Disclosed are time controlled, hydrolytically degradable compositions that include a polyurethane; precipitated silica, carbon black, or a combination thereof; an organic acid adapted to facilitate degradation when the composition is contacted with water; a stabilizer; a first crosslinking agent; and an optional co-agent. The composition is adapted to degrade over a predetermined time period upon contact with water at a pH ranging from 5 to 8 and at a temperature ranging from 100° F. to 250° F.

Most compositions and devices currently used for downhole purposes are manufactured to be hydrolytically resistant—withstanding high temperature(s) and extreme pH environments for prolonged periods of time. Although these compositions can withstand extreme environments, these compositions and devices do not readily degrade and often require physical (e.g., milling) and/or chemical (e.g., strong inorganic acids or bases) stimulus to be introduced downhole to degrade and remove these compositions.
Although there are several degradable compositions currently known, these degradable compositions also face the same problems—requiring physical or chemical stimulus such as those discussed above in order to acceptably degrade and remove these compositions downhole post-use. For example, these degradable compositions are comprised of a metal-based alloy matrix and/or polyglycolic acid. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,647,964 discloses a polymeric ball sealer that degrades when contacted with, for example, acidified water, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, etc. As another example, U.S. Pat. No. 9,528,343 discloses ball sealers formed of a dissolvable aluminum-based alloy matrix containing, for example, gallium with graphitic carbon particulate, and salt particulate, which dissolve in water upon mechanical agitation in the presence of gallium in a generally neutral pH. Even though several degradable compositions for downhole use are currently known, none of these compositions readily degrade downhole—with each requiring introduction of some form of physical and/or chemical stimulus to initiate and/or complete degradation of these compositions, which is time consuming, cumbersome, and costly.


A tape measure is disclosed wherein the measuring tape can be locked into, and unlocked from, a desired position by action of a "push on-push off" button mechanism.

Carpenter's tape measures typically incorporate a spring-loaded rolled tape in a housing. When used, the tape or "blade" is extracted from the housing to the desired length for measurement. Most tape measures presently contain a mechanism for locking the measuring tape into a fixed position when it is extended at the desired length. These locking mechanisms have usually either a "slide" mechanism or a "toggle-type" mechanism.
In a typical "slide" mechanism, a button slides along a fixed path between a locked position and an unlocked position. As the button slides to the locked position, a lock shoe is gradually brought into contact with the tape measure blade. When the button is slid all the way into the locked position, the contact between the lock shoe and the blade is sufficient to press the blade against a portion of the tape measure housing, thus locking the blade in place at the desired length. The blade is then unlocked by sliding the button back to the unlocked position.
Slide lock mechanisms have presented several disadvantages. First, guide paths must be formed in the tape measure housing to guide the sliding button from position to position. Sliding tabs on each end of the button require recesses within the housing into which they can slide as the button is pushed in either direction. Providing such recesses requires a larger housing which is harder to grasp. Second, moving the sliding button is often awkward. It is difficult in many instances to hold the spring-loaded blade in its extended position while pushing the button down in the proper direction, since little leverage can be obtained without changing the position of the hand. Third, movement of the sliding button is not determinative of the position of the lock shoe with respect to the blade. To lock the blade, the sliding button must be moved far enough to cause sufficient contact by the lock shoe. However, it is often difficult to determine whether the button has been moved sufficiently. As a result, it is also difficult to determine whether the blade is locked in place without releasing either the blade or the hand holding the housing. Fourth, it is also difficult to determine where the finger or thumb is positioned with respect to the button by simply touching the button. The surface of the button must be felt to determine the position of the finger on the button before the user can be sure that movement of the finger will move the button in the desired direction. Finally, the lock shoe in sliding mechanisms usually meets the tape blade at less than the perpendicular and can push the blade a small distance back into the housing as the lock is engaged, thus changing the desired position of the blade. Typical slide mechanisms are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,689,004 and 3,716,201. Commercially available products using a sliding mechanism include Product No. 33-425 (available from Stanley Tools).
FIGS. 1 and 2 depict typical "toggle-type" locking mechanisms used in prior devices. One type of lock, as shown in FIG. 1, is movable between a locked and lock position. Once the leading end 12 of measuring tape 11 is extended out of housing 10 to a desired length, it can be locked in place by lock shoe 15 engaging the tape. Lock shoe 15 is slidably mounted within housing 10 between two constraining walls 32. Button 16 is mounted within housing 10 for rotation about button pivot 19 positioned approximately in the center of button 16. A cam surface 16a on button 16 is adapted for contacting the upper edge of lock shoe 15 and causing lock shoe 15 to engage the upper surface of measuring tape 11 to lock the tape in place when moved to a locked position.
In an "over center" lock, shown in FIG. 2, Button 16 and lock shoe 15 are connected at a notch 18 such that movement of button 16 moves lock shoe 15. During such movement, the point of button-lock shoe contact passes across the imaginary line between button pivot 19 and the point of lock shoe-measuring tape contact (i.e., the button-lock shoe contact point passes "over center") when moved to a locked position. Commercially available products incorporating these or similar mechanisms include Product No. Lufkin Y125 and 8425 (available from Coopertools Division, Cooper Industries).
Both toggle-type mechanisms are locked and unlocked by "toggling" button 16 between different positions by applying force to button 16 at two different points at the ends of the button, which causes button 16 to rotate about button pivot 19 in two different directions. To lock the mechanism, force is applied to point 33 on button 16, thus rotating button 16 about button pivot 19 in a clockwise direction (as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2). As button 16 rotates, lock shoe 15 is pressed against the upper surface of measuring tape 11, locking it in place. To unlock the mechanism, force is applied to a different point 34 on the opposite end of button 16, thus rotating button 16 about button pivot 19 in the opposite direction (counterclockwise in FIGS. 1 and 2).
Although toggle-type locking mechanisms in general perform better than sliding mechanisms, they also exhibit certain disadvantages. The most significant disadvantages are ergonomic disadvantages caused by the need to apply force at different points and in different directions. This arrangement requires awkward positioning and movement of the user's hand, particularly the thumb, to lock and unlock the device. Locking and unlocking may also require repositioning of the user's hand to contact the different points on the button or changing the user's grip to apply the necessary opposite forces. In use, such changes in position can cause the tape measure to move from the desired alignment with the object being measured, requiring repositioning of the tape measure to assure accurate measurement. Repositioning of the hand may be especially disadvantageous where the tape measure is used in tight spaces where repositioning of the hand may not be possible. Efficient operation of such a mechanism, like the sliding button mechanism, also requires that the user determine where a finger is located on the surface of the button. Placement of a finger on the button does not alone determine whether the mechanism can be activated in the desired fashion by movement of the finger without determining the finger's position on the button.

Carpenter's tape measure with push on-push off locking mechanism


A module for determining speed set-point values vref for a vehicle's control systems includes an input unit configured for input, e.g. by the vehicle's driver, of a reference speed vset which is the speed desired by the driver for the vehicle. A horizon unit is configured for determining a horizon by means of received position data and map data of an itinerary made up of route segments with at least one characteristic for each segment. A processor unit is configured for calculating vref across the horizon according to rules pertaining to categories in which segments within the horizon are placed, so that vref is within a range bounded by vmin, and vmax, where vmin≦vset≦vmax. The processor unit is further configured for determining a control signal with control parameters for the vehicle's automatic gear change control unit, based on one or more vehicle-specific values and a calculated speed set-point value vref.

