A paintball gun utilizes pressurized air to fire a paintball to avoid using a spool protruding from a barrel to fire the paintball which may pinch the user's finger, accidentally. The paintball gun also uses a low pressure regulator to seal a port of the barrel to block pressurized air from entering into the barrel to prevent triggering the gun and damaging others.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a paintball gun, and more particularly to one that applies pressurized air to directly fire a paintball, having the pressurized air passing through a spool, and to one that has a port blocked by turning a low pressure regulator to avoid hurting people by accidentally pulling a trigger.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Survival game in jungle is one of the popular sports around the world. In the game, a paintball gun is a primary weapon to be used for its safety consideration. To mitigate the risk of using paintball gun, a flask filled with pressurized air is essentially used as the power to shoot the paintball gun. As illustrated in FIG. 6 of the accompanying drawings, a barrel (A1) of a paintball gun (A) is formed with a paintball drop hole (A2) for a paintball (B) to drop therefrom into the barrel (A1) to be ready to shoot. Upon the trigger (A3) is pulled, a hammer (A4) brings a spool (A5) to strike the paintball (B) to fire.
However, when shooting the paintball (B), the speed starts from zero to fast speed instantly, which may cause deviation of the paintball (B).
Furthermore, the barrel (A1) has a trough (A6) at the endmost for a linking rod (A7) provided between the hammer (A4) and the spool (A5) to slide along. The moving speed of the linking rod (A7) is relative fast, which may pinch the user's finger or cause the user to trigger the paintball, accidentally.


There is provided an effective method for the preparation of o-aminophenyl cyclopropyl ketone via the dehydrohalogenation of 1-(o-aminophenyl)-4-halo-1-butanone in the presence of a base and a phase transfer catalyst.

The compound o-aminophenyl cyclopropyl ketone is a useful intermediate in the manufacture of crop-selective sulfamoyl urea herbicidal agents. It is particularly useful in the manufacture of 1-(o-cyclopropylcarbonyl)-phenylsulfamoyl urea derivatives which are highly potent, yet environmentally benign, cereal crop tolerant herbicides. Methods known to prepare o-aminophenyl cyclopropyl ketone such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,160,784 and 5,009,699 use cyclopropylnitrile as starting material. However, cyclopropylnitrile is not commercially nor readily obtainable, whereas 4-chlorobutyronitrile is obtainable commercially. However, there is no effective method available to prepare o-aminophenyl cyclopropyl ketone from its 4-halo acyclic precursor, 1-(o-aminophenyl)-4-halo-1-butanone.
Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide an effective process for the preparation of o-aminophenyl cyclopropyl ketone via the dehydrohalogenation of 1-(o-aminophenyl)-4-halo-1-butanone.
It is another object of this invention to provide a source of a useful intermediate in the manufacture of herbicidal sulfamoyl urea derivatives.

Process for the preparation of o-aminophenyl cyclo-propyl ketone


Multiple switch planes, each having meshed bufferless switch units, connect source nodes to sink nodes to form a communications network. Each directed pair of source and sink nodes has a first-order path traversing a single switch unit in a corresponding switch plane and multiple second-order paths each traversing two switch units in one of the remaining switch planes. To reduce processing effort and minimize requisite switching hardware, connectivity patterns of source nodes and sink nodes to the switch planes are selected so that each pair of source node and sink node connects only once to a common switch unit. Widely-varying flow rates may be allocated from each source node to the sink nodes. To handle frequent changes of flow-rate allocations, in order to follow variations of traffic distribution, a high-throughput scheduling system employing coordinated multiple scheduler units is provided in each switch plane.

Present wide-coverage networks are generally multi-hop networks of large diameter where a path may traverse several core nodes from one edge node to another. Such networks employ switching nodes of moderate dimensions and have performance challenges. In particular, a multi-hop packet-switching network suffers from cumulative performance degradation as a path from source to destination traverses numerous router-switches. In order to facilitate the introduction of envisaged broadband services, it is of paramount importance that the network diameter be reduced. It is highly desirable that a path from one edge node to another traverse only one core node. It is also desirable, given the dominance of fiber-optic transport, that modulated optical carrier signals received at a core node be switched towards its destination edge node without the need for extracting the baseband signals for switching in the electronic domain followed by modulating optical carriers.
The Need for a New Network Structure
The Internet was designed to route individual packets from a source to a sink where each packet carries an identifier of its sink and, preferably, an identifier of its source. The packets are handled by devices called routers. The function of a router is to identify the sink of each packet it receives and to select a subsequent router to which it forwards a packet en route to destination.
A router has input ports for receiving packets from subtending sources and output ports for forwarding packets to subsequent routers towards destination. The number of input ports and output ports define a "dimension" of a router. A router has a switching fabric for directing incoming packets to respective output ports. The capacity of a router is determined by the capacity of the switching fabric which, in turn, limits the collective capacities of the input ports and output ports of the router. A router also has a processing system, which may include several processing units, to parse incoming packets, determine their destinations, and select an output port for each packet using a forwarding table. The number of packets per second that can be handled by the processing system determines the "throughput" of the router. Conventional routers were generally of low dimension, low capacity, and low throughput. The low capacity was dictated by the size and speed limitations of electronic devices. The low throughput was dictated by the processing limitations, considering the complex Internet addressing scheme which requires a tedious process of deciphering the destination or source address of each packet. The low dimension is a direct consequence of both the low capacity and low throughput. With routers of small dimensions, the network "diameter" can be significantly large. The diameter of a network is a measure of the traffic-weighted mean number of switching nodes (such as routers) traversed by a packet from source to destination. It is well known that the diameter of a network significantly affects the cost and, more importantly, the performance of the network.
The structure of any network is significantly influenced by the capabilities of its building blocks and the method of routing data from sources to sinks through the network is significantly influenced by the network structure. The efficiency and performance of a network are decided by the network structure and the routing scheme. In particular, network performance is very sensitive to the method of routing. Packets are routed through the internet using what may appear to be a very simple hop-by-hop method where every router uses a forwarding table to direct each packet it receives to a subsequent router, selected according to a specified destination of the packet. At the subsequent router, the packet is either placed in a buffer or discarded if the buffer is full. The apparent simplicity of this primitive routing method actually leads to a very complex overall control scheme, very low network efficiency, and poor performance in terms of data loss and delay jitter.
Several attempts have been made to overcome the deficiencies of the Internet. However, instead of addressing the main problem, which is the infrastructure, performance issues were handled by introducing complex protocols. Complex protocols, in turn, resulted in complex routers. The result is a complex network that cannot realize the vision of an omni-present multi-grained high-performance network. Such a network is now badly needed to revive the telecommunications industry and spur economic growth.
Eventually, change has to happen to enhance the Internet, or better yet, create an entirely new Global network of high quality and broadband capability. The change would be motivated—at least in part—by significant advances in access technology in both wireless and wireline media. The high access capacity would call for a tidy high-capacity wireline network core which is currently unavailable.
There is a need, therefore, for a high-capacity network of small diameter that employs fast-switching optical core nodes. Steps toward creating a high-capacity network of small diameter are described in the following:                (1) U.S. Pat. No. 6,486,983, "Agile Optical-core Distributed Packet Switch";        (2) U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,872, "Self-configuring distributed switch";        (3) U.S. Pat. No. 6,876,649, "High-Capacity WDM-TDM Packet Switch";        (4) U.S. Pat. No. 6,882,799, Apr. 19, 2005, "Multi-grained network";        (5) U.S. Pat. No. 6,920,131, "Global Distributed Switch";        (6) United States Patent Number 2006/0126,996, "Balanced Bufferless Switch"; and        (7) EP1087635B1, "High-Capacity WDM-TDM Packet Switch".

Network with a fast-switching optical core providing widely varying flow-rate allocations


