An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine including an ammonia oxidation catalyst device and an ammonia holding device arranged immediately upstream of the ammonia oxidation catalyst device is provided. The ammonia holding device has a solid acid, holds ammonia to restrain the ammonia from flowing into the ammonia oxidation catalyst device when a temperature of the ammonia oxidation catalyst device is within a N2O producing temperature range, and releases the held ammonia to make the ammonia flow into the ammonia oxidation catalyst device when the temperature of the ammonia oxidation catalyst device is out of the N2O producing temperature range.

In an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine which performs lean combustion such as in a diesel engine, a NOx catalyst device is arranged to purify NOx in the exhaust gas. A known NOx catalyst device produces ammonia by hydrolysis of urea supplied with the exhaust gas and selectively reduces NOx in the exhaust gas by use of the produced ammonia NH3 as a reducing material.
To decrease ammonia which is not used to reduce NOx in such a selectively reduction type NOx catalyst device and which is released into the atmosphere, it has been suggested that an ammonia oxidation catalyst device be arranged downstream of the selectively reduction type NOx catalyst device.
However, in such an ammonia oxidation catalyst device, when ammonia is oxidized at a relatively low temperature, dinitrogen monoxide (or nitrous oxide) N2O is produced. It is undesirable to release N2O into the atmosphere. Accordingly, it has been suggested that the temperature of the ammonia oxidation catalyst device be elevated not so as to oxidize ammonia at a relatively low temperature (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2008-255899).

Exhaust purification system of internal combustion engine


A method and an apparatus for processing a session request in a network are disclosed. For example, the method receives the session request by a Serving-Call Session Control Function (S-CSCF), and sends a query to a tElephone NUmbering Mapping (ENUM) server for the session request. The method determines if a response is received to the query to the ENUM server, and inserts an indication of a component failure in a header of the session request if the response is not received from the ENUM server, wherein the indication of the component failure indicates a non-responsive ENUM server.

A customer expects to have a call be completed regardless of a failure or a degradation condition that may exist in the service provider's network. For example, a customer may subscribe to a VoIP service and expect his/her VoIP calls to be completed regardless of server failures or degradations in the VoIP network. A typical network comprises numerous types of devices, placed in the network to perform specific tasks. Some of these network devices are essential for completing a call while others are considered nonessential for call completion. For example, an ENUM (tElephone NUmbering Mapping) server provides information for routing a call but does not participate in call completion. However, the call may still fail to be completed due to a failure to receive a response from an ENUM server.

Method and apparatus for completing a call in a network with ENUM failure


A pneumatic tire includes a plurality of circumferential grooves and a first land portion. The circumferential grooves extend continuously in a tire circumferential direction. The first land portion extends in the tire circumferential direction between a pattern end and one of the circumferential grooves in a shoulder region located outside the circumferential grooves in a tire width direction. The first land portion has first lug grooves extending from the pattern end in the tire width direction and closed without communicating with the circumferential grooves are arranged in the tire circumferential direction. At least one circumferential groove is wave-shaped with a constant groove width in the tire width direction at a tread surface and formed in a wave shape in the circumferential direction at the tread surface and groove bottom. The wave-shaped circumferential groove has a shorter cycle length of waves at the groove bottom than at the tread surface.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire. More particularly, the present invention relates to a pneumatic tire whose wet performance and tire noise performance are not reduced or improve when the tire becomes worn.
2. Background Information
Conventionally, there is a known pneumatic tire having a tread pattern including a plurality of straight grooves extending in a tire circumferential direction in order to improve wet performance such as hydroplaning performance during traveling on a wet road. Such a tire can effectively drain out water on the road surface to a rear side of the tire and suppress entry of the water into a tire contact patch to thereby maintain satisfactory wet performance such as hydroplaning performance.
However, during traveling on a dry road, groove widths and groove areas of the straight grooves extending in the circumferential direction rapidly shrink and expand to initial states in the contact patch due to a tire deformation to cause vibration in side walls of the grooves. This vibration makes air vibrate in the circumferential grooves with air cavity resonance, and increases tire noise. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-40712 describes a tire having a tread pattern in which groove widths of circumferential grooves are increased and decreased in a tire width direction to impart operations of silencers to the grooves to cope with this problem.
In the tire described Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-40712, when a distance from one lug groove to the adjacent lug groove in the circumferential direction is defined as one pitch which is a minimum unit for forming the pattern of a tread portion, each of the circumferential grooves has a plurality of wide portions having increased groove widths and a plurality of narrow portions having smaller widths within a pitch, and distances between the wide portions or distances between the narrow portions in the circumferential direction are different from each other. With this tire, the noise can be reduced while maintaining wet performance and especially hydroplaning performance as compared with a related tire.

Pneumatic tire with tread having wave shaped circumferential groove


The invention relates to a capsule comprising a shell containing a transparent and thermally conducting liquid, particles having a thermochromic coating and particles having a photochromic coating, the thermochromic particles being bulkier than photochromic particles, the liquid being such that, within a first range of temperatures, its density is greater than the density of the thermochromic particles and than the density of the photochromic particles, and such that, within a second range of temperatures greater than those of the first range, the density of the photochromic particles is less than the density of the liquid, which is itself less than the density of the thermochromic particles.

