An image capture apparatus that carries out exposure control by driving an aperture includes: an image sensor, including multiple pixels, that accumulates and transfers charges per predetermined pixel group; a determination unit that determines an image region in the image sensor that serves as a region from which to output image data for recording or image data for display; and a control unit that drives the aperture within a period in which charge accumulation for the image data for recording or the image data for display is not being carried out for the pixels included in the image region determined by the determination unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to exposure control techniques in image capture apparatuses.
2. Description of the Related Art
In image capture apparatuses that use image sensors, such as digital cameras, exposure control is carried out on the image sensor for a variety of purposes and applications. An aperture mechanism that adjusts the exposure amount of the image sensor, an electronic shutter mechanism that adjusts the charge accumulation period of the image sensor, a gain mechanism that adjusts the level of the signal read out from the image sensor, and so on exist as mechanisms used in exposure control.
In the case where the brightness of an object has changed while a continuous image generated by the image capture apparatus is being displayed in an image display device such as an LCD or the like (this is called "live view" hereinafter), the stated mechanisms are used to carry out exposure control for the image sensor so as to maintain an appropriate level of exposure in the image. There are also cases where exposure control is carried out intentionally as part of the composition, such as when the depth of field is changed using the aperture value, the movement of an object is captured using the shutter speed as an element of artistic expression, and so on. Furthermore, there are cases where aperture control is carried out in order to obtain a depth of field necessary for AF, which focuses on an object.
However, when the aperture mechanism is driven for purposes and applications such as those described above, in the case where the aperture is driven during live view, while capturing moving pictures, and so on, the state occurring while the aperture is being driven will appear in the display image, resulting in a luminance fluctuation spanning approximately one or two frames. As a result, the brightness of the image in the continuous display image will increase or decrease for an instant, resulting in a problem in that the continuous image will appear unnatural.
Various proposals have been made as measures to avoid such a problem, and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-112865 (called "Patent Document 1" hereinafter) discloses fixing the aperture during live view and carrying out exposure control using only the electronic shutter. Meanwhile, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-102905 (called "Patent Document 2" hereinafter) proposes driving the aperture outside of the charge accumulation period for the image sensor.
However, in the case where the aperture is not driven during live view, as in Patent Document 1, there is a problem in that the range in which the luminance of the object is tracked is limited.
In addition, there are multiple techniques for image sensor charge accumulation and accumulated data readout. For example, there is a technique in which the accumulation start and stop times are controlled all at once for the entire sensor, as with a CCD, and a technique in which charge accumulation and readout are carried out sequentially line by line and the actual exposure times differ at the top and bottom of the image, as with a CMOS sensor.
With an image sensor structured as a CMOS sensor, how the accumulation period is to be set is an issue when driving the aperture outside of the accumulation period as in Patent Document 2. With a structure such as that of a CMOS sensor, a charge is always being accumulated in a line somewhere in the sensor, depending on the electronic shutter speed; thus it is not easy to secure a non-exposure period.

Image capture apparatus and control method thereof


Methods and systems for storing data in memory arrays are described. In one implementation, input bits are encoded into an intermediate binary array having multiple sub-arrays iteratively appended row-wise to the intermediate binary array. First sub-array is generated based on the input bits such that each row of the first sub-array has a number of 1's equal to a fraction of number of columns in the first sub-array, and based on a column balance coding such that the columns of the first sub-array have an equal number of 1's. At least one subsequent sub-array is generated based on a set of bits obtained from balancing termination indices for a previous sub-array and from diagonal bits of the intermediate binary array that are a part of the previous appended sub-array. The intermediate binary array is transformed to an encoded bit pattern. The encoded bit pattern is stored in the memory array.

Recent advancements in non-volatile memories have led to the development of memristor-based memory devices that offer high storage capacity and high read-write speeds. A memristor, or a memristive device, is a resistive switching device that can be programmed to be in a low resistive state or a high resistive state. The low resistive state and the high resistive state of a memristor can be representative of digital data storage in binary form, with the low resistive state indicating a "1" storage and the high resistive state indicating a "0" storage. The resistive state of a memristor can also be changed from a low to a high, and vice versa, to switch between the "0" storage and the "1" storage in the memristor.
A memristor-based memory array is formed by multiple nanoscale memristors arranged in a crossbar configuration. Such a memory array is highly scalable and provides a high storage capacity that can be utilized in non-volatile memory applications.

Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP


A bioengineered synthesis scheme for the production of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene from a carbon source is provided. Methods of producing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene from a carbon source based on the synthesis scheme are also provided. Methods are also provided for converting 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene to 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene by catalytic hydrogenation.

The present invention is related to the production of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene and more specifically, to methods of producing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene from the bioconversion of a carbon source.
Polyhydroxy benzenes and quinones possessing the oxygenation pattern of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene 1 (FIG. 1) often display biological activity. Aurantiogliocladin 2 and fumigatin 3 (FIG. 1) are antibiotics. Vischer, E. B., J. Chem. Soc. 815 (1953): Baker, W. et al., J. Chem. Soc. 820 (1953); Baker, W. et al., J. Chem. Soc. 670 (1941). Coenzyme Qn=104 (FIG. 1) is an essential antioxidant in humans protecting low density lipoproteins from atherosclerosis-related oxidative modification. Ingold, K. U. et al., PNAS (USA) 90:45 (1993); Stocker, R. et al., PNAS (USA) 88:1646 (1991) Steinberg, D., Circulation 84:1420 (1991). Dillapiole 5 (FIG. 1) is a pyrethrin synergist and is responsible for the sedative effect of Perilla frutescens leaves. Honda, G. et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 36:3153 (1988): Tomar, S. S. et al., Agric. Biol. Chem. 50:2115 (1986).
The current method of preparing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene uses pyrogallol as the synthetic starting material. Pyrogallol is converted to aminopyrogallol using a four-step synthesis. Aminopyrogallol is then hydrolyzed to give 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene. Conversion of pyrogallol to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene requires the use of such reagents as phosgene, solvents such as pyridine and xylene, and has a nitroaromatic as a synthetic intermediate.
It would also be desirable to provide an improved method for producing derivatives of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene. Particularly, it would be desirable to provide a method for producing 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene (pyrogallol). It would also be desirable if such a method were cost efficient and employed readily available materials. Currently, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene is obtained by thermal decarboxylation of gallic acid. However, gallic acid is isolated from natural sources such as gall nuts and tara powder and therefore is in limited supply.
It would thus be desirable to provide an improved method for producing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene. It would also be desirable if such a method was cost-efficient, using inexpensive starting materials. It would be further desirable if the method employed non-toxic compounds and was environmentally benign.
A bioengineered synthesis scheme for the production of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene from a carbon source is provided. In one embodiment, the bioconversion methods of the present invention comprise the steps of microbe-catalyzed conversion of a carbon source to myo-2-inosose followed by acid-catalyzed dehydration of myo-2-inosose to produce 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene. As shown in the synthesis scheme of FIG. 2, the microbe-catalyzed conversion step of the present invention requires four enzymes. In one embodiment, the microbe-catalyzed conversion comprises the conversion of a carbon source to myo-inositol by a recombinant microbe and the subsequent conversion of myo-inositol to myo-2-inosose catalyzed by a second microbe. In another embodiment, the recombinant microbe is Escherichia coli designed to cause the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to myo-inositol-1-phosphate. In yet another embodiment, the conversion of myo-inositol to myo-2-inosose is catalyzed by the microbe Gluconobacter oxydans. Acid-catalyzed dehydration of the resulting myo-2-inosose yields 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene.
The biocatalytic synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene provided herein is environmentally benign, economically attractive, and utilizes abundant renewable sources as a starting material.
Methods are also provided for the production of derivatives of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene, particularly Coenzyme Q 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene (pyrogallol). In one embodiment 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene is produced by reduction of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzene. In a preferred embodiment, the reduction is achieved by catalytic hydrogenation followed by hydrolysis.
Additional objects, advantages, and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybenzenes and 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzenes using myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase and myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase

Board of Trustees operating Michigan State University


A halogen-free, flame-retardant composition includes (1) organic phosphorus compound (A) and (1xe2x80x2) melamine or a compound derived from melamine (B); or (2) a melamine-phosphorus compound (AB). The composition also includes and olefin polymer and from 0.1-30 wt % based on the olefin polymer, of a compound containing acid, acid anhydride or epoxy groups. The flame-retardant composition may included in a polycondensate composition which incorporate the flame-retardant composition is substantially shortened.

