The present invention includes novel RAD51 inhibitors. The compounds of the invention may be useful in preventing or treating cancer in a subject in need thereof. The present invention also includes methods of preventing or treating cancer in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention.

RAD51 is essential for DNA repair, proliferation and survival of cells. RAD51 protein level is elevated in many cancer cells, contributing to their resistance to chemotherapy and the continuous cell proliferation (Flygare et al., 2001, Exp. Cell Res. 268:61-69; Chen et al., 1999, J. Biol. Chem. 274:32931-32935; Chen et al., 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:5287-5292; Klein, 2008, DNA Repair 7:686-693; Maacke et al., 2000, Oncogene 19:2791-2795; Qiao et al., 2005, Br. J. Cancer 93:137-143; Raderschall et al., 2002, Cancer Res. 62:219-225; richerdson et al., 2004, Oncogene 23:546-553; Robu et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:8211-8218; Slupianek et al., 2001, Mol. Cell 8:795-806). Targeting RAD51 is therefore an attractive strategy for treating difficult-to-treat cancers, such as triple negative breast cancers, which are often easy to metastasize and difficult to treat (Hudis et al., 2011, Oncologist 16:1-11; Peddi et al., 2012, Int. J. Breast Cancer 2012:1-7) as they known to be resistant to most common therapeutics. Recently, a small molecule RAD51 inhibitor (Zhu et al., 2013, EMBO Mol. Med. 5:1-13), designated as IBR2, was identified and validated. RAD51 was rapidly degraded in IBR2-treated cancer cells, and the homologous recombination repair was impaired, subsequently leading to cell death. However, the IC50 values of IBR2 were only in the range of 12-20 μM for most tested cancer cell lines.
There is a need in the art for novel RAD51 inhibitors with improved potency. The present invention addresses this unmet need.

THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA


A random number generator utilizes nonlinear function to obtain high generating speed, long cycle and great quality. By utilizing equation (1): xt+1=4xt(1−xt) to perform the steps of setting a binary integer having N bits (N≧2 and N is an integer) as an initial value; transforming a binary sequence having N bits into an integer of 2m carry number having [((N−1)/m)]+1 digits (m≧1 and m is an integer; inputting to a chaos computing unit having calculating precision with N bits and calculation result with 2N bits; utilizing the chaos computing unit to generate a binary sequence d(d0d1 . . . d2N-1) with 2N bits; and setting fore-N bits of a result with 2N bits d(d0d1 . . . d2N-1) as the input value a(a0a1 . . . aN-1) required for a repetitive calculation wherein a one-to-one excluding logical calculation (ri=di⊕di+N) is performed between di and di+N, (i=0, 1, . . . N−1) and can obtain a result characterized in that outputting the random number r(r0 r1 . . . . rn-1).

Random number has been widely used in various fields, such as computer simulation, sampling, numerical analysis, programming, decision making, encryption, art, entertainment and so on. Therefore, scholars and experts propose various methods for generating random numbers. Owing to high-speed development of the computer, random number generators and random number generating methods are required to meet the needs correspondingly.
Besides, chaos is an expected area for people because it can be simply constituted to generate sequences having various complex variations. Since Von Neumann proposes equation (1) to generate random numbers, many scholars deliver their research report utilizing the equation (1) to generating random numbers.xt+1=4xt(1−xt)(0<xt<1, t=0,1,2, . . . )  Equation (1)    Reference 1: Ulam, S. M. and Von Neumann, J., "On Combination of Stochastic Deterministic Processes", Bull, AMS, Vol. 53, p. 1120 (1947).
The reference proposes utilizing equation (1) to generate random numbers.    Reference 2: T. Kohda and A. Kakimoto "Pseudo-random number and chaos", Vol. 27 No. 3 pp. 289-296 (1986).
In reference 2, the threshold value is set to equal 0.5, utilizing equation (1) to generate random numbers can obtain a result with good quality. However, it can output a random number with one bit at one time. It still has disadvantages such as low random number generating speed.    Reference 3: Phatak, S. C. and Rao, S. S., "Logistic map: A Possible Random number Generator", Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 51 No. 4, pp. 3670-3678 (1995).
The reference 3 discloses that utilizing equation (1) can transform x, sequence with U-shaped distribution into uniform sequence. However, the fore-bits and back-bits of transformed sequence are highly related. Utilizing intervals sampling method can decrease the relation. The intervals have to be selected a greater value in order to pass the statistic test.    Reference 4: K. Shono "Chaos engineering", Springer-Verlag Tokyo, Tokyo, 2002.
The reference 4 discloses that utilizing fixed decimal point method implemented in hardware circuit for generating random numbers quickly is effective.    Reference 5: Japanese Invention Patent Application Number 2005-228169.
The reference 5 proposes a method to utilize fixed decimal point method to calculate equation (1) to expand the calculating precision.
These representative references described above disclose methods utilizing equation (1) to generate random numbers. These methods still have problems including the generated random numbers cannot meet several needs required in the practical field at the same time such as cycle (long cycle), quality (disorder in statistics), generating speed and etc.

Random number generator and random number generating method thereof


A “no-touch” mobile checkout experience frees consumers from the need to manually locate and activate a mobile payment application in order to complete a transaction. The consumer simply brings his mobile device within close range of an interface console, which in various embodiments prompts the device to launch an application that causes display of a payment token without user action. If the consumer's device is not NFC-capable, the interface console can read a displayed token optically in the usual fashion.

It is common practice for consumers to conduct electronic transactions with merchants for goods or services received. Electronic payments are typically made with a token that identifies a source of funding. For example, a credit card containing a magnetic strip is a token. The payment tokens usually contain static information, such as an account number, identifying a source of payment. When a credit card is swiped, the card number is transmitted to a centralized payment-processing system. A physical token such as a credit card cannot be easily modified and, in the event that it is lost or stolen, the consumer must report the lost card and wait for a replacement to be mailed. As a result, systems that allow a consumer to pay for a transaction at the point of sale (POS), using a mobile device to display a token (usually in the form of a barcode or QR code), are becoming widely accepted. In fact, due the ease the ease of generating and replacing these tokens, mobile tokens for a wide variety of transaction types (payment tokens, ticket tokens, promotional offer tokens, etc.) are being developed. However, just as a consumer may take a few minutes to locate the appropriate credit card in his wallet, he may struggle to locate the appropriate application on his mobile device to display the token. Launching the application, once found, is another step the consumer must typically take before the token is displayed.
Accordingly, there is a need for a mobile transaction system that improves the ease and efficiency of the consumer's experience in completing a payment transaction.

Payment processing with automatic no-touch mode selection


An OCT system with a swept light source centered around 1.7 μm for identifying atherosclerotic plaque and visualization of large lipid pool is provided. Advantages for using the 1.7 μm swept source laser include higher contrast between lipid and normal tissue and deeper penetration of the optical signals from the 1.7 μm swept source laser into the tissue. With deeper penetration into the tissue, more structural information from deep within the tissue is obtained. The present invention also features multimodality imaging systems that integrate additional imaging systems into the OCT system at 1.7 μm. As an example, an integrated 1.3 μm and 1.7 μm OCT system is provided which simultaneously generates OCT images using both the OCT systems which are used to characterize and differentiate the types of tissue.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques are the main cause of acute coronary events. Identifying plaque type plays an important role in choosing proper interventional techniques. Therefore, accurate assessment of plaque is critical in the clinic. According to clinical studies, there are three characteristics of vulnerable plaques which are used as the criteria to estimate the presence of vulnerable plaques, (i) large lipid pool, (ii) thin fibrous cap, and (iii) major inflammatory reaction. Various imaging technologies have been developed to detect vulnerable plaques with the hope of guiding patient management and monitoring response to intervention. For example, intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT) offers a superior spatial resolution of ˜15 μm, which has enabled the detection of micrometer-scale features of atherosclerosis.
In the clinic, the IVOCT device, based on a swept source laser with a center wavelength 1.3 μm, is often used for identifying the thin fibrous cap. However, limited by depth penetration of conventional IVOCT devices, it is difficult to visualize the large lipid pool. Therefore, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging both the lumen geometry and structure of the arterial wall (with an imaging depth of ˜7 mm and a resolution of ˜150 μm) are often applied in order to identify large lipid pools.

Optical coherence tomography device for characterization of atherosclerosis with a 1.7 micron swept laser source


A portable terminal and a method operate multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas. Received signal strength indications (RSSIs) of the MIMO antennas are measured through a wireless communication unit that transmits and receives a wireless signal using the MIMO antennas. A path between a MIMO antenna with a greatest RSSI and a broadcast receiving unit is connected during a broadcast mode.

