A technique for language verification of a Java® card CAP file is provided. The Java® card CAP file is converted from an original Java® code file while conserving its original Java® semantics. The Java® card CAP file is converted into a corresponding converted Java® code file that is semantically identical to the Java® card CAP file. In a language-verification step, the converted Java® code file is then verified if it has been found to comply with a predetermined language specification.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method to verify preprocessed Java® (Java® is a trademark or registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries) code. Essentially it comprises a conversion step after which language verification of non-preprocessed Java® code is utilized. In particular, a technical solution is suggested that allows for the conversion of preprocessed Java® card converted applet (hereinafter CAP) files back into standard Java® class files. This conversion can be achieved in a provably correct way, thus solving the problem of language verifying Java® card CAP files. The proposed concept is also applicable to preprocessed code in languages other than Java®.
2. Description of the Related Art
Java® is an interpreted language defined independently of any particular hardware environment which features high-level language operations. Therefore, Java® is extremely well suited for use in embedded microcontrollers. However, due to the size constraints in typical embedded systems, neither the full Java® language set, nor the complete execution and loading format as defined for Java® on PCs can be sustained in such embedded microcontroller devices. Therefore, it is a common technique to preprocess or convert the regular, PC-oriented Java® code, also called class files, into a format suitable for loading and execution on embedded microcontrollers. One concrete example where this has been firmly specified is in the area of the Java® card, a chip card featuring a subsetted Java® interpreter.
One goal of executing Java® code is to attain a level of security and trust that can not be achieved by using machine language programs alone. This is due to the interpreted nature of the language and the thus inherent continuous checks of the Java® code prior to its actual execution. One common feature providing this trust is a so-called Java® class verifier run at development time of the Java® code. It checks, for example, static object/class relationships as well as basic scoping rules, i.e., whether a particular method has access to another class's data or code. Programs to perform this work are available.
Java® card technology enables programs written in the Java® programming language to be run on chipcards, smart cards and other small, resource-constrained devices. Developers can build and test programs using standard software development tools and environments, then convert them into a form that can be installed onto a Java® card technology enabled device. Application software for the Java® card platform is called an applet, or more specifically, a Java® card applet or card applet (to distinguish it from browser applets). While Java® card technology enables programs written in the Java® programming language to run on chipcards, such small devices are far too underpowered to support the full functionality of the Java® platform. Therefore, the Java® card platform supports only a carefully chosen, customized subset of the features of the Java® platform. This subset provides features that are well-suited for writing programs for small devices and preserves the object-oriented capabilities of the Java® programming language. The role of the Java® card virtual machine is best understood in the context of the process for production and deployment of Java® card software. There are several components that make up a Java® card system, including the Java® card virtual machine, the Java® card converter, a terminal installation tool, and an installation program that runs on the device.
Development of a Java® card applet begins as with any other Java® program. A developer writes one or more Java® classes, and compiles the source code with a Java® compiler, producing one or more class files. The applet is run, tested and debugged on a workstation using simulation tools to emulate the device environment. Then, when an applet is ready to be downloaded to a device, the class files comprising the applet are converted to a Java® card CAP file, also called converted applet file, using a Java® card converter. The Java® card converter takes as input not only the class files to be converted, but also one or more export files. An export file contains name and link information for the contents of other packages that are imported by the classes being converted. When an applet or library package is converted, the converter can also produce an export file for that package.
After conversion, the Java® card CAP file is copied to a card terminal, such as a desktop computer with a card reader peripheral. Then an installation tool on the terminal loads the Java® card CAP file and transmits it to the Java® card technology enabled device. An installation program on the device receives the contents of the Java® card CAP file and prepares the applet to be run by the Java® card virtual machine. The virtual machine itself need not load or manipulate Java® card CAP files; it need only execute the applet code found in the Java® card CAP file that was loaded onto the device by the installation program. The division of functionality between the Java® card virtual machine and the installation program keeps both the virtual machine and the installation program small. The installation program may be implemented as a Java® program and executed on top of the Java® card virtual machine. Since Java® card instructions are denser than typical machine code, this may reduce the size of the installer. The modularity may enable different installers to be used with a single Java® card virtual machine implementation.
It would be ideal if programs for chipcards could be written using all of the Java® programming language, but a full implementation of the Java® virtual machine is far too large to fit on even the most advanced resource-constrained devices available today. A typical resource-constrained device has on the order of 1K of RAM, 16K of non-volatile memory (EEPROM or flash) and 24K of ROM. The code for implementing string manipulation, single and double-precision floating point arithmetic, and thread management would be larger than the ROM space on such a device. Even if it could be made to fit, there would be no space left over for class libraries or application code. RAM resources are also very limited. Therefore Java® card technology is implemented as a subset of the Java® platform.
Dynamic class loading is for instance not supported in the Java® card platform. An implementation of the Java® card platform is not able to load classes dynamically. Classes are either masked into the card during manufacturing or downloaded through an installation process after the card has been issued. Programs executing on the card may only refer to classes that already exist on the card, since there is no way to download classes during the normal execution of application code.
Security management in the Java® card platform differs significantly from that of the Java® platform. In the Java® platform, there is a Security Manager class (java.lang.Security Manager) responsible for implementing security features. In the Java® card platform, language security policies are implemented by the virtual machine. There is no Security Manager class that makes policy decisions on whether to allow operations.
In order to check at runtime that the Java® code has been successfully language verified, typically cryptographic methods are employed. This means that the actual deployer, after having performed a Java® language verification, signs the Java® code, i.e., the Java® card CAP file, in such a way that this cryptographic signature can be undeniably cryptographically verified within the embedded microcontroller system, i.e., a Java® virtual machine, that executes the Java® code. This way, the embedded microcontroller system does not need to do within its chip the complete Java® language verification, which, depending on the hardware capabilities of the embedded microcontroller, would either be a prohibitively expensive or a plainly intractable operation. Therefore, the deployer of the preprocessed Java® code establishes the trust in this Java® code by means of a Java® language verification before he signs the resultant file prior to loading it into the embedded microcontroller system.
The problem faced by the deployers of the preprocessed Java® code, e.g., Java® card CAP files, is that they no longer have access to the original Java® class files to be able to verify those themselves. As it is often, for example for copyright or IP reasons, also not an option to freely provide the Java® class files to the deployers of the Java® card CAP files, another solution for establishing the trust in the code contained in a Java® card CAP file needs to be found. One approach would be to develop a complete verifier operating on preprocessed code, e.g., on Java® card CAP files. However, this is a very labor-intensive approach not leveraging the maturity and experiences gained with PC-level Java® class verifiers.


A method of facilitating communication in a wireless ad-hoc network comprises: generating, at a node in the wireless ad-hoc network, target availability information with regard to one or more transmission slots, the target availability information indicating whether the node is permitted to receive a transmission during each transmission slot; generating, at the node, owner availability information with regard to one or more transmission slots, the owner availability information indicating whether the node is permitted to transmit during each transmission slot; and broadcasting, from the node, the target availability information and the owner availability information to separately indicate availability as either an owner or a target for one or more transmission slots.