The invention relates to a halogen-free, flame-retardant composition comprising at least an organic phosphorus compound (A) and melamine or a compound derived from melamine (B), or a melamine-phosphorus compound (AB).
Such a composition is known from WO 99/02606, which describes polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) compositions that contain a halogen-free, flame-retardant composition consisting of resorcinol-bis-(diphenylphosphate) (RDP) or a trimethylolpropanol ester of methylphosphonic acid and melamine cyanurate or melam. Said publication also describes a polyamide-6 composition that contains a halogen-free, flame-retardant composition consisting of the trimethylolpropanol ester of methylphosphonic acid and melamine cyanurate or melam.
The drawback of the composition according to the state of the art is that the polycondensate compositions in which the flame-retardant composition can be used, in particular polyamide and polyester compositions containing glass fibres, have flame-retardant properties that do not yet meet the highest requirements. In particular the after-burning time is generally too long, in many cases even longer than 30 seconds, as a result of which no V-O classification according to the UL-94 test of the Underwriter Laboratories can be obtained. It is hence desirable to shorten the after-burning time, i.e. the time for which a composition burns after the removal of the flame. The polycondensate compositions in which the flame-retardant composition according to the invention is used can consequently for example obtain a better UL-94 classification, or a polycondensate composition with flame-retardant properties, similar to the ones disclosed in WO 99/02606, can be obtained using a smaller amount of flame-retardant composition.
The inventors have now surprisingly found that the after-burning time of a polycondensate composition that contains the flame-retardant components(A)+(B) or (AB) according to the state of the art can be shortened if the flame-retardant composition also contains a polymer (C) comprising at least one type of olefine having 2-12 carbon atoms and 0.1-30 wt. % (relative to the weight of the polymer) of at least one comonomer containing acid, acid anhydride or epoxy groups.
Another part of the invention is a polycondensate composition containing the flame-retardant composition according to the invention. An additional advantage of the polycondensate composition according to the invention is that the mechanical properties of the polycondensate composition according to the invention are not or not significantly lower than those of the polycondensate compositions according to the state of the art that do not contain component (C).
As component (C), the flame-retardant composition according to the invention contains a polymer comprising at least one olefine having 2-12 carbon atoms and 0.1-30 wt. % (relative to the weight of the polymer) of at least one comonomer containing acid, acid hydride or epoxy groups. Suitable polymers are for example ethylene, propylene or ethylene-propylene copolymers containing 0.1-30 wt. % (relative to the weight of the copolymer) of a comonomer containing acid, acid anhydride or epoxy groups. Said polymers may also contain comonomers that do not contain the aforementioned groups, for example acrylic esters or vinyl acetate. Preferably the polymer contains 0.5-12 wt. % (relative to the weight of the polymer) of a comonomer containing acid, acid anhydride or epoxy groups. Examples of such comonomers are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride, glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate.
In a preferred embodiment the polymer is a polymer having a general chemical composition based on E, X and Y, with E standing for an ethylene radical, X standing for a radical formed from the compound
where R1=alkyl radical having 1-8 carbon atoms R2=H, CH3 or C2H5 and Y a radical formed from glycidyl (alkyl)acrylate; for example glycidyl (meth)acrylate. Preferably the polymer based on E, X and Y contains 40-90 wt. % E, 1-40 wt. % X and 0.5-20 wt. % Y, the sum of the amounts being equal to 100 wt. %.
The use of polymer having a chemical composition based on E, X and Y in concentrations of 1-20 wt. % in halogen-containing flame-retardant polyester compositions is known from EP-B1-174,343 (DuPont) for increasing the ductility of said polyester compositions, especially at low temperatures.
The polymer component(C) is commercially available, for example as an ethylene/acrylic ester/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (Lotader(copyright) AX, Elf Atochem), ethylene/glycidyl methacrylate (Bondfast(copyright), E with a mol. weight Mn=120,000, Sumitomo), ethylene/methacrylic acid (Nucrel(copyright), Dupont), propylene/maleic anhydride (Himont), propylene/acrylic acid (Polybond(copyright), BP Chemical) and ethylene/alfa-olefine copolymer modified with maleic anhydride (Tafmer(copyright), Mitsui). Preferably, an ethylene/acrylic ester/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer is chosen, more preferably an ethylene/methylmethacrylic ester/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (Lotader(copyright) AX 8900, Elf Atochem, with a molar weight (Mn) of approximately 90,000).
In polyester compositions good results were obtained with an ethylene/methylmethacrylic ester/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (Lotader(copyright) AX 8900). In polyamide compositions good results were obtained with an ethylene-propylene copolymer, modified with 0.5 wt. % maleic anhydride (Tafmer(copyright), Mitsui).
Suitable organic phosphorus compounds (component A) are for example organic phosphates, phosphites, phosphonates, phosphinates and phosphine oxides. Preferably, phosphates, phosphonates or phosphinates are chosen. Examples of such phosphorus compounds are described in for example the xe2x80x9cEncyclopedia of Chemical Technologyxe2x80x9d, Vol. 10, p. 396 ff. (1980). Many are commercially available, for example resorcinol-bis(diphenylphosphate) oligomer, under the trade name Fyrolflex(copyright) RDP from AKZO-Nobel, NL; cresyl-diphenylphosphate (CDP) under the trade name Kronitex(copyright) CDP from FMC, UK; trimethylolpropanol ester of methylphosphonic acid, under the trade name Antiblaze(copyright) 1045 from Albright and Wilson, USA; polypentaerythritol phosphonate under the trade name Cyagard(copyright) RF 1041 from American Cyanamid, USA; Hostaflam(copyright) OP 910, a mixture of cyclic di- and triphosphonates from Clariant, Germany.
Preferably, a phosphorus compound with a low volatility is chosen as component (A).
Suitable for use as the compound derived from melamine (component B) are for example melamine derivatives, melamine condensation products or mixtures thereof. In the context of this application a xe2x80x9cmelamine derivativexe2x80x9d is understood to be melamine with one or more amine groups having been substituted with one or more alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl groups, for example to be chosen from the group comprising methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, phenyl or toluyl. Examples of such melamine derivatives are N,Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x3-triphenylmelamine. Another example of a melamine derivative is melamine cyanurate. In the context of this application a xe2x80x9cmelamine condensation productxe2x80x9d is understood to be a compound in which two or more melamine compounds are connected to one another, for example melam, melem, melon and higher oligomers and menthone, which can for example be obtained using the process described in WO 96/16948.
Preferably, melamine, melamine cyanurate, melamine phosphate, melam, melem or mixtures thereof are chosen as component(B).
Suitable for use as the melamine-phosphorus compound (AB) are compounds like melamine phosphates, for example melamine pyrophosphate and melamine polyphosphate.
The flame-retardant composition according to the invention is used in polycondensate compositions in concentrations between 1 and 50% (relative to the total weight of the polycondensate composition), preferably between 10 and 40%. The concentration can in principle be determined experimentally by a person skilled in the art. The ratio of components (A), (B), (AB) and (C) may also vary within a wide range. The concentration of organic phosphorus compound (component A) may vary within a wide range, for example between 0.5 and 20 wt. % (relative to the total weight of the polycondensate composition), preferably between 1 and 15 wt. %. The concentration of melamine or compound derived therefrom (component B) may vary within a wide range, for example between 2 and 25 wt. % (relative to the total weight of the polycondensate composition), preferably between 3 and 20 wt. %, most preferably between 4 and 16 wt. %. The concentration of the polymer compound (component C) may vary within a wide range, preferably between 1 and 20 wt. %, more preferably between 1 and 10 wt. % (relative to the total weight of the polycondensate composition). A person skilled in the art will be able to determine the optimum composition in his case through systematic research.
The composition according to the invention can be used as a flame-retardant system in all polycondensate compositions known to a person skilled in the art. Preferably, the composition is used in polyester and polyamide compositions.
Examples of suitable polyesters are polyalkylene terephthalates or copolyesters thereof with isophthalic acid, for example polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyalkylene naphthalates, for example polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polypropylene naphthalate (PPN), polyphenylene terphtalate (PPT) and polybutylene naphthalate (PBN), polyalkylene dibenzoates, for example polyethylene dibenzoate and copolyesters of the aforementioned polyesters. Preferably, PET, PBT, PEN, PPT or PBN is chosen. Also suitable are block copolyesters which, in addition to hard polyester segments chosen from the aforementioned group, also contain soft polyester segments derived from at least a polyether or an aliphatic polyester. Examples of such block copolyesters with elastomeric properties are for example described in the xe2x80x9cEncyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineeringxe2x80x9d, Vol. 12, p. 75 ff. (1988), John Wiley and Sons, and in xe2x80x9cThermoplastic Elastomersxe2x80x9d, 2nd Ed., Chapter 8 (1996), Hanser Verlag, the relevant contents of which is regarded as mentioned here. Furthermore, also polyester blends are suitable, such as PET/PBT, PBT/polycarbonate or PBT/rubber blends.
Examples of suitable polyamides are the aliphatic polyamides PA-6, PA-6,6, PA-9, PA-11, PA-4,6 and copolyamides thereof and semi-aromatic polyamides based on for example PA-6 or PA-6,6 and aromatic dicarboxylic acids and aliphatic diamines, for example isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid and hexanediamine, for example PA-6/6.T, PA-6,6/6,T, PA-6,6/6/6,T and PA-6,6/6,I/6,T. Preferably PA-6, PA-6,6 and PA-4,6 are chosen. Furthermore, also polyamide blends are suitable.
The composition according to the invention can also be used in polycondensate compositions that contain other additives known to a person skilled in the art that are usually used in polycondensate compositions, without them essentially detracting anything from the invention, in particular pigments, processing aids, for example mould release agents, crystallisation accelerators, nucleating agents, softeners, UV and heat stabilisers, antioxidants and the like. Other substances that promote the flame-retardancy can optionally be added, too, for example carbon-forming substances such as polyphenylene ether and polycarbonate and substances that affect the dripping behaviour, for example fluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene.
In particular the polycondensate composition contains an inorganic filler or reinforcing agent. Suitable inorganic fillers or reinforcing agents are all the fillers known to a person skilled in the art, for example glass fibres, metal fibres, graphite fibres, aramide fibres, glass beads, aluminium silicates, asbestos, mica, clay, calcined clay and talk. Preferably, glass fibres are chosen.
The polycondensate composition according to the invention can be obtained in a simple manner for example by means of melt-mixing. Preferably use is then made of an extruder fitted with means for dosing all the desired components to the extruder, either in the extruder""s throat, or to the melt.
The invention will be further elucidated with reference to the following examples and comparative examples.


