A wire clip having resilient cantilevered tines which move in a cooperating manner to permit a wire to pass therethrough. The wire clip includes a base and first and second arms connected to and extending from the base. The first and second arms have distal ends which form the resilient tines. Wires must be manually maneuvered through the tines to be inserted into the clip. The tines will not inadvertently release a wire from the clip.

The present invention relates to clips and other such devices for retaining wires.
Many types of clips and related devices are known for retaining and bundling wires, wire bundles, cables and the like. Examples of such clips are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,563,163 and 4,455,715. Such clips typically clamp around the wires to securely hold them in place.
Some applications require retaining clips that permit easy addition and removal of individual wires. For example, many Building Entrance Panels (BEPs), used with telecommunications equipment, use clips fixed to the BEP at various points to retain and bundle the myriad of wires within. Such clips do not tightly clamp around the wires, but form an enclosed loop-like passage which loosely retains the wires. One such clip device has two flexible arms having ends that overlap one another, one on top of the other, with space in between the two arms. Wires can be easily inserted into the clip through the flexible arms without disturbing the other wires. The arms of these known clips, however, can inadvertently release wires.
For example, when servicing telephone equipment, service personnel may need to trace and pull on various wires. Pulling on a wire in one location can cause the wire to pull against the arms of a clip in another location such as within a BEP. Unbeknownst to the service person, the pulled wire can be pulled through the arms of the clip. Once loose, the wire may move to a position where it may be severed or where it can cause damage to other items.
Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to provide a wire-retaining clip which allows for the addition of wires, but which has a reduced tendency to inadvertently release wires.
Another object of the invention is to provide a retaining clip that is inexpensive to produce.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following or maybe learn by practice of the invention.


A calendar included in a computing device receives an item relating to a conference call. An automated parser is used to parse the item to obtain information relating to the conference call. The conference call information in is stored a conference application and is used to initiate a conference call.

Events such as audio and/or video conference calls are pervasive in today's world. Often, such events are scheduled using electronic mechanisms such as e-mail messages, electronic calendar entries, and the like. However, users may not have efficient mechanisms for keeping track of various events, or for accessing various events. For example, users may not have efficient mechanisms for dialing conference call numbers, passcodes, etc., or for conveniently storing and accessing this information as well as information relating to a time and date of an event such as a call, etc.


An apparatus, system and method for turning physical motion into an interpretable language which when formed into sentences reproduces the original motion. This system may be referred to herein as a “Motion Description System.” Physical motion is defined as motion in one, two or three dimensions, with anywhere from 1 to 6 degrees of freedom. Language is defined as meaning applied to an abstraction.

Motion sensing devices and systems, including utilization in virtual reality devices, are known in the art, see U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2003/0024311 to Perkins, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2002/0123386 to Perlmutter, U.S. Pat. No. 5,819,206 to Horton, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,421 to Quinn; U.S. Pat. No. 5,694,340 to Kim; and U.S. Pat. No. RE37,374 to Roston, et al., which are all incorporated herein by reference.
Accordingly, there is a need for an apparatus, system and method that can facilitate the interpretation and reproduction of sensed physical motion.

Apparatus, system and method for interpreting and reproducing physical motion


A new approach to automatic speech recognition is disclosed. An example method include receiving a first text representing speech recognition of a phrase spoken by a user, isolating a candidate named entity from within the phrase, receiving a first phonetic representation of the candidate named entity, comparing the first phonetic representation to phonetic representations in a mapping database which map the phonetic representations to words to yield a comparison, based on the comparison, identifying a second phonetic representation in the mapping database that matches a second text in the mapping database to the second phonetic representation and replacing the candidate named entity with the second text. The approach can be used for new brands for which automatic speech recognition error rates are high.

This disclosure relates to machine learning algorithms and systems. Devices have been developed for home or other use to enable interaction with the user via a spoken dialogue. These devices connect to a speech processing component which enables users to speak to these devices in order to perform tasks such as making a phone call, asking for music to be played, or initiating a shopping experience. In some scenarios, the speech processing component will analyze a user utterance to determine the intent of the user. The speech processing component can include automatic speech recognition modules and/or natural language understanding modules to recognize the user speech and determine the user intent.
The automatic speech recognition module can be used to convert spoken audio into text. In some cases, the module is trained on dialogues of users speaking with one another. The words that are often used to train the dialogues include standard words used in normal conversations. However, when a brand name is used in dialogues, the brand name is often not descriptive of the item. Stronger brand names are in fact fanciful and have no relation to the related product. If a new product with a new brand name is introduced into a dialogue, the automatic speech recognition module can have difficulties in interpreting the brand name. The text output from the automatic speech recognition module can have a high error rate because the text that is produced does not accurately match the spoken brand name. A speech recognition error on a brand name can cause additional problems in terms of natural language understanding, searching a database for products, and dialogue management. When new brands are introduced, the automatic speech recognition modules need to be retrained, which can take 2 to 3 months.
While the disclosed technology is described herein by way of example for several embodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosed technology is not limited to the embodiments or drawings described herein. It should be understood that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit embodiments to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope as defined by the appended claims. As used throughout this application, the words "can" or "may" are used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words "include", "including", and "includes" mean including, but not limited to. Any feature from any embodiment or example can be utilized with any other feature from another embodiment or example.

System and method of providing recovery for automatic speech recognition errors for named entities


