This invention relates to a new synthetic porous crystalline titanium phosphate material, a method for its preparation and use thereof in catalytic conversion of organic compounds. The new crystalline material exhibits a distinctive X-ray diffraction pattern.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a novel composition of synthetic porous crystalline titanium phosphate material, to a method for its preparation and to its use as a catalyst component in catalytic conversion of organic compounds.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Porous inorganic solids have found great utility as catalysts and separations media for industrial application. The openness of their microstructure allows molecules access to the relatively large surface areas of these materials that enhance their catalytic and sorptive activity. The porous materials in use today can be sorted into three broad categories using the details of their microstructure as a basis for classification. These categories are the amorphous and paracrystalline supports, the crystalline molecular sieves and modified layered materials. The detailed differences in the microstructures of these materials manifest themselves as important differences in the catalytic and sorptive behavior of the materials, as well as in differences in various observable properties used to characterize them, such as their surface area, the sizes of pores and the variability in those sizes, the presence or absence of X-ray diffraction patterns and the details in such patterns, and the appearance of the materials when their microstructure is studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction methods.
Amorphous and paracrystalline materials represent an important class of porous inorganic solids that have been used for many years in industrial applications. Typical examples of these materials are the amorphous silicas commonly used in catalyst formulations and the paracrystalline transitional aluminas used as solid acid catalysts and petroleum reforming catalyst supports. The term "amorphous" is used here to indicate a material with no long range order and can be somewhat misleading, since almost all materials are ordered to some degree, at least on the local scale. An alternate term that has been used to describe these materials is "X-ray indifferent". The microstructure of the silicas consists of 100-250 Angstrom particles of dense amorphous silica (Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, Vol. 20, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 766-781, 1982), with the porosity resulting from voids between the particles. Since there is no long range order in these materials, the pores tend to be distributed over a rather large range. This lack of order also manifests itself in the X-ray diffraction pattern, which is usually featureless.
Paracrystalline materials such as the transitional aluminas also have a wide distribution of pore sizes, but better defined X-ray diffraction patterns usually consisting of a few broad peaks. The microstructure of these materials consists of tiny crystalline regions of condensed alumina phases and the porosity of the materials results from irregular voids between these regions (K. Wefers and Chanakya Misra, "Oxides and Hydroxides of Aluminum" Technical Paper No 19 Revised, Alcoa Research Laboratories, p. 54-59, 1987). Since, in the case of either material, there is no long range order controlling the sizes of pores in the material, the variability in pore size is typically quite high.
In sharp contrast to these structurally ill-defined solids are materials whose pore size distribution is very narrow because it is controlled by the precisely repeating crystalline nature of the materials' microstructure. These materials are called "molecular sieves", the most notable examples of which are zeolites.
Zeolites, both natural and synthetic, have been demonstrated in the past to have catalytic properties for various types of hydrocarbon conversion. Certain zeolitic materials are ordered, porous crystalline aluminosilicates having a definite crystalline structure as determined by X-ray diffraction, within which there are a large number of smaller cavities which may be interconnected by a number of still smaller channels or pores. These cavities and pores are uniform in size within a specific zeolitic material. Since the dimensions of these pores are such as to accept for adsorption molecules of certain dimensions while rejecting those of larger dimensions, these materials are known as "molecular sieves" and are utilized in a variety of ways to take advantage of these properties.
Such molecular sieves, both natural and synthetic, include a wide variety of positive ion-containing crystalline silicates. These silicates can be described as a rigid three-dimensional framework of SiO.sub.4 and Periodic Table Group IIIB element oxide, e.g., AlO.sub.4, in which the tetrahedra are cross-linked by the sharing of oxygen atoms whereby the ratio of the total Group IIIB element, e.g., aluminum, and Group IVB element, e.g., silicon, atoms to oxygen atoms is 1:2. The electrovalence of the tetrahedra containing the Group IIIB element, e.g., aluminum, is balanced by the inclusion in the crystal of a cation, for example, an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal cation. This can be expressed wherein the ratio of the Group IIIB element, e.g., aluminum, to the number of various cations, such as Ca/2, Sr/2, Na, K or Li, is equal to unity. One type of cation may be exchanged either entirely or partially with another type of cation utilizing ion exchange techniques in a conventional manner. By means of such cation exchange, it has been possible to vary the properties of a given silicate by suitable selection of the cation. The spaces between the tetrahedra are occupied by molecules of water prior to dehydration.
Aluminum phosphates are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,310,440 and 4,385,994, for example. These aluminum phosphate materials have essentially electroneutral lattices. U.S. Pat. No. 3,801,704 teaches an aluminum phosphate treated in a certain way to impart acidity.
An early reference to a hydrated aluminum phosphate which is crystalline until heated at about 110.degree. C., at which point it becomes amorphous or transforms is the "H.sub.1 " phase or hydrate of aluminum phosphate of F.d'Yvoire, Memoir Presented to the Chemical Society, No. 392, "Study of Aluminum Phosphate and Trivalent Iron", Jul. 6, 1961 (received), pp. 1762-1776. This material, when crystalline, is identified by the JCPDS International Center for Diffraction Data card number 15-274. Once heated at about 110.degree. C., however, the d'Yvoire material becomes amorphous or transforms to the aluminophosphate form of tridymite.
Compositions comprising crystals having a framework topology after heating at 110.degree. C. or higher giving an X-ray diffraction pattern consistent with a material having pore windows formed by 18 tetrahedral members of about 12-13 Angstroms in diameter are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,611.
A naturally occurring, highly hydrated basic ferric oxyphosphate mineral, cacoxenite, is reported by Moore and Shen, Nature, Vol. 306, No. 5941, pp. 356-358 (1983) to have a framework structure containing very large channels with a calculated free pore diameter of 14.2 Angstroms. R. Szostak et al., Zeolites: Facts, Figures, Future, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1989, present work showing cacoxenite as being very hydrophilic, i.e., adsorbing non-polar hydrocarbons only with great difficulty. Their work also shows that thermal treatment of cacoxenite causes an overall decline in X-ray peak intensity.
Silicoaluminophosphates of various structures are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,871. Aluminosilicates containing phosphorous, i.e., silicoaluminophosphates of particular structures are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,355,246 (i.e., ZK-21) and 3,791,964 (i.e., ZK-22). Other teachings of silicoaluminophosphates and their synthesis include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,673,559 (two-phase synthesis method); 4,623,527 (MCM-10); 4,639,358 (MCM-1); 4,647,442 (MCM-2); 4,664,897 (MCM-4); 4,638,357 (MCM-5); and 4,632,811 (MCM-3).
A method for synthesizing crystalline metalloaluminophosphates is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,227, and an antimonophosphoaluminate and the method for its synthesis are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,818. U.S. Pat. No. 4,567,029 teaches metalloaluminophosphates, and titaniumaluminophosphate and the method for its synthesis are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,651.
The phosphorus-substituted zeolites of Canadian Patents 911,416; 911,417; and 911,418 are referred to as "aluminosilicophosphate" zeolites. Some of the phosphorus therein appears to be occluded, not structural.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,363,748 describes a combination of silica and aluminum-calcium-cerium phosphate as a low acid activity catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation. Great Britain Patent 2,068,253 discloses a combination of silica and aluminum-calcium-tungsten phosphate as a low acid activity catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation. U.S. Pat. No. 4,228,036 teaches an alumina-aluminum phosphate-silica matrix as an amorphous body to be mixed with zeolite for use as cracking catalyst. U.S. Pat. No. 3,213,035 teaches improving hardness of aluminosilicate catalysts by treatment with phosphoric acid. The catalysts are amorphous.
Other patents teaching aluminum phosphates include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,365,095; 4,361,705; 4,222,896; 4,210,560; 4,179,358; 4,158,621; 4,071,471; 4,014,945; 3,904,550; and 3,697,550.
Titanium phosphate materials and methods for their synthesis are taught in Clearfield, A., ed., Inorganic Ion Exchange Materials, CRC Press, 76-109 (1982). A three-dimensional, or crystalline, phase of titanium phosphate having the formula NaTi.sub.2 (PO.sub.4).sub.3 is taught in Hagman, L. et al., Acta Chem. Scand., 22, 1822-32 (1968).
Certain layered materials, which contain layers capable of being spaced apart with a swelling agent, may be pillared to provide materials having a large degree of porosity. Examples of such layered materials include clays. Such clays may be swollen with water, whereby the layers of the clay are spaced apart by water molecules. Other layered materials are not swellable with water, but may be swollen with certain organic swelling agents such as amines and quaternary ammonium compounds. Examples of such non-water swellable layered materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,859,648 and include layered silicates, magadiite, kenyaite, trititanates and perovskites. Another example of a non-water swellable layered material, which can be swollen with certain organic swelling agents, is a vacancy-containing titanometallate material, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,006.
Synthesis of a layered titanium phosphate having the formula Ti(HPO.sub.4).sub.2.H.sub.2 O is taught in Clearfield, A., ed., Inorganic Ion Exchange Materials, CRC Press (1982). This material and its synthesis are discussed in Alberti, G. et al., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 29, 571 (1967).
Once a layered material is swollen, the material may be pillared by interposing a thermally stable substance, such as silica, between the spaced apart layers. Patents teaching pillaring of layered materials and the pillared products include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,216,188; 4,248,739; 4,176,090; and 4,367,163; and European Patent Application 205,711.

