Nucleic acid probes capable of specifically hybridizing to rRNA of Yersinia enterocolitica and not to rRNA of non-Yersinia enterocolitica are described along with methods utilizing such probes for the detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in food and other samples.

The term "Yersinia enterocolitica" as used herein, refers to the bacteria classified as such in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (N. R. Krieg [ed.], 1984, 498-506, Williams & Milkins). Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) is important in various medical and public health contexts. Yersinia enterocolitica infection can cause a variety of symptoms ranging from those resembling a cold to gastroenterocolitis. Under-cooked or uncooked meats are frequently a source of human food-borne infection from these organsims but routine screening is both time consuming and difficult.
It is, therefore, an aspect of the present invention to provide a novel assay system capable of rapidly detecting Yersinia enterocolitica and which is generally applicable to environmental, food or clinical samples.
Pursuant to a standard laboratory method and a method recommended by the F.D.A. (FDA/BAM Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Chapter 11, 6th Edition, 1984, Supplement 9/87', Association of Offical Analytical Chemist), the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica in environmental or dairy specimens (e.g., milk) has been traditionally detected by culturing an appropriately prepared sample on microbiological media under conditions favorable for growth of these organisms. The resulting colonies are then typically examined for morphological and biochemical characteristics, a process that generally is initiated 48 hours after acquisition of the sample and disadvantageously takes between 12-17 days to complete.
It is yet another aspect of the present invention to avoid the disadvantage associated with traditional culturing techniques and to employ nucleic acid probes to detect Yersinia enterocolitica.
It is yet another aspect of the present invention to provide probes which can hybridize to target regions which can be rendered accessible to the probes under normal assay conditions.
While Kohne et al. (1968) Biophysical Journal 8:1104-1118 discuss one method for preparing probes to rRNA sequences they do not provide the teaching necessary to make Yersinia enterocolitica specific probes.
Pace and Campbell (1971) Journal of Bacteriology 107:543-547 discuss the homology of ribosomal ribonucleic acids from diverse bacterial species and a hybridization method for quantitating such homology levels. Similarly, Sogin, Sogin, and Noese (1972) Journal of Molecular Evolution 1:173-184 discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of using primary structural characterization of different ribosomal RNA molecules for evaluating phylogenetic relationships.
Fox, Pechman, and Noese (t977) International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology discuss the comparative cataloging of 16S ribosomal RNAs as an approach to prokaryotic systems. These references, however, fail to believe the deficiency of Kohne's teaching with respect to Yersinia enterocolitica.
Ribosomes are of profound importance to all organisms because they serve as the only known means of translating genetic information into cellular proteins, the main structural and catalytic elements of life. A clear manifestation of this importance is the observation that all cells have ribosomes.
Ribosomes contain three distinct RNA molecules which, at least in E. coli, are referred to as 5S, 16S, and 23S rRNAs. These names historically are related to the size of the RNA molecules, as determined by sedimentation rate. In actuality, however, they vary substantially in size between organisms. Nonetheless, 5S, 16S, and 23S rRNA are commonly used as generic names for the homologous RNA molecules in any bacteria, and this convention will be continued herein.
Hybridization is traditionally understood as the process by which, under predetermined reaction conditions, two partially or completely complementary single-stranded nucleic acids are allowed to come together in an antiparallel fashion to form a double-stranded nucleic acid with specific and stable hydrogen bonds. The stringency of a particular set of hybridization conditions is defined by the base composition of the probe/target duplex, as well as by the level and geometry of mispairing between the two nucleic acids. Stringency may al so be governed by such reaction parameters as the concentration and type of ionic species present in the hybridization solution, the types and concentrations of denaturing agents present, and/or the temperature of hybridization. Generally, as hybridization conditions become more stringent, longer probes are preferred if stable hybrids are to be formed. As a corollary, the stringency of the conditions under which a hybridization is to take place (e.g., based on the type of assay to be performed) will largely dictate the preferred probes to be employed. Such relationships are well understood and can be readily manipulated by those skilled in the art. As a general matter dependent upon probe length, such persons understand stringent conditions to mean approximately 35 .degree. C.-65.degree. C. in a salt solution of approximately 0.9 molar.
As used herein, probe(s) refer to synthetic or biologically produced nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) which, by design or selection, contain specific nucleotide sequences that allow them to hybridize under defined predetermined stringencies, specifically (i.e., preferentially) to target nucleic acid sequences.
A target nucleic acid sequence is one to which a particular probe is capable of preferentially hybridizing.
Still other useful definitions are given as their first use arises in the following text. All references cited herein are fully incorporated by reference.

Nucleic acid probes and methods for detecting Yersinia enterocolitica


A flexible display substrate, a method for manufacturing the same, and a flexible display device are provided. The flexible display substrate includes a display region, an electrode bonding region, and a bending region between the electrode bonding region and the display region. The method includes: forming an inorganic film layer on the flexible display substrate, forming a first via hole penetrating the inorganic film layer in the bending region by using a single patterning process, where a sidewall of the first via hole is step-shaped, the inorganic film layer includes at least one of the following film layers: a barrier layer, a buffer layer, a first gate insulation layer, a second gate insulation layer and an interlayer insulation layer.

A flexible display substrate in the related art is divided into a display region and an electrode bonding region. In order to realize a narrow bezel of the flexible display device, a portion of the flexible display substrate corresponding to the electrode bonding region is bent into facing away from a display surface, and a bending region is located between the display region and the electrode bonding region. There is still latitude for improvement in display panel manufacturing processes.

Flexible display substrate, method for manufacturing the same and flexible display device

CHENGDU BOE OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


The shopping cart washing machine includes a cart transporting means (200) which continuously transports a cart in a forward direction, a high pressure washing water spraying means (300) which washes the cart by spraying high pressure washing water to a surface of the cart, a handle washing means (400) which washes a handle (4) of the cart by brushing upper and lower surfaces of the handle (4) of the cart, a cart outside surface washing unit (500) which washes the outside surface of a container part (1) of the cart by brushing the sides of the container part (1), a cart inside space washing means (600) which is disposed inside the container part (1) and removes dirt from the container part (1) by vertical vibrations, a rinsing means (700) which removes dirt remaining on the surface of the washed cart by spraying high pressure washing water again, and a drying means (800) which removes water droplets remaining on the surface of the washed cart using hot air.

Generally, people use shopping carts when shopping in large shopping centers, such as Wallmart or grocery corners of departments in order to load and carry lots of things during shopping. Such a shopping cart comprises a container part 1 in the form of an iron net container for containing various things, casters 2 provided at the lower end of the container part 1 for allowing the container part 1 to move, and a handle 4, which facilitates direction change and movement of the cart.
Since the carts are convenient tools for shopping, the shopping carts are being used in almost large-scale shopping centers by a lot of people every day. Accordingly, the carts used by a lot of people easily get dirt due to dust and grocer dregs. Moreover, various kinds of bacteria and germs are likely to stick to handles of the carts through hands of people and thus the carts may become sources of germs.
In the past, there were no effective shopping cart washing machines. Although there has been a sterilizing apparatus for sterilizing shopping carts using steam, the apparatus is not useful because some portion of the cart, such as a handle which is made of synthetic resin is deformed during a sterilizing process due to weak heat resistance of the synthetic resin. There has been another washing machine which washes the cart by spraying washing water. However, this washing machine cannot be automatically controlled, and thus operators are needed to manually control the washing machine. Further, this washing machine has another problem in that the cart is likely to be turned upside down in the machine due to pressure of the sprayed washing water. Accordingly, with this washing machine, washing efficiency was low. Moreover, since a container part of a cart, which is a loading part, is formed in an iron net form, it was difficult to completely remove the dirt sticking to the container part only by the means of brushing. In particular, a handle part of the cart, which is the part that may be severely contaminated, is hardly washed.


A control system for a vehicle including an engine, an electrical storage unit and a generator driven by the engine, the control system includes a socket and a controller. The socket is configured to supply electric power from the generator or the electrical storage unit to a device outside the vehicle in a travel stop state. The controller stops the engine when a preset condition is satisfied. The controller sets a first range and a second range in which the condition is satisfied. The first range is the range in a case where electric power is supplied to the device outside the vehicle and the second range is the range in another case. The first range is narrower than the second range.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a control system for a vehicle, a vehicle and a control method for a vehicle, which are able to supply electric power, to a device outside the vehicle.
2. Description of Related Art
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2008-265682 (JP 2008-265682 A) describes that a hybrid vehicle is controlled such that a required torque is output to a drive shaft while an engine undergoes intermittent stop operation when a battery temperature is higher than or equal to a threshold and an engine coolant temperature is higher than or equal to a threshold. Furthermore, JP 2008-265682 A describes that the hybrid vehicle is controlled such that a required torque is output to the drive shaft while intermittent stop operation of the engine is prohibited when the battery temperature is lower than the threshold and the engine coolant temperature is lower than the threshold.