Wireless ad-hoc networks are decentralized wireless networks formed when a number of wireless communication devices, often referred to as nodes, decide to join together to form a network. Since nodes in wireless ad-hoc networks can operate as both hosts and routers, the network is easily reconfigured to meet existing traffic demands in a more efficient fashion than centrally managed wireless access networks. Moreover, wireless ad-hoc networks do not require the infrastructure required by these conventional access networks, making wireless ad-hoc networks an attractive alternative.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless ad-hoc network 100 formed by a plurality of nodes 120 labeled A-H. As shown, each node 120 has an associated transmission range and is able to directly communicate with one or more other nodes 120 in the wireless ad-hoc network 100. Each node 120 may be stationary or in motion, such as a terminal that is being carried by a user on foot or in a vehicle, aircraft, ship, etc., and may be one of variety of communications devices including cellular, wireless or landline phones, personal data assistants (PDA), laptops, external or internal modems, PC cards, and any other similar device. The wireless ad-hoc network 100 may operate by itself, or may also be connected with an outside network 130 (e.g., the Internet) via one or more nodes (e.g., nodes A and C in FIG. 1).
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is an example of communications technology (e.g., Multiband OFDM based UWB, ECMA-368, Impulse UWB, etc.) that may be implemented with wireless ad-hoc networks. UWB provides high speed communications over an extremely wide bandwidth. At the same time, UWB signals are typically transmitted in very short pulses that consume very little power. The output power of the UWB signal can be made low enough to look like noise to other RF technologies, making it less interfering.
A major challenge in wireless ad-hoc networks, including UWB networks, is the increased occurrence of hidden and/or exposed nodes. Hidden nodes in a wireless network refer to nodes that are out of range of other nodes or a collection of nodes. In the wireless ad-hoc network 100 of FIG. 1, node G at the far edge of the network 100 may be able to see node F in the middle of the network 100, but may not be able to see node C on the other end of the network 100. Accordingly, problems may arise when nodes G and C start to send packets simultaneously to node F. Since nodes G and C cannot sense each other's carriers, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is not sufficient to prevent collisions from occurring and data from being scrambled. Exposed nodes occur when a node is prevented from sending packets to other nodes due to a neighboring transmitter. In the wireless ad-hoc network 100 of FIG. 1, nodes A and G on the fringes of the network 100 may be out of range of one another while nodes E and H in the middle may be in range of each other. Here, if a transmission from node E to node A is taking place, node H is prevented from transmitting to node G since it concludes after carrier sense that it will interfere with the transmission by its neighbor node E. However, node G could still theoretically receive the transmission of node H without interference because it is out of range from node E. Thus, hidden and exposed nodes often cause problems for Media Access Control (MAC) because specific portions of the network are prevented from reusing the same bandwidth. A network's ability to reuse the same bandwidth over a given area is typically referred to as "spatial reuse."
One example UWB communication system, ECMA-368, addresses the hidden node problem with a Distributed Reservation Protocol (DRP) where synchronizing beacon signals are broadcast by neighboring devices. The ECMA-368 standard, titled "High Rate Ultra Wideband PHY and MAC Standard," second edition, December 2007, defines the PHY and MAC layers for a UWB network formed pursuant thereto and is incorporated herein by reference. A device in such a communication system that wishes to transmit information on one or more Media Access Slots (MAS) of a superframe can request to reserve (in advance) one or more MAS time slots using the DRP mechanism. Reservation negotiation is initiated by the device that will initiate frame transactions in the reservation, which is then referred to as the reservation "owner." The device that will receive information is referred to as the reservation "target." A typical beacon frame includes a DRP Information Element (IE) that identifies the MAS time slot reservations for that node (either as reservation owner or reservation target) with its neighboring nodes, as well as, among other elements, a DRP Availability IE that indicates a device's availability for new DRP reservations. The DRP IE may also be referred to as a DRP Reservation IE to distinguish it from the DRP Availability IE.
In this way, the DRP mechanism enlarges a "blocking area" around a communication link to guard against hidden nodes. However, the inventors have recognized that the DRP mechanism actually aggravates the exposed node problem because opportunities for concurrent transmissions are wasted. As discussed above, for a MAC to support simultaneous transmissions, both the neighboring nodes need to be either receivers or transmitters; simultaneous transmission is not possible when a receiver and transmitter are neighbors. Even for the case when both the neighboring nodes are transmitters or receivers, though, there is the problem of reverse direction traffic in the form of acknowledgments that greatly reduce spatial reuse.

Enhancements for increased spatial reuse in ad-hoc networks


A system and method of providing information to improve efficiency of human searchers obtaining information on behalf of users is described. A first responder to a request is provided with specialized tools for responding to a request. An initial evaluation of a query may be used to determine the responder and the type of tools which will be provided initially. A toolset which allows rapid responses based on data resources, common queries, and contextual information of a user, a request, partially matching queries and previous responses to previous queries is used to improve the probability that a first responder may provide a suitable response to a query.

1. Field of the Invention
Various embodiments described herein relate to search engine technologies and more specifically to human-assisted search engines. A method and system of providing tools for human searchers is described.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a system where human guides are used to process queries from users, human judgment may greatly increase the ability to respond to natural language and arbitrary questions from users. This flexibility has allowed services such as ChaCha® and Any Question Answered (AQA) to find general acceptance. However, such systems are generally presented with the difficulty of being broadly accepted when a user must pay to use the service. For example, after more than five years of operation, AQA had answered approximately twenty-two million questions. Conversely, the advertising supported ChaCha® service answers over thirty million questions per month.
However, being an advertising supported service requires a highly efficient infrastructure in order to respond to queries at a cost consistent with the advertising revenue which can be obtained. For this reason, a multi-tiered approach to responding to a request may be implemented. Initially a query may be parsed and processed automatically in order to determine whether the query is a match to an existing query and response which is available, or if the query may be answered automatically using an automated resource. However, such automated matching may have limitations. In many instances, a human may be able to rapidly recognize the meaning of a request in context, while machine matching may have a low confidence factor or may be entirely incorrect. For this reason, it is effective to use human judgment in processing queries which are not recognized by an automated system. However, this approach generally increases cost.
In order to solve this and other existing problems, it may be that an intermediary may be provided where a query may be received and interpreted, in order to improve efficiency of a subsequent search by clarifying intent of a request or query and directing the query appropriately.
The tools available to an intermediary are critical to rapid and effective processing of a query. If a toolset is complex, the intermediary may spend more time than required, which may cause frustration and dissatisfaction.
For these and other reasons, a set of tools for improving performance of processing of a search request would be greatly appreciated.

Method and system of providing a search tool


An amusement ride includes at least one passenger carrier, an amusement ride guide structure and a launch system adapted to accelerate the at least one passenger carrier from a starting position. The launch system includes a launch guide structure having a curvature, a launch arm rotatable about a rotation axis, an engagement device for providing a temporary connection between the launch arm and the at least one passenger carrier during the launch, and a launch drive providing the launch arm with an angular velocity. In the launch system, the radial distance between the engagement device and the launch arm support is variable such that portions of the launch guide structure have a deviating radius, or the distance in axial direction between the engagement device and the launch arm support is variable such that portions of the launch guide structure have curvatures perpendicular to the surface of rotation.

The present invention relates to an amusement ride installation, comprising at least one passenger carrier adapted for supporting one or more passengers, an amusement ride guide structure supporting and guiding the at least one passenger carrier and a launch system adapted to accelerate the at least one passenger carrier from a starting position. Said launch system comprises a launch guide structure extending between the starting position and the amusement ride guide structure, supporting and guiding the at least one passenger carrier, which launch guide structure has a curvature, a launch arm connected to a launch arm support, rotatable about a rotation axis in a rotation surface, engagement means, at least part of which are associated with the launch arm, for providing a temporary connection between the launch arm and the at least one passenger carrier during the launch, which disengage at a disengagement position, and launch drive means providing the launch arm with an angular velocity.
Many types of launch systems for amusement ride installations are known. A launch system comprising a straight launch structure is known e.g. from WO 2006/004392 from the same applicant. Alternatively, launch structures comprising an inclined plane of ascending gradient with chains or steel cables and consequent lifting mechanical transmission are conventionally used. A disadvantage of such known straight launch guide structures is that a relatively large amount of space (up to 80 meters) is required for the launch, which is not always available and is at the expense of amusement ride guide structure.
In EP 1 358 919 an amusement ride installation is presented. The amusement ride installation comprises an initial trace with arc of circumference substantially vertically developed. Means so as to push the cars on the trace are driven by a counterweight.


An adjustment structure used in conjunction with an imprinting structure is provided. The adjustment structure includes a sample mount for mounting a sample. An actuator mechanism is coupled to the sample mount, the actuator mechanism producing actuated forces on a X-Y plane to produce movements on a sample mount. A plurality of bladed flexures are positioned on the sample mount. The bladed flexures controls the movements of the sample mount produced by the actuator mechanism so as to allow adjustments in angular alignment about the pitch-roll (θX-θY) rotation axes or the X-Y plane relative to the sample mount so the imprinting structure can perform its operations on the sample.

The invention relates to the field of positioning stages for use in lithography or embossing, and in particular to a high-resolution flexural stage for in-plane position and out-of-plane pitch/roll alignment.
There have been many designs for positioning and alignment stages used in the prior art addressing applications such as lithography, embossing, and stamping of nano-structures. However, many of these designs lack the ability to simultaneously allow alignment in the X-Y plane as well as provide alignment the along pitch-roll (θX-θY) rotational axes using the same actuators to achieve either alignment. Moreover, these prior-art stage designs have lower payload capacity and limited resolution, and need at least one actuator per degree-of-freedom, thereby increasing the overall cost of the implementation. Furthermore, passive alignment could be detrimental to the structures being worked on because of stability considerations. The present invention addresses the deficiencies presented in the prior art.

High resolution flexural stage for in-plane position and out-of-plane pitch/roll alignment


An underreamer for increasing the diameter of a bore. The underreamer includes a substantially cylindrical body having an axial bore therein. A mandrel may extend axially through the axial bore. One or more cutter blocks are movably coupled to the body. A ratio of a height of the cutter block to a diameter of the body is between about 0.35:1 and about 0.50:1.