Synthetic porous crystalline MCM-51, its synthesis and use


A multi-purpose insert designed to be used in conjunction with a conventional toy container or box for packaging, shipping and displaying a toy item. The insert includes a base piece, a cover piece and a holding piece, as well as a locking mechanism. The base piece has a main section with a raised platform and two end sections that are hingeably connected to the main section so that they can be folded up in a right angle relative to the main section. The insert also includes a cover piece which is placed over the toy item placed on the main section of the base piece, and a holder piece placed above the cover piece for keeping the two end sections in the upright position for retaining the toy item for packaging and shipping purposes. When the holding piece is removed, the two end sections of the base piece can be folded down for displaying the toy item on the raised platform of the main section of the base piece.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of packaging and shipping containers, and more particularly relates to the field of packaging and shipping containers used for toy merchandise.
2. Description of the Related Art
Packaging and shipping containers are widely used in the toy industry. Conventional packaging and shipping containers for toys typically consist of preformed boxes made of plastic or cardboard materials.
There are numerous problems associated with shipping toy merchandise that are fragile. The most obvious problem is that during shipment the product tends to move within the packaging container which often causes damage to the product. Another significant problem is the damage to the external container which also often results damage to the product inside of the container.
The above problems have traditionally been addressed by surrounding the product being shipped with fabric, foam pellets or formed polystyrene. In addition, heavy damage resistant packaging, such as wood or thick cardboard has also been employed.
However, for most toy merchandise, simple and light weight packaging structures are still mostly desired. In addition, toy merchandise are often displayed in shop shelves or by private collectors where a display platform is often desirable.
Therefore, there exists a need to provide an insert of simple and lightweight construction that can be used in regular cardboard containers for packaging and shipping toy merchandise, which insert can also be used for easy handling and displaying of the toy merchandise once they are removed from the containers.

Multi-purpose fixing insert for toy containers and method of packaging


A image display device includes a driving unit that includes a first terminal and a second terminal, and controls current flowing through a light emitting unit based on a potential difference applied between the first terminal and the second terminal. The potential difference is higher than a predetermined drive threshold. The image display device also includes a threshold potential detecting unit that detects the potential difference; a luminance potential supplying unit that changes the potential difference to a value lower than the drive threshold by a luminance potential corresponding to a luminance of the light emitting unit; and a sweep potential supplying unit that controls the driving unit by supplying a sweep potential to the first terminal. The sweep potential is swept in a range between a value lower than the luminance potential and a value higher than the luminance potential.

1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image display device that displays an image by changing a light-emission time according to display luminance.
2) Description of the Related Art
In a drive circuit of the image display device using an organic light emitting diode (OLED), the drive circuit in which light-emission luminance of the OLED is not changed but a light-emission time of the OLED is changed has been proposed in order to realize display luminance in each pixel. That is, in any pixel, the light-emission time of the OLED is lengthened when high intensity display is performed, and the light-emission time is shortened when low intensity display is performed.
As shown in FIG. 9A, the conventional image display device includes an OLED 101, an inverter 102 whose output terminal is connected to an anode side of the OLED, a thin film transistor 103 that functions as a switching element for resetting the inverter 102 by causing an input terminal and the output terminal of the inverter 102 to conduct, a data line 104 that supplies data potential according to the display luminance and sweep potential required during light emission as described later, and a capacitor 105 that is arranged between the data line 104 and the inverter 102. The inverter 102 is formed by a p-type thin film transistor 106 and an n-type thin film transistor 107. Specifically, drain electrodes of the thin film transistors 106 and 107 are connected to each other to form the output terminal, and gate electrodes of the thin film transistors 106 and 107 are connected to each other to form the input terminal. While a source electrode of the thin film transistor 107 is grounded, the source electrode of the thin film transistor 106 is connected to a power supply line 109 through an n-type thin film transistor 108.
FIG. 9B is a time chart that depicts potential sweeps during the operation of the conventional image display device shown in FIG. 9A. As shown in FIG. 9B, the operation of the conventional image display device is divided into an address period in which the data potential is written according to the luminance and a light-emission period in which light is emitted based on the data potential written. In the address period, the write of data potential Vdata from the data line 104 and a process of resetting the inverter 102 are simultaneously performed, and a difference (Vdata−Vres) between the written potential Vdata and potential Vres given to the input terminal of the inverter 102 by the reset process is generated between electrode plates of the capacitor 105.
In the light-emission period, the sweep potential having a triangle waveform is supplied from the data line 104, and the potential at the output terminal of the inverter 102 is larger than the reset potential Vres in the period in which the sweep potential is lower than the data potential Vdata. The OLED 101 is emits the light in the period, so that the OLED 101 emits the light only for a time according to the data potential Vdata supplied from the data line 104.
However, because the conventional image display device using the OLED has a configuration in which the inverter 102 is included, there are problems in that production becomes complicated and electrical power consumption is increased. These problems are explained below.
As shown in FIG. 9A, the inverter 102 has the configuration in which the p-type thin film transistor 106 and the n-type thin film transistor 107 are included. When the thin film transistors having the different conduction types are formed on the same substrate, because it is necessary to produce the thin film transistors through the different processes, there are problems in that production processes becomes complicated and production cost is increased.
Further, in the conventional image display device, as described above, when the data potential is written by the data line 104, it is necessary to perform the reset process by establishing a short circuit between the output terminal and the input terminal of the inverter 102 with the thin film transistor 103. The power consumption required for the reset process reaches 15% of all the power consumptions required for drive of the image display device, which prevents the decrease in power consumption.


In various embodiments, methods and systems are disclosed for dynamic runtime implementation and end-to-end biased tuning of a two stage image classification system based on a decision function that uses network packet sizes and multiple image characteristics to determine the selection of an encoding codec to reduce overall network bandwidth consumption.

Remote computing systems can enable users to remotely access hosted resources. Servers on the remote computing systems can execute programs and transmit signals indicative of a user interface to clients that can connect by sending signals over a network conforming to a communication protocol such as the TCP/IP protocol. Each connecting client may be provided a remote presentation session, i.e., an execution environment that includes a set of resources. Each client can transmit signals indicative of user input to the server and the server can apply the user input to the appropriate session. The clients may use remote presentation protocols such as the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) to connect to a server resource.
Remote presentation compression algorithms are employed to reduce the bandwidth of the display stream to levels that are acceptable for transmission over local area networks, wide area networks, and low-bandwidth networks. Such algorithms typically trade off CPU time on the server side for a lower required bandwidth. Compression algorithms may work well on certain image content. However, the algorithms may perform poorly on other types of content. For example, compression algorithms may work well on text but not on natural images. The output of these compression encoders may not the final stage to the network as there may be other layers involved such as bulk compression and remote presentation packet encapsulation. These other layers may also effect overall bandwidth usage. In some cases an image that encodes well with one bitmap encoder (codec) may compresses poorly with the remote presentation bulk compressor prior to network transmission.

Classification and encoder selection based on content


A method, system and apparatus for improving network transmission efficiency using MDS and Fine Granular Spatial coding is disclosed. In accordance with the method, a video image is partitioned into a plurality of information item frames, each frame is independently layer encoded into a base layer and an enhancement layer, at least one channel of the communication is then selected, each of the base layers are associated with one of the selected communication channels, and each base layer is transmitted over the associated communication channel. In other aspect, a residual bandwidth is determined on each associated channel and a level of an associated enhancement layer comparable to the residual bandwidth is transmitted over the associated channel.