Described herein is a process for the total synthesis of macrolactones and macrolactams of formula I

Natural products serve as a main source of therapeutics because of their unique structures and structural diversity.1 About one half of current small-molecule drugs on the market are natural products or their synthetic analogs. When new natural products with unprecedented structural features are isolated, scientists often find new mechanisms of action for these natural products in biological systems, which could lead to new drug development, as exemplified by research on calicheamicin and rapamycin.2
In June 2015, in searching for new bioactive natural products, Hoffmann, et al. reported a family of cyclodepsipeptides called nannocystins, with potent antiproliferative activities against a number of cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentrations.3 For example, the IC50's of nannocystin A, (1) against HCT116, PC3, and HL60 are 1.2, 1.0, and 12 nM, respectively. Almost simultaneously, Krastel, et al. also discovered the nannocystins and conducted a more comprehensive investigation.4 They found that nannocystin A, (1) showed anti-proliferative properties against 472 cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentration range. Moreover, a series of experimental and computational studies by Krastel, et al. strongly suggested that the target protein of nannocystins was the elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α). Elongation factors secure accuracy in the translation process and are important in protein synthesis.5 Cancer cells tend to overexpress elongation factors to expedite protein production.6 Therefore, compounds that target elongation factors, such as nannocystins, may serve as lead candidates for anticancer therapy.
Based on the potent biological activity of these compounds and subsequent SAR studies, the need for a synthetic process for the preparation of nannocystins became apparent.

Abstract: including E- and Z-configuration thereof, in particular, nannocystins.

THE RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK


An inspection system includes a plurality of inspection apparatuses, and a data processing apparatus capable of communicating with the plurality of inspection apparatuses. The data processing apparatus includes a storage part storing a model that determines a causal relationship between an apparatus parameter related to setting of the plurality of inspection apparatuses and index data obtained when the plurality of inspection apparatuses are operated, a collection part collecting the apparatus parameter and the index data, a determination part determining whether or not the index data is included in a predetermined allowable range, and a calculation part calculating an adjustment amount for adjusting the apparatus parameter, based on the apparatus parameter and the index data, and the model, when it is determined that the index data is not included in the predetermined allowable range.

In a semiconductor device manufacturing process, an inspection apparatus is used to inspect the electrical characteristics of a plurality of devices formed on a semiconductor wafer. The inspection apparatus includes an inspection part on which a probe card having a probe that contacts a device is mounted, a tester for inspecting various electrical characteristics of the device by applying an electrical signal to the device via the probe card, and the like. As a method for improving the accuracy of alignment between the device and the probe in such an inspection apparatus, a method of correcting a contact position is known (see, e.g., Patent Document 1).


A test system 100 that can accept a plurality of plug-in electronic cards in Xi Slots 126 or PXI slots 134 is described. The test or source measure switching system 100 includes a sequencer or sequence engine 130 which is fully capable of executing opcode instructions having potentially indefinite completion times and monitoring multiple asynchronous inputs simultaneously without interrupts. The sequencer 130 is sequential and deterministic to approximately 10 microsecond resolution. The sequencer 130 includes a trigger router which can be a fully configurable trigger input and trigger output routing matrix. Every trigger input can be configured via several detection modes such as active high, active low, level high and level low. Also, trigger outputs can be configured to be triggered on single, multiple or auto triggers if set.

Unlike single function instruments where the firmware is largely static after development, since hardware functionality is predefined and fixed, a multi-purpose test system such as a source measure switching system with plug-in cards that can be removed and inserted in the field does not have this luxury. As new plug-in cards such as switching, signal source, and instrumentation plug-in cards for the platform are developed, inevitably the main firmware of the test system, which can also be referred to as a source measure switching system, will suffer from a lack of awareness and support features for the new plug-in cards that precludes its use without modification.
From a solution standpoint, several options address the issue mentioned above. The simplest option is to mandate firmware upgrades each time a new plug-in card development occurs. While this is the simplest option, it is also the most costly for both the manufacturer and the customer and limits the appeal of the instrument, given the fairly constant need for upgrades to the firmware.
The second option takes classes of general plug-in card descriptors to describe different cards in a reasonably generic manner. Each plug-in card carries a descriptor that the source measure switching system can then read to determine specific properties of the plug-in card. Although this solution offers significantly better adaptability than the first, when a new plug-in card can not fit into one of the existing descriptor classes, a mainframe firmware update would be required in order to describe the functionality of the new class of card. This solution also suffers from the problem that it requires a certain degree of rigidity and conformity, even within a descriptor class, to make the solution viable. This fact effectively limits the ability to create inexpensive hybrid cards that can meet the specific needs of semi-custom, customer-driven applications as an illustrative example.
Test system environments typically require the ability to switch signals from one instrument or instrument to another, be able to measure signals, or detect stimulus actions in a high speed and deterministic manner. Given the space premium found in today's testing environments, test applications require test systems that can provide the ability to detect and generate trigger signals for the test system while occupying the least amount of space and provide for maximum flexibility.

Trigger router and test system including the trigger router


A trigger device for detecting particles of interest comprises a sample substrate, a collector, a read head and a processor. The collector is positioned proximate to at least a portion of a first side of a sample substrate and is operated to deposit a sample on the substrate within a sample area. The read head is positioned proximate to the sample area on a second side of the sample substrate generally opposite the collector and comprises a concave reflection surface having a back side positioned proximate to the sample area so as to register the substrate within the sample area with the read head. The processor is operatively configured to analyze a signal from one or more detectors of the read head and to trigger an event if particulates of interest are detected in the sample.

The present invention relates in general to systems and methods for the separation and collection of particulates from a fluid stream and in particular, to systems and methods for the collection, detection and/or analysis of airborne particulates of interest including biological and chemical agents.
Atmospheric particulate matter has received an increasing amount of attention in recent years because of its potential impact on human health, and because of the role particles play in atmospheric transport and deposition of pollutants, and in radiative and climatic processes. For example, it may be desirable to analyze the air in a predetermined location for particulates that fall within a range of sizes that can be inhaled, such as naturally occurring or artificially produced airborne pathogens, allergens, bacteria, viruses, fungi and biological or chemical agents that are found in or are otherwise introduced into the location.
As another example, it may be desirable to detect the presence of particular airborne particulates in semiconductor clean rooms, pharmaceutical production facilities and biotechnology laboratories to verify that there has been no contamination produced in such environments that would create undesirable environmental exposures or adversely affect manufacturing, testing or experimental processes. Similarly, the ability to detect the presence of particular airborne particulates in hospitals, nursing homes, rehabilitation centers and other care facilities may be beneficial to assist in preventing the spread of disease, infection or harmful bacteria.
Air monitoring further finds application for assessments of human health risk, environmental contamination or for compliance with National Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). As yet further examples, it may be desirable to monitor the air in public and commercial building air purification and distribution systems, work sites such as mines, sewage facilities, agricultural and manufacturing facilities, outside areas such as street corners, flues and smokestacks and other locations where it is desirable to monitor environmental hygiene, such as residences exposed to microorganisms, plants or animals.

Aerosol trigger device and methods of detecting particulates of interest using an aerosol trigger device


The present invention relates to a method and arrangement in a transmitter unit of a multi-antenna system for an improved calculating of the antenna weights for a beamforming transmission of data from a transmitter unit to a target receiver unit, whereby interfering signal components for receiving units other than the target receiving unit and the desired communication signal at a target receiving unit are weighted by receiver-specific parameters describing the receiver capabilities of said units in terms of their capability for interference suppression and/or signal enhancement. The invention also relates to a method and arrangement for scheduling of user equipments by using said information on the signal processing capabilities for received signals of each receiving unit.