Implementations described herein generally relate to downhole tools. More particularly, one or more such implementations relate to underreamers for enlarging the diameter of a wellbore.
After a wellbore is drilled, an underreamer is oftentimes used to enlarge the diameter of the wellbore. Conventional underreamers have a body with a mandrel extending axially therethrough. The mandrel has an axial bore through which fluid flows. One or more cutter blocks are movably coupled to the body and adapted to transition from a retracted state to an expanded state.
The underreamer is run into the wellbore in the retracted state. In the retracted state, the cutter blocks are folded into the body of the underreamer such that the cutter blocks are positioned radially-inward from the surrounding casing or wellbore wall. Once the underreamer reaches the desired depth in the wellbore, the underreamer is actuated into the expanded state. In the expanded state, the cutter blocks move radially-outward and into contact with the wellbore wall. The cutter blocks are then used to cut or grind the wall of the wellbore to increase the diameter thereof.
The (radial) height of the cutter blocks is less than or equal to the (radial) distance between the outer surface of the mandrel and the outer surface of the body. As the height of the cutter blocks increases, so may the amount by which the cutter blocks are adapted to increase the diameter of the wellbore when in the expanded state. Conventional cutter blocks are adapted to increase the diameter of the wellbore between about 15% and about 25% from the original (i.e., pilot hole) diameter. When a larger increase in the wellbore diameter is desired, the first underreamer is pulled out of the wellbore, and a second, larger underreamer is run into the wellbore to further increase the diameter of the wellbore. Running multiple underreamers into the wellbore is a time-consuming process, which can lead to lost profits in the field.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Underreamer for increasing a bore diameter


A method and apparatus to arrest or reverse heart damage from myocardial infarction by using a peripheral, femoral-femoral full bypass along with the venting of the left ventricle wherein the rate at which blood is drawn from the femoral vein and the rate at which the left ventricle is vented are related in a predetermined manner. The damaged area is treated with a cardioplegic solution; the blockage causing the heart attack is then removed by a thrombolytic solution or by angioplasty, while blood is prevented from entering the ventricle and from reactivating the heart from its at-rest condition. Normal blood flow is then restored, and the various catheters and bypass mechanisms removed. The system is also useful for peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass systems not involving the application of a cardioplegic solution. The catheters are specially designed for their function.

Each year numerous people suffer a heart attack (acute myocardial infarction) due to the obstruction of a coronary artery which supplies blood to the heart muscle. Of this number, a significant percentage die before reaching medical attention. Another group succumbs after reaching the hospital. Of those which survive, more than half suffer permanent loss of a portion of the heart muscle owing to the damage done during the period of a heart attack by the lack of blood supply (ischemia). This damage impairs the quality of life, shortens life expectancy, and increases the probability of death with subsequent heart attacks.
Currently the methods of treatment of heart attack victims include:
(1) observation and medication in a coronary care unit;
(2) thrombolysis - dissolving by drugs the clot which blocks the coronary artery;
(3) percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) reopening the obstructed artery with a balloon dilator threaded through the arterial system;
(4) emergency operations for coronary artery bypassdetouring blood around the blockage with a blood vessel graft;
(5) balloon counterpulsation - relieving about 10-15 percent of the work of the heart with a pulsating balloon placed in the body's main artery, usually used as a temporizing measure prior to or during the foregoing methods of treatment; and
(6) assist devices - tubes temporarily left in the heart following a bypass operation where the heart is too weakened to support the circulation, even with the balloon treatment of (5) above.
Despite the best available therapy, a significant percent of the patient's die, and those who are not treated fairly promptly suffer permanent loss of heart muscle supplied by the blocked artery. The primary damage to the heart muscle during a heart attack occurs because of the blood supply to a portion of the heart being interrupted; and therefore, the primary goal of the treatments referred to above has been to restore the blood supply as quickly as possible. However, while some of the methods outlined above have decreased the time required to restore blood flow to the portion of the heart subjected to ischemia, they have not resulted in that heart muscle being able to restore its function to the degree previously hoped. Recent studies show that limitations of previous techniques of reperfusion to restore heart muscle function are due to their inability to control the conditions of reperfusion (for example, the blood pressure, the work of the heart) or the composition of the reperfusate blood. The solution used for this purpose keeps the region of the heart muscle from beating (cardioplegia) to minimize its need for oxygen. The cardioplegic solution contains oxygen because it is mixed with oxygenated blood from the heart/lung machine (blood cardioplegia).
Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that controlled reperfusion, which can be achieved via surgical intervention, may facilitate recovery of the left ventricular function after myocardial infarction to a greater degree than can be achieved using conventional pharmacologic or mechanical strategies. The September 1986 issue of the Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, entitled "Studies of Controlled Reperfusion After Ischemia," discloses results of laboratory experience supporting the conclusion that controlled reperfusion is necessary. More specifically, it has been determined that damage can be avoided by administering a special blood cardioplegia reperfusate to the damaged area before normal blood flow is resumed. Tests on dogs and other animals indicate that the blood cardioplegia negates the adverse effects of toxins which build up in the myocardium during the ischemia caused by the obstruction of blood to that portion of the heart. The re-introduction of normal blood flow, without the cardioplegia, does not revive the oxygendeprived tissue and results in loss of all or a portion of the affected myocardium. It appears that the cardioplegia solution flushes the damaged capillary bed of toxins that have accumulated during the infarct episode. This cleansing apparently facilitates the recovery of the heart tissue when normal blood flow is resumed. Included in this issue is a preliminary series of patients treated by surgically controlled reperfusion who experienced the same excellent recovery of heart muscle function that occurred under experimental conditions. These results have been confirmed in a recent series of patients who were treated in a multi-center trial of thrombolytic treatment (TAMI) and who did not qualify for or failed the more conventional pharmacologic approach of thrombolysis. The surgical treatment was that of controlled reperfusion following the protocol described in the September 1986 Journal referenced above.
In addition, the studies referred to in the above-mentioned Journal have shown that the foregoing treatment produces good recovery only when the heart is decompressed (left ventricle vented) by extracorporeal circulation. Without such venting during the extracorporeal circulation, there can be sufficient blood returned into the ventricle to cause it to eject, and thereby raise the metabolic demands of the damaged muscle by stretching it.
The studies reported in the above-referenced Journal utilized open-chest techniques for the extracorporeal circulation, with a secondary pump for the venting of the ventricle to obtain the desired decompression condition. However, it is suggested that instead of an open-chest operation, a peripheral bypass technique be employed wherein catheters are connected to the vascular system. With a peripheral technique, catheters may be introduced percutaneously or by using a cutdown procedure along with vessel dilation.
The aforementioned Journal article (page 560) proposes an experimental model of a peripheral (in this case) femoral-to-femoral vented bypass system in humans, together with regional cardioplegia reperfusion, without thoracotomy. This, however, is a desired goal, and the specific manner and apparatus of accomplishing this is not disclosed in detail because it had not been done.
There have been some femoral-to-femoral bypass systems, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,399, but it is not clear that total bypass is obtained, and there is no provision for ventricular venting.
Summarizing some of the foregoing background, it can be simply stated that: heart attacks are caused by closed coronary arteries; opening an artery does not cure the heart attack; and controlling the conditions and composition of the initial reperfusion of a blocked coronary artery does permit salvage of the damaged myocardium beyond the obstruction. The only accepted way to control the conditions and composition of coronary reperfusion of individuals undergoing a heart attack is by open-chest surgical operation with direct decompression of the heart, decompression of the left ventricle and direct infusion of the coronary arteries through surgically connected saphenous vein grafts. Although the results of this approach have been proven superior to results obtained by any of the current methods of treating acute myocardial infarction, the performance of a major operation has risks of mortality and morbidity, and a high level of expense.
There is thus a clear need for an improved system which will minimize the damage to the myocardium following heart attacks. Such a system should be able to be applied quickly after the onset of symptoms. It should provide for the opening of the blocked artery without permitting normal blood flow to enter the ischemic area. It should permit infusion of a fluid of a specific composition under controlled conditions of temperature, pressure and flow. Further, the system should relieve the workload of the heart by supporting the body on an extracorporeal circulation to eliminate the flow work of the heart and relieve the left ventricle of all blood to eliminate pressure work of the heart. Further, it is highly desirable that the foregoing be accomplished without the risk of a major chest operation in critically ill patients.
It is also desirable that an improved extracorporeal circulation system be available for applications other than in connection with cardioplegia reperfusion.

Peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass and coronary reperfusion system


A radio navigation system (100; 400), comprising a plurality of satellite-borne transmitters (110, 114, 118, 122) and at least one ground-based receiver (104), the receiver (104) being adapted to receive radionavigation signals (112, 116, 120, 124; 412, 416, 420, 424) from each of a plurality of the transmitters (110, 114, 118, 122). Each of the transmitters (110, 114, 118, 122) and the receiver (104) being adapted to access a predetermined first key chain, the first key chain comprising a first encryption key (K; Kj) and one or more further encryption keys (K; Kj,1, Kj,2, Kj,3, Kj,4). The system may comprise a first group of transmitters from said plurality of transmitters (110, 114, 118, 122), each transmitter in the first group of transmitters being operable to transmit a first radio navigation signal (112, 116, 120, 124; 412, 416, 420, 424), the first radionavigation signals including, at a given instant or for a given subframe (k, k+1), radionavigation data, a MAC (MAC1, MAC2, MAC3, MAC4), and one of said one or more further encryption keys (K; Kj,1, Kj,2, Kj,3, Kj,4). The MAC code (MAC1, MAC2, MAC3, MAC 4) is unique to each transmitter (110, 114, 118, 122) and is generated using the first encryption key (K; Kj,) and the one of said one or more further encryption keys (K; Kj,1, Kj,2, Kj,3, Kj,4) is transmitted a predetermined time after transmission of the MAC. The receiver (104) is operable, upon receipt of all or part of the first radionavigation signal (112, 116, 120, 124; 412, 416, 420, 424) from one or more of the first group of transmitters (110, 114, 118, 122), to authenticate a first radionavigation signal received from one of the first group of transmitters based on one of said one or more further encryption keys (K; Kj,1, Kj,2, Kj,3, Kj,4) received from that transmitter or from any other transmitter in said first group of transmitters. The same key K may be used for all transmitters in the first group, or each transmitter may use different key from the key chain. The transmitters may be formed into a second group, in addition to the first, with the second group using its own key chain in a similar manner. An advantage is to increase the availability of an authenticated position even in degraded reception environments. Embodiments also relate to the optimal transmission of authentication information—though the use of unpredictable bits interleaved with predictable bits—so as to minimize the signal predictability time and the increase of robustness against replay attacks.