Control system for vehicle, vehicle, and control method for vehicle


One or both of the condyles in a femoral component for a partial or total knee prosthesis includes a J-curve with a plurality of distinct radii, such as 5 or more radii. The centers of the radii are arranged along an arcuate path extending anteroposteriorly so that successively larger radii are serially arranged along the arcuate path from the posterior side of the femoral component to the anterior side. The femoral component provides a high degree of stability throughout the range of motion of the knee prosthesis, and facilitates a close approximation to the motion of a natural knee.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates generally to joint replacement surgery, and more particularly to femoral components used in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), in which the femoral components have a modified articular surface.
2. Brief Description of the Related Art
Joint replacement surgery is used to replace worn or damaged articular joint surfaces, thereby allowing the joint to function normally when it would otherwise not be possible to do so. Typically, an artificial joint includes metallic, ceramic and/or polymer components that are fixed to existing bone, which may or may not be resected prior to component affixation. In the case of total knee arthroplasty, a diseased and/or damaged natural knee joint is replaced with a prosthetic knee joint. Knee prostheses typically include a femoral component, a patellar component, a tibial tray or plateau and a tibial bearing insert coupled to the tibial tray. The femoral component generally includes a pair of laterally spaced condylar portions adapted to function similarly to the natural femoral condyles they replace, with articular distal surfaces of the condylar portions interacting with complimentary surfaces formed in a tibial bearing insert.
A goal of total knee arthroplasty procedures is to restore or enhance function of the natural knee while retaining as much of the knee's normal range of motion as possible. A natural knee may have a range of motion from 0° (full extension) to 135° (full flexion), for example. However, a reduced range of motion is sometimes experienced with some known knee prostheses and associated TKA procedures, resulting, for example, in a post operative range of motion of approximately 0-110°. Substantial efforts have been focused on providing "high flex" knee prostheses that offer a range of motion that is as close as possible to the natural knee.
In addition to range of motion considerations, mechanical functioning and longevity are also goals of knee prosthesis design. For example, minimization of joint stiffness and maximization of joint stability throughout the range of motion are desirable in total knee prostheses. Post-operative joint stability is a function of several factors, including surgical technique and implant design. Design efforts have been focused on promotion of prosthesis stability throughout the range of motion, and in particular at the "mid flexion" range of motion, which includes the range of motion around a knee flexion of about 45°.
One known design uses a single radius in the "J-curve" of the knee component condylar portions. The J-curve is the curve of the articular surface of the condylar portions as viewed in a sagittal plane that is medially or laterally offset to intersect with the articular surfaces of each condylar portion. In the "single radius" design, the center of the radius corresponds to the epicondylar axis, which is an axis approximately corresponding with the axis passing through the femoral attachments of the collateral ligaments of the knee. A single radius design typically corresponds to a range of motion from 10° (less than full extension) to 110° (less than full flexion). Thus, a "single radius" design, which seeks enhanced mid flexion stability, does not result in a full range of motion comparable to a natural knee.
Other known femoral components includes J-curves having three or four tangential radii with centers spaced apart from one another, such as shown in FIG. 3. In these designs, the rotational centers of the femur during flexion correspond to the arc centers of the J-curve of the femoral component. Because these radii each have different sizes, the rotational center displaces sharply in the range of flexion corresponding with a transition from one radius to the next, or neighboring, radius. This sharp and large displacement is believed to detract from knee prosthesis stability in these ranges of flexion.
What is needed is a new total knee prosthesis with a high degree of stability throughout a wide range of motion.

J-curve for a femoral prosthesis component


An enclosure comprises a housing defining an opening, and a cover movable between a closed position, a slide open position, and a hinge open position. The hinge open position is rotationally displaced about a hinge axis from the closed position, and the slide open position is translationally displaced from the closed position along a slide path that is perpendicular to the hinge axis. There is a position between the closed position and the slide open position in which rotation of the cover is inhibited.

The present invention relates to enclosures having covers, such as enclosures for housing controls.
Enclosures are commonly used for housing a wide variety of items, such as control, machinery, meters, etc. In order to provide access to the item inside, enclosures often include a main housing with a cover or door that can be opened. For example, a cover can be attached to the main housing using removable fasteners, thus allowing the cover to be completely removed from the main housing. Alternatively, the cover can be attached to the main housing for sliding or pivoting movement, thereby allowing the cover to the opened while maintaining a connection between the cover and the main housing.

Enclosure with sliding and pivoting cover


A solar cell power conversion device is disposed between a solar cell and a consumer premises distribution system. A storage battery power conversion device is disposed between a storage battery and the consumer premises distribution system. When an AC effective voltage in the consumer premises distribution system deviates from a voltage range defined in accordance with dead zone information transmitted from HEMS, system voltage stabilization control for returning the AC effective voltage to fall within the voltage range is performed by control of active power and reactive power that are output from a first DC/AC conversion circuit and a second DC/AC conversion circuit.

In recent years, for reducing environmental burdens, a power generation system that harnesses natural energy, such as a solar cell not emitting carbon dioxide, has come into widespread use in houses. Furthermore, in order to address power shortage and the like since the Great East Japan Earthquake, product commercialization has been underway for a system including a storage battery, a system utilizing an electric vehicle as a storage battery, a system formed of a combination of a solar cell and a storage battery, and the like. Furthermore, in order to significantly reduce emission of carbon dioxide, widespread use of a zero-emission house (hereinafter also referred to as a "ZEH house" or simply as "ZEH") has been promoted as a house that is improved in heat insulation performance, equipped with an energy creation device such as a solar cell that harnesses renewable energy, and allows zero balance of power consumption and generation in one year.
As described above, when renewable energy of a solar cell and the like is supplied in large quantity, there occurs a problem in the case of a solar cell that the voltage in a distribution system rises in a time zone of daytime with a large amount of solar radiation. This problem has been addressed by solutions, for example, by suppressing reverse power by suppressing power generation from a solar cell, or by power compensation by a static VAR compensator (SVC) and system stabilization facilities represented by storage battery facilities. However, these solutions also cause problems that the electric power that can be generated by a solar cell cannot be utilized to the extent possible or the system stabilization facilities such as SVC are expensive. As part of the solutions, the Japanese government started subsidiary enterprises for increasing in-house consumption of generated power (local production for local consumption) in 2016, and plans to promote the enterprises in the future. As to the enterprises for promoting the above-mentioned ZEH house, in order to promote local production for local consumption, the Japanese government started subsidization in 2016 for storage batteries unrelated to the ZEH conditions for widespread use.
In recent years, a large-scale town development called vacant lot development has been underway, which utilizes the sites of factories and schools (e.g., vacant lot development in the Sustainable Smart Town in Fujisawa City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Kyushu University, etc.). Such developments include the case where a solar cell is installed in each house. Also, according to the above-mentioned guidelines of the government, the future town development is expected to proceed on the precondition that ZEH houses (each equipped with an energy creation device (a solar cell and the like) of several kW) are built. In this case, installation of a solar cell of 4 kW in each house will lead to formation of a so-called mega-solar system in a town scale including about 300 houses. In such a case, in order to stabilize a distribution system (in other words, to suppress a rise in system voltage), system stabilization facilities such as expensive SVC and storage batteries need to be installed in a town. Introduction of the facilities into a smart town may require consumers to bear part of the cost.
Furthermore, it is known as a solution for each house to, upon a voltage rise in the distribution system, control suppression of the system voltage with output of reactive power from a power conversion device connected to a solar cell. When this control is performed, suppression of electric power generated by the solar cell may be required as apparent power rises due to the reactive power.
From the above-mentioned viewpoints, Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2016-182021 (PTL 1) discloses a reactive power cooperative control device provided in a distributed power generation system including a plurality of voltage control units. Each of the voltage control units is connected to a low-voltage distribution line to function of adjusting the reactive power such that the voltage value measured at its own terminal is maintained within a target voltage range that is set in advance. The reactive power cooperative control device includes: information generation means for, when one voltage control unit satisfies a prescribed condition, generating target voltage change request information for requesting change of the target voltage range of another voltage control unit other than this one voltage control unit; and information transmission means for transmitting the generated target voltage change request information. The prescribed condition is set such that the prescribed condition is determined as being satisfied in the state where the voltage control unit can adjust the reactive power.

Power conversion device that receives dead zone information


A weight stack training machine has a stack of weights 3 slidable vertically along a pair of guides 2 when lifted by a cable 7 which is connected to a hand grip or the like. In the upper part of the machine is an assembly for increasing the load felt by the user, consisting of a gas spring 18 connected between the machine frame 1 and an arcuate portion of a lever 11. At the opposite end of the lever is a pulley 12 around which passes a cable 13 anchored to the frame at 14 and connected at 15 to the weight selector rod 4. Listing the weights 3 causes the lever 11 to compress the spring 18 and give the user extra resistance.