In beamforming data transmission from a transmitter unit to a receiver unit it is necessary to calculate the beams to the various scheduled receiver units in such a way that the reception of desired signals can be enhanced while simultaneously suppressing interfering signals. When applying a minimum means square error as the optimization criterion, the optimized antenna weights can be determined from the Wiener-Hopf solution as described in the algorithm below.
The system model for a base station 11 as depicted in FIG. 1 refers to a multi-antenna base station comprising antennas 13 A0 . . . AK-1 that are here, arranged as a uniformly spaced linear array (ULA). This, however, should only be understood as a non-limiting example that does not exclude other arrangements, e.g. circular arrangements, when adapting the formulas below.
The signal at the antenna array of the transmitter unit 111 of the base station 11 can be expressed as
      x              (      t      )        =                    s                          (          t          )                    ·      v        +                  ∑                  i          =          1                N                                                u            i                                          (            t            )                          ·                  η          i                      +          e      .
Hereby, s(t) denotes the data signal to be transmitted to the user UE0 of interest while ui(t) represents the contribution of the interfering signal vectors from other equipments, i.e. UE1, . . . , UEN. v is the array propagation vector for the desired signal s(t) and ηi the array propagation vector for the interfering signal ui(t) from user equipment UEi. The array propagation can also be denoted the spatial signature of a signal represented by the relative phases at which the signal is received by the antennas of a receiver unit. e is a white noise component including, inter alia, thermal noise and outercell interference contributions.
For a base station comprising a uniformly spaced antenna array as described above, the array propagation vectors can be expressed as
            v      T        =          [              1        ,                  ⅇ                      j                                                      2                                π                            λ                                                  d              ·              sin                                                                                θ              0                                      ,        …                                          ,                  ⅇ                      j                                                      2                                π                            λ                                                  (                              K                -                1                            )                                                  d              ·              sin                                                                                θ              0                                          ]        and            η      i      T        =                  [                  1          ,                      ⅇ                          j                                                              2                                    π                                λ                                                          d                ·                sin                                                                                θ                i                                              ,          …                                                    ,                      ⅇ                          j                                                              2                                    π                                λ                                                          (                                  K                  -                  1                                )                                                          d                ·                sin                                                                                θ                i                                                    ]            .
vT denotes the vector of phase relations at the K antennas A0 . . . AK-1 of a uniformly spaced antenna array with distance d between the antenna elements, said relations relative to a reference antenna with normalized signature 1 when receiving the signal s(t) with wavelength λ and under an angle θ to the antenna plane. ηiT describes the corresponding vector for a signal ui(t).
When defining a vector w=[w0, w1, . . . , wK-1] of antenna weights, one conceivable criterion to achieve an optimization of the beamformer output signal wH·x(t) is to minimize the error ε(t) between said beamformer output signal and the desired signal s(t) (or a signal d*(t) that sufficiently close represents s(t) or at least correlates to a certain extent to the characteristics of s(t)). A minimization of ε2(t)=(d*(t)−wH·x(t)) can likewise be expressed by the equation ∇w(E{ε2(t)})=0.
When defining r=E{d*(t)·x(t)} and R=E{x(t)·xH(t)}, the solution of the equation above is wopt=R−1·r. Each of the K complex elements of the vector wopt describes amplitude and phase requirements for weighting the corresponding antenna element to form an optimized beam for transmission of the desired signal s(t) to the user equipment UE0.
The document WO 2005/060123 discloses an optimization for a MIMO network by selecting first and second sets of users, the second set not comprised in the first set, and adapting communication parameters for transmissions to said first and second set according to said parameters. In this way, communication with one or a few users can be optimized while network resources can be used in an efficient way also for other users.
The document US 2002/0094843 discloses a (sector) antenna beam-stearing using feedback from mobile stations for enhancing antenna beam steering effectiveness and efficiency.

Antenna weights calculation based on users' interference rejection capabilities


Drug-resistant malarial infection in humans can be effectively treated with standard antimalarial agents if administered in conjunction with desipramine.

Malaria remains a significant health threat to humans despite massive international attempts to eradicate the disease. Over 200 million people are said to have malaria and over one million deaths per year are associated with malaria in Africa alone. In many of the endemic areas, local supply of food is quite limited, a problem which is greatly aggravated by the presence of protozoal infections in cattle and other farm animals. Malaria is a disease of warm blooded animals caused by infection with a parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Four species, P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale, are known to infect humans. The parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes. Subsequent to mosquito bite, the parasite rapidly invades the blood cells of the victim and after a incubation period, generally lasting about 10 to 14 days, symptoms, consisting of chills, fever, headache, muscle pains, splenomegaly, and anemia, appear. This incubation period may be prolonged for many weeks and onset can be quite insidious. Red blood cells are at first altered and later destroyed by the infection.
Drug therapy utilizing quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, primaquine, and other agents has been the mainstay of therapy against malaria. However, drug-resistant strains of plasmodia have developed and in some cases strains are resistant to many or all of the current therapeutic agents. In particular, P. falciparum malaria is quite prone to exhibit single and even multiple drug-resistance. While new agents are continually developed and introduced, resistance to such new agents also quickly develops. For example mefloquine-resistant malaria was reported even before mefloquine licensure was completed. There is, thus, an urgent need for antimalarial agents which can be used in the treatment of drug-resistant malarial diseases.
Recently it was reported that imipramine and amitriptyline suppress weakly, P. falciparum growth., possibly by virtue of the ability of these agents to interfere with riboflavin metabolism. While scientifically interesting, the practical use of imipramine and amitriptyline in the treatment of malaria would seem unlikely because of the lethal concentrations required to produce the antimalarial effect in humans. While not practically useful in the treatment of non drug-resistant malaria, applicants have now discovered that desipramine, when administered in normal therapeutic doses in conjunction with standard antimalarial agents, is highly effective in treating drug-resistant malaria and is useful in the prophylaxis of drug-resistant malaria.

Despiramine in the treatment of drug-resistant malarial infections


Provided is a method of searching for control information of a user equipment (UE) in a multi-node system including a plurality of nodes and a base station connected to each of the plurality of nodes and capable of controlling the nodes. The method includes: receiving search space indication information from the base station; and searching for the control information in a radio resource region indicated by the search space indication information, wherein the search space indication information indicates any one of a first search space and a second search space.

A data transfer amount of a wireless network has been rapidly increased in recent years. It is because various devices, e.g., a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), or the like, that require machine-to-machine (M2M) communication and a high data transfer amount have been introduced and distributed. To satisfy the required high data transfer amount, a carrier aggregation (CA) technique, a cognitive radio (CR) technique, or the like for effectively using more frequency bands and a multiple antenna technique, a multiple base station cooperation technique, or the like for increasing data capacity within a limited frequency have recently drawn attention.
In addition, the wireless network has been evolved in a direction of increasing density of nodes capable of accessing to an area around a user. Herein, the node implies an antenna (or antenna group) which is separated from a distributed antenna system (DAS) by more than a certain distance. However, the node is not limited to this definition, and thus can also be used in a broader sense. That is, the node may be a macro evolved node B (eNB), a pico-cell eNB (PeNB), a home eNB (HeNB), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio unit (RRU), a relay, a distributed antenna (group), etc. A wireless communication system having nodes with higher density can provide higher system performance by cooperation between the nodes. That is, better system performance can be achieved when one base station controller manages transmission and reception of respective nodes and thus the nodes operate as if they are antennas or an antenna group for one cell, in comparison with a case where the respective nodes do not cooperate with each other by operating as an independent base station, etc. Hereinafter, a wireless communication system including a plurality of nodes and a base station for controlling the plurality of nodes is referred to as a multi-node system.

Method and apparatus for searching control information by terminal in multinode system


A vessel for mixing a fluid with a reagent as the fluid flows through the vessel includes a vessel wall that encloses an interior volume. The vessel includes a first end, a second end spaced, and an axis that extends from the first end to the second end. The axis is configured to intersect and form an angle with a reference plane. The vessel also includes a fluid inlet proximate the first end through which the fluid enters the interior volume, a fluid outlet proximate the second end through which the fluid exits the interior volume, a port through which the reagent enters the interior volume, and at least one packing material positioned within the interior volume between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet. The packing material randomly distributes the fluid and the reagent as the fluid flows through the vessel from the fluid inlet towards the fluid outlet.