Through the use of systems such as GPS, satellite navigation has become a critical element of society and economy. However, in spite of their high importance, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) civil signals are very easy to forge. They are transmitted and received at a very low power (around −160 dBW, or 10−16 Watts), meaning that a device transmitting counterfeit signals at a low power can take control of a GNSS receiver. Currently, civil GNSS signals do not provide any means of determining the authenticity of these signals in order to prevent such attacks, although it is believed such a feature may be implemented in some GNSS in the future. However, some GNSS signal and data authentication measures have been proposed, as will be discussed below.
The term "authentication" in the satellite navigation domain refers in general to the authenticity of a position calculated from navigation satellite signals. In order to authenticate a position, the authenticity of the signals used in the position calculation need to be assured and, in addition to that, the receiver must ensure that the internal process to calculate this position has not been forged. As used herein, "authentication" primarily means signal authentication. The two main pieces of information that a receiver extracts from the GNSS signals are the satellite position and time information (contained in the navigation message), and the signal time-of-arrival (which is obtained in most receivers by code phase measurements). Therefore, authentication of radionavigation signals refers to the confirmation of the authenticity and integrity of the data transmitted from the satellite, and the authentication of the signal time of arrival (TOA) measured by the receiver.
As Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) signals, GNSS signals contain a bitstream of data modulated on a spreading code that spreads the signal power across a certain bandwidth, and which is also used for the calculation of time of arrival. Authentication measures are divided in those related to spreading-codes and those related to navigation data, also called navigation message authentication (NMA).
Elements of the present invention are based on aspects of the TESLA (Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant Authentication) protocol for radionavigation message authentication.
A. Perrig et al. "Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant Authentication (TESLA): Multicast Source Authentication Transform Introduction, (2005, Carnegie Mellon University, Network Working Group) introduces the concept of TESLA as a method to allow a receiver of multicast or broadcast information from a sender to check the integrity and authenticate information. TESLA uses symmetric cryptography, and time-delayed key disclosure to achieve asymmetry property and therefore minimizing key management tasks. The paper refers specifically to the use of TESLA in authentication of data packages in the context of network communications. It does not refer to its application into radiolocation or radionavigation, or to satellite communications. The authors do not propose the use of the TESLA protocol in radionavigation, and do not analyze its availability under fading and shadowing transmission channels.
Sherman C. Lo, et al., "Assessing the Security of a Navigation System: A Case Study using Enhanced Loran", Stanford University, discusses an adapted version of TESLA for navigation channels in enhanced Loran, for example in which a given key is used for several MACs. Authentication is discussed in relation to key cryptography, as well as other techniques for enhancing the security of Loran. The TESLA data authentication technique is discussed in one section, and is the known technique discussed hereinabove. The authors set out an adaptation of TESLA for navigation channels, to make it more suitable for Loran. It is stated that one modification in order to be more tolerant of message loss in a data efficient manner is to use a given key for several MACs.
C Wullems et al.: "Signal Authentication and Integrity Schemes for Next Generation Global Navigation Satellite Systems", Proceedings of the European Navigation Conference GNSS, 22 Jul. 2005 (2005-07-22), pages 1-11, XP055141309, Munich, discloses techniques for NMA-based authentication of GNSS signals based on TESLA. A transmitter generates a key chain by hashing function F. Authentication is performed, for the current timeslot, by determining whether there is a match between (i) a MAC (MAC′n+2) derived from MACs obtained from a first (data) type of message during a previous timeslot and a key (K′n+2) obtained by applying a secure key generation function F′ to a key (Kn+2) obtained from a second type of message during the current timeslot, and (ii) a MAC (MAC′n+2) obtained from the second type of message during the previous timeslot.
Known systems making use of TESLA for radionavigation signal authentication are based on the following steps:                the generation for each transmitter i, from an initial random seed Ki,n, of a chain of keys Ki,n to Ki,0 generated recursively through a one-way function, and the use of the said one-way chain in reverse order (Ki,0 to Ki,n), whereby, at a certain time slot j, a transmitter i of the radionavigation system authenticates its broadcast data with a message authentication code (MACi,j) that uses the said key Ki,j from the said one way chain;        the transmission by each transmitter i of the data to authenticate, together with the said MAC and, after a certain period of time, the said key Ki,j;        the reception by the receiver from each transmitter of the transmitter data, the MACi,j and the key Ki,j;        the verification by the receiver of the authenticity of the satellite data by the generation of MACi,j with the data itself and Ki,j, and the comparison with the MACi,j received from the satellite i;        the verification by the receiver, for each of the signals from each said transmitter i, of the authenticity of Ki,j by performing the one-way function recursively to generate a previous key of the chain, for example Ki,0, that is certified as authentic from a previously received certificate.
Therefore, known uses of TESLA protocols for radionavigation follow an approach whereby each signal from each transmitter is authenticated independently, and a problem is that all the required data for the authentication process needs to be received from the transmitter whose data is to be authenticated.
A further problem with conventional systems is that they do not provide the possibility to optimally use data from one satellite to authenticate other satellites and minimize the total number of bits required for the authentication of several satellites. They also do not provide the possibility to use the data from satellites with potentially better reception conditions to authenticate other satellites.
These factors represent a major problem for some radionavigation systems, such as those based on satellite navigation, where the reception conditions can be generally degraded and can vary significantly for different satellites due to local obstructions in certain terrestrial environments, for example urban or suburban areas.
The disclosure enables authentication of radio-navigation signals with an optimum level of robustness and availability, including environments where the signal reception and data demodulation conditions prevent the successful demodulation of all the data from all the radio-navigation transmitters.

Method and system to optimise the authentication of radionavigation signals

THE EUROPEAN UNION, REPRESENTED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION


Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and computer program products that utilize analysis of content in order to reduce power consumption of a sensor that measures affective response of a user. A content emotional response analyzer receives and analyzes a segment of content, and outputs an indication that is indicative of whether a predefined threshold related to an emotional response to the segment is reached. A controller selects a mode of operation for the sensor based on the indication. The mode of operation is selected from a set comprising first and second modes of operation. The sensor is configured to consume significantly less power while operating at the first mode of operation compared to the power it is configured to consume while operating at the second mode of operation.

The continuous miniaturization of electronics has led to the development of many mobile and ubiquitous computing devices. Not only do people carry with them a wide array of computers, including cell phones and tablets, they also interact with these computers in new ways. Instead of using traditional I/O devices such as keyboards, users can now interact with computers using human-computer interfaces that allow users to express themselves using gestures, voice, and even with their thoughts (via measurement of brainwaves). To enable these new interaction techniques, computer systems need to monitor and measure users, for example, using cameras or physiological sensors. Such measurements not only enable computer systems to receive input and commands from users, but also allows the computer systems to evaluate the users' emotional state. This paves the way to affective computing applications that take into account the user's emotional state, enabling them to be more accurate and prompt with their responses to users' needs.
Through the numerous interactions with computer systems in their day-to-day lives, users are exposed to a wide array of content. Some examples of content users are likely to be exposed to include communications with other users (e.g., video conversations and instant messages), communications with a computer (e.g., interaction with a user's virtual agent), and/or various forms of digital media (e.g., internet sites, television shows, movies, and/or interactive computer games). Throughout these many interactions, it may be useful for computer systems to measure the user's affective response to the content in order to gain insight about how the user feels towards the content.
The advances in human-computer interaction provide multiple devices that may be utilized to measure a person's affective response. For example, systems like Microsoft Kinect™ that involve inexpensive cameras and advanced analysis methods are able to track a user's movement, allowing the user to interact with computers using gestures. Similarly, eye tracking is another technology that is finding its way into more and more computing. Tracking a user's gaze with one or more cameras enables computer systems to detect what content or objects the user is paying attention to. Other technologies that are found in an increasing number of consumer applications include various sensors that can measure physiological signals such as heart rate, blood-volume pulse, galvanic skin response (GSR), skin temperature, respiration, or brainwave activity such as electroencephalography (EEG). These sensors come in many forms, and can be attached to, or embedded in, devices, clothing, and even implanted in the human body.
Analyzing the signals measured by such sensors can enable a computerized system to accurately gauge a user's affective response, and from that, deduce the user's emotional response and feelings (e.g., excitement, boredom, anger, happiness, anxiety, etc.) With this additional understanding of how a user feels, the computerized system can improve the user experience, and customize services for the user; e.g., choose content the user is expected to like. As the use of mobile and ubiquitous computing grows and involves more facets of daily life, there will be a growing need to measure users' physiological signals and communicate this information to affective computing applications.
Since the sensors used to measure users are typically mobile and/or wireless (e.g., bracelets with GSR sensors, cameras, headsets with EEG sensors, or implants), they often rely on batteries for power. However, continuous measurements of a user can consume a lot of power, which drains the sensors' power source. Thus, enabling computer systems to continually receive user's measurements can be problematic when battery powered sensors are involved.
The need to supply sufficient power for operating the sensors and/or analyzing the data they produce is currently met by unsatisfactory means. For example, the size of the battery powering a sensor may be increased, but this is undesirable since it makes the mobile devices more cumbersome and less comfortable for the user. Another inconvenient possibility is to recharge power sources more often to meet the power demands. Yet another possibility is to measure users less or decrease the quality of the measurements, thus reducing the sensors' power demands. But this is also problematic, since it means that the computer systems may reduce the quality of service provided to the users.
Thus, there is a need to reduce the power consumption of sensors used to measure affective response, and to do so in a way that does not severely inconvenience the users or dramatically reduces the quality of data provided by the sensors.