This invention relates to weight training exercise apparatus, that is apparatus in which the user extends and contracts selected muscles or groups of muscles against the resistance of a weight.
In the early days of weight training, the apparatus used consisted of dumbbells and barbells. These articles suffered from inherent drawbacks, among them being instability, because they can be dropped, and awkwardness, because of the time necessary to change weights on them.
In the last few decades these drawbacks have been overcome by so-called weight stack exercise apparatus, in which a stack of incremental weights are guided for smooth vertical movement, a weight selector rod passes down through a plurality of vertically aligned bores and a selected weight is engaged with the rod by means of a pin passing through or under the weight and engaging in an aligned bore in the rod. In the exercise the whole stack of weights above the pin is lifted via the selector rod which is connected, for example, by a cable to hand grips or is directly connected, for example, to a lifting bar. In some arrangements there are more than one weight selector rod, and hereinafter the rod will be referred to broadly as "weight lifting means" to encompass the variety of arrangements possible.
The instability drawback is overcome by the guidance of the weights, and selection of different weights is made in seconds by withdrawing the selector pin from one weight and reinserting it in or against another. Weight stack exercise apparatus has therefore achieved widespread use, but although many drawbacks are overcome, there remain others which are inherent in the apparatus.
The main problem is the constraint which prevents the apparatus being useful to both light trainers and heavier trainers. Increments in weight are ideally small, say 5kg or 10kg. Thus ten weights would make up a 50 kg stack, but if say a 250kg maximum weight were wanted fifty weights would be necessary. Apart from the extra expense, there are inherent size limitations which prevent such a tall stack being viable. Conversely, to obtain a high maximum weight with a reasonable number of weights means that the increments, i.e. the sizes of each weight, are undesirably large. For this reason, commercial weight stack exercise apparatus has tended to be relatively lightweight, and users wanting high resistances have had to resort to barbells.
A second disadvantage, equally inherent in conventional barbells, is that the exercise resistance, ignoring friction or acceleration forces, is constant over the entire range of movement. Research has shown that this is not idea, but that for best results the resistance should vary over the range of movement. The devices which have been proposed in recent years to obtain improved contours of resistance to movement have involved complicated lever and/or cam mechanisms, which are expensive to manufacture and are prone to breakdown.


At least one choked flow passage communicates between one side of the movable member and the other side of the movable member and limits an amount of fuel, which passes from the one side of the movable member to the other side of the movable member, when the movable member is moved by an urging force of a relief spring toward a valve element. A larger amount of fuel, which is larger than the amount of fuel that is passable through the at least one choked flow passage, flows from a first return flow passage to a second return flow passage, when the movable member is moved toward the other side, which is opposite from the valve element, against the urging force of the relief spring.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a high pressure pump.
2. Description of Related Art
A fuel supply apparatus, which supplies fuel to an internal combustion engine, includes a high pressure pump, a fuel rail and fuel injection valves. The high pressure pump pumps high pressure fuel. The fuel rail accumulates the high pressure fuel, which is pumped from the high pressure pump. The fuel injection valves are connected to the fuel rail and inject the high pressure fuel received from the fuel rail. The pressure of the fuel rail may possible exceed its allowable range due to, for example, malfunction of an intake valve or a discharge valve of the high pressure pump or abnormal temperature increase, thereby resulting in an abnormally high pressure of the fuel rail. In order to address such a disadvantage, a previously proposed high pressure pump includes a relief valve that relieves, i.e., releases an excessively high pressure, which is equal to or higher than a predetermined relief pressure, to a return passage, so that damage of, for example, the fuel injection valve(s) can be limited.
When the engine is stopped, circulation of the engine coolant is stopped. This results in an increase in the temperature of the engine room. In response to the increase in the temperature of the engine room, the pressure of the fuel rail is increased, so that fuel may possibly leak from the fuel injection valves. Furthermore, when the temperature of the fuel in the fuel rail is increased beyond the evaporating temperature of the fuel, fuel vapor may possibly be generated in the fuel rail. When the generated vapor is accumulated in the fuel rail or is injected from the fuel injection valves along with the fuel, the startability of the engine may possibly be deteriorated.
In view of the above disadvantage, JP2010-48259A teaches a high pressure fuel supply apparatus, which includes a check valve in a relief valve. This check valve opens when the pressure of fuel in the fuel rail is larger than a predetermined pressure to enable flow of fuel from the fuel rail to a discharge valve located on an upstream side of the fuel rail. The predetermined pressure is set such that the amount of fuel leaked from the fuel injection valve upon the engine stop becomes smaller than its allowable amount, and the amount of vapor generated in the fuel rail upon the engine stop becomes smaller than its allowable amount.
With the technique of JP2010-48259A, it is possible to reduce the required installation space by placing the check valve in the relief valve. However, according to this technique, the check valve and the relief valve are separately formed. Therefore, a valve element and a valve seat of each of the check valve and the relief valve need to be accurately formed to a level that ensures fluid tightness between the valve element and the valve seat. Therefore, the number of processing steps and the processing costs may possibly be increased.


Provided is a sense amplifier circuit in a semiconductor memory device in which an under-drive is applied to a switching element of a pull-down side of a sense amplifier in order to compensate for poor driving capability in the case of performing a low voltage operation. The sense amplifier circuit includes: a sense amplifier which has a pull-down element composed of an NMOS transistor and a pull-up element composed of a PMOS transistor and is formed between bit lines to perform data exchange; and a drive controller which supplies a drive voltage for the use of pull-up and pull-down operations to the sense amplifier in order to perform the data exchange, and, during a specific time period included in a time for providing the drive voltage, performs an under-drive whereby the drive voltage for the use of the pull-down operation is used so that the sense amplifier is provided with a voltage that is lower than a voltage used in the pull-down operation in a normal state.

In general, as a low voltage is gradually applied for an operation of a semiconductor memory device, an operation voltage margin for a threshold voltage of an NMOS transistor or a PMOS transistor becomes insufficient. As a result, an operation feature of a sensor amplifier deteriorates.
The sense amplifier includes an NMOS transistor for a pull-down operation and a PMOS transistor for a pull-up operation. There are significant changes in an average value of threshold values of the NMOS transistor and the PMOS transistor constituting the sense amplifier. The different between PMOS transistors for the pull-up operation is greater than that of NMOS transistors for the pull-down operation. Therefore, an offset voltage of a PMOS amplifier is significantly larger than that of an NMOS amplifier.
In the case of a low voltage operation, driving capability of an amplifier deteriorates. For this reason, the aforementioned phenomenon takes an important role in the determination of an operation feature.
Referring to FIGS. 1a and 1b, the X-axis of FIG. 1b is associated with threshold voltages of a right NMOS transistor and a right PMOS transistor shown in FIG. 1a. Further, the Y-axis of FIG. 1b is associated with threshold voltage of a left NMOS transistor and a left PMOS transistor shown in FIG. 1a. To obtained the view of FIG. 1b, the threshold voltages of the respective NMOS transistors and PMOS transistors included in a plurality of sense amplifiers are measured and are respectively mapped into the coordinates.
Referring to the figures, in the case of NMOS transistors, the threshold voltage features of the left NMOS transistor and the right NMOS transistor are uniformly distributed. On the other hand, in the case of PMOS transistors, the threshold voltage features the left PMOS transistor and the right PMOS transistor are dispersed, thereby showing non-uniform distribution.
A conventional sense amplifier S/A is provided for a cell array as shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a folded bit line structure.
A cell is composed of one NMOS transistor controlled by a word line WLn and one capacitor. The drain of the NMOS transistor is connected to a bit line. The source of the NMOS transistor is connected to one electrode of the capacitor, wherein its connection point is defined as a storage node SN at which writing charges are stored. The other electrode of the capacitor is a plate electrode PL. The plate electrode PL is connected to a common cell plate and is supplied with a cell plate voltage. The cell plate voltage is generally VDD/2, where VDD is defined as a high operation voltage of the cell.
Bit lines BL and /BL are connected to the sense amplifier S/A. When the word line WL0 is activated and thus cell data is delivered to the bit line BL, the bit line /BL provides a reference voltage. On the contrary, when the word line WL1 is activated and thus the cell data is delivered to the bit line /BL, the bit line BL provides the reference voltage. In a data buffer and the sense amplifier S/A, data is input and output through local data buses LDB and LDBB.
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a latch type sense amplifier.
A pull-up activation stage of the latch type sense amplifier is controlled in response to a control signal SAP. A pull-down activation stage of the latch type sense amplifier is controlled in response to a control signal SAN.
For a pre-charge operation, a bit line pre-charge voltage VBLP is supplied to the bit lines BL and /BL by using an equalizing signal BLEQ. Here, the bit line pre-charge voltage VBLP may be defined as VDD/2.
A column selection signal YI is used to select the sense amplifier in order to exchange data between bit lines BL and /BL and local data buses LDB and LDBB. Bit line selection signals BISH and BISL are used to exchange data through the bit lines BL and /BL between the sense amplifier and the cell array.
An equalizing signal BLEQ is used to equalize a voltage between the bit lines BL and /BL.
The circuits of FIGS. 2 and 3 operate in the same manner as a circuit of FIG. 4. Specifically, in a pre-charge period, the bit lines BL and /BL and the control signals SAN and SAP are pre-charged to the bit line pre-charge voltage VBLP.
In a charge share period that comes after the pre-charge period, the word line WL is activated, and as a result, cell data is loaded on the bit line BL.
Thereafter, in a sense amplify period, to amplify signals of the bit lines BL and /BL, the control signal SAN transits to a ground voltage, and the control signal SAP transits to the voltage VDD. Therefore, the bit lines BL and /BL are amplified to a cell high voltage level and a ground level.
Subsequently, a restore operation is carried out. In this period, the amplified signal of the bit line /BL is rewritten in a cell.
When the restore operation is completed, the bit lines BL and /BL are restored to a pre-charge state.
Regarding the operation voltage of the semiconductor memory device operated in the aforementioned manner, as described above, the operation voltage margin for the threshold voltages of the NMOS transistor and the PMOS transistor included in the sense amplifier becomes insufficient. As a result, the operation feature of the sense amplified deteriorates.
In particular, the difference of the threshold voltage between both sides of PMOS transistors of the sense amplifier is much greater than that of NMOS transistors of the sense amplifier. Therefore, in the case of a low voltage operation, amplification driving capability of the sense amplifier decreases.
In order to solve these problems, the conventional semiconductor memory device employs an over-drive method so as to improve PMOS driving capability.
However, since a PMOS offset feature has a significant effect on the over-drive method, erroneous data may be output from the sense amplifier.