Thermochromic capsules, which change colour reversibly when the temperature rises above or falls below a threshold value, are known. The patent document EP 0 602 537 A1 describes in particular a watch provided with a temperature-indicating device produced based on such capsules. The watch makes it possible to indicate the temperature of the environment in which it is found, independently of the fact that the watch is worn or not worn.
Photochromic capsules, which change colour reversibly in reaction to exposure to light rays, are also known. The patent document CH 710 489 describes in particular a watch provided with a bezel comprising indicators produced based on such capsules.
However, it would be advantageous to have available capsules which can have both thermochromic and photochromic properties.

Liquid capsule having thermochromic and photochromic properties

The Swatch Group Research and Development Ltd


An electrical contact terminal formed of sheet metal, an electrical connector comprising the terminal, and a method to manufacture the terminal is presented. The terminal includes a longitudinally extending cavity for receiving an electrical contact pin therein and a contact beam having a contact face arranged at least partially inside the cavity. The contact beam is configured to be deflected by the electrical contact pin to apply a contact force to the contact pin when the electrical contact pin is received in the cavity. The terminal further includes a flat support wall oriented substantially parallel to the insertion direction of the electrical contact pin. An aperture is formed proximate to an edge of the support wall to form a support spring element in the support wall. The support spring element is configured to engage with the contact beam when the same is deflected, thereby increasing contact force.

There is a trend in the art to provide electrical connectors having smaller dimensions, for e.g. providing multiple connectors in a restricted building space. However, with the electrical connectors becoming smaller and smaller, the electrically conductive inlays of those electrical connectors, i.e. the electrical contact pins and/or the electrical contact terminals, have to become smaller as well.
Wherein electrical contact pins can be manufactured with smaller dimensions (i.e. smaller cross section) very easily, it is more challenging to provide electrical contact terminals having smaller dimensions. The difficulties arise, since for providing smaller electrical contact terminals typically thinner metal sheets have to be used. However, providing electrical contact terminals being manufactured from thinner metal sheets, results in reduced wall thicknesses of the electrical contact terminal and thus to reduced contact forces that can be achieved between the electrical contact pin and the electrical contact terminal.
This is, because contact forces of an electrical contact terminal are typically generated by contact beams that are formed from a sheet of metal, wherein the contact beams are preferably integrally formed with the electrical contact terminal. Thus, the contact force that can be applied by a contact beam of an electrical contact terminal on an electrical contact pin is strongly dependent on the material used, i.e. the sheet material, and the sheet thickness. Consequently, with merely providing smaller terminals, the contact force applied on the electrical contact pin will become smaller. However, the smaller electrical contact terminals have to fulfill the same contact force requirements, i.e. they have to apply the same contact forces on the electrical contact pin, as electrical contact terminals that are manufactured from conventional thick sheet materials.
Generally, high contact forces are desired in electrical connectors (independent of the connector size), to provide a secure electrical contact between the electrical contact pin and the electrical contact terminal, since a higher contact force will reduce the contact resistance of the electrical contact. Further, with increasing the contact force, the connectors are less prone to environmental conditions, such as vibrations, shock and/or the like. Thus, the field of application of the connectors having a high contact force can be broadened.
In the art, electrical contact terminals 100 are known, as shown in FIG. 1, that are provided with a contact beam 120, being supported by a support beam 142, to provide increased contact forces between the electrical contact terminal 100 and the electrical contact pin 110 that can be received in the electrical contact terminal 100. Due to the stacked arrangement of the contact beam 120 and the support beam 142, both beams 120, 142 have to be deflected, when the pin 110 is received in the electrical contact terminal 100, thereby increasing the contact force FN. However, in the known electrical contact terminal 100, the contact force is directly dependent on the sheet material thickness used. Thus, the required contact force limits the minimal sheet thickness so that terminals being provided with stacked contact and support beams 120, 142 cannot be provided at very small dimensions. Respectively, if thin sheets are used, the required contact force cannot be achieved.
Further, in order to increase the contact force, different sheet materials can be used, particularly sheet materials having a high stiffness, resulting in stiff electrical contact terminals. These stiff electrical contact terminals can generate high contact forces on an electrical contact pin, received therein. However the contact force will increase rapidly with increased deflection of the contact and/or support beam(s), e.g. due to variations of the dimensions of the electrical contact pins used. Therefore the contact force and the pin insertion force, i.e. the force that is required to insert an electrical contact pin into the electrical contact terminal, strongly depend on the dimensions of the electrical contact pin. This is not desirable, since a certain contact force has to be achieved. Further, varying pin insertion forces make automated pin insertion and surveillance more difficult. Particularly, high pin insertion forces hinder the insertion of the electrical contact pin and increase the risk of damaging the electrical contact pin and/or the electrical contact terminal during pin insertion.
Still further, using stiff contact terminals results in high stress levels, particular at the contact and support beams. If an electrical contact pin is inserted improvidently, e.g. due to high required pin insertion forces, the terminal can be damaged, e.g. by plastic deformation.
Therefore, there is a need in the art to provide electrical contact terminals that can provide a high contact force, even if small dimensions of the terminal are required. Further, the electrical contact terminals shall be configured to provide a desired high contact force, while pin insertion forces are moderate. Still further, the contact force and/or the pin insertion force shall have small tolerances.
The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions.

Electrical contact terminal having a spring element to support a contact beam

Delphi International Operations Luxembourg SARL


The present invention relates to the process for preparing a compound of the formula ##STR1##. wherein A is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, an aryl which is mono or disubstituted with F, Cl, Br, OCH.sub.3, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl or benzy. In the preferred compound A is CH.sub.3. The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors that are prepared in accordance with the present invention are selective inhibitors of the action of lipoxygenase enzyme and are useful in the treatment or alleviation of inflammatory diseases, allergy and cardiovascular diseases in mammals.