Utilizing analysis of content to reduce power consumption of a sensor that measures affective response to the content


A webbing take-up device is obtained in which the number of rotations of a spool from the start of deformation of a first energy absorption member until the start of deformation of a second energy absorption member can exceed one rotation. In a webbing take-up device, a restricting tab is provided at an open side of the engagement recess portion. Although the leading end of the stopper pawl and the engagement recess portion face each other in the first rotation of the lock ring, a leading end of a stopper pawl is thereby unable to enter inside the engagement recess portion. The restricting tab is restricted from rotating when the leading end of the stopper pawl abuts an abutting portion of the restricting tab. When the lock ring accordingly rotates in a pull-out direction, the restricting tab moves relative to the open side of the engagement recess portion. When the leading end of the stopper pawl and the engagement recess portion face each other in this state, the leading end of the stopper pawl is thereby able to enter the engagement recess portion.

A webbing take-up device described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2012-96745 includes a force limiter configured including a main torsion shaft and a sub torsion shaft. When the force limiter starts to operate in this webbing take-up device, first, the main torsion shaft undergoes twisting deformation and the entire sub torsion shaft rotates together with a spool accompanying rotation of the spool in a pull-out direction. When the spool rotates to a specific angle in the pull-out direction from this state, the sub torsion shaft also undergoes twisting deformation.
Namely, the size of the energy absorption load can be switched partway through operation of the force limiter in this webbing take-up device.


A deaerator includes a stationary separation chamber with first and second opposite walls or ends and a peripheral wall in between. Rotating vanes are mounted on a shaft. A large inlet leads to the stationary chamber at the first end and is arranged along a center axis of the chamber. An air reject port lies inside the inlet and is arranged along a center axis of the chamber. The vanes are spaced from the peripheral wall to define a gap. An exit chamber is included at the second end between the vanes and second wall. A vacuum is connected through the air reject port. A variable orifice valve is located at the inlet and outlet. Pressure sensors are also provided at the inlet and outlet. The valves are controlled to regulate the fluid flow, internal level, and pressure in the chamber.

The present invention relates generally to the field of liquid and air separation and in particular to a deaerator apparatus and deaeration system for removing air bubbles from a variety of fluids such as coatings.
There are several basic processes for removing air bubbles by centrifugal force. Each process has its drawbacks and none of these is used to make totally air free coating today.
The hydrocyclone spins fluid inside a tube based on the inlet velocity. Hydrocylcones are limited in the viscosity they can treat and cannot remove all air as the fluid exits the separation chamber under pressure allowing bubbles to effervesce at normal atmospheric pressure.
A rotating tank has similar problems. In addition, it is also expensive and limited in the RPM that can safely be achieved.
Another process is a stationary tank with vanes spinning inside. However, thermal or heat buildup is a problem in these systems.
One process does exist that is capable of producing a totally air free coating. This process uses rotating disks inside a vacuum chamber to make a very thin layer. The layer is thin enough so the bubbles rise to the surface and break. Unfortunately, these machines are very expensive because the vacuum chamber has a heavy walled construction to resist implosion. These machines are also difficult to control and keep clean.
Specific apparatuses or systems for removing air bubbles are discussed in more detail below.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,193 to Gullichsen et al. discloses a centrifugal pump comprising a housing, an inlet channel at one end of the housing, a fluid outlet at the periphery of the housing, a rotor having axially extending blades, a gas exit chamber separated below the separation chamber by a partition wall, a gas discharge in the gas exit chamber, and openings in the partition wall for communication between the chambers. A suspension is rotated within the pump so that a gas bubble is created at a central part of the pump, and gas is discharged from the gas bubble at a gas discharge pressure. The gas discharge leads to a vacuum pump.
The discharge flow rate of the fluid is controlled by a valve and flow meter in the fluid outlet. A dP instrument is connected between the fluid outlet and a liquid container from which the fluid is introduced into the inlet. A dP controller is connected to the fluid inlet and gas discharge to measure the differential pressure between the suspension inlet and the gas discharge.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,546,854 to Muller discloses a non-rotative centrifugal separator comprising a cylindrical casing, an inlet pipe at one end of the casing, an outlet pipe and a drain pipe at the opposite end, and a baffle assembly comprising vanes mounted on a mounting rim in the shape of a disc. Centrifugal force separates a gaseous fluid into a gaseous stream in the center and an annular envelope of the liquid particles. The gaseous stream exits the outlet while the fluid exits through the drain.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,597,904 to Jakobsson et al. discloses a liquid gas separation apparatus comprising a pump housing, an inlet leading to the housing, a gas discharge pipe contained within the inlet along a central axis of the pump housing, a vacuum source connected to the gas discharge pipe, a pump rotor driven by a shaft for rotating shovels so that the fluid along the walls passes through an outlet at the periphery of the housing.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,018 to Clark et al. discloses a vortex separator comprising a cylindrical chamber, an inlet at a first end, coaxial with and surrounding a lightweight rejects pipe, a shaft imparting rotational motion to an impeller at a second opposite end, a perforate wall at the second end, an accepts chamber leading to an accepts pipe, and a heavy rejects outlet in a side wall adjacent the first wall. The impeller defines an annular passage.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,382,804 to Mellor discloses a fluid particle separator comprising a cylindrical housing containing a separator comprising a disk of substantially the same diameter as the internal wall of the housing, leaving a small radial clearance. The disc is formed with a plurality of vanes. A baffle plate is provided behind the separator. A fluid inlet is provided at one end of the housing and a fluid outlet is provided at the opposite end.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,672 to Underwood discloses an apparatus for removing gas from mud comprising a chamber having an inlet at one end and mud and gas outlets at the opposite end. A shaft is located centrally along the axis of the chamber and is attached to vanes and two discs spaced apart. As the shaft discs and vanes rotate, a centrifugal force is imparted to the mud separating the gas from the mud. The mud exists through a circumference or peripheral outlet while the gas exits through a plurality of gas outlets.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,955,992 to Goodale et al, discloses a liquid degassing system comprising a liquid reservoir having an inlet for receiving a liquid, an outlet for expelling degassed liquid and a vacuum source controllably connected through a valve to draw gas out of the liquid. A baffle prevents air bubbles from passing to the outlet while allowing the fluid to pass through to the outlet. A valve in the liquid inlet may interrupt flow to the reservoir while a vacuum is applied. A second valve in an outlet conduit may interrupt flow from the reservoir when a vacuum is applied.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,166 to Elonen et al. discloses a centrifugal pump comprising a housing with a liquid flow inlet, an impeller with pumping vanes and a central gas passage, and a gas outlet connected to an external vacuum pump. Gas is separated by the impeller and pumping vanes and is collected in the center of the housing where it is withdrawn through the central gas passage of the impeller to the gas outlet.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,976,586 to Richter et al. discloses a pump system comprising a housing with an inlet and an outlet, an impeller having a hub and blades, a hollow tubular body with vanes mounted on a shaft which rotates and forces pulp to the impeller. Gas collected at the impeller is withdrawn through a passage in the shaft of the tubular body via an exterior vacuum pump.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,621 to Kramer discloses a fluid separator comprising a cylindrical rotating bowl, an inlet at one end of the drum, circumferentially spaced vanes near the inlet and outlet parts circumferentially spaced about the inlet leading to a gas manifold. Water accumulates at the periphery of the bowl while lighter density gas is forced into the outlet parts. The water moves onto a disk pump compartment via axial passages formed in the periphery of the walls of the bowl.
A centrifugal air compressor having a hub with radially arranged blades is known from U.S. Pat. No. 2,611,241 to Schulz.
Pressure monitoring control of valves is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,515 to Eaton et al. which discloses a system for sensing and controlling the liquid level in a centrifuge bowl comprising a pressure sensor at the outlet of the bowl connected to a controller and valve of the inlet. Gas is withdrawn from the housing via a vacuum source.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,993,944 to Peebles teaches a centrifugal pump in which the pressure inside the pump is monitored to control a valve at the outlet.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,579 to Billingsley et al., discloses a pressure control apparatus for a cyclone separator comprising a differential pressure transducer for measuring the pressure within the chamber of the cyclone separator. A pressure sensor is located in the separation chamber and a microprocessor controller ascertains pressure differences between a preset valve and a pressure in the separation chamber. A variable flow control valve is associated with a discharge opening of the chamber and increases air flow in response to increased pressure in the separation chamber sensed by the controller.
There is a need for deaerators that can produce a totally air free coating while having a low heat buildup. Additionally, there is a need in the art for such apparatuses to have a structure which can easily be disassembled for cleaning. Finally, in light of current technologies which use expensive vacuum systems to achieve totally air free coatings, there is a need for an inexpensive solution for producing totally air free coatings. In particular, a deaeration system is needed in which the high cost of a large vacuum chamber and the resulting high cost of creating a vacuum are overcome. There is also a need for differential pressure monitoring for affecting incoming and outgoing fluids and process controls that assure the delivery of air free fluids regardless of process disruptions such as excessive incoming air or temporary loss of vacuum.