An image processing technique which identifies pixels in images which are associated with features having a selected shape, such as but not exclusively step edge, roof, ridge or valley. The shape of the intensity profile in the image is compared in an intensity independent way with a shape model to select those pixels which satisfy the shape model and are thus associated with the feature of interest. This comparison is achieved by examining the phase and amplitude of a spectral decomposition of parts of the image profile in the spatial or spatio temporal frequency domain. This decomposition can be achieved using quadrature wavelet pairs such as log-Gabor wavelets. The difference between the odd and even components, known as the feature asymmetry, gives an indication of the shape of the feature. The analysis may be extended to the time domain by looking at the shape of the image profile across a time sequence of images, which gives an indication of the velocity of a moving feature. Pixels identified as belonging to a feature of the right shape are labelled with the value of feature asymmetry, the local amplitude, feature orientation and feature velocity, and this information can be used to improve the tracking of detected features through a sequence of images.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for processing images to detect particular features in the image. It is particularly concerned with the detection of features in noisy 2D, 2D+T, 3D and 3D+T images, and is thus particularly useful in medical imaging, for instance using ultrasound.
There are a variety of techniques for processing images to enhance them, particularly to reduce the amount of noise and/or to detect features of interest in the image. Such techniques are particularly useful in areas where images are noisy, for instance in medical imaging. For example, ultrasound images include a considerable amount of speckle which makes images difficult to interpret. Skilled operators are able to interpret such images based on their experience and knowledge of the features of interest likely to be present. However, automating the process of detecting features of interest is made difficult by the presence of noise and imaging artefacts. Similar problems arise in other imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging.
In general up to now techniques proposed for enhancing images have been based on examining the intensity of the image, for instance by smoothing the intensity to reduce noise or by setting a detection threshold based on amplitude. However, techniques based on thresholding are not entirely satisfactory because of the difficulty of setting a suitable global threshold. For instance, ultrasound images include attenuation artifacts caused by the changing orientation and reflectivity of the tissue being imaged. Choosing one threshold which is suitable for excluding noise, but including all features of interest, is difficult if not impossible.
Other techniques have been proposed for analysing noisy images for detecting features which are based on correlating images over time or with movement of the imaging probe. For instance, ultrasound speckle decorrelates with movement of the probe and over time. A problem with some of these techniques, however, is that they tend to blur the features of interest in the image. Thus the user has to accept to trade-off between removing noise and losing image quality.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a technique for automatic detection of features of interest in an image which improves on the prior art techniques.
The present invention provides a method for detecting features of interest in an image based on the shape of the intensity profile of the feature, rather than its intensity. This is achieved by an intensity independent comparison of the intensity profile across the image with a shape model of features of interest. To improve subsequent processing of the image, areas of the image which are detected as corresponding to the shape model are labelled with a description of their properties.
In more detail, therefore, the present invention provides a method of detecting features-of-interest in an image, comprising the steps of:                making an intensity independent comparison of the shape of regions of the intensity profile across the image with a shape model for predefined features of interest to define as features of interest areas of the image satisfying the shape model; and        storing for each of said defined areas a label comprising the level of similarity to the shape model.
The predefined features of interest may be positive and negative step edges, or roof or ridge shapes, or valleys or other features as desired depending on the application.
The label may include a measure of the orientation of the feature in the image, and the comparison may also be performed on an intensity profile taken across successive frames of an image sequence to derive a measure of the velocity of image features. The label may then comprise a measure of the velocity.
The comparison with the shape model is advantageously performed in the spatial or spatio temporal frequency domains, thus by decomposing the intensity profile into spatial frequency components and examining the phase and amplitude of those components. In one embodiment this is achieved by convolving the intensity profile with a quadrature filter to derive the phase and amplitude of a pair of odd and even components of the profile in the spatial frequency domain. The phase and amplitude of these components is characteristic of different shapes in the intensity profile. The difference between the odd and even components, which is a measure of the "feature asymmetry" is, for example, a maximum for a step edge. Thus by setting constraints on the value of the feature asymmetry it is possible to determine that the area of the image under consideration corresponds to the shape being sought. The values of feature asymmetry and local amplitude (which is based on the amplitude of the two components), are included in the label.
Preferably the filters are quadrature wavelet filters, e.g. log-Gabor filters, so that the intensity profile is convolved with odd and even wavelets. The scale of the wavelet is chosen in accordance with the scale of the features to be detected, and to be much larger than the scale of noise in the image. This means that the technique selects features according to their shape and scale, but regardless of the value of intensity.
The filters may be oriented in different directions across the image to detect image features having different orientations. The label may then include a measure of the feature orientation, which can be derived from the relative responses of the differently oriented filters.
The image processing technique of the invention may be used as a precursor to tracking detected image features through a sequence of image frames. The provision of the labels carrying information about the detected features is particularly useful in such a tracking process. For instance, rather than simply searching for the closest image feature in two successive frames, it is possible also to compare the labels of the detected image features in the two frames and to define them as relating to the same image feature if the labels satisfy predefined search criteria.
Such search criteria may include a condition on the value of the feature asymmetry of the two features being detected and a condition on the orientation of the detected features (for instance that they are oriented similarly).
Where the label includes a measure of the velocity of the feature, the search area from frame-to-frame may be defined in accordance with the velocity, and the search criteria may include a condition on the velocity.
The invention is particularly applicable to ultrasound or magnetic resonance images, but also to x-ray and other imaging modalities. The embodiment described below relates to echocardiography, but the invention is applicable to ultrasound images in general, such as of different organs and tissues e.g. coronary arteries, liver, foetus etc, and to different ultrasound modalities such as the use of contrast and different signal processing techniques such as Doppler imaging and harmonic imaging. For instance in echocardiography, by setting the shape model appropriately the invention is adaptable to the detection of any features corresponding to a step change in intensity, such as the ventricular walls.
The invention may be embodied in a system adapted to perform the image processing method, and it may be embodied by a computer program comprising program code means for executing the method. Thus the invention further provides for a computer program storage medium carrying such a computer program, and also a computer system programmed to carry out the method.


The present invention provides a method and system for analyzing risk. An embodiment of this invention comprises determining a deployment cost and an outage cost for each of a plurality of portfolios. The portfolio comprises one or more elements with a predetermined capacity. Total cost, which is an indicator of deployment cost and risk, for each portfolio is then determined by summing the deployment cost and the outage cost. The total cost of at least two portfolios is compared.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to risk analysis. More specifically, this invention relates to a system and method for analyzing the risks associated with implementing telecommunication networks of varying network element sizes.
2. Related Art
A common issue facing large telecommunications carriers involves determining the optimum size for telecommunications network elements. Due to economies of scale and the development of new technologies, many carriers utilize infrastructure components of ever increasing size. This results in concentrating larger amounts of customer traffic onto fewer resources. For examples, telecommunication carriers utilize larger circuit switches and cross-connects and fibers with greater capacity. However, the concentration of larger amounts of traffic on fewer resources means that the failure of such a resource can have a large—even catastrophic—impact.
Thus, a problem facing telecommunications carriers is determining the size at which the risks associated with larger network elements overtake the cost savings provided by larger network elements. A need exists for a model that analyzes this issue.


Exemplary methods are described for providing responsive vascular control with or without cardiac pacing. An implantable device with responsive vascular and cardiac controllers interprets physiological conditions and responds with an appropriate degree of vascular therapy applied as electrical pulses to a sympathetic nerve. In one implementation, an implantable device is programmed to deliver the vascular therapy in response to low blood pressure or orthostatic hypotension. The device may stimulate the greater splanchnic nerve, to effect therapeutic vasoconstriction. The vascular therapy is dynamically adjusted as the condition improves. In one implementation to benefit impaired physical mobility, vascular therapy comprises vasoconstriction and is timed to coincide with a recurring segment of the cardiac cycle. The vasoconstriction assists circulation and venous return in the lower limbs of inactive and bedridden individuals. In various implementations, cardiac pacing therapy that is synergistic with the vascular therapy may be added to augment treatment.