A polymer containing a recurring unit having an aliphatic polycyclic structure, wherein at least two atoms constituting the ring skeleton of the aliphatic polycyclic structure constitute the main chain of the polymer, and the recurring unit has an aliphatic ring containing a sulfonyl group as the constitutive group of the ring skeleton, has high refractivity, high Abbe's number, high-level heat resistance, high-level light transmittance and low water absorption.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an aliphatic ring-containing polymer that contains a sulfonyl group as the constitutive group of the ring skeleton thereof and to a method for producing the polymer, as well as to a resin composition for optical material, a shaped article, an optical material and a lens comprising the polymer. In particular, the invention relates to an optical material and a lens having a high refractivity, a high Abbe's number, a high-level heat resistance, a high-level light transmittance and a low water absorption, and to a resin material for producing them. The invention is applicable, for example, to optical parts such as lenses for spectacles, lenses for optical instruments, lenses for optoelectronics, laser lenses, pickup lenses, in-vehicle camera lenses, mobile camera lenses, digital camera lenses, OHP lenses, lenses constituting microlens arrays, etc.
2. Description of the Related Art
As compared with glass, a transparent resin material has various advantages in that it is excellent in lightweightness, impact resistance and shapability and is economical; and recently, resin is being much used for optical glass in the art of optical parts such as lenses and others.
One typical transparent thermoplastic resin material is a polycarbonate resin. In particular, a polycarbonate resin produced by the use of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (generally called bisphenol A) as a starting material has many advantages in that it is excellent in transparency, more lightweight than glass and excellent in impact resistance and that it is applicable to industrial-scale mass-production of shaped articles as being able to be shaped in melt; and therefore the resin of the type is being much used as optical parts in various fields. The resin has a relatively high refractive index of 1.58 or so, but its Abbe's number indicating the degree of refractivity dispersiveness is around 30 and is low, or that is, the resin is poor in the balance between the refractivity and the dispersiveness characteristic thereof. At present, therefore, the resin is limited in point of the range of its applications to optical parts. For example, regarding lenses for spectacles that are one typical example of optical parts, it is known that the materials for those lenses preferably have an Abbe's number of at least 40 when the visibility function thereof is taken into consideration (Non-Patent Reference 1); and in case where a polycarbonate resin produced by the use of bisphenol A as a starting material is directly used for those lenses as it is, the lenses formed of the resin could hardly have the desired characteristics.
According to Non-Patent Reference 2, the aberration occurring inside the optical system of imaging instruments include monochromatic aberration such as spherical aberration, coma aberration, astigmatism, distortion and field aberration, and chromatic aberration. In particular, when chromatic aberration is large, then color fringing may be large with the result that the image quality of color images may greatly worsen. The non-patent reference says that the chromatic aberration of the type can be corrected by a combination of lenses where a lens having a high refractivity and a lens having a large Abbe's number are combined.
As an optical resin material having a large Abbe's number, known is a cyclic olefin resin comprising a total hydrocarbon. The Abbe's number of the cyclic olefin resin is from 50 to 57 or so and is relatively high, however, the refractive index thereof is not so high; and those of which both the Abbe's number and the refractive index are high are not as yet provided. With the recent tendency toward lightweight and small-sized portable appliances, materials having a further higher refractive index are desired, and resins more excellent than cyclic olefin resins are needed.
As a resin containing a sulfur atom, for example, Patent Reference 1 describes a polymer prepared through metathesis polymerization of an aliphatic cyclic olefin that contains a sulfur atom as the constitutive atom of the ring skeleton thereof. Using the polymer realizes a relatively high refractive index of from 1.58 to 1.59, but could not attain a high Abbe's number of at least 50. In addition, the patent reference describes nothing relating to introduction of a sulfonyl group as the constitutive group of the ring skeleton.
On the other hand, Patent Reference 2 says that use of a (meth)acrylate having a sulfonyl group-containing heterocyclic skeleton as a resin material provides a lens having a high refractive index and a high Abbe's number. The polymer has a refractive index of from 1.51 to 1.52 and an Abbe's number of from 60 to 61; however, its practical use is problematic since its water absorption is high.
For these reasons, heretofore, even when a sulfur atom-containing resin is used, all the requirements of high refractivity, high Abbe's number and low water absorption could not be satisfied.
On the other hand, some polymers similar to the polymer of the invention in point of the structure thereof have been proposed.
For example, Patent Reference 3 describes a polymer prepared through copolymerization of an aliphatic polycyclic olefin optionally substituted with a functional group and a polar vinyl olefin. The patent reference describes various types of functional groups as the substituent, showing a sulfonylalkyl group among them. However, the patent reference describes nothing relating to production examples and physical data of sulfonylalkyl group-having polymers, and describes nothing relating to the applicability of the polymers to lenses. In addition, in this, since the sulfonyl group is not a constitutive group of the ring structure of the polymer, the polymer therein differs from the polymer of the invention in point of the structure thereof.
Patent References 4 and 5 describe resins prepared through polymerization of a polycyclic olefin. They say that use of the resin can realize high refractivity, high Abbe's number and high-level heat resistance. However, these references do not describe an aliphatic ring-containing polymer that contains a sulfonyl group as the constitutive group of the ring skeleton thereof. In addition, in Patent Reference 4, use of inorganic fine particles as mixed in the resin is needed, and in Patent Reference 5, use of a fluorine atom-substituted polycyclic polymer is needed; or in other words, the resins in these patent references are limited in point of the usage pattern thereof. Further, from the viewpoint of providing a resin material capable of satisfying all the requirements of high refractivity, high Abbe's number, high-level heat resistance, high-level light transmittance and low water absorption, there is room for further development    Patent Reference 1: JP-A 2007-9178    Patent Reference 2: WO2006/075646    Patent Reference 3: JP-T 2008-519882    Patent Reference 4: JP-A 2010-77280    Patent Reference 5: JP-A 2010-145959    Non-Patent Reference 1: Quarterly Journal of Chemical Review, No. 39, Refractivity Control of Transparent Polymer, edited by the Chemical Society of Japan    Non-Patent Reference 2: Technology and Application of Plastic Lenses, published by CMC (2003)

Polymer, method for producing polymer, resin composition for optical material, shaped article, optical material, and lens


A method for transmitting data between a radio transmitting device and a radio receiving device includes transmitting a frame structure over a radio channel, the frame structure including a control channel and a data channel. The method further includes detecting a quality degradation of the radio channel, selecting a bit from the data channel and increasing a transmission power of the selected bit when the quality degradation of the radio channel is detected.

Radio transmitting devices and radio receiving devices may communicate with each other over a radio channel. During the communication, the quality of transmitted data may be influenced by the radio channel.
Methods for transmitting data between radio devices as well as the performance of the radio devices constantly have to be improved. Further, it is particularly desirable to provide a stable connection between radio devices and improve the stability of employed radio channels. For these and further reasons there is a need for the present invention.

Method for transmitting data between a radio transmitting device and a radio receiving device


A light module and an assembling method thereof are disclosed. The light module includes a first circuit board, a second circuit board, and a light source, wherein the first circuit board has a first opening and a second opening, and the second circuit board has a first bending portion. The light source is disposed on the first circuit board. The second circuit board passes through the first opening and the second opening of the first circuit board to form the first bending portion and the first circuit board and the second circuit board are fixed together to complete the light module assembling.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a light module and an assembling method thereof. Particularly, the present invention relates to a light module with increased reliability and an assembling method thereof.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventional cathode-ray tube display devices, under current trends of pursuing shorter, smaller, lighter, and thinner electronic devices, are gradually being replaced by flat panel display devices that have advantageous properties such as smaller volume, low power consumption, as well as other desirable characteristics. As a result, flat panel display devices are becoming or have already become the de facto standard for the market of display devices.
There are various types of flat panel display devices on the market. Among them, liquid crystal display (LCD) devices utilizing liquid crystal display technology are currently the most favored among manufacturers and customers. In addition, the application of LCD technologies in other products on the market is also far reaching, wherein examples of products with LCD technologies including computer display devices, LCD televisions, digital billboards, tablet computers, and other related devices are all gradually becoming commonplace. However, due to the fact that LCD devices are non self-luminous display devices, the LCD devices therefore need backlight units to provide the required light for purposes of illuminating the display. In recent years, in accordance with raising public awareness of environmentally friendly practices as well as other technical considerations, the light component of backlight sources have gradually gravitated towards utilizing light emitting diodes (LED) as light sources. Typically, light emitting diodes are disposed on printed circuit boards to form a LED light bar within backlight sources. In addition, LED light bars are electrically connected to external circuits through flexible printed circuit boards (PCB) so that the lighting mechanism of the backlight source may be controlled by the external circuits.
As shown in FIG. 1A, a conventional backlight module of a LCD device includes a light module 60 composed of a light bar of light emitting diodes and a flexible printed circuit board, a light shade 70 for accommodating the light bar, a plurality of optical films 80, and a bottom frame 40. As shown in FIG. 1B of a conventional light module, the conventional light module includes a first circuit board 10, a second circuit board 20, and a light source 30, wherein the light source 30 is disposed on and electrically connected to the first circuit board 10. The flexible second circuit board 20 is also electrically connected to the first circuit board 10. Since the second circuit board 20 is electrically connected to the first circuit board 10, external circuits can transmit circuit control signals to the light source 30 that is disposed on the first circuit board 10 by way of the second circuit board 20. As shown in FIG. 1B, after the first circuit board 10 is electrically connected to the second circuit board 20, the flexible second circuit board 20 will bend around the top of the first circuit board 10 and wind around the back of the first circuit board 10. An end of the second circuit board 20 then winds around the bottom of the first circuit board 10 towards the front. Therefore, through the property of the second circuit board 20 of being able to wind around the first circuit board 10, the first circuit board 10 and the second circuit board 20 can be fixed to each other. As shown in FIG. 1C, in addition to utilizing the second circuit board 20 to wind around the first circuit board 10 to fix them together, a tape 50 is also utilized to increase the fixation effect between the two circuit boards, wherein the tape 50 fixes the two circuit boards together in both the horizontal and vertical directions.
However, during the follow-up assembling process of disposing the first circuit board 10 that has the light source 30 within the light shade 70, the second circuit board 20 winding around the first circuit board 10 may be damaged by influences from the assembling action or even the light shade 70. In turn, the damage caused to the second circuit board 20 will affect the quality of the electrical connection between the second circuit board 20 and external circuits or between the second circuit board 20 and the first circuit board 10, resulting in symptoms of faulty lighting in the light source 30 and subsequently decreased reliability of the light module as a whole.