A portable terminal is a terminal that may support various functions based on mobility and has been used in very wide fields due to its convenience and easy portability. The portable terminal provides various functions such as a short message transmitting/receiving function, a photographing function, a music listening function, a digital broadcasting service function, an E-mail service function, and an Instant Messenger service function, among others.
In the meantime, a portable terminal has been developed to provide a voice service as a main service. However, due to an increased demand for multi-media of high quality, a recent portable terminal has been switched to a data service as a main service. Accordingly, a technology that supports wireless communication of high speed/high capacity has been developed. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology is one of the techniques that support wireless communication of high speed/high capacity. A portable terminal that supports MIMO technology may have a plurality of antennas. However, a recent miniaturized and slimmed portable terminal lacks mounting space for a plurality of antennas. In particular, a portable terminal that supports a digital broadcasting service should have an antenna to receive a digital broadcast as well as a MIMO antenna. This increases the problem of having space that is too narrow for mounting a plurality of antennas in a small portable terminal. Furthermore, when a spacing distance between the MIMO antenna and an antenna for receiving a digital broadcast is insufficient, interference occurs between the MIMO antenna and the antenna for receiving a digital broadcast. This deteriorates a wireless signal transmitting/receiving performance of the portable terminal.

Portable terminal and method for operating of MIMO antenna thereof


The present invention has as its object to provide a pattern forming method which, even if a pattern is formed by photolithography, can keep the edge of the opening portion of the pattern in a sharp state and yet, can make the wall surface of the recess of the pattern into a tapered shape, and a method of manufacturing an ink jet recording head to which the aforedescribed method is applied. The pattern forming method is a pattern forming method having the step of forming on a substrate a coat resin layer containing a photopolymerizable resin, the step of applying a solution containing a photopolymerization starting agent onto the coat resin layer, and forming the distribution of the density of the photopolymerization starting agent in the direction of film thickness of the coat resin layer, and the step of applying light from above the coat resin layer through a mask having a pattern depicted thereon, and the step of developing the coat resin layer to which the light has been applied to thereby make it into a coat resin layer having the pattern, and this method is applied to the manufacture of an ink jet recording head.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a pattern forming method by photolithography and a method of manufacturing an ink jet recording head to which the aforementioned method is applied.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, techniques of forming a three-dimensional structure of the order of micron which are typified by MEMS has been actively studied. As typical one of them, mention may be made of a method using a photosensitive resin capable of forming a pattern of a high aspect ratio. In the conventional method, however, it has been difficult to control the edge shape of a pattern opening portion and the taper angle of the wall surface of a pattern recess at a time. That, if the focus (imaging position) of the pattern by an exposing machine is set near the surface of a coat resin layer formed of the photosensitive resin, there can be obtained an edge shape in which the pattern opening portion is sharp, but it has been difficult to make the wall surface of the pattern recess into a tapered shape. Conversely, if the imaging position of the pattern by the exposing machine is offset (defocused) from the vicinity of the surface of the coat resin layer formed of the photosensitive resin, it becomes easy to make the wall surface of the pattern recess into a tapered shape, but it has been difficult to keep the pattern opening portion in a sharp edge shape.
Here, as an example of devices in which it is necessary to control the edge shape of the pattern opening portion and the taper angle of the wall surface of the pattern recess, mention may be made of the shape of the nozzle (ink discharge port) of an ink jet recording head in an ink jet recording system.
Heretofore, in the ink jet recording system, in order to made a recording characteristic higher in degree, there has been continued technical development for improvements in performance such as a smaller liquid droplet, a higher driving frequency and a greater member of nozzles. The applicant discloses, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H6-286149, a method of using a photosensitive material for a layer forming a nozzle, and realizing precise nozzle structure by photolithography technique as a method of manufacturing an ink jet recording head which satisfies the above-noted requirement.
The applicant further discloses, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,895,668, a manufacturing method of forming dry film or the like having photosensitivity as a nozzle surface processing material (a liquid repelling layer) on a material layer forming a nozzle.
Now, in the ink jet recording head, the taper angle of the nozzle greatly affects the discharging characteristic of ink in some cases, and generally it is regarded as being more advantageous to the discharging characteristic of ink to make the wall surface of the nozzle into a tapered shape. In the formation of a nozzle by photolithography, it is possible to defocus when pattern exposure is effected to thereby taper the nozzle. In the pattern exposure in the defocused state, however, there has been a case where the edge of the distal end of the nozzle (the opening portion of the ink discharge port) deviates from a proper focus and therefore tend to become rounded, and this has not been preferable in the discharging characteristic of ink.

Pattern forming method and method of manufacturing ink jet recording head


An optoelectronic module includes a transmitting and/or receiving element, a support on which the transmitting and/or receiving element is disposed, and a module housing having an opening for introducing the support and a coupling region for the coupling attachment of a component to be coupled on. The module housing is filled with a molding of a translucent, moldable material. A separate coupling lens for coupling light between the transmitting and/or receiving element and the component to be coupled on is provided, which lens is disposed adjacent to the molding in or just before the coupling region in the module housing. The invention also relates to several methods for producing such a module.