Many vehicles today are equipped with a cruise control to make it easier for the driver to drive the vehicle. The desired speed can then be set by the driver, e.g. via a control device in the steering wheel console, and a cruise control system in the vehicle acts thereafter upon a control system so that it accelerates and brakes the vehicle in order to maintain a desired speed. If the vehicle is equipped with an automatic gear change system, the vehicle's gears are changed so that the vehicle can maintain the desired speed.
When a cruise control is used in hilly terrain, the cruise control system will try to maintain a set speed on upgrades. This results inter alia in the vehicle accelerating over the crest of a hill and possibly into a subsequent downgrade, making it necessary to brake to avoid exceeding the set speed, which is a fuel-expensive way of running the vehicle.
By varying the vehicle's speed in hilly terrain it is possible to save fuel as compared with a conventional cruise control. This may be done in various ways, e.g. by calculations of the vehicle's current state (as with Scania Ecocruise®). If an upgrade is calculated, the system then accelerates the vehicle uphill. Towards the end of the climb, the system is programmed to avoid acceleration until the gradient has levelled out at the top, provided that the vehicle's speed does not drop below a certain level. Lowering the speed at the end of an upgrade makes it possible to regain speed on a subsequent downgrade without using the engine to accelerate. When the vehicle approaches the bottom of a dip, the system endeavours to use kinetic energy to embark on the next upgrade at a higher speed than an ordinary cruise control. The system will easily provide acceleration at the end of the downgrade in order to maintain the vehicle's momentum. In undulating terrain, this means that the vehicle starts the next climb at a higher speed than normal. Avoiding unnecessary acceleration and using the vehicle's kinetic energy makes it possible to save fuel.
If the topology ahead is made known by the vehicle having map data and GPS, such a system can be made more robust and can also change the vehicle's speed in anticipation.
There are existing systems which incorporate the topology ahead in the calculations for the vehicle's speed by doing real-time optimisations of the vehicle's speed across an itinerary. This may result in a very heavy computation load on the hardware in a real-time system in a vehicle, since such systems often have limited resources in terms of memory and processor power. Even doing ordinary calculations and simulations on line across the known route profile may represent a heavy computation load. If for example the precision or resolution of the horizon vectors for calculating road gradients is too great, unnecessary computation power is also involved.
A way of sparing the vehicle's computation power is referred to in published patent application US 2008/0188996 which refers to a driver assistance system in which a number of sensors supply attendant traffic factors and create hypotheses which are logically related to one another. However, that system is not related to cruise control of vehicles.
One of the objects of the present invention is to propose an improved system for determining set-point values for control systems in a vehicle which in particular reduces the amount of computation power needed when set-point values for the vehicle's control systems have to be regulated
A further aspect is that traditional automatic gear change systems can only take decisions about which is the best gear for the current driving situation on the basis of what is known at the time. Current engine speed and engine load are typically key variables for selecting the right gear.
In a modern vehicle, the engine, the gearbox, the retarder (if the vehicle is equipped with it) and the brakes are controlled by means of an automatic gear change control unit, (e.g. Scania Opticruise®). The automatic gear change control unit serves as an electronic link between two or more of these functions, enhancing the driver's facilities for controlling them. For example, the speed of the engine and the gearbox is adapted before the system changes one or more steps up or down. Gear changing becomes gentle and quick, improving fuel economy and protecting the driveline.
As the itinerary is not known in traditional systems, unnecessary gear changes are sometimes made, e.g. at the end of an upgrade when changing down may become necessary before the crest despite the fact that the intuitive choice for a driver would be to continue in the same gear. A late downward change is often followed by an upward change because the running resistance decreases at the crest. Such gear changes cause unnecessary fuel losses as compared with a condition where changing gear down could be avoided.
There are also other cases where it is good practice to change gear before an upgrade in order to be already in the right gear at the beginning of the climb, inter alia because the gear change will be less disturbing to comfort if it takes place before the climb when there is less load on the engine and less speed will be lost during the gear change. The right gear means having sufficient torque margin to carry on climbing longer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,832,400 describes a system which by means of GPS and map data supplies and anticipates gradient and engine load, inter alia by using information about topography and the vehicle's geographical position.
WO 03/041988 relates to control of gear changing in a motor vehicle. This is effected inter alia by setting up a gear change configuration with automatic gear selection calculated for a longer time ahead, using instantaneous position information obtained by means of GPS and future positions given by information from an electronic map.
A further object of the present invention is to propose improved control of the automatic gear change system in a vehicle which results inter alia in more optimum running in hilly terrain with regard to fuel consumption and driveline wear and which at the same time is comfortable for the driver.

Module for determining set-point values for control systems in a vehicle


A method and apparatus measures the tension of an advancing yarn which is subject to interruptions of the yarn path, resulting for example from the severance of the yarn. During such interruptions, the zero setting of the tension sensor does not always return to zero, thereby providing an erroneous output reading during subsequent yarn advancing cycles. In accordance with the present invention, a circuit is provided which identifies such errors and sounds an alarm when the error exceeds a predetermined limit. Also, the erroneous output signal is input as the zero point signal for the subsequent yarn advancing cycle, and during such subsequent cycle, the tension is determined on the basis of the newly set zero point.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the tension of an advancing yarn which is subject to periodic interruptions in its advance, and which is characterized by the ability to correct for any errors in the zero point output signal of the tension sensor.
German patent 24 12 153 and the corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 3,931,938, disclose a yarn winding process wherein the yarn tension is periodically detected by a sensor located at the edge of the area covered by the traverse motion of the yarn. The output of the sensor is compared with a preset desired value, and the difference is fed into a controller which acts upon a regulator for varying the speed of rotation of the winding spindle, thereby keeping the yarn tension at the desired value throughout the winding operation.
The above described winding process results in the periodic release of the sensor, and upon such release, the sensor should deliver a zero signal. However, because of heat, wear, or other possible factors, the sensor does not always return to a zero signal, and the signal may in fact drift from zero. Thus the above described method and apparatus is not suitable for continuously obtaining the absolute value of the yarn tension when the tension is periodically interrupted.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for measuring the tension of an advancing yarn in a process which is subject to interruptions in the yarn path, resulting for example from the severance of the yarn, and wherein the measured signal is not falsified by errors in the zero point reading, and wherein it is possible to recognize errors of the measuring system which lead to the falsification of the measuring signals.

Method and apparatus for measuring the tension of an advancing yarn

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A power bipolar structure is described having at least one first, one second and one third terminal and including at least one power bipolar transistor having a finger structure coupled to at least one driving block. The power bipolar transistor includes at least one elemental bipolar cell connected to these first, second and third terminals and including at least one power elemental bipolar structure corresponding to a finger of the power bipolar transistor, electrically coupled between the first and second terminals and coupled to a driving section of the driving block by at least one sensing section able to detect information on the operation of the power elemental bipolar structure, the sensing section being in turn coupled to a control circuit and supplying it with a current value as a function of the local temperature of the power elemental bipolar structure.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a power bipolar structure.
More specifically, the disclosure relates to a power bipolar structure including at least one power bipolar transistor having a finger structure coupled to at least one driving block.
2. Description of the Related Art
As it is well known, bipolar transistors are subjected to the phenomenon known as second breakdown that causes their breakdown or failure due to local increases of temperature, up to melting at high temperatures. This phenomenon of the second breakdown is one of the most serious problems that limits the use of bipolar transistors, for example in power applications.
It is suitable to note that the reason of the failure of a power bipolar transistor at high temperatures is substantially linked to the negative drift of the base-emitter voltage Vbe of the transistor itself, which increases with temperature the direct current of its collector terminal, for a value equal to about 8% per 170 degrees C.
Further to this increase of temperatures, it occurs in fact that hot spots are created on the surface of the bipolar transistor, due to the positive feedback of its base-emitter voltage Vbe. Short-circuits are also created in correspondence with the base-emitter junction with local formation of melting spots between metallic layers, in particular aluminum Al, and semiconductor layers, in particular silicon Si, in the case of these materials, starting from 577 degrees C.
Moreover, for ensuring suitable voltage and current conditions in which a power bipolar transistor may operate without damaging itself, commonly indicated as safe operating area or SOA, the layout of such a power bipolar transistor is established taking also into account the current performance degradation in case of high values of the collector-emitter voltage Vce, which however further increases the final size of the transistor itself.
Different solutions have been proposed for reducing the problems linked to the phenomenon of second breakdown of power bipolar transistors. For example, it is possible to make reference to the article to Flavio F. Villa entitled: "Improved Second Breakdown of Integrated Bipolar Power Transistors", IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-33, pp 1971-1976, December 1986.
In particular, a first branch of known solutions aims at ensuring a uniform current flow at the base-emitter junction of a power bipolar transistor, so as to limit in particular the generation of hot spots in this junction, limiting in this way the risk of a melting between silicon and metallization layers.
Normally, the uniformity of the current flow is obtained by trying to balance the power bipolar transistor with a suitable layout and with a finger structure, in particular for its emitter terminals, aimed at trying to avoid the problem of local hot spots, this finger structure being distributed so as to occupy a wide silicon surface.
A first known solution, schematically shown in FIG. 1, uses such a finger structure and sections the power bipolar transistor and its driver so that each finger of the power bipolar transistor has its dedicated driver.
In particular, FIG. 1 shows a power bipolar structure, globally indicated with 10. The power bipolar structure 10 comprises a power bipolar transistor with a finger structure, schematically shown as a power section 11 comprising a plurality of power transistors, Tp1 . . . Tpn. The power bipolar structure 10 also comprises a driving section 12 connected to the power section 11.
More in particular, the power transistors, Tp1 . . . Tpn, of the power section 11, corresponding to different fingers, in particular emitter ones, of a power bipolar transistor, have respective first terminals, in particular collector ones, connected to each other and to a first terminal of the power bipolar structure 10, in particular a collector terminal C, second terminals, in particular emitter ones, connected to each other and to a second terminal of the power bipolar structure 10, in particular an emitter terminal E, as well as third terminals, in particular base ones, connected to the driving section 12.
Similarly, the driving section 12 comprises a plurality of driving transistors, Td1 . . . Tdn, in a number corresponding to the plurality of power transistors, Td1 . . . Tdn, of the power section 11, i.e., to the number of emitter fingers of the power bipolar transistor comprised in the power bipolar structure 10. The driving transistors, Td1 . . . Tdn, have respective first terminals, in particular emitter ones, connected to the collector terminal C of the power bipolar structure 10, second terminals, in particular collector ones, connected to respective base terminals of the power transistors, Tp1 . . . Tpn, of the power section 11, as well as third terminals, in particular base terminals, connected to each other and to a third terminal, in particular a base terminal B of the power bipolar structure 10.
The type of layout of the power bipolar structure 10 allows to obtain a remarkable improvement of the safe operating area SOA with respect to a standard layout.
For making a power bipolar structure stronger with respect to the second breakdown current, usually indicated as Isb, it is also known to use ballast resistances connected to the base and/or emitter terminals of the structure, as schematically shown in FIG. 2A.
In particular, a bipolar structure 20 comprises at least one power bipolar transistor T1, in particular with a finger structure or a multiemitter, and a driving bipolar transistor T2 inserted, in parallel to each other, between a first terminal, in particular a collector terminal C, and a second terminal, in particular an emitter terminal E of the bipolar structure 20. The bipolar structure 20 also comprises a first ballast resistor Rb connected to the base terminals of the transistors T1 and T2, in turn connected to a third terminal, in particular a base terminal B of the bipolar structure 20. The bipolar structure 20 also comprises further ballast resistors, Re1 and Re2, connected to respective emitter terminals of the multiemitter power bipolar transistor T1.
It is suitable to underline that the presence of the ballast resistors, connected to the base and/or emitter terminals of the bipolar structure, makes this bipolar structure stronger against the breakdown phenomenon due to the negative feedback that these resistances create when the intrinsic current of the bipolar structure increases. Thanks to this feedback, the current in the base terminal B of the bipolar structure 20 is reduced, which reduces the current in the collector terminal C.
A first example of layout for a bipolar structure 20 is shown for example in FIG. 2B, globally indicated with 200.
In particular, in the layout 200 at least the power bipolar transistor T1 and the driving bipolar transistor T2, base contacts 201 and emitter contacts 202, as well as at least one ballast resistance indicated with 203 are present.
An alternative embodiment that is widely used as layout for a bipolar structure is schematically shown in FIG. 2C, globally indicated with 200′. Elements corresponding to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2B have been given the same reference numbers by way of illustration.
In particular, the layout 200′ comprises a first layer 210, in particular a base one, wherein the base contacts 201 are realized as well as a second layer 220, in particular an emitter one, wherein the emitter contacts 202 are realized and at least one ballast resistance, in particular a base resistance indicated with 203.
Although advantageous under several viewpoints, also these known solutions do not allow a correct control of the second breakdown current of a power bipolar transistor and do not allow thus to have a uniform current flow at its base-emitter junction so as to limit the generation of local hot spots and allow to use such a bipolar structure also in power applications.