Light module, composite circuit board device used therein, and assembling method thereof


A distance-measuring apparatus for measuring the distance between a capacitance-type sensing probe (60) and a nearby surface of a conductive body is provided. A probe (60) includes a plurality of measuring electrodes (56.sub.l -56.sub.n) and a grounding electrode (58). The grounding electrode protrudes from the probe and grounds the nearby surface of the conductive body. A control system (10) is connected to the probe (60). A processor (12) issues control instructions, S.sub.CTL, to a selector (16). The selector (16) selects one of a plurality of measuring electrodes (56.sub.l -56.sub.n) and connects the selected electrode to a converter (14). A charging circuit (18) applies a charging voltage to the selected electrode, causing a capacitor formed by the selected electrode and the nearby surface of the conductive body to charge up. A timing circuit (22) starts a counter (32) when one of the measuring electrodes (56.sub.l -56.sub.n) is selected and stops the counter (32) when a capacitor charge voltage, V".sub.C, becomes greater than or equal to a threshold voltage, V.sub.T. The counter (32) counts clock pulses, V.sub.CK, produced by a clock (34) and produces a count value, S.sub.CNT, that is proportional to the charge time of the capacitor. The processor (12) translates the S.sub.CNT value into a distance value corresponding to the distance between the sensing probe (60) and the nearby surface of the body being inspected.

Capacitance techniques are commonly employed by distance measuring apparatus to inspect cavities and surfaces of conductive bodies for irregularities and imperfections. Typical capacitance-type distance measuring apparatus have two parts: a capacitance-type sensing probe; and, an electronic control system. The capacitance-type sensing probe includes electrodes that, in conjunction with the surface of a body being inspected, form capacitors that are used to make distance measurements. The electronic control system usually contains circuitry for applying charging voltages to the electrodes in the sensing probe and circuitry for translating capacitance-related signals into distance values. More specifically, a capacitance-type distance measuring apparatus measures the capacitance between the probe and the body being inspected. Once the capacitance is determined, the electronic control system translates the capacitance into a distance value. A capacitance-to-distance translation is relatively simple and straightforward and is based upon the inverse relationship that exists between capacitance and the distance between the plates that form a capacitor. Various physical characteristics of a body, such as size and shape can be determined from a suitable number of distance values.
A capacitance-type distance measuring apparatus that has found widespread use in the aircraft industry uses a parallel plate capacitance technique to inspect aircraft parts. However, another technique known as a fringe field capacitance technique offers certain advantages over the plate capacitance technique. These advantages, which include smaller sensing probes and more precise measurements, allow fringe field capacitance probes to be used to determine whether small cavities in aircraft parts are within exacting engineering specifications.
Capacitance values associated with fringe field capacitance probes are typically quite small--such as one-tenth of a picofarad. Accordingly, the electronic control systems of distance measuring apparatus must be sensitive to capacitance-related signals that are also quite small. The electronic control systems of prior art distance measuring apparatus have used methods such as circuit resonance, diode twin-T balancing, frequency modulation, phase-locked loop, and pulse width modulation to measure the capacitance between a probe and a conductive body being inspected. All of these prior art methods have inherent problems. For example, the circuit resonance method of capacitance measurement is most effective for signals within a narrow bandwidth. The narrow bandwidth limits the range of capacitance values that can be measured. Additionally, if a digital output signal is required, the circuit resonance method requires a complex analog-to-digital conversion. Diode twin-T circuits require substantial signal amplification that may introduce noise or other extraneous signals into the signal being measured. In addition, variations between the operating characteristics of diodes may require ongoing calibration of diode twin-T circuits. Frequency modulation and pulse width modulation methods experience oscillator stability problems and, when a digital output signal is required, involve complex analog-to-digital signal conversions. Phase-locked loop circuits behave nonlinearly over a wide range of capacitance values and are not well suited for measuring low values of capacitance, such as those created by fringe field capacitance probes.
As will be appreciated from the foregoing discussion, there has developed a need in the aircraft industry, as well as in other industries, for a method and apparatus that will accurately, reliably, and inexpensively measure the distance between a capacitance-type sensing probe, such as a fringe field capacitance probe, and a conductive body. The present invention provides a method and apparatus that computes the charge times of capacitors formed by the sensing probe and a nearby surface of the body in a manner that achieves these results.

Method and apparatus for measuring the distance between a body and a capacitance probe


D-serine is effective for inhibiting neuron loss due to an immune response by glial cells to a brain injury. An example of a method includes artificially administering a composition including D-serine to brain cells after an injury thereto, the composition including an amount of D-serine effective to inhibit death of neurons.

The amino acid D-serine is an agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors ("NMDARs") in the brain, which are receptor complexes composed of glycine-binding and glutamate-binding subunits. It was reported in U.S. Pat. No. 9,040,581 that D-serine is also an antagonist of GluN3-containing triheteromeric NMDARs, a species of NMDARs found in the temporal lobe and that targeting GluN3-containing triheteromeric NMDARs may be used to treat neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, that cause seizures.

D-serine inhibit neuroinflammation due to a brain injury

Florida State University Research Foundation, Inc.


A monitoring system for a gas turbine or other elevated temperature environment is provided. The system has one or more photonic crystal fibers for capturing and transmitting light to an imaging camera for generation of an image. The photonic crystal fibers can be formed from a sapphire cladding. The photonic crystal fibers can be band gap fibers. The photonic crystal fibers can be arranged in a bundle, including an array or a linear bundle.

Typically, gas turbine engines include a compressor for compressing air, a combustor for mixing the compressed air with fuel and igniting the mixture, and a blade assembly for producing power. Combustors often operate at high temperatures that may exceed 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit. The high temperatures create a high stress environment under which components of the turbine engines must operate.
Monitoring of the turbine engine components in this high stress environment is difficult due to the temperature that the monitoring equipment must withstand and the high speed and vibrations that the monitoring equipment must endure and still provide data. For instance, monitoring of a gas turbine through use of imaging that requires lenses is difficult because the lenses act as a thermal target and become opaque to transmission of optical radiation. Fiber optic endoscopes or fiber probes use typical telecommunications optical fiber to conduit light from the object or component, but are opaque to the infrared wavelengths and thus are unsuited for use in a turbine engine environment.
Thus, a need exists for a device for monitoring of gas turbine engine components that can operate effectively in a high stress environment including elevated temperatures.


A substrate processing apparatus includes a processing chamber and a substrate mounting table. The processing chamber defines a processing space. The substrate mounting table includes a base and an electrostatic chuck, and is disposed in the processing space. The base has a coolant path formed therein. The electrostatic chuck is provided on the upper surface of the base through an adhesive layer formed by curing a liquid adhesive, and has an electrode therein. Here, a first adhesive region is provided on the upper surface of the base, and is adhered to the electrostatic chuck through the adhesive layer. The first adhesive region has a center portion recessed compared with the end portion of the first adhesive region.

Conventionally, there has been known a substrate mounting table including an electrostatic chuck having therein an electrode for electrostatic adsorption and a base for adjusting the temperature of the electrostatic chuck (see, e.g., Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-33181). In the substrate mounting table disclosed in the above-cited reference, the electrostatic chuck and the base are adhesively integrated with each other through an adhesive layer. The upper surface of the base has a substantially mesa shape, and the electrostatic chuck is disposed on the upper surface (mounting surface) of the mesa plateau. The upper surface of the electrostatic chuck has a larger surface area than the mounting surface. As a result, the electrostatic chuck is disposed in a state where its edge protrudes radially outwardly beyond the mounting surface. Around the side surface of the adhesive layer, a flexible coating member with a resistance to plasma is provided. The coating member is tightly attached on the side surface of the electrostatic chuck, an end portion of the lower surface of the electrostatic chuck, and the upper surface (periphery) of the base other than the mesa plateau. As another example, the coating member is tightly attached on the side surface of the electrostatic chuck, the end portion of the lower surface of the electrostatic chuck, the upper surface of the base other than the mesa plateau, and the side surface of the mesa plateau of the base. Accordingly, the deterioration of the adhesive layer may be prevented because the side peripheral surface of the adhesive layer is protected by the coating member from active species and the like generated by a plasma.
However, when heat is applied to the substrate mounting table disclosed in the above-cited reference, the coating member may be subjected to a significant thermal expansion/contraction depending on the material of the coating member. In the case when the coating member is largely thermally expanded, the adhesive layer may be peeled off due to a force pushing up the end portion of the lower surface of the electrostatic chuck. Further, when the coating member is largely thermally contracted, a gap may be formed between the coating member and the end portion of the lower surface of the electrostatic chuck and the plasma or the like may enter the gap. Therefore, in the art, there have been required a substrate mounting table and a substrate processing apparatus capable of adequately protect the adhesive layer bonding the base and the electrostatic chuck together.