Multiple Description Coding (MDC) is known in the art to be an effective technique for robust communication over networks, such as wireless networks that are subjected to multi-path interference and Doppler diversity. MDC is also employed in transmission of data distributed over a plurality of disk drives, e.g., Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAIDS), and the Internet. Several types of MDC coding schemes are known. For example, Servetto, et al., teach scalar quantization, in "Multiple Description Lattice Vector Quantization," Proceedings of the IEE Data Compression Convergence (DCC), Snowbird, Utah., March 1999. Y. Wang, et al., teach correlating transforms in "Multiple Description Coding using Pairwise Correlating Transforms," January 1999. Goyal, Vetteri, et al., teach frame expansion in "Multiple Description Transform Coding: Robustness to Erasures Using Tight Frame Expansion," August 1998. Puri et al., teach Forward Error Correction (FEC) in "Forward Error Correction (FED) Codes Based on Multiple Description Coding for Internet Video Streaming and Multicast Signal Processing," Image Communication, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 745-762, May 2001.
FIG. 1 illustrates an MDC method 100 proposed by J. G. Apostolopoulos in "Reliable Video Communication Over Lossy Packet Networks using Multiple State Encoding and Path Diversity," Visual Communications and Image Processing (VCIP), pp. 392-409, January 2001, wherein video data composed of a plurality of image frames, represented as 110a, 110b, 110c, are split into odd frames, represented as 121, 123, 125, of information and even frames, represented as 122, 124, 126, of information. The video information in each odd and even frame is then independently coded using known encoding techniques, such as MPEG, etc. The coded information in each odd and even frame may then be transmitted over a network using the same or different channels. In this latter case, the time to transmit an entire image may be significantly reduced. As would be appreciated, the information referred to as "odd" and "even" may, for example, be information associated with "odd" and "even" rows of video data in a video image.
In the current state-of-the-art, MDC encoding algorithms assume that at least one channel is operating at a maximum bit-rate or bandwidth. However, this assumption does not consider that the network bandwidth varies over time and could fall below a level suitable for MDC coded images. In such a case, the transmitted images are not properly decoded and the image quality at the receiver may be sufficiently degraded to render the image un-viewable.
Accordingly, there is a need for a method of MDC coding that is responsive to the varying amount of available network bandwidth and can dynamically adjust the transmission rate to accommodate available network bandwidth.

Method and system for improving transmission efficiency using multiple-description layered encoding


A refrigerator comprising a thermal insulation box, a plurality of storing boxes, a cooler, a horizontal passage and a partition plate, wherein the cold air coming from any one of the upper and lower internal spacings is communicated within the horizontal passage along the partition plate, and further the internal spacing of the thermal insulation box is divided into a first passage and a second passage, the horizontal passage and a first passage are divided into an upper segment and a lower segment by a partition plate, and the upper passage and the lower passage defined in the horizontal passage are communicated at a side opposite to a side communicating with the first passage.

In case that fresh foods such as vegetables, fruits, other meats and fishes and the like (hereinafter called as "meal products") are frozen and stored in the refrigerator for a long period of time or in case that the frozen meal products are gradually defrozen, in general, it is necessary to restrict a temperature variation within the refrigerator to a low degree and in addition to restrict and control moisture evaporation from the meal products.
In order to accommodate for this requirement, there is a device entitled "Fresh foodstuffs Storing Apparatus" of Jap. U.M. Laid-open No. Sho 63-147678, for example. In this apparatus, some storing boxes for storing meal products are installed within the storing chambers of thermal insulating structure through a predetermined space. The space within the refrigerator is divided by a horizontal partition plate and a vertical partition plate into a casing side air passage for communicating the cold air with the storing boxes without being contacted therewith and another air passage on the side of each storing box to cause the cold air to be communicated with the storing boxes while being contacted with the storing boxes. Then, after the cold air cooled by an evaporator arranged at the air passage on the casing side is dropped down at first at the air passage on the casing side and dropped down to the bottom part of a storing chamber, a heat exchanging operation is carried out with the storing boxes while the cold air is risen up in the air passage on the storing box side thereby the storing boxes are cooled.
The above-mentioned fresh foodstuff storing device is constructed such that the cooled cold air is descended down to the bottom part of the storing chamber, thereafter the storing boxes are cooled while the cold air ascends, Therefore, in case of the type in which a single storing box is stored within the storing chamber, the cold air ascends along the entire storing boxes, so that the storing boxes can be efficiently cooled. In case of a device in which a plurality of storing boxes are stored within the storing chamber in a vertical relation, the cold air ascending from the bottom part of the storing chamber is not sufficiently filled between the bottom surface of the upper storing box and a ceiling surface of the lower storing box, resulting in that each of the storing boxes may not sufficiently be cooled. Due to this fact, cooling of an interior of each of the storing boxes until it reaches a predetermined temperature (meal products storing temperature) requires a substantial time, resulting in providing a disadvantage that a power consumption is also increased.
In addition, if the cold air is descended down to the bottom part of the storing chamber at once, this cold air may not ascend, but accumulate, resulting in that only the lower storing box is cooled and so interior temperatures of upper and lower storing boxes are made non-uniform. Thus, a disadvantage is pointed out that cooling of the upper storing boxes is not sufficient and freshness of the stored meal products is decreased.


A system for controlling the effects of xe2x80x9cglitchingxe2x80x9d on a high speed digital bus using one or more level sensitive latches. Reductions in the propagation of intermediate transitioning data results in reduced power consumption by the digital circuit, which is particularly important in wireless communication applications.

The present invention generally relates to glitching (i.e., intermediate logic transitions in a logic circuit resulting from changes in logical states), and more specifically to a system for controlling the effects of glitching using level sensitive latches.
Large buses are common internal structures in integrated circuit designs. These buses are needed to carry groups of common signals for data and control. For example, an instruction bus delivers the instruction to be executed to the instruction decoder inside a processor ASIC. During normal operation, these multiplexed or tri-state bus structures are prone to decode xe2x80x9cglitching,xe2x80x9d which results from rapid intermediate logic state transitions from xe2x80x981xe2x80x99 to xe2x80x980xe2x80x99 or vice versa, before settling to a final logic state. These migratory or transient logic states occur due to combinatorial decoding and are unavoidable due to transport delays and differential timing of the logic inputs.
Functionally, with synchronous designs, glitches are harmless since intermediate states occur just after the active clock edge and settle out to a stable value before the end of the clock cycle. However, the wasted power consumption caused by these fruitless transitions are a concern in power sensitive applications. The problem becomes magnified on large buses since the capacitive load is great and the fanout cone can be large, thereby propagating the glitching transitional data all over the chip. With faster and faster speed designs now approaching nano-meter dimensions, it is also desirable to reduce the noise caused by buses to prevent adverse electrical effects such as crosstalk.
Many prior art approaches exist for solving problems of this nature. Most involve manipulating the combinatorial decodes to prevent the transmission of glitching transitional data. For example, decodes can be gated to an xe2x80x9coff-state,xe2x80x9d wherein contents settle. This gating is carefully constructed to avoid the transmission of glitching transitional data. However, this approach can be difficult to implement due to the wide variance of timing that occurs when a design is placed, routed and fabricated into a device. Moreover, such designs may add to the critical path timing of certain paths.
Registering of bus signals before driving the bus load is also a common technique, but is not always possible in all designs due to the extra functional clock cycle delay imposed by the logic change. Gating of register clocks is another approach which can reduce flip flop transitions and hence the chance of glitching. However, the gating of register clocks causes testing issues and timing problems which effect a wide variety of registers.
In tri-state bus implementations, the glitching problem has been addressed by manipulating the tri-state enable logic. In this regard, when a tri-state buffer is enabled (i.e., turned on to drive), the enable signal is carefully controlled to turn on only after the data input to the buffer has settled. However, tri-state logic creates numerous problem with testing and bus contention especially in ASIC designs. Consequently, multiplexed buses are typically chosen.
The present invention provides an easy to implement and effective means for minimizing or eliminating the transmission of xe2x80x9ctransitioningxe2x80x9d data resulting from changes in the logic state of combinatorial logic, and for improving hold times.
According to the present invention there is provided a method for controlling the effects of glitching transitions on internal buses, using a latch to prevent the propagation of the glitching transitions.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for controlling data flow between a first digital circuit and a second digital circuit, comprising: at least one latch for receiving and storing data from the first digital circuit, and outputting the stored data to the second digital circuit; and at least one latch enable circuit for controlling the opening and closing of the at least one latch, wherein said at least one latch receives and stores data from the first digital circuit when open, and retains the stored data when closed, wherein said latch enable circuit closes the at least one latch in response to a transition of a first clock signal and opens the at least one latch in response to a transition of a second clock signal, wherein the second clock signal is delayed relative to the first clock signal.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for controlling data flow between a first digital circuit and a second digital circuit, comprising: at least one means for latching data received from the first digital circuit, and outputting the latched data to the second digital circuit; and at least one means for latch enablement for controlling the opening and closing of the at least one means for latching data, wherein said at least one means for latching data receives data from the first digital circuit when open, and retains the latched data when closed, wherein said means for latch enablement closes the at least one means for latching data in response to a transition of a first clock signal and opens the at least one means for latching data in response to a transition of a second clock signal, wherein the second clock signal is delayed relative to the first clock signal.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for controlling transfer of data between a first digital circuit and a second digital circuit via a latch arranged therebetween to transfer data stored in the latch from the first digital circuit to the second digital circuit, wherein opening and closing of the latch is controlled by a latch enable circuit, the method comprising the steps of: closing the latch in response to a transition of a first clock signal; and opening the latch to receive and store data from the first digital circuit in response to a transition of a second clock signal, wherein the second clock signal is delayed relative to the first clock signal.
An advantage of the present invention is the provision of system for controlling the effects of glitching transitions to reduce power reduction.
Another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a system for controlling the effects of glitching transitions, which extends a hold time, thereby preventing race conditions on a bus.
Another advantage of the present invention is the provision of system for controlling the effects of glitching transitions which has low hardware costs for implementation.
Still another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a system for controlling the effects of glitching transitions that it is easily scalable to accommodate large buses.
Still another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a system for controlling the effects of glitching transitions that is applicable to a variety of different digital circuit arrangements.
Yet another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a system for controlling the effects of glitching transitions that is simple to implement and easy to use.
Still other advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading and understanding of the following detailed description, accompanying drawings and appended claims.