A raw paper prepared by a mixed pulp including straw pulp, which can be used to prepare textbooks, writing papers and office paper with good performance, and the producing method of said raw paper are provided. The weight proportion of the straw pulp in the mixed stock is from 10% to 100%, and the straw pulp has a hardness of KMnO4 value 10-17, an average fiber length of 0.1-2.5 mm, a tensile index of 23-57 Nm/g, a tearing index of 3.0-6.0 mN·m2/g, a folding endurance index of 2-6 kPa·m2/g and a whiteness of 28-50%. Either, the L value of the hue of said raw paper is 65-95, a value is 0-5, and b value is 0-40. The KMnO4 value of hardness of the pulp after oxygen delignification is 10-14. The method includes: adding grass-series raw material into a digester, then adding cooking liquor, heating the cooking liquor to 100-200°, pressurizing to 0.3-0.9 MPa, cooking for 150-250 min, extruding the pulp, washing and obtaining the straw pulp. The amount of the ammonium sulfite of the cooking reagent is 5-20% of the absolute dry material, and the amount of the sodium hydroxide is 0-15% of the absolute dry material, the liquor ratio is 1:2-15.

In the prior art, there exist the problems of stimulation to eyes caused by the whiteness of textbook, notebook and duplicating paper, and the use of a large number of chemicals resulting in environmental pollution.
No other dyes, pigments or dyeware are added into the base paper of the present invention. In most cases, the base paper is not bleached or just lightly bleached, and the resulting base paper per se has a natural yellow color which is beneficial to the vision, so as to achieve the purpose of protecting eyes and preventing myopia. At the same time, by employing 100% of the base paper, the damage of chemicals such as dioxin to humans can be avoided, that is to say, the base paper of the present application is environment-friendly.

Shandong Fuyin Paper & Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd


A method comprises at least: a first radar processing for locating and estimating the trajectory of a target on the basis of measurements of radial distances, of Doppler frequency and of angle of azimuth and of elevation of the target arising from a radar signal emitted towards the target; a second radar processing of location and of trajectory of the target along a vertical axis, by applying the principle of the inverse synthetic antenna; the disparity between the given trajectory and the trajectory estimated by the first processing, projected on a horizontal plane, and the disparity between the given trajectory and the trajectory estimated by the second processing according to the vertical axis being used to control the direction of displacement of the target.

A technical problem to be solved is the location of a vertical takeoff or landing craft for which a very high precision of location is sought, according to an economical solution.
This need may relate to the guidance of rotary-wing aircraft, piloted or not, but more particularly to novel systems intended to recover the first stage of rocket launchers.
In this particular case the descent speed is high, thus rendering guidance towards the landing zone very tricky.
Moreover, these systems require very high operating safety, given the cost of the craft that one wishes to recover and the risks incurred, in particular the risks of crashing in an inhabited area.
There exist numerous systems for aiding landing, in particular based on radar technology. Most of these systems are suited to the landing of aircraft carrying out an approach to the touchdown point along a low descent slope, typically 3° and with a relatively low descent speed. The P.A.R. (Precision Approach Radar) system may in particular be cited in this regard.
All these systems are intended to detect long-range targets, typically several tens of kilometres away, thus requiring antennas of large dimensions and high emission power.
They are expensive, unwieldy to implement or are poorly suited to the guidance of craft carrying out a vertical or near-vertical descent slope, in particular when the descent speed is high.

Method of guidance of an aerial target, in particular in the vertical landing phase, and radar system implementing such a method


A slant engine for a utility engine which a cylinder is attached to the crankcase with slanted with respect to the a rotational direction of a crankshaft, comprises a reservoir oil tank formed outside of the crankcase at lower portion for reserving lubricant, a communication pipe connected to bottom portions of the reservoir oil tank and the crankcase for communicating the lubricant in the crankcase and the reservoir oil tank, and a vent pipe connected to both of the reservoir oil tank and the inside of the crankcase.

In a four-stroke cycle engine, a lubricant as engine oil is stored in a bottom of a crankcase. The lubricant is supplied to appropriate sliding portions that require lubrication, such as a bearing portion of a crankshaft incorporated in the crankcase, a joint portion between the crankshaft and a connecting rod, and a portion between a piston and cylinder bore. In a utility engine used as a power source for a generator or atomizer, the lubricant stored in the bottom of the crankcase is splashed to the sliding portion by a scraper formed on the connecting rod.
On the other hand, a slant engine is used as the power source of the generator etc. As for the slant engine, the cylinder is assembled to the crankcase in such a way that a cylinder bore axis line (a central axis of reciprocation piston) is slanted toward a rotational direction of the crankshaft.
When the slant engine is viewed from a direction along the crankshaft, the cylinder is as assembled to one side of the crankcase. The scraper in the slant engine is assembled at the end portion of the connecting rod so as to splash the lubricant toward an inner surface of the crankcase.
As for such slant engine, if the engine stands on a slope, the stored lubricant stays in one wall side of the crankcase. Thus, when the slant engine is used in the foregoing condition, the scraper may be unable to reach to a liquid surface of the lubricant otherwise it may sink deeply into the lubricant so that it cannot work appropriately for the lubrication in the crankcase.
Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No. 5-50012 discloses the slant engine comprising partition boards in an oil pan of the crankcase and an oil strainer provided between partition boards so as to prevent accidental entry of air bubbles into the oil strainer by fluctuation of the liquid level.
On the other hand, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-81966 discloses an engine, but not the slant engine, having an upright cylinder. This engine has an outside reservoir oil tank in addition to the oil pan of the crankcase and a solenoid valve provided in an oil passage connecting the oil pan and the reservoir oil tank for controlling the "open/close" states of the oil passage, so as to increase quantity of lubricant without upsizing the crankcase,
It is preferred to increase quantity of lubricant to extend a maintenance period of the lubricant. Where the oil strainer are provided between the partition boards as shown in Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No 5-50012, it is difficult to increase the quantity of lubricant although the lubricant can be supplied to appropriate portions even if the slant engine stands on a slope.
Furthermore, when the reservoir oil tank is formed outside the crankcase and the solenoid valve controls the passage to the reservoir oil tank depending on a signal from the sensor detecting the level of lubricant surface of the oil pan as shown in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No 11-81966, the structure becomes complicate and the production cost becomes high. Furthermore, it is difficult to apply this structure to the slant engine.


A method for masking sensitive data based on image recognition comprises: extracting initial image features of a to-be-processed image in multiple dimensions of features; reducing dimensions for the initial image features in the multiple dimensions of features, to obtain image features of the to-be-processed image in at least one dimension of sensitive data masking; identifying sensitive features of the to-be-processed image based on the image features in the at least one dimension of sensitive data masking; masking the sensitive data for the sensitive features of the to-be-processed image. The method for masking sensitive data based on image recognition realizes the sensitive data masking for images based on image recognition, and the efficiency of sensitive data masking is relatively high.

In the era of big data, the commercial value contained in data has been fully explored, and the accurate positioning of users has been realized on the basis of data investigating, providing users with more targeted marketing recommendation strategies and service strategies. However, it also brings a huge challenge on the protection of user privacy—how to protect users' privacy while conducting data investigating will become the most serious issue in sensitive data masking. Sensitive data masking refers to a process of data deforming for certain sensitive information according to the sensitive data masking rules, realizing a reliable protection of sensitive private data, and the safe use of the real data set, when in an environment of development, testing and other non-production and outsourcing environments.
At present, the sensitive data masking for text information is mainly to recognize the text contents through natural language processing, and then to perform sensitive data masking for users' private information, such as names, IDs, cell-phone numbers and bank account numbers, on the basis of the recognized text contents. However, the current method of sensitive data masking can only process the texts when processing images, in which, it, at first, recognizes texts in images, and then it identifies sensitive information from the recognized texts, and finally sensitive data is masked for the sensitive information contained in the images. However, for those images with few texts or containing some texts difficult to be recognized, it is hard to mask sensitive data based on image processing, resulting in a greater defect in the sensitive data masking.