The invention relates to an optoelectronic module and to a method for its production. A preferred application area of the invention is that of low-cost optoelectronic modules that are coupled to Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) optical waveguides.
German Published, Non-Prosecuted Patent Application DE 199 09 242 A1, corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,566 to Mueller, discloses an optoelectronic module and a method for its production in which a support with an optoelectronic transducer is positioned in a mold and surrounded with a translucent, moldable material. The moldable material in this case forms a molding that contains a functional surface serving for the coupling. The shaping of the functional surface takes place by a dead mold, which is shaped in a way corresponding to the functional surface and is removed once the moldable material has been introduced into the module housing.
A disadvantage of the prior art production method is that a dead mold is required for shaping the functional surface and this is a disposable part. A further disadvantage is that there is the risk of the functional surface formed by the moldable material in the molding being defectively produced. In particular, there is the risk of an air bubble being formed in the dead mold forming the functional surface during filling with the moldable material so that the functional surface is not formed as a converging lens and, instead, due to the air bubble, is formed as a diverging lens.
The problems described arise to an increased extent if a photodiode or a laser diode that has a smaller diameter in comparison with the component to be coupled on is used as the optoelectronic transducer. So, there is an especially high risk of an air bubble becoming lodged in the correspondingly small depressed formation of the dead mold and leading to the forming of a diverging lens instead of a converging lens.
It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide an optoelectronic module and method for its production that overcome the hereinafore-mentioned disadvantages of the heretofore-known devices and methods of this general type and that avoid the problems explained above and also make it possible to provide a precision-made coupling lens, in particular, even in the case of optoelectronic transducers of small diameter.
With the foregoing and other objects in view, there is provided, in accordance with the invention, an optoelectronic module, including an element, the element being at least one of a transmitting element and a receiving element, a support on which the element is disposed, a module housing defining an opening for introducing the support, the module housing having a coupling region for coupling a component thereat and an interior, a molding of a translucent, moldable material filling the interior of the module housing, and a separate coupling lens for coupling light between the element and the component, the lens disposed adjacent the molding one of in the coupling region and adjacent the coupling region.
Accordingly, in a first aspect of the invention, a coupling lens is disposed in the module housing in or just in front of the coupling region and adjacent to the molding. The coupling lens is formed as a separately produced part that, depending on the method of production used, is inserted into the module housing before or after the filling of the module housing with the molding material.
The coupling lens is, consequently, not formed by the molding but represents a separate part. By using a separately produced part as the coupling lens, it is ensured that the coupling lens has the desired light-shaping properties even in the case of small dimensions.
Preferably, the coupling lens is formed such that it completely closes the coupling region, in particular, toward the interior of the module housing. Such a feature has the advantage that the use of a dead mold or plug formed as a disposable part is superfluous because the module housing is already closed by the coupling lens.
In accordance with another feature of the invention, the coupling lens is accordingly inserted into the module housing before filling of the module housing with the moldable material. Insertion may, in such a case, take place from the inner side or else from the outer side. Preferably, the lens sealingly closes the coupling region with respect to the interior
In accordance with a further feature of the invention, preferably, the coupling lens is shaped such that it has a holding edge, which radially adjoins the light-shaping region of the lens and bears against the module housing in the transitional region to the coupling region. A seal-tight connection with the module housing preferably takes place in such a case by a positive engagement, with peripheral grooves, recesses, or other positively engaging areas being formed in the module housing and/or the holding edge of the coupling lens. The holding edge may be formed integrally with the light-shaping region or represent a separate support, serving for positioning and securing, onto which the light-shaping region, i.e., the actual converging lens, is placed.
In accordance with an added feature of the invention, the module housing has an inner side, the holding edge has an edge region and a peripheral recess in the edge region forming an inner projection and an outer covering region of the holding edge, the lens protrudes with the inner projection into the coupling region and peripherally bears against the coupling region, and the covering region bears against the inner side of the module housing.
In accordance with an additional feature of the invention, the holding edge has a side facing away from the interior of the module housing and forms, on the side, a stop for coupling the component thereon.
In accordance with yet another feature of the invention, the holding edge of the coupling lens is formed with a cranked offset. The periphery of the holding edge in such a case forms, in the direction of the coupling region, a stop for a component to be coupled. The stop is offset axially with respect to the lens vertex in the direction of the coupling region so that there is no risk of an optical waveguide introduced into the coupling region in an abutting coupling with the coupling lens coming directly into contact with the light-shaping region, and possibly damaging the latter thereby.
In accordance with yet a further feature of the invention, the lens is a double lens.
In accordance with yet an added feature of the invention, the molding forms, in the coupling region, a depressed formation that, during the filling of the module housing with the molding, is formed by a projection of a correspondingly shaped dead mold that is removed after filling, and the coupling lens is inserted into this depressed formation of the molding. Unlike in U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,566 to Mueller, the depressed formation does not in such a case form a coupling lens, but represents a receiving and positioning aid for a separately made coupling lens. The coupling lens is, preferably, adhesively bonded into the associated depressed formation of the molding.
In accordance with yet an additional feature of the invention, the element has a smaller diameter than the component.
In accordance with again another feature of the invention, the coupling region is a protruding connecting piece forming a socket for receiving the component.
With the objects of the invention in view, there is also provided an optoelectronic module, including an element, the element being at least one of a transmitting element and a receiving element, a support on which the element is disposed, a module housing defining an opening for introducing the support, the module housing having a coupling region for coupling a component thereat and an interior, and a molding of a translucent, moldable material filling the interior of the module housing, the molding having a functional surface with an outer contour formed during filling of the module housing with the molding by a dead mold having an end face shaped to correspond to the outer contour and removed thereafter, the functional surface having a radially extending structure formed during filling of the module housing with the molding by a radially extending groove of the dead mold.
In accordance with again a further feature of the invention, there is also provided a separate coupling lens for coupling light between the element and the component, the lens being disposed at the functional surface.
With the objects of the invention in view, there is also provided an optoelectronic module, including an element, the element being at least one of a transmitting element and a receiving element, a support on which the element is disposed, a module housing defining an opening for introducing the support, the module housing having a coupling region for coupling a component thereat and an interior, and a molding of a translucent, moldable material filling the interior of the module housing, the molding having a dead-mold-shaped functional surface having an outer contour and a radially extending structure.
In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an optoelectronic module in which the module housing is filled with a moldable, translucent molding that forms a functional surface, which is formed during the filling of the module housing with the molding by a dead mold that is shaped on its end face in a way corresponding to the outer contour of the functional surface and is removed thereafter. According to the invention, the functional surface has a radially extending structure that is formed during the filling of the module housing with the molding by a radially extending groove of the dead mold. The radially extending groove of the dead mold is perpendicularly aligned during the filling with the moldable material and, consequently, makes it possible for air bubbles forming in the corresponding recess of the dead body to rise up and to be dissipated. As a result, it is ensured that the coupling lens integrated directly into the molding can be produced free from bubbles. However, due to the groove or the structure produced by the latter in the coupling lens, a reduced coupling efficiency must be accepted.
With the objects of the invention in view, there is also provided a method for producing an optoelectronic module with a molding, including the steps of providing a support with an element being at least one of a transmitting element and a receiving element, providing a module housing with an opening for introducing the support therethrough and a coupling region for coupling a component thereon, positioning the support in the module housing to align the element with a predetermined position, at least partly surrounding the support and the element with a translucent, moldable material to form a molding utilizing the module housing as a casting mold, and before filling the moldable material into the module housing, closing the coupling region with a coupling lens aligned with the element.
A first method according to the invention for producing an optoelectronic module is distinguished by the fact that, before filling the moldable material into the module housing, the coupling region is closed with a coupling lens aligned with respect to the transmitting and/or receiving element. The use of a separate dead mold is not required in such a case. The side of the lens facing the interior of the housing is, preferably, of such a nature that the casting compound forms a good bond with the lens during curing. This can be assisted by corresponding selection of the material of the lens.
With the objects of the invention in view, there is also provided a method for producing an optoelectronic module with a molding, including the steps of providing a support with an element being at least one of a transmitting element and a receiving element, providing a module housing with an opening for introducing the support therethrough and a coupling region for coupling a component thereon, positioning the support in the module housing to align the element with a predetermined position, at least partly surrounding the support and the element with a translucent, moldable material to form a molding utilizing the module housing as a casting mold while placing a dead mold in the coupling region, forming a depressed formation in the molding material with a projection of the dead mold during the filling of the module housing with the molding material, removing the dead mold after filling the moldable material in the module housing, and inserting a coupling lens into the depressed formation after the dead mold has been removed.
A second method for producing an optoelectronic module according to the invention uses a separate dead mold and is distinguished by the fact that, during the filling of the module housing with the molding, a depressed formation is formed in the molding material by a projection of the correspondingly shaped dead mold and the coupling lens is inserted into such a depressed formation once the dead mold has been removed. The depressed formation in such a case represents a receiving and positioning aid for the coupling lens inserted after curing of the molding material.
With the objects of the invention in view, there is also provided a method for producing an optoelectronic module with a molding, including the steps of providing a support with an element being at least one of a transmitting element and a receiving element, providing a module housing with an opening for introducing the support therethrough and a coupling region for coupling a component thereon, positioning the support in the module housing to align the element with a predetermined position, placing a rear side of a coupling lens on an end face of a dead mold, the end face of the dead mold being shaped to correspond to the rear side of the coupling lens, and introducing the coupling lens into the module housing with the dead mold, at least partly surrounding the support and the element with a translucent, moldable material to form a molding utilizing the module housing as a casting mold while keeping the dead mold in the coupling region, holding the coupling lens with the dead mold until the module housing is filled with the molding material, and removing the dead mold after filling the moldable material in the module housing.
A third method for producing an optoelectronic module according to the invention likewise uses a separate dead mold and is distinguished by the fact that a coupling lens is disposed on the end face of the dead mold, is introduced into the module housing by the dead mold, and is held by the latter until filling with the molding, the end face of the dead mold being formed in a way corresponding to the rear side of the lens. The side of the lens facing the interior of the housing is in such a case, preferably, of such a nature that the casting compound forms a good bond with the lens during curing.
This variant of the invention has the advantage that the coupling lens is brought into the desired position in the interior of the housing by the dead mold and no stop for the coupling lens is required on the housing. The coupling lens is held in the housing by its adhesive bond with the molding.
With the objects of the invention in view, there is also provided a method for producing an optoelectronic module with a molding, including the steps of providing a support with a transceiver element, providing a module housing with an opening for introducing the support therethrough and a coupling region for coupling a component thereon, positioning the support in the module housing to align the element with a predetermined position of the coupling region, placing a coupling lens on an end face of a dead mold and locating the coupling lens at the coupling region of the module housing, at least partly surrounding the support and the element with a translucent, moldable material to form a molding utilizing the module housing as a casting mold while keeping the dead mold at the coupling region, holding the coupling lens with the dead mold until the module housing is filled with the molding material, and removing the dead mold after filling the moldable material in the module housing.
Other features that are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in an optoelectronic module and method for its production, it is, nevertheless, not intended to be limited to the details shown because various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims.
The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.

Optoelectronic module and method for its production


A method and apparatus for constructing a model of a sampled transmitted CDMA downlink signal comprises receiving a sampled signal at a first module (810), wherein the signal received at the first module has been filtered, receiving despread symbol data for all possible spread codes at a second module (820) from the first module, determining active codes of the possible spread codes in the filtered sampled signal by the second module, receiving from the first module, the despread symbol data identified with the active codes, at a third module (830), providing estimates of a symbol value and a gain based on the symbol data identified with the active codes by the third module, receiving the symbol value and gain estimates from the third module and the active codes from the second module at a fourth module (840), and constructing a model of the sampled transmitted CDMA downlink signal using the symbol value and gain estimates for the active codes by the fourth module.