Power bipolar structure, in particular for high voltage applications


A circuit has an input terminal, an output terminal, a supply voltage terminal, a ground terminal and a useful circuit, wherein the useful circuit has a capacitive element with a first and a second capacitance terminal, wherein the capacitive element has a series connection of two series capacitors, which are connected to each other at an inner capacitance node, and an additional testing terminal coupled to the inner capacitance node, and designed such that at least one of the series capacitors is positioned between the additional testing terminal and the reference terminal comprising the input terminal, the output terminal, the supply voltage terminal and the ground terminal, related to current flow.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a circuit with a capacitive element and a method for testing the same.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
ICs (IC=integrated circuit) are increasingly required to integrate electronic devices, which are at present mounted outside the integrated circuit on a board. This leads to a reduction of the space requirements for a circuit, which is to perform a predetermined functionality. Thereby, increasingly, capacitors are integrated, for example, in silicon high-frequency ICs. Thus, the number of required devices in a high-frequency circuit or high-frequency system, respectively, can be reduced.
Normally, the capacitors integrated in the silicon high-frequency IC or chip, respectively, are designed such that they have a higher breakdown voltage than the semiconductors or resistor devices used in the integrated circuit.
However, the capacitors integrated in the chip can often not be provided with voltages as high as their breakdown voltage when testing the device. Thus, it is harder or impossible to detect defective capacitors. Those defective capacitors can represent a reliability risk for an operation of the integrated circuit.
This reliability risk causes a limitation of the overall size of used capacitors in an integrated circuit to a value, where a probability of a failure of one of the used capacitors remains low. This has the effect that larger capacitors are frequently mounted at the external terminals or outside the integrated circuit on a circuit board, respectively, as discrete capacitors, and are connected with those integrated circuits via their external terminals. Thus, due to the external capacitors, which are to be provided on the printed circuit board, increased space requirements result on a printed circuit board for a circuit with predetermined functionality.

Circuit with a capacitive element with method for testing the same


A device that helps a golfer to keep the front part of her leading foot stable during a full swing shot. The device has a base with a hole in the center to allow for the passing of the cleats of a normal golf shoe. The device may thus be worn directly over a normal golf shoe. The device has special spikes mounted on one side of the base which are longer than ordinary golf shoe cleats. These special spikes help to keep the leading foot laterally stable and also help to prevent the leading foot from pivoting. The base has a strap mounted on the side opposite that of the special cleats, for holding the device to a golf shoe, or other type of shoe such as a dress shoe or tennis shoe.

The present invention relates to a device for holding a golfer's leading foot stable during a golf swing, especially when the golfer is driving the ball (the leading foot is the left foot for a right-handed golfer). The golfing community has recognized the importance of stability of the front part of the leading foot for proper shifting of weight during the hitting motion. A stable leading foot allows the golfer to address the ball correctly and to drive the ball farther than if the golfer moves the front part of his leading foot during the swing.
The present invention defines a device that keeps the golfer's leading foot in place by providing a device that attaches to the normal golf shoe and enables better stability of the foot through the use of extra spikes. These spikes are arranged not only to prevent lifting of the front part of the leading foot during the swing, but also to prevent twisting or pivoting of the front part of the leading foot. In its envisioned use, the device attaches to the golfer's foot over the golf shoe, in a manner that does not interfere with the existing cleats. As a result, the golfer can easily and conveniently attach and detach the device. The owner of the device may wear it over any type of shoe, however, such as dress shoes, tennis shoes, etc. Thus, the purchaser of the device need not own a pair of cleated golf shoes in order to use the device.


The present invention provides an organic light emitting display device in which light emitted by an OLED whose luminance is adjusted for detection of deterioration does not stand out as compared to light emitted by other OLEDs, thereby not producing an unpleasant sensation for users. A calculation unit in a display control unit 104 sets, for a target pixel 302, a driving signal Out(C)=V. For a peripheral pixel 301 horizontally located immediately before the target pixel 302, the calculation unit calculates a driving signal Out(C−1)=In(C−1)−V(In(C))/2. For a peripheral pixel 303 horizontally located immediately after the target pixel 302, the calculation unit calculates a driving signal Out(C+1)=In(C+1)−V(In(C))/2.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to technology for driving an image display device that uses an organic light emitting diode and in particular to technology for (i) detecting, for an organic light emitting diode or the like whose luminescence properties have deteriorated through extended use, the degree of deterioration of the luminescence properties and (ii) adjusting the luminance.
(2) Description of the Related Art
As a type of image display device that uses a current driven light emitting element, an image display device that uses an organic light emitting diode (OLED), i.e. an organic light emitting display, is well known. Since organic light emitting displays have the advantages of excellent viewing angle characteristics and little power consumption, they are attracting attention as a candidate for the next generation of flat panel displays (FPD).
However, in a display device that uses self-luminous elements such as OLEDs, luminescence properties of the light emitting elements deteriorate through extended use, and thus the display luminance decreases. In particular, in a display device in which such light emitting elements are arrayed, the deterioration of light emitting elements differs according to each element's history of light emission. Therefore, not only does display luminance decrease, but also the display screen becomes uneven (Patent Document 1).
In order to solve this sort of problem, it has been proposed to detect the voltage of an OLED to discern the degree of deterioration, and in accordance with the degree of deterioration of the OLED, adjust the luminance.
Patent Document 1
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-173869

Organic light emitting display device and method for adjusting luminance during a deterioration detection process