Substrate mounting table and substrate processing apparatus


A blowing assembly is connected to a body of a blowing mechanism and has a bracket, a driving device, a mold assembly and a peripheral-supplying device. The bracket is connected to the body of the blowing mechanism and has a frame, an actuating device and a transmitting device. The frame is connected to the body of the blowing mechanism and has multiple mounting shafts, a mounting board, a second moving board and a primary moving board. The driving device is mounted on the second moving board and has a motor, a driven device and a threaded rod. The mold assembly is connected to the bracket and has a primary mold and two second molds. The peripheral-supplying device is connected to the body of the blowing mechanism over the bracket and has two mounts located at two sides of the second moving board.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a blowing assembly, and more particularly to a blowing assembly that is used on a blowing mechanism and can reduce the cost for manufacturing a plastic bottle.
2. Description of Related Art
With reference to FIG. 6, a conventional blowing mechanism (80) is used to manufacture a plastic bottle with an open end and a close end and comprises a body (86), an annular track (81), multiple bottle seats (82) and a blowing assembly.
The body (86) has a primary base, a second base and multiple mounting shafts. The bases are respectively mounted movably on the mounting shafts and face each other and each base has an inner surface.
The annular track (81) moveably extends between the inner surfaces of the bases in an endless circle and has a bottom, an inner side and an outer side. The inner side of the annular track (81) is adjacent to the inner surface of the primary base and the outer side of the annular track (81) is adjacent to the inner surface of the second base.
The bottle seats (82) are mounted respectively in the bottom of the annular track (81) and are used to hold the open ends of the plastic bottles.
The blowing assembly is connected to the body (86) and has a primary mold (85), a second mold (83) and a handle-supplying device (84). The primary mold (85) is mounted on the inner surface of the primary base and below the annular track (81) and has two first cavities. The second mold (83) is mounted on the inner surface of the second base and has two second cavities facing respectively to the first cavities in the primary mold (85). When the bases are moved along the mounting shafts, the molds (85, 83) will contact each other and the corresponding cavities will hold a plastic bottle in the bottle seat (82). The handle-supplying device (84) is connected to the body (86) over the second mold (83) to supplying peripherals such as handles to the second cavities of the second mold (83).
The manufacturing process of the conventional blowing mechanism (80) is firstly moving the annular track (81) to apply the plastic bottles between the primary mold (85) and the second mold (83) and corresponding to the cavities. Then, the handle-supplying device (84) supplies handles into the second cavities in the second mold (83). The bases are moved to close to each other along the mounting shafts to combine the molds (83, 85) and to attach the handles onto the plastic bottles.
Therefore, the conventional blowing mechanism (80) takes times for supplying handles into the second cavities of the second mold (83) with the handle-supplying device (84), and this will decrease the efficiency of manufacturing plastic bottles and increase the cost for manufacturing plastic bottles.
Therefore, the invention provides a blowing assembly to mitigate or obviate the aforementioned problems.


The apparatus for making a nanopore in a membrane generally has an electrode configured to connect to one of two opposing surfaces of the membrane; a conductive tip configured to contact a location of the other one of the two opposing surfaces of the membrane; and a voltage source electrically connected between the electrode and the conductive tip and operable to generate an electric potential across the membrane, the electric potential locally removing material of the membrane at the location to make the nanopore.

International Patent Application Publication WO 2013/167955 A1 describes a technique for fabricating a nanopore in a membrane immersed in a solution containing ions. This technique involves providing electrodes in the solution containing ions on each side of the membrane and applying an electric potential across the membrane via the electrodes. A value of the electric potential is selected to induce an electric field which causes a leakage current across the membrane. Then, the leakage current flowing across the membrane is monitored while the electric potential is being applied until an abrupt increase in the leakage current across the membrane is detected. Finally, the electric potential across the membrane is removed in response to the detected abrupt increase in the leakage current.
Although satisfactory to a certain extent, this conventional technique for fabricating a nanopore in a membrane requires that the membrane be immersed in a solution containing ions. Moreover, this technique provides nanopores which are randomly located on the surface of the membrane. There thus remains room for improvement.

Method and apparatus for making a nanopore in a membrane using an electric field applied via a conductive tip

THE ROYAL INSTITUTION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING / MCGILL UNIVERSITY


The photomultiplier tube 1 is provided with an upper frame 2 and a lower frame 4 which are arranged so as to oppose each other, with the respective opposing surfaces 20a, 40a made with an insulating material, a side wall part 3 which constitutes a casing together with the frames 2, 4, a plurality of stages of electron multiplying parts 33 which are arrayed so as to be spaced away sequentially from a first end side to a second end side on the opposing surface 40a of the lower frame 4, a photocathode 41 which is installed on the first end side so as to be spaced away from the electron multiplying parts 33, converting incident light from outside to photoelectrons, an anode part 34 which is installed on the second end side so as to be spaced away from the electron multiplying parts 33 to take out electrons multiplied by the electron multiplying parts 33 as a signal, and a wall-like electrode 32 which is arranged so as to enclose the photocathode 41 when viewed from a direction directly opposite to an opposing surface 401 and having a notched part 35 at a site opposing the electron multiplying parts 33 on the second end side.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a photomultiplier tube for detecting incident light from outside.
2. Related Background Art
Conventionally, compact photomultiplier tubes by utilization of fine processing technology have been developed. For example, there is known a thin-type photomultiplier tube where a photocathode, dynodes, an anode, etc., are arranged on a substrate constituting a casing (refer to Patent Document 1 given below). The above-described structure makes it possible to realize fine processing of a device in a two-stage manufacturing process.
Patent Document 1: U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,013


A core replaceable hockey lock includes a housing having a space defined therein. An installation hole is defined in one end thereof and a slit is defined in the inner periphery of the installation hole. An insertion hole is defined in the housing and communicates with the slit. A deadbolt is rotatably installed in the installation hole and has a recess which is located corresponding to the slit. The deadbolt has at least one passive member connected thereto which is located in one end of the housing. A positioning plate is inserted in the slit and the recess to axially position the deadbolt. A positioning pin is inserted into the insertion hole and positions the positioning plate. The hockey lock can use different cores installed therein such as six-bead core, seven-bead core or bead-replaceable core. The user needs only one key to unlock all of the hockey locks.

1. Fields of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hockey lock, and more particularly, to a core replaceable hockey lock.
2. Descriptions of Related Art
The conventional hockey lock is used on gate doors and disclosed in FIGS. 1 to 2, and generally comprises a casing 10 having a key hole 101 which has a connection hole 102 defined in an inside thereof. The connection hole 102 has a core 20 received therein, the core 20 has a slide slot 201 and is connected to a deadbolt 202. The key hole 101 has a recess 103 located corresponding to the connection hole 102. A threaded hole 104 is defined in the casing 10 and located on the same side as the lock hole 102. The threaded hole 104 is located corresponding to the slide slot 201. A bolt 30 is threadedly connected to the threaded hole 104 and reaches the slide slot 201 so that the core 20 is movable within a pre-set distance.
However, the outer contour of the core 20 has to be matched with the shape of the connection hole 102 of the casing 10 so that the core 20 can be installed in the casing 10. The deadbolt 202 and the core 20 are fixed to each other and cannot be detached from each other. The different types of the cores 20 has different structure, safety level and anti-theft feature, so that the different cores 20 have different shapes and outer contour, and this restricts the replacement of different cores 20. In other words, the cores 20 do not have a common standard. For example, the hockey lock used to factories is different from the hockey lock used to home and garages. Different hockey locks have to be unlocked by different keys, therefore, the users have to carry multiple keys. The users may be confused by the multiple keys and the hockey locks, and therefore the users need more time to match the specific key with the specific hockey lock. Besides, if the core 20 is damaged, the whole assembly of the casing 10 and the core 20 have to be discarded, and a new hockey lock is purchased which increases the economy burden. The manufacturers have to prepare multiple hockey locks in stock.
The present invention intends to provide a core replaceable hockey lock which improves the shortcomings mentioned above.


Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a method in which a selection is made for a first major constituent, a second major constituent and a minor constituent for forming a desired material. The method can include mixing the first major constituent, the second major constituent and the minor constituent in a single mixing step to provide a mixture of constituents. The method can include drying the mixture of constituents to provide a dried mixture of constituents and calcining the dried mixture of constituents to provide a calcinated mixture of constituents. The method can include processing the calcinated mixture of constituents (by a process including vacuum annealing and hot-pressing) to provide a sputtering target. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Dielectric thin films can be deposited for the purpose of fabricating electronic components by a variety of methods. One of these methods is physical vapor deposition (PVD) from a target of the desired material, otherwise known as sputtering. The sputtering method is known to people skilled in the art of thin-film deposition for the deposition of the conductive or semiconducting films (metals or conductive barriers). The method could be utilized also for the deposition of dielectrics. The sputtering process can utilize cathode plasma discharge in vacuum resulting in the material transfer from the target to a substrate. The deposition can be done in an inert plasma sustaining gas ambient or in a reactive gas ambient, such as an inert/reactive gas mixture. Argon is frequently used as the inert plasma sustaining gas. Oxygen is a frequently used reactive gas for the deposition of oxide films. Other reactive gases such as nitrogen, nitrous oxide, etc. can be used as well. The quality of the thin dielectric film is heavily dependent on the quality and structure of the target material. Any impurities or trapped gases in the target are incorporated into the thin film, usually causing degradation of the film performance. The rate at which material is ejected from the target is also influenced by the target composition and density. A denser target can withstand higher power and have a resulting higher deposition rate and higher productivity of the fabrication process. Thus, the target quality and density will determine the film quality and productivity of the process. One of the challenges in fabrication of the target with a doped composition is the fact that the minor constituents (dopants) are added in substantially lower amounts (˜0.5-10% of the major constituents). If the dopants are not evenly distributed, they create local areas with different dielectric strength and density. If the dopants have multiple valent states, the uneven distribution of dopants will lead to generation of large pores, craters, or even blisters. Even distribution of the minor constituents in the composition is a key to the dielectric strength of the target, particulate control, and deposition rate of the sputtering process. Attempting to improve the distribution of the minor constituents by longer mechanical mixing/milling step results in micro-contamination of the target material with trace elements worn off the contacting parts.
Referring now to FIG. 1, certain conventional sputtering target production techniques will be described in connection with influence of a selected pressing method. In this regard, dielectric powder 102 is shown. This dielectric powder 102 is fabricated via calcination of mixed precursors in oxygen in an atmospheric pressure furnace (see step 530 of FIG. 5 of the present application). Further, a semiconducting target 104 can be produced (see arrow "A" of this FIG. 1) by hot pressing in a vacuum (see step 550 of FIG. 5 of the present application). That is, this initially insulating oxide material 104 is reduced in vacuum and at T to the sub-oxide state (oxygen-poor, electrically semiconducting).
Still referring to FIG. 1, in another conventional process (see arrow "B" of this FIG. 1), an insulating target 106 is produced by a Cold Isostatic Press (CIP) process. The insulating target 106 has the same chemical composition as the dielectric powder 102. This resulting cold pressed semiconducting target 106 is, for example, 65-85% dense).
Reference will now be made to FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, and as discussed above, the semiconducting target 104′ (see, also, target cross-section 150) according to an implementation of prior art U.S. Pat. No. 9,404,175 is fabricated by the hot pressing of the dielectric powder 102′ prepared by calcination (see step 530 of FIG. 5 of the present application) of precursors in oxygen (atmospheric furnace). Further, chemical reaction of the reduction of oxide powder into the semiconducting sub-oxide occurs in the hot press at T>900° C. (see step 550 of FIG. 5 of the present application). Simultaneously, mechanical pressure is densifying material (see, again, step 550 of FIG. 5 of the present application). Very often, oxygen is "locked" in the inner volume of material (see the non-uniformity of the cross-section of semiconducting target 150 showing darker-shaded (denser and more electrically conductive) outer layers 150A, 150B and lighter-shaded (less dense and more electrically resistive) inner portion 150C). This semiconducting target 150 has non-uniform composition across its thickness after bad press, and is 98.8% dense (low).
Reference will now be made to FIG. 5 (which essentially corresponds to FIG. 3 of prior art U.S. Pat. No. 9,404,175). In this FIG. 5, a method 500 is illustrated for fabricating a powder and forming a sputtering target from the powder. Method 500 can be utilized for forming a sputtering target (e.g., 104 of FIG. 1, 104′ of FIG. 2, 150 of FIG. 2) and can be utilized for forming other sputtering targets that can be composed of various materials including BST, other titanates, and so forth.
Method 500 can include mixing of various components (see 512, 514, 516) at 510. In the example of method 500, two major constituents and one minor constituent are being selected to form a powder that can be hot-pressed into a sputtering target for PVD deposition of a high K dielectric thin film.
Still referring to FIG. 5, at 520, the mixture of constituents can be dried. The particular drying temperature (e.g., 130° C.) and drying time (e.g., 6 hrs) can vary and can be selected based on the constituents that have been mixed together, the batch size, and the equipment used. At 530, the dried mixture of constituents can be calcinated. The particular calcination temperature (e.g., (1200° C.) and calcination time (e.g., 12 hrs) can vary and can be selected based on the constituents that have been mixed together and the desired sputtering target, such as a BST sputtering target.
Still referring to FIG. 5, at 540, the reacted mixture of constituents can be further processed to obtain the desired powder that will form the sputtering target. For example, the reacted mixture of constituents can be pulverized and separated (e.g., via a sieve separation technique).
Still referring to FIG. 5, at 550, a sputtering target can be formed from the powder using a hot-press method. The temperature, pressure and duration of the hot-press method can vary and can be based on the powder and/or the desired sputtering target to be formed. For example, a BST sputtering target can undergo a hot-press at a temperature of 1000° C. to 2000° C.
As described herein, certain conventional techniques provide for oxide films of high quality that can be deposited using RF-magnetron sputtering from the dielectric targets. These sputtering rates are typically very low (at the range of 0.1-1 A/s). Other conventional techniques provide for DC-magnetron or superimposed P1 DC/RF or DC/RF sputter deposition that has much higher deposition rates. Still other conventional techniques that provide for advanced processes using DC bias on the cathode require low resistance semiconducting targets such as 10 Ohm-m or less. In prior art U.S. Pat. No. 9,404,175, a hot press technology is used to reduce the resistance of dielectric materials by oxygen depletion during high-T process in vacuum. In this regard, prior art U.S. Pat. No. 9,404,175 facilitated uniform dopant distribution in the powder for the target preparation. However, even utilizing various implementations of prior art U.S. Pat. No. 9,404,175, achieving uniform physical density and a uniform degree of oxygen depletion is still a challenge.
Referring now to FIG. 4C, depicted is a view of catastrophic failure of a semiconducting BST target 402 according to an implementation of prior art U.S. Pat. No. 9,404,175. In this FIG., a circular erosion line 404 is shown. The depth of the erosion line 404 (sometimes referred to herein as racetrack or erosion trench) shows the thickness of the high-density/low resistance crust. In the example shown in this FIG., the target 402 was running with no issues until it reached to the depth where the material resistance was too high, and the density was too low to provide desired electrical resistance.


The full face flexible oxygen mask for use with flight helmets includes an elastic face seal with an oronasal cone that seals around the nose and mouth of the wearer, and flexible sealing flaps along the perimeter of the face seal to adapt the face piece of the mask to seal against the surface of a flight helmet. The mask face piece has two large sealing surfaces or channels down each side of the mask that overlap and flex to adapt to seal to a variety of flight helmets. The top of the face seal has an inner and outer flap that work together to seal the exposed face visible between the sides of the flight helmet.

The present invention relates to oxygen masks, and more particularly relates to oxygen masks used with military aircraft pilot helmets.
Currently standard flight helmets for fixed wing and rotor aircraft use the same clip on oxygen mask as found on fighter helmet applications. This provides oxygen/hypoxia protection but no "smoke" protection. Smoke protection is usually considered to include some form of sealed eye protection with an integral positive pressure or other means for keeping contaminants out, in addition to respiratory protection. Flight helmets come in a variety of sizes and designs, thus making the application of a single mask to a variety of designs a difficult problem. This represents a significant disadvantage in light of the large number of different flight helmet designs that currently exist.
For example, one such conventional smoke mask that currently will fit within and interact with a flight helmet has a design that requires that the flight helmet and front opening of the flight helmet be large enough to allow the face seal of the smoke mask to fit inside the flight helmet for direct contact with the wearer's face. This design is constrained to fit completely within the flight helmet to contact the face, limiting the field of view available to the wearer.
Current full face oxygen masks are also typically designed to fit on the heads and facial features of about 5 to 95 percent of pilots and crew, but these masks typically will not fit or interact with a pilot or crew member additionally wearing a flight helmet for protection.
Thus, there is a need for an oxygen mask which provides an adequate breathing gas environment and protection from smoke and debris which can be adapted for use with a wide variety of pilot helmets. The present invention fills these and other needs.

Full face flexible oxygen mask for use with flight helmets


Using an extended reordering depth in order to avoid TSN reordering window stalling during a stop-and-wait HARQ-process of a multi-carrier operation in the downlink MAC-ehs protocol and in the uplink MAC-i/is protocol. The extended reordering depth corresponds to a reordering depth that is increased from the 32 sequence numbers obtained by a 6 bits TSN field, and it is based on the TSN of a data unit, and this TSN is indicated only in a header of the data unit.