The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) organization develops the world-harmonized specifications for mobile, multimedia, wireless cellular communications. There are five specified 3 G modes, three of which are CDMA. The CDMA modes are CDMA2000, wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) and time division synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA). The 3 G operating modes W-CDMA and CDMA2000 are by far the most dominant in terms of current commercial services, operator deployment plans and vendor support. W-CDMA is the 3 G system of choice for GSM based networks (world-wide), whereas CDMA2000 is used primarily with the IS-41 based networks (mostly in the United States). The TD-SCDMA mode is primarily associated with China.
The rake receiver is the most popular and conventional CDMA baseband receiver. It is called the rake receiver because it has the structure of a rake. FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of certain processes performed by a system implementing the rake receiver based on a single receive antenna 110. The rake receiver contains a bank of despreaders 120 whose input differ by a number of selected sample delays 140. Each despreader despreads the received chip sequence using the spread code assigned by the network management to the individual user/subscriber. The resulting outputs are combined using a linear combiner 160. In order to get the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a maximum ratio combining (MRC) scheme can be used in the linear combiner. The output of the rake receiver is the basis for making a received symbol decision element 180.
The problem with the rake receiver is its poor performance in certain types of multipath propagation channels, especially for multiuser CDMA downlink signals. For example, it is becoming increasingly recognized within the technical community that the performance of the conventional rake receiver is insufficient to support the operation of the 3GPP specified high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) protocol in one of the specified multipath test channels for HSDPA, i.e., the "120 kilometer per hour Vehicular Channel A".
For a multipath radio frequency (RF) propagation channel, the higher the 3 G CDMA downlink "loading", the poorer the rake receiver performs. The term "loading" refers to the number, K, of user data-channels that are simultaneously transmitted in the downlink. To separate the user data-channels, K different orthogonal short spreading codes, such as Walsh-Hadamard codes or the W-CDMA specified orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes, are applied to the K streams of user data before summing the coded data to form a "loaded" signal.
A reason the rake receiver performs worse as the CDMA downlink loading is increased can be explained by viewing the rake receiver as a multipath-incorporating matched filter, in contrast to a multipath-correcting filter. For single user CDMA signals, the rake receiver is relatively well motivated. However, in for example a W-CDMA downlink signal that is carrying K>1 OVSF spread data-channels in a multipath RF propagation channel, the multipath destroys the orthogonality of the K OVSF codes as presented to the receiver. The loss of orthogonality of the OVSF codes results in the multiple user data-channels appearing as multiple access interference (MAI) to each other. In the rake receiver, severe MAI results for even a relatively small number of users in a given cell when multipath is present.
As an illustration of the problem, consider a 3 G CDMA system, W-CDMA for example, with a base station that is serving a specific user, say Sam, that happens to be in a difficult multipath propagation environment and is using a W-CDMA handset containing a conventional rake receiver. If Sam is to be provided a reliable connection, the W-CDMA base station must reduce the service to other users sharing Sam's downlink signal and/or reduce the data rate to Sam. Reducing the number of multiple users reduces the MAI in the rake receiver that results from the loss of OVSF orthogonality, thus improving its performance. Reducing the data rate to Sam by increasing the OVSF code length, i.e., the spread factor SF, used to carry the data symbols, typically improves his handset's rake receiver performance by brute force SIR improvement. However, the latter technique may be ineffective due to the continued loss of OVSF orthogonality. In any case, reducing the number of user-data channels in the downlink and/or increasing the SF for Sam results in a reduced capacity for the serving W-CDMA base station. Ultimately, this loss of base station capacity translates to a loss of revenue to the service provider.
Other, more complex, CDMA receiver designs have been proposed in order to improve the performance of user equipment (UE) for the multiuser CDMA downlink signal. For example, one such design uses two chip-level linear equalizers and two antennas. FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of certain processes performed by a CDMA receiver system implementing two chip-level linear equalizers 220 and two receive antennas 210. The output of the equalizers is summed by summing element 240 and despread by dispreading element 260 so that the user data of interest can be decided by decision element 280. The coefficients of chip-level linear equalizers 220 can be obtained from estimates of the channel impulse response (CIR) provided a matrix inversion is performed. The development and performance evaluation of the two antenna/two chip-level linear equalizer, receiver diagramed in FIG. 2 has been published by T. P. Krauss, M. D. Zoltowski and G. Leus: "Simple MMSE Equalizers for CDMA Downlink to Restore Chip Sequence. Comparison to Zero-Forcing and Rake", Proc. IEEE ICASSP 2000, pp. 2865-2868. If only one antenna/linear equalizer is used the performance improvement relative to the rake receiver is significantly diminished.
Another example of a more complex CDMA receiver design that has been proposed in order to improve the performance for the multiuser CDMA downlink signal is the multiuser multistage interference canceller. FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of certain processes performed by a system implementing a multiuser multistage interference canceller for a CDMA receiver. In this interference cancellation scheme, the signal is first passed through a bank of correlators 320 and then each user's signal is reconstructed and cancelled by subtraction element 340 from the received signal. This process may be repeated for multiple stages. The effectiveness of the cancellation depends on the estimation element 360, which involves symbol decision and signal gain/phase estimation, and the reconstruction element 380, which involves re-spreading. For a general discussion of the multiuser multistage interference canceller of FIG. 3, e.g., as implemented to perform successive interference cancellation or parallel interference cancellation, see George Aliftiras, "Receiver Implementations for a CDMA Cellular System", Masters Thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, July 1996. For a detailed development, complexity analysis and performance evaluation of the multipath interference canceller (MPIC) see K. Higuchi, A. Fujiwara, M. Sawahashi, "Multipath Interference Canceller for High-Speed Packet Transmission with Adaptive Modulation and Coding Scheme in W-CDMA Forward Link" IEEE J. Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 29, No. 2, February 2002. The MPIC was also presented by NTT DoCoMo in several contributions to the TSG-RAN Working Group 1 of 3GPP.
Another example of a more complex CDMA receiver design that has been proposed in order to improve the UE performance for the multiuser CDMA downlink signal is an iterative receiver with a chip-level decision feedback equalizer (DFE). FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of certain processes performed by a system implementing an iterative chip-level DFE. In this example, the CDMA signal contains orthogonal spread data for K users and is received with L antennas. The despread output of a bank of K rake receivers 410 is used to provide the initial chip-level decisions for the feedback filter 420 of the DFE. This mode is indicated by position I of the feedback switch 415. To generate these initial chip-level decisions, the multiuser despread symbol decisions from decision elements 430 are re-spread by spreading elements 440 and summed by summation element 445. The chip-level DFE output 450 is then despread by despreading elements 460 and symbols are decided by decision elements 470 for each of the K users. These symbol decisions are re-spread by spreading elements 380 and summed by summation element 485 to provide the chip-level decisions for the feedback filter 420 during the subsequent iteration(s) of the DFE. This mode is indicated by position F of the feedback switch 415. The development and performance evaluation of the iterative chip-level DFE diagramed in FIG. 4. has been published by J. Choi, S. Rag Kim, and Cheng-Chew Lim: "Receivers with Chip-Level DFE for CDMA Down/ink Channels", IEEE Trans. Wireless Comm., No. 1, January 2004. These authors point out that the iterative chip-level DFE provides superior performance to all of the above mentioned CDMA receiver designs in the multipath channels tested. The reason the iterative chip-level DFE is somewhat superior to the MPIC is that the latter is more sensitive to incorrect tentative decisions. However, for even moderately loaded CDMA downlink signals, all of the above mentioned complex receiver designs (i.e., FIGS. 2 to 4) significantly outperform the rake receiver (FIG. 1) in the multipath channels tested.
Another example of a more complex CDMA receiver design that has been proposed in order to improve the performance for the multiuser CDMA downlink signal is the use of any of the above receiver structures to support a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) use of the propagation channel. In a MIMO system, multiple receive antennas are used in conjunction with transmission over multiple transmit antennas using a signal coding scheme, e.g., space time coding (STC), to provide additional diversity gain over that available with conventional multiple receive/transmit antenna diversity. Although a MIMO CDMA system can increase the capacity and reliability of the wireless channel, the receiver complexity is further increased, not only at the level of baseband processing discussed here but also at the levels of the RF receiver/transmitter front-end, the antennas, and radio management overhead. For an explicit example, see the development and performance evaluation of the iterative chip-level DFE for MIMO CDMA by Agus Santoso, "Chip-level DFE for the CDMA Downlink Channel", Masters Thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Australia, October 2003.

Method and apparatus for a chip-level no-decision feedback equalizer for CDMA wireless systems