The present invention relates to vessels for mixing a fluid with a reagent, catalyst or other chemical.
Typically, when natural gas or other hydrocarbons are produced from a well, the gas and hydrocarbons must undergo some initial treatment to make it suitable for transportation in pipelines and other methods of conveyance. This treatment may include the removal of water, brine, and/or other impurities that may be produced concurrently with the natural gas and hydrocarbons.
For example, it is not uncommon for natural gas to include anywhere from trace amounts to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) or other impurities. In the case of H2S, it is inflammable, toxic to people, and corrosive to many metals. Because of its corrosive effects on metals, most pipeline operators establish maximum concentrations of H2S that are permissible in any feed stock introduced into their pipelines. Thus, any excess H2S must be removed from natural gas before it can be transported via these pipelines.
Typically, and in the case of H2S, stripping agents or strippers are mixed with the natural gas produced from a well. This mixing typically occurs in a stripping tower, typically a vertical tower. The natural gas is introduced at the bottom and allowed to travel upward while the stripping agent is introduced near the top of the tower and allowed to travel downward. The natural gas and the stripping agent interact in the tower, thereby lowering the concentration of H2S within the natural gas that exits near the top of the tower. Optionally, mechanical agitators may be included as part of the tower to affect the reaction of the natural gas with the stripping agent.
These vertical towers, however, require a large footprint and typically are fixed installations. Thus, they are expensive to manufacture and maintain. This cost, in turn, tends to be prohibitive for those wells that produce relatively smaller amounts of natural gas. Further, energy to power mixers and agitators may be limited at a well site.
Thus, there is need for a relatively lower cost mixing vessel that reduces or eliminates the need for an electrical source of power and relies upon passively created pressure gradients and "static" mixing (i.e., without the use of powered pumps or mixers). Further, there is a need for a mixer that has a smaller footprint than others known in the art. In particularly, there is a need for mixers that can be mounted to a pallet and transported to a well site for use singly or in series with other similar mixers.

Mixer for removing impurities from gases and liquids


A centrifuge device is provided which may impart selectively controlled centrifugal force to samples under consideration, or a shaking or agitation movement to the samples, as required. A feature of the invention is the use of two roller clutches on the single drive shaft of the device so that a selective movement may be imparted to the samples through the same drive by utilizing a locking mechanism to provide rotation from the shaft in opposite directions. Rotation in one direction causes the imposition of centrifugal force through one clutch, while rotation in the opposite direction causes rotation through the second clutch and the imposition of agitation. In that direction, the sample support mechanism is moved vertically, controlled by a cylinder cam. A further feature of the invention is selective agitation movement and selective degree of agitation through selection of a particular cam profile.

Generally speaking, this invention relates to a device for imparting centrifugal force to samples in order to separate a heavier and a lighter fraction in each of the samples. More particularly, this invention relates to a device which may utilize both an agitating vertical movement to impart a stirring action to a sample, followed by a centrifugal force applied to the sample. The device of the invention utilizes a single drive for this purpose.
This invention is related to the subject matter in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 477,733, filed Feb. 9, 1990, and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
It is conventional to obtain fluid samples, and particularly body fluid samples, and place them in a centrifuge to separate the heavier and lighter fractions in the sample for subsequent examination and testing for indications of the presence of disease, etc. in the samples taken from an individual. However, in certain circumstances, it is important to impart a stirring action to the sample under consideration prior to the application of centrifugal force. This may be so if a material is added to the sample for reaction with the sample prior to centrifugation and separation of the resulting heavier and lighter fractions. It is to this concept that the present invention is directed.
In certain environments such as the operating room, it has become important to provide facilities for taking body samples of various kinds from an individual, which are worked upon in some manner, and returned to the body in some manner. All of this, as will be understood, must be done fairly rapidly and in a sterile environment.
For example, it has been recognized that human microvascular endothelial cells, i.e., the cells which are derived from capillaries, arterioles, and venules, will function suitably in place of large vessel cells even though there are morphological and functional differences between large vessel endothelial cells and microvascular endothelial cells in their native tissues. Microvascular endothelial cells are present in an abundant supply in body tissue, most notably in fat tissue, and may be used to established a degree of pre-implantation confluence, i.e., at least fifty percent, which should dramatically improve the prognosis of most implants. Thus, fat tissue may be taken from a patient in the environment of an operating room, and that fat tissue acted upon in order to obtain microvascular endothelial cells which may be then implanted on the surface of synthetic grafts which are implanted to substitute for the natural blood carrying vessels in the body.
Although microvessel endothelial cells have been shown to be capable of endothelializing a blood-contacting surface, methods of procuring and depositing these cells in an operating room setting present special considerations.
The microvascular rich tissue is obtained in perinephric fat, subcutaneous fat, or fat associated with the thoracic or peritoneal cavity. This tissue is then subjected to digestion using a proteolytic enzyme, such as collagenase, comprising caseanase and trypsin, which is incubated with the tissue until the tissue mass disperses to reduce a tissue digest. It is during this period, that the invention may be utilized in order to agitate this combination to obtain a certain result. Thereafter, the microvascular endothelial cells are then separated from the digest that has already taken place using centrifugation to produce an endothelial cell rich pellet. The pellet may then be dissolved in an appropriate suspension and the resulting cells applied to the surface of a graft. As a result, an improved graft implant is provided having endothelialized surfaces which are either confluent or which reach confluence guite rapidly (within one population doubling) following implantation.
A special feature of the invention here, as stated above, is that the device of the invention allows digestion with agitation followed by centrifugation, with these movements being selected, as desired in the controls of the single device of the invention. It will be understood, however, that the environment discussed above is not the only environment in which the device of the invention may be used. It may be used, as will be apparent to practitioners-in-the-art, in any application where agitation movement may be required selectively with centrifugation, as required in any process.
With the foregoing and additional objects in view, this invention will now be described in more detail and other objects and advantages hereof will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.


An approach to authenticating a user for resource access. The approach displays independently bi-directionally rotating concentric layers wherein each of the concentric layers are divided into segments and each segment contains a symbol. The approach then allows the user to independently rotate each of the concentric layers until a desired symbol is positioned in a predetermined user specified validation section, i.e., an alignment of segments across the totality of the concentric layers. The approach then generates a password based on concatenating the symbols associated with the segments aligned in the validation section in an order predetermined by the user. The approach then submits the generated password for validation against a user predetermined password locally on a client computer or remotely on a server computer.

The present invention relates generally to computer security and more specifically, to security techniques for blocking shoulder surfing attacks.
Security support associated with information and computer access has been based largely on passwords, which are the principle part of the authentication process. The most common computer authentication method uses an alphanumeric username and password, which has significant drawbacks such as key logging for subsequent retrieval. Efforts to overcome the vulnerability of traditional methods, such as visual or graphical password schemes, were developed as possible alternative solutions to a text based scheme. A drawback to graphical password schemes is that they are more vulnerable to "shoulder surfing" than conventional alphanumeric text passwords. When users input their passwords in a public place, they can be at risk of attackers stealing their password. An attacker can capture a password by direct observation over the shoulder. This tactic, referred to as "shoulder surfing," is a known risk and of special concern when authenticating in public places or common areas.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Authentication for blocking shoulder surfing attacks

International Business Machines Corporation


A lithographic apparatus includes an illumination system configured to provide a first beam of radiation, which forms a first mask illumination region, and configured to substantially simultaneously provide a second beam of radiation, which forms a second mask illumination region. The first and second illumination regions being configured to substantially simultaneously illuminate a same mask. The lithographic apparatus also includes a projection system configured to project the first radiation beam such that it forms a first substrate illumination region and configured to simultaneously project the second radiation beam such that it forms a second substrate illumination region.

A lithographic apparatus is a machine that applies a desired pattern onto a target portion of a substrate. Lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In that circumstance, a patterning device, which is alternatively referred to as a mask or a reticle, may be used to generate a circuit pattern corresponding to an individual layer of the IC, and this pattern can be imaged onto a target portion (e.g., comprising part of, one or several dies) on a substrate (e.g., a silicon wafer) that has a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). In general, a single substrate will contain a network of adjacent target portions that are successively exposed.
Known lithographic apparatus include so-called scanners, in which each target portion is irradiated by scanning the mask through a radiation beam in a given direction (the "scanning"-direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate parallel or anti parallel to this direction. After each scan the direction of scanning movement of the mask and the direction of scanning movement of the substrate is reversed. The substrate is also moved transverse to the scanning direction. These movements are time consuming and thus have a detrimental impact on the throughput of the lithographic apparatus (i.e., the number of substrates exposed per hour by the lithographic apparatus).


Process for preparing (S)—N-(5-((R)-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidin-3-yl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-1-carboxamide (formula I) or a salt thereof by reacting phenyl(5-((R)-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3,3a-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)carbamate or a similar derivative (formula 13) with (S)-pyrrolidin-3-ol (formula 14). Process for preparing phenyl(5-((R)-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3,3a-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)carbamate (formula 13) or a similar derivative by reduction of (R)-5-(2-(2,5-difluorophenyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-nitropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (formula 11) to (R)-5-(2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-amine (formula 12). Process for preparing (R)-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)pyrrolidine(R)-2-hydroxysuccinate (formula 10) by treating (R)—N—((R)-1-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)propyl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (formula 19) with an acid and a reducing agent. (S)—N-(5-((R)-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-1-carboxamide, is a tyrosin kinase (TRK) inhibitor for trearing e.g. cancer.

The compound of Formula I
(S)—N-(5-((R)-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-1-carboxamide, is a TRK kinase inhibitor. The compound of Formula I may be prepared as disclosed in WO 2010/048314, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. WO 2010/048314 discloses in Example 14A a hydrogen sulfate salt of the compound of Formula I. The compound may also be prepared as disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/943,014, filed Nov. 16, 2015, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
There exists a need for alternative synthetic procedures for the preparation of the compound of Formula I. Such alternative synthetic procedures are disclosed herein.

Process for the preparation of (S)-N-(5-((R)-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine-1-carboxamide and salts thereof


A method for operating a braking system, having a front and rear axle, the braking system including: a brake booster having a brake input element, coupled to an actuating travel sensor for providing a signal of a braking input; a brake master cylinder coupled to the brake booster coupled to a brake medium reservoir; fluid lines, in fluidic communication with the brake master cylinder and the brake medium reservoir, and with braking devices of the wheels via a system of valves, each of the wheels being coupled to a generator generating a braking torque, the method including: generating a hydraulic free travel with the valves and controlling valves with a control unit, a hydraulic pressure build-up for decelerating a wheel speed being prevented by generating free travel during actuation of the brake input element; and generating a regenerative braking torque for decelerating the wheel speed, based on the braking input.

A conventional braking system or a method for operating such a braking system is discussed, for example, in the publication DE 10 2008 004 201 A1, in which a hydraulic layout is described, i.e., a rear axle may be decoupled with a so-called separator valve, whereas publication DE 10 2010 042 995 A1 discusses a method for blending. The teachings of these documents are herewith incorporated by reference in the present application.
A braking system in principle is assumed, as it is schematically depicted in FIG. 1 and as it corresponds essentially to the braking systems described in the aforementioned publications.
The essential components of the braking system shall be only briefly discussed with reference to FIG. 1.
Reference numeral 10 refers to a brake input element, which corresponds to a brake pedal of a motor vehicle. Attached to brake input element 10 is an actuating travel sensor 12, which senses a driver's braking input, when the driver actuates brake input element 10 for braking, i.e., for decelerating the vehicle.
Reference numeral 13 designates a brake booster, which, for example, may be configured, among other things, as a vacuum brake booster, an electrohydraulic or electromechanical brake booster, as this is also known from the related art, brake booster 13 being coupled to a brake master cylinder 14. Brake master cylinder 14 is coupled to a brake medium reservoir 16 for supplying brake medium or brake fluid, which is fillable via a filler neck 18.
Brake master cylinder 14 includes two volume chambers (not visible here), each of the volume chambers being fluidically connected to a feed line or fluid line 28 and 30. Feed lines 28, 30 are feed lines for brake medium or brake fluid, specifically, line 30 for a first brake circuit 24 (on the left side in the illustration of FIG. 1, i.e., when the position of brake master cylinder 14 is assumed to be an imaginary center of the illustration, i.e., thus, the circuit "left" of brake master cylinder 14 is the first brake circuit 24), and line 28 for a second brake circuit 20. In this configuration, first brake circuit 24, when the driver actuates brake input element 10, acts on front wheels 26a, 26b of a front axle (not depicted), each of which are coupled to brake devices 68a, 68b in a known manner. For example, these may be hydraulically actuatable disk-brake units.
In an analogous manner, when the driver actuates brake input element 10, second brake circuit 20 acts on rear wheels 22a, 22b of a rear axle (not depicted) or on (hydraulically actuatable) brake units 38a, 38b coupled thereto, as long as a separator valve 66, which is explained further below, is not closed.
It is understood that additional brake circuits for additional wheel axles are also conceivable.
Situated in the rectangle designated by reference numeral 11 and depicted with a dashed-dotted line is a system 15 of valves (controllable via a control unit not separately depicted here, for example, an ESP unit situated on board of the vehicle), which are fluidically connected to lines 28, 30, and which ensure the hydraulic activation or non-activation of brake units 38a, 38b, 68a, 68b.
For the sake of conciseness, the conventional operation of valve assembly 15 is not discussed in greater detail here, since this is already described in the aforementioned publications.
In general, the valve system 15 situated in rectangle 11 is referred to as "modulation" (modulation segment), the components situated above as "actuation" (actuation segment), and the components situated below rectangle 11 as "foundation" (foundation segment).
By way of example, however, the components and valves of first brake circuit 24 will be briefly discussed.
Reference numeral 90 refers to a so-called PCR valve (pressure control valve, controllable pressure release valve), which is controllable with respect to the flow rate of fluid, and is closed in the non-activated state.
Reference numeral 66 designates a separator valve, which is open in the non-activated state ("currentlessly open").
Valves 72a and 72b, which are currentlessly opened, are each inlet valves for the fluid for brake units 68a and 68b on wheels 26a, 26b, whereas valves 86a, 86b are outlet valves of respective brake units 68a, 68b, and are closed in the non-activated state, each of the flow rates of fluid being controllable via a throttle in a known manner. The above applies analogously to second circuit 20.
Also situated in first circuit 24 is a pressure generating device 76 (depicted here are three pump units, whereby there may be at least one or, of course also multiple units), which is designated by reference numeral 44 in second circuit 20. The pump units of pressure generating devices 76 and 44 are driven by a motor 96 having drive shafts indicated extending to the right and left but, for purposes of presentation, graphically interrupted. The pump units of pressure generating devices 76 and 44 may convey brake medium or fluid with the aid of motor 96.
Since the depicted braking system is used in hybrid vehicles or electric vehicles, a (drive motor) electric motor (there may of course also be multiple electric motors) is used when it is used as a generator for recuperation of braking energy and, therefore, electrical energy. This means that with the generator, it is possible also to brake "regeneratively" or "recuperatively", namely in addition to hydraulic braking, a replacement of hydraulic braking with regenerative braking and vice versa being referred to as "blending."
For the sake of clarity, the (at least one) electric motor is not depicted in FIG. 1.
In order to achieve a high recuperative efficiency with such a system, it has proven advantageous to introduce a hydraulic "free travel". Typically, free travel is implemented in brake master cylinder 14, on brake booster 13, or on brake input element 10. This free travel makes it possible to prevent a hydraulic pressure build-up at the so-called coupled axle (in FIG. 1 the axle with wheels 22a, 22b) up to a certain actuating travel. A driver's braking input is, however, nevertheless calculated via the pedal travel, i.e., with the aid of actuating travel sensor 12, and which may then be implemented exclusively and solely via the generator and, therefore, with very high efficiency. In the event the instantaneous generator output alone is unable to achieve the desired deceleration, an additional braking torque is then built up at the brake circuit decoupled via separator valve 66, in order to comply with the driver's deceleration input.
If the recuperative torque of the generator is no longer adequate for the desired deceleration, the missing braking torque is applied hydraulically to the decoupled axle in accordance with the driver's braking input. Very high degrees of efficiency may be achieved with the aid of this system. However, the design implementation of a free travel always entails expenditure and effort. Typically, with respect to the desired free travel, appropriately (model-) adapted "actuation" components must be manufactured. As a general rule, this adapted "actuation" may then no longer be used in conjunction with a standard system.

Method and device for operating a braking system


The present invention provides shelf-stable shredded cheeses and methods of preparing such shelf-stable shredded cheeses using a combination of a natural or process cheese, a cheese powder, glycerin, and a filler. The shredded cheeses of this invention are shelf-stable at ambient temperatures, have good organoleptic properties, and exhibit good melt restriction and essentially no browning upon melting. The shredded cheeses of this invention are especially adapted for incorporated into, or use on or with, snack foods (e.g., chips) for retail sale which can be stored at ambient temperatures.

Shredded cheese is a growing component of the overall cheese market largely because such a product offers the consumer convenience in the preparation of a wide variety of products in the home kitchen. Shredded cheeses, for example, can be used as toppings or ingredients in homemade dishes such as pizzas, casseroles, salads, and the like and in retail snack products.
Shredded cheeses often employ anti-caking agents such as cellulose-based products or formulations. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,893 (May 6, 1997) provided an anti-caking agent formulated from fine mesh vegetable flour, bentonite, cellulose, and antimycotic agents or bacterial cultures. This anti-caking agent reportedly reduces the stickiness of the chunked, diced, or shredded cheese, improves the functionality of the cheese, and reduces yeast and/or mold growth.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,770 (Mar. 2, 1999) provided a reduced fat shredded cheese prepared by applying a small amount of fat to the surface of an essentially fat-free shredded natural cheese. The reduced fat shredded cheese product had melt and mouthfeel characteristics similar to that of the corresponding full-fat cheese product but with significantly reduced levels of fat. More recently, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/618,514, filed Jul. 18, 2000 (assigned to the assignee of the present application and hereby incorporated by reference) provided natural cheese shreds containing a nutritional calcium supplement; the calcium supplement also provided non-agglomerating properties whereby conventional anti-caking agents could be significantly reduced or eliminated.
Conventional cheese products generally have water activities of about 0.92 to about 1 and must, therefore, be stored at refrigerated temperatures. Attempts to produce shelf-stable cheese which can be stored at room temperature have generally involved the reduction of moisture in the cheese composition. Such efforts generally result in a brittle and dry cheese which is not acceptable for most uses. Such defects are especially noticeably when such cheeses are used to prepare shredded cheese because of the increased surface area of shredded cheese.
Using the process of this invention, shredded cheeses which are shelf-stable at ambient temperatures and exhibit good melt restriction and essentially no browning (i.e., when melted at about 375° F. for about 3 minutes) can be prepared. Using a combination of a natural or process cheese, a cheese powder, glycerin, and a filler, the present invention provides a shelf-stable shredded cheese having low water activity without brittleness and dryness. The shredded cheeses of this invention are especially adapted for incorporated into, or use on or with, retail snack foods.


The present invention provides compounds having formula (1): wherein R1-R6, A, J, D, E, G, Q, w, x, y, and z are as described generally and in classes and subclasses herein, and additionally provides pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods for the use thereof in the treatment of cancer and/or inflammatory disorders, and more generally as proteasome inhibitors.

Epoxomicin and Eponemycin, depicted below, are natural products isolated from unidentified actinomycete strain No. Q996-17 and from streptomyces thiogroscopicus No. P247-271, respectively (see, Hanada et al. J. Antibiotics 1992, 45, 1746-1752; Sugawara et al. J. Antibiotics 1990, 43, 8-18) that exhibit anti-tumor, and, in the case of epoxomicin, anti-inflammatory activity. Interestingly, both of these compounds have also been shown to bind covalently and irreversibly to the 20S proteasome (see, Sin et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 2283-2288; Meng et al. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 10403-10408; Meng et al. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 2798-2801).

The ability of these natural products and other compounds to act as proteasome inhibitors has attracted significant interest because of the wide range of cellular substrates and processes controlled or affected by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. For example, the oscillation of cyclins (cell cycle proteins required for the orderly progression through the cell cycle) has been found to be due to the regulated degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and inhibition of this pathway is believed to result in the blockage of cell cycle progression. Additionally, the transcription factor NF-κB is another regulatory protein involved in a variety of cellular processes, including immune and inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and cellular proliferation, whose mode of action is controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, it has also been shown that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved in retrovirus assembly and thus may be a useful target for the development of anti-HIV drugs. For a general discussion of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and proteasome inhibitors see, Myung et al. "The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway and Proteasome Inhibitors" Medicinal Research Reviews 2001, 21, 245-273.
As a result of the ability of the epoxyketones epoxomicin and eponemycin to inhibit the proteasome, there has been interest in developing the therapeutic potential of this class of compounds. Examples of other linear peptide epoxyketones that have been isolated recently on the basis of proteasome inhibition screening from microbial metabolites include TMC-86A, TMC-86B, TC 1084, TMC-89A and TMC-89B (see, Koguchi et al. J. Antibiotics, 2000, 53, 63-65; Koguchi et al. J. Antibiotics 2000, 53, 967-972). Additionally, certain synthetic epoxyketones have been prepared and investigated (Elofsson et al. Chem. Biol. 1999, 6, 811-822). Although there has been significant interest in the development of epoxyketones as proteasome inhibitors useful as potential therapeutics, there remains a need to prepare and investigate the biological activity of a wider range of analogues of this class of compounds. Clearly, it would be desirable to develop analogues that are safe and efficacious for the treatment of cancer, immune or inflammatory disorders, or HIV, to name a few. Additionally, it would be desirable to develop analogues that specifically target the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

Eponemycin and epoxomicin analogs and uses thereof


A lubricating oil composition may include a base oil (A), a neutral phosphorus compound (B), an acidic phosphorus compound (C), a sulfur compound (D) and a metal salt (E) including a metal sulfonate, a metal salicylate, and/or a metal phenate, in which a content of the acidic phosphorus compound (C) in terms of phosphorus atoms is 10 to 180 ppm by mass based on the total amount of the lubricating oil composition, a content of the sulfur compound (D) in terms of sulfur atoms is 10 to 1000 ppm by mass based on the total amount of the lubricating oil composition, and a content of the metal salt (E) in terms of metal atoms is 5 to 180 ppm by mass based on the total amount of the lubricating oil composition.

In recent years, there has been a strong demand for CO2 reduction from the perspective of protecting the global environment, and in the automotive field, efforts have been focused on developing technologies to reduce fuel consumption. Hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles are the mainstream technologies for fuel economy, and are expected to spread rapidly in the future. Hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles are equipped with electric motors and generators, and when these are cooled by the oil cooling system, the existing automatic transmission fluid (ATF) and continuously variable transmission fluid (CVTF) for multistage transmission are mainly used as lubricating oil compositions.
These lubricating oil compositions require electrical insulation to maintain long-term reliability in terms of friction control of wet clutches and wear resistance that can control metal-to-metal wear, as well as the insulation of electric motors.
For example, Patent Literature 1 discloses the lubricant composition used for cooling of and lubricating gears in electric motors in hybrid or electric vehicles, which is prepared with a volume resistivity of 5×1010 Ωm or more.


Plastic profile fasteners comprising a first member having an elongated groove profile and a second member having a complementary elongated projection receivable in the groove; the first member is provided with a plurality of axially spaced apart bridges between the groove walls, and the second member with notches in which the bridges are receivable. The bridges reinforce the groove wall, and coact with the notches to prevent relative axial movement of the fastener members.

Fasteners of the foregoing type comprise a first, female member having a continuous groove formed longitudinally therealong, and a second male member having a continuous, complementary longitudinally shouldered profile which is pressed into the groove to be latched therein. Depending upon the particular configuration of the groove and shoulder, the members may be releasably or non-releasably fastened together.
Releasable fasteners of the above type are exemplified in the following patents
______________________________________ U.S. Pat. No. 4,561,109 Herrington " 4,578,813 Ausnit I " 4,706,297 Ausnit II " 4,846,585 Boeckmann et al ______________________________________
Non-releasable fasteners of the above type are exemplified in the following patents
______________________________________ U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,710 Nocek et al " 4,792,983 Allegne et al ______________________________________
In all of the foregoing patents, both the extruded male and female members have a continuous, uniform cross-section therealong. While suited for many purposes, both the releasable and non-releasable fasteners of the above type will permit the relative longitudinal movement of the two fasteners members.
Additionally, while a strong latching force may be generated between the members, they may nevertheless be peeled apart due to the tendency of the walls forming the groove of the female member to splay transversely when subject to peeling forces.
Fasteners of the mating profile type are commonly applied to relationally opposed surfaces, by which term is meant surfaces wherein the attached closure members will find themselves contiguously opposed in the normal course of events, prior to their being fastened together. This situation will commonly arise when the closure elements are applied at the mouth of a plastic bag for example. Such bags are commonly stored together in large quantities pending their use, and it is not desirable that the fasteners close together adventitiously. In the above referred to Nocek et al patent, various means are suggested for hindering the joining of contiguous mating closure members. In the Ausnit II patent, the problem is largely overcome by staggering the closure members. A similar expedient is noted in U.S. Pat. No. 4,838,708, Holcomb et al, although in this instance the closure members are not of the mating profile type, being joinable by adhesive rather than by mechanical means. In both Ausnit II and Holcomb et al closure of the members can only be effected by deforming the substrate to which at least one of the members is attached.


An apparatus and a method for synchronizing and providing a stereoscopic image are provided. The method includes storing a first image, receiving a second image that forms a stereoscopic image with the first image correlated, synchronizing the first image and the second image, and outputting the synchronized two images.

The standardization of a technology of providing stereoscopic contents has been in progress. Such standardization induces the related technologies to be rapidly advanced based on various digital image devices such as a digital television (TV), a mobile phone, a digital camera, a digital versatile disk (DVD), and a portable multimedia player (PMP). The stereoscopic contents provide natural images with superior three-dimensional (3D) effect and excellent reality. Accordingly, technologies for capturing, generating, and displaying the stereoscopic contents have been developed, and relevant technologies for application services and devices using the stereoscopic contents have been also advanced as well.
As a related art, a side-by-side method was introduced for forming a stereoscopic image. The side-by-side method provides a stereoscopic service by reducing left and right images of stereoscopic contents by half and including the reduced left and right images in one frame.
For example, the left image is reduced by half by collecting only odd number vertical lines in the left image, and the right image is reduced by half by collecting only even number vertical lines in the right image, and the reduced left and right images are include in one frame. Since both of the left and right images are included in one frame, it is easy to synchronize the left image with the right image. However, the side-by-side method has disadvantages as well. That is, the image resolution is deteriorated and it is not comparable with typical digital broadcasting.
A frame sequential method was introduced as another method for forming a stereoscopic image according to the related art. The frame sequential method according to the related art encodes a right image and a left image of stereoscopic contents alternatively. The frame sequential method according to the related art advantageously provides a stereoscopic image having a full resolution that is identical to an original image.
However, the frame sequential method may disadvantageously cause a difficulty of synchronizing a left image with a right image and may provide a related service with one of the right and left images ignored if one of the right and left images is broken. Therefore, the frame sequential method according to the related art is not comparable with typical digital broadcasting.
Furthermore, an encoding method according the related art was introduced for providing stereoscopic contents while sustaining comparability with typical digital broadcasting. This encoding method encodes left and right images using different CODECs such as MPEG-2(Moving Picture Expert Group-2) and Advanced Video Coding (AVC).
Moreover, another encoding method was introduced for providing stereoscopic image with the comparability sustained. This encoding method encodes left and right images using relation between the left and right images.
Although these methods sustain the comparability with the typical digital broadcasting system, these methods require additional CODECs for individually coding and decoding the left and right images, thereby having high system complexity. Also, it is difficult to apply these methods to HD level high resolution digital broadcasting services due to limitation of a digital broadcasting bandwidth.

