing slam when closing the notebook. However, a problem with such a hinge assembly is that engagement of a position limiting member 30 with a protrusion 221 extended from a second coupling member 20 when the hinge assembly is fully opened is not reliable. In this case, it is not recommended to put more accessories, such as a web cam, or a mini loudspeaker, or an antenna, and other items on a display of a notebook computer.
The present invention is, therefore, intended to obviate or at least alleviate the problems encountered in the prior art.


A method is for testing a non-volatile memory. A base data pattern is defined for a first pageset of the non-volatile memory. The non-volatile memory has a plurality of pages which comprise words. The base pattern is arranged so that each bitpair of a plurality of bitpairs that includes one of a group consisting of even bitpairs and odd bitpairs formed from all of the words exhibits all possible bitpair transitions during sequential accesses of the pages of the plurality of pages. The base pattern is stored in the first pageset. The pages of the plurality of pages of the first pageset are accessed sequentially.

1. Field
This disclosure relates generally to non-volatile memories (NVMs), and more specifically, to transition fault testing for a non-volatile memory.
2. Related Art
NVMs are widely used in a variety of different applications. In some of these applications, such as in the automotive and medical fields, safety is key. Due, for example, to their large areas on chip and complex circuitries, NVMs are typically more prone to defects and faults, such as transition faults (including address and data transition faults), and thus need to be adequately tested. Furthermore, NVMs are typically slower to write (which includes erasing and programming) than other types of memories, such as static random access memory (SRAM). Therefore, the more often an NVM is written for testing, the greater the test time and thus cost.

Transition fault testing for a non-volatile memory


A three wheel recumbent vehicle having the steering pivot point of the front axle tilted forwardly about 8.degree. from perpendicular, causing the vehicle from the pivot point back to lean into a turn, and also having the front axle bar constructed with a low center section and end members which radiate upwardly and backwardly to provide room for the user's feet and to add stability on turns by increasing the distance between the center line of the vehicle and the point where the outboard tire touches the road.

This invention relates to a recumbent vehicle and particularly relates to a three wheel vehicle having a single rear drive wheel and a pair of opposed front steering wheels.
A principal object of this invention is to provide a three wheel recumbent cycle which is stable on turns. Another object is to provide a three wheel recumbent vehicle in which the steering pivot point of the pivotably steerable front axle is not vertically perpendicular to the horizontal frame, but is at about a 98.degree. angle, i.e., tilted about 8.degree. forwardly from perpendicular. This causes the vehicle, from the pivot point back, to lean into a turn, thus increasing anti-rollover stability on turns.
Still another object is to provide a three wheel recumbent vehicle having a front axle bar which has a center section which is low where it connects to the pivot point and which has end members which radiate upwardly and backwardly toward the rider. This has the dual advantages of providing more room for the rider's feet to drive the pedals and of adding stability on turning by increasing the distance between the center line of the vehicle and the point where the outboard tire touches the road.
These and other objects and advantages will become apparent hereinafter.


An image sensor including a noise removing unit may sense images accurately by measuring the amount of noise generated when the image sensor does not perform a sensing operation, storing information about the measured noise amount in each pixel, and removing photocharge corresponding to the information about the measured noise amount during image sensing.

The present invention relates to image sensing technology, and more particularly, to an image sensor capable of more accurately sensing images by removing a photocharge element corresponding to noise within a pixel, and an image pickup device including the image sensor.
Image sensors are semiconductor devices that convert an optical image into an electrical signal, and may be roughly classified into charge coupled device (CCD) image sensors and CMOS image sensors (CISs).
The image sensors may convert an optical signal detected from each of a plurality of photo sensitive elements (for example, photodiodes) arranged in a two-dimensional matrix into an electrical signal to generate an image. However, the image may include predetermined noise due to factors such as the quality of image sensors or the amount of peripheral light of the environment where an optical signal is detected, and the noise may be an important cause of degradation of the quality of the image. In other words, since photocharge as much as the amount of noise may be generated in photo sensitive elements included in an image sensor, and the noise generates problems such as degradation of the quality of image, means for efficiently removing a noise component is needed.