A coma aberration correcting apparatus of an optical pickup includes an optical pickup main body having a photo diode, and an actuator mounted on an objective lens focusing a beam emitted from the photo diode onto a recording medium. The coma aberration correcting apparatus includes a main supporting unit, a holding unit, an optical system, a driving part, and a controller. The main supporting unit detachably supports the optical pickup main body. The holding unit holds and releases the actuator on the optical pickup main body supported by the main supporting unit. The optical system magnifies and photographs the beam emitted from the photo diode through the objective lens of the actuator held by the holding unit. The driving part adjusts a position of the actuator relative to the optical pickup main body. The controller controls the driving part to correct the coma aberration of the objective lens.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a coma aberration correcting apparatus for an optical pickup, and more particularly, to a coma aberration correcting apparatus for an optical pickup, including an optical pickup main body having a photo diode, and an actuator mounted on an objective lens focusing a beam emitted from the photo diode.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, an optical pickup reads or writes data on a recording medium, such as a CD (compact disk) in an optical device, such as a CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory) drive, a CD-RW (compact disk rewritable) drive, a DVD (digital versatile disk) drive, etc.
The optical pickup includes an optical pickup main body having a photo diode emitting a laser beam, and an actuator mounted on an objective lens to focus the laser beam emitted from the photo diode onto the recording medium.
If the objective lens is mounted onto the optical pickup main body in an inclined state or in a wrong position, the beam emitted from the photo diode is not properly focused onto the recording medium, making it impossible to read or write data on the recording medium. Further, a coma aberration is one of the chief causes that makes the objective lens to not focus the laser beam from the photo diode onto the recording medium.
The coma aberration causes the laser beam emitted from the photo diode to not be focused at a point and looks like a comet-shaped image when the laser beam goes through the objective lens off from an optical axis at an angle.
Therefore, in order to focus the laser beam emitted from the photo diode onto the recording medium, there has been proposed a device to reduce the coma aberration when the objective lens is mounted onto the optical pickup main body.
FIGS. 1 and 2 are perspective views of a conventional coma aberration correcting apparatus for the optical pickup. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the coma aberration correcting apparatus 101 includes a main base 103 to be seated on a plane, such as a table, a main supporting unit 120 detachably supporting an optical pickup main body 151 of an optical pickup 150 (to be described later), a holding unit 130 holding and releasing an actuator 153 put on the optical pickup main body 151 supported by the main supporting unit 120, an optical system 140 magnifying and photographing a laser beam emitted from a photo diode (not shown) through an objective lens 155 of the actuator 153 held by the holding unit 130, and a driving part 110 adjusting a position of the actuator 153 relative to the optical pickup main body 151.
As shown in FIG. 2, the optical pickup 150 includes the optical pickup main body 151 having the photo diode emitting the laser beam, and the actuator 153 mounted on the objective lens 155 focusing the laser beam emitted from the photo diode onto a recording medium (not shown), such as a CD.
The optical pickup main body 151 is firmly supported by the main supporting unit 120, and includes a pair of projections 157 to be combined with the actuator 153 in a state where the optical pickup main body 151 is supported by the main supporting unit 120, and a through hole 158 through which the holding unit 130 passes so as to hold the actuator 153 from below.
The actuator 153 is mounted on the objective lens 155 focusing the laser beam onto the recording medium, and is combined with the projections 157 of the optical pickup main body 151 by soldering after the position of the actuator 153 is adjusted by the coma aberration correcting apparatus 101 to correct the coma aberration of the objective lens 155. Herein, the actuator 153 is made of a magnetizable material so as to be attached to a holding part 131 of the holding unit 130 by a magnetic force.
As shown in FIG. 2, the main supporting unit 120 includes a main supporting base 121 shaped like a plate, a base supporter 122 (FIG. 1) having an upper part combined to the main supporting base 121 and a lower part combined to the main base 103 to support the main supporting base 121. The main supporting unit 120 also includes a main body supporter 128 combined onto the main supporting base 121 to support a first part of the optical pickup main body 151, a first cylinder 123 combined with the main supporting base 121 at a predetermined distance from the main body supporter 128 in a side opposite to the main body supporter 128, a slider 125 combined with the first cylinder 123 by a shaft 127 and sliding along a guide 126, and a jig 129 combined with the slider 125 and supporting a second part of the optical pickup main body 151.
The main supporting base 121 is formed with a base through hole 124 through which the holding unit 130 passes to hold the actuator 153 of the optical pickup 150.
The holding unit 130 is provided under the main supporting unit 120, and holds a lower part of the actuator 153. The holding unit 130 includes the holding part 131 holding the actuator 153 by the magnetic force, and a cylinder unit 133 provided adjacent to the holding part 131 to control the magnetic force of the holding part 131.
The holding part 131 is shaped like a bar, and has an upper part passing through the through hole 158 of the optical pickup main body 151 and holds the lower part of the actuator 153 by the magnetic force.
The cylinder unit 133 includes a pinion 138 rotating to control the magnetic force of the holding part 131, a rack 137 engaging to the pinion 138, and a second cylinder 135 provided adjacent to the rack 137 and reciprocating the rack 137 linearly.
Thus, in the holding unit 130, the rack 137 is linearly reciprocated according to an operation of the second cylinder 135. The pinion 138 rotates according to the reciprocating motion of the rack 137 and controls the magnetic force of the holding part 131, thereby allowing the holding part 131 to hold and release the actuator 153.
The optical system 140 includes a low magnification camera 141 and a high magnification camera 143 magnifying and photographing the laser beam emitted from the photo diode through the objective lens 155 of the actuator 153 held on the optical pickup main body 151 by the holding unit 130. The optical system 140 also includes a low magnification monitor 145 and a high magnification monitor 146 respectively displaying pictures transmitted from the low magnification camera 141 and the high magnification camera 143, respectively.
The low magnification camera 141 and the low magnification monitor 145 are generally used to schematically adjust a position of the laser beam emitted from the photo diode through the objective lens 155.
The high magnification camera 143 and the high magnification monitor 146 are generally used to correct the coma aberration of the laser beam emitted from the photo diode through the objective lens 155.
The driving part 110 is provided under the holding unit 130 and is used to adjust the position of the actuator 153, which is held on the optical pickup main body 151 by the holding unit 130, relative to the optical pickup main body 151. As a result, a position of the objective lens 155 mounted to the actuator 153 is adjusted. The driving part 110 includes an X-axis handle 111 and a Y-axis handle 113 to move the actuator 153 horizontally, a Z-axis handle 115 to move the actuator 153 vertically, and an R-axis handle 117 and a T-axis handle 119 to adjust an inclination of the actuator 153.
With the configuration described for FIGS. 1 and 2, the conventional coma aberration correcting apparatus 101 of the optical pickup 150 operates as follows.
First, the optical pickup main body 151 of the optical pickup 150 is placed on the main supporting unit 120 and is firmly supported according to an operation of the first cylinder 123. Then, the actuator 153 mounted on the objective lens 155 is put on the optical pickup main body 151 and the lower part of the actuator 153 is held by the holding part 131 according to an operation of the second cylinder 135 of the holding unit 130.
Then, a worker controls the X- and Y-axis handles 111 and 113 until the laser beam emitted from the photo diode through the objective lens 155 of the actuator 153 is displayed on the low magnification monitor 145 to display a picture photographed by the low magnification camera 141. When the beam from the photo diode is displayed on the low magnification monitor 145, the worker controls the X-, Y- and Z-axis handles 111, 113 and 115 so as to adjust a focus and a position of the laser beam from the photo diode. Further, in order to finely adjust the focus and the position of the laser beam from the photo diode, the worker controls the X-, Y- and Z-axis handles 111, 113 and 115, monitoring the laser beam photographed by the high magnification camera 143 and displayed on the high magnification monitor 146. Thereafter, the worker controls the R- and T-axis handles 117 and 119, monitoring the high magnification monitor 146, thereby correcting the coma aberration. Then, the actuator 153 is adjusted in a position to be combined with the pair of projections 157 of the optical pickup main body 151 by soldering.
Thus, in the conventional coma aberration correcting apparatus 101 for the optical pickup 150, the position of the objective lens 155 mounted to the actuator 153 is adjusted by adjusting the position of the actuator 153 relative to the optical pickup main body 151, thereby correcting the coma aberration of the optical pickup 150.
However, in the conventional coma aberration correcting apparatus 101 for the optical pickup 150, the worker must manually control the driving part 110 so as to combine the actuator 153 having the objective lens 155 with the optical pickup main body 151 without the coma aberration. As a result, the optical pickup 150 cannot be uniformly manufactured and productivity thereof is decreased. Particularly, correcting the coma aberration of the optical pickup 150 requires fine adjustment, creating a need for skilled workers.

Coma aberration correcting apparatus for optical pickup


According to embodiment, a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device, includes: a memory cell region; and a peripheral region, the memory cell region including: a semiconductor layer including semiconductor regions; control gate electrodes; a first insulating film; a semiconductor-containing layer having a smaller thickness than the first insulating film; and a second insulating film, the peripheral region including: the semiconductor layer; a third insulating film; the semiconductor-containing layer, and a periphery of the semiconductor-containing layer being surrounded by an element isolation region; the first insulating film provided on the semiconductor-containing layer; and a pair of conductive layers extending from a surface of the first insulating film to reach the third insulating film via the semiconductor-containing layer, and the pair of conductive layers being in contact with part of a lower surface of the semiconductor-containing layer.

A nonvolatile semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell region and a peripheral region disposed at a periphery of the memory cell region. Data information can be stored in the memory cell region. On the other hand, a control circuit for driving the memory cells provided in the memory cell region etc. are provided in the peripheral region.
Elements such as a resistance element and a capacitor may be incorporated into such a circuit. In the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device, layers, electrodes, etc. formed in the memory cell region may be diverted when elements are formed in the peripheral region.


A vehicle interior component is disclosed. The component may comprise a base, a cover moveable between closed and open positions and a handle. The handle may be retracted when the cover is closed and extended when the cover is open. The handle may move toward the retracted position when the cover moves from the open position to the closed position. The component may comprise a mechanism to engage the base to move the handle. The mechanism may comprise a spring to bias or move the handle. The component may comprise a spring to move the cover from the closed to the open position. The component may comprise at least one of a console, a floor console, a center console, a storage compartment, an arm rest. The cover may comprise at least one of a door, a tambour door, a shade, a blind, a roller blind.