Conventionally, implantable cardiac devices (ICDs), including "pacemakers," have emphasized stimulating the heart. The heart is situated in a single location in the body so it is relatively easy to place an ICD in close proximity to cardiac muscle tissue. The human vascular system, on the other hand, includes vast networks of blood vessels that are spread pervasively throughout the body, so it is relatively difficult to gain ICD control of vascular muscle tissue in the linings of arteries and veins.
Conventional ICDs have avoided or ignored controlling the vascular muscle layers of arteries and veins for additional reasons. Cardiac muscle tissue differs from both skeletal muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue by being quickly responsive to electrical stimulation, whereas the smooth muscle tissue surrounding arteries and veins is relatively slow to react. Conventional circulatory control was easily achieved by stimulating the responsive and easily accessible cardiac muscle tissue, with its largely self-contained electrical system. The smooth muscle tissue of the vascular system, by comparison, was more difficult to access and control.
The smooth muscle layers of arteries are controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous subsystems with control often originating in the brain, yet not under direct conscious control. A host of hormones and pharmaceuticals that bind to receptors on smooth muscles and exert their own influences can interfere with artificial electrical control of these smooth muscle layers.
When the body controls its own vascular system, the aforementioned layer of smooth muscle between elastic lamina (layers) of an artery typically opens and closes the bore or "lumen" of the artery. Closing an arterial lumen is referred to as vasoconstriction, which typically increases blood pressure because the circulatory system has a relatively inflexible volume capacity. Opening an arterial lumen is referred to as vasodilation and typically lowers the blood pressure.
Control over the same parameters that are ubiquitously present in many artificial hydraulic systems can lead to more masterful treatment of human circulatory diseases as well. To treat hypertension (high blood pressure) or hypotension (low blood pressure) for example, treatments include control over the heart as pump, over the volume capacity of the system (for example, using diuretics), and/or over the volume of fluid in the system. By nature, a human body in good health controls these three factors simultaneously. For example, when increased blood perfusion is needed for physical exertion, the body may deliver more blood to the exercising tissues by simultaneously increasing the strength and speed of the pumping action and raising the blood pressure, by vasoconstriction.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic subsystems, which initiate vasoconstriction and vasodilation respectively, are not limited to controlling mere low-level operational aspects of the body corresponding to valves and sensors in a hydraulic machine. Rather, these nervous subsystems also play more profound roles in directing activities of daily living and emotions. During rest times, for example, vasodilation maintained by the parasympathetic subsystem may direct more blood to activities like digestion, with resultant feelings of relaxation, while during physical activity and stress, vasoconstriction initiated by the sympathetic subsystem may direct blood away from the digestive tract to skeletal muscles, with resultant feelings of strength and excitement.
Comprehensive control of the circulatory system, such as that accomplished by the body itself, can provide improved treatment for many circulatory maladies. For example, orthostatic hypotension (OSH) is a common geriatric disorder as well as a common side effect of many medications. It is generally described as a decrease of 10-20 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or more in systolic blood pressure when posture changes from supine to standing—a horizontal to vertical change in posture. OSH can have neurogenic etiologies (e.g., diminished baroreceptor reflex); vestibular disorders; peripheral/central nervous system deficiencies; etc.) or non-neurogenic etiologies (e.g., cardiac pump failure, reduced blood volume, venous pooling, etc.). Device therapies that only elevate heart rate during an OSH episode (i.e., that target the non-neurogenic deficiencies) may fail if there is a lack of vasoconstriction due to reduced baroreceptor reflex. Similarly, treatments that only stimulate vasomotor sympathetic nerves (i.e., target only neurogenic deficiencies) may fail if there is a pronounced pumping failure. Thus, an implantable medical device therapy that can simultaneously compensate for both neurogenic and non-neurogenic influences on the circulatory system can be very advantageous in treating OSH and other disorders.
There is a need for an implantable device that takes advantage of the autonomic nervous system, resulting in simultaneous control of more types of muscle tissues in the circulatory system than just cardiac muscle tissue. Such an implantable device would control the cardio and vascular components of the cardiovascular system in a more organic and comprehensive manner than just controlling heart rate and other cardiac parameters via a conventional ICD.

Implantable device with responsive vascular and cardiac controllers


An imaging section includes a plurality of pixel output units that receive subject light that enters without going through an imaging lens and a pinhole. Output pixels of at least two of the plurality of pixel output units differ in incident angle directivity as a result of modulation of the incident angle directivity based on the incident angle of the subject light. A defective pixel detection section detects a defective pixel of the imaging section on the basis of pixel outputs of the imaging section. The defective pixel detection section discriminates a defective pixel that has produced a pixel output whose signal level is larger than or smaller than a threshold range. The image conversion section performs restoration computations by using pixel outputs generated for the respective pixels other than that of the defective pixel and a coefficient set stored in the coefficient storage section, thus generating a restored image.

Two configurations of an imaging apparatus are well known, one which includes a combination of an imaging lens and an imaging device and another which includes a combination of a pinhole and an imaging device.
The configuration including a combination of an imaging lens and an imaging device is employed by a majority of imaging apparatuses available today. The imaging lens concentrates light from a subject, thus forming a subject light image on an imaging surface of the imaging device and allowing the imaging device to generate an image signal proportional to the subject light image. As described above, an imaging apparatus including a combination of an imaging lens and an imaging device is affected by aberration of the imaging lens and has its limitations in downscaling because the imaging lens is an essential building block.
On the other hand, in the configuration including a pinhole and an imaging device, only a small amount of light reaches the imaging surface of the imaging device because of its lack of an imaging lens for concentrating light from the subject, making it necessary to lengthen an exposure time, increase a gain, or perform other process. As a result, the configuration cannot endure general use and is particularly unfit for high-speed imaging.
For example, therefore, PTL 1 proposes an imaging apparatus that includes a combination of a filter including a diffraction grating and an imaging device. The imaging apparatus captures an image of light from a subject as a pattern acquired via the filter including the diffraction grating, reproducing a subject image through a computation process using the imaging result pattern. Also, an imaging device having no imaging lens is proposed in PTL 2 and NPL 1.

Information processing apparatus, information processing method, and imaging apparatus


Systems and methods are described for remotely managing mobile devices provided by an enterprise. Embodiments are described in which a client is provided to a mobile device whereby the client maintains a list of authorized contacts authorizes connections of the mobile device based on the list. The client responds to commands including commands to delete the list, prevent access to the list and synchronize the list. An administrative function is described for organizing users into groups, each user having access to a mobile device and each group being associated with a list of authorized contacts common to each user in the group.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to mobile devices and more generally to wireless management of content of mobile devices.
2. Description of Related Art
Businesses, Enterprises, Government agencies, or Organizations provide mobile phones to their employees for improving their internal communications and productivity. It is a real challenge to keep all the employee phones up-to-date with the most current and accurate information such as Contacts, Tasks, Appointments, Notes, Group Lists, Email Accounts, Setup Conditions & Privileges, Restrictions to Voice Calls & Data Usage, etc. Whenever, the information changes as it happens all the time, it does not get transmitted to all the employees unless they physically bring the phones to the office for uploading the information to the phone by IT Manager or authorized Administrator. Practically, it is impossible to keep every employee's phone up-to-date. It creates inefficiency, and chaos in communicating with each other due to erroneous information and the real purpose of productivity gain is lost.
Furthermore, businesses and government agencies often provide mobile phones to many employees to improve internal communications and productivity. However, it is difficult to prevent abuse of the phone privilege and employees frequently make very long non-business related calls and download large files of data such as pictures, audio, video. Consequently, businesses may be surprised by large telephone bills which had not been budgeted.

Systems and methods for managing information in mobile devices


A device for measurement of moisture in a body of particulate material, such as a grain in a pile or in a silo, is in the form of a spear with a set of conductive plates 2 carried at one end of a shaft 1 for immersion in the body of particulate material, and a read out meter 4 and carrying handle 3 at the other end of the shaft. Normally the set of conductive plates measure capacitance of the material via a phase locked loop oscillatory circuit. The plates are disposed and shaped to facilitate entry into and removal from the body of particulate material.