The present invention provides a liquid crystal medium composition for use in liquid crystal display, which includes the following constituent components: a negative type liquid crystal material, a stabilizer, and two or more than two polymerizable monomers that undergo polymerization reactions under UV radiation. The polymerizable monomers are in an amount of 0.1-1% by weight based on total weight of the liquid crystal medium composition. The polymerizable monomers have a structural formula composed of a single benzene ring, two benzene rings, or a naphthalene ring. The structural formula composed of two benzene rings is formed by two benzene rings that are directly linked or linked via a moiety. The benzene ring and naphthalene ring are directly linked at least one polymerizable moiety. Through use of two or more than two polymerizable monomers in the liquid crystal medium composition, polymer bumps having a small size and excellent homogeneity can be obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of liquid crystal displaying techniques, and in particular to a liquid crystal medium composition for use in liquid crystal display.
2. The Related Arts
Liquid crystal used in twisted nematic (TN) or super twisted nematic (STN) liquid crystal display is positive liquid crystal. The liquid crystal molecules have a long axis that is arranged parallel to a substrate surface when no electricity is applied. The orientation of the liquid crystal molecules on the substrate surface is determined by rubbing direction of an alignment layer (which is usually made of polyimide). The alignment directions of two substrate surfaces are perpendicular to each other, whereby the molecules of the liquid crystal layer exhibit a continuously twisted arrangement from one substrate surface to another substrate surface. When a voltage is applied, the long axis of the liquid crystal molecule tends to align in the direction of electric field. Drawbacks of the TN or STN liquid crystal display are small viewable angle and severe brightness difference and color difference at large view angles. A compensation film must be applied to correct these problems and this increases the manufacture cost of display devices.
Multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) provides an excellent solution to the view angle limitation that the TN or STN displays are subjected to and negative liquid crystal and vertical alignment film are used. When no voltage is applied, the long axis of liquid crystal molecule is perpendicular to the substrate surface. Application of voltage would cause the liquid crystal molecule to tilt, making the long axis of the liquid crystal molecule aligning in a direction perpendicular to the electric field. To overcome the view angle problem, a pixel is divided into multiple domains and liquid crystal molecules are caused to tilt in different directions so that the display, when viewed from different directions, can provide similar viewing effect. Several ways can be adopted to have liquid crystal molecules of different domains of a pixel oriented in different directions. As shown in FIG. 1A, the first way is to form polymer bumps 108 on upper and lower glass substrates 102, 103 by means of exposure development in order to cause a pre-tilt angle for liquid crystal molecules around the polymer bumps 108 and thus guiding the liquid crystal molecules 106 to tilt to predetermined directions. As shown in FIG. 1B, the second way is to form an ITO pixel electrode 304 on upper and lower glass substrates 302, 303 in such a way as forming a predetermined pattern so that an electric field so induced shows a predetermined tilt angle thereby controlling the orientations of the liquid crystal molecules 306 in different domains. This technique is often referred to as patterned vertical alignment (PVA). As shown in FIG. 2, the third way is to form ITO slits 501 on a TFT side of a lower glass substrate 500, while ITO of an upper glass substrate 502 remains full. Polymerizable monomers 508 are added in the liquid crystal medium. An electric field is first applied to cause tilting of the liquid crystal molecules 506 and then ultraviolet ray is applied to irradiate the panel so as to polymerize the monomers to form polymer bumps 510 that guide tilting of the liquid crystal molecules and are deposited on the surfaces of the upper and lower glass substrates 500, 502 to achieve an effect of alignment. This technique is referred to as polymer stabilized vertical alignment (PSVA).
The formation of polymer bumps in the PSVA technique is a phase separation process. Before polymerization, the monomers are small molecules and show good compatibility with the liquid crystal medium composition. After being irradiated by ultraviolet light and undergoing polymerization, the monomers form high molecules that are separated from the liquid crystal medium composition so as to form polymer bumps that are insoluble in the liquid crystal medium. These are polymer bumps that show an effect of alignment. However, the known techniques do not show how to control the degree of polymerization of reactive mesogenic (RM) monomers and the size of the polymerized particles. Such characteristics are of vital influence for the effect of alignment and optic performance of panels. Taking the conventionally used material as an example, if the intensity of the irradiation light is weak, then the reaction rate of RM is slow and if the intensity of irradiation light is strong, the reaction rate of RM is fast, which may lead to the formation of excessively large particles of polymerization, whereby the alignment effect is poor, undersize spots may be formed, leakage in dark state may occur, and contrast is reduced. Thus, the key issue of the PSVA technique is controlling the reaction of the monomers in order to form bumps that are of suitable sizes and uniformly distributed and thus preventing poor alignment of liquid crystal and occurrence of bright spots in dark state of liquid crystal panels and obtaining excellent optic performance of the panel, such as high contrast and fast response.
Referring to FIGS. 3-5, the known techniques use only a single type of monomer, making it easy to cause undesired situations, such as easy occurrence of bumps formed by excessively large particles due to variation of light irradiation conditions, so that undersize bright spots may be seen in a dark state of a PSVA panel and the contrast of the panel is reduced. Thus, further improvement may be made on the liquid crystal medium composition for the PSVA techniques.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Liquid crystal medium composition for use in liquid crystal display

Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd


An oxide barrier coating for reinforcing fiber is provided with a preselected microstructure and thickness through control of the concentration of metal salt in heat decomposable form as a precursor of metal oxide. In one form, the salt is a metal oxyhalide salt such as zirconium oxyhalide or halfnium oxyhalide. Fibers, such as ones of alumina, aluminasilicate or silicon carbide, having the coating of the invention are especially useful as reinforcing fibers for reinforced ceramic matrix composites.

Strength and toughness can be provided to composites through use of embedded reinforcing fibers. Such structures have been reported extensively in the patent and other literature. However, for composites planned for use in an oxidizing environment at temperatures greater than 1000.degree. C., there are limited numbers of materials for the fiber and for the matrix in which the fiber is embedded. With various combinations of such materials, there are adverse events which can occur. For example, detrimental chemical interaction, oxidation or undesirable (i.e., too strong or too weak) bonding between the fiber and the matrix can reduce composite toughness and the effective and practical use of the composite.
Because the interface between a fiber and its surrounding matrix is important in reinforced composites, coatings have been proposed as a transition medium. A number of studies reported on this subject include "Fiber Coating and Characterization" by David C. Cranmer, CERAMIC BULLETIN, Vol 68, No 2, 1989, pages 415-419; and "The Role of the Fiber-Matrix Interface in Ceramic Composites" by Ronald J. Kerans et al, CERAMIC BULLETIN. Vol 68, No 2, 1989 pages 429-442. For the purpose of background and including herein an explanation of the mechanisms involved, the text of those articles are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
As discussed in those articles and elsewhere in the literature, attempts to control interface properties are now in their infancy. However, it has been observed that relatively weak interface layers can be beneficial, for example, in respect to the mechanism of fiber and/or matrix fracture. Having fiber reinforcements of higher strength and modulus than the matrix can increase properties of the composite if a load can be transferred properly from the matrix to the fiber. It is apparent that an interface coating, having a composition and microstructure which is preselected to be beneficial to the matrix-fiber combination, can provide improved strength and toughness to composites. This is especially important for use in an oxidizing environment at temperatures greater than 1000.degree. C.: exposure to such temperatures increase the potential for fiber degradation as well as reaction between the materials in contact at the interface, for example fiber with coating and coating with matrix.
It has been observed that, in some cases, a relatively fine microstructure, referred to in such terms as crystalline, microcrystalline or crystalites, can provide such a beneficial coating structure. In other cases it is believed that a microstructure of relatively coarse interlocking crystals can be beneficial.

Method for applying an oxide barrier coating to a reinforcing fiber


A surface processing method includes the step of increasing a surface hardness of a metal having a nominal composition that includes about 0.21-0.25 wt % carbon, about 2.9-3.3 wt % chromium, about 11-12 wt % nickel, about 13-14 wt % cobalt, about 1.1-1.3 wt % molybdenum, and a balance of iron from a first hardness to a second hardness. For example, the method is used to produce a surface-hardened component that includes a core section having a first hardness between about 51 HRC and 55 HRC and a case section having a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness.

The present invention relates to hardening metals or metal alloys, and more particularly to hardening AerMet® 100 alloy for uses such as gears within a rotary-wing aircraft gearbox.
Certain compositions of steel, such as Pyrowear® 53 and 9310, have been used for gears or other applications requiring high strength and fatigue resistance. Pyrowear® 53 and 9310 typically have a strength of 180-200 ksi and a hardness of 30-45 HRc. To increase fatigue resistance, the gears are carburized to produce a case that surrounds a less hard core. For example, gears made of Pyrowear® 53 or 9310 are heated to an austenizing temperature of 1650° F. in a 0.8% carbon atmosphere. The carbon diffuses into solid austenite solution. Upon quenching, the austenite forms high carbon martensite having a surface carbon level around 0.8% to 1.0%, which hardens the surface.
Although Pyrowear® 53 and 9310 are useful for gears and other applications, there is a need for even stronger and more fatigue-resistant gears. AerMet® 100 is an alloy developed by Carpenter Technology based on the composition of US Air Force Alloy 1410. When processed per CarTech specified directions or per AMS 6532 specification, AerMet® 100 develops an ultimate strength of 280 ksi, a fracture toughness value of 115 ksi·inch1/2 and a hardness of 53 HRC. The strength and toughness combination make AerMet® 100 attractive for use in gears, however, AerMet® 100 lacks the desired surface hardness.
One proposed solution to enable use of AerMet® 100 in gears is to carburize the AerMet® 100 using the conventional carburization process that is used for Pyrowear® 53 and 9310. However, instead of forming hardened high carbon martensite, AerMet® 100 forms undesirable microstructures that prevent use of AerMet® 100 in gears and other applications.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method of hardening AerMet® 100 for use in gears and other applications, while avoiding the shortcomings and drawbacks of the prior art.

Gear material for an enhanced rotorcraft drive system


The invention relates to a heater part, especially for a liquid fuel-operated vehicle water or air heater in the form of a supplementary heater or an auxiliary heater with a burner and a heat-exchanger. According to the invention, at least one part of a fuel heater (1) and at least one part of an electric heater (1xe2x80x2) are provided as a structural unit, in particular in order to retrofit or expand an electrically operated heater (1xe2x80x2) with a heater (1) for fuel operation.