Sense amplifier circuit in semiconductor memory device and driving method thereof


An image forming system includes an image forming portion, an image data generation portion, a position information obtaining portion, a position information adding portion, a storage portion, an image data searching portion, and a list display portion. The image forming portion forms an image on a print sheet based on image data. The position information obtaining portion obtains position information associated with a place where the image data has been generated. The position information adding portion adds the obtained position information to the generated image data. The storage portion stores therein the image data to which the position information has been added. The image data searching portion searches for the stored image data based on the position information. The list display portion displays a list of the searched image data as a candidate for the image data to be printed by the image forming portion.

The present disclosure relates to an image forming system.
In association with recent development of information technology, mobile phones, touch-panel-type tablet devices, and other mobile terminals have become widely used by general users. These mobile terminals have a display portion such as a liquid crystal screen for displaying images. A user can obtain desired information via an image displayed on the display portion or can edit certain text files and programs by operating buttons provided thereto.
As one example of such mobile terminals, a mobile printer that can print a label to be affixed to a building or a structure at a certain spot is known. This mobile printer includes a GPS unit, converts position information obtained from the GPS unit into necessary character string information to be printed out, and generates print information by processing it based on layout information. Then, the mobile printer can print the generated print information on a surface of a label.
In a case where information obtained or edited by the mobile terminal is to be outputted as a printed matter later from a printer placed at home, an office, or the like, a cloud print function (mobile print function) may be used. The cloud print function allows transmission of image data generated by the mobile terminal to a server once, then, access from a printer placed at home or the like to the server, and selection of image data to be printed from among accumulated image data to be printed out.


A proxy server apparatus (APP) coupled to a network and a TEL network is disclosed, which comprises: a receiving portion for receiving a request, from a client terminal coupled to the network, for connection to a desired server APP therethrough via the TEL network, the request including a name of the server; an address table for storing the name and corresponding TEL NO.; a PPP connection portion for dynamically assigning an IP address to the desired server APP from the name according to the address table and for providing PPP connection between the desired server APP and the proxy server APP; and a COMM providing portion for providing communication between the client terminal and the desired server APP using the IP address. A proxy server system including a plural proxy server APP is also disclosed, wherein a request is forwarded to a desired server according to a proxy server arrangement table in each proxy server APP and communication is routed through other server APP. The proxy server arrangement table is determined according to distance in TEL network or data rate of the proxy server APP. A server APP is disclosed which informs the proxy server coupled thereto of disconnection when all circuits to the proxy server are in non communication condition for a predetermined interval.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a proxy server apparatus for providing communication between a network and a server via a public telephone network connected to the server, a proxy server system including a plurality of server apparatuses, and the server coupled to the network via the proxy server and the public telephone network.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Generally, in the TCP/IP communication, when a client requests connection to a server, a connection can be provided by specifying the IP address of the server. However, due to the popularization of the Internet, the network becomes big and there are many servers, so that it becomes difficult to control all IP addresses of servers. Thus, DNS (Domain Name Services) has been developed.
A DNS server searches an IP address from the specified name of the server. Thus, when connection is made to a server without directly specifying the IP address of the server a DNS server searches the corresponding IP address from specified name of the server. FIG. 9 is a prior art table controlled by the DNS server. In the DNS, names of servers coupled to the network correspond IP addresses one to one, that is, the IP addresses have been determined in advance.
In that structure, it is necessary that the server has an IP address previously determined and is always connected to the network. If the server is provided within a public area, there is no problem in this structure. However, if a server is provided in a home, it is necessary to connect to the network through a public telephone network and if it is always connected to the network, a telephone charge is high. When a server in a home, the number of times of accessing per unit interval is not so high. Accordingly, it is desirable desired to connect the server to the network only when there is a necessity for connection to suppress the telephone charge.
Moreover, in the case that the general home use computer is connected to a network through a public telephone network, the PPP (Point to Point Protocol) is used. In the PPP connection, because the number of the IP addresses is limited, the home use computer does not have IP addresses and an IP address is dynamically assigned to a home use computer on connection and the address is used only while the computer is connected to the network.

Proxy server apparatus, a proxy server system, and a server apparatus

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A cab for a machine. The machine has a longitudinal axis extending between a front, and a back opposite to the front. The cab includes a roof and a floor extending generally about the longitudinal axis. A vertical seat index axis extends through intermediate portions of the roof and the floor and is associated with a position of the operator disposed to face the front. The vertical seat index axis intersects perpendicular to the longitudinal axis at an intersection. A plurality of support members are disposed between the roof and the floor, including a rear support member disposed at a rear end of the cab. At least an upper portion of the rear support member is positioned at an angle relative to the intersection at an angle along the longitudinal axis and defines a rear view opening to facilitate rear end visibility of the machine.

Earth working and construction type machines, for example motor graders, wheel loaders, excavators, agricultural tractors, dozers, etc. include a cab from which an operator controls the machine and attached implements. The cab protects the operator from any adverse environment and also protects the operator from injury in case of machine roll over. For efficient and effective operation of the machine, an operator should have unobstructed view of the machine and its surrounding objects and environment, including front, sides and back of the machine. An operator of the machine may need to have an unobstructed rear view of the machine while situated in the operator seat inside the cab. For example, the operator may need to have a view on the backside for moving the machine backwards or for monitoring proper functioning of any part of the machine or any implement mounted on the back portion of the machine.
A cab generally includes a floor, a roof and upright support members that extend between the floor and the roof. The upright support members support the roof of the cab above the floor. The upright support members may be used for mounting various components, for example, an air handling duct or other wirings or conduits. Further, such support members along with other parts of the cab are designed structurally strong to act as a roll over protection system (ROPS). As a result, the bigger dimension of such support members may be detrimental in providing an unobstructed rear view from the operator seat. U.S. Pat. No. 3,279,843 discloses a cab with a pair of diagonal members, a pair of cross-members and a pair of vertical braces forming rear support members for the cab. Such multiple members and braces as a rear support members may fail to provide an unobstructed rear view of the machine from the operator seat inside the cab.

Machine cab having improved operator visibility


A method and apparatus for treating heavy-metal-containing wastewater using a sulfidizing agent. Sulfidizing treatment is carried out by adding a sulfidizing agent to heavy-metal-containing wastewater, while detecting hydrogen sulfide gas generated from the wastewater, such as to maintain a state in which hydrogen sulfide gas is just starting to be generated from the wastewater. When separately recovering each of a plurality of metals from wastewater in which are mixed ions of the plurality of metals, there is repeated for each of the metals a process in which the acidity of the wastewater is adjusted to within a range suitable for the metal to be separated out and recovered, a sulfidizing reaction is carried out on that metal, and the metal sulfide produced is precipitated and filtered off.