It is known in motor vehicles to provide a component, trim component or console (e.g. center console, floor console, etc.) for a vehicle interior. It is also known to provide a storage compartment within the component, floor console or center console. It is further known to provide a movable cover (e.g. tambour door) to cover or expose an opening within the component to facilitate access to the storage compartment. It is further known to provide a latch to secure the cover to the component when the cover is in a closed position and to provide a means to unlatch the cover and move the cover from a closed position to an open position. It is further known to provide a handle on the cover to improve ease of moving the cover to expose and cover the opening within the component.
It would be advantageous to provide an improved component for a vehicle interior with a cover comprising a handle that is hidden when the cover is closed. It would also be advantageous to provide the handle for use when the cover is in an open position. It would further be advantageous to provide the handle for use when the cover is disengaged from the closed position.

Shanghai Yanfeng Jinqiao Automotive Trim Systems Co. Ltd.


A memory cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a layer of phase change material extending from a first contact with the first electrode to a second contact with the second electrode, and a sidewall spacer contacting the second electrode and a sidewall of the layer of phase change material adjacent to the second contact.

Semiconductor chips provide memory storage for electronic devices and have become very popular in the electronic products industry. In general, many semiconductor chips are typically fabricated (or built) on a silicon wafer. The semiconductor chips are individually separated from the wafer for subsequent use as memory in electronic devices. In this regard, the semiconductor chips include memory cells. One type of a memory cell is a resistive memory cell that is configured to store retrievable data, often characterized by the logic values of 0 and 1.
Phase change memory cells are one type of memory cell capable of resistively storing retrievable data between two or more separate states (or phases). In one known structure of a phase change memory cell, the memory cell is formed at the intersection of a phase change memory material and an electrode. Delivering an appropriate amount of energy to the electrode heats the phase change memory cell, thus affecting a phase/state change in its atomic structure. The phase change memory cell can be selectively switched between logic states 0 and 1, for example, and/or selectively switched between multiple logic states.
Materials that exhibit the above-noted phase change memory characteristics include the elements of Group VI of the periodic table (such as Tellurium and Selenium) and their alloys, referred to as chalcogenides or chalcogenic materials. Other non-chalcogenide materials also exhibit phase change memory characteristics.
The atomic structure of one type of phase change memory cell can be switched between an amorphous state and one or more crystalline states. In this regard, the atomic structure can be switched between a general amorphous state and multiple crystalline states. The amorphous state has greater electrical resistance than the crystalline state(s), and typically includes a disordered atomic structure. In contrast, the crystalline states each generally have a highly ordered atomic structure, and the more ordered the atomic structure of the crystalline state, the lower the electrical resistance (and the higher the electrical conductivity).
When switching between memory/phase states the atomic structure of a phase change material becomes highly ordered (crystalline) when maintained at (or slightly above) the crystallization temperature. To switch the memory material back to the amorphous state, the local temperature is generally raised above the melting temperature (approximately 600 degrees Celsius in the case of Ge2Sb2Te5) to achieve a highly random atomic structure, and then rapidly cooled to "lock" the atomic structure in the amorphous state.
The temperature-induced changes in phase/state may be achieved in a variety of ways. For example, a laser can be directed to the phase change material, current can be driven through the phase change material, or current can be passed through a resistive heater adjacent the phase change material. In any of these methods, controlled heating of the phase change material causes controlled phase change within the phase change material.
The variation in electrical resistance between the amorphous state and the crystalline state(s) in phase change materials can be beneficially employed in two level or multiple level systems where the resistivity is either a function of the bulk material or a function of the partial material. Manipulating the states of the chalcogenide permits a selective control over the electrical properties of the chalcogenide, which is useful in the storage and retrieval of data from the memory cell containing the chalcogenide.
During fabrication of memory cells, portions of a pre-processed wafer are etched to define the individual cell structure. Variations in the fabricated layers of the memory cell structure can lead to non-uniform thicknesses of the layers that are deposited onto the pre-processed wafer. This in turn can lead to over-etching of one or more layers of the memory cell. Over-etching of the phase change layer in the memory cells can create structural inhomogeneity between memory cells, and can affect the collective performance of the memory cells. In particular, during etching of a metallic bottom electrode that is in contact with a phase change material, the phase change material is etched, and in some cases, undesirably over-etched.
For these and other reasons, there is a need for the present invention.

Integrated circuit including sidewall spacer


Radio signals are communicated on spatially separate radio paths across a doorway of an elevator. Signal strengths of the radio signals are measured and used to determine traffic served by the elevator. In this way traffic boarding and leaving the elevator may be measured when more than one unit of traffic, for example people, pass through the doorway simultaneously.

The following description of background art may include insights, discoveries, understandings or disclosures, or associations together with disclosures not known to the relevant art prior to the present invention but provided by the invention. Some such contributions of the invention may be specifically pointed out below, whereas other such contributions of the invention will be apparent from their context.
Conventional doorways of elevators may be equipped with photocells that provide information of people passing through a doorway. When a person passes close to a photocell, no light is received by the photocell and detection of a person either boarding or leaving the elevator may be made.
When the elevator experiences high traffic, more than one person may pass through the doorway at a time. Since already a single person may cause the blocking of the photocell, further persons passing through the doorway simultaneously cannot be detected by the photocell.
Load of an elevator car can be measured by mass on board the elevator car. A number of passengers aboard the elevator car may be estimated from the load by measuring a total load of the elevator car at arrival and departure to landing zone of the elevator and a minimum load during the stoppage of the elevator car. The number of passengers obtained in this way has inaccuracy due to an assumption that before any passengers aboard the elevator, passengers that are destined to the landing zone first leave the elevator car. Further inaccuracies may be caused by differences between estimates of the mass of a single passenger and the actual masses of the passengers.

Monitoring traffic units served by elevator via radio signals transmitted across doorway of an elevator


A document reading device includes a document reading section, an image memory, and an image processing section. The image processing section is configured to retrieve an image of an original document from the image memory and process the image. The image processing section includes: a mark recognizing section configured to recognize an image of a predetermined mark made on the original document; a sticky note recognizing section configured to recognize an image of a sticky note placed on a predetermined position of the original document relative to the mark; a mask determining section configured to determine in which mask pattern the mark is masked with the sticky note; and an image manipulating section configured to manipulate the image of the sticky note according to the mask pattern determined by the mask determining section.

The present disclosure relates to a document reading device for use to digitize a paper document and an image forming apparatus with the same and particularly relates to a technique for optically reading an image of a paper document with a sticky note placed thereon and manipulating an image of the sticky note.
Sticky notes, which are small paper slips capable of being attached on any place, are widely used in offices, houses, and other locations. Particularly owing to their capability of multiple detachment and reattachment, sticky notes are often used as notes of comments or the like in a manner that they are placed on paper documents or the like.
In optically reading an image of a document (original document) with a sticky note placed thereon to digitize the document, it may be desirable in some cases, not to digitize the entire original document as a single image, but to handle the sticky note given additional information and the body of the original document separately from each other. For example, a technique is disclosed in which in digitizing an original document with a sticky note placed thereon, information given to the sticky note is digitized separately from the body and shared among a plurality of persons.

Document reading device and image forming apparatus


The present disclosure is directed toward a method and system for deconstructing and searching binary based vehicular data. The method includes extracting a vehicle filename metadata for one or more vehicular files; parsing data of the vehicular files to generate categorized objects based on a vehicular data dictionary for the vehicular files; associating each of the categorized objects with a respective vehicle filename metadata; storing vehicular documents indicative of the categorized objects with associated vehicle filename metadata in a database system; building a query based on a search input acquired by way of a search interface being displayed; and transmitting search results in response to the search input. The vehicular data dictionary defines multiple terms indicative of decoding logic provided in the vehicular files.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Vehicles generate a substantial amount of data that captures the interaction of the passengers with the vehicle and the external environment. Generally, a vehicle includes multiple electronic control units (i.e., ECU or controllers) that monitor and generate data unique to the function and operation of the unit. For example, a dedicated electronic control unit can be provided for controlling each of the following components/systems: engine, power steering, transmission, air-conditioning system, entertainment system, braking system, windows, and/or battery. ECUs are also known as electronic control modules (ECM).
To exchange data amongst each other, ECUs are communicably coupled via a vehicular network, such as a control area network (CAN) bus, which is a vehicle communication bus standard. In addition to ECUs, other vehicular devices, such as sensors, may transmit data to ECUs via the CAN bus. Data sent through CAN (i.e., CAN data) is sent in bit encoded packet called a CAN frame and contains eight bytes of data in the data payload field of the CAN frame. CAN uses a bit-wise arbitration in hardware to negotiate which message is sent in the event that multiple message are sent at once. The messages are broadcasted, for example, periodically (time and/or event based) or based on a request from another message.
A single CAN message may include multiple signals. For example, an engine control unit that receives measurements from multiple sensors transmits the measurements to other ECUs as signals within a CAN message. In another example, a parking assist control unit may activate a rear camera by transmitting a signal to the camera via a CAN message. The data payload may contain more than 30 signals encoded into the possible 64 bits, meaning that the information that details the exact bits that define the signal are needed for decoding the message. Each signal may include state-encoded data or a bit-encoded value which can be factored and offset.
In addition to normally broadcasted data, an ECU can also generate diagnostic data after, for example, detecting an abnormality or performing a diagnostic routine. The diagnostic data is generally accessible by an external controller using a request and response protocol (e.g., on-board diagnostics parameter identifications—OBD-II PIDs).
The vehicular data, including the CAN data and the diagnostic data, are originally optimized for the in-vehicle network, and is not comprehensible to a human. In addition, data for a specific metric, such as engine speed, may be defined differently among different vehicle platforms. That is, a CAN message for a given metric used in one vehicle platform may be different than another platform, and thus, cannot be used for other platforms. Accordingly, the process to determine what vehicle data is available on an individual vehicle is a multiple day multiple resource effort. Additionally, some individuals that are not experts in a given aspect of the vehicle have a difficult time obtaining the relevant data since they might not know the nomenclature or jargon for a specific vehicle functionality. These and other issues are addressed by the present disclosure.