Not applicable.
Not applicable.
The invention relates to a heating equipment portion, particularly for a motor vehicle water or air heating equipment, operated with liquid fuel, in the form of a supplementary heater or auxiliary heater with a burner and heat exchanger.
Known motor vehicle water or air heating equipments are supplementary heaters, which contribute to improving the heat supply to the vehicle interior and to the engine when the motor vehicle engine is running, or auxiliary heaters, which make a heat supply available to the vehicle also independently of the engine. The equipments are operated with liquid fuel, namely with the vehicle""s own fuel, diesel or gasoline.
Depending on the system, the equipments, because of the liquid fuel operation and the number of components (constructional size, production costs), are at present not unconditionally suitable for the smallest motor costs), are at present not unconditionally suitable for the smallest motor vehicles of the so-called mini type, which are particularly designed for a minimum fuel consumption.
The invention has as its object to provide a heating equipment portion, particularly for a motor vehicle water or air heating equipment of the kind mentioned hereinabove, which has a compact construction and can have versatile uses for a heating equipment.
The object of the invention is attained by a water or air heating equipment, operated with liquid fuel, of a motor vehicle, in the form of a supplementary heater or auxiliary hater with burner and heat exchanger wherein at least one portion of a fuel-operated heating equipment is provided as a constructional unit together with at least a portion of an electric heating equipment.
A feature of the invention is that at least a portion of a fuel-operated heating equipment is provided with at least a portion of an electric heating equipment, as a constructional unit.
The constructional unit preferably includes at least an electric heating loop oil and an inner or outer jacket portion of a heat exchanger of a fuel-opperated heating equipment, wherein the electric heating loop or coil extends substantially on the outer periphery of the inner jacket portion or on the inner periphery of an outer jacket portion.
The electric heating loop or coil can in particular be provided as an electric heating insert which includes a helicoid heating section arranged on or in the jacket portion, and a straight return section, the electrical connections being situated on the one axial side of the jacket portion.
A simple structure results when the jacket portion has a substantially smooth outer or inner jacket surface.
However, an axial groove in which the return section of the electric heating insert is received is preferably provided in the otherwise smooth jacket surface, along a generating line of the jacket surface. The axial groove provides for an exact peripheral and axial fixation of the electrical heating insert with respect to the jacket portion.
The electrical heating loop or coil can here be constituted as slightly resiliently prestressed in the radial direction, or self-fixing, against the jacket portion.
The return section can have curved end sections which form axial fixation aids for the electrical heating loop or coil with respect to the jacket portion.
The helicoid heating section is preferably matched in shape to the respective outer or inner contour of the jacket portion and forms, with a jacket portion used as the heat exchanger of a fuel operated heating equipment, water or air guiding ribs for a medium (water or air) to be heated as it flows through, also in particular when the jacket surface (except for the axial groove) is smooth.
The electrical connections are in particular passed through a housing end side of a heating equipment, are fastened to the housing end side, and are accessible from outside for a current connection to a current source, in particular a motor vehicle battery.
The constructional unit can have temperature sensors which can be used both for an electric and also for a fuel-operated heating equipment.
The constructional unit is preferably interchangeable in a heating equipment and can be replaced, for example, by a conventional motor vehicle heating equipment heat exchanger.
The versatility of the heating equipment portion according to the invention results particularly from the fact that the constructional unit can be used, on the one hand exclusively as an electric heating equipment, and on the other hand exclusively as a heating equipment operated with liquid fuel, but also that a combined operation is possible in which the constructional unit functions in a heating equipment as a heating device which is operated both electrically and also with liquid fuel. The last-mentioned variant of the invention has a large heat delivery and in particular makes possible a mixed operation or a two-stage operation with only a single control cost. With the second heating stage, the electric heating can easily be switched on in addition when operating with fuel, or vice versa, fuel operation can be switched on in addition when in electric base mode operation.
Thus according to the invention an electric heating insert is combined with a well-established fuel-operated heating equipment insert. The motor vehicle heating equipment containing the said insert is nevertheless compact. The choice of heating energy is basically free. Operation with the selected energy can be arranged in a heating equipment with the aid of simple constructional means.
Thus, for example, a well-established fuel-operated heating equipment portion can be directly made accessible to the smallest type of motor vehicle, and can then be operated with electrical energy by means of the built-in heating coil.
The said well-established fuel-operated heating equipment is the xe2x80x9cheat hangerxe2x80x9d, which of course does not have the function of a heat exchanger when operated electrically, but rather the air or water flowing through is then directly heated by the heating coil.
The xe2x80x9cheat exchangerxe2x80x9d has, for example, a pot form, with the water (or air) to be heated passing through the peripheral jacket and pot floor. In electric heating operation, the heating coil directly heats the water (or air) flowing through on the jacket side. The hollow interior of the pot of the xe2x80x9cheat exchangerxe2x80x9d contains no components and is covered at the side opposite the pot floor by a cover.
For the conversion to liquid fuel operation, the said cover is removed and the combustion chamber is installed inside the pot; in particular, the flame tube of the burner is introduced into the pot interior and flange-mounted axially (together with further parts such as a combustion air fan, etc.).
No parts have to be interchanged on changing over from electric heating to fuel heating. Consequently no parts can be lost. The base body, i.e., the jacket portion or the heat exchanger and heating coil, remains or remain in the place in the motor vehicle where they are built in.
If a user of a smallest type motor vehicle later wishes to change over its electric heating according to the invention to operation with diesel or gasoline and use the advantages of the known fuel-operated motor vehicle heating equipments, this is possible in a cost-efficient manner, but is not possible with known electric heaters.
If electric heating is to be completely dispensed with, the heating coil and xe2x80x9cheat exchangerxe2x80x9d can of course be replaced by a conventional heat exchanger with water-guiding ribs.

Heater part, especially for a vehicle water or air heater which is operated with liquid fuel


A height-position sensing device for use with a contol circuit for controlling the height position of a blade in the case of a motor grader includes a mechanical height-position sensor and a ultrasonic height-position sensor which are connected to a common control circuit via a switch.

A known height position sensing device for use with a control circuit for controlling the height position of a blade in the case of a motor grader exclusively consists of a mechanical height-position sensor for determining, by means of monitoring, the height relative to a height reference defined by a tight rope extending along the surface to be graded by the motor grader. In the case of this known height-position sensing device, the rope is monitored by a feeler tube or by a feeler arm whose angular position, which depends on the relative height with respect to the rope, is detected by a transformer and converter into a signal indicative of the height. The monitoring of the rope can only provide a reference height for a first strip which is parallel to the rope and which is graded by the motor grader in a first working cycle. When additional strips are produced, control of the height position of the blade must be effected with reference to the configuration of the just finished first strip extending on the ground. For this purpose, a feeler ski equipped with a further mechanical height-position sensor is provided, said feeler ski sliding on the just finished first strip so as to form a height reference when the next strip is being produced. This mechanical monitoring of the ground by means of a feeler ski which is supported such that it is vertically movable is complicated and sensitive by nature. In particular, the mechanical feeler ski limits the possible operating speed when the motor grader is in operation. Further limitations result from the fact that problems may arise due to the feeler ski when the motor grader is turning round or moving in the reverse direction.
It is true that, the field of construction machines, it is known to use also contactless systems for the purpose of distance measurement, said systems including in particular ultrasonic measuring systems, but, at least on the basis of the presently available technology, an ultrasonic distance measuring system is not suitable for reliably detecting the position of a reference rope so that such systems have hitherto not been used for controlling the height-position of the blade in the case of a motor grader.

Height sensing device including an ultrasonic sensor and a mechanical sensor

MOBA-Electronic Gesellschaft fur Mobil-Automation mbh


The present disclosure presents systems and methods for maintaining persistence of a backup virtual server on connections currently serviced by the backup virtual server. A virtual server operating on an intermediary network device and identified as a primary virtual server for a first connection may receive a request via the first connection. The intermediary device may forward the first request to a backup virtual server of the virtual server in response to identifying that the virtual server is unavailable. The intermediary device may later identify that the virtual server is available. The virtual server may establish a new connection responsive to receiving a connection request while the intermediary device may forward a second request received via the first connection to the backup virtual server instead of the virtual server responsive to identifying that the virtual server is configured not to preempt the backup virtual server from maintaining connections currently maintained by the backup virtual server.

A corporate or enterprise may deploy various services across a network to enhance the quality of service provided by the enterprise to numerous clients accessing the services via servers of the enterprise. For example, a large number of clients may request to access a service, such as a web server. The enterprise may deploy multiple servers to provide this service in order to meet the demand and load from the volume of clients' requests. In some configurations, a server farm may provide a group of servers that can process the client's request. Additionally, the enterprise may deploy a load balancer to manage access to the multiple servers and direct client requests to a suitable server. The load balancer may distribute the load across multiple servers or services thus maintaining connections of the clients to the servers. The load balancer may include any number of virtual servers for servicing various requests.
In instances where a virtual server servicing requests experiences a failure, the service provided by the load balancer may be interrupted and clients may experience a delay. Other virtual servers may take on the traffic which was previously serviced by the failed virtual server.