If heavy-metal-ion-containing wastewater arising from processes such as plating, metal surface treatment, battery manufacture, printed circuit board manufacture, semiconductor manufacture, incineration residue treatment, metal-contaminated soil improvement and so on is discharged into the environment without being treated, then contamination of the aquatic environment and soil and so on will be brought about, and there will be adverse effects on ecology and human health. In Japan, for example, standards for when discharging into public waters or sewers have thus been laid down.
Among heavy metals, for high-value precious metals such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and silver (Ag), recycling is economically viable, and hence these precious metals are recovered as much as possible using various methods.
On the other hand, for low-value metals such as iron and aluminum, solid material close to pure metal such as scrap is targeted for recycling, but in the case that the metal is contained in wastewater in the form of ions, recycling is not economically viable, and hence the metal is converted into solid material (sludge) by some method, and disposed of as landfill or the like.
For heavy metals that are somewhat more valuable than iron and aluminum but not as valuable as precious metals, solid metal scrap is recycled, but in the case that the metal is contained in wastewater in the form of ions, the present state of affairs is again that in most cases the metal is separated from the wastewater by some kind of chemical treatment, and is then disposed of as sludge. Examples of these heavy metals are copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and so on.
The reason that such heavy metals in wastewater are not targeted for recycling but rather are disposed of as sludge is that sludge obtained using wastewater treatment methods carried out hitherto has had a high water content, and moreover has contained large amounts of substances other than the targeted heavy metal (miscellaneous salts, compounds of other metals etc.), and hence the purity of the targeted metal has been low. To recycle a specific heavy metal from such sludge, it becomes necessary to carry out some kind of pretreatment process before the smelting process, and hence such recycling is not economically viable.
A hydroxide method and a sulfide method are known as methods for treating water distribution containing a heavy metal. Following is a comparison of the two.
(Hydroxide Method)
In the hydroxide method (alkali method) for treating wastewater containing a heavy metal, the (generally acidic) wastewater containing the heavy metal is neutralized by adding an alkaline agent such as caustic soda or slaked lime thereto, whereby the heavy metal ions and hydroxide ions react together to produce a solid having a heavy metal hydroxide as a principal component thereof, and then the solid is removed from the wastewater by being filtered off and then dehydrated.
So long as the wastewater does not contain especially toxic substances, this reaction is not a particularly difficult reaction, operation is simple, and the level of safety is high, and hence most heavy-metal-containing wastewater has been treated using this method hitherto. The reaction formula for this reaction is as in 'reaction formula 1' below.M+++2OH−→M(OH2).(H2O)n↓  reaction formula 1*: '.(H2O)n' represents n water of crystallization molecules per molecule of the heavy metal hydroxide, and '↓' represents precipitation as a solid.<Merits of Hydroxide Method>
This reaction is a simple neutralization reaction, and so long as especially toxic substances such as cyanides are not contained in the wastewater, the reaction is not difficult, operation is simple, and the level of safety is high.
The alkaline agent used is not an expensive chemical, and hence the cost of the treatment is not especially high.
However, the hydroxide method, while having merits such as the above, also has drawbacks such as the following.
<Drawbacks of Hydroxide Method>
A fundamental problem is that hydroxides M(OH2) produced through this reaction do not have sufficiently low solubility, and hence if only this treatment is used then heavy metal ions will remain in the wastewater to some extent after the treatment. There are thus cases in which the method does not conform to wastewater standards in some countries. To make up for this drawback, in general a separate additional measure such as using a chelating agent or mixing in a sulfidizing agent is often required as finishing treatment for further reducing the residual heavy metal concentration.
Regarding a plating process, to make the plating reaction proceed efficiently, a complexing agent that forms a metal complex is often used. However, in the case of heavy-metal-containing wastewater having a complexing agent mixed therein, the complexing agent has an action of impeding the production of the hydroxide, and hence the heavy metal cannot be captured sufficiently using only the hydroxide method. As a result, a large amount of heavy metal ions remains in the wastewater after the treatment, and this exacerbates the drawback described above of the solubility not being low, and hence an additional measure as described above such as using a chelating agent or mixing in a sulfidizing agent becomes yet more necessary.
The sludge generated through the hydroxide method has a high water content, this being partly due to the hydroxide having waters of crystallization as shown in reaction formula 1 above, and moreover the sludge contains large amounts of substances other than the targeted heavy metal such as salts. As a result, not only does the amount of sludge generated increase, but moreover the content of the targeted heavy metal is low, and hence the economic viability of recycling is poor, and thus, despite valuable metal being contained therein, most such sludge is disposed of as landfill or the like in actual practice.
With the hydroxide method, a plurality of heavy metals coexisting in the treated liquid all become hydroxides in a mixed state as is, and hence the individual metals cannot be separately recovered. In the case that a targeted heavy metal has other metals mixed therewith, recycling of the specific metal in the sludge thus becomes difficult.
(Sulfide Method)
In contrast with the hydroxide method described above, there is a sulfide method in which a sulfidizing agent (sodium sulfide (Na2S), sodium hydrogensulfide (NaHS) etc.) is added to heavy-metal-containing wastewater in a reaction tank, and hence a heavy metal sulfide produced through undermentioned reaction formula 2 is precipitated, and then solid-liquid separation is carried out.
The sulfide method has not been used as a major treatment method hitherto due to the drawbacks described below. The method has been used a little in a supplementary fashion as finishing treatment in the case that the residual heavy metal ion concentration has not become sufficiently low through treatment using the hydroxide method.M+++S−−→MS↓  reaction formula 2
This method, despite having drawbacks as mentioned above and as will be described in detail below, can be said to be intrinsically an excellent method in the following respects.
<Merits of the Sulfide Method>
The solubility of heavy metal sulfides is much lower than that of hydroxides, and hence the residual heavy metal concentration in the wastewater after the treatment (after solid-liquid separation) is extremely low. Additional measures for reducing the residual heavy metal ion concentration are thus unnecessary, and in principle the sulfide method is advantageous as a treatment method for sufficiently reducing the residual heavy metal ion concentration (advanced treatment).
The sulfidizing agent used in this method is sodium sulfide (Na2S), sodium hydrogensulfide (NaHS) or the like, which is inherently produced in secondary fashion in a petroleum desulfurization process; such a sulfidizing agent is more expensive than an alkaline agent, but not particularly expensive.
Due to intrinsic properties of sulfides, sludge containing a heavy metal sulfide obtained using this treatment method has a low water content, and moreover there is little contamination with impurities such as salts, and hence the heavy metal content is higher (i.e. the content of the targeted heavy metal is higher) than in the case of a hydroxide.
Moreover, heavy metal sulfides have the same components as sulfide ores, which are one type of raw material (ore) in heavy metal smelting, and hence combined with the advantages in terms of cost described above, recycling at a smelting plant is easy.
The pH region in which a heavy metal sulfide can exist as a solid without ionizing and dissolving in water varies according to the type of the heavy metal. If this characteristic is skillfully utilized, then even if a plurality of metal species are mixed together in water to be treated, depending on the types of the metals that are mixed together, it may be possible to recover each metal separately.
As the actual operation for such separate recovery, the operation of adjusting the acidity (pH) in the reaction to a range suitable for the targeted metal and then carrying out the sulfidizing reaction, precipitation and filtration is repeated, whereby a sulfide precipitate can be separately recovered for each individual metal from wastewater in which metal ions of a plurality of different types are mixed together.
If each metal can be separately recovered in this way, then this is advantageous for recycling compared with the case of a mixed metal sludge.
Despite the merits in principle of the sulfide method described above, the conventional sulfide method has the following drawbacks, and hence has not been used as a major method of treating heavy-metal-containing wastewater. As described above, the area in which this method has actually been used is as finishing treatment in the case that heavy metal ions cannot be sufficiently captured with the hydroxide method.
<Drawbacks of the Sulfide Method>
There is no suitable control method for supplying the sulfidizing agent in a suitable amount corresponding to the amount of the heavy metal ions. If the amount supplied of the sulfidizing agent is less than the suitable amount for the heavy metal, then the heavy metal ions will not be captured sufficiently as a sulfide, and hence the residual heavy metal ion concentration in the wastewater after the treatment will be high, and thus the objective of the treatment will not be achieved. Conversely, if the supply of the sulfidizing agent is excessive, then fatal problems such as generation of hydrogen sulfide gas and redissolution of the precipitate (heavy metal sulfide) or colloid formation will arise. In theory, it would be preferable to find out the heavy metal ion concentration in advance, and then add the sulfidizing agent in an amount that is a chemical equivalent thereto; however, this method is not practicable as an industrial treatment method for actual wastewater in which the amount or concentration of heavy metal ions will fluctuate. The method conventionally carried out in practice has thus been to add the sulfidizing agent in somewhat of an excess as deemed appropriate, and resolve problems that arise through the excessive addition using another method.
Hydrogen sulfide gas generated upon adding a sulfidizing agent to acidic wastewater excessively is not only malodorous, but moreover is toxic to humans, and hence if there is no method of avoiding the excessive generation of hydrogen sulfide gas, then the sulfide method cannot become a useful and powerful method for treating heavy-metal-containing wastewater.
Hydrogen sulfide gas is generated through reaction between sulfide ions S−− and hydrogen ions H+ as shown in undermentioned reaction formula 3, and is readily generated under a strongly acidic state (i.e. when the amount of hydrogen ions is high), becoming less readily generated as the state becomes alkaline, i.e. the amount of hydrogen ions becomes low.2H++S−−→H2S↑  reaction formula 3*: '↑' represents discharge into the air of a gas generated in a liquid.
If the supply of the sulfidizing agent is excessive, then not only will hydrogen sulfide gas be generated, but moreover the excess sulfide ions and the heavy metal sulfide will react together to produce a polysulfide (reaction formula 4). Polysulfides have a high solubility product, and hence if this reaction occurs, then a problem of the precipitate redissolving will occur, and hence it will no longer be possible to achieve the objective of the treatment of removing the heavy metal from the wastewater. Moreover, the precipitate may form a collide, and hence coagulation ability and filter ability will become poor, and thus solid-liquid separation will become difficult.nMS+mS2−→(MnSn+m)−2m  reaction formula 4
As a method that makes up for the drawback of generation of hydrogen sulfide gas and the drawback of redissolution of the precipitate or colloid formation due to generation of a polysulfide described above (i.e. a method for coping with problems such as generation of hydrogen sulfide gas, redissolution of the precipitate, and colloid formation occurring due to excessive addition of the sulfidizing agent), adding a large amount of a compound of a polyvalent metal, i.e. a large amount of Al ions, Fe ions or the like, is carried out. As a result, a large amount of sludge compared with the original amount of the heavy metal is generated, and moreover the content of the targeted heavy metal in the sludge drops, which may result in recycling not being possible.

Method for treating heavy-metal-containing wastewater using sulfidizing agent


A belt-driven water pump for use with an internal combustion engine includes a pump shaft, a housing lid having an opening through which one end of the pump shaft extends, a bearing, a pump shaft seal, a pump rotor, and a pulley integrally formed with the pump shaft. The pump shaft and the pulley are made in one piece, preferably, of plastic.

The invention relates generally to belt-driven pumps and, more particularly, to an improved belt-driven pump for circulating cooling water in an internal combustion engine, hereinafter referred to as a "water pump."
A water pump having a pump shaft, a housing lid through which the pump shaft extends, a pump shaft seal, a pump rotor and a pulley is known in the prior art. Such known pumps are made of a multiplicity of detachably connected metallic parts, which results in considerable manufacturing costs and large weights. Also, the durability and service life of these known pumps leave much to be desired.