This invention relates to the process and intermediates for preparing 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors that are prepared in accord with the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,106 which is a continuation of 08/809,901 filed Jun. 13, 1997 now abandoned. This pending application is entitled "5-lipoxygenase Inhibitors" and is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors that are prepared in accord with the present invention are selective inhibitors of the action of lipoxygenase enzyme and are useful in the treatment or alleviation of inflammatory diseases, allergy and cardiovascular diseases in mammals.

Process for preparing 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors


An embodiment of a bone plate comprises a main body which is fixed to a side of the fracture and having a hole in which a connecting element is inserted for purposes of this fixation procedure; a movable part which is associated with the main body, is fixed to the other side of the fracture and having a hole in which a connecting element is inserted for purposes of this fixation procedure and being moveable with respect to the main body; a displacement mechanism enabling movement of the movable part relative to the main body, on the center of which it is positioned; a locking element which stops operation of the displacement mechanism, thereby restricting the movement of the movable part; and a displacement element which is associated with the displacement mechanism for controlling thereof externally.

The present disclosure relates to a bone plate suitable for use in surgical bone operations.
In surgical treatment of bone fractures, various means such as intramedullary nails, external fixators and plates may be used. Nowadays, such plates have significant importance in treatment of upper extremity fractures, in particular. The state-of-art bone plates are available in two different designs, locked and unlocked bone plates, and may have varying geometrical forms depending on the shape of the anatomic site they are to be applied to. After having been applied to the bone, these plates do not allow adjusting the fracture line, thus a malpositioning (non-abutment of fracture ends) results in a further procedure to be performed which renders the surgery period 2 or 3 times longer. Accordingly, this situation results in a similar increase in the duration of anesthesia in a patient, and risks of complication (infection, bleeding etc.) as well.
Additionally, the state-of-art bone plates are of static nature, thereby requiring use of auxiliary elements such as external fixators, especially where a bone shortening or bone extension is necessary. This procedure requires a further medical personnel or a second fixation implant, hence causing redundant labor loss, additional cost and needlessly, application of an additional implant to the patient, though temporarily.


A device power is supplied for running a storage device. When a device error occurs, a recovery operation is performed on the storage device. When the recovery operation fails, the device power is reset in a compatibility verification operation and the recovery operation is performed again on the storage device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a method of operating a storage device, and more particularly, to a method of performing a recovery operation on a hard disk.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In nearly all computing environments, systems rely heavily on local hard disks which are configured to store one or more operating systems, applications, system data or user data, etc. It is of critical importance to a well-functioning computing environment that such hard disks function properly, but the inevitable reality is that computer hard disk drive (HDD) failure occurs on occasion.
One of the significant problems many computer users are facing today is onerous recovery operations when encountering hard disk failure. If the recovery operation fails, the hard disk is dropped in the prior art. The majority of hard disk failures are caused by hard disk corruption, such as virus intrusion, human error in configuration, mistakes or incompatibility in new software installation, or electrical or mechanical malfunction. However, a temporary hard disk error may occur due to unready hardware status (such as slow disk or chip response) or poor hard disk quality. Under such circumstances, the hard disk may still function normally after rebooting the system. In the prior art method, a functional hard disk may be dropped when the recovery operation fails due to temporary hard disk errors.


Variable information, which indicates whether a variable is a vehicle specific variable that is specific to vehicle control, is added in the form of variable name to the model. In a code generating tool, an extraction engine extracts the variable name from an intermediate file to obtain the variable information, and a code generation block generates vehicle specific program code corresponding to the vehicle specific variable using a variable generation rule stored in a rule storage.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to technology for automatically generating a control program, which performs vehicle control and is embedded in an electronic control unit.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, program code generators have been developed. The program code generators model specifications of programs installed in computer systems and automatically generate a corresponding program based on abstract language that describes a corresponding model.
Examples of such abstract language include simple block diagrams (such as data flow diagrams), state transition diagrams (such as state charts) and more recently the Unified Modeling Language (UML).
These program code generators automatically generate program code from the abstract language, which resembles human thought processes. Thus, these program code generators can be used to quickly implement specification changes and thus help to shorten program development times.
However, program code generators such as those described above were developed for the purpose of developing programs that run on workstations and general purpose personal computers and are not directly applicable to developing a control program embedded in an electronic control unit of a vehicle.
This will be described more fully below.
Generally, the previously proposed program code generators define variables as global variables or automatic variables and handle them in the same way.
For example, all variables are stored in a memory area, which cannot retain its contents when the power turns off. This is, in the general purpose personal computers and the workstations, these variables are supposed to be backed up to a hard disk drive.
However, in vehicle control systems, specific variables, which are specific to vehicle control operation and must be saved or backed up, are handled in a specific manner that is different from a manner of handling ordinary variables.
More specifically, specific values, such as learning values, are stored in a specific memory area (or storage area) that is different from a memory area for storing the ordinary variables and is capable of keeping its contents even when an ignition key of the vehicle is turned off. This is due to the fact that the vehicle needs to be appropriately controlled based on previously obtained learning values, which are obtained or learned during previous operation of the vehicle, when the ignition key is turned on. Furthermore, failure information, which is required by law to be stored, must also be stored in the specific memory area that is different from the memory area for storing the ordinary variables.
That is, the specific variables, which are specific to the vehicle control operation, require a vehicle specific program.
Thus, during development of the vehicle control program through use of the previously proposed program code generator, a designer needs to manually modify the generated program code.


The invention relates to a process for the preparation of saturated C3-C20-alcohols in which a liquid hydrogenation feed comprising at least one C3-C20-aldehyde is passed over a bed of a hydrogenation catalyst in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas, which comprises adding to the hydrogenation feed an amount, homogeneously soluble therein, of a salt-like base. The addition of base suppresses side reactions, such as acetalization, aldolization, Tischtschenko reaction or ether formation.

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of saturated C3-C20-alcohols in which a liquid hydrogenation feed comprising at least one C3-C20-aldehyde is passed over a bed of a hydrogenation catalyst in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas.
The catalytic hydrogenation of aldehydes in order to obtain alcohols is a process which has been carried out on an industrial scale for decades and in which a multiplicity of catalysts, which generally consist of elements from sub-groups VI to VIII and I of the Periodic Table, in particular of the elements chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and/or copper, are employed. Such catalysts are described, for example, in DE-A 32 28 881, DE-A 26 28 987 and DE-A 24 45 303. The alcohols prepared by these processes find broad use, for example as solvents or as plasticizer alcohols.
In the hydrogenation, in particular at high hydrogenation temperatures, undesired side reactions, such as acetalization or aldolization, the Tischtschenko reaction or ether formation, occur in addition to the desired hydrogenation of the aldehyde to the alcohol. These side reactions result in a reduction in the product yield and require increased effort during purification of the hydrogenation product in order to obtain the relevant alcohol in the desired purity.
In order to avoid side reactions of this type, DE-A 26 28 897 recommends adding water to the hydrogenation feed. However, this measure has a number of disadvantages; for example, the energy necessary for purification of the resultant alcohols by distillation increases significantly.
Another possibility for reducing the formation of by-products comprises increasing the hydrogen pressure in the hydrogenation, which increases the rate of the hydrogenation reaction, while the reaction rate of the side reactions which are independent of the hydrogen pressure remains the same. Overall, the selectivity with respect to the desired hydrogenation product thus increases.
However, an increase in the hydrogen pressure is associated with high equipment complexity, since, for safety reasons, pressurized reactors with thicker walls must be used and further safety precautions have to be taken.
German patent 16 43 856 describes the hydrogenation of aldehydes by means of a copper- and/or nickel-containing catalyst whose surface has been adjusted to a pH of from 6 to 10 by treatment with alkali metal hydroxides. This publication is expressly directed to the use of the catalysts pretreated in this way in gas-phase hydrogenation. Their use in liquid-phase hydrogenation is only possible to a limited extent. The alkali metal hydroxide is usually washed out by the liquid hydrogenation feed or the liquid hydrogenation products and removed from the reaction system, and consequently the advantages of the surface treatment of the catalyst are only short term.
JP 172 838 A relates to the hydrogenation of C5- and higher aldehydes on a nickel/chromium catalyst in the presence of a tertiary aliphatic amine.
JP 171 447 A relates to the hydrogenation of C4-aldehydes to butanol on a nickel/chromium catalyst in the presence of a tertiary aliphatic amine. In both the last-mentioned processes, the added amine is separated off from the hydrogenation product by subsequent distillation and advantageously fed back into the hydrogenation. However, pure amine is not recovered in the distillation, but instead a mixture of the amine with so-called high boilers, i.e. the by-products which boil higher than the target alcohol and are formed in the hydrogenation of aldehydes, is obtained. The recycling of the amine/high boiler mixture requires that a ballast of high boilers is always circulated through the hydrogenation and distillation. Since, in order to avoid increases in concentration, a part of the high-boilers which corresponds to the formation rate of the high boilers must always be removed from the circuit, amine losses are unavoidable and represent an additional economic burden for the process.
WO 96/26173 describes a process for the purification of C3-C10-alcohols by distillation, where the distillation is carried out in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide. This publication makes no mention of the addition of a salt-like base to a liquid hydrogenation feed.
It is an object of the present invention to indicate a process for the preparation of saturated alcohols from aldehydes by liquid-phase hydrogenation in which the formation of undesired by-products is suppressed, in particular at hydrogenation temperatures of 150xc2x0 C. or above, and which is free from the disadvantages of the known hydrogenation processes.
We have found that this object is achieved by a process in which a liquid hydrogenation feed comprising at least one C3-C20-aldehyde is passed over a bed of a hydrogenation catalyst in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas, which comprises adding to the hydrogenation feed an amount, homogeneously soluble therein, of a salt-like base [M+]n [Anxe2x88x92], in which [M+] is an alkali metal ion or the equivalent of an alkali earth metal ion; [Anxe2x88x92] is an anion of an acid having a pKs value of greater than 2, and n is the valency of the anion.
The effect of the addition of base to the hydrogenation feed is that the side reactions outlined at the outset are substantially suppressed even at hydrogenation temperatures of 150xc2x0 C. or above, and very pure alcohols are obtained even at these hydrogenation temperatures.
The type of salt-like base used is generally not crucial so long as the salt-like base used is homogeneously soluble in the hydrogenation feed, at least in low concentration, and does not undergo any undesired side reactions with the aldehyde. Accordingly, a multiplicity of salt-like bases can successfully be employed in the process according to the invention.
The bases employed in accordance with the invention are salt-like, i.e. they are built up from cations and anions; they comprise at least one alkali metal or alkaline earth metal cation, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium ions, and a basic anion. The corresponding acid of the basic anion has a pKa value of greater than 2, preferably greater than 4, in particular greater than 8. The pKa value used for the characterization of the acid strength of the corresponding acid is the negative decimal logarithm of the dissociation constant of the acid in dilute aqueous solution. The pKa values of numerous acids have been tabulated and are given, for example, in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 76th Edn., 1995, CRC Press; Organikum, various authors, 16th Edn., VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften 1986, p. 138; Sykes P., Reaktionsmechanismen der Org. Chemie, 8th Edn. 1982, p. 307.
Suitable basic anions are hydroxide (14), carbonate (10.33), hydrogencarbonate (6.35), phosphate (12.35), amide (35), hydride (39); alkoxides, in particular C1-C4-alkoxides, such as methoxide (16), ethoxide, n- and isopropoxide and butoxide; phenoxide (10), carboxylates, such as acetate (4.76) or benzoate (4.21); carbanions, such as butyl (50), cyclopentadienyl or phenyl (40). The values in brackets indicate the pKS value of the respective corresponding acid. Besides the hydride ion itself, complex hydrides are also suitable; these can be regarded as adducts of the hydride ion and their basicity is essentially due to the, hydride ion, for example complex hydrides such as [BH4]xe2x88x92 or [BHR3]xe2x88x92 (where R=C1-C4-alkyl, for example s-butyl).
In general, hydroxide or carbonate is preferred.
Advantageous salt-like bases are, in particular, alkali metal hydroxides and/or carbonates, such as lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. In general, sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide are preferred. However, sodium alkoxides and/or potassium alkoxides, such as the methoxide or ethoxide, or the alkoxide of the alcohol which is the hydrogenation product of the aldehyde present in the hydrogenation feed can also be employed with particular advantage.
The salt-like bases are generally added to the hydrogenation feed in an amount which corresponds, on neutralization equivalent basis, to from 0.1 to 2000 ppm by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 1000 ppm by weight, in particular from 0.1 to 100 ppm by weight, particular preferably from 0.5 to 50 ppm by weight and in particular from 1 to 20 ppm by weight, based on the aldehyde present in the hydrogenation feed, of potassium hydroxide. In the case of monovalent basic anions, a molar amount of salt-like base which corresponds to the stated amount of potassium hydroxide is used, and in the case of divalent basic anions, half the molar amount is used. It is also possible to add mixtures of different bases.
Owing to the low salt-like base concentrations employed and the generally low price of these bases, recovery is not necessary or advantageous.
The liquid hydrogenation feed can consist of one or more undiluted aldehydes. However, the aldehydes are preferably employed as a solution in an inert diluent. Examples of suitable inert diluents are hydrocarbons, ethers, such as diethyl ether, or alcohols. The diluents are particularly preferably alcohols, in particular the alcohol which is the hydrogenation product of the aldehyde to be hydrogenated. In a preferred embodiment, a part amount of the hydrogenation product is recycled for this purpose and mixed with the aldehyde to be hydrogenated. If used, the inert diluent is preferably used in an amount of from 0.1 to 100 parts by weight, in particular from 1 to 50 parts by weight and particularly preferably from 5 to 20 parts by weight, based on one part by weight of aldehyde employed. If the hydrogenation is carried out adiabatically, i.e. with removal of the heat of reaction by the reaction product, the amount of inert diluent used is advantageously such that the temperature gradient over the bed of the granular catalyst does not exceed 40xc2x0 C. If, by contrast, the hydrogenation reactor is operated isothermally, the proportion of inert diluent in the hydrogenation feed can be selected virtually as desired.
The hydrogenation feed generally contains traces of water, for example in the order of from 1 ppm to 1% by weight, which have been introduced by the starting materials in the preceding synthesis steps or formed by condensation reactions. These traces of water are unimportant for the process according to the invention. On use of salt-like bases other than hydroxides, hydroxide ions are formed therefrom by transprotonation and/or hydrolysis, which is in accordance with the invention.
The process according to the invention can be carried out either batchwise or continuously, for example with the aid of tubular reactors or reactor cascades. The catalyst bed generally rests on a suitable retention element in the reactor. The hydrogenation reactor can be operated either by the pool or trickle method. The process according to the invention is preferably carried out in a reactor cascade, in particular a cascade comprising two to five reactors.
The salt-like base can be added in solid or dissolved form; it is preferably added in the form of its solution in water or an alcohol, in particular the alcohol which is the hydrogenation product of the aldehyde present in the hydrogenation feed. For example, from 1 to 40 percent by weight solutions are suitable. The base and the hydrogenation feed can be introduced into the hydrogenation reactor separately from one another, with the mixture of base and hydrogenation feed forming in situ in the reactor. In particular in the case of the continuous procedure, however, a preformed mixture of based and hydrogenation feed is preferably passed into the reactor. If, as in a preferred embodiment, a part amount of the hydrogenation product is fed back as diluent before the hydrogenation reactor, the metering of the base is advantageously carried out into the return stream before the latter is mixed with the aldehyde to be hydrogenated. In this way, local concentration maxima of the base during contact with the aldehyde, which can result in undesired aldolization, are avoided. If a reactor cascade is used, the requisite amount of base can be passed into the first reactor of the cascade together with the hydrogenation feed; however, it is also possible to meter the base separately into each individual reactor of the cascade. The total amount of base is preferably fed into the first reactor of the cascade together with the hydrogenation feed.
The hydrogenation catalyst used is one of the catalysts usually used for the hydrogenation of aldehydes to alcohols. The type of catalyst used is not a subject-matter of the present invention; the advantageous effects achieved by the process according to the invention are generally independent of the type of hydrogenation catalyst used. Accordingly, a multiplicity of hydrogenation catalysts can be used in the process according to the invention, for example metal-containing supported catalysts with metals from sub-group(s) I, VII and/or VIII of the Periodic Table as catalytically active components, in particular supported catalysts with rhenium, platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or ruthenium as catalytically active components and support materials such as aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide or barium sulfate; or precipitation catalysts comprising at least one element from sub-group(s) I, VI, VII and/or VIII of the Periodic Table, for example catalysts as described in DE-A 32 28 881, DE-A 26 28 987 and DE-A 24 45 303. The catalysts are preferably in granular form and generally have a particle size of from 3 to 10 mm. The catalysts may be arranged in one or more beds in the reactor. Different catalysts can be used in the various beds of a reactor or in the various reactors of a reactor cascade.
The hydrogen-containing gas preferably comprises more than 80 mol % of hydrogen; in particular, it essentially consists of hydrogen. The hydrogen-containing gas can be passed over the hydrogenation catalyst bed in cocurrent or countercurrent to the hydrogenation feed. It is preferably passed in cocurrent. The amount of hydrogen-containing gas fed in is advantageously such that from 1.0 to 1.15 times the stoichiometrically necessary amount of hydrogen is available.
The hydrogenation of the alcohols can be carried out under conditions which are conventional per se. In general, elevated temperatures, for example from 100 to 300xc2x0 C., preferably from 120 to 250xc2x0 C. and in particular from 130 to 200xc2x0 C., and pressures of from 1 to 700 bar, preferably from 5 to 300 bar and particularly preferably from 30 to 50 bar, are set. The catalysts are generally loaded with from 0.01 to 2, preferably with from 0.1 to 1 and in particular with from 0.2 to 0.5 l of aldehyde/l of catalyst per hour. The addition of water to the hydrogenation feed is possible in the process according to the invention, but is not necessary.
The alcohols are generally worked up by distillation by methods known per se.
The aldehydes to be hydrogenated are preferably aliphatic C3- to C20-, in particular C3- to C15-aldehydes, which may be straight-chain or branched and may additionally contain double bonds in the molecule. The aldehydes which can be employed are not subject to any restrictions in principle. Suitable aldehydes which are of particular economic importance are, for example, propanal, n-butanal, isobutyraldehyde, hexanal, ethylhexanal, ethylhexenal, nonenal, nonanal, decanal, decenal and the hydroformylation products of trimeric and tetrameric propylene and dimeric and trimeric butene.
The process according to the invention has a number of advantages:
The acetal and ether formation side reactions which occur during hydrogenation of aldehydes in the liquid phase are greatly suppressed. The addition of water to the hydrogenation feed which was customary hitherto can be reduced or omitted completely. This enables the energy consumption in the subsequent distillation of the hydrogenation product to be significantly reduced, since the water is generally distilled off at the top of the column. The hydrogenation temperature can be increased without the fear of an increase in side reactions. This enables the space-time yield to be increased; for example, an increase in the hydrogenation temperature from 140 to 150xc2x0 C. in the hydrogenation of butanal allows the catalyst loading with butanal to be increased by 25% for the same butanol yield. An increase in ether formation on increasing the hydrogenation temperature, which is to be expected without addition of base, is not observed. The increase in the hydrogenation temperature liberates the heat of hydrogenation at a higher temperature level and can be utilized for generating steam at 4 bar, for example in the integrated heat system of the hydrogenation plant. This results in a considerable saving of energy.
The invention is illustrated in greater detail by the examples below.

Method of producing saturated C3-C20-alcohols


Examples provide a height adjustable tray including a service surface for moving one or more items from a first height near the top of a display case down to a lower height within reach of a user in a seated position or otherwise unable to reach a top surface of the display case. The tray is connected to a set of one or more support arms. A gearing mechanism moves the set of support arms along a range of motion to lower the tray from the first height near the top of the display case to a position in front of the display case at a second height. The tray remains in a horizontal orientation substantially parallel to the floor or ground surface as the tray moves through the range of motion. An operating mechanism controls movement of the tray along the range of motion.

Counters and display cases in restaurants, shops and grocery stores are typically built such that products placed on the top surface of the counter or case are within comfortable reach of a customer of average height in a standing position. However, some customers may be in a wheelchair, motorized cart or other mobility assistance device which prevents them from reaching the top of the counter or case. Likewise, other customers of below average height may also be unable to comfortably reach items placed on top of a typical counter. Display cases can be built with a lower top surface height to accommodate these customers. However, this reduces volume within the display case for storing and/or displaying products. This results in inefficient utilization of space.


The present invention relates to an energy harvesting apparatus using triboelectrification. The energy harvesting apparatus of the present invention may include: a housing formed in an accommodation space in the energy harvesting apparatus; an electrification sheet accommodated to be rolled into the housing; an elastic body provided in the housing and providing elastic force so that the electrification sheet is rolled into the housing; and an electrode unit provided on the electrification sheet or on the periphery of the electrification sheet and electrificating the electrification sheet through friction while the electrification sheet is pulled or rolled.

As the use of fossil energy including coal, oil, and the like increases, the fossil fuels is expected to be exhausted due to the rapid increase of an energy demand through the introduction of various technologies. Securing of future energy resources and development of environmentally friendly energy depending on energy depletion and environmental problems caused due to the use of a lot of fossil energy are on the rise as major tasks worldwide.
Energy harvesting technology, which is one of representative clean energy systems that can draw energy that is thrown away from a surrounding environment in such a background, has gotten popular recently. The structure and performance of energy harvesting are also increasing depending on the type of energy that can be harvested in the vicinity, such as harvesting light energy, energy harvesting by electromagnetic field change, and energy harvesting by triboelectricity.
A power generation scheme of an energy harvesting apparatus in the related art includes various methods including a vertical contact and separation scheme, a sliding scheme, an overlapping scheme, and the like and a scheme that acquires one output by one input is used, but such a scheme has a limit in increasing triboelectrification efficiency.

Energy harvesting apparatus using triboelectrification

CHUNGANG UNIVERSITY INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION


A method of forming a composite member, includes: applying pressure and heat with a compaction tool to a portion of an uncured composite member to decrease a thickness of the portion, the heat applied with the compaction tool being at a temperature less than a curing temperature of the uncured composite member; and curing the uncured composite member after applying pressure and heat.

Fiber-reinforced resin materials, or "composite" materials as they are commonly known, have many applications in the aerospace, automotive, and marine fields because of their high strength-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, and other unique properties. Conventional composite materials' typically include glass, carbon, or polyaramide fibers in woven and/or non-woven configurations. The fibers can be pre-impregnated with uncured or partially cured resin to form fiber plies (often termed "prepregs") in a raw material stage. The fiber plies can be manufactured into parts by laminating them on a mold surface. Heat and pressure can be applied to the laminated plies to cure the resin and harden the laminate in the shape of the mold.
It is generally known to subject a laminate to a "hot debulk" process before cure, where the entire laminate is bagged, put under vacuum and heated, for example in an oven, so as to reduce its thickness. The process however requires dealing with the whole assembly, thus longer cycle times and more oven space. Moreover, the thickness reduction that can be reached with this process may be limited.


A communication apparatus includes a first setting unit configured to operate as an access point that communicates with another communication apparatus to perform communication parameter setting processing, a second setting unit configured to operate as a station that communicates with an access point to perform communication parameter setting processing, a detection unit configured to detect an apparatus that is currently activating communication parameter setting processing, and a selection unit configured to select first setting processing to be performed by the first setting unit or second setting processing to be performed by the second setting unit according to a detection result obtained by the detection unit.

The wireless communication is, for example, represented by a wireless local area network (LAN) that conforms to the IEEE802.11 series standard which requires numerous setting items to be set before a communication apparatus is used. For example, communication parameters, such as service set identification (SSID) as a network identifier, an encryption method, an encryption key, an authentication method, and an authentication key, are necessary setting items to be set in advance when each communication apparatus performs wireless communication. Manually inputting this kind of setting items beforehand is very troublesome for users of communication apparatuses.
To solve this problem, there are conventional automatic setting methods for simply setting communication parameters to a wireless device, which are available from manufacturers of the communication apparatuses. For example, when a conventionally discussed automatic setting method is applied to two devices connected with each other, one device can provide communication parameters to the other device according to a predetermined procedure and messages and the other device can automatically set the provided communication parameters.
Wi-Fi CERTIFIED™ for Wi-Fi Protected Setup: Easing the User Experience for Home and Small Office Wi-Fi® Networks, http://www.wi-fi.org/wp/wifi-protected-setup introduces an example of the automatic setting of communication parameters in a wireless LAN infrastructure mode communication (hereinafter, referred to as "-").
Japanese Patent Applications Laid-Open No. 2006-352282, No. 2006-311138, and No. 2006-309458 discuss examples of the automatic setting of communication parameters in a wireless LAN ad hoc network mode communication (hereinafter, referred to as "ad hoc communication"). According to the automatic communication parameter setting processing discussed in Japanese Patent Applications Laid-Open No. 2006-352282, No. 2006-311138, and No. 2006-309458, a device that performs ad hoc communication selects a device from a plurality of devices that join the network as an apparatus (a providing apparatus) that provides communication parameters and the providing apparatus provides communication parameters to another device (a reception apparatus).
As described above, conventionally discussed techniques for automatically setting communication parameters enable users to easily set the communication parameters automatically with a simple operation.
Further, as discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-035373, there is a conventional apparatus that includes an access point function and a station function and enables users to perform switching between the access point function and the station function.

Communication apparatus, communication apparatus control method, and program


A time-delay fuse 10 having a circular fusible element 22 with stress relief section 24. The cylindrical fuse element 22 is connected to a trigger mechanism 30 by solder or other meltable alloy. The trigger section 30 provides overload protection and the circular fusible element provides short circuit protection resulting in a time-delay fuse which can be used in places where there are size restrictions.

This invention relates to fuses in general and in particular to an electric fuse that meets the minimum requirements of the Underwriter's Laboratories (UL) specification for Class J dimensioned fuses having time delay. A time-delay fuse is a type of fuse that has a built in delay that allows temporary and harmless inrush currents to pass without opening, but is designed to open on sustained overloads and short circuits.
The time-delay fuse can be a dual-element fuse and is used in circuits subjected to temporary inrush current transients, such as motor starting currents, to provide both high performance short-circuit current protection and time-delay overload current protection. Oversizing in order to prevent nuisance openings is not necessary. The dual-element fuse contains two distinctly separate types of elements which are series connected. Fuse links similar to those used in the single-element fuse perform the short-circuit protection function. The overload element provides protection against low-level overcurrents or overloads and will hold an overload which is five times greater than the ampere rating of the fuse for a minimum time of 10 seconds.
Underwriter's Laboratories has developed basic physical specifications and electrical performance requirements for fuses with voltage ratings of 600 volts or less. These are known as UL Standards. If a type of fuse meets the requirements of a standard, it can fall into that UL Class. Typical UL Classes are K, RK1, RK5, G, L, H, T, CC, and J. Class J fuses are rated to interrupt 200,000 amperes a.c. They are UL labeled as "Current Limiting", are rated for 600 volts a.c., and are not interchangeable with other classes. In order for a Class J fuse to be a time-delay fuse it is necessary that the fuse meet not only the voltage and current characteristics required, but the physical size limitations required by Underwriter's Laboratories. Thus the time-delay element and the short circuit element must be small and compact. It is necessary to have a fuse which is high capacity, fast acting, with time-delay, and yet will fit in the small package dictated by Underwriter's Laboratories for class J fuses.


The invention relates to a signal processing device, a control method thereof, a control procedure and a recording medium, which is unnecessary to increase a memory capacity for implementing sampling to determine a filter parameter. The signal processing device includes a data acquiring element (10), acquiring signals of a time series, i.e. time series signals from a sensor; a filtering element (21), performing a filtering operation according to frequencies; a transfer element (30), transferring the time series signals; and a filter parameter determination element (50), performing frequency analysis to the time series signals within a pre-specified interval, i.e. a specified interval to determine a filter parameter.

Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a signal processing device, etc., capable of filtering measuring data received from a measuring device and transferring the same to a control device.
Description of Related Art
A known signal processing device is adapted to acquire a physical quantity measured by a sensor installed in industrial machinery such as a measuring device, etc., and perform signal processing to the acquired detection signal, and transfer the signal to a control device used for controlling the industrial machinery. The signal processing device may amplify an analog signal acquired from the sensor, and convert the analog signal into a digital signal by using an analog-to-digital (AD) converter, and transfer the digital signal to the control device. Moreover, the signal processing device uses a digital filter to filter a noise in the digital signal, and sends the filtered digital signal to the control device.
In a control system including the signal processing device, measuring objects (generally referred to as works) measured by a measuring device are diversified, and the noises generated corresponding to the measuring objects are also different. Therefore, the noises to be eliminated by the signal processing device are not necessarily the same, and each time a frequency of the noise to be eliminated has to be set corresponding to the measuring object.
Moreover, a patent literature 1 discloses a following technique: in a measuring device, a motor speed signal is taken as a base frequency, and amplitude of a specified frequency obtained by multiplying the base frequency by a multiplying power is used to determine an abnormal state. According to such technique, the motor speed signal can be used to determine the abnormal state, such that even the measuring object is changed, the abnormal state can still be easily determined.

Signal processing device, control method thereof, control procedure and recording medium


A system and method for handling of cross-system metadata in a system landscape with a hub and backend systems is presented. Reference metadata that is associated with a first backend system and that refers to metadata of a second backend system is stored in a storage associated with the first backend system, the storage further separately storing backend system metadata that is associated only with the first backend system. Connecting metadata, which establishes a connection between backend system metadata associated with the first backend system and backend system metadata of any other backend system, is stored separately. At 206, the first backend system is linked to the hub by the connecting metadata from storage associated with the first backend system to a hub storage associated with the hub. The connecting metadata is activated in the hub to link the first backend system with the second backend system.

A backend system, such as a server system for serving one or more business applications, typically provides metadata to describe a set of business data. Metadata can have different versions depending on the set of business data being handled by the backend system.
There are three classes of metadata, when considered from an "owner" point of view: (1) Metadata that is owned by a backend system; (2) metadata that establishes a connection between the metadata of two or more backend systems, and hence is not "owned" by any of the backend systems; and (3) metadata which is owned by one of the backend systems but refers to metadata of another backend system.
However, handling of metadata that is not restricted to a single system, connection, or server, (herein collectively referred to as a "system"), has heretofore not been addressed. For instance, an enterprise resource planning (ERP) and a customer relationship management (CRM) system both have their own metadata for search. When defining a search for a callback scenario, for example, such as "Find all CRM customers who have purchased ERP material 4711," the metadata that is required uses ERP and CRM metadata at the same time. This cross-system metadata has to be delivered, and the versioning thereof has to be handled.
Previously, a hub system had to manage various versions of the backend system. These backend system versions are a separate dimension from the hub releases, which therefore multiply the versions to be handled. Further, the hub has to follow a much higher frequency of delivery in order to satisfy every backend system version. Accordingly, the hub becomes highly dependent of the backend system releases, and vice versa.
Another problem is versioning of metadata in a hub and backend system landscape. While each backend system can automatically upgrade its connecting metadata, connections can still be incomplete. Consider backend system "System A", versions 1.0 and 2.0, and backend system "System B." Initially a connection "A1.0<->B1.0" is established and delivered with the both backend systems. An upgrade of A automatically leads to a new connecting metadata "A2.0<->B1.0", and vice versa, when the new backend system version is linked to the hub system. But the connecting metadata "A2.0<->B2.0" does not emerge automatically.

Handling of cross-system metadata in a system landscape with a hub and backend-systems