Systems and methods for maintaining persistence by a backup virtual server


A new Dahlia plant designated ‘KLEDH20215’ particularly distinguished by a dark pink-purple flower color and a medium earliness, is disclosed.

The present invention comprises a new and distinct variety of Dahlia, botanically known as Dahlia sp., and hereinafter referred to by the variety name 'KLEDH20215'. 'KLEDH20215' originated from a controlled cross conducted in September 2016 in Stuttgart, Germany, between the proprietary female Dahlia 'DH-2015-2242' (not patented) and the proprietary male Dahlia 'DH-2015-2244' (not patented).
In May 2017, a seedling was selected and named 'KLEDH20215'. 'KLEDH20215' was first vegetatively propagated by vegetative cuttings in May 2017 in Stuttgart, Germany. 'KLEDH20215' was found to reproduce true to type in successive generations of asexual propagation.


An inductive touch module and an inductive touch display device and the manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. The induction touch module includes: an X-layer of metallic lines, a Y-layer of metallic lines and an electromagnetic induction coil layer stacked together, and the X-layer of metallic lines, the Y-layer of metallic lines, and the electromagnetic induction coil layer are insulated from each other; the X-layer of metallic lines comprises a plurality of X metallic lines arranged along a first direction; the Y-layer of metallic lines comprises a plurality of Y metallic lines arranged along a second direction; the electromagnetic induction coil layer comprises a plurality of electromagnetic induction coils arranged in a matrix; each of the electromagnetic induction coils is of a spiral structure, each of the electromagnetic induction coils connects to one X metallic line and one Y metallic line, and each of the electromagnetic induction coils corresponds to the X metallic line and the Y metallic line one by one. In this way, the number of coils of the electromagnetic induction coils within a specific dimension may be increased so as to enhance the sensibility of the touch module.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to display technology, and more particularly to an inductive touch module and an inductive touch display device and the manufacturing method thereof.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
The electromagnetic induction touch devices usually include an electromagnetic sensing layer, at least one electromagnetic connecting components connecting with the electromagnetic sensing layer, and a location information monitor connecting with the electromagnetic connecting components. When a user touch the electromagnetic sensing layer, magnetic flux of the electromagnetic induction coils has been changed. The change has been transferred to the location information monitor via the connecting component. The location information monitor further calculates the location of the touch points in accordance with the difference of the magnetic flux.
Currently, the electromagnetic coils are usually configured to be U-shaped loop. Thus, the number of the coils is relatively low, and thus the sensing current is smaller.

Inductive touch modules and inductive touch display devices and the manufacturing method thereof


A retaining pin with self biasing keeping means has a head and a tubular pin that has a plurality of detent fingers on its end. The detent fingers are formed by slitting and deforming the ends of the pin. The detent fingers are bent to extend beyond the outside diameter of the pin with the forward ends terminating in a diameter smaller than that diameter. As the pin is inserted in a matched opening, the detent fingers compress to allow the pin to penetrate the opening and then return to their original position to retain them therein. To remove the pin, the process is reversed. The instant retaining pin with self biasing keeping means is conducive to modern mass production methods of production such as cold heading.

Almost as soon as tools were invented, it became apparent that having a means to keep one part connected to another was very important. Throughout history many solutions to this problem have been found such as pins with cotter pins, retaining rings, clevis pins with cotter pins or detent balls. One of the problems with both cotter pins and retaining rings is that they require an additional part. Additionally, because of this, it is easy to lose the pin or ring requiring obtaining a new one. The clevis pin with detent balls overcomes this limitation since the detent balls are self contained, they are more complex and require a spring and retaining means to keep the detent balls contained.
There is a need for a simple, easily manufactured retaining pin that solves the problem of securing a connecting pin without the limitation of the prior art.

Retaining pin with self biasing keeping means


A method for producing an integral reinforced fiber composite component comprising at least one hollow fiber reinforcing component and a shell component is disclosed and can include first providing a mold core having a target cross-section deviating from a round cross-section adaptable to an inner cross-section of the hollow reinforcing component, introducing the mold core into a cavity of the hollow reinforcing component and fixing it thereafter in the cavity with a fixing agent applying the hollow reinforcing component with the mold core fixed therein to the shell component, and subjecting the mold core to a pressurized medium while applying heat and/or pressure to this arrangement to produce the integral reinforced fiber composite component.

Although applicable to any fibre composite components, the present invention and the problem on which it is based will be explained in greater detail hereinafter with reference to planar, carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) components reinforced with stringers, for example skin shells and shell components for an aircraft.
It is generally known that CFRP skin shells can be reinforced with CFRP stringers in order to withstand the loads which occur in aircraft, with as little additional weight as possible. In this case, a distinction is basically made between two types of stringers: T-stringers and omega-stringers.
The cross-section of T-stringers is composed of the base and the web. The base forms the connecting surface to the skin shell. The use of skin shells reinforced with T-stringers is widespread within the aircraft industry.
Omega-stringers have an approximately hat-shaped profile, of which the lower ends are connected to the skin shell. Omega stringers may be either adhesively bonded, once cured, to the skin shell which is also cured, cured wet-on-wet at the same time as the shell, or adhesively bonded to the cured shell when wet. The first case is most desirable since it is more favourable with regard to the technical processes involved. However, in order to produce skin shells reinforced with omega-stringers, it is necessary to use support or mould cores in all of the various processes described in order to support the hollow profile during the production process. Skin shells with omega-stringers provide the advantage over T-stringers of having better infiltration properties during an infusion process carried out in order to introduce a matrix, for example an epoxy resin, into the fibre semi-finished products. Furthermore, compared with other cross-sectional shapes, this cross-sectional shape offers a good ratio between weight and moment of inertia.
However, when producing fibre composite shells reinforced with omega-stringers, there is the drawback that the material currently used for the support or mould core is expensive and is difficult to remove once the omega-stringers have been formed, such that any material remaining in the stringers contributes to the weight of the fibre composite component and thus to the weight of the aircraft in a disadvantageous manner.
Different production methods may be used to produce hollow components using fibre composite construction methods, the use of which production methods is dependent, inter alia, on the general product-specific requirements, such as production rate, shape or cross-section, requirements regarding surface configuration or strength. Examples of the main production methods are as follows:                Blow hose method        Non-permanent moulding (chemical, mechanical or thermal removal methods)        Cores remaining in the component (for example foam made of synthetic resins)        rotational moulding method        filament winding method
However, owing to specific features, the majority of these methods are, during the progression thereof, only suitable for the production of compact components having similar measurements in all dimensions and a relatively small linear extent. In order to produce components, the measurement of which in one axis is considerably greater than that in the other axes, a blow hose method has primarily been used previously on an industrial scale.
In order to produce fibre composite components which must satisfy strict requirements with regard to component weight and mechanical load, it is necessary to shape and compact the laminate by applying a planar pressure to the laminate during the curing process. With conventional production methods, a component is thus shaped by inserting the different woven fabric layers into a female mould. Once all the reinforcing layers of the laminate have been inserted into the mould, these components are saturated with resin, depending on the selected shape of the semi-finished product and the production method, or in the case of production with prepreg fibres, these are placed in the mould. Next, once auxiliary materials such as ventilation fabrics and separating films have been applied, an airtight film is placed on the mould and hermetically sealed onto said mould. Once the air inside the vacuum has been vacuumed off, the component can be pressed in a planar manner and the correct fibre to matrix ratio can be achieved and the laminate can also be produced with no fibre ridges during the curing procedure. However, a prerequisite for this production method is that the surface of the entire laminate should be accessible on one side. When producing a hollow component, this process is not possible owing to the restricted access to the inside of the component after production.
The most significant drawbacks of the aforementioned methods are as follows:                Poor surface quality inside the component when producing a component using an excessively long blow hose. In this regard, FIG. 1 shows an example of a conventional method for producing a hollow reinforcing component 2 having a trapezoidal inner cross-section 13. The hollow reinforcing component 2 is attached as a stringer in order to reinforce a shell component 3. An excessively long blow hose 12 having an originally circular cross-section is arranged inside the hollow reinforcing component 2. When the hose is inflated, resin accumulations 15 are created by the formation of folds. Owing to these resin accumulations 15, problems regarding an increased likelihood of cracks as a result of the unreinforced resin result in addition to problems regarding a poor fibre:matrix ratio.        The blow hose 12 is configured as a hose having a round cross-section. When the blow hose 12 is pressurised, said blow hose 12 rests against the inner walls of the component 2 and of the uncured shell laminate 3. The blow hose 12 cannot completely fill the corner regions. The blow hose 12 is thus arched and resin accumulations 15 are formed. The lack of pressure on the laminate may lead to the formation of ridges and localised excesses of resin (undulations) in the laminate.        Owing to the blow hose 12 not sufficiently abutting localised portions, fibre ridges may be produced.        The production method is complicated further by the complex integration of the blow hose 12 into the mould and the component.        The process poses an increased risk when a thin-walled blow hose 12 is used, owing to the hose becoming arched in the corners of the component, thus causing the hose material to expand excessively until it bursts, possibly destroying the entire component.        Labour-intensive removal and production of the core.        Production of components having narrow radii in cross-section or of a specific shape is not possible with the methods described.        If auxiliary production materials remain in the component, the weight of the component increases whilst the mechanical values of the component are not increased at all, or are only increased slightly by the auxiliary material.
Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an integral, reinforced fibre composite component comprising at least one hollow reinforcing component made of fibre composite material and a shell component.