The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile communication technology, which is designed to succeed GSM. The 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a project within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to improve the UMTS standard, and provide a higher data rate and an improved efficiency. A UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is a radio access network of a UMTS, and an evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) is a radio access network of an LTE system. As illustrated in FIG. 1, a UTRAN typically comprises a number of user equipments (UE) 13a-c, each UE wirelessly connected to a radio base station (RBS) 14a, 14b, denoted a NodeB, which is wirelessly connected to a Radio Network Controller (RNC) 15, one RNC typically controlling several NodeBs.
Modern wireless communication systems for packet based communication may normally include a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) functionality on the physical layer to achieve robustness against the impairments of the radio channel, and HARQ is available both in the LTE and in the UMTS. The HARQ combines forward error correction coding (FEC) with automatic repeat request (ARQ). In FEC coding, forward error correcting parity bits are computed from the information bits and added prior to transmission, to enable a correction of erroneously received information bits on the receiving side. In an ARQ scheme, the receiver detects whether a received block of information bits is correct or not using an error detection (ED) code, e.g. by a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), and a positive acknowledgement (ACK) is sent to the transmitted if no error is detected. However, if an error is detected, the information is reordered by the receiver sending a negative acknowledgement (NACK) to the transmitter. Upon reception of the negative acknowledgment, the transmitter will retransmit the information.
As mentioned above, the hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is a combination of FEC and ARQ, and it can be used in a selective repeat mode or in a stop-and wait mode. A block of information bits, denoted a transport block (TPB), is encoded, adding both an error-detection code, e.g. the CRC, and FEC parity bits. In a stop-and-wait HARQ, a received encoded block is decoded, and the ED-code and the FEC parity bits are used to check whether the decoding was successful or not, a successful decoding indicating that the information had been transmitted and received correctly. If the block of information is received without errors, an ACK is sent to the transmitter indicating that the transmission was successful and that the receiver is ready for a new block. On the other hand, if the block of information bits was not decoded correctly, the receiver reorders the information by sending a NACK to the transmitter, indicating that the receiver is expecting a retransmission of the same block.
A further improvement is HARQ with soft-combining, which combines the retransmissions with soft-combining functionality, according to which the receiver does not discard erroneously received blocks of information bits. Instead, it buffers their soft-bit values and combines these values with the soft-bit values of the received retransmitted blocks.
Multi-antenna techniques can increase the data rates and reliability of a wireless communication system significantly, and the performance is improved if both the transmitter and the receiver are equipped with multiple antennas. This will result in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radio communication channel, and such systems and related techniques are commonly referred to as MIMO. In a MIMO-operation or in a multi-cell operation, multiple simultaneous and independent stop-and-wait HARQ processes may take place, which leads to a better resource utilization.
The current MAC-hs, MAC-ehs, MAC-es and MAC-is protocols are all based on multiple independent stop-and-wait HARQ processes, and in the High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), the MAC-hs/ehs protocols handle the HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) and the MAC-es/is protocols handle the uplink E-DCH (Enhanced Dedicated Transport Channel). A successful reception of reordered and retransmitted transport blocks from different HARQ processes may occur at a different order than the initial, original transmission of the transport block, since a different number of retransmission may have been required before the successful reception, which could result in that data is delivered out-of-order to higher layers.
For this reason, the above-mentioned protocols all include a transmission sequence number (TSN) to enable a correct delivery of reordered data units to higher layers, by indicating the original and initial transmission order of the received reordered data units. The reordering procedure is standardized according to the current downlink MAC-hs and MAC-ehs protocols, but implemented by the network according to the uplink MAC-es and MAC-is protocols.
The size of the TSN-field for indicating the TSN is 6 bits in the conventional MAC-hs, MAC-ehs, MAC-es and MAC-is protocols. A field comprising 6 bits, each bit indicating 0 or 1, enables the field to indicate a digital number ranging between 0 and 31, thereby allowing a TSN reordering window of 32 transmission sequence numbers. However, for 1.28 Mcps TDD multi-frequency HS-DSCH operation mode, it is possible to include a field accommodating three additional bits, which is inserted in the payload at the end of a MAC-hs PDU Protocol Data Unit (PDU), possibly instead of the padding.
FIG. 2 illustrates such a conventional MAC-hs PDU Protocol Data Unit (PDU), for 1.28 Mcps TDD multi-frequency HS-DSCH operation mode, indicating the MAC-hs header 21, the payload 22, the 6 bit TSN field 23 located in the header 21, as well as the optional added extended three bit TSN field 24 located in the payload, before the padding.
As explained above, a TSN-field size of 6 bits gives a TSN reordering window that accommodates 32 transmission sequence numbers, i.e. a so-called reordering depth of 32. This may be sufficient to support up to three retransmissions before the TSN reordering window stalls, if two MAC PDUs with different TSN are transmitted per TTI (Time Transmission Interval), and this could occur either at MIMO or at dual cell operation with MAC-ehs. However, if more than two MAC PDUs are transmitted per TTI with different TSNs, the number of possible retransmissions before TSN reordering window stalling is reduced, and with Dual Cell operation with MIMO, TSN reordering window stalling will take place at the first retransmission.
This situation is illustrated in FIG. 3, indicating four MAC PDUs 31 transmitted per TTI for a dual-operation of Cell 1 and Cell 2, i.e. four active HARQ processes per TTI. At unmodified UE processing requirements, up to 24 HARQ processes could be used during one RTT (Round-Trip Time), which will consume up to 24 TSNs per one HARQ RTT, of the available 32 transmission sequence numbers. Consequently, already the first retransmission will result in the occurrence of TSN reordering window stalling.
Thereby, a continuous operation could be maintained with the 6 bit TSN-field, allowing a TSN reordering window 32, but a single retransmission may lead to TSN reordering window stalling.
If more than two carriers are used, the TSN shortage will be even more severe, and could lead to a situation where even continuous operation is not possible.
Further, it is not possible to use the MAC-hs PDU format defined for 1.28 Mcps TDD multi-frequency HS-DSCH operation mode, as illustrated in FIG. 2, since the dual cell operation and MIMO are only supported by MAC-ehs, which is octet aligned. Furthermore, the 1.28 Mcps TDD multi-frequency HS-DSCH operation mode MAC-hs PDU format is complicated to process, since the three additional and least significant bits of the extended TSN field are located at the end of the payload, before the padding, and are only available after the processing of the MAC-hs header.

Methods and arrangements in a wireless telecommunication system


A method of streaming data from a server (S) at a server data rate (Cs) via a network to at least one terminal at a terminal reception data rate (Crec) is provided. A streaming section from the server (S) is requested by the terminal (T). Streaming data is forwarded from the server (S) to the network (N) at a server data rate (Cs) and from the network (N) to the terminal (T) at a reception data rate (Crec). Data received from the network (N) is buffered in the terminal buffer (AL) for at least a first period. The rendering of the buffered data is initiated after the first period at a first rendering rate (Cren), which is lower than the server data rate (Cs) or the reception data rate (Crec). The first rendering data rate (Cren) is adapted according to the filling of the terminal buffer (AL) with received streaming data until the rendering data rate (Cren) corresponds to the server data rate (Cs).

Buffering is a common technique deployed in streaming use cases, but it may result in a poor user experience. Buffering is required in the following cases: (1) streaming session start-up (including channel zapping, from one to another one), and (2) jump/seek action initiated by the end user.
An example of a data processing system including a buffer for real-time date is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,247,072, which discloses apparatus and methods for matching data rates which is useful for a receiver receiving real-time data over a medium. Implementations feature a process establishing a buffer in a receiver; receiving source data from a source having a nominal source data rate, the received source data arriving at an incoming data rate that differs from time-to-time from the nominal source data rate; filling the buffer with source data as it is received at the incoming data rate and emptying the buffer to provide data for consumption in real time at a consumption data rate; setting a rate-matching factor M, the factor M affecting the rate at which the buffer is emptied; and tracking the level of data in the buffer and resetting the value of M to increase the rate at which the buffer is emptied when the buffer fills above a target range, and resetting the value of M to decrease the rate at which the buffer is emptied when the buffer empties below a target range.
Analog media is sampled to be digitalized. This process uses different sample rates depending on audio or video. On one side, audio is commonly sampled from 8 kHz to 48 kHz depending on the use case (<16 kHz for voice content, >16 kHz for music content). On the other side, video may be sampled at 24 Hz by cinema camera, 25 Hz by PAL: European TV standard, about 30 fps by NTSC: US TV standard. During a streaming use case, both the server and the terminal send/consume the media at the same data rate; the server data rate and the rendering data rate are equal and match a real time clock. Cable or terrestrial digital television have constant data throughput, for example the server data rate and the reception data rate are equal. Thus, sent data will be received and rendered by the terminal after a constant delay (transmission time).
FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a data processing system according to the prior art. A server S is in charge of sending media to a terminal T via a network N. The server S has real-time behaviour, e.g. it sends media data associated to the server clock. The network N is in charge of carrying data from the server S to the terminal T. A common way to model a network N is to use a buffer B. This buffer B contains data RFS received from the server, and not yet sent to the terminal STT. In this case the network jitter corresponds to the network buffer duration BL. The terminal T—also referred to as "client" or "receiver"—is in charge of receiving and rendering the media from the network N. A terminal T has a media renderer and a buffer AL to manage reception rate variation from the network and consumption rate from the media renderer.
In the context of cable and terrestrial digital television the server sent rate Cs and the terminal reception rate Crec are equal. Thus, both the network N and the terminal buffer AL are constant. Moreover, the sum of these two buffers is about 2 s. Thus, video services have been designed to maximize end-user experience, and thereby the revenues of the broadcaster.
The main end-user insights to have a good end-user experience are: a large number of channels (not addressed by this invention), media rendering must not be interrupted in case of network congestion, quick start up time (˜2 s) (from channel selection to first image display) must be provided, fast zapping time (˜2 s) (from switch command to a new channel, and first image display of the new channel) must be provided and a quick jump/seek time (˜2 s) (from jump/seek command and first image display) must be provided.
In a mobile network the data throughput is not constant, for example the server data rate Cs and the reception data rate Crec are not the same. For instance, when a mobile terminal has a limited network coverage, the server data rate Cs can be higher than the reception data rate Crec. This triggers an increase of the network buffer B and a decrease of the terminal buffer AL decrease (as the consumption rate is constant, equal to the server output rate). Thus, the terminal buffer AL has to support this variation to avoid media rendering interruption, e.g. terminal buffer time to be null.
In order to protect against media rendering interruption, the terminal has to buffer a significant amount of data. For instance, it pauses rendering (rendering data rate Cren is null), and waits for the terminal buffer time to increase. Once the terminal buffer time reaches a threshold, the media rendering starts (rendering data rate equals server data rate). Thus, during this buffering time the playback is paused, and the playback starts again once buffering has finished.
The longer the buffering time, the better protection against bandwidth variation is available. Nevertheless, as the server sends data at real-time, the buffering latency is equal to the end-user latency, e.g. the time elapsing between receiving the first media data and the first image display. This results in a poor end-user experience. In a 2.5G network, a common buffering time is about 8 s. In a 3G network, a common buffering time is about 6 s.
This long buffering time is noticeable in two main use cases: (1) at start-up of the streaming session on a media channel (also when the end-user zaps to another channel), and (2) at jump/seek time. Unfortunately the current situation prevents a massive video streaming adoption by the end-user in mobile networks because the main end-user insights have not been achieved. This poor streaming experience prevents operators to sell and deploy additional value services such as video streaming services, even if they are requested by the end-user. Thus, operators are benchmarking terminal solutions to select the one which does have a minimal terminal buffering time.