System for controlling the effects of glitching using level sensitive latches


A semiconductor light emitting diode having a textured structure and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor light emitting diode are provided. The method includes forming a first semiconductor layer on a substrate; forming a textured structured first semiconductor layer by penetrating a material of a material layer into the first semiconductor layer after the material layer is formed on the first semiconductor layer and is annealed; and forming a second semiconductor layer on the first semiconductor layer.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present invention relates to a semiconductor light emitting diode, and more particularly, to a semiconductor light emitting diode having a textured structure to improve the light extraction efficiency and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
A light emitting diode (LED) is a device used for converting electrical energy into infra red rays, visible light, or other light using the characteristics of a compound semiconductor. The light emitting diode is a kind of electro luminescent (EL) device, and at the present time the light emitting diodes that employ an III-V group compound semiconductor are being practically used.
The III-V group compound semiconductor is a direct transition type semiconductor, and is widely used for LEDs or laser diodes (LDs) since it provides stable operation at a higher temperature than devices that use other semiconductors. The III-V group compound semiconductor is typically formed on a substrate formed of sapphire Al2O3 or SiC. To improve light emission efficiency, or light extraction efficiency, LEDs having a variety of structures have been studied. Current studies utilize a textured structure on a light extraction region of the LED to improve the light extraction efficiency.
At an interface between material layers having different refractive indexes, the passing of light is interrupted by different refractive indexes of the material layers. In the instance of a flat interface, when light passes from a semiconductor layer having a greater refractive index (n=2.5) into an air layer having a smaller refractive index (n=1), the light must enter the flat interface at less than a predetermined angle with respect to the normal to the flat surface. If the light enters at an angle greater than the predetermined angle, the light internally reflects in its totality at the flat interface, thereby greatly reducing the light extraction efficiency. To avoid the total internal reflection of light, a method of incorporating a textured structure at the interface has been attempted.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are cross-sectional views illustrating a conventional light emitting diode having a textured structure. Referring to FIG. 1A, a p-GaN layer 102, an active layer 103, an n-GaN layer 104 are sequentially formed on a p-electrode 101, and an n-electrode 105 is formed on the n-GaN layer 104. When light generated by the active layer 103 is extracted upward through the n-GaN layer 104, a textured structure 106 is incorporated at an interface between the n-GaN layer 104 and the air layer to change the incidence angle of the light.
Referring to FIG. 1B, an n-GaN layer 112 is formed on a sapphire substrate 111, and an n-AlGaN layer 113, an active layer 114, a p-AlGaN layer 115, a p-GaN layer 116, and a p-electrode 117 are sequentially formed on a region of the n-GaN layer 112. An n-electrode 118 is formed on a region of the n-GaN layer 112 where the n-AlGaN layer 113 is not formed. This is a flip-chip structure in which light generated by the active layer 114 is primarily extracted through the transparent sapphire substrate 111. Here, the light extraction efficiency is improved by forming a textured structure 120 on the surface of the sapphire substrate 111.
A conventional semiconductor light emitting diode incorporates the textured structure 120 to improve the light extraction efficiency. However, particularly as depicted in FIG. 1B, when the textured structure 120 is incorporated by patterning the sapphire substrate 111, the growth of a uniform semiconductor layer on the sapphire substrate 111 is difficult because the unmatched crystal structure between the sapphire substrate 111 and the semiconductor layer is likely to cause defects in the semiconductor layer, thereby reducing the light extraction efficiency.

Semiconductor light emitting diode having textured structure and method of manufacturing the same


An integrated circuit includes a shared synchronization bus having a plurality of channels assigned to one or more of a plurality of peripheral modules. The integrated circuit further includes a first peripheral module of the plurality of peripheral modules including a control output coupled to the shared synchronization bus and configured to communicate event timing data to an input of a second peripheral module of the plurality of peripheral modules through a selected one of the plurality of channels.

Integrated circuits with micro controller units (MCUs) are used in a wide variety of electronic circuits. MCUs typically include a processor core, a memory, and one or more programmable input/output peripherals. Such peripheral modules can include data input devices, such as cameras or scanners, sensors, or other input devices. Inter-operation between MCU-based peripheral modules typically involves the use of costly and/or limited resources, including interrupt processing resources, direct memory access (DMA) services, external input/output pins or pads, and/or the provision of dedicated and predetermined control lines between peripheral modules.

Integrated circuit, system, and method including a shared synchronization bus


A method of configuring a plurality of aggregation queues for aggregating multicast network traffic includes configuring a first one of the plurality of aggregation queues to store at least data units associated with a first multicast group (MCG) and data units associated with a second MCG, and configuring a second one of the plurality of aggregation queues to store only those data units that are associated with a third MCG.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
Most network switching systems support unicast network traffic flows directed at particular targets, multicast traffic flows directed at groups of targets, and broadcast traffic flows directed at every host in the network. In these systems, and especially in application to larger networks, it is difficult to efficiently utilize processing power, memory, and other resources to process multicast traffic flows.


A method of identifying potential novel word usage in a document comprises determining a part-of-speech assignment for each word in the document using a first part-of-speech tagger, determining a part-of-speech assignment for each word in the document using a second part-of-speech tagger different from the first part-of-speech tagger, and comparing the part-of-speech assignment of the first and second part-of-speech taggers. The method then generates a differential word set having words with different part-of-speech assignment by the first and second part-of-speech taggers. The words in the differential word set are candidates of words of novel usage.

The Information Highway built on the Internet and the World Wide Web has brought a tsunami of electronic data to everyone's computer. The large volumes of data make it difficult to adequately process, comprehend and utilize the content of the data. As one of the first steps commonly used to process documents, part-of-speech (POS) taggers have been used to tag or label text with the grammatical or syntactical parts of speech. Because a word may have different meaning depending on the context, POS tagging significantly enhances the understanding of the text. POS tagging also enables natural language processing tasks so that data may be summarized, categorized, and otherwise applied to some function in some form.
Language is dynamic, however, and words may acquire new meaning in/for certain segments of the population. For example, certain words or their usage may evolve in certain geographical regions or cultural/racial groups. As another example, certain groups of people, such as a scientific, technical, legal or another professional community, may coin new meaning for known words, or create new words and new word combinations. Therefore, it is desirable to recognize and identify such special or novel word usage so that better text understanding may be achieved.