Method for producing an integral, reinforced fibre composite component as well as a hollow fibre composite component


A method is provided for aligning, without user interaction, the two images of a binocular eyewear display (100) with respect to their vertical, horizontal, and rotational orientation, and with respect to magnification. The method for aligning images comprise generating a signal from a display modification system (108) based on stored values indicative of misalignment of the binocular eyewear display (100); and adjusting, in accordance with the signal, an image or images to be displayed by an optics system (106). The stored values may include values for a plurality of temperatures and humidity.

Binocular displays include head mounted displays such as glasses and helmet mounted displays wherein a virtual image is presented to each eye. The image, usually created by a microdisplay, for example an LCD screen, may be presented to the eye by means of refractive or reflective optics, for example, through a lens system. Ideally the virtual images presented to each eye are perfectly aligned and the user perceives a single image similar to their perception of real images. If the virtual images are misaligned, the user may experience discomfort, for example, eye strain, headache, and nausea.
Commercial binocular eyewear are aligned mechanically during manufacture and some misalignment is common. Furthermore, misalignment of binocular eyewear may occur during use due to physical shock or exposure to temperature or humidity. Although there are no widely accepted standards for alignment, there have been several studies to determine acceptable values of binocular image alignment. A compilation of the desired alignment tolerances to avoid user discomfort is as shown in the following table as disclosed in Melzer & Moffitt, Head Mounted Displays-Designing for the User, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997 (ISBN 0070418195).
REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENTPARAMETER(see-through)(immersive)VERTICAL3 minutes of arc5 minutes of arcHORIZONTAL3 minutes divergent;¼ diopter of8 minutes convergentfocus distanceIMAGE ROTATION1 degree1 degreeMAGNIFICATION1 percent1 percentAlthough vendors of commercial eyewear displays are aware of the need for binocular image alignment, products today are not shipped with any alignment specifications.
Systems have been disclosed wherein a user of the binocular eyewear may take corrective steps to bring the misalignment within certain tolerances. See for example, in US 2003/0184860, the user operates a device to move a dot until it is aligned with another dot, and in WO 2006/058188, the user adjusts first and second display panels until images of display panel indicia shown on the viewing screen are located relative to baseline indicia.
However, users of systems requiring user intervention to properly align the system may find it burdensome to perform such intervention, especially when it may be required each time the system is turned on.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method of aligning, without user interaction, the two images of a binocular eyewear display with respect to their vertical, horizontal, and rotational orientation, and with respect to magnification. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention.

Image alignment method for binocular eyewear displays


An actuator controller with a power supply that steps down a high voltage for use by remote auxiliary loads in an aircraft is provided. A high voltage power bus running through the aircraft may use high gage or smaller diameter wiring, resulting in weight savings in the power bus. A control network running through the aircraft may use fiber optic cabling, providing further weight reductions. An actuator controller may receive the high voltage from the power bus and provide a lower voltage to a remote device. The actuator controller may facilitate communication between the control network and the remote device. The integration of control and power supply may enhance endurance, reliability, and enable localized calibration of the remote device. Modular wing components may include interface controllers, high and low power busswork, and remote devices. The modular wing components may include power and control interconnections.

The way that the Vietnam War is now remembered as the helicopter war, the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan may be remembered for the use of unmanned drones. Drones may facilitate remote intelligence gathering, alleviating the need for foot soldiers to enter into hostile areas "blind," with little or no information about the location and strength of hostile forces. Drones may provide close combat support, such as identifying and eliminating targets of interest, alleviating the need to expose soldiers and/or airmen to potential small arms fire, mortars, rocket grenades, road-side bombs, anti-aircraft weaponry, missiles, and other dangers.
With aircraft generally there is a long felt need to enhance performance. Prior improvements include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,828 (fiber optics interconnected with cameras), U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,880 (fiber optics interconnected with a column signal generator), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,143,410 (miniature gage control wiring). However, the operational capabilities of conventional aircraft and unmanned drones remain limited.


A tissue repair fibrous membrane, preparation method and application thereof, and tissue repair product. The tissue repair fibrous membrane is formed by interweaving fiber filaments having a diameter of 10 nm to 100 μm, and has pore structures formed by interweaving between the fiber filaments. The fiber filaments have concave structures, and have annular convex structures thereon in the radial direction of the filaments.

Repairing a tissue or an organ with a membrane for tissue repair is rather common in modern surgery operation. A membrane for tissue repair may be used to repair, for example, a hernia, pelvic floor dysfunction, dural mater/meningeal defect, nerve conduit injury, blood vessel, ligament, bone defect, or the like. Due to the particularity of human tissue in structure and function, an ideal fibrous membrane for tissue repair needs to: (1) be good in biocompability, capable of guiding tissue growth, and obtain ideal repair; (2) help a tissue regenerate itself by facilitating cell adhesion, crawling and growth; (3) be strong enough to resist mechanical stress before a healthy tissue is completely formed, in applications such as repair peritoneum, ligament, achilles tendon, or the like; (4) be so soft as to reduce the patient's discomfort and improve the effect of the surgery; (5) be easily cut and not fall apart in clinic use; (6) maintain good dimensional stability after being implanted in the body, and be easily sutured to or attached to a tissue, without shrinkage, deformation or displacement; (7) prevent bacteria from hiding and growing and avoid infection caused by utilizing artificial biosynthesized material; and (8) more advantageously, be degraded and assimilated in the body after the completion of the repair.
The existing membranes for tissue repair are usually defective in the following aspects:
1) A woven mesh, as the most common one of the prevailing fibrous membranes for tissue repair, is rough on the surface, stiff, undegradable in the body, less biocompatible, and easy to cause pains and a foreign body sensation. It can result in common complications like erosion and infection. It also brings about severe immunological rejection and postoperative problems. When coming into direct contact with an internal organ, it will probably damage the organ or cause severe tissue adhesion, cause severe foreign body and immune response, which requires one more surgical procedure to remove the membrane and thereby would bring about pain to the patient and even threaten his life.
2) An electrospinning membrane made by the conventional process is stiff and lacks structural diversity, so it may not satisfactorily attach to a tissue in clinical use. Besides, its compactness makes it hard for cells to grow inside it or makes cell growth inside it rather slow. Hence, it does not satisfy the requirements for clinical use.
The existing fibrous membranes for tissue repair, formed by a weaving or electrospinning process, are not ideal in performance.

Tissue repair fiber membrane, preparation method and application thereof, and tissue repair product

Medprin Regenerative Medical Technologies Co., Ltd.


A clearance increasing jig of a heat transfer tube, includes: a jig main body inserted into a clearance between adjacent heat transfer tubes; an inflow hole provided in the jig main body and configured to allow a fluid to flow into the jig main body; and an increasing unit provided in the jig main body and configured to increase the clearance as the fluid flows into the jig main body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a clearance increasing jig of a heat transfer tube that increases a clearance between adjacent heat transfer tubes and an additional installation method of a vibration suppression member using the clearance increasing jig.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the related art, a steam generator having a plurality of heat transfer tubes provided therein was known (see, for example, Patent Literature 1). Each of the heat transfer tubes provided in the steam generator has a U shape and a fluid such as a coolant is circulated in the heat transfer tube. When the fluid is circulated in the heat transfer tube, vibration (fluid excitation vibration) by the circulation of the fluid is generated in a circular arc portion of the U-shaped heat transfer tube. As a result, an anti-vibration bar as an anti-vibration member is inserted into a clearance of the heat transfer tube, serving as the circular arc portion, in the steam generator.
Herein, the anti-vibration bar disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 61-291896 increases clearances of the plurality of heat transfer tubes. That is, the anti-vibration bar is inserted into the clearance of the heat transfer tubes and thereafter, is brought into contact with the heat transfer tubes by increasing the width of the anti-vibration bar to be slightly wider than the clearance of the heat transfer tubes.
Meanwhile, as the vibration suppression member to be additionally installed, a bar-shaped member may be used. In this case, in order to contact the vibration suppression member with the heat transfer tube, a vibration suppression member having substantially the same thickness as the clearance of the heat transfer tubes may be inserted. However, respective clearances of the heat transfer tubes are not particularly constant due to a size tolerance caused by a variation in flatness level of the heat transfer tube at the circular arc portion. Herein, the flatness level of the heat transfer tube represents a difference between a maximum outer diameter and a minimum outer diameter on one end surface which is orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the heat transfer tube. As a result, there is a case in which the clearance of the heat transfer tubes is narrower than the thickness of vibration suppression member and in this case, it is difficult to insert the vibration suppression member into the clearance of the heat transfer tubes.