Method and device for sensitive data masking based on image recognition


Methods and system for network monitoring is provided. The system includes a communication circuit configured to receive network information from one or more components of a medical network for a select time period, and a controller circuit having one or more processors coupled to the communication circuit. The controller circuit is configured to determine a configuration and data usage of the medical network based on the network information at reference points along the time period of interest. The controller circuit is configured to generate a graphical representation of a topology of the medical network on a display based on the configuration of the medical network at one of the reference points. The graphical representation includes a plurality of component markers, representing the one or more components, interconnected with each other, and a visual status indicator for the one or more components based on the data usage.

Embodiments described herein generally relate to monitoring a network using a specialized graphical user interface to manage, view, and troubleshoot the network.
The use of computer networks and devices has become widespread, and many of the advantages of such networks and devices are well-known. The networks can include multiple nodes each interconnected by a bi-directional communication link. However, when a network fault occurs, such as when a bi-directional communication link fails, the network may experience congestion, corresponding performance issues, and/or the like. For networks having a few devices (e.g., one node), the network faults are manageable. However, for large networks having multiple nodes, such as medical networks in hospitals extending multiple floors and/or buildings, the network faults can be difficult to locate and/or diagnose. Managing the configuration and multiple communication links within these large networks is conventionally done by having multiple status boxes distributed at each node throughout the network. The status boxes monitor the bi-directional communication links, when a network fault occurs an information technology (IT) technician, user, and/or the like is required to diagnose and/or reconfigure the network at the status box detecting the network fault.

Methods and systems for network monitoring


A flexible game call having a flexible sound chamber coupled to a multi-part mouthpiece assembly which includes therein a removable diaphragm and a method of operating the game call in which the flexible sound chamber is manipulated to affect the tone of the sound emitted from the game call and further manipulated for affecting the general direction of the sound emanating from the game call.

The present invention generally relates to game calls and even more particularly relates to flexible game calls and even more particularly relates to long-life flexible game calls having interchangeable diaphragms
In the past, hunters have often used game calls which consist of a relatively short rigid tube having a sound-producing diaphragm affixed therein. While these types of calls and others have enjoyed considerable use in the past, they have several serious drawbacks. First of all, the typical short, rigid tube has a limited range of tones which can resonate within the call, thereby limiting the range of sound frequencies which can easily be generated within the call. Secondly, these rigid calls generally require the hunter to be facing in the same direction as he or she desires the sound to be directed. For example, if a hunter is standing behind a tree and desires to direct the sound of the call in a direction behind the tree or on the other side of the tree, she would typically be required to physically turn around and face the tree and blow the call in that direction. Often the additional motion of turning around may be just enough to visually catch the attention of nearby game, thereby alerting such game to the presence of a hunter. Another problem with the typical calls used in the past has been their relative short life span. The diaphragm typically is affixed in the call and often becomes cracked, stretched, punctured or otherwise damaged, thereby rendering the entire call useless. These and other problems have existed with typical game calls in the past.
Consequently, there exists a need for improvement in game calls which overcome the above-stated problems.

Flexible game call with replacement diaphragm


The problem is to attain a joint for multi-core superconducting wires having a high critical current property. The joint for superconducting wires of the present invention has a first sintered body containing MgB2 configured to fix a plurality of superconducting wires, and a second sintered body containing MgB2 configured to joint the superconducting wires.

Magnesium diboride (MgB2) has a critical temperature (transition temperature) of 39 K, which is higher than the critical temperatures of conventional superconductors (for example, niobium-titanium (NbTi) and triniobium-tin (Nb3Sn) and the like). Furthermore, unlike a wire using an oxide superconductor, a wire using MgB2 has an advantage that, when a closed circuit using the wire is operated at a persistent current mode, the wire has high electrical field stability.
The persistent current mode is an operation method in which a current is continuously flown in a closed circuit formed by using a superconductor. That is, since a superconducting wire has a resistance of zero, once a current is flown in a closed circuit, the current is continuously flown without attenuation. In order to attain such persistent current mode, a technique to joint end parts of superconducting coils or superconducting wires constituting a persistent current switch with a superconductor is important. In addition, superconducting wires are generally used as multi-core wires constituted by a plurality of filaments in view of current capacity, wire length, magnetic stability and alternate current loss, and thus are demanded to be capable of joint multi-core wires.
PTL 1 describes a method including polishing tip ends of wires containing a mixed powder of magnesium (Mg) and boron (B) or MgB2 wires to expose MgB2 cores, inserting the wires in a container, filling the container with a mixed powder of Mg and B from the direction orthogonal to the wires, pressurizing the mixed powder, and conducting a heat treatment. By the heat treatment, a sintered body of MgB2 is formed, and the wires are jointed.


Hydrocyclone (1) for separating an input stream (8) of two immiscible liquids having a stream inlet (18) an inner shell (3) and an outer shell (4) concentric with the longitudinal axis (5) of the hydrocyclone (1), a cyclone chamber is defined by the shells (3,4), encircles the axis (5) and has an entrance (7), an expansion chamber (9) which reduces the velocity of the input stream (8) by the time it reaches the entrance (7) is between the stream inlet (18) and the entrance (7). The dimensions of the hydrocyclone are selected so that the hydrocyclone (1) has a radius not more than 30% greater than the radius of the outer shell (4) and lies within a circle in a plane perpendicular to and centered on the axis (5), therefore the hydrocyclone (1) can be readily lowered into a well casing (2) in the ground.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a hydrocyclone apparatus for separating the constituents of a mixed phase input stream, such as, for example, separation of two immiscible liquids. Separation is effected by reason of the difference of the specific gravities of the constituents, which are subjected to centrifugal force as the stream is directed along a helical path between an inlet and outlets.
2. Description of Prior Art
Hydrocyclones are well known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,825 issued Feb. 1, 2000 to the assignee of this application and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Numerous patents relating to hydrocyclones are listed on said patent.
In general, a hydrocyclone comprises a chamber which, for example, can be formed by a pair of concentric spaced walls which are long relative to their diameters, and each of which can be of the same diameter along its length or of decreasing diameter in the direction from the top inlet and to the bottom heavy liquid outlet end of the chamber. A mixed stream, e.g. consisting of heavy, or high density, liquid and a light, or low density liquid, is directed into the chamber, near or at the top of the chamber, at very high velocity and follows a helical path from the point at which the stream enters the chamber to the lower end of the chamber. The helical path flow can be augmented by a helical vane or tube between the chamber walls. The stream constituents are subjected to centrifugal force as they traverse the helical path so that the heavier constituents move outwardly toward the outer wall and the lighter constituents migrate toward the inner wall.
There comes a time in the pumping of many oil wells when the liquid in the well is much less than 50% oil, the remainder being mainly water or brine. Thus, the liquid may contain 5% oil and 95% brine. Under the latter conditions, it can be uneconomical to process the liquid above ground, i.e. to provide a hydrocyclone separator above ground and to pump the liquid from the liquid pool thousands of feet below ground to the hydrocyclone above ground. In addition, the separated liquid and solids, other than the oil, must be disposed of which involves further expense, particularly because of ecological restrictions with respect to disposing of such liquids and solids.
Therefore, it can be desirable to treat the low oil content liquid with a hydrocyclone disposed below ground in the bore of the well pipe because when the hydrocyclone is so located, it is unnecessary to pump the entire untreated liquid to the surface of the ground and the undesired liquids and solids can merely be returned to the liquid pool at the bottom of the well pipe.
However, the bore of the well pipe may be only about five inches in diameter which limits the maximum exterior dimensions of the hydrocyclone and the connections thereto. Thus, if the connections, e.g. pipe fittings, extend radially outwardly of the hydrocyclone chamber outer wall, the diameter of the outer wall must be decreased to enable the hydrocyclone and its connections to fit within the pipe. The diameter of the outer wall can be reduced only a limited amount if adequate flow within the cyclone is to be achieved.
In addition, there are some drilling operations in which the drilling is vertical at the beginning and then is horizontal or close to horizontal. In such cases, there is a curved transition portion between the vertical and horizontal portions which may, for example, have a radius of about forty feet. If the hydrocyclone is to be positioned in the horizontal portion of the well bore, the exterior dimension of the hydrocyclone and its connections and the length of the hydrocyclone must be selected so that the combination can be fed through the curved transition portion. Accordingly, it is desirable to keep such exterior dimension to a minimum.
A hydrocyclone requires an inlet connection for the input stream and at least one outlet connection for a separated constituent is required. When the apparatus is installed in a hole, a conduit, such as a flexible hose, is required from the outlet to a point above ground. In some prior art hydrocyclones, the inlet connection extends radially from the apparatus to permit directing the stream tangentially to the chamber walls. Also, in the prior art, the outlet connection may extend radially from the apparatus. Both such radially extending connections can undesirably restrict the maximum diameter of the chamber for a given hole size.
It has been proposed that the inlets and outlets of a hydrocyclone be located substantially within, or within, a projection of the periphery of the chamber so that the apparatus has substantially the same outer size throughout its length. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,147,671 and 5,431,228.
In the apparatus in U.S. Pat. No. 2,147,671 in which the inlet connection is substantially within a projection of the periphery of the outer wall of the chamber (FIG. 5), the cylindrical stream directly impinges on the helical plate and is not directed at the angle of the helical plate, i.e. the stream is directed at an angle to the plate. There is no transition region between the stream inlet and the helical plate. As a result, the sudden change in stream path will cause undesirable disturbances in the stream which may persist for several turns of the helical path. A smooth transition from the inlet to the helical path is very important for establishing fully developed and desired flow at or near the beginning of the helical path to increase the useful portion of the hydrocyclone.
Although U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,228 shows hydrocyclone inlets and outlets within the projection of the outer wall of the cyclone chamber, the connections to the inlet and outlet are above ground so that it is not necessary that the connections fit within the well pipe and the connections are not so described. In addition, the inlet of the hydrocyclone is of the same size as the diameter of the outer wall of the cyclone and is coaxial with the cyclone helix. Also, the distance between the inner side of the chamber outer wall and the periphery of the helix support rod is relatively large.