Method and system for deconstructing and searching binary based vehicular data


A plurality of power supply circuits Z1′ are provided according to a load capacity. The power supply circuits Z1′ have sides connected in parallel on the side of a direct current input Vi and have sides connected in series on the sides of alternating current outputs Ao. A rectifying circuit DC1 is connected via a resonance circuit Z2 across a combined output of the serially connected sides of the power supply circuits Z1′ on the sides of the alternating current outputs Ao. Switching frequencies are simultaneously controlled by a single control signal outputted from a control circuit S1 based on a direct current output voltage detected from the rectifying circuit DC1 through a detection resistor R5.

In the prior art, switching power supplies characterized by small sizes, light weights, and high power efficiencies have been widely used as power supplies of electronic equipment and so on. As this kind of switching power supply, the following will describe a resonant switching power supply which obtains a direct current output by switching a direct current input into a constant voltage and has a serial-parallel resonance circuit in a switching control section to satisfactorily obtain a constant voltage over a wide range of changes of a load capacity.
As a switching power supply capable of changing a direct current output voltage Vo over a wide range, supplying a stable direct current output voltage to a load, and minimizing a power loss, a resonant switching power supply is available which has a serial-parallel resonance circuit Z2 as shown in FIG. 6 (for example, see International Patent Publication WO 2005/109618 A1).
The following will describe the resonant switching power supply of FIG. 6.
A resonant coil L1 is connected in series with a resonant capacitor C2 and a resonant capacitor C3 is connected in parallel with the primary winding of a switching transformer T1. The values of the resonant capacitor C2 and the resonant coil L1 which are connected in series are mainly set for a heavy load, that is, a low frequency used when a direct current output has a large load current, and the value of the resonant capacitor C3 connected in parallel is set for a light load, that is, a high frequency used when the direct current output has a small load current.
In other words, as a load capacity, a plurality of peaks of frequency characteristics, that is, resonance characteristics having a plurality of peaks are obtained for a wide range of changes from when an output voltage is high and the load is heavy (a large load current), that is, from when the direct current output to the load has a large load current to when the load is minimized, that is, the output voltage is low and the direct current output has a small load current. Thus the overall resonance characteristics cover a wide band and switching frequencies are more stably changed than in the case of single-peak resonance characteristics, so that the direct current output can be stably outputted.
In recent years, such a resonant switching power supply has been requested to respond to a large capacity load. Circuit systems corresponding to large capacity loads are divided broadly into a system in which the circuit system of the resonant switching power supply of FIG. 6 is used and the circuit configuration is simply increased in capacity to achieve higher power (for example, see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-042545) and a system in which the circuit of the resonant switching power supply of FIG. 6 is applied as a single power supply circuit U1 as shown in FIG. 7 and the plurality of power supply circuits U1 are connected in parallel to increase power (for example, see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-184322).
Further, in the resonant switching power supply of FIG. 7, the plurality of power supply circuits U1 corresponding to a capacity have power supply input sections connected in parallel and power supply output sections connected in parallel, thereby increasing a load current.
Moreover, for the control of the power supply circuits U1, various control systems are available which include a system in which a control circuit S2 is provided to control control circuits S1 of the power supply circuits U1 as shown in FIG. 7 and a system in which the control circuits S1 of the power supply circuits are mutually controlled by a mutual control function (for example, see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-184322).

Switching power supply with plural resonant converters and variable frequency


An integrated communication system comprising a transfer path including first and second channels, a first terminal including a section for transmitting a first signal and generating a channel change code, an exchange section coupled to the transfer path and the first terminal, for generating a switching command in response to the channel change code from the first terminal, and exchanging the first signal between the first terminal and the second channel in accordance with the switching command, the first signal being exchanged between the first channel and the first terminal when the switching command is not generated, and a second terminal coupled to the transfer path and including a section for receiving the switching command from the transfer path, and receiving the first signal from the second channel in accordance with the switching command.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an audio signal/data signal integrated communication system which uses an audio signal channel and a data signal channel, and, more particularly, to an audio signal/data signal integrated communication system which can make effective use of channels.
2. Description of the Related Art
According to a conventional audio signal/data signal integrated communication system, a data terminal can be coupled to a digital telephone which is coupled to a primary transfer line serving to transfer an audio signal and a data signal. An interrupt transfer line separate from the primary transfer line is coupled to the digital telephone to permit a third party to make an interrupt telephone communication over the interrupt transfer line. However, such a digital telephone needs two transfer controllers respectively for the primary transfer line and interrupt transfer line. This inevitably enlarges the telephone and increases the manufacturing cost. For connection of such a telephone, two lines are used on the side of an exchange, thus impairing the system efficiency.
This problem may be solved by preparing a device for exclusive use for the interrupt telephone communication and using the device in parallel with the digital telephone or together with an additional telephone. This, however, requires a large space for device installment and would still have the aforementioned problem of increasing the cost of the total system.

Integrated communication system for ensuring effective use of channels


The invention provides methods and apparatus for inspecting a surface mounted device to estimate its position. The methods and apparatus provide for storing a description of the component to be inspected; devising a plan for inspecting features of the surface mounted device to determine their characteristics arid, from them, to estimate a position of the device itself; generating an image of at least a portion of the component being inspected; and estimating the component's position by inspecting successive features in accord with the plan. A resulting output signal provides that estimate, for example, to placement equipment which can make final adjustments in placement. According to one aspect of the invention, that plan is intended to reduce with inspection of each successive feature any uncertainty in the estimation of the position of the component.

This invention relates to automated vision systems and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for inspection and placement of surface mounted devices (SMD's).
In automated assembly processes, for example, those for assembling electronic circuit boards, it is important to determine the exact position of components prior to their being positioned for final assembly. Thus, for example, an assembly system must know the axial position and angular orientation of an integrated circuit "chip" before placing its leads on the appropriate pads on the printed circuit board.
The design and size of components that must be placed by these circuit board assembly processes can very greatly. The number and relative size of specific features that must be inspected on those components also vary greatly. It is quite common for a feature to be two to three orders of magnitude smaller than the component as a whole.
Of today's commercially significant components, the smallest measure 1.0 mm by 0.5 mm and consist of a single feature, their rectangular shape. The largest, on the other hand, measure over 50 mm in width and include several hundred features, typically, component leads which, themselves, measure less than 0.25 mm in width.
The outlines of electronic circuit components, or so-called surface mounted devices, are generally polygonal with right angle vertices. They generally have opaque non-conductive bodies of plastic or ceramic from which electrical contacts emanate. These electrical contacts may be leads (rectangular metal strips, possibly bent at one or more points) or pads (metallic regions bonded directly to the body).
Upon initial inspection, these leads and pads may appear to be part of the component body itself. For example, leads may extend away from the body and, thereby, contribute to the component's outline, or they may wrap around underneath the body. Moreover, leads and pads may be tinned. This tends to round corners, increase apparent size, and produce specular reflections and oxidation problems in frontlight.
An SMD inspection and placement machine typically has a "library" of several hundred different component designs. At each assembly step, the machine must inspect and place a component with one of those designs. New component types are being designed continuously as electronic devices and packaging evolve. International standards and widely disseminated specifications typically don't exist until well after a new component's introduction. They may never exist for specialized or proprietary components.
Thus far, the art has failed to provide systems capable of rapidly inspecting a wide variety of SMD's nor those which can be readily updated to accommodate new designs. Traditional solutions have required redesigned software and the release of an update whenever support for a new component is demanded by an end user. This can take many months.
It is, accordingly, an object of this invention to provide an improved automated vision system and, more particularly, an improved method and apparatus for surface mounted device inspection.
A further object of the invention is to provide a surface mounted device inspection system capable of automatically identifying the position of surface mounted devices of varied size and shape.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a surface mounted device inspection system that can be readily updated to inspect new component designs.
Another object is to provide a surface mounted device inspection system capable of automatically determining the acceptability of a component being inspected, that is, for example, determining whether a component has specific features such as leads.
Still other objects of the invention are evident in the description which follows.