System and method for identifying special word usage in a document

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A compound suitable for treating EGFR-dependent non-small cell lung cancer exceptionally inhibits activity of the EGFR kinase, in particular in EGFR-dependent non-small cell lung cancer with intrinsic or acquired resistance against at least one EGFR inhibitor. Methods for inhibiting EGFR kinase activity in non-small cell lung cancer cells which harbor an abnormality in the EGFR gene and for targeting cancer cells harboring an abnormality in EGFR gene by contacting EGFR-dependent non-small cell lung cancer cells with said compound are also provided. The compounds allow for an advantageous inhibition of the EGFR kinase activity and induction of apoptosis of the non-small cell lung cancer cells with abnormality in the EGFR gene. Hence, said compounds represent a highly promising treatment option for patients harboring EGFR-dependent cancer.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in China and the world, wherein non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), in particular NSCLC adenocarcinoma, accounts for the majority of all cases. More specifically, NSCLC is the dominate type of lung cancer with about 85% among all lung cancers.
Over the past decade, it has become evident that subtypes of NSCLC can be further defined at the molecular level by recurrent "driver mutations" that occur in oncogenes like tyrosine kinases. There are more than 90 kinds of receptor tyrosine kinases which are related to NSCLC. EGFR mutations represent the most common type of driver mutations for NSCLC. It is assumed that about 10% Caucasian patients and 30-40% East Asian patients with NSCLC harbor EGFR mutations increasing the activity of EGFR leading to hyperactivation of the signaling pathways downstream to EGFR (e.g. Cross, D. A. et al., Cancer Discovery, 2014, 4(9):1046-1061).
EGFR belongs to a family of receptor tyrosine kinases, namely the ErbB family, a subfamily of four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2/c-neu (ErbB-2), Her3 (ErbB-3) and Her4 (ErbB-4) (Zhang H, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 117 (August 2007) (8): 2051-2058). EGFR is located on the surface of the cells and is activated by binding of specific ligands and dimerization, which stimulates its intrinsic intracellular protein-tyrosine kinase activity and anti-apoptotic and growth-stimulating pathways downstream to EGFR involving, for example, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway, the STAT pathway and the MAPK pathway. This includes transautophosphorylation of some tyrosine (Y) residues in the C-terminal domain of EGFR, which include Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1148 and Y1173 (Herbst R S (2004). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 59 (2 Suppl): 21-6. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.11.041. PMID 15142631, Tam I. Y. et al., Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 2009, 8(8):2142-51).
Modern technology has highly improved the efficacy of treatments in NSCLC, but new challenge comes up, such as chemo-resistance and cancer relapse (Mulshine, J. L., Lung Cancer, 2003, 41 suppl 1(2):S163-74, Dragnev, K. et al., Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2013, 22(1):35-47).
The majority of EGFR mutations are non-overlapping with other mutations found in NSCLC like KRAS mutations, ALK rearrangement and the like. Some of the EGFR mutations do not reduce or increase the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors (tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) of EGFR) like gefitinib, erlotinib or afatinib (Oda, K. et al., Mol. Syst. Biol. 1 (1): 2005.0010. doi:10.1038/msb4100014. PMC 1681468. PMID 16729045, Cross, D. A. et al., Cancer Discovery, 2014, 4(9):1046-1061). Other mutations reduce the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors or prevent them from working, i.e. are associated with a resistance against the EGFR inhibitor(s). An example is the T790M substitution, a point mutation in exon 20 of EGFR, as one of the mechanisms of resistance against EGFR inhibitors. There are some similar mutations associated with a resistance against EGFR inhibitors, which are D761Y, L747S and T854A etc (Li, D et al., Oncogene, 2008, 27(34):4702-4711).
A large number of clinical trials and the NCCN guidelines recommend EGFR inhibitors in patients with EGFR mutations associated with efficacy or increased efficacy of EGFR inhibitors. Although preclinical studies have shown encouraging results, resistant clinical research is not satisfactory (Jackman, D. M. et al., Clin. Cancer Res. (August 2009) 15 (16): 5267-73. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0888, PMC 3219530. PMID 19671843). This is because a lot of such patients have or have developed a resistance against EGFR inhibitors in particular due to an acquired T790M mutation and/or MET gene amplification or other mechanisms. Thus, mutations usually associated with an efficacy and/or increased efficacy of EGFR inhibitors often show acquired resistance against EGFR inhibitors and patients who initially responded to EGFR inhibitors might eventually experience disease progression despite continued treatment.
Accordingly, the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in EGFR-dependent NSCLC is limited in an increasing number of patients. Thus, further potent treatment options for treating EGFR-dependent NSCLC are urgently required. As usual, it would generally be desirable to provide treatment options including compounds with reduced risk for side effects and interactions, which compounds can be prepared in a cost-effective way. Usually, plants and respective ingredients in plants are suitable to provide such advantageous properties and, thus, research also focuses on such materials.
For example, Zi Cao, the dried root of Arnebia euchroma, Arnebia guttata, or Lithospermum erythrorhizon is already used as a Traditional Chinese medicine with the major component shikonin. The latter possesses antioxidant effects (Assimopoulou, A. N. et al., Food Chemistry (2004) 87 (3): 433-438. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.12.017), antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, wound healing, antitumor, and antithrombotic properties (Papageorgiou, V. P. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (1999) 38 (3): 270-300. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990201)38:3<270:AID-ANIE270>3.0.CO; 2-0). Shikonin has been shown to have anti-cancer activity such as in prostate cancer, liver cancer or breast cancer and other cancer cells, but have not been proposed for NSCLC and the specific patent group with EGFR-dependent NSCLC, respectively.

Hydroxynaphthoquinone compounds for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer

Macau University of Science and Technology


An aspirator, including a bulb that defines first and second ports, a tube adjacent to the first port defined by the bulb, and means for helping to prevent aspirated material inside the bulb from exiting the bulb through the second port defined by the bulb.

Aspiration plays an important role in many medical procedures and environments, for instance during care of a newborn human baby immediately after birth. Although patient safety is the primary concern during aspiration, the safety of the operator of the aspirator is also important. Without proper operator safety measures during aspiration, the operator could be contaminated by germs, bacteria, viruses, and the like that are entrained in the mucus, saliva, blood, amniotic fluid, or other material being aspirated from the patient.


An air-cooling type chiller is provided. The chiller may include a plurality of fans, and an intermediate device provided between adjacent fans of the plurality of fans. When one of the fans is disabled, air is not drawn in through the disabled fan due to the intermediate device, but instead may pass through a condenser, thereby minimizing degradation in condensing efficiency. The intermediate device may be formed as an auxiliary condenser so that any air drawn in through a disabled fan passes through the auxiliary condenser, also minimizing impact on condensing efficiency.

1. Field
An air cooling type chiller is provided, and more particularly, an air cooling type chiller that prevents air from entering into a disabled fan is provided.
2. Background
In general, chillers may be classified as a water-cooling type or an air-cooling type based on a heat carrier radiation method employed. The water-cooling type chiller scatters a heat carrier at a cooling tower to radiate heat, and the air-cooling type chiller brings air into contact with a heat carrier flowing exchanger to radiate heat.
The air-cooling type chiller may cool a heat carrier substantially at ambient temperature with minimum energy in response to a change in air temperature. However, a closed evaporation type cooling tower requires a number of different components, including, for example, a spray water tank, a storage water tank, a lift pump, and the like, and thus it has a complex configuration. Moreover, a source for supplying spray water is required, and thus installation locations may be limited. In addition, erosion or scale may be generated in the plumbing if the quality of supply water is bad, or in an installation environment including dust, smoke, salt, and the like, and therefore, periodic maintenance and inspection may be burdensome.
An air-cooling type chiller does not require a spray water tank or storage water tank because water is not sprayed on the heat pipe. Accordingly, erosion or scale is not generated in an air-cooling type chiller, and maintenance may be simplified compared to a water-cooling type chiller. Furthermore, a pump for supplying coolant is not required and thus it may be possible to reduce power consumption.


A system for intercepting targets having predictable flight trajectory, the system comprising a platform carrying an interceptor missile which includes a seeker unit, propulsion system steering system and destruction capability system, all communicating with a processor device. The processor device is further coupled to a data link for communicating with the platform. In response to launching of the intercepting missile, the processor device controls the steering system and propulsion system for steering the missile in one of the following flight modes: (a) approach mode, wherein said intercepting missile closes on said target; (b) trajectory matching mode wherein the interceptor velocity vector is modified to bring the trajectory of the interceptor to match the predicted trajectory of the target so that the interceptor moves in the same direction as the target in a relatively small closing velocity with respect to the target; and (c) end game mode wherein the interceptor is maneuvered to a distance sufficiently close to the target whereby the target destruction capability can be activated efficiently.