Image sensor including noise removing unit, image pickup device having the image sensor, and image sensing method performed in the image sensor


A gradation level selecting circuit for selecting a gradation level consists of first and second selecting circuits (28, 29) and a selector (30). The first selecting circuit selects one of gradation level signals from a gradation level generator in accordance with monochrome data from a monochrome data generator (24) and predetermined one of color data from a color data generator (23). The second selecting circuit selects one of the gradation level signals in accordance with the color data. The selector (30) selects an output of the first selecting circuit (28) or an output of the second selecting circuit (29) in response to a content of a switching resistor (25), to supply it to a monochrome display device. Thus, appropriate gradation display can be carried out by the monochrome display device using software either for color display or for monochrome display.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display control device for displaying in gradation a picture which is an output from a computer system, for example, on a monochrome display device such as a monochrome liquid crystal display.
2. Description of the Background Art
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram showing this kind of conventional display control device. As shown in FIG. 1, a synchronizing signal generator 1 receives a clock signal CLK to generate horizontal and vertical synchronizing signals. A gradation level generator 2 receives the vertical synchronizing signal 3 of these synchronizing signals to generate a group of gradation level signals 4 shown in FIG. 2. In the case of a display control device for liquid crystal display, for example, the clock signal CLK is referred to as a dot clock signal, and the vertical synchronizing signal 3 as a frame signal, respectively.
Usually, a frame thinning system is employed on carrying out gradation display on a monochrome liquid crystal display. The "frame" herein means a cycle during which one picture is displayed on a display, that is, a duration beginning with displaying the first line of a certain picture on the display through the display of the last line to just before the display of the first line of the next picture. In the case that a dot on the display is displayed at m/n gradation level by frame thinning method, data on the dot is fixed at "H" (e.g., black) for m frames of n frames, and fixed at "L" (e.g., white) for the remaining frames.
The group of gradation level signals shown in FIG. 2 includes 8 gradation level signals for 8-gradation display, 0/3 (0%), 1/3 (33%), 2/3 (66%), 3/3 (100%), 1/5 (20%), 2/5 (40%), 3/5 (60%) and 4/5 (80%). In the gradation level signal of 1/3 (33%), for example, the first frame is "H", the second and third frames are "L", the fourth frame is "H" . . . , and so continued. The "H" level represents display ON (to work) and the "L" level represents display OFF (not to work). Accordingly, as to the 1/3 gradation level signal, a dot on the display can be displayed once per three frames (displayed in black on a monochrome display, for example). Usually, the frame cycle is very short, approximately for 15 m sec. Therefore, when a dot is displayed with the 1/3 gradation level signals, this dot is visible one third in the depth of black compared with the case in which the whole frames are at display ON (3/3) stage. Similarly, display with 2/3 gradation level signals is darker than that with 1/3 gradation level signals and lighter than that with 3/3 gradation level signals.
The group of the gradation level signals 4 is applied to the selecting circuit 5 at the data inputs D0 to D7. The selecting circuit 5 also receives an intensity signal I, a video signal V and a color signal R2 at its selecting inputs SA to SC. The signals I and V are used for displaying a picture on a monochrome CRT, and the signal R2 is one of signals used for displaying a picture on a color CRT. The signals I and V are usually used for gradation display on a monochrome liquid crystal display, and the signal R2 is additionally used for enabling 8-gradation display in the display control device in FIG. 1. The selecting circuit 5 selects any one of the gradation level signal group 4 in accordance with Table 1 below with the signals I, V and R2 to output from the output Y.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ R2 V I GRADATION LEVEL ______________________________________ 0 0 0 0/3 (0%) 0 0 1 1/3 (33%) 0 1 0 2/3 (66%) 0 1 1 3/3 (100%) 1 0 0 1/5 (20%) 1 0 1 2/5 (40%) 1 1 0 3/5 (60%) 1 1 1 4/5 (80%) ______________________________________
As shown in Table 1, any one of the gradation level signals 0/3 to 3/3 is selected in response to the content of 2 bit of the signals I and V when the signal R2 is equal to 0, whereas any one of the gradation level signals 1/5 to 4/5 is selected in response to the content of 2 bit of the signals I and V when the signal R2 is equal to 1. The gradation level signal selected in this way is applied to a monochrome display device such as a monochrome liquid crystal display, whereby the previously mentioned gradation display by means of frame thinning can be carried out.
The conventional display control device constructed as described above switches a gradation level mainly in response to 2 bit signals I and V for a monochrome CRT. For a color CRT, on the other hand, color signals R1, G1 and B1 corresponding to the primary colors of light, i.e., red, green and blue as well as color signals R2, G2 and B2 for fine adjustment therefor are often used instead of the signals I and V.
When the computer system connected to the display control device shown in FIG. 1 operates with software for monochrome display, a picture outputted from the computer system is displayed with the signals I and V, but when it operates with software for color display, the picture is displayed with the signals R1 to B2. Consequently, when software for color display is used for the computer system connected to the display control device shown in FIG. 1 in order to display with gradation the picture outputted from the computer system on a monochrome liquid crystal display by the output from the selecting circuit 5, the gradation level hardly changes because the signals I and V does not change, so that the resulting picture becomes inconspicuous.