Method and apparatus for inspection of surface mounted devices


As provided herein, when using an untrusted network connection, a secure online environment can be created for a remote machine by connecting to a trusted computer with a trusted network connection. A proxy server is installed on a first computing device and shared encryption keys are generated for the first device and a portable storage device. A connection is initiated between a second computing device (e.g., remote device), connected to an untrusted network, and the first computing device, comprising initiating a proxy server protocol from the portable storage device (e.g., attached to the second device), using the second computing device. A secure connection between the first and second devices is created using the encryption keys.

People traveling away from their home often desire to utilize computer-related services while away from home (e.g., using a laptop computer or other computer-related device). For example, travelers may utilize an accompanying laptop computer that can provide access to applications and typically allows them to connect to a network or the Internet. It is not unusual to see a coffee shop with several patrons accessing the shop's wireless access point (WAP) to connect to a network or the Internet. Further, some locations provide computers for use by travelers or patrons, such as an airport computer kiosks or Internet cafes, where a user can utilize a computer to access a network or the Internet. Inherently, when one utilizes a foreign (e.g., not at home or a trusted site) WAP or terminal to access the Internet they are connecting through an untrusted network (e.g., not a trusted network set up and controlled by the user).


The present invention is a process for bio synthesis of nano arsenic trioxide defined by its low toxicity, higher bio availability and nano particle size with the aid of buttermilk, goat urine, dolichos biflorous and other plant materials such as ginger, momordica charantia and musa paradisiaca. The invention is carried out in different steps involving purification of crude form of arsenic trioxide by boiling it with buttermilk, goat urine and extract of dolichos biflorous in subsequent steps, followed by the trituration of the bio purified arsenic trioxide with extracts of ginger and momordica charantia in subsequent steps and heating of the dry product obtained after trituration with musa paradisiaca resulting in the production of novel nano arsenic trioxide. The product is effective in the treatment of various diseases including different types of cancer in animals and humans. The product obtained through the process is less toxic with higher bio availability.

Applicability of Arsenic minerals is known in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine since ancient times. In the 18th Century Thomas Fowler compounded a potassium bicarbonate based solution of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) which came to be known as Fowler's solution. Pharmacology texts of the 18th Century indicate the use of arsenical pastes for the treatment of variety of diseases including cancer [Karen H. Antman; Introduction: The history of arsenic trioxide in cancer therapy; The Oncologist 2001; 6(suppl 2):1-2]. In the 1990's it was reported by the Chinese investigators that herbal mixture containing arsenic trioxide could induce complete remission in patients suffering from acute promyelocytic leukaemia. [Dan Douer, Wendy Hu et. Al.; Arsenic trioxide (Trisenox) Therapy for Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; The Oncologist 2003; 8:132-140].
Arsenic widely exists in nature in its trivalent and pentavalent forms. Arsenic toxicity highly depends on its chemical form. In Indian and Chinese traditional medicines three forms of arsenic minerals i.e., Orpiment, Realgar and Arsenolite, are used alone and also in conjunction with other minerals for treatment of various diseases. The disposition of these arsenicals in the body depends on various key factors, including solubility, absorption, distribution, and excretion. Arsenic trioxide is the most bio available but it is highly toxic compared to Orpiment and Realger. Realgar is also a major component in bhasmas of Indian Ayurvedic medicine. Realger is used both for external as well as internal application. Arsenic trioxide, obtained after purification of Arsenolite, has short term toxicity due to which its therapeutic application is a major concern. To increase the therapeutic application of Realgar, nano particles of Realgar is prepared by cryogrinding with polyvinylpyrrolidone and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate. (Jie Liu et. al., Mineral Arsenicals in Traditional Medicines:Orpiment, Realger, and Arsenolite, The Journal of Pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Vol. 326, No. 2, pg. 363-368, 2008).
Prior art search indicates that arsenic trioxide is and has been used in the treatment of cancer. EP2374463, EP2394702, EP 1562616, WO9924029, U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,439, U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,339, U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,096, U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,351, U.S. Pat. No. 6,720,011 are the results of prior art search indicating use of arsenic trioxide in therapy. However the present invention is unique in terms of the process of preparation and the novel nano arsenic trioxide obtained through the present inventive process is generally of particle size ranging from 10 nm to 1000 nm. Further, the novel product is chemically more stable, bio available and safe due to less toxic nature for therapeutic administration in humans, animals and plants. The prior art process for production of arsenic trioxide that is used for therapeutic application involves purification of arsenic trioxide through chemical process. The present invention purifies arsenic trioxide through bio synthesis.
The present invention relates to the production of novel nano arsenic trioxide by a novel process, which involves purification, making it chemically more stable, and particle size reduction of arsenic trioxide, with plant materials, buttermilk and goat urine. The plant materials used in the present process are Dolichos biflorous, Momordica charantia, Zingiber officinale, Musa paradisica. The scope of the invention also include use of the active ingredients found in the herein mentioned plant materials, buttermilk, goat urine or other plant, organic or inorganic materials, containing cellulose, with similar characteristics and chemical properties, as known to the people skilled in the art, for the purpose of inventive process and production of the novel product.
Buttermilk is a fermented dairy product obtained from cow's milk. The tartness of buttermilk is due to the presence of lactic acid. The pH level of buttermilk is generally noted to be 4.41 to 4.84. Butter milk can be made through traditional process, by culturing and also through acidification process of milk. One phase of the invention involves purification of arsenic trioxide with the aid of buttermilk. Use of buttermilk is one embodiment of this invention and it is possible to derive the same results if buttermilk is substituted with any other fermented form of milk either obtained through traditional methods or cultured. The substitution of fermented milk obtained through traditional methods or cultured with that of chemically produced or induced active ingredients with same effect known to people skilled in the art cannot be ruled out.
Goat and Cow urine have been an ingredient in Indian Ayurvedic medicine and other traditional Indian Medicine. Goat Urine is used in treatment of tuberculosis by tribals in Western ghats, India [P. Padmanabhan & amp; K. A. Sujana, 2008, Animal products in traditional medicine from Attapady hills of Western Ghats, Indian Journal of Traditional Medicine, Vol. 7(2), pg. 326-329]. However, the use of the goat urine as in the present process is not traditional knowledge or anticipated.
The medicinal values of plant materials belonging to genus Zingiber and family Zingiberaceae is well known in traditional medicines. Zingiber Officinale is plant species of genus Zingiber. The rhizome of Zingiber Officinale, Ginger, is one of the most widely used species of ginger family Zingiberaceae and is known for its medicinal use in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine. Ginger has many active ingredients such as Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons predominantly Zingiberene, active gingerols that can be converted to shogaols, Zingerone, Paradol. 6-Gingerol and 6-shogaols have shown pharmacological activities including anti pyretic, analgesic and in treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea (Monograph, Alternative Medicine Review, Volume 8, No. 3, 2003, pg. 331-335). However, use of ginger or extract of plant material of family of Zingiber Officinale for particle size reduction of metalloid is not known. The present inventive process also involve particle size reduction of arsenic trioxide to nano particles with aid of ginger.
Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon) is a tropical vegetable of family Cucurbitaceae. It is a flowering vine with known medicinal properties. Its fruits contain glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, resins, phenolic constituents, fixed oils and free acids. Chemical constituents in Momordica Charantia are Alkaloids, charantin, charine, cryptoxanthin, cucurbitins, cucurbitacins, cucurbitanes, cycloartenols, diosgenin, elaeostearic acids, erythrodiol, galacturonic acids, gentisic acid, goyaglycosides, goyasaponins, guanylate cyclise inhibitors, gypsogenin, hydroxytryptamines, karounidiols, lanosterol, lauric acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, momorcharasides, momorcharins, momordenol, momordicilin, momordicins, momordicinin, momordicosides, momordin, momordolo, multiflorenol, myristic acid, nerolidol, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, oxalic, acid, pentadecans, peptides, petroselinic acid, polypeptides, proteins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, rosmarinic acid, rubixanthin, spinasterol, steroidal glycosides, stigmasta-diols, stigmasterol, taraxerol, trehalose, trypsin inhibitors, uracil, vacine, v-insulin, verbascoside, vicine, zeatin, zeatin riboside, zeaxanthin, zeinoxanthin Amino acids-aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, thscinne, alanine, g-amino butyric acid and pipecolic acid, ascorbigen, b-sitosterol-d-glucoside, citrulline, elasterol, flavochrome, lutein, lycopene, pipecolic acid.
Musa paradisica is a herbaceous plant of the genus Musa. The older scientific name Musa paradisica is seldom used due to the advent of hybrid varieties. Presently the species are referred to as Musa acuminata or Musa balbisiana or triploid hybrids. The fruit as well as the plant materials have medicinal value. In the present invention the extract of the plant material is used.
Dolichos biflorous is commonly used as an astringent, diuretic and tonic. The enzymes found in Dolichos biflorous have been identified as Urease, Allantoinase, Ribonuclease, Nicotinamide deaminase, b-n-acetylglucosaminidase, a and b galactosidase, a-mannosidase and b glucosidase.

Process for bio synthesis of nano arsenic trioxide and its use in treatment of diseases including cancer