Method for buffering streaming data and a terminal device


A method to fabricate a resistive change element. The method may include forming a stack over a substrate. The stack may include a conductive material, a resistive change material, a first surface, and a second surfaces opposite the first surface. The method may further include depositing a first material over the stack such that the first material directly contacts at least one of the first surface and the second surface of the stack. The method may also include after depositing the first material, forming a second material over the first material and evaporating a portion of the first material through the second material to create a gap between the second material and the at least one of the first surface and the second surface of the stack.

Resistive change devices are well known in the semiconductor and electronics industry. Such devices, for example, include, but are not limited to, phase change memory, solid electrolyte memory, metal oxide resistance memory, and carbon nanotube memory such as NRAM™.
Resistive change devices store information by adjusting a resistive change material, between a number of non-volatile resistive states in response to some applied stimuli, within each individual array cell between two or more resistive states. Resistive change material may be used in a variety of different devices, including memory devices, analog circuitry, and logic devices, among other types of devices.
Any discussion of the related art throughout this specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the field. Additionally, the subject matter claimed herein is not limited to embodiments that solve any disadvantages or that operate only in environments such as those described above. Rather, this background is only provided to illustrate one example technology area where some embodiments described herein may be practiced.

Resistive change elements using passivating interface gaps and methods for making same


Some embodiments of a table system can include a table that is readily adjustable between a deployed position and a storage position. In particular embodiments, when the table is in the unlocked condition, the tabletop surface can be readily pivoted from a generally horizontal position to a generally vertical position, for example, for purposes of storing or transporting the table.

Tables and other furniture items are often used in flexible spaces, such as in commercial and institutional settings, in which the furniture items can be moved from a deployed positioned to a storage position. For example, in some large rooms, the space may be used for a number of different purposes, which can create a need to promptly move, deploy, or store the furniture items therein. Some prior art table systems employ a collapsible table in which the legs of the table can be adjusted from an upright orientation (e.g., for use when the table is deployed) to collapsed position in which the table legs are folded toward a lower surface of the table. In such circumstances, each collapsible table can be adjusted to the collapsed position and manually carried away for storage. Other prior art table systems employ a flip top table in which the table top surface can be adjusted from a generally horizontal orientation (e.g., for use when the table is deployed) to a generally vertical position (e.g., for use when the table is being stored). In many flip top table systems, the table legs are a construction of metal tubes having caster wheels mounted thereto for rolling the table along a floor surface.


A dual nuclear MR transmission line resonator is capable of operating on 1X pairs, with X being 31P, 23Na, 3He, or 129Xe. The resonator avoids many of the problems inherent in conventional dual nuclear designs. No LC trap is used, and the coil has substantially the same spatial profile on both nuclei. In the resonator, an augmented MR tune/match circuit, includes a conventional capacitive L circuit, with the L circuit shunted at a match point by a notch filter tuned to a frequency of a companion nucleus. Also disclosed is a method for simultaneously resonating conductive loops of surface coils or conductive elements of volume coils simultaneously on both 1H and X with hybrid transmission line termination elements bonded to the resonator loop or conductive elements in shunt with respect to one another.

NMR/MRI "coils" are radio frequency devices designed to 1) Produce a radio frequency magnetic field at the resonance frequency, or Larmor frequency co, of active nuclei such as 1H, 13C, 19F, 31P, 3He, 23Na, and 129Xe (List not exhaustive), thereby enabling the "tipping" of nuclear spin from one state to the other, and 2) act as receive antennas for the radio signal emitted by tipped nuclei whilst returning to their lower nuclear spin state. Many coil designs have been described over the years. Coils may be linearly polarized or circularly polarized. Both volume coils and surface coils are employed in practice. Volume coils view a relatively large spatial volume, while surface coils are used to examine relatively small regions of interest.
The past 15 years have witnessed the development of NMR/MR hyperpolarization techniques, in which NMR active nuclei are prepared in a nonthermal or nonequilibrium state, such that nuclei in the high energy spin state grossly outnumber nuclei in the low energy spin state, allowing for a transient but spectacular increase in MR signal intensity. Nuclei successfully hyperpolarized to date include 3He, 13C, and 129Xe. Of these, 13C is probably the most important, given that metabolically active carbon compounds such as pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and alanine may be labeled with 13C and hyperpolarized. These hyperpolarized reagents may be introduced into living organisms, with their subsequent metabolism being monitored by MR imaging or spectroscopy. Hyperpolarized reagents yield 10,000 to 25,000 times more signal than an equal quantity of thermal reagent. For example, 13C pyruvate may be injected, and the subsequent evolution of lactate and bicarbonate signals may be tracked along with the pyruvate. Such compounds have great potential as noninvasive metabolic markers for the probing of heart disease and malignancies. The sensitivity of hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging probes is good, and the technique does not saddle subjects with accrued ionizing radiation exposure, as does PET scanning. In order to best exploit hyperpolarized reagents, good dual nuclear MR coils are required. The ideal coil would be a dual tuned coil capable of operating at high efficiency on both 1H and 13C, all while maintaining a similar profile on each nucleus.
As is known in the field (and used herein), efficiency is defined as follows. Real coils are compared to a hypothetical ideal (lossless) coil, so we have the concept of SNRreal/SNRperfect, where SNR means signal to noise ratio. This expression is given by: SNRreal/SNRperfect=(1−QL/QU)1/2 where QL is the Loaded Quality Factor and QU is the Unloaded Quality Factor. If the Q ratio is 3, there is an efficiency of about 81%. Accordingly, a QL/QU ratio of around 3 or more is considered in the field as a high efficiency or high performance coil.
Most dual resonant coil designs to date involve modifying surface coils or birdcage coils with lossy LC trap circuits. This is understandable, for these two designs have served as "work horses" for many decades. In addition to degrading coil efficiency on at least one frequency, trapping these coils may also introduce B1 field uniformity issues. Dual nuclear TEM type coils have been described (1994), but in many cases the dual nuclear efficiency has not been rigorously quantified.
Recently, CMDM coils have been described, along with volumes coil constructed from microstripline elements, with alternating elements resonated on either 1H or 13C. In 2007, a group described a volume coil in the TEM family. Again, resonance of conductive rungs alternated between 1H and X frequencies.
An "ideal" dual nuclear coil would function with high efficiency on both 1H and X. It would have identical or near identical spatial profiles on each, and would dispense with lossy devices such as LC traps. This ideal holds for all dual nuclear 1H/X coils, and not just those designed with hyperpolarized agents in mind. For example, there is considerable interest in clinical applications of 1H/23Na in CNS work. Ideally, a good 1H/X coil would also have a high degree of port to port isolation between 1H and X tune/match circuits. To date, such a coil has remained elusive.

Augmented tune/match circuits for high performance dual nuclear transmission line resonators

University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.


An apparatus for determining a position between a wireless power transmitter and a wireless power receiver is provided. The apparatus comprises a first ferrite block having respective portions configured to be disposed in physical contact with each of adjacent second and third ferrite blocks separated by a first gap and with each of adjacent fourth and fifth ferrite blocks separated by a second gap. The apparatus further comprises a plurality of detection loops wrapped around the first ferrite block such that none of the plurality of detection loops physically contact the second, third, fourth or fifth ferrite blocks when the respective portions of the first ferrite block are in physical contact with the second, third, fourth or fifth ferrite blocks. Each of the plurality of detection loops are wrapped around the first ferrite block in mutually perpendicular planes from one another.

Efficiency in wireless inductive charging power applications depends at least in part on achieving at least a minimum alignment threshold between a wireless power transmitter and a wireless power receiver. One method for aiding such alignment is the use of magnetic vectoring, where a distance and/or direction between the wireless power transmitter and the wireless power receiver is determined based on sensing one or more attributes of a magnetic field generated by either the wireless power transmitter or the wireless power receiver. However, sensitivity of such a magnetic vectoring method may depend at least in part upon the positioning sensors, coils or antennas being disposed in close proximity to the ferrite of the wireless power transmitter. Accordingly, integration of positioning antennas in wireless inductive charging power applications as described herein are desirable.

Integration of positioning antennas in wireless inductive charging power applications


A binding for a boot includes a platen (4) which is manually mountable to a snowboard in a selected angular position. The platen includes a central hole (4a) and a circular array of upwardly facing teeth (4c). A base (9), mounted to the snowboard, has a spindle (16) and locking arms (16a, 16′a) which extend through the platen central hole. A central pivot body (5) includes a circular peripheral surface (5a) and downwardly projecting teeth (5b) which interact with the central hole and teeth of the platen. Ramping cam elements (8d, 8′d) on a locking disk engage the locking arms and progressively clamp the pivot body to progressively press the teeth of the pivot body against the teeth of the platen to prevent rotation. A clamp (22) having cam ends (22a, 22′a) is pivotal between a vertical release position which permits the central locking disk to rotate and a flat position which locks the central locking disk against rotation.