An injection molding machine includes a machine base extending along a horizontal machine axis; a stationary platen fixed to the base; a moving platen supported by the base; a center section supported by the base axially intermediate the stationary and moving platens; at least one mold stroke actuator for translating the moving platen and the center section along the machine axis between a mold-open position and a mold-closed position; a two-stage first injection unit supported by the base behind the stationary platen for injecting a first resin through the stationary platen; and a two-stage second injection unit supported by the base behind the moving platen for injecting a second resin through the moving platen. The second injection unit is translatable along the machine axis to accommodate translation of the moving platen during movement between the mold-open and mold-closed positions.

U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2014/0374956A1 (Schad et al.) discloses an injection molding machine including a base; a pair of platens supported by the base, the platens supporting respective mold halves to form a mold; and a part-handling apparatus for holding and treating articles from the mold, the part handling apparatus separate from the mold. The part handling apparatus includes a take-out plate including at least one set of first cooling receivers for receiving and retaining a first set of molded articles from the mold, the first cooling receivers conductively transferring a first amount of thermal energy away from the first molded articles; and a supplemental cooling plate comprising at least one set of second cooling receivers for receiving and retaining the first set of articles; and the second cooling receivers conductively transferring a second amount of thermal energy away from the first molded articles.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,049 (Kashiwa et al.) discloses a two-layer foam injection molding machine for molding foam moldings in which a surface member composed of a foam layer and a skin layer on the surface of the foam layer is laminated in a body on a core member made from a hard resin. The two-layer foam injection molding machine comprises, mainly, a fixed plate attached to a primary mold for molding the core member and provided with a primary injection unit for supplying the core member; a rotary plate arranged so as to be openable and closable from and to the fixed plate and having a pair of a first mold facing the primary mold and a second mold, for molding the surface member, facing a secondary mold and having the same shape as the first mold, in a manner capable of switching them by turning; a movable plate arranged so as to be openable and closable from and to the rotary plate, attached to the secondary mold and provided with a secondary injection unit; first mold clamping means for clamping the primary mold of the fixed plate and the first mold or the second mold of the rotary plate; second mold clamping means for clamping the secondary mold of the movable plate and the second mold or the first mold of the rotary plate; and mold opening means provided so as to separate the movable plate and the rotary plate to provide a space between the second mold or the first mold and the secondary mold held to be openable.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,306,445 (Wobbe et al.) discloses a mold closing device of an injection molding machine for producing plastic parts made of two or more plastic components. A central mold carrier element is arranged between two outer mold mounting plates and has two or four opposing mold mounting areas arranged in pairs for affixing two or four mold halves and which is fitted with a turning device supported in a supporting frame. Each of the mold halves of the mold carrier element can be closed against the mold halves of the outer mold mounting plates by a drive mechanism and a mold pressure unit. The outer mold mounting plates are interconnected by columns which extend through the supporting frame for the central mold carrier element. The supporting frame is fixedly connected to the machine frame while the outer mold mounting plate is displaceably supported on the machine frame.

Injection molding machine for molding preforms


An endosteal nail plate for fixing bone segments is provided. More particularly, there is provided an endosteal nail plate that can be made up of a single piece, or of multiple pieces, as desired. Additionally, the intramedullary nail utilizes a threaded slot on the body thereof, for engaging locking screws for fixation of the intramedullary nail within a bone of a patient.

Metallic and polymer bone plates have been used to immobilize bone segments to allow healing. These plates are typically affixed to the outer surface of the bone segments, while putting the segments in close enough proximity or contact to permit bone regrowth between the segments. One deficiency of a surface mounted plate is that it can create soft tissue irritation and impingement.
An alternative mechanism for fixing bone segments is also known wherein a mechanical device is placed within the bone segments. This type of system is commonly referred to as an intramedullary nail or rod. One of the first uses of such a rod occurred in 1939 by Gerhard Küntscher. To date, two limitations have prevented intramedullary ("IM") nails from being used more frequently. First, installing a nail that is long enough to span a gap between bone segments while providing sufficient length to attach to the bone segments typically requires insertion of the IM at the most distal or proximal ends of the bone.
For example, referring now to FIGS. 1A-1C, there is shown a bone 10 having a fracture 10a disposed between its proximal end "P" and distal end "D". In order to use the IM nail 20 of the prior art, the IM nail 20 is first inserted into the intramedullary cavity C of the bone 10, through its proximal end "P", and pushed through the intramedullary cavity in the direction of arrow "A". Once the IM nail 20 is seated in a desired position in the intramedullary cavity C (i.e., a position spanning a portion of the proximal segment of the bone, the fracture itself, and a portion of the distal segment of the bone 10), the proximal portion of the IM nail 20 is fixed to the proximal segment of the bone 10 using the locking screws 25, as shown more particularly in FIG. 1B.
Referring now to FIG. 1C, once the IM nail 20 has been fixed at the proximal end to proximal bone segment, the distal bone segment is moved in the direction of the arrow B until the fracture 10a is reduced. At this time, holes can be drilled through the distal segment of the bone 10 and the distal end of the IM nail 20 is secured to the distal segment of the bone using the locking screws 27.
A second limitation to the use of known IM nails is that it can be very difficult to adjust either the length of the IM nail (to bring the bone segments into the proper position/alignment), or to rotationally and/or angularly adjust the bone segments prior to reduction of the fracture.
Although the use of known IM nails can reduce soft tissue irritation and be less traumatic to the patient than a plate (i.e., by requiring less surgical exposure and stripping of the periosteum during implantation), they still suffer the above-discussed shortcomings.
What is needed is a device that reduces or eliminates the difficulties experienced when using known IM nails. What is further needed is a device that can provide greater adjustability and improved surgical insertion options to benefit patients with fractures or osteotomies.

Endosteal nail plate for fixing bone segments


A thin film type magnetic recording medium having a durability close to that of the coating type magneting recording medium is provided by a metal oxide protective layer which is formed by a physical vapor deposition.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a magnetic recording medium, method for producing the same, and a method for recording and reproducing magnetic recording information on a thin film type magnetic recording medium having a recording layer consisting of a thin film consisting mainly of a ferromagnetic material. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel magnetic recording medium and recording and reproduction method, allowing stable magnetic recording and reproduction over a long period of use.
2. Description of the Related Arts
Recently, there is an increasing demand for high density recording. As a substituent for conventional coated type magnetic recording media using a binder, there have been proposed thin film type magnetic recording media in which the recording layer consists of a metal- or oxide-thin film such as a ferromagnetic metal thin film or a cobalt-based alloy thin film having perpendicular magnetic anisotropy as described in, for example, Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 58-91. However, these magnetic recording layers consisting of such metal- or oxide-thin film have difficulties in that they are subjected to abrasion or damage due to their high frictional resistance against a magnetic recording head, and thus exhibit poor durability.
In order to eliminate this defect, various attempts have been heretofore proposed to further use a protective layer made of organic polymers, high hardness metals, ceramics, etc..
U.S. Pat. No. 3,460,968 discloses protection of the cobalt-containing ferromagnetic thin film, by oxidizing the surface of a thin film so as to convert the Co-containing material to Co.sub.3 O.sub.4. The Co-containing material is exposed to oxidizing atmosphere (air), having for example, a relative humidity of 80-100%, at a temperature of from approximately 40.degree. C. to 150.degree. C. for a period of time of 3 hours or longer. The pure oxygen is also used as the oxidizing atmosphere. In this case, the relative humidity is 80%, the temperature is 43.5.degree. C., and the exposing time is 2 hours.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 58-41439 discloses a magnetic recording medium which comprises a polymer base, a thin film of ferromagnetic metal containing Co, and a protective layer containing at least CoO and Co.sub.3 O.sub.4. The ferromagnetic material containing Co is exposed to a glow discharge atmosphere, to form the protective layer. The protective layer is formed by oxidizing only the surface of magnetic layer. The protective layer containing both CoO and Co.sub.3 O.sub.4 is allegedly superior to the layer containing only either CoO or Co.sub.3 O.sub.4 in the light of stability and wear resistance.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 58-208935 describes a disadvantage, wherein an oxide layer naturally formed by the oxidation of ferromagnetic metal thin film in the air causes the reduction in the coercive force, squareness ratio and the recording density of the ferromagnetic metal thin film. In order to prevent the reduction in the coercive force and the like, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 58-208935 proposes a preliminary oxidation, that is, an intentional oxidation of the ferromagnetic material thin film, prior to its oxidation by air. A preliminary exposure to plasma is disclosed. The vacuum deposition is used for forming the protective layer consisting cobalt oxide or nickel oxide on the magnetic layer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,124,736 discloses a method of protection by a successive formation of a non-metallic barrier layer and an oxide layer on the magnetic recording alloy.
The proposals in the above patent documents are directed to improvement of the abrasion resistance of the above-mentioned thin film type magnetic recording medium, i.e., the life of the magnetic recording medium, since when it is repeatedly run on a magnetic recording head, the life is inferior to that of conventional magnetic recording media of coated type. Nevertheless, the prior arts do not succeed in improvement of the abrasion resistance, so that the thin film type magnetic recording medium can be applied for the commercial magnetic recording and reproducing system, since the durability attained by the prior arts does not exceed, for example, more than 1,000,000 passes of the floppy disc. In other words, if the protection methods of the prior art are applied for the thin film type magnetic recording medium, the medium must be replaced before 1,000,000 passes have been made.
Also, as a magnetic recording head for conventional coated type magnetic recording media, there are known those in which the surface in sliding contact with the recording medium is composed of barium titanate, and the like. In the sliding operation for recording and reproduction, these magnetic recording heads do not mar the medium and has excellent durability, since the sliding surface of the head itself is not abraded. However, unlike the above-mentioned coated type medium impregnated with a lubricant or the like to enhance its durability, the above-mentioned thin film type magnetic recording medium comprises a recording layer consisting of a metal thin film incapable of being impregnated with a lubricant. Therefore, when the magnetic recording head is brought into sliding contact with the thin film type recording medium, the head is liable to be damaged, and conversely, this damage of the head is likely to mar the recording-medium.
The prior art of magnetic heads for use in recording and regenerating the signal in the thin film recording medium include Japanese Unexamined Patent Publications Nos. 50-3615, 57-117117, 58-139323, 59-151322, 59-71112, and, 58-35717 and U.S. Pat. No. 4251841. In the last of the above publications, the support for the main poles is a polycrystalline sintered body mainly composed of alumina and titanium carbide (AlTiC), and the thin film recording medium to be used in contact with the magnetic head is a sputtered Co-Cr film.