Clearance increasing jig of heat transfer tube and additional installation method of vibration suppression member


A method of transmitting uplink data in a wireless communication system is provided. The method includes receiving an uplink grant and transmitting uplink data through a resource block which is indicated by the resource block index in a control region of a slot indicated by the slot indicator in the subframe.

Wireless communication systems are being widely deployed in order to provide various kinds of communication services, such as voice or data. The object of the wireless communication systems enables a number of users to perform reliable communication with each other irrespective of their position and mobility.
In general, the wireless communication system is multiple access system capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available radio resources. The radio resources may include, for example, time, frequency, codes, and transmission power. The multiple access system may include, for example, a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) system, a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system, a Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) system, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system, and a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) system.
SC-FDMA has a low Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) owing to a single carrier property while having almost the same complexity as OFDMA. A lower PAPR is advantageous to user equipments in terms of transmission power efficiency. SC-FDMA has been adopted for uplink transmission in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) (3GPP LTE) as described in the fifth section of 3GPP TS 36.211 V8.1.0 (2007-11) "Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8)."
A base station properly allocates radio resources to each of user equipments in a cell through scheduling. Each of the user equipments may transmit control information or user data to the base station using the radio resources allocated thereto. However, a method of transmitting the control information and a method of transmitting the user may differ. A method of allocating radio resources for the control information and a method of allocating radio resources for the user data may also differ. Accordingly, the radio resources for the control information and the radio resources for the user data may differ. The base station may separately manage the radio resources reserved for the control information and the radio resources reserved for the user data. However, the amount of the radio resources reserved for the control information may be greater than the amount of radio resources actually necessary to transmit the control information, and the amount of the radio resources reserved for the user data may be smaller than the amount of radio resources actually necessary to transmit the user data. Although the radio resources necessary to transmit the user data is insufficient, radio resources, left over after the radio resources reserved for the control information have been used to transmit the control information, are not used to transmit control information or user data. Accordingly, a problem arises because limited radio resources are wasted.
Accordingly, there is a need for a method of transmitting uplink data which is capable of efficiently using limited radio resources.

Method of transmitting uplink data in wireless communication system


A touch-and-display method is provided. The method includes receiving a touch operation entered by a user on a touch object. The touch object is a control element supporting an area change gesture and a touch-and-hold gesture. An interface is displayed corresponding to the area change gesture based on a touch area applied to the touch object in the touch operation meeting a preset condition within a first time threshold, and reaches, within a second time threshold, an area threshold for recognizing the area change gesture. A different interface is displayed corresponding to the touch-and-hold gesture based on the touch area applied to the touch object in the touch operation meeting the preset condition within the first time threshold but not reaching the area threshold within the second time threshold. Therefore, the efficiency of the mobile device responding to the touch gesture is increased.

Currently, a terminal such as a mobile phone may recognize a plurality of touch gestures (for example, a pressure recognition gesture, a touch-and-hold gesture, and an area change gesture) entered by a user. In addition, for each touch gesture, the terminal triggers a corresponding shortcut function.
For example, as shown in FIG. 1, when a mobile phone detects that a location of a touch point of a user is on an icon of an application 11, and that a time of touching a screen of the mobile phone reaches a preset time threshold, the mobile phone may determine that the user enters a touch-and-hold gesture on the icon, and further trigger the mobile phone to display a shortcut menu 12 for uninstalling the application 11.
For another example, as shown in FIG. 2, when a mobile phone detects that a location of a touch point of a user is on an icon of an application 11, and that a pressure value of pressing a screen of the mobile phone reaches a preset pressure threshold, the mobile phone may determine that the user enters a pressure recognition gesture on the icon, and further trigger the mobile phone to display a shortcut menu 13 for jumping to a "write e-mail" function.
However, when the icon of the application 11 not only supports the touch-and-hold gesture entered by the user, but also supports the pressure recognition gesture entered by the user, if an operation of pressing the icon of the application 11 by the user is relatively slow, duration of touching the screen by a finger has reached the time threshold before a pressure value of pressing by the user reaches the pressure threshold. In this case, the mobile phone incorrectly determines that the touch gesture entered by the user as a touch-and-hold gesture. Therefore, efficiency of responding to the touch gesture by the mobile phone is reduced.

Touch method and terminal having dynamically adjustable time threshold for touch gesture recognition


So that a heating pipe of a heating system which extends inside a body part can be mounted and demounted in an easy and low-cost manner, and a defective sound-absorbing device can be exchanged easily, the heating pipe with the integrated sound absorbing device is formed by a prefabricated flexible mounting part which, after the surface treatment of the motor vehicle, is inserted into the body part through a mounting opening provided in a front wheel house and, at the end face, is connected with adjacent components of the heating system and of the body.

The invention relates to a heating system for a motor vehicle with an air-cooled rear engine of the type including a heating pipe of a heating line provided with a sound absorbing device extending inside body parts of the motor vehicle.
In a known heating system of the initially mentioned type disclosed in German Published Unexamined Patent Application (DE-OS) 16 30 919, the heating pipes equipped with sound absorbing devices are housed inside body parts (protuberances) of the motor vehicle and are fixedly connected with it, these body parts, together with the heating pipes, being subjected to a subsequent surface treatment. The heating pipes, which are made of steel tubing, are welded together with the body parts. So that no paint can enter the sound absorbing device for example, during dip painting, the inflow and outflow openings of the sound absorbing device are provided with inserted coverings which can be removed after the conclusion of the surface treatment. In practice, it was found that, despite these coverings, paint partly enters into the sound absorbing device which results in an annoying odor in the passenger space. In these cases, time-consuming and cost-consuming measures (such as a rinsing of the sound absorbing device) are required in order to eliminate this annoying odor. In addition, in the case of this arrangement, a defective sound absorbing device can be replaced only at high cost--removal of the outside plate of the protuberance.
It is an object of the invention to take such measures at the vehicle body and at the heating system that, on the one hand, a simple low-cost mounting of the heating pipe and an exchange of a defective sound absorbing device is ensured and that, on the other hand, an annoying odor from the sound absorbing device because of the surface treatment of the motor vehicle is avoided.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by providing an arrangement wherein the heating line with the integrated sound absorbing device is formed by a prefabricated flexible mounting part which, after the surface treatment of the motor vehicle, is inserted in the body part through a mounting opening provided in a front wheel house and at the end face is connected with adjacent components of the heating system and of the body.
Principal advantages achieved by means of especially preferred embodiments of the invention are that, as a result of the flexible construction of a prefabricated corrugated-tube-type mounting part consisting of a sound absorbing device, an elbow and a corrugated-tube hose, a simple and low-cost mounting and demounting of the heating pipe which extends inside a body part is achieved. A defective sound absorbing device can be exchanged easily and rapidly in this arrangement. As a result of the mounting of the heating pipe after the surface treatment, the paint cannot come in contact with the sound absorbing device and thus can also not cause any annoying odor. In certain preferred embodiments, the sound absorbing device is fixed in its installed position by means of spring clips introduced into the side member of the vehicle. The end connection piece arranged at the rear end of the corrugated-tube hose permits an easy suspending of the steel cable as well as a simple connection between the corrugated-tube hose and the rear transition piece.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Heating system for a motor vehicle with an air-cooled rear engine


A system and method to attribute expiration dates and quantities of a product to an SKU code for pricing purposes. This method applies dynamic pricing to perishable food items. Using bulk tagging capabilities, the supermarket can attribute expiration dates to items without the pain of actually tagging the items with stickers.

The need for such method emerged from a real day-to-day problem exist in supermarket—product tagging. Basically, since existing barcodes usually carries no meta data beside product name and price, additional tagging is needed in many occurrences for the purpose of specific identification, for example, for discount, or waste tracking. When such occurrences happen, a supermarket employee needs to add additional tag or sticker carry more data and this is done manually.

Method to attribute expiration dates and quantities of a product to an SKU code for pricing purpose


An electro-optical distance measurement method includes: a light emitting step of switchably outputting a first distance measuring light and a second distance measuring light; a photodetection step of receiving a first reflected distance measuring light and a second reflected distance measuring light; an arithmetic step of frequency-converting a photodetection signal to generate a first difference frequency signal and a second difference frequency signal; and a determining step of determining whether identification information indicating a host device is included in the photodetection signal, wherein the light emitting step involves driving a light emitting element so that the identification information is included in a light emission signal, and the arithmetic step involves calculating the distance value when it is determined in the determining step that the identification information is included in the photodetection signal.

Conventionally, an electro-optical distance meter in which a light emitting element emits light while switching intermittent modulated distance measuring signals obtained by pulsing a plurality of adjacent frequencies for respective adjacent frequencies and a photodetection element receives a reflected distance measuring signal from a measurement target object has been known (for example, see Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2016-161411).
The electro-optical distance meter disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2016-161411 obtains the phases of the photodetection signals corresponding to a plurality of adjacent frequencies to calculate a precise distance value, calculates a coarse measurement distance value from the phase difference of the respective photodetection signals, and measures a distance by combining the coarse measurement distance value and the precise measurement distance value.

Electro-optical distance meter and electro-optical distance measurement method