The present invention concerns a binding for a boot on a sliding board, particularly a snowboard. It concerns, more particularly, the binding of the snowboard and its means of angular position adjustment.
Skis are of different types, such as, alpine skis, hiking skis, cross-country skis, jumping skis, and skis for the acrobatic skiing.
But a snow ski board called a snow board also exists, of which the width is sufficiently wide to be able to keep the two boots of the skier, in an angled position, so as to say at an angle with the general plane of symmetry of the board, the front boot facing towards the right for a right-handed skier, or towards the left for a lefty. Thus, one of the feet is placed in front of the other foot, each of the boots being in a different angular position to the other boot. One will also note every user wishes to be able to regulate the angular position of their boots, in a particular manner such that this adjustment can be modified.
Thus, the boots of the user are mounted on the snowboard, for example, on a plate that is mounted in a non-adjustable manner to the snowboard in the chosen angular position, mounted on a pivot including means of attachment that allow adjustment of the angular position, by rotation around a vertical axis, and immobilized by locking in the aforementioned plate.
All the traditional devices are not very practical, and often not very reliable, and all have as an inconvenience the play that inevitably exists between the plate and the board, this play being simply to tolerate the fabrication, and the result in wear of the product. The movement of the plate due to the play is particularly unpleasant for a user that looks to have a perfect path of its trajectory.
One knows also the device shown in US 2003/0184031 made by the petitioner, according to which it is foreseen a base affixed to the board, to which a plate is retained in a removable manner, the plate can be oriented according to a chosen orientation, the taking up of the possible play is realized by a central screw. Nevertheless, this device necessitates a tool to maneuver to central screw.
One knows also the device described in US 2001/0038183 according to which the base is removable and can be positioned on a base fixed to the snowboard according to a determined orientation. But this device that does not necessitate special tools and does not allow taking up of the inevitable play.

Device for retaining a boot on a snowboard


A biosensor for the detection of an analyte using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is provided. The biosensor includes a SERS-active substrate and a microfludic circuit device arranged to be in fluid communication with the SERS-active substrate. Method of manufacturing a biosensor, and methods for detecting an analyte using the biosensor, wherein the analyte may be haptoglobin, are also provided.

In medical practice, for example, identification of a disease requires recognition of associated symptoms, as well as detection of specific features that indicate its presence unambiguously.
Identification of a disease may be carried out through biomarker screening, which may only be carried out through an analysis of biological fluids, such as blood, urine and cerebral spinal fluid. An accurate diagnostic may rarely be accomplished through detection of a single biomarker, hence a panel of markers has to be analyzed for reliable results, such as in a multiplexed assay. Monitoring the expression patterns of a variety of biomarkers at various stages of a disease assists prognosis, and allows tracking of disease progression. Early detection in asymptomatic populations is of utmost importance to facilitate early treatment and to reduce health-care costs.
State of the art protein biomarker assays are largely based on immunoassays. Platforms made of polymer or glass and bearing several immobilized antibodies spotted on different well-defined locations are usually provided. These assays involve exposure of the platform to the sample, followed by incubation with one or two further antibodies, and several washing and blocking steps in between to increase specificity of the assay results. Detection is usually via fluorescence detection, chromophoric absorption, or a colorimetric readout.
Although a number of immunosensor arrays have been developed in recent years, a truly rapid, accurate and miniaturizable system is still non-existent. Taking Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for example, it is the current gold standard for bio-assay. Each ELISA analysis requires a separate distinct reaction and, in addition, requires a label for detection of the analyte. It is a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample. It uses two antibodies. One antibody is specific to the antigen. The other reacts to antigen-antibody complexes, and is coupled to an enzyme. Due to the presence of peroxidase enzyme in the secondary antibody, peroxidase reaction takes place in presence of peroxidase substrate such as TMB (3,30,5,50-Tetramethylbenzidine), which leads to a product which can be detected by UV absorbance. However, it requires multiple steps, each with separate reagents. It is therefore time consuming and labor intensive, and the results are also highly dependent on the operator skill.
In view of the above, there exists a need for an improved method and device for the detection of an analyte that overcomes or at least alleviates one or more of the above problems.

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) microfluidics biosensor for detecting single and/or multiple analytes

Agency for Science, Technology and Research


A delay line, an analog-to-digital converting device and a load-sensing circuit using the same are provided. The delay line comprises a delay-control terminal, a reset terminal, and n delay cells DCELLx (0<x≦n). The delay cells DCELL1˜DCELLn are connected in series to each other. Each of the delay cells DCELLx is coupled to the delay-control terminal and the reset terminal for transmitting the first level stage by stage between the delay cells according to a delay time decided by the delay-control terminal in a sensing period. The outputs of all delay cells are reset to the second level when the sensing period is finished. The sensing period is decided by the signal from the reset terminal. Wherein, at least an output terminal ty (0<y≦n) of a delay cell DCELLy among the delay cells DCELL1˜DCELLn used as output terminal of the delay line.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a delay line. More particularly, the present invention relates to a delay line that transmits the first level stage by stage according to a delay time decided by the sensing period, and reset to the second level when the sensing period is finished, and an analog-to-digital converting device and a load-sensing circuit using the same.
2. Description of Related Art
Signal converting circuits are essential to electronic products that require data communication and image processing, even through we are now entering the system-on-chip (SOC) era. FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a common delay circuit. If a conventional delay circuit is applied to a signal converting circuit, as common delay circuits mainly adopt the voltage-control mode, that is, the input voltage Vin to be converted into digital codes is taken as the supply voltage in the delay circuit, thus the delay difference in signal transmission will occur. However, as the voltage swing of the output signal of each of the delay cells is 0˜Vin, logic operation errors may occur at the back end decoder due to the difference between the voltage and the supply voltage of the decoder. In order to solve the problem, a level shifter is added to mediate and convert the voltage levels of the signals of the delay circuit and the decoder to be the same, such that the correct logic operation can be performed. If the error value of the trigger time of the delay signal to be processed is quite critical, the level shifter should be fast. Thus, the signal processing becomes complicated, and the power consumption increases as well.
Furthermore, in order to improve the service lifetime of the product and the battery, the power consumption of the converting circuit and whether quick sensing and code conversion can be achieved become very important indices. FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a conventional signal converting circuit. A conventional signal converting circuit (e.g., an analog-to-digital converter) usually uses a large quantity of comparators CP and resistors R. A plurality of resistors R is connected in series to form a voltage divider, so as to further provide reference voltages at different levels to corresponding comparators CP. Each of the comparators compares the input voltage Vin that is to be converted into digital codes and the corresponding reference voltage, and the comparators CP thus output digital codes corresponding to the input voltage Vin. However, the number of comparators CP required will increase when the bit number of the digital codes to be generated is increased, thus aggravating the power consumption problem.

Delay line, analog-to-digital converting device and load-sensing circuit using the same

Industrial Technology Research Institute


In one embodiment, a fluid ejection device comprises a substrate having a fluid slot defined from a first surface through to a second opposite surface; an ejection element formed over the first surface and that ejects fluid therefrom; and a filter having feed holes positioned over the fluid slot near the first surface. Fluid moves from the second surface through the feed holes to the ejection element. In a particular embodiment, the filter is formed of a first material that is surrounded by a second material. In another particular embodiment, the filter is formed from the back side and is formed of the same material as the substrate.

The invention relates to architectures of feed holes for fluid ejection devices and a method of manufacturing the same.
Printheads for ink jet printers include components that cooperate with an integrated ink reservoir to deliver ink to an ink ejection device. As printheads deliver higher print resolutions, there is a desire to form printhead structures to direct ink flow from the reservoir or fluid supply through the printhead while preventing debris from entering the firing chambers or contaminating the ink.
Debris that may pass through printhead structures is often trapped by narrow feed channels, thereby inhibiting ink flow. Filters may be incorporated into the printhead to trap debris before it blocks ink flow and affects the print quality. Adding separate filters to printheads, however, increases the number of manufacturing steps required to make a printhead. Further, thin film filters tend to fail during the manufacturing process because there is not enough material to strengthen and support the filter structure.
There is a desire for a particle tolerant ink jet printhead structure that can be reliably manufactured.
There is also a desire for a manufacturing method that can define a particle tolerant architecture for ink jets while maintaining structural strength and stability.
Accordingly, an embodiment of the present invention is directed to a fluid ejection device comprising a substrate having a fluid slot defined from a first surface through to a second opposite surface, an ejection element formed over the first surface and that ejects fluid therefrom, and a filter having feed holes positioned over the fluid slot near the first surface, wherein fluid moves from the second surface through the feed holes to the ejection element, wherein the filter is formed of a first material that is surrounded by a second material.
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of manufacturing a fluid ejection device comprising applying a mesh pattern over a back side of a substrate opposite a circuit side, wherein the mesh pattern defines at least two apertures therein, and wherein the mesh pattern is substantially more resistant to an etchant than the substrate material, and etching the substrate and the mesh pattern with an etchant from the back side to form a slot from the back side to the circuit side of the substrate, and to form a plurality of filters in the slot and adjacent the circuit side of the substrate that corresponds to the at least two apertures in the mesh pattern.
A further embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of manufacturing a fluid ejection device comprising applying a mesh pattern over a front side of a substrate opposite a back side, wherein the mesh pattern defines at least two apertures therein, and wherein the mesh pattern is substantially more resistant to an etchant than the substrate material, and DRIE etching the substrate and the mesh pattern with an etchant from the front side to form a trench partially through the substrate in each of the at least two apertures of the mesh pattern, wherein a wall is formed in between each of the adjacent trenches, and isotropically etching the wall formed in between each of the adjacent trenches to form one large trench in the substrate bordered on one side by the mesh pattern.
Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of manufacturing a fluid ejection device comprising forming depressions in a first side of a substrate, depositing in the depressions a first material surrounded by a second material to form an etch stop in each of the depressions, and etching the substrate with an etchant to form a fluid slot through the substrate, wherein each of the depressions form part of a particle tolerant architecture within the fluid slot.
Further aspects of the invention will be apparent after reviewing the detailed description below and the corresponding drawings.

Particle tolerant architecture for feed holes and method of manufacturing

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.