The present invention relates to the measurement of moisture within a body of particulate material, for example a pile or silo of cereal grain.
Such bodies of material often contain a quantity of water. The weight and/or quality of the material will depend on its moisture content. It may therefore be desirable to know the moisture content of the body of material in order to provide, for example, a fair and consistent evaluation of the weight of the material.
For greatest accuracy, the present invention aims to measure the moisture content at a point well within a body of particulate material. At the surface of such a body the moisture content is likely to be reduced by contact of the material with the surrounding atmosphere and the consequent evaporation of the moisture.

Device for moisture measurement of particulate material


Disclosed is a liquid crystal display, which has a polarization film and a liquid crystal layer and displays a black tone when a voltage is not applied, provided with: a compensation film which is disposed between the liquid crystal layer and the polarization film and has an optical structure that has a twist direction reverse to a twist direction of liquid crystal in the liquid crystal layer; wherein a pixel in the liquid crystal layer is divided into a plurality of domains.

In a twisted nematic(TN) type liquid crystal display with normally white mode(rW mode), which is generally used, the polarization axes of upper and lower polarization films are disposed to be orthogonal to each other, where a white tone is displayed when a voltage is not applied. The NW mode liquid crystal display has a problem that the viewing angle is narrow due to a proper behavior of liquid crystal molecule when applying the voltage, in particular, the transmittance in the oblique direction while displaying a black tone is increased to reduce the contrast. On the other hand, there is a normally black(NB) mode liquid crystal display in which the polarization axes of upper and lower polarization films are disposed to be nearly parallel to each other, where a black tone is displayed when a voltage is not applied. Though the NB mode liquid crystal display also has a tendency that the transmittance an the oblique direction is increased, the transmittance-increasing tendency is lower than the NW mode.
For the purpose of enlarging the viewing angle, for example, Japanese patent application laid-open No.7-104284(1995), which is filed by this commonly assigned applicant, discloses a liquid crystal display which comprises a liquid crystal display panel with a twisted liquid crystal orientation, and an optical compensation plate which is composed of molecules with a refractive index anisotropy opposite to that of the liquid crystal molecules, and has a twisted orientation structure reverse to that of the liquid crystal molecules Also, T.Kamada et al., "Wide Viewing Angle Full Color TFT LCDs", Technical Report of IEICE, EID92-82(1992-12) suggests a NB mode liquid crystal display which comprises transparent electrodes and alignment films formed on a pair of substrates and; a liquid crystal layer which is sandwiched between the alignment films, where each pixel is divided into two domains with different rising directions of liquid crystal molecules by a domain-dividing technique and an enlarged viewing angle is obtained by using a uniaxial compensation film.
Furthermore, another technique called `multi-gap manner` has been suggested. This technique is based on the optical transmittance of a NB mode liquid crystal display which is determined by optical wavelength .lambda., birefringence .DELTA.n of liquid crystal layer and thickness d of cell, regardless of the existence of the divided pixel or uniaxial compensation film as shown in FIG. 2. In this case, since .DELTA.n can be approximated at a constant, a NB mode full color liquid crystal display utilizing three primary colors of RGB is provided with different cell thicknesses d to the respective wavelengths .lambda. in order to display a black tone, i.e., uneven areas are formed corresponding to pixels of RGB on the substrate.
However, the viewing angle in conventional liquid crystal displays is actually limited within a low range. In particular, the requirement for a larger viewing angle in a large-screen liquid crystal display or an onboard liquid crystal display is not satisfied. Though the `multi-gap manner` described above is effective to some extent, forming the uneven areas corresponding to the pixels of RGB and controlling gaps to the respective pixels are very difficult. Also, there occurs a problem that the rubbing operation for alignment of liquid crystal molecules is obstructed by the uneven ares.

Multiple domain-divided twisted nematic liquid crystal display with compensation film


A mobile station and a method for selecting a public land mobile network thereby which are capable of reducing roaming time and electric current consumption of a mobile station battery by previously determining whether a public land mobile network corresponding to currently received public land mobile network information can be roamed and selectively registering its location in only a base station with a roaming function according to the determination during international roaming.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile station and more particularly, the present invention relates to a mobile station and a method for selecting a public land mobile network (referred to as a "PLMN" hereinafter) thereby.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a cellular communication system. When a mobile station (MS) 1 tries to call another mobile station, a call signal is provided to a mobile switching center (referred to as "MSC" hereinafter) 7 through a base station (BS) 3a and a base station controller (BSC) 5. The BSC 5 controls a plurality of base stations 3a, 3b, . . . 3m. The MSC 7 connects a call of the mobile station 1 to a base station of the another mobile station. The MSC 7 controls the operation of the plurality of base stations, and is connected to a home location register (referred to as "HLR" hereinafter) 9 and an authentication center (AUC) 11. The HLR 9 stores a location of each mobile station. The AUC 11 performs an authentication procedure.
An operation of the cellular communication system will now be explained with reference to FIG. 1. A mobile station 1 searches for the strongest signal among signals which a neighboring base station transmits and accesses the corresponding base station. In such a situation, a subscriber dials a terminating number and simultaneously transmits an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (referred to as "IMSI" hereinafter) number. The MSC 7 performs a subscriber's authentication through the AUC 11. The base station 3a transmits a channel allotment message to the mobile station 1. The mobile station 1 starts calling using the channel allotment message from the base station 3a.
For the calling connection, the MSC 7 causes the base station 3a to transmit a paging signal in order to detect the location of the mobile station 1. Since the mobile station 1 continues to scan for signals of the base station 3a, when a mobile station 1 is called, the mobile station 1 sends the International Mobile Subscriber Identification (IMSI) number and either of a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) or an International Mobile Subscriber Identification (IMSI) to the corresponding base station 3a.
When the mobile station 1 has an international roaming function which registers its location in another mobile communication business proprietor base station and receives a communication service therefrom, during international roaming the mobile station 1 acquires synchronization using a frequency having a maximum receiving strength, receives system information provided from neighboring base stations, and extracts PLMN identification information from the received system information. The mobile station 1 registers its location in a base station using the extracted PLMN identification information. The PLMN identification information is information that a wireless terminal device receives from an MSC in order to classify the PLMN wherein the MSC supports a mobile communication network service according to regions. The PLMN identification information includes a Mobile Country Code (MCC), a Mobile Network Code (MNC), and a Location Area Identity (LAI).
When the mobile station travels into an area of another MSC, or a base station which belongs to a system provided by another service business proprietor, the mobile station receives a roaming service which provides a service to mobile stations between different communication business proprietors as a result of agreement between different communication business proprietors. An international roaming function provides such a service to a mobile station traveling into another country, gives an intrinsic number of an international standard to a mobile station, and allows the mobile station to receive a mobile communication service based on the given intrinsic number of an international standard, when the mobile station travels into another country, for bilateral communication between the mobile station and the service business proprietor.
A mobile station subscriber subscribes to a home PLMN, and a corresponding terminal device is used in the registered PLMN. Home PLMN information and registered PLMN information are stored in a User Subscriber Identity Module (referred to "USIM" hereinafter) of a mobile station having the international roaming function. The home PLMN information and the registered PLMN information are also stored in a wireless terminal device which the subscriber uses when the subscriber subscribes to a mobile communication service.
A description will now be given of a PLMN selecting method during international roaming by a mobile station. When power of a mobile station is turned on the mobile station performs a slot synchronization and a frame synchronization using a frequency having a maximum receiving strength in order to acquire system information. Thereafter, the mobile station extracts PLMN information from the acquired system information. The mobile station compares an MCC of the extracted PLMN information with an MCC of a final usage PLMN, and will recognize that an international roaming has occurred when the MCC of the extracted PLMN information is different from the MCC of final usage PLMN information. When the MCC of the extracted PLMN information is identical with the MCC of a final usage PLMN information, the mobile station registers its location in base stations which are located in neighboring cells using the extracted PLMN information.
However, since the conventional mobile station does not have information as to whether a currently received PLMN corresponds to a roaming PLMN, a conventional mobile station registers its location in a current PLMN first in order to select a roaming PLMN. When a base station does not allow the registration of the mobile station, it is judged that a current PLMN is a PLMN to which a mobile station can not roam, and the mobile station performs another registration in a next PLMN. In other words, the mobile station acquires new PLMN information using another frequency and repeats a procedure in which the mobile station sends a request to register its location in a base station using the newly acquired PLMN information. Accordingly, the mobile station acquires PLMN identification information for all sequentially received frequencies until the mobile station acquires a registered PLMN information from a base station, and repeats a registration procedure by using the acquired PLMN information, resulting in a time delay as a necessary consequence. Consequently, the electric current consumption of a mobile station battery increases.

Mobile station and method for selecting public land mobile network thereby


A composer interface allows a user to provide input, such as text data, to the social networking system. One or more images may be presented to the user via the composer interface, allowing the user to select one or more images to associate with the input. The images presented to the user may be selected based on associations of images with similar input by social networking system users. For example, images that a threshold number of users have associated with similar input are presented via the composer interface. If the user selects an image to associate with the input, the social networking system presents the selected image along with the received input in a content item presented to other social networking system users.

This invention relates generally to social networking systems and in particular to presenting images associated with actions or objects to a user providing content to a social networking system.
Social networking systems allow their users to efficiently communicate information with each other to encourage interactions between users. Social networking systems allow users to share content with each other, to create and maintain events for users to meet in person, to establish connections with other users, or to perform other interactions with each other. To encourage user interactions, social networking systems strive to streamline interactions between the user and the social networking system. For example, a social networking system provides its users with interfaces that seek to reduce the number of clicks to reach a page, to reduce the number of characters a user inputs to provide content to the social networking system, and to reduce clutter when presenting content to users. Simplifying user interactions with the social networking system increases the likelihood that users continue using a social networking system.
While social networking systems capture and store information describing actions taken by their users, different users may often describe similar actions differently. This may make it difficult for users to quickly ascertain the subject matter of information about another user provided by the social networking system. For example, users may provide information describing these real-world interactions as unstructured data, which may be provided in different formats by different users. This variation in formats makes it difficult for other users to efficiently discern the content of the unstructured data. For example, different users may use different words to describe an interaction, making it difficult to determine if different users are referring to the same action. Hence, presenting unstructured data to social networking systems may make it difficult for other social networking system users to identify information from the unstructured data.

Selecting images associated with content received from a social networking system user


A base station is configured to serve a wireless device in a serving cell on a serving frequency. The base station obtains information that indicates one or more non-serving frequencies on which the device is to perform one or more positioning measurements. These positioning measurements are to be used for determining the device's geographic position. For at least one non-serving frequency indicated by the information, the base station configures a measurement gap during which the device is to perform a corresponding positioning measurement. Specifically, the base station configures such measurement gap to occur during a period of time in which a neighboring cell transmits a positioning reference signal over that non-serving frequency. A positioning reference signal is specifically designed to be a signal on which a device performs positioning measurements. Thus, by aligning the measurement gap with a positioning reference signal, the positioning measurements will prove more reliable and accurate.

The ability to identify the geographic position of a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communications system has enabled and/or enhanced a large variety of commercial and non-commercial services, e.g., navigation assistance, social networking, location-aware advertising, emergency calls, etc. Different services may have different positioning accuracy requirements. In addition, some regulatory requirements on the positioning accuracy for basic emergency services exist in some countries, e.g., in the United States, where the Federal Communications Commission imposes regulatory requirements for Enhanced-911 services.
In many environments, the position of a UE can be accurately estimated by using positioning methods based on GPS (Global Positioning System). However, GPS is known to often fail in indoor environments and urban canyons. In these and other situations, the wireless communication system itself can assist the UE to determine its position with GPS. This approach is commonly referred to as Assisted-GPS positioning, or simply A-GPS, and serves to improve the UE receiver sensitivity and GPS start-up performance. Despite the possibility of this assistance, GPS and A-GPS still prove insufficient under some circumstances. Indeed, some UE's may not even be capable of using GPS or A-GPS.
A complementary terrestrial positioning method, called Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA), has therefore been standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In addition to OTDOA, the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard also specifies methods, procedures, and signalling support for Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID) and Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS). Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (UTDOA) is also being standardized for LTE.
Positioning in LTE
The three key network elements in an LTE positioning architecture are the Location Services (LCS) Client, the LCS target device (i.e., the UE), and the LCS Server. The LCS Server estimates the position of the LCS target device. Specifically, the LCS Server is a physical or logical entity that manages positioning for the LCS target device by collecting measurements and other location information, that assists the LCS target device in measurements when necessary, and that estimates the LCS target device's position. The LCS Client may or may not reside in the LCS target device itself. Regardless, the LCS Client is a software and/or hardware entity that interacts with the LCS Server for the purpose of obtaining location information for the LCS target device. Specifically, the LCS Client sends a request to the LCS Server to obtain location information. The LCS Server processes and serves the received requests, and then sends the positioning result and optionally a velocity estimate to the LCS Client. A positioning request can be originated from the LCS target device or the network.
Position calculation can be conducted, for example, by a UE or by a positioning server, such as an Evolved Serving Mobile Location Center (E-SMLC) or Secure User Plan Location (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP) in LTE. The former approach corresponds to the UE-based positioning mode, whilst the latter corresponds to the UE-assisted positioning mode.
Two positioning protocols operating via the radio network exist in LTE, LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) and LPP Annex (LPPa). The LPP is a point-to-point protocol between an LCS Server and an LCS target device, and is used in order to position the LCS target device. LPP can be used both in the user and control plane, and multiple LPP procedures are allowed in series and/or in parallel in order to reduce latency. LPPa is a protocol between an eNodeB and the LCS Server specified only for control-plane positioning procedures, although it still can assist user-plane positioning by querying eNodeBs for information and eNodeB measurements. SUPL protocol is used as a transport for LPP in the user plane. LPP has also a possibility to convey LPP extension messages inside LPP messages, e.g. currently Open Mobiel Alliance (OMA) LPP extensions are being specified (LPPe) to allow e.g. for operator-specific assistance data, assistance data that cannot be provided with LPP, or to support other position reporting formats or new positioning methods.
A high-level architecture of such an LTE system 10 is illustrated in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, the system 10 includes a UE 12, a radio access network (RAN) 14, and a core network 16. The UE 12 comprises the LCS target. The core network 16 includes an E-SMLC 18 and/or an SLP 20, either of which may comprise the LCS Server. The control plane positioning protocols with the E-SMLC 14 as the terminating point include LPP, LPPa, and LCS-AP. The user plane positioning protocols with the SLP 16 as the terminating point include SUPL/LPP and SUPL. Although note shown, the SLP 20 may comprise two components, a SUPL Positioning Center (SPC) and a SUPL Location Center (SLC), which may also reside in different nodes. In an example implementation, the SPC has a proprietary interface with E-SMLC, and an LIp interface with the SLC. The SLC part of the SLP communicates with a P-GW (PDN-Gateway) 22 and an External LCS Client 24.
Additional positioning architecture elements may also be deployed to further enhance performance of specific positioning methods. For example, deploying radio beacons 26 is a cost-efficient solution which may significantly improve positioning performance indoors and also outdoors by allowing more accurate positioning, for example, with proximity location techniques.
Positioning Methods
To meet Location Based Service (LBS) demands, the LTE network will deploy a range of complementing methods characterized by different performance in different environments. Depending on where the measurements are conducted and where the final position is calculated, the methods can be UE-based, UE-assisted, or network-based. Each of these approaches has its own advantages and disadvantages. The following methods are available in the LTE standard for both the control plane and the user plane: (1) Cell ID (CID), (2) UE-assisted and network-based E-CID, including network-based angle of arrival (AoA), (3) UE-based and UE-assisted A-GNSS (including A-GPS), and (4) UE-assisted OTDOA.
Hybrid positioning, fingerprinting positioning and adaptive E-CID (AECID) do not require additional standardization and are therefore also possible with LTE. Furthermore, there may also be UE-based versions of the methods above, e.g. UE-based GNSS (e.g. GPS) or UE-based OTDOA, etc. There may also be some alternative positioning methods such as proximity based location.
Similar methods, which may have different names, also exist in other RATs, e.g. WCDMA or GSM.
E-CID Positioning
E-CID positioning exploits the advantages of low-complexity and fast positioning associated with CID, but enhances positioning further with more measurement types. Specifically, CID exploits the network's knowledge of geographical areas associated with cell IDs. E-CID additionally exploits the corresponding geographical description of the serving cell, the Timing Advance (TA) of the serving cell, and the CIDs and the corresponding signal measurements of the cells (up to 32 cells in LTE, including the serving cell), as well as AoA measurements. The following UE measurements can be utilized for E-CID in LTE: E-UTRA carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), and UE Rx−Tx time difference. The E-UTRAN measurements available for E-CID are eNodeB Rx−Tx time difference (also called TA Type 2), TA Type 1 being (eNodeB Rx−Tx time difference)+(UE Rx−Tx time difference), and UL AoA, UE Rx−Tx measurements are typically used for the serving cell, whilst e.g. RSRP and RSRQ as well AoA can be utilized for any cell and can also be conducted on a frequency different from that of the serving cell.
The UE's E-CID measurements are reported by the UE to the positioning server (e.g. E-SMLC or SLP) over LPP, and the E-UTRAN E-CID measurements are reported by the eNodeB to the positioning node over LPPa. The UE may receive assistance data from the network e.g. via LPPe (no LPP assistance for E-CID is currently specified in the standard, however, it may be sent via LPP extension protocol, LPPe).
OTDOA Positioning
The OTDOA positioning method makes use of the measured timing of downlink signals received from multiple eNodeBs at the UE. The UE measures the timing of the received signals using assistance data received from the LCS server, and the resulting measurements are used to locate the UE in relation to the neighbouring eNodeBs.
With OTDOA, a terminal measures the timing differences for downlink reference signals received from multiple distinct locations. For each (measured) neighbor cell, the UE measures Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) which is the relative timing difference between neighbor cell and the reference cell. The UE position estimate is then found as the intersection of hyperbolas corresponding to the measured RSTDs. At least three measurements from geographically dispersed base stations with a good geometry are needed to solve for two coordinates of the terminal and the receiver clock bias. In order to solve for position, precise knowledge of the transmitter locations and transmit timing offset is needed.
To enable positioning in LTE, and to facilitate positioning measurements of a proper quality and for a sufficient number of distinct locations, new physical signals dedicated for positioning have been introduced. 3GPP TS 36.211. These new signals are called positioning reference signals (PRS). Also, low-interference positioning subframes have been specified.
PRS are transmitted from one antenna port (R6) according to a pre-defined pattern. 3GPP TS 36.211. A frequency shift, which is a function of Physical Cell Identity (PCI), can be applied to the specified PRS patterns to generate orthogonal patterns and modelling the effective frequency reuse of six. This makes it possible to significantly reduce neighbour cell interference on the measured PRS and thus improve positioning measurements.
Assistance Data for Positioning
Assistance data is intended to assist a wireless device or a radio node in its positioning measurements. Different sets of assistance data are typically used for different methods. The positioning assistance data is typically sent by the positioning server, although it may be sent via other nodes. For example, assistance data may be sent to an eNodeB for being further sent to the UE, e.g. transparently to eNodeB and also Mobility Management Entity (MME). The assistance data may also be sent by the eNodeB via LPPa to positioning server for further transfer to the UE.
The assistance data may be sent responsive to a request from the wireless device that will perform measurements. Alternatively, the assistance data may be sent in an unsolicited way; that is, without request.
In LTE, the assistance data may be requested and provided over LPP protocol by including requestAssistanceData and provideAssistanceData elements in the LPP message, respectively. The current LTE standard specifies the structure shown in FIG. 11 for provideAssistanceData. In this structure, the commonIEsProvideAssistanceData IE is provided for future extensibility only, and is thus not currently used. The LTE assistance data may thus be provided for A-GNSS and OTDOA. The EPDU-Sequence contains IEs that are defined externally to LPP by other organizations, which currently may only be used for OMA LPP extensions (LPPe).
A similar structure exists for requestAssistanceData, and is shown in FIG. 12. In FIG. 12, commonIEsRequestAssistanceData may optionally carry the serving cell ID (ECGI).
OTDOA Assistance Data
Since for OTDOA positioning PRS signals from multiple distinct locations need to be measured, the UE receiver may have to deal with PRS that are much weaker than those received from the serving cell. Furthermore, without the approximate knowledge of when the measured signals are expected to arrive in time and what is the exact PRS pattern, the UE would need to do signal search within a large window. Such a search would impact the time and accuracy of the measurements, as well as the UE complexity. To facilitate UE measurements, the network transmits assistance data to the UE, which includes, among others things, reference cell information, a neighbour cell list containing PCIs of neighbour cells, the number of consecutive downlink subframes, PRS transmission bandwidth, frequency, etc.
For OTDOA, the assistance data is provided with IE OTDOA-ProvideAssistanceData which comprises the information about the reference cell (one cell in the list) and neighbor cells information (multiple cells). This IE is shown in FIG. 13.
The neighbour cells may or may not be on the same frequency as the reference cell, and the reference cell may or may not be on the same frequency as the serving cell. Measurements that involve cells on a frequency different than the serving cell are inter-frequency measurements. Measurements on the same frequency as the serving cell are intra-frequency measurements. Different requirements apply for intra- and inter-frequency measurements.
The current standard only allows including E-UTRA cells in the assistance data. However, the cells may still belong to FDD and TDD which are treated as different RATs.
E-CID Assistance Data
Assistance data delivery is not required for UE- or eNodeB-assisted forms of E-CID positioning. In fact, this is not currently supported without EPDU elements. Also, UE-based E-CID location is not currently supported either, and the assistance data delivery procedure is not applicable to uplink E-CID positioning. No assistance data is currently specified for E-CID for LPP. Some assistance data, however, may be provided for E-CID e.g. via LPPe.
Assistance Data Extensions with OMA
With Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) LPP extension (LPPe), the assistance data is enhanced with the possibility to assist a larger range of positioning methods (e.g. assistance data may also be provided for E-CID or other methods of other RATs, e.g. OTDOA UTRA or E-OTD GSM, or other PLMN networks). Furthermore, there is also a possibility of carrying over a black-box data container meant for carrying vendor-/operator-specific assistance data.
Inter-Frequency, Inter-Band and Inter-RAT Measurements
It is mandatory for all UEs to support all intra-RAT measurements (i.e. inter-frequency and intra-band measurements) and meet the associated requirements. However the inter-band and inter-RAT measurements are UE capabilities, which are reported to the network during call setup. The UE supporting certain inter-RAT measurements should meet the corresponding requirements. For example a UE supporting LTE and WCDMA should support intra-LTE measurements, intra-WCDMA measurements and inter-RAT measurements (i.e. measuring WCDMA when the serving cell is LTE and measuring LTE when the serving cell is WCDMA). Hence the network can use these capabilities according to its strategy. These capabilities are highly driven by factors such as market demand, cost, typical network deployment scenarios, frequency allocation, etc.
Inter-Frequency Measurements
Inter-frequency measurements may in principle be considered for any positioning method, even though currently not all measurements are specified by the standard as intra- and inter-frequency measurements. When performing inter-frequency measurement, the serving and target carrier frequencies may belong to the same duplex mode or to different duplex modes e.g. LTE FDD-FDD inter-frequency, LTE TDD-TDD inter-frequency, LTE FDD-TDD inter-frequency or LTE TDD-FDD inter-frequency scenario. The FDD carrier may operate in full duplex or even in half duplex mode. The examples of inter-frequency measurements currently specified by the standard are Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) used for OTDOA, RSRP and RSRQ which may be used e.g. for fingerprinting or E-CID.
The UE performs inter-frequency and inter-RAT measurements in measurement gaps. The measurements may be done for various purposes: mobility, positioning, self organizing network (SON), minimization of drive tests etc. Furthermore the same gap pattern is used for all types of inter-frequency and inter-RAT measurements. Therefore E-UTRAN must provide a single measurement gap pattern with constant gap duration for concurrent monitoring (i.e. cell detection and measurements) of all frequency layers and RATs.
In LTE, measurement gaps are configured by the network to enable measurements on the other LTE frequencies and/or other RATs (e.g. UTRA, GSM, CDMA2000, etc). The gap configuration is signaled to the UE from the serving cell radio node over the Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol as part of the measurement configuration. A UE that requires measurement gaps for positioning measurements, e.g., OTDOA, may send an indication to the network, e.g. eNodeB, upon which the network may configure the measurement gaps. Furthermore, the measurement gaps may need to be configured according to a certain rule, e.g. inter-frequency RSTD measurements for OTDOA require that the measurement gaps are configured according to the inter-frequency requirements in 36.133, Section 126.96.36.199, e.g. not overlapping with PRS occasions of the serving cell and using gap pattern #0.
In a carrier aggregation system, there may be multiple serving cells. In this case, a set of serving cells for a UE in a carrier aggregation mode comprises one primary cell and one or more configured secondary cells. A carrier aggregation capable UE generally does not require measurement gaps for performing measurements on configured and activated primary and secondary cells. However, there may be cells in the system that are not configured or not activated as serving cells for the UE, e.g., for one of the following reasons: the UE may be capable of supporting only a limited number of serving cells and/or some cells may be deactivated for carrier aggregation or not configured as secondary cells. For performing measurements on these cells, the UE would normally still require measurement gaps.
Inter-RAT Measurements
In general, in LTE inter-RAT measurements are typically defined similar to inter-frequency measurements. That is, inter-RAT measurements may also require configuring measurement gaps, but just with more measurement restrictions and often more relaxed requirements. As a special example there may also be multiple networks, which use overlapping sets of RATs. The examples of inter-RAT measurements specified currently for LTE are UTRA FDD CPICH RSCP, UTRA FDD carrier RSSI, UTRA FDD CPICH Ec/No, GSM carrier RSSI, and CDMA2000 1x RTT Pilot Strength.
For positioning, assuming that LTE FDD and LTE TDD are treated as different RATs, the current standard defines inter-RAT requirements only for FDD-TDD and TDD-FDD measurements, and the requirements are different in the two cases. There are no other inter-RAT measurements specified within any separate RAT for the purpose of positioning and which are possible to report to the positioning node (e.g. E-SMLC in LTE).
Inter-Band Measurements
Inter-band measurement refers to the measurement done by the UE on a target cell on the carrier frequency belonging to a frequency band different than that of the serving cell. Both inter-frequency and inter-RAT measurements can be intra-band or inter-band.
The motivation of inter-band measurements is that most of the UEs today support multiple bands even for the same technology. This is driven by the interest from service providers; a single service provider may own carriers in different bands and would like to make efficient use of carriers by performing load balancing on different carriers. A well known example is that of multi-band GSM terminal with 800/900/1800/1900 bands. Another example is when a DL band has no paired UL within the same band and thus has to be paired with UL from another frequency band.
Furthermore a UE may also support multiple technologies e.g. GSM, UTRA FDD and E-UTRAN FDD. Since all UTRA and E-UTRA bands are common, therefore the multi-RAT UE may support same bands for all the supported RATs.
Inter-Frequency Requirements for Positioning-Related Timing Measurements
No inter-frequency requirements are currently defined for UE or eNodeB Rx−Tx measurements. For OTDOA, the current standard defines inter-frequency requirements for RSTD measurements assuming the following two scenarios, 3GPP TS 36.133. In the first scenario, the reference cell and all neighbor cells provided in the assistance data operate on the same frequency f2, which is different from the serving cell frequency f1. In the second scenario, the reference cell is on the serving cell frequency f1, whilst all neighbor cells provided in the assistance data are on frequency f2, which is different from the serving cell f1. The requirements are generic with respect to the frequency channels and frequency bands, i.e. the requirements are the same for any two different f1 and f2, independently on their absolute and relative location in the spectrum. In real deployments there may also be intermediate scenarios between the first scenario and the second scenario. Further, although the requirements are only defined for two frequencies, the signalling specified for OTDOA positioning supports up to three frequencies that may be different from the reference cell frequency, which in turn may also be different from the serving/primary cell frequency.
Problems with Existing Solutions
At least the following problems have been identified with the prior art solutions.
An eNodeB is heretofore unable to properly configure measurement gaps for a UE performing inter-frequency RSTD measurements. Indeed, the eNodeB is not even aware of the frequency or cell IDs on which the measurements are to be performed and thus is not be able e.g. to align PRS positioning occasions with measurement gaps. The consequence is that the measurement gaps are incorrectly configured, or do not provide sufficiently many or a required number of subframes with PRS for positioning measurements. This means that the UE measurements may fail or the measurement requirements may not be met.
Furthermore, there is currently no way to configure and use measurement gaps for inter-RAT positioning, for the measurements requested via assistance data received using LPPe or the user plane, or for non PRS-based measurements (which may or may not be performed according to a pattern, e.g., a restricted measurement pattern configured with enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC)).
Moreover, the measurement gaps to be applied by the UE are configured by the eNodeB over RRC. However it is the positioning server, e.g. E-SMLC, which is aware of whether and when the UE will conduct positioning inter-frequency measurements such as e.g., inter-frequency RSTD or inter-frequency E-CID and this information is transmitted to the UE transparently via the eNodeB. Thus, to be on the safe side the eNodeB may always configure UEs for the worst case, i.e. with Gap Pattern #0 (where a measurement gap of 6 ms occurs every 40 ms), even when the UEs measure only on intra-frequency cells. This is a severe restriction on the network in that it reduces the amount of radio resources available for intra-frequency measurements and it leads to an inefficient measurement procedure.