Apparatus and method for synchronizing stereoscopic image, and apparatus and method for providing stereoscopic image based on the same

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


Methods, apparatus, and computer-readable media are described to encode a trigger frame for a second station (STA2). A first sounding frame for the STA2 is generated. The first timestamp is associated with a transmission of the first sounding frame. A second sounding frame from the STA2 based upon the first sounding frame is decoded. The second sounding frame includes a holding time indication associated with a second timestamp and a third timestamp. A fourth timestamp is associated with receiving the second sound frame. The holding time indication is protected. A round-trip time is calculated based upon the first timestamp, the holding time indication, and the fourth timestamp.

IEEE 802.11az uses WiFi technology for ranging. Such ranging can involve frame exchanges over the air. For example, the measurement report for the sounding signal may be sent from the receiver to the sender. Currently, the measurement report may be readable to everyone and, therefore, vulnerable to eavesdropping. The eavesdropper may use the measurement report to derive the distance between the ranging devices. Such eavesdropping may jeopardize the privacy of the user and the security of certain usage applications.

Security protection of measurement report


A frozen dessert such as ice cream, and a process for manufacturing same, are described. The chocolate or other flavoring composition is injected into the stream of semi-frozen dessert in the form of a pumpable semi-liquid which freezes into ribbons or strands upon contact with the dessert. The fat and oil fractions of the flavoring composition are formulated so that the composition can be conditioned from a solid or semi-solid paste into a high-viscosity semi-liquid composition which can be pumped with a positive-delivery pump, and so that as soon as the composition is cooled a few degrees by being in direct contact with the ice cream, the viscosity rises rapidly and the composition once again becomes a solid or semi-solid. The conditioning can be accomplished in one of at least two ways. Firstly, the flavoring composition can be conditioned from the temperature at which is is a semi-solid paste, to a few degrees above that temperature. Secondly, the flavoring composition can be fully melted at an elevated temperature, and then supercooled to below the temperature at which it would be a semi-solid paste under steady-state conditions, agitating it to prevent crystallization. The preferred formulation for the flavoring composition is 46.61% fractionated and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, 32.95% sucrose, 20.04% cocoa powder, and 0.40% lecithin. The vegetable oil composition is 91.8% Oleic, Stearic and Palmitic fractions, namely 10.8% Palmitic, 7.3% Stearic, and 74.7% Oleic.

This invention relates to frozen dessert products such as ice cream, incorporating novel flavor strands or ribbons, of chocolate for example, and to the method of producing same.
In the production of an ice cream that is flavored with a solid chocolate or compound chocolate composition, it is currently the normal practice in the industry for a chocolate supplier to manufacture the chocolate or other flavoring material in his own plant. The finished pieces, in the shape in which they will be present in the ice cream, are then shipped to the ice cream plant and are there incorporated in the solid form into the ice cream. Chocolate chip ice cream is the best known variety of this type.
These pieces of chocolate or other flavoring material are usually formulated with hydrogenated fats with relatively high melting points so that they are solid at ambient temperatures and remain solid during shipping and storing. As a result, the pieces of chocolate become very hard when they are cooled in the ice cream to a freezer temperature of about minus 10.degree. C. When a chocolate chip ice cream is consumed, the ice cream melts in the mouth and is swallowed and many of the hard chocolate pieces are left in the mouth and must be chewed and swallowed separately. Because high melting point fats are used, the mouth-feel of the cold chocolate or compound chocolate is waxy and hard and the release of the flavor is retarded.
Because the solid pieces are introduced into the ice cream by means of a screw feeder which conveys the pieces into the stream of ice cream, it is also not possible to introduce shapes that are fragile, such as rods, ribbons or strands. These more fragile shapes would be broken up in the screw feeder.


A fireproof filing cabinet is disclosed. The cabinet has a shelf on which material such as files can be stored, having an open front side enclosable by a fireproof door. The door rotatably engages a retracting mechanism having a lift assist, so that the door rotates from a closed position, enclosing and sealing the shelf, to an open position, and then to a retracted position inside a compartment mounted adjacent to the shelf A lift assist mechanism enables opening and closing the door.

This invention relates to the field of fireproof filing cabinets.
Conventional file cabinets, used commonly in homes and offices, have a door or drawer front that retracts and slides into a compartment, to expose an open shelf that can be used for binder storage or side tab files. Conventional fireproof cabinets have a joint at the front wall that interlocks with the door to keep the interior from exceeding 350° F. when exposed to a temperature of 1,700° F. for one hour. There has not previously been a door or drawer front that can be retracted into a compartment because of the requirement of ajoint at the front. There is a need for a conventional filing cabinet that is also fireproof. The present invention meets that need.
The present invention provides a fireproof filing cabinet which overcomes the problems presented in the prior art and which provides additional advantages over the prior art. These advantages will become clear upon a reading of the attached specification in combination with a study of the drawings.

Filing cabinet having a fireproof retractable door


A method for calculating file size of video data stored in a digital video recorder (DVR) device includes storing video data having segments and index data including file size information associated with segments of the video data. The method also includes enabling an interval to export a selected portion of video data among the video data stored in the DVR device to a storage unit. The A method further includes reading the index data including the file size information associated with the video data stored in the DVR device and obtaining file size information from the read the index data in response to the enabled interval In addition, calculating a size of video data to be exported based on the obtained file size information.

In general, a digital video recorder (DVR) captures a video signal inputted through a surveillance camera, converts the video signal into a high-definition digital video signal, and stores the digital video signal in a storage medium such as a hard disk or an optical disk.
By means of the VDR device, a user can easily search or play recorded videos by time, date, camera and event and can easily perform backup and edit operations. Also, if a plurality of cameras are used, a multiplexer function can be performed to display the videos inputted from the respective cameras on one monitor screen in a divided manner.
The DVR device is a digital video storage device that makes it possible to semipermanently use recorded videos. DVR devices are being widely installed and used in large cut-price stores, parking lots, financial institutions, and airports to check security states.
Recently, DVR devices are widely installed and used in buses, subways and patrol cars to secure evidences for traffic accidents and fatal accidents. Also, since crimes occur frequently along with the society development speed, DVR devices are also installed as security devices in houses.
Video data stored in the DVR device are impossible to play intactly without conversion in external devices such as computers, because their formats are specified. Thus, in order to display video data in external devices, data/time/camera information is specifically designated, video data satisfying the conditions are searched, and the searched video data are converted into a multimedia video file of, for example, an Audio Video Interleave (AVI) file format. The conversion of video data into a multimedia video file is called 'export'.

Method for calculating file size of video data


A conveyor pan for a mining conveyor having a substructure with two side elements and an intermediate floor as well as a changeable trough forming a top strand and being detachably and exchangeably fastenable to the substructure. The trough having side profiles, each with a top web, and the top strand fastening means including screw bolts being fixable in place on the substructure. In order to ease an exchange of the trough, at least the top web of one side profile is provided with a plurality of open-edged indentations, in which there are welded holding strips, which project laterally over the top web and are provided with a plurality of bolt holes for the passage of a plurality of screw bolts.

In underground mining, the minerals which are won by means of mining machines such as, for example, mining ploughs or drum-cutter loaders, in particular coal, but also ores, potash and the like, are transported by means of scraper chain conveyors, which are made up of a multiplicity of hinge-connected conveyor pans. Since the won material is almost always transported in the top strand, since debris formations can also be permitted there, the top strand is generally prone to substantially greater wear than the bottom strand. It has therefore long been known to use in the conveyor pan a changeable trough, which after excessive wear can be exchanged for a new changeable trough or repaired so that the working life of the substructure can be fully utilized.
The changeable trough can be fastened to the conveyor pan differently, for example by means of clamps secured to the substructure by screw bolts, the clamps applying a clamping force in order to pretension the changeable trough against the substructure so as to prevent vibrations of the changeable trough even in continuous running, which vibrations can cause additional noise loads or an impaired passage of the scrapers of the scraper chain.

Conveyor pan with changeable trough, and a changeable trough