Method of producing a magnetic recording medium


An axle security fixture comprises one or more bracket portions configured to be secured about a rail of a truck frame, a receiving portion contiguous with the bracket portions for receiving a plurality of axles, and a cover situated atop the axles and secured to the receiving portion.

The economy of the United States, if not of the world, depends to a great extent on fleets of large trucks for the distribution of goods, such as foods, consumer products, durable goods, and even industrial equipment. There are many manufacturers of such trucks, which concern primarily, but are not limited to, class 7 or class 8 over-the-road trucks. Once these trucks are manufactured, they require shipment or transportation to an individual customer or company for whom the truck was made, or to a dealer who sells or leases these trucks. The most obvious method to transport these trucks is by driving them directly to their destination. This method has disadvantages, at least because each truck requires a driver, who must be paid for his or her services and for whom return transportation must be arranged.
In order to overcome the necessity of a driver for delivering each truck, a variety of techniques have been devised to use a first truck that will carry or tow one or more additional trucks to the desired destination. Examples of these devices can be found, by way of illustration, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,555,214, and 4,949,985.
Common to the use of devices such as those described in the foregoing patents is the need to remove and store for transport the left and right axles of the rear wheels of the truck being towed. This is because those axles are connected to the drive train of the towed vehicle and, unless they are removed, the drive train of the towed vehicle will engage during transport, leading to mechanical damage to the towed vehicle.
Typically, these axles from the towed vehicle have been stored in haphazard fashion in either the towed vehicle or the towing vehicle. For example, one method has been to lock the left and right rear axles in the cab of the towed vehicle. Although this method provides for security of the axles, often the axles are left to roll around in the cab of the towed vehicle, subjecting the axles and/or the cab to damage. As the cab is part of a new vehicle to be delivered, damage to the cab is particularly disadvantageous.
Another method of stowing the axles has been to secure them across the truck frames of the towed vehicle. Typically this is done by wrapping the axles in plastic to protect them from the elements, and then using U-bolts, nuts and steel plates to secure the axles to the towed truck frame rails. A related method is to secure the removed axles to the towed truck frame rails by wrapping banding around the axles and the rails. While these methods have the advantage of simplicity, the U-bolts or wrapping can easily be undone by a would-be thief, leading to loss of the axles. In addition, the wrapping or U-bolts can come loose during transport, possibly leading to product damage, accident and/or injury to other motorists.
What is needed is an apparatus and method for securing the axles of a towed vehicle. The invention disclosed herein provides such an improved apparatus and method. These and other advantages of the invention, as well as additional inventive features, will be apparent from the description of the invention provided herein.


An escape window assembly having a structure attachment frame for attaching the assembly to a structure; a window located on the outer side of the structure and pivotally attached to the structure attachment frame, the window corresponding to the structure attachment frame and comprising a window frame and a window pane; and a window release mechanism. The window release mechanism has a window release actuator; a first connection portion attached to the window; a second connection portion attached to the frame, the second connection portion releasably holding the first connection portion; and a biasing mechanism for pushing open the window.

Escape windows or ports are used to allow personnel to escape from closed structures, for example buildings and vehicles when the other standard openings are not available.
Examples of escape windows/mechanisms are disclosed in WO 2008/118151 (Hafften) "Vehicle emergency egress assembly"; U.S. Pat. No. 6,427,383 (Brooks) "Emergency exit system for aircraft or other vehicle"; U.S. Pat. No. 6,164,715 (Mosaner) "Emergency exit window of a vehicle with a window pane"; U.S. Pat. No. 4,635,396 (Ranz) "Bus window and release mechanism"; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,739,527 (Schubach) "Knockout window for vehicle".

Escape window assembly and mechanism therefor


The disclosure concerns electron tubes. A tube such as a cathode-ray tube consists of several parts, namely the stem, the neck, the cone and the screen of the front face. To build a tube such as this more compactly while, at the same time, improving the quality of the fabrication, a new construction of the neck is proposed. In the prior art, the neck is a glass tube to which there is soldered a glass stem through which pass the connection terminals towards the various electrodes, internal to the tube. Here, the neck is built in the form of a stack of alternating metallic rings and ceramic rings. The metallic rings are used for the supporting of and electrical connection to the internal electrodes. The ceramic rings are used to insulate the metallic rings. The brazings between metallic rings and ceramic rings provide for vacuum tightness. The base of the tube is a ceramic washer without drillings other than lateral ones for the connections to pass through. The connections are made chiefly around the neck on the metallic rings.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention concerns electron tubes.
For a clear understanding of the invention, we shall give a more precise description of its application to a cathode-ray tube, namely a tube comprising, firstly, an electron gun producing an electron beam and, secondly, a luminescent screen reacting to the impact of the beam to produce a light image.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A cathode-ray tube is formed, generally speaking, by a glass bulb in which the different elements (and notably the different electrodes) enabling the operation of the tube are placed. A high vacuum is then set up in the bulb.
The glass bulb is formed by four different main parts which are respectively:
the screen or front face of the tube, forming the luminescent screen on to which the electron beam is directed;
the cone, in which the electron beam moves; the wide part of the cone ends on the front face; the narrow part is connected to the neck of the bulb;
The neck, which is a glass tube with a small diameter as compared with the dimensions of the front face; in the cone, there are placed chiefly the electron gun with the beam focusing electrodes; coils for the angular deflection of the beam are placed around the neck;
the stem which, in practice, is an end glass plate enclosing the neck on the side opposite the tube; this plate is crossed by connection terminals enabling electrical connection between each of the electrodes internal to the tube and the exterior; the crossings are vacuum tight; the stem generally comprises a pip to set up the vacuum by pumping.
The stem, after the assembly of the internal elements of the tube, is soldered to the neck by a glass/glass soldering operation, i.e. by melting the glass of the stem and the glass of the neck, using a torch.
In the prior art, the electrodes of the electron gun are supported by metallic points embedded in glass rods extending, in the neck, to its periphery, in a direction parallel to the axis of the neck. The metallic points are embedded in the glass rods by prior heating of these rods to a temperature which gives the glass a paste-like consistency. These points are, moreover, soldered to the periphery of the electrodes which they have to support.
The different potentials needed for the working of the electrodes are conveyed either by the connection terminals of the stem or, for certain electrodes, by springs in indirect contact (through a graphite layer deposited on the internal wall of the neck and the cone) with the front face of the bulb.
Other springs are designed to center the gun in the neck, to hold it and to make it resistant to vibrations.
On the left-hand side of FIG. 1, a standard cathode-ray tube assembly of this type is shown. Only the stem (at the bottom of the figure) and the neck are shown. The cone and the front face are not shown. They would extend towards the top of the figure.
The stem is designated by the reference 10, the neck by the reference 12, the solder between the stem and the neck by 14, connection terminals going through the stem by 16, internal glass rods by 18, electrode supporting points by 20, electrodes by G1, G2, G3, G4 and the pumping pip by 22.
It will be noted that the right-hand part of FIG. 1 represents not the prior art but the invention.
Besides, elements external to the tube, such as the electromagnetic coils used to deflect the electron beam, have not been shown. These coils surround the neck so as to act on the trajectory of the electrons between the electron gun and the end of the neck.
It is an aim of the invention to make electron tubes that are less bulky widthwise and/or lengthwise.
Another aim is to make tubes in which the energy consumption of the deflection coils is reduced to the minimum.
Another aim of the invention is to maximize the diameter of the electrostatic focusing electrodes in the allocated space within the neck, in order to reduce spherical aberrations to the minimum.
Another aim is to increase the general sturdiness of the tube.
Yet another aim is to minimize the risks of production of solid particles inside the tube during fabrication or during operation, as these particles could damage the quality of operation of the tube (the quality of the image for example).
Finally, an aim of the invention is to prevent any chemical pollution of certain sensitive elements such as the screen of the tube or the cathode of the electron gun by products such as water vapor or other elements resulting from combustion in a torch used to solder or heat certain parts of the tube.