Enhanced measurement gap configuration support for positioning


A side-view type light emitting device includes a package body, a lead frame, and a light emitting diode (LED). The package body has a first surface provided as a mount surface, a second surface disposed on a side opposite to the first surface, and lateral surfaces disposed between the first surface and the second surface. The package body includes a recessed portion disposed on a lateral surface corresponding to a light emitting surface of the lateral surfaces. The lead frame is disposed in the package body. The LED chip is mounted on a bottom surface of the recessed portion. Protrusion parts protruding toward the LED chip are disposed in regions adjacent to the LED chip of facing inner sidewalls of the recessed portion, respectively.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light emitting device using a light emitting diode (LED), and more particularly, to a side-view type light emitting device that can uniformly emit light according to its positions and a line light source type light emitting device having a novel structure and using the LED with a point light source characteristic.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a light emitting diode (LED) is provided in a form of a light emitting device including a package body provided with a lead frame to which an electrode is connected. The LED may be coupled to various light receiving devices such as a backlight unit (BLU) of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light guide plate of a surface light emitting display, and an optical sensor, and thus the LED is being used in various application fields.
Specifically, a side-view type light emitting device that is one type of the light emitting device is being widely used as a light source for the BLU of the LCD.
With the increasing tendency toward a large-scale BLU, light uniformity of the large-scale BLU must be maintained over the entire panel in spite of their large area. However, since an LED light source used as a BLU light source is a point light source, the LED light source has a disadvantage in terms of the light uniformity when compared to a related art cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) that is a line light source.
The LED is being used in the various application fields because the LED may be coupled to the light receiving devices (the BLU of the LCD, the light guide plate of the surface light emitting display, the optical sensor, etc). In such an application field, the LED has a great disadvantage in that it is difficult to realize the line light source because the LED acts as the point light source.
FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating measurement results of an output distribution of light emitted from a light emitting surface LP of a related art side-view type light emitting device 1.
Referring to FIG. 1, a light output intensity is highest at a central portion (an upper side of an LED chip 5) of the light emitting device 1. The light output intensity gradually decreases toward sidewall directions of the LED chip 5, and then the light output intensity increases again a little at portions adjacent to the sidewalls.
Since the LED chip 5 is disposed at a central portion of a package to condense light emitted from the LED chip 5 into a direct upper side of the LED chip 5, the light output intensity is highest at the central portion of the light emitting device 1. Also, since light distributed over side surfaces of the LED chip 5 or light diffused into the LED chip 5 is reflected from the sidewalls of a package body to emit the reflected light into the outside, the light output intensity increases in the sidewall regions. Accordingly, the light output intensity greatly depends upon reflectance and inclination of the package body.
As describe above, the side-view type light emitting device has a point light source characteristic in which an LED chip region is bright. Thus, in case where the side-view type light emitting device is applied to a light guiding panel of a BLU, the side-view type light emitting device has a hot spot region in which light brightly shines at a central portion of an LED and a dark spot region that is a dark region between the LED chips. Thus, due to such a point light source characteristic, the overall light emitting uniformity significantly decreases.

Side-view type light emitting device and line light source type light emitting device


A drilling unit comprises a housing (5), a drilling spindle housing means (3) axially moveable within said housing (5), a drilling spindle (2) rotatably received within said housing (5) and driven by a driving means (12), a plunger (15) connected to the drilling spindle housing means (3) and piston means (22) slideably received within said housing (5) and operatively connected to the plunger (15). The plunger (15) is connected to the piston means (22) with a first clearance (51) in a plane normal to the direction (A) of the axial movement of the plunger. The piston means (22) further is connected to the plunger (15) with a second clearance (52) in the direction of the axis (A) of said drilling unit.. The drilling unit exhibits excellent linearity of axial motion combined with a high degree of accuracy and, at the same time, requires as little space as possible in a plane parallel to a plane, in which a workpiece is positioned.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to drilling unit apparatus and more particularly to drilling unit apparatus of the type having
a housing; PA0 a drilling spindle housing means axially moveable within said housing; PA0 a drilling spindle rotatably received within said housing and driven by a driving means; PA0 a plunger connected to the drilling spindle housing means and adapted to move axially with the drilling spindle housing means within said housing; PA0 piston means slideably received within said housing and operatively connected to the plunger to move it in upward or downward direction respectively.
2. Description of Related Art
Drilling devices of the aforementioned type are known. One of the purposes, for which they are used, is, within an arrangement of a multiplicity of such drilling units, the boring of holes in printed circuit boards. In this connection it is desirable to reduce the space occupied by one drilling unit as much as possible in order to be able to drill as many holes as possible at the same time, i.e. with one stroke of said multiple drilling units arrangements. Usually, sealing rings or other sealing members provided between the above mentioned parts of the drilling unit require additional space in a plane extending parallel to the printed circuit boards and thereby limit the number of units to be put together and thereby also limit the number of holes, which can be drilled into one board simultaneously.
If the accuracy, with which the drilling tool of such drilling unit can be fed to a particular spot of such printed circuit board, is to be increased, it is necessary to increase the accuracy of the bearing surfaces for the drilling spindle housing means, within said aforementioned housing. This requires an increase of the accuracy of the bearing means, within which the afore said spindle housing and said plunger move. However, when the accuracy of these parts, especially the bearing surfaces extending in axial direction, is increased, it appears that even slight misalignments between the plunger and the drilling spindle housing means, which form a unit and/or between the surfaces, which form bearing means for parts of said unit, lead to clamping, jamming, or blocking of the one of the mentioned components against another one.
A further problem with drilling units of the aforementioned type appears as a consequence of the fact that sealing means mostly are as gaskets. Irregularities of movement of the drilling spindle housing, within said aforementioned housing can occur, since gaskets of elastic material (such as e.g. plastic or rubber) have a tendency to stick to metallic surfaces, which move relative to them. Therefore, the motion of the drilling spindle will be irregular, i.e. interrupted by jerks or the like. Since modern printed circuit boards involve a plurality of layers of different materials, in which it is absolutely essential that accuracy of depth of drilling can be accuractly controlled, it is necessary to avoid such jerks or similar irregularities.

International Business Machines Corporation