For convenience of explanation, the description below focuses on BM. The invention is by no means bound by this example and is aimed at intercepting any targets having predictable flight trajectory.
As is well known, interception of ballistic missiles is a difficult task. One of the major factors that hinders the interception mission is that the target BM develops after boost phase a relatively high flight velocity. This naturally results in a very high closing velocity of the intercepting platform (normally an intercepting missile) when approaching the target BM. The very high closing velocity imposes undue operational constraints on the various on-board and ground-based tracking and homing sub-systems that are associated with the intercepting platform, in order to accomplish successful destruction within an instant.
These constraints led to the development of a state-of-the-art on-board and ground based technologies (e.g. the joint U.S.--Israel ARROW system and the U.S. THAAD) in order to meet the operational specification of the intercepting mission.
Whilst the specified systems are a priori designed to perform the interception under given high velocity conditions, this does not mean that they will succeed in accomplishing the mission under ANY closing velocity conditions. Consider, for example, a first scenario in which a tactical ballistic missile (TBM) is launched from a first country to a second country. If the attacked state is protected, say, by the Arrow anti-TBM system, the latter will detect the launched missile by its early warning constituent, and in response to such an early warning, an Arrow missile will be launched so as to intercept the target TBM at a pre-planned interception zone under first closing velocity conditions.
Consider now a second scenario where the specified TBM is launched from a longer range, say from a third state. Naturally, the TBM will reach a higher velocity (as compared to the first scenario) when it approaches the interception zone, and considering that the flight velocity of the intercepting missile does not change as compared to the first scenario, the inevitable consequence is that the interception should now be implemented under second (higher) closing velocity constraints.
The varying closing velocity conditions impose yet another difficulty on systems such as the ARROW or THAAD to accomplish successful interception under any possible scenario. Put differently, the larger the closing velocity, the more strict are the timing constraints posed on the interceptor in order to accomplish successful interception. Likewise, under high closing velocity conditions, the accuracy operational specification of the sensors are increased.
It goes without saying that failure to give adequate answer to even one possible threat scenario, i.e. leakage of the target TBM to the friendly territory, will bring about dire consequence.
There is, accordingly, a need in the art to substantially simplify the complexity of the anti-BM system as compared to systems which operate under high and varying closing-velocity constraint.

System for destroying ballistic missiles

Ministry of Defense Armament Development Authority


A synthetic fence post assembly for realizing enhanced decorative capabilities of a synthetic fence. The assembly provides an apparatus for securely attaching accessories to the end of a synthetic fence post without structurally degrading the fence post. The apparatus comprises a connector member with a first and second interface surface one of which securely interfaces with the top of a synthetic post and the second of which is available to interface with various fencing accessories. In one embodiment, the connector member is substantially transparent, such that the connector forms a lens that is securely fastenable to a fence post and is capable of supporting a light mounted thereon.

The field of the invention relates generally to fencing, particularly synthetic fencing components constructed of synthetic materials such as plastic and vinyl. More specifically, the invention relates to an apparatus for attaching various components to the top of a hollow fence post.
Recently, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of synthetic fencing products. The popularity of synthetic fencing is due in part to its low maintenance; for example, vinyl fencing retains its color and need not be stained or otherwise treated every year to prevent decay. Additionally, synthetic fencing can take on the natural, attractive appearance of wood while exhibiting superior durability. Furthermore, since synthetic posts and their connecting members are hollow, electrical connections can be routed through the fence and hidden from view, allowing electrical accessories to be easily wired along the fence. Finally, synthetic fencing components are less expensive to mass-produce and easier to assemble than their wood counterparts.
Synthetic fencing does present several design challenges. For example, people often desire to mount various accessories on their fence posts such as rain gauges, bird feeders, lights, etc. Unlike a wooden post on which an accessory may be easily mounted using nails or screws, securely attaching accessories to a synthetic fence can be difficult as synthetic fence posts are typically hollow and lack the internal structure to support heavy objects attached to their side using conventional means such as nails or screws. Additionally, the use of nails or screws may cause structural damage to the fence post, possibly causing splitting or cracking. Another design challenge is to provide a means to securely attach decorative or functional accessories to the synthetic fence where the attachment means shares the aesthetic and durability qualities of the synthetic fence such that the appearance of the synthetic fence may be enhanced.
In view of the foregoing, it is the principal object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for realizing enhanced decorative capabilities with synthetic fencing.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for securely attaching accessories to a synthetic fence post without structurally degrading the fence post, which is aesthetically pleasing.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a means to enhance the decorative appearance of a synthetic fence that is easily retrofit to the fence.
In accordance with the above objectives, the inventors have recognized that most synthetic fences contain a simple cap covering the open end of a hollow post and that by replacing this cap with attachments that are more decorative or styled a synthetic fence can take on an appearance more like that of a sculpted wooden fence. Accordingly, the inventors recognized the need to provide an apparatus that allows various sized accessories to interface with the synthetic fence posts while providing good structural support and not degrading the fence posts"" integrity. Additionally, the inventors have recognized that the apparatus should be aesthetically pleasing to the eye, easy to manufacture, and should be made such that it may be retrofit onto an existing synthetic fence with minimal effort.
These and other objects are achieved by the present invention. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a synthetic fence post assembly comprising a connector member with two substantially parallel interface surfaces for placement on the end of a synthetic fence post and a top member for placement on the connector member. More particularly, the connector member is designed such that a first interface surface may engages the top end of a synthetic fence post and a second interface surface may engage the top member. Additionally, these interface surfaces contain engaging means for attaching the connector member to the interfacing structures (e.g., the post and top member). Once the connector member is attached to the fence post, a secure base is provided for mounting an accessory to the fence post without degrading the post""s structural qualities.
The engaging means refer to one or more members that extend from the connector member across the interface plane as defined by the connector member and an interfacing structure. These members may extend perpendicular from the interface planes and be slidably received within their respective interfacing structure or slidably receive their respective interfacing structure. For example, the member(s) that make up the engaging means may comprise multiple tabs that fit within the hollow opening of an interfacing structure, such as a fence post, or may comprise a continuous wall that fits over and slidably receives the end of an interfacing structure. Additionally, the connector member may be configured such that both interface surfaces have the same engaging means or such that each interface surface contains a different engaging means.
The top member may be any attachment configured such that it interfaces with, and is supported by the connector member, such as a decorative cap (e.g., a ball, tetrahedron, etc.) or an accessory such as a lamp. In one embodiment, the top member has a hollow elongate body that, when used with the connector member, allows the synthetic fence to take on the appearance of a sculpted wooden fence. In another embodiment, the top member comprises a housing for a lamp that contains apertures along its body that allow light to pass from within the structure upon assembly. In this embodiment, the apertures may be left open or covered with translucent caps that may diffuse the light as it passes from within the top member while sealing the top member from the elements.
The use of a hollow top member (e.g., an elongate tube) with the connector member will generally require using a cap to seal the top member""s second end from the elements. This cap may be anything configured to interface with and seal the top member from the elements, such as, for example, the simple caps that were originally on the synthetic fence posts. Additionally, the cap may itself be a decorative or functional accessory. For example, in one embodiment the cap may be a solar light apparatus comprising a solar panel oriented on top its top, a battery operable to receive an electrical charge from the solar panel, and a light connected to the battery on the bottom of the cap such that the light is enclosed within the top member upon assembly. As will be appreciated, when using a solar cap assembly, a light may be retrofit onto an existing synthetic post using the connector member and apertured top member of the present invention without having to perform any electrical wiring through the synthetic fencing.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a synthetic fence post assembly comprising: a connector member comprising two substantially parallel interface surfaces for placement on the end of a synthetic fence post, an exterior sidewall and an interior sidewall disposed between the interface surfaces that collectively define an opening, an internal support mount connected to the internal sidewall within the opening, and a top member for placement on the connecting member.
The connector member""s internal support mount may be connected to the interior sidewall using a plurality of interconnecting members that extend from the interior sidewall to the edge of the support mount. The support mount will generally be configured such that it forms an enclosure for receiving and holding an accessory in axial alignment with the center of the post. For example, the support mount may be formed as a ring where the ring""s internal edge is open to receive/hold an accessory with a circular base. However, other configurations of the support mount are possible, such as, for example, a pin that is slidably receivable within an accessory. As will be appreciated, use of the internal support in conjunction with the connector member allows the synthetic fence post to support an accessory with a significant weight, since the post will carry the entire weight of an accessory so mounted in compression across its cross section. Additionally, this arrangement allows for supporting an accessory without any degradation of the fence post""s structural integrity caused by mechanical fasteners such as nails and screws applying a force to a concentrated point on the post""s sidewall.
In another embodiment, a fence post assembly is provided comprising a substantially transparent connector member and a top member for placement on the substantially transparent connector member. The translucent connector member comprises two substantially parallel interface surfaces each of which contain engaging means for engaging an interfacing structure, one of these engaging means may be designed to interface with the end of a fence post. The transparent connector further comprises an interior and exterior sidewall disposed between the interface surfaces that integrally define an opening which is axially aligned with the fence post. As will be appreciated, this sidewall area may provide an enclosed space within the transparent connector member for placement of an accessory such as a light. In this regard, the connector member forms a lens having one engaging means for interfacing with the end of a fence post and another engaging means for interfacing with a lamp. The transparent connector member also comprises a diffusing means on the surface of at least one of the interior and exterior sidewall. This diffusing means may be any coating or physical variation on the sidewall surfaces which act to disperse light that may emanate from within the transparent connector member. In one embodiment using a physical variation of the sidewall surface, the diffusing means comprises a plurality of ridges integrally formed on the interior surface. These ridges may be continuously spaced on the surface and may be oriented perpendicular to said first and second interface surfaces. In this regard, the ridges may be easily formed in, for example, an injection molding process.
In all aspects of the present invention, the connector member may be formed in a variety of geometric shapes as long as it provides a first interface surface for engaging the synthetic post and a second interface surface for engaging a top member. For aesthetic purposes the connector member will typically share the geometry of the fence post (e.g., square post, square connector); however, the connector member may be formed such that it interfaces a post and top member of different cross sectional geometries (e.g., square to circular etc.) and/or diameters.
A method is also provided in accordance with the present invention for attaching an accessory to a synthetic fence post. The method includes the steps: defining an opening on the end of a fence post, providing a connector member with two interface surfaces that contain engaging means, positioning the connector member on the fence post such that the engaging means engage the post, placing an accessory on the connecting member such that the engaging means engage the accessory, and securing the engaging means to the post and accessory using a fastening means.
Additional aspects advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the further description that follows.