Laser light is irradiated on a multilayered magnetic thin film having a spin-glass characteristic consisting of a rare-earth metal and a conductive material, the film being heated to a predetermined temperature below the spin-glass transition temperature when recording information and heated to a temperature above the spin-glass transition temperature when erasing the information.

A well known method of magnetic recording on a magnetic medium is carried out by irradiating light locally onto a region of the magnetic recording medium in a magnetic field so that the heat energy generated by the irradiation changes the magnetic state of the region. This method has been known to provide a high-density recording promoted by the laser light.
However, since most conventional magnetic media of this kind are ferromagnetic, the above mentioned method has a drawback that the magnetic spins are oriented in parallel with the surface of the medium due to the internal magnetic field, preventing high density recording. On the other hand, TbFeCo alloy, which is an only commercially available perpendicular-magnetic recording medium for such magneto-optical recording, has disadvantages that it is not only expensive but also easily oxidized.

Magneto-optical recording medium and the recording method therefor

Sanyo Denki Takezono Shataku-26, Takezono 2-16-12


The present invention relates to a method of making a solid cleaning composition. The method can include pressing and/or vibrating flowable waxy particles of a waxy cleaning composition. For a waxy cleaning composition, pressing and/or vibrating flowable waxy particles determines the shape and density of the solid but is not required for forming a solid. The method can employ a concrete block machine for pressing and/or vibrating. The present invention also relates to a solid cleaning composition made by the method and to solid cleaning compositions including particles bound together by a binding agent.

The use of solidification technology and solid block detergents in institutional and industrial operations was pioneered in the SOLID POWER® brand technology claimed in Fernholz et al., U.S. Reissue Pat. Nos. 32,762 and 32,818. Similar advances have not been achieved for waxy solid cleaning compositions.
Conventional waxy solid compositions can be made by casting a melted composition and by extrusion. An expensive tablet press can apply its high pressures only to form tablet or puck sized solids. A tablet press is not suitable for making solid blocks. Casting requires melting the composition to form a liquid. Melting consumes energy and can destroy certain desirable ingredients in some cleaning products. Extruding requires expensive equipment and advanced technical know how.
There remains a need for additional methods for making waxy solid cleaning compositions and for compositions that can be made by these methods.

Pressed, waxy, solid cleaning compositions and methods of making them


A control device for an internal combustion engine which can highly precisely realize required torque including a high-frequency component with high responsiveness. The control device sets torque with a low frequency included in the required torque as an air quantity controlling torque, and calculates a target air quantity for realizing the air quantity controlling torque based on data in which a relationship of the air quantity and torque is set. The control device controls the air quantity in accordance with the target air quantity. Further, the control device sets torque including both a low frequency and a high frequency as air-fuel ratio controlling torque, and calculates an air-fuel ratio corresponding to the air-fuel ratio controlling torque and a present air quantity as a target air-fuel ratio. The control device controls a fuel injection amount in accordance with the target air-fuel ratio.

There is known a method for damping a vehicle body sprung mass vibration in an automobile, in particular, pitching vibration by torque control of an internal combustion engine. Hereinafter, torque control of an internal combustion engine for this purpose will be especially called sprung mass vibration damping control. In the sprung mass vibration damping control, the pitching vibration corresponding to a present driving force is obtained from a vehicle body sprung mass vibration model, and vibrational correction torque which cancels out the pitching vibration is calculated. Subsequently, basic required torque calculated from an accelerator opening is corrected according to the correction torque, and the output torque of the internal combustion engine is controlled in accordance with the required torque after correction. More specifically, in sprung mass vibration damping control, the torque which is outputted by an internal combustion engine is vibrationally changed.
Torque control in an internal combustion engine, in particular, torque control in the case of a gasoline engine is generally performed by controlling an intake air quantity by operation of a throttle. When torque is to be vibrationally changed, the throttle can be vibrationally moved to increase and decrease the intake air quantity actively. However, there is a delay in response of the intake air quantity to the operation of the throttle, and therefore, required torque cannot be always realized with high responsiveness. For example, when the required torque includes a high-frequency component as in the aforementioned sprung mass vibration damping control, a desired high-frequency component is difficult to create by only the control of the intake air quantity, and the required torque is unlikely to be realized with high precision.
As above, with only the control of the intake air quantity by operation of a throttle, the range of the realizable required torque is narrow, and there is the fear that the required torque cannot be completely realized. In order to realize the required torque including a high-frequency component with high precision, torque control by the actuator with torque responsiveness higher than a throttle is required. In regard with this point, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-068430 describes the method for performing torque control by cooperatively operating a throttle and an ignition device. According to the method described in the publication, a target air quantity is determined based on the required torque, and a throttle opening is calculated from the target air quantity with use of an inverse model of an air model. Further, in parallel with this, estimation torque which is achieved with the present throttle opening is calculated, and a correction amount of ignition timing is determined in accordance with the difference of the required torque and the estimation torque.
According to the method described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-068430, when the required torque cannot be realized by only control of the intake air quantity by operation of the throttle, the excess or deficiency can be compensated by correction of the ignition timing. Torque control by operation of an ignition device is extremely high in responsiveness of torque as compared with that by operation of a throttle. Consequently, it is conceivable that according to the method described in the aforesaid publication, even if a high-frequency component is included in the required torque as in the aforementioned sprung mass vibration damping control, the required torque can be realized with high precision.
However, a problem also exists in the method described in the aforesaid publication. When retardation of the ignition timing is frequently performed in accordance with the high-frequency component of the required torque, the fuel consumption performance is worsened due to reduction of efficiency. Fuel consumption performance is one of the important performances required of automobiles similarly to improvement of drivability which is the object of sprung mass vibration damping control. Accordingly, increasing achievability of the required torque so as not to impair the fuel consumption performance is required of torque control, in particular, sprung mass vibration damping control of an internal combustion engine.
Incidentally, in the case of a spark ignition type internal combustion engine like a gasoline engine, an air-fuel ratio is also closely related to the torque which is generated by the internal combustion engine, in addition to an intake air quantity and ignition timing. Therefore, as is described in, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-82090, there is known the method for controlling an intake air quantity, a fuel injection amount and ignition timing in accordance with target torque and a target air-fuel ratio. Further, as is described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-240322, there is also known the art of controlling an air-fuel ratio in accordance with the magnitude of the torque generated by an internal combustion engine.
In the method descried in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-82090, a target air-fuel ratio is determined from the operation conditions such as a water temperature and an atmospheric pressure, and from the target torque and the target air-fuel ratio, a target intake air quantity, a target fuel injection amount and target ignition timing are calculated. According to the method, torque control can be performed by using not only an intake air quantity and ignition timing, but also a fuel injection amount, and therefore, the realization range of the required torque is considered to be more widened.
However, there is a large difference between response of an actual intake air quantity to a change of a target intake air quantity, and response of an actual fuel injection amount to a change of a target fuel injection amount. Therefore, in the method described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-82090, a deviation occurs between the target air-fuel ratio and the actual air-fuel ratio in a transitional state in which the air quantity changes. As a result, a deviation also occurs between the required torque and the actual generation torque. Further, the target ignition timing is determined from a map of the air quantity and an engine speed, and therefore, the excess or deficiency amount with respect to the required torque cannot be compensated by correction of ignition timing. Accordingly, it has to be said that with the method described in the aforementioned Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-82090, the required torque including a high-frequency component is difficult to realize highly precisely with high responsiveness.

Control device for internal combustion engine


A process for fabricating sequential inductors and varactor diodes of a monolithic, high voltage, nonlinear, transmission line in GaAs is disclosed. An epitaxially grown laminate is produced by applying a low doped active n-type GaAs layer to an n-plus type GaAs substrate. A heavily doped p-type GaAs layer is applied to the active n-type layer and a heavily doped n-type GaAs layer is applied to the p-type layer. Ohmic contacts are applied to the heavily doped n-type layer where diodes are desired. Multiple layers are then either etched away or Oxygen ion implanted to isolate individual varactor diodes. An insulator is applied between the diodes and a conductive/inductive layer is thereafter applied on top of the insulator layer to complete the process.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a process for fabrication of a monolithic nonlinear transmission line semiconductor integrated circuit (IC). In particular, the invention discloses a novel process for fabrication of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) varactor diodes and low parasitic capacitance lumped inductors used to interconnect the diodes in a monolithic nonlinear transmission line.
2. Description of Related Art
In a typical nonlinear transmission line, the combined and summed capacitive and inductive effect on a pulse traveling down the transmission line will decrease the transition time of the voltage step of the pulse which propagates down the line. Individually grouping or lumping discrete capacitive, resistive, and inductive components in a circuit will synthetically and electronically reproduce the same effect. Such lumped nonlinear transmission lines have been engineered and utilized to make application of the pulse shortening effect to generate very short, high-voltage pulses by all electronic means. Indeed, lumped nonlinear transmission lines are customarily used to decrease the transition time of the voltage step of a pulse which propagates down a synthetic transmission line.
Existing art nonlinear lumped transmission lines, however, exist in large part in the form of a synthesis of discrete components. Numerous attempts have been made to integrate such components into smaller and smaller packages with a characteristic impedance which is matched to the circuits to which the pulse shaping circuit is connected. Other attempts to make a single piece integrated circuit of all necessary components have been restructed to low voltage applications only. The invention disclosed herein therefore attempts to meet a long standing need for conveniently and efficiently making and manufacturing in great numbers high quality and highly efficient monolithic lumped high voltage, nonlinear transmission lines.
It will be understood that the invention process disclosed herein relates specifically to the process for fabricating a monolithic high voltage nonlinear transmission line and not the circuit design thereof. Other prior art devices have been conceived for low voltage nonlinear transmission lines for electrical pulse compression; however the novelty or the invention process disclosed herein is in the ability to fabricate a high voltage nonlinear transmission line, which by the inherent nature thereof carries a broader range of application than its lower voltage counterpart.

Monolithic high voltage nonlinear transmission line fabrication process


This device is an FCC Catalyst Charge Heater. The device uses a catalyst cooler to preheat FCC feedstocks. It can be used with or without an FCC Catalyst Heater in the regenerator to satisfy the FCC unit heat balance while maximizing liquid volume yield and reducing FCC emissions.

Catalytic cracking is a petroleum refining process which is applied commercially on a very large scale. A majority of the refinery gasoline blending pool in the United States is produce by this process. In the catalytic cracking process heavy hydrocarbon fractions are converted into lighter products by reactions taking place at elevated temperature in the presence of a catalyst, with the majority of the conversion or cracking occurring in the vapor phase. The feedstock is thereby converted into gasoline, distillate and other liquid cracking products as well as lighter gaseous cracking product.
During catalytic cracking, heavy material, known as coke, is deposited onto the catalyst. This reduces its catalytic activity and regeneration is desired. After removal of hydrocarbons from the spent cracking catalyst, regeneration is accomplished by burning off the coke which restores the catalyst activity. The three characteristic steps of the catalytic cracking can be therefore be distinguished: a cracking step in which the hydrocarbons are converted into lighter products, a stripping step to remove hydrocarbons adsorbed on the catalyst and a regeneration step to burn off coke from the catalyst. The regenerated catalyst is then reused in the cracking step. For modern refineries, the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) produces 40 to 60+% of the gasoline in the gasoline pool. In addition, the FCCU produces a blendstock component for diesel manufacture. Air quality regulations for these transportation fuels will require a further improvement in air quality as mandated by the Clean Air Act. For the FCCU process, there are two routes a refiner can utilize to further reduce the impurity content of these transportation fuels. The first route is via a hydrotreatment process on the feedstock to the FCCU. This hydrotreatment process can by operational severity and design, remove a substantial amount of the feed impurity to produce a gasoline impurity content of 100 ppmw or less. The second route a refiner can take involves the use of a specialized catalyst or additive in the FCCU circulating catalyst inventory that can catalytically remove impurities from the FCCU product distributions. Refiners may elect to use this route for both non-hydrotreated and/or hydrotreated FCCU feedstock derived from various crude sources. In addition, if a refiner utilizes the first route for desired gasoline content, when the hydrotreater is taken out of service for an outage, this specialized catalyst or additive can be utilized to minimize the increase of gasoline impurities during the outage period.
FCC dry gas product contains inert gases (O2, CO, CO2 and N2) that are entrained with the regenerated catalyst as catalyst flows from the regenerator to the reactor. The inerts are contained in the interstices of the catalyst and are required to provide the fluidization medium to allow the catalyst to behave like a fluid. The inerts are typically 0.8 lb/Mlb CCR. They pass through the reactor and main column where they are compressed and go through the gas concentration unit. The inerts reduce the WGC capacity and increase vapor traffic through the gas concentration distillation towers. This constrains unit capacity and reduces LPG recovery. The resulting dry gas product also contains a lower heat value.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a review of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawings.


The present invention relates to detergents and rinse agents for machine dishwashing and to supply forms which combine detergent and rinse agent containing certain polymers in a single product comprising at least one polymer modified with phosphorus-containing groups, characterized in that the pH value of a 1% by weight solution of the anionic polymer in distilled water at 20° C. is less than pH 6.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to detergents and rinse aids for machine dishwashing. The invention relates, in particular, to detergents and rinse aids for machine dishwashing and to supply forms which provide detergents and rinse aids in one product and comprise certain polymers. These compositions are summarized below under the generic term "detergents for machine dishwashing" or "machine dishwasher detergents."
At present, the demands made on machine-washed dishware are frequently higher than on manually washed dishware. For instance, even dishware which has been completely cleaned of food residue will not be evaluated as impeccable when, after machine dishwashing, it still has whitish marks which are based on water hardness or other mineral salts and stem from dried-on water drops owing to lack of wetting agent.
In order to obtain sparkling and mark-free dishware, rinse aids are, therefore, used with success at present. The addition of rinse aid at the end of the washing program ensures that the water runs off substantially fully from the ware, so that the different surfaces are residue-free and flawlessly shiny at the end of the wash program.
Machine cleaning of dishware in domestic machine dishwashers typically includes a prewash cycle, a main wash cycle and a rinse cycle, which are intermitted by intermediate rinse cycles. In most machines, the prewash cycle for heavily soiled dishware can be actuated, but is only selected by the consumer in exceptional cases, so that a main wash cycle, an intermediate rinse cycle with clean water and a rinse cycle are carried out in most machines. The temperature of the main wash cycle varies, depending on the machine type and program level selection, between 40 and 65° C. In the rinse cycle, rinse aids, which typically comprise nonionic surfactants as the main constituent, are added from a dosing tank in the machine. Such rinse aids are present in liquid form and have been widely described in the prior art. Their task consists principally in preventing lime spots and films on the cleaned dishware. In addition to water and low-foaming nonionic surfactants, these rinse aids often also comprise hydrotropes, pH modifiers such as citric acid or scale-inhibiting polymers.
(2) Description of Related Art, Including Information Disclosed Under 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.97 and 1.98.
EP-B1 0 197 434 (Henkel) discloses liquid rinse aids which comprise mixed ethers as nonionic surfactants. In the machine dishwasher, a multitude of different materials (glass, metal, silver, plastic, porcelain) is cleaned. This variety of materials has to be wetted as well as possible in the rinse cycle. Rinse aid formulations which comprise exclusively mixed ethers as the surfactant component fulfill these requirements only to a slight extent, if at all, so that the rinse or drying effect is not satisfactory, especially in the case of plastic surfaces.
The reservoir tank in the machine dishwasher has to be replenished with rinse aid at regular intervals, one filling being sufficient for from 10 to 50 rinse cycles depending on the machine type. When refilling of the tank is forgotten, glasses, in particular, become visually unappealing as a result of lime spots and films. Therefore, in the prior art there exist some proposed solutions to the problem of integrating a rinse aid into the detergent for machine dishwashing. These proposed solutions are tied to the supply form of the compact tablet.
For instance, European patent application EP-A-0 851 024 (Unilever) describes two-layer detergent tablets whose first layer comprises peroxy bleaches, builders and enzyme, while the second layer comprises acidifier and a continuous medium with a melting point between 55 and 70° C., and also scale inhibitors. The high-melting continuous medium is intended to retard the release of the acid(s) and scale inhibitor(s) and bring about a rinse aid effect. There is no mention in this document of pulverulent machine dishwasher detergents or surfactant-containing rinse aid systems.
It was an object of the present invention to provide novel rinse aids which, with regard to the performance properties, provide at least the same results as rinse aids common on the market and which additionally bring further performance advantages. The novel rinse aids should be usable both as conventional rinse aids and in the form of combination products, and should develop their advantageous properties irrespective of their formulation form. Not least, the use of the novel rinse aids should also be possible in conventional detergents for machine dishwashing, i.e. the compositions should also bring performance advantages as an additive component.

Dishwasher detergents comprising specific polymers


A structure for an Integrated Injection Logic (I.sup.2 L) gate is disclosed in which gate gain .alpha.*.beta. is improved and leakage current at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface is reduced. A plug of highly doped material is interposed between the emitter and the collector of the lateral transistor to accomplish these goals.

This invention is directed toward the field of integrated logic gates. More specifically, the present invention is a structure for an integrated injection logic (I.sup.2 L) Gate which provides a reduced leakage current in a high temperature, high voltage application, along with increased gate current gain and a method for producing such a structure.
I.sup.2 L gates are useful where a dense concentration of circuits is required on a chip, due to the compact size of each gate. However, I.sup.2 L gates have been plagued by problems such as low current gain (.beta.) and power loss in the lateral transistor when implemented in high temperature, high voltage, bipolar processes. Current loss occurs at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface due to the presence of interface traps which attract the holes and electrons and causes recombination. The area of this recombination zone is dependent upon doping concentration and temperature. Current loss between the emitter and collector of a transistor affects the transistor's .beta..
One attempted solution to reduce power loss in I.sup.2 L gates is the device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,260,988 issued to Russell. This patent discloses an I.sup.2 L gate with a double diffused injector transistor which can be configured with a high resistance region between its base and ground as shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C of the cited patent. This additional resistance, it is claimed, reduces parasitic leakage in the injector transistor. However, the double diffused injector and the use of the common substrate as the emitter of the vertical output transistor are incompatible with a high voltage, analog-digital bipolar process having lightly doped epitaxial and substrate.

Integrated injection logic gate with heavily doped diffusion