An information processor includes a receiver configured to receive, from a first device, a response information request including content identification information for identifying a content in a network; an extraction portion configured to extract a plurality of element information pieces included in the content identification information; a storage to store therein each of conditions for a first element information piece among the plurality of element information pieces, and a response information piece in association with each other; and a generator configured to generate a response message including the response information piece stored in association with a condition that the first element information piece extracted by the extraction portion satisfies among the conditions for the first element information piece stored in the storage portion.

In recent years, there is a trend to assign a universal resource identifier (URI), which is a globally unique identifier, to each program broadcasted on television, and to provide a service in which an Internet service and a television broadcast program are linked by use of the URI. As a method of assigning a URI to each program broadcasted on television, there is a method of automatically generating a URI from service information (SI) included in a broadcast wave of a television broadcast. Note that in this method, a URI is an identifier dependent on the broadcaster or the like. As a result, a single program may be assigned different URIs depending on areas.
A social network service (SNS) can be considered as an example of an Internet service being linked with a program broadcasted on television by use of the URI assigned to the television program. In SNS, a plurality of users share a URI assigned to a program broadcasted on television. For example, when user A informs user B of a program user A is currently viewing, and concurrently informs user B of the URI of the program, user B is able to view the same program by using (such as simply clicking) the URI.
Such a service in which a URI for identifying a television program and an Internet service are linked, particularly a service in which a plurality of users share a URI, faces some problems. To be specific, television B of user B may not be able to process a URI generated by television A of user A. For example, in a case where television B accesses a URI after the passage of a certain time from the time when television A generates the URI, the program may already be ended. In this case, user B cannot view the program identified by the URI by just clicking the URI. Moreover, when televisions A and B belong to different broadcast areas, such as television A being located in Tokyo and television B being located in Osaka, television B cannot identify the program from the URI generated by television A. This is because the URI of the television program is determined depending on the broadcaster or the like of the television program.
The above mentioned technology is disclosed in M. McRobert, "Automatic Service Discovery with TVDNS," [online], Jun. 12, 2010, Project Bird, [Searched on 14 Nov., 2011], the Internet <URL: http://projectbaird.com/discovery/tvdns/>, corresponding portion: TVDNS Specification, section (r02-2010-06-12), and contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Apparatus and method for automatic conversion of content address and associated action thereof for social television sharing


The present invention provides an image forming apparatus wherein first information corresponding to toner density of two-component developer including toner and carrier particles is detected by a first sensor, second information corresponding to density of the two-component developer is detected by a second sensor, and an amount of toner to be replenished to the two-component developer is controlled on the basis of outputs of the first and second sensors.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine, a printer and the like, which is of electrophotographic type or electrostatic recording type wherein an electrostatic latent image formed on an image bearing member is visualized by developing it with toner, and more particularly, it relates to an image forming apparatus having a toner density control means for properly controlling toner density or toner concentration of two-component developer comprised of toner, and carrier particles for applying frictional charge to the toner.
2. Related Background Art
As is well-known, the toner density of the two-component developer (i.e., rate of toner weight with respect to the total weight of the mixture of the carrier particles and the toner) is very important for stabilizing image density and image quality. The toner in the developer is consumed during the developing operation, thereby changing the toner density. Thus, the use of a toner density control device is required to properly detect the toner density at any time, to replenish new toner in the developer in accordance with the change in the toner density and to always keep the toner density constant.
In conventional toner density control devices, an optical detection system for detecting the toner density by detecting an amount of light reflected from the developer, an inductance detection system for detecting the toner density by detecting inductance of the developer, or a capacity detection system for detecting the toner density by detecting electrostatic capacity of the developer has been used. However, in such conventional toner density control devices, since indirect information such as the reflected light amount or inductance of the developer was used, it was impossible to detect the correct toner density of the developer.
For example, when the amount of light reflected from the developer is detected, although the reflected light amount is varied in accordance with the change in the toner density of the developer, it is also varied in accordance with the change in density of the developer. Particularly, when the developer including toner having the larger building-up change in its frictional charging charge is used, although the density of the developer in a developer container is initially high, during the continuous formation of images, the density of the developer will become rough gradually as the frictional charge of the toner is being built-up, with the result that the reflected light amount will be decreased even if the toner density is constant (not varied). Consequently, the toner density control device will judge as if the toner density is decreased, and, thus, replenish new toner to the developer, with the result that the actual toner density will be increased.
In the above, while the optical detection system for detecting the amount of light reflected from the developer was described, also in the conventional detection systems for indirectly detecting the toner density of the developer (for example, inductance detection system), since they are apt to be influenced upon the change in the density of the developer (other than the change in the toner density), the correct toner density of the developer cannot be detected, thus making the control of the toner density with high accuracy difficult or impossible.

Image forming apparatus replenishing toner by detecting the ratio of toner and carrier and the density of the developer


A mold for manufacturing polyurethane parts using the RIM process, has two mold halves which between them enclose a mold cavity. The mold cavity is sealed off from the outside by a sealing surface. A gap of 15 to 30 mm depth and 0.15 to 0.25 mm width is provided between the mold cavity and the sealing surface.

The present invention relates to a mold for manufacturing polyurethane parts using the reaction injection molding process. The mold comprises two mold halves which between them enclose a mold cavity which is sealed off from the outside by a sealing surface.
When manufacturing polyurethane parts using the RIM process, spew in the parting planes of the mold halves causes considerable problems. The liquid reaction mixture, as it is poured into the mold and especially as it reacts and due to the rise in pressure, penetrates into minute gaps in the parting planes. Although advanced machine tool technology has made it possible to achieve degrees of dimensional accuracy for the contoured parting plane shapes in steel tools of a maximum gap accuracy of around 50 .mu., the reaction mixture is still able to penetrate these small gaps. The result is an extremely thin spew which is known in the industry as "flit". It is very brittle, generally breaks off from the molded part and is left as splinters in the mold.
Removal of the splinters from the mold is very laborious and is usually carried out with compressed air, causing environmental pollution. If splinters are left in the mold cavity, defects occur in the next molded part. The whole cycle is substantially prolonged by the necessity of carrying out cleaning.
The object of the present invention was the development of a mold for manufacturing polyurethane parts using the RIM process, whereby flit formation and the source of errors associated therewith could be avoided.

Mold for manufacturing polyurethane parts for using the rim process


A shift operating device is basically provided with a bracket member, a support structure, a wire takeup member, a positioning mechanism, and a control member. The bracket member is mounted to a bicycle. The support structure is removably mounted to the bracket member. The wire takeup member is movably supported by the support structure. The positioning mechanism includes first and second positioning members supported by the support structure. The first positioning member integrally moves with the wire takeup member. The second positioning member engages the first positioning member such that the first positioning member has a plurality of operating positions. The control member has a first portion movably supported by the support structure inside the bracket member and a second portion disposed outside the bracket member. The control member is operatively coupled to the positioning mechanism for changing the operating position of the first positioning member.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to a shift operating device for operating a bicycle component. More specifically, the present invention relates to a shift operating device that has a support structure that allows its shift control unit to be easily replaced.
2. Background Information
Bicycling is becoming an increasingly more popular form of recreation as well as a means of transportation. Moreover, bicycling has become a very popular competitive sport for both amateurs and professionals. Whether the bicycle is used for recreation, transportation or competition, the bicycle industry is constantly improving the various components of the bicycle, especially the shift operating devices for performing shifting and braking operations.
Typically, bicycle shifters mechanically operate derailleurs via cables, while bicycle brake levers mechanically operate brake devices via cables. In either case, an operating force is typically applied by one of the rider's fingers to operate a control lever, which in turn transmitted the operating force to the drive component of a bicycle shifting mechanism by a cable that was fixed at one end to the control lever. Currently, many different types of control devices exist for performing shifting and braking operations.
Sometimes the bicycle shifter and the bicycle brake lever are combined as a single integrated unit, while other times they are separate individual units. In the case of road bikes with drop type handlebars, the bicycle shifter and the bicycle brake lever are often combined as a single integrated control device. In some cases, a braking function and a shifting function is performed by a single dual function lever, One example of this type of control device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,675 to Nagano (assigned to Shimano, Inc). More typically, one or two shift levers are provided in addition to the brake lever. One example of this type of control device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,257,683 to Romano (assigned to Campagnolo).