In a panelboard (30) of the type having a main circuit breaker (34) or other circuit protection device and at least one busbar (46, 48, 50) for transmitting electrical power to branch circuit breakers (36) connected thereto, a connector installation kit (78) for connecting a load terminal of a main circuit breaker (34) to a busbar (46, 48, 50) including a self-supporting, insulator housing (160) having at least one recess (166, 168, 170) defined therein; and at least one phase connector (172, 174, 176) having a first portion connected to a load terminal of a main circuit breaker (34) and a second portion connected to the busbar (46, 48, 50).

The present invention is directed to circuit protection panelboards used to transfer power from a power line to associated branch lines, wherein each branch line is protected by a circuit protection device, such as a branch circuit breaker. Panelboards may be used as main feed devices or as subfeed devices within a power system.
A related patent application entitled "Panelboard", Ser. No. 07/999,448, filed on Dec. 31, 1992 invented by the same inventor of the present patent application and also owned by Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. was filed on the same day as this application.
The entire contents of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,118,754; 4,167,769; and 4,536,823 are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. These patents are owned by Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc., which is the owner of the present application.
There are two commonly used styles of panelboards: so-called "main lug" panelboards which directly connect a power line to the panelboard busbars and so-called "main breaker" or "main switch" panelboards which interpose a circuit protection device, which may be for example a circuit breaker or fused protection device, between the power line and the panelboard busbars. The main circuit breaker is commonly a molded case circuit breaker having load terminals which are individually connected to a corresponding panelboard busbar by separate phase connecting straps.
Known phase connecting straps are relatively inconvenient to install in the field, because they must be separately aligned and connected between the main breaker load terminal and its corresponding busbar. Each phase connecting strap often has a different physical configuration; the installer must determine which strap must be utilized for a given installation configuration, which requires additional installation time.
The shortcomings of known connecting straps are overcome by the main circuit breaker installation kits of the present invention, which allow ready connection of a main circuit breaker to a panelboard by use of a modular connection unit at the factory or in the field. The modular connection unit eliminates the need for an installer to select specific connector straps for a given application. All the installer need do is select a specific, preassembled module designed for a particular panelboard/main breaker application. A field installer having a kit with an assortment of connector module units and spare main lugs, which mount to the panelboard busbars in the same fashion as the connector modules is readily able to wire up any desired panelboard application.

Main circuit breaker or other circuit protective device connector installation kit for panelboards


For performing a function of an electronic device in response to a target fingerprint, methods and apparatus are disclosed. The method includes acquiring a target fingerprint on the electronic device. The method also includes determining whether a target application identifier and a target operation identifier correspond to the target fingerprint. The method further includes utilizing a target application indicated by the target application identifier to execute, automatically, a target function indicated by the target operation identifier in response to a target application identifier and a target operation identifier corresponding to the target fingerprint.

With the development of electronic technologies, smart terminals such as cell phones are more and more widely used in people's lives, and there are more and more various functions on cell phones, such as making calls, sending text messages, video calls, playing games etc.
However, when users who are unaccustomed to operations, such as the elderly, turn on a function, they generally need to perform operations such as unlocking, application selection and function selection. The complexity of such operations is high, and can negatively affect user experience.


A well isolation trenches for a CMOS device and the method for forming the same. The CMOS device includes (a) a semiconductor substrate, (b) a P well and an N well in the semiconductor substrate, (c) a well isolation region sandwiched between and in direct physical contact with the P well and the N well. The P well comprises a first shallow trench isolation (STI) region, and the N well comprises a second STI region. A bottom surface of the well isolation region is at a lower level than bottom surfaces of the first and second STI regions. When going from top to bottom of the well isolation region, an area of a horizontal cross section of the well isolation region is an essentially continuous function.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to well isolation trenches (WIT), and more particularly, to well isolation trenches for CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) devices (for example SRAM-Static Random Access Memory).
2. Related Art
In a conventional CMOS device including an N channel and a P channel transistor, the N channel transistor is formed on a P well, and the P channel is formed on an N well. There is always a need for a well isolation trench structure (and a method for forming the same) that provides improved electrical properties of the CMOS device.

Well isolation trenches (WIT) for CMOS devices

International Business Machines Corporation


A method and apparatus for detecting a critical duty cycle that maximizes an output power of a boost converter is provided. In the method and apparatus, the boost converter may be operated at or below the critical duty cycle. In the method and apparatus, a first voltage that is a function of an output voltage of a boost converter and voltage drops across a first set of parasitic resistances of the boost converter is detected. A second voltage that is a function voltage drops across a second set of parasitic resistances of the boost converter is also detected. The voltages are compared to determine the critical duty cycle and the boost converter is operated in accordance with a duty cycle that does not exceed the critical duty cycle.

Technical Field
This application is directed to detection of an output power-maximizing duty cycle of a boost converter and in particular to a boost converter having a feedback stage that generates the duty cycle and operates the boost converter in accordance with the duty cycle.
Description of the Related Art
Boost converters are conventionally operated at a variable duty cycle with a fixed maximal value. Limiting the boost converter to the maximal duty cycle protects the boost converter against excessive inductor current, but does not maximize the output power provided by the boost converter. For example, as the input available (maximal) power provided by a voltage source, such as a battery, decreases over time and with use, the output power of the boost converter is intended to be constant by a feedback regulation loop. However, with the duty cycle limited to a maximal value, DMAX, the boost converter does not reach desired output voltage, and thus the output power. Furthermore, operating the boost converter without a fixed (or with a high value) duty cycle limit introduces a risk of destabilizing the boost converter. By exceeding some critical duty cycle value, DCRIT, the boost converter is destabilized and comes to fall in a negative gain region of the boost converter input-output conversion characteristic.

Boost converter maximal output power detector allowing optimal dynamic duty-cycle limitation


A method and system for the reclamation and re-use of rework dough created in the process of forming a final good. Initially, the reworks are, formed into a batter into which a catalyst is placed. Subsequently the batter is cooled and stored until it is added to a new batch of dough. Through this method and system there may be a nearly total re-use of rework dough.