Compactly built electron tube and fabrication method thereof


Non-limiting examples of the present disclosure describe generation of a default signed-in state for subsequent authenticated access to a service. Identity provider data for a service is retrieved from any number of identity providers (e.g. a first identity provider and second identity provider). The first and second identity data is evaluated for generation of a default signed-in state to the service. An evaluation determines that at least one of the first identity data and the second identity data comprises data indicating that a user account is signed-in to the service. Data representing the default signed-in state is generated based on a result of the evaluation. The data representing the default signed-in state comprises a selection of one of the first or second identity data that corresponds with the user account that is signed-in to the service. A representation of the service in the default signed-in state may be surfaced.

When users are signed-in to any of the commercial/consumer web workloads (e.g. Outlook®), and they navigate to a new browser tab to go to a different workload (e.g. Office365®), the workloads do not have a way to pick the right user identity. A typical result lands the user into an unauthenticated experience. Typically, in order to sign-in the user from there would require several redirects which is inefficient from a processing standpoint and also creates a poor user experience.
When dealing with just one IDP, things become fairly simple. A service may redirect to the login link of that one IDP and the logic will kick in to sign the user in. When more than one IDP is involved, a service cannot send the user to just one IDP because the service will not know which user must be signed in. Some current services provide single sign-on (SSO) functionality for user accounts, where a web browser may be configured to pass sign-in data (e.g. a previously created cookie) to the service when a browsing experience changes. However, such services are limited in that they are only configured to work with a single identity provider (IDP).


The present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating an animal with a tumor or other metabolic disorder. In particular, the presently disclosed subject matter relates to methods of electroporating exosomes shed by tumors and by other metabolic disorders into immune cells such as dendritic cells and T cells. Administration of the electroporated immune cells to an animal with a tumor results in an increased immune response to the tumor and treatment of the tumor.

Cancer is a class of disease caused by a failure of the controls that normally govern cell proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Cells that undergo malignant transformation escape normal growth controls, invade surrounding tissue and may ultimately migrate to other sites in the body to establish secondary tumors. Cancer therapy typically involves surgery (for solid tumors) followed by cytotoxic drugs or radiation, either alone or in combination, to kill the cancer cells. An ongoing quest in detecting and treating cancer has been to find ways of educating the body's immune system to mount an orchestrated effort to kill cancer cells by activating the humoral and cellular immune systems to specifically attack growing cancer cells and spare the normal cells necessary for life.
One proposed method to treat cancer is to educate antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are immune cells that form part of an animal's immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system, thus functioning as antigen-presenting cells. They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells are present in small quantities in an immature state in the blood. Once activated, they migrate to the lymphoid tissues where they interact with T and B lymphocytes to initiate and shape the adaptive immune response. Dendritic cells can be isolated and purified from animals.
Another proposed method to treat cancer is to directly educate T lymphocytes, part of the immune response necessary for activation of cellular immunity.
One strategy to treat cancer has been to insert the genetic contents of growing malignant tumors into the dendritic cells using flow electroporation. One application for flow electroporation is to use this technology to take malignant cells, removed from growing tumors in patients, and inserting them (or their lysed contents) into dendritic cells. This results in the education of dendritic cells such that when they are returned to the donor, both cellular and humoral immune responses are mounted to attack the malignant cells. A limitation of this process is the availability of malignant cells to electroporate into the dendritic cells of the donor. This requires a biopsy of the cancerous tissue, with inherent problems of surgery for biopsy, the inability to ensure that the biopsy contains relevant malignant tissue samples, and many types of cancers are not amenable to biopsy.
Previous studies have shown that cancer cells shed small packages of genetic information from growing tumors, called exosomes. Exosomes secreted by cells under normal and pathological conditions contain proteins, DNA and functional RNA molecules including mRNA and miRNA, which can be shuttled from one cell to another, affecting the recipient cell's protein production. Tumor exosomes are distinct from exosomes shed by normal cells. They are more abundant in cancer patients and they have an important role in the increased tumor growth, angiogenesis and the escape from the immune-surveillance. (Nilsson et al., Br J Cancer (2009) 100: 1603-1607). Genetic material and proteins contained within exosomes are the biological fingerprints of their malignant source cells.
Thus, there exists a need in the art for novel compositions and methods of use to treat cancer by directing the animal's own immune system to the cancer cells.


A method of generating an MPEG sequence for multiple component analog video measurements modifies a general purpose encoder and provides an MPEG encoded signal to test a device under test (DUT) component analog output that is valid in both RGB and YPbPr in both pulse and bar and that solves digital RGB cross-talk due to aliasing of Cb and Cr in 4:0:0 and 4:4:4 formats. The general purpose encoder is modified by removing vertical pre-filtering and post-filtering, altering quantization tables alternate scanning for vertical redundancy, and turning off motion estimation. The input to the MPEG encoder is pre-aliased to provide minimum digital cross-talk after MPEG compression by repeating every other sample.

The present invention relates to video measurements, and more particularly to a method of generating an MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) encoded signal for component analog video (CAV) measurement of linearity, channel delay, cross-talk and short time distortion.
A test signal for measuring component analog video, such as Y,Pb,Pr or RGB component video, has to solve the following problems:                for each measurement one line for all three component channels        valid in both RGB and YPbPr: ramps, sweeps, pulse and bar, etc.        digital RGB cross-talk due to aliasing of Cb and Cr in 4:0:0 to 4:4:4 formats        EAV (end active video) and SAV (start active video) meet specifications even with missing samples        macro-block boundaries
A corresponding encoder/decoder has to solve the following problems:                remove vertical pre-filter        remove vertical post-filter        alter quantization tables alternate scanning for vertical boundary        motion estimation turned off.
The prior art is represented by the Tektronix VM5000HD Signal Set which modifies a test signal to solve the following problems:                for each measurement one line for all three component channels        valid in both RGB and YPbPr for ramps and sweeps        digital RGB cross-talk due to aliasing of Cb and Dr in 4:0:0 to 4:4:4 standards        EAV and SAV meet specification even with missing samples        macro-block boundaries
However a "standard" decoder is used. Although there is no "standard" for encoding, the term here refers to the fact that an encoder is designed for general purpose encoding with no optimization for test signals for component analog video.
FIG. 1 illustrates an ideal overlay of RGB component analog test signals that have a sweep signal at a specific location within each video line. If displayed on a video monitor, a portion of several lines of the image for one of the components shown in FIG. 1, i.e., horizontally one-third of the image lines, appears as shown in FIG. 2 with frequency increasing from left to right. Each of the components would appear the same, and would follow on the same image lines so that, when combined, the pattern of FIG. 2 is repeated three times horizontally across the image. FIG. 3 shows a GBR parade view of one video line for each of the component waveforms after MPEG coding/decoding of the component analog test signals of FIG. 1. As may be seen from FIG. 3 there is extraneous signal content in the portion of the G″ waveform that corresponds in location to the bursts for the B″ and R″ components. It is readily apparent that there is considerable cross-talk of blue into the green and red components, as well as to a lesser extent cross-talk from the green and red components into the blue component and green into the red component. This cross-talk is a result of the MPEG compression process, especially the conversion of 4:4:4 (RGB) video to 4:2:0 (chroma subsampled) video. The waveforms of the different component bursts vary as a result of the cross-talk also.
What is desired is a method of generating a single MPEG encoded sequence for multiple CAV measurements that solves all of the above-identified problems.

Generating an MPEG sequence for multiple CAV measurements


Disclosed herein are swizzling techniques that may provide capacitive and inductive noise cancellation on a set of signal lines. Positive noise due to a capacitive coupling between attacker signal lines and near victim signal lines is, in part, cancelled by negative noise due to inductive coupling between the attacker signal lines and a far victim signal line. Repeatable swizzling patterns are set forth to transpose near victim signal lines and far victim signal lines in subsequent segments to facilitate the capacitive and inductive cancellation. The signal lines are optionally reordered by a final swizzling to restore the set""s original ordering.

This disclosure relates generally to the field of interconnect systems and circuits for transmission of digital data. In particular, the disclosure relates to line swizzling which may result in the reduction of inductive and capacitive noise on multiple-line interconnects.
As signals in electronic devices switch at higher and higher frequencies, maintaining the integrity of these signals becomes an increasingly difficult problem. High frequency signaling and smaller feature sizes made possible by advanced processing techniques increase the importance of signal integrity and signal timing. Additionally, wider bus interconnects, faster switching rates and higher scales of integration increase the potential for signal noise and related failures.
Capacitive coupling and inductive coupling of concurrently switched signal lines may combine to produce worst-case signal noise that results in one or more noise failures or noise-induced timing failures.
Techniques such as shielding and line reordering have been used, especially to reduce the short-range effects of capacitive coupling. Inductive shielding consisting of fixed-potential or ground lines between sets of signal lines, has also been used, especially in higher metal layers but shielding lines (or return lines) consume signal tracks and can be costly, especially in interconnect-limited designs.
Insertion of repeaters has been used to improve signal integrity and limit noise effects, but repeaters also require additional area and have a further drawback of consuming additional power.
Isolating signal lines between two metal planes has been used in some commercial processor designs to limit on-chip inductive coupling, but may require that relatively large areas of existing metal layers or even additional metal layers be used as isolating metal planes.
Reordering a set of signal lines with respect to a shared return line has been shown to reduce inductive coupling between the reordered set and another set of signal lines, but this technique alone has not previously been shown to be effective in reducing the inductance within the reordered set. Further, this technique requires at least as many reordering stages as signal lines in the reordered set.

Repeatable swizzling patterns for capacitive and inductive noise cancellation