The present invention relates generally to the creation dough, and more particularly to the use of rework in such dough.
In the baking and pastry industry, several types of pastry dough nay be used in the creation of such breads and pastries that are generally sold. Furthermore, processes are generally known in the art for creating such dough. One such dough and generally known process is that of making, laminated dough in particular for use in croissants and pizza crust and other such pastries. Generally, a new mixture of flour, yeast and other necessary materials are mixed together to form a dough. The dough is typically fermented or aged for an extended period of time to produce the desired results and taste. This dough is then extruded, folded and laminated with particular fats to produce the desired finished product. The extended time of fermentation and the increased effort and labor of laminating the dough and adding the additional layers of fats produces an expensive dough material. However, in the creation of the final product, there is often extensive rework, also known as scrap, material that is produced that is unusable as a final product. Therefore, it is desirable to produce a method of reintroducing the rework into the original dough matrix to produce a final product.
Generally, rework may be added to an original or a new product batch. However, the rework generally has detrimental effects on a new product batch; therefore, rework may only be added in small amounts so as not to destroy an entire new batch. Generally, the limitations on the addition of rework is in the range of 10-15% to rework based on total batch weight or less to a new batch. Therefore, any remaining rework cannot be reused is merely disposed of or sold as scrap.
Conventionally, the reworks would only be allowed to be used at a ratio of 10-15% to a new batch of batter. This is generally due to the fact that when yeast is allowed to continue its processes in the batter 10, it dies and releases glutathione which destroys the protein of the gluten of the dough. When the gluten of the dough is destroyed, the dough may no longer be used to form products and generally becomes waste product that must be disposed. Therefore, in excess of 80% of the rework is merely disposed of since it cannot be reused. That rework becomes a waste of money and time in the production of the original dough and final product. Consequently, an increase of rework that may be used in a new batch is desirable so as to save the 80% rework that cannot be used to produce new batter and a final product.
Also, the reuse of rework that is generally known in the art leaves a great amount of discretion and possibility of error to the baker on the baking floor. This is due to the fact that the rework includes yeast which is continuing in its starvation cycle until it would destroy the gluten that is in the rework product Therefore, the baker is left with the discretion and the choice of placing a certain amount of rework into a new dough process. This allows for great variation in final product that is produced from a process and batter that includes rework. Therefore, it is particularly desirable to include or create a process that allows for the reuse of a high percentage of rework without having the inconsistency that is created by the current use of rework.
The present invention provides a method and process for increasing the amount of rework that may be placed into a new batch of dough to an amount greatly exceeding the generally accepted 10-15% nd reaching nearly total reuse of rework that may be reintroduced into a new batch of dough. Furthermore, the process of the present invention, may allow for a continuous reintroduction of reprocessed rework into a new batch of dough.
Generally, the rework will be reprocessed into a batter consistency having an initial specific gravity between 0.50 and 0.80 by the addition of warm water. To this reprocessing batter, a catalyst is added which quickens the dough to the stage in which it may be stored. Once the catalyst has taken its effect and the batter has been further processed and cooled, the reprocessed batter is then stored and later added to a new batch of dough. Once the batter has been fully reprocessed, it may then be added back to the original batter as a high reuse of the reworks from an original batch. This allows the original reworks to be reused in a more efficient manner so as to reduce overall cost. Furthermore, the reprocessed batter, after being added to a new batch of dough decreases the fermentation period of the new batch. This further reduces cost of producing the laminated dough by using this process.
Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood however that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

Reprocessed batter and method for continuous rework fermentation


One embodiment of the present invention provides a system that performs a lock-free update to one or more fields in an existing node in a linked list. To perform the update, the system first obtains a new node to be added to the linked list, wherein other processes do not possess references to the new node and therefore cannot initially access the new node. Next, the system copies a snapshot of the existing node to the new node, and then updates one or more fields in the new node that correspond to the one or more fields in the existing node. Next, in a single atomic operation the system modifies a next pointer of the existing node to point to the new node and also marks the next pointer to indicate that the existing node is deleted. In this way, the new node becomes part of the linked list and the existing node is deleted in a single atomic operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the design of lock-free data structures within computer systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for performing lock-free updates to nodes in a linked list.
2. Related Art
Operations on linked lists become more complicated in a multi-threaded environment, because concurrently executing threads can potentially interfere with each other while accessing the same linked list. In order to prevent such interference, some linked list implementations use locks to prevent different threads from interfering with each other. Unfortunately, locks often cause processes to stall, which can lead to significant performance problems, especially in systems that support large numbers of concurrently executing processes.
Because of the performance problems that arise from locks, a number of researchers have developed "lock-free" data structures, such as linked lists, that operate efficiently in a multi-threaded environment. Harris describes a way to build and modify a lock-free linked list that can be constructed using only load-linked (LL)/store-conditional (SC) or compare-and-swap (CAS) instructions (see Timothy L. Harris, "A Pragmatic Implementation of Non-Blocking Linked-Lists," Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Distributed Computing, October 2001, pp. 300-14). Michael uses a variant of the Harris linked-list as the underlying structure for a lock-free hash table (see Maged M. Michael, "High Performance Dynamic Lock-Free Hash Tables and List-Based Sets," The 14th Annual ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures, pages 73-82, August 2002).
Unfortunately, in the above-described lock-free linked list designs, the linked lists are used only as sets—the fields inside their constituent nodes cannot be altered in a lock-free manner. This makes such linked lists (as well as more complex data structures formed from them) less useful in applications where nodes within the linked lists have fields (other than the next-node pointers that form the lists) that logically require changing. Consequently, nodes in the above-described lock-free linked lists can be inserted, searched for, deleted, but NOT altered.
Hence, what is needed is a method and an apparatus for performing lock-free updates to fields within nodes in a lock-free linked list.

Method and apparatus for performing lock-free updates in a linked list


A tray for use with a mechanism for feeding fan fold paper along a predetermined travel path. The tray comprises an upstanding wall member and a floor member located in juxtaposition with the upstanding wall member. The floor member has a first portion forming an acute included angle with the upstanding wall member, and a second portion connected to the first portion opposite the upstanding wall member and intersecting the first portion at an obtuse angle.

The present invention relates, in general, to devices for handling fan fold paper, and more particularly, to a tray for restacking fan fold paper fed along a predetermined travel path by a fan fold paper handling device.
It is common practice to print information from a computer on an elongated run of paper, typically referred to as continuous or fan fold paper. Fan fold paper, as is well known in the art, is a continuous strip of paper having regularly spaced perforations along its longitudinal marginal edges to facilitate transport of the paper strip, and transverse alternating folds at predetermined intervals to establish substantially equal sized individual panels which can be folded upon one another to form a neat compact stack. Recent electrostatographic reproduction apparatus have been designed with the capability of copying information contained on either individual documents or fan fold paper. An example of such apparatus is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,543 (issued Dec. 24, 1991, in the name of Lawniczak et al). In such apparatus, a motor driven tractor assembly is utilized to transport the fan fold paper such that it is fed along a predetermined travel path from a stack supported in a supply hopper across the platen of the reproduction apparatus and then deposited in a tray for restacking. At appropriate times, the reproduction apparatus is activated in a well known manner to copy information from the individual panels of the fan fold paper.

Restacking tray for fan fold paper feeder


The peer-to-peer DNS networking method network is built over Chord protocol as a secondary path to resolve Domain Name System (DNS) queries as a solution designed to avoid an intentional blocking from higher name servers. The DNS is a critical service in the Internet infrastructure that provides user-friendly name to Internet IP address mapping services, and must be protected from abuse, since the absence of the DNS has a severe impact on several Internet applications, such as HTTP, FTP, and/or e-mail that can cause such applications to become non-functional. The method is designed to keep DNS functional during intentional blocking from higher name servers, and the like.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to computer network methodologies, and particularly to a peer-to-peer DNS networking method.
2. Description of the Related Art
The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a major role in Internet connectivity by mapping a user-friendly host name to an IP address that can be dealt with by network devices. The DNS consists of a hierarchy of DNS servers with 13 root name servers at the top of the hierarchy. The IP addresses of the thirteen root name servers are hard-coded in a root hints file in every recursive or caching DNS server. DNS provides a critical core service, and its absence has a severe impact on other application-layer protocols, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), file transfer protocol (FTP), and simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP). Thus, for any network, DNS provides a vital service, and without it the network is deemed isolated and blocked from using Internet services. The DNS service could be impacted by misconfiguration causing unavailability of the DNS servers. It can also be interrupted as a result of intentional blocking from higher name servers, denial of service (DoS) attacks, cache poisoning, and compromised data. To countermeasure such attacks, researchers have proposed several remedies spanning a wide range of solutions, such as using DNS security extensions, using Anycast routing, manipulating the time-to-live (TTL) value, and increasing the efficiency of DNS caching. Yet there remains an unfulfilled need effectively countermeasure the aforementioned attacks.
Thus, a peer-to-peer DNS networking method solving the aforementioned problems is desired.

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology