When enciphered contents information is transferred from media A to media B, enciphered key information and ID(A) of the media A are recorded as a control number of data link ID in a memory of a media control unit. The control number is attached to the enciphered contents information and duplicated to the media B with the enciphered key information. The enciphered key information read from the media B and the enciphered key information read from the media B are compared with each other. When they coincide, a differential ID (Axe2x88x92B) value which is a differential value between media A ID and media B ID is outputted to the media B. After the output, the enciphered key information and ID(A) recorded in the memory are deleted.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a contents information encryption system for recording and reproducing enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key and enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key for use in the enciphered contents information by using media ID as ID key.
An object of the present invention is to provide a contents information recording method for contents information enciphering system which distributes contents information (particularly audio and video data) and enables users to transfer the distributed data between media while preventing illegal transfer (move) and duplication thereof, and contents information processing unit, contents information deciphering method, contents information deciphering unit and media thereof.
2. Description of the Background Art
With a progress of enciphering technology, digital contents distribution management method, digital contents reproduction method and apparatus therefor have been proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-269289 as an effective method for distributing audio or video digital data through network. According to the present invention, a distribution side of digital contents processes and compresses digital contents and sends the processed digital contents, enciphered contents key and enciphered accounting information to communication receivers. Money collected based on contents use information sent from the communication receivers is distributed to privilege persons. On the other hand, a digital contents reproducing side deciphers that processed digital contents with the contents key and simultaneously expands it to reproduce the original data. Then, data on charge money depending on use of the contents and contents use information are sent to the contents information distribution side. The recorded contents can be carried away to other places.
Further, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-25303 has disclosed an information recording media, recording unit, information transmission system and deciphering unit. The information recording media of the present invention contains enciphered information and enciphered key information obtained by enciphering key information for deciphering this enciphered information to its original information. Further, it contains condition information for deciphering the aforementioned enciphered information in a non-enciphered state. That is, because device information and region information are included in control information of the enciphered key information, duplication of the enciphered information into HDD or optical disk on user side for illegal use is prevented.
However, according to the above conventional described system, because media in which the contents data is recorded cannot be transferred between users (although the media itself can be transferred, the contents data recorded in that media cannot be reproduced properly), user needs to connect account control center, data management center or the like at least once in order to receive the contents data. Further, when a person has plural kinds of media, he cannot move data between the media or return the data to any medium after backup of the data while preventing illegal transfer and duplication.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a contents information recording method, contents information processing unit, contents information deciphering method, contents information deciphering unit and media in contents information encryption system which distributes contents information and enables user to transfer (move) data between media while preventing illegal transfer and duplication of the distributed data.
To achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information recording method for recording enciphered contents information and enciphered key information from a first medium which records the enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key and enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of the first medium as an ID key into a second medium, the method comprising the steps of: recording temporarily information about the media ID of the first medium in a predetermined memory other than the first and second media, recording the enciphered contents information and the enciphered key information the second medium, and deleting the enciphered key information from the first medium; and recording, in the second medium, independent ID information comprised of information about media ID of the second medium and media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily in the memory and deleting, from the memory, information about media ID of the first media recorded temporarily.
Further, to achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information recording method for recording enciphered contents information and enciphered key information from a first medium which records the enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key and enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of the first medium as an ID key into a second medium, the method comprising the steps of: recording temporarily information about media ID of the first medium in a predetermined memory other than the first and second media in a condition that the information about the media ID corresponds to data link ID; recording the enciphered contents information, the enciphered key information and the data link ID in the second medium and deleting the enciphered key information from the first medium; and obtaining, based on the data link read out from the second medium, information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily in the memory, recording independent ID information comprised of information about media ID of the first medium and information about media ID of the second medium in the second medium, and deleting, from the memory, the information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily.
Still further, to achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information recording method for recording enciphered contents information and enciphered key information from a first medium which records the enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key and enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of the first medium as an ID key into a second medium, the method comprising the steps of: recording temporarily information about media ID of the first medium and the enciphered key information in a predetermined memory other than the first and second media in a condition that the information about the media ID and the enciphered key information correspond to data link ID; recording the enciphered contents information, the enciphered key information and the data link ID in the second medium and deleting the enciphered key information from the first medium; obtaining, based on the data link ID read out from the second medium, information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily in the memory and the enciphered key information; and comparing the enciphered key information read from the second medium and the enciphered key information read from the memory with each other, and only when the two enciphered key informations coincide, recording independent ID information comprised of information about media ID of the second medium and information about media ID of the first medium read out from the memory in the second medium and deleting, from the memory, information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily and the enciphered key information.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, information about media ID of the first media recorded temporarily in the memory is information based on media ID of the first medium read out from the first medium, and information about media ID of the second media is information based on media ID of the second medium read out from the second medium.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the independent ID information is differential ID information which is a differential value between media ID of the first medium and media ID of the second medium.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the predetermined contents key is common key or public key, and the ID key is common key using media ID of the first medium or common key using information obtained by converting the media ID of the first medium with a predetermined function.
To achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information processing unit comprising: a memory for temporarily storing information about media ID of a first medium; an independent ID information forming means for forming independent ID information from information about media ID of a second medium and information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily in the memory and recording the independent ID information in the second medium; and a deleting means for, after the independent ID information is formed, deleting, from the memory, information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, information about media ID of the first media recorded temporarily in the memory is information based on media ID of the first medium read out from the first medium, and information about media ID of the second media is information based on media ID of the second medium read out from the second medium.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the independent ID information is differential ID information which is a differential value between media ID of the first medium and media ID of the second medium.
To achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information processing unit for processing information about ID of each medium upon recording enciphered contents information and enciphered key information from a first medium which records the enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key and enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of the first medium as an ID key into a second medium, the contents information processing unit comprising: a memory for temporarily storing information about media ID of the first medium; an independent ID information forming means for forming independent ID information from information about media ID of the second medium and information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily in the memory and after the enciphered contents information and the enciphered key information are recorded in the second medium, recording the independent ID information in the second medium; and a deleting means for, after the independent ID information is formed, deleting, from the memory, information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily.
Further, to achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information processing unit for processing information about ID of each medium upon recording enciphered contents information and enciphered key information from a first medium which records the enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key and enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of the first medium as an ID key into a second medium, the contents information processing unit comprising: a memory for temporarily recording information about media ID of the first medium in a condition that the information about the media ID corresponds to data link ID; a data link ID writing means for recording the data link ID into the first medium; an independent ID information forming means for, after the enciphered contents information, the enciphered key information and the data link ID are recorded into the second medium, obtaining information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily in the memory based on the data link ID read out from the second medium, forming independent ID information from information about media ID of the first medium and information about media ID of the second medium, and recording the independent ID information in the second medium; and a deleting means for, after the independent ID information is formed, deleting, from the memory, information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily.
Still further, to achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information processing unit for processing information about ID of each medium upon recording enciphered contents information and enciphered key information from a first medium which records the enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key and enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of the first medium as an ID key into a second medium, the contents information processing unit comprising: a memory for temporarily recording information about media ID of the first medium and the enciphered key information in a condition that the information about the media ID and the enciphered key information correspond to data link ID; a data link ID writing means for recording the data link ID into the first medium; a memory reading means for, after the enciphered contents information, the enciphered key information and the data link ID are recorded in the second medium, reading out, based on the data link ID read out from the second medium, information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily and the enciphered key information from the memory; an enciphered key information comparing means for comparing the enciphered key information read out from the second medium with the enciphered key information read out from the memory by the memory reading means; an independent ID information forming means for, only when the enciphered key information comparing means determines that the two enciphered key informations coincide, forming independent ID information from information about media ID of the second medium and information about media ID of the first medium, and recording the independent ID information in the second medium; and a deleting means for, after the independent ID information is formed, deleting, from the memory, information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily and the enciphered key information.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, information about media ID of the first media recorded temporarily in the memory is information based on media ID of the first medium read out from the first medium, and information about media ID of the second media is information based on media ID of the second medium read out from the second medium.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the independent ID information is differential ID information which is a differential value between media ID of the first medium and media ID of the second medium.
According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the predetermined contents key is common key or public key and the ID key is common key using media ID of the first medium or common key using information obtained by converting the media ID of the first medium with a predetermined function.
To achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information recording method for recording enciphered contents information and enciphered key information from a first medium which records the enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key and enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of the first medium as an ID key into a second medium, the method comprising the steps of: recording temporarily information about the media ID of the first medium in a predetermined memory other than the first and second media, recording the enciphered contents information and the enciphered key information in backup medium from the first medium, and deleting the enciphered key information from the first medium; recording the enciphered contents information and the enciphered key information in the second medium from the backup medium; and recording, in the second medium, independent ID information comprised of information about media ID of the second medium and media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily in the memory, and deleting, from the memory, information about media ID of the first media recorded temporarily.
To achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information processing unit for processing information about ID of each medium upon recording enciphered contents information and enciphered key information from a first medium which records the enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key and enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of the first medium as an ID key through a backup medium into a second medium, the contents information processing unit comprising: a memory for temporarily storing information about media ID of the first medium; an independent ID information forming means for forming independent ID information from information about media ID of the second medium and information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily in the memory, and after the enciphered contents information and the enciphered key information are recorded in the second medium from the backup medium, recording the independent ID information in the second medium; and a deleting means for, after the independent ID information is formed, deleting, from the memory, information about media ID of the first medium recorded temporarily.
Further, to achieve the above object, there is provided a backup media, wherein enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key, enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of other media as ID key, and data link ID which is information about link destination to information about media ID of other media are recorded.
To achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information deciphering method for obtaining contents information by decryption from a medium in which enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key, enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of other media as ID key, and independent ID information formed from information about media ID of the other media and information about media ID of a proper medium are recorded, the contents information deciphering method comprising: obtaining information about media ID of the other media from the independent ID information and media ID of the proper media and thereby deciphering the enciphered key information to obtain the contents key; and deciphering the enciphered contents information using the contents key.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, information about media ID of the other media for forming the independent ID information is information based on media ID of other media read out from the other media, and information about media ID of the proper media for forming the independent ID information is information based on media ID of the proper media read out from the proper media.
To achieve the above object, there is provided a contents information deciphering unit for obtaining contents information by decryption from a medium in which enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key, enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of other media as ID key, and independent ID information formed from information about media ID of the other media and information about media ID of a proper medium are recorded, the contents information deciphering unit comprising: a contents key deciphering means for obtaining information about media ID of the other media from the independent ID information and media ID of the proper media and thereby deciphering the enciphered key information to obtain the contents key; and a contents information deciphering means for deciphering the enciphered contents information using the contents key.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, information about media ID of the other media for forming the independent ID information is information based on media ID of other media read out from the other media, and information about media ID of the proper media for forming the independent ID information is information based on media ID of the proper media read out from the proper media.
To achieve the above object, there is provided a media, wherein enciphered contents information enciphered with a predetermined contents key, enciphered key information obtained by enciphering the contents key with information about media ID of other media as ID key, and independent ID information formed from information about media ID of the other media and information about media ID of a proper medium are recorded.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, information about media ID of the other media for forming the independent ID information is information based on media ID of other media read out from the other media, and information about media ID of the proper media for forming the independent ID information is information based on media ID of the proper media read out from the proper media.

Contents information recording method, contents information processing unit, contents information deciphering method, contents information deciphering unit and media thereof


In a gear-type machine, in particular in a ring gear pump with internally toothed ring gear meshing with a pinion having only one tooth less, for reducing the noise the pinion teeth are only half as wide as the internally toothed ring gear teeth and the cycloids are flattened in order to ensure adequate free passage of the teeth heads opposite the point of deepest teeth engagement in spite of minimum clearance.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a gear-type machine for liquids or gases comprising a housing containing a gear chamber having inlet and outlet openings, an internally toothed ring gear arranged in the gear chamber and a pinion which is rotatably arranged within the ring gear in the housing and which has one tooth less than the ring gear, meshes with the latter and on rotation forms between its teeth and the teeth of the ring gear revolving, expanding and diminishing fluid cells which conduct fluid from the inlet to the outlet, the teeth heads of the pinion and the teeth gaps of the ring gear having the form of epicycloids which are formed by rolling of a first generating circle on the pitch circle of the pinion and ring gear, the teeth gaps of the pinion and the teeth heads of the ring gear furthermore having the form of hypocycloids which are formed by rolling of a second generating circle on the pitch circle of the pinion and ring gear respectively, and finally the radius of the first generating circle being different to the radius of the second generating circle.
The gear-type machine according to the invention may be used both as pump for liquids or gases and as motor driven by pressurized liquids or gases. However, the preferred field of use of the invention is as liquid pump. In the following description and in the claims, for the sake of simplicity, reference will be made only to fluids, meaning preferably liquids. In the claims the term fluid is therefore likewise intended to cover gases and liquids as well.
The following explanation of the invention will be made solely with reference to a pump for liquids.
The gear-type machine according to the invention may be one in which the ring gear is fixedly arranged in the housing, the pinion then rotating about the crank arm of a shaft which is arranged centrally with respect to the internal toothing of the pinion. However, the machine according to the invention is preferably one in which the ring gear revolves in the gear chamber and the pinion mounted eccentrically with respect to the axis of the ring gear and gear chamber rotates with a stationary shaft or about such an axis. The main field of use of the invention is as a machine constructed as internal ring gear pump for lubricating or hydraulic fluid for internal-combustion engines and automatic transmissions where delivery pressures of up to a maximum of 30 bar can occur. For this use, in which the pump pinion is preferably arranged in an extension of the crankshaft of the engine or the main shaft of the gearbox or is carried by said shaft, internal ring gear pumps have proved to be quiet low-vibration pumps. However, due to the constantly improving quietness of engines and transmissions constantly higher demands are being made on the quietness of such pumps.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Most known constructed internal gear-type pumps or ring gear pumps for internal-combustion engines and automatic motor vehicle transmissions operate with trochoid toothings in which the teeth flanks of the hollow gear or the pinion are limited by circular arcs and the counter wheel is defined by non-slip rolling in the toothing of the other wheel fixed by the arcs.
Gear-type pumps of the type improved by the invention have been known for a long time, for example from GB-PS 233,423 of the year 1925, or the publication "Kinematics of Gerotors" by Myron S. Hill, likewise originating in the twenties. The modern use of cycloid toothing for the aforementioned purpose in internal-combustion engine and automatic transmissions is described in Applicants' DE-PS 3,938,346. The pump according to this German patent employs the excellent kinematic properties of teeth and teeth gaps having a complete cycloid contour in an internal ring gear pump with a teeth number difference of one for mounting the ring gear with its toothing on that of the pinion which is carried by the crankshaft of the engine or the main shaft of the automatic gearbox. In this manner the relatively pronounced radial movement of the crankshaft can be compensated in that the peripheral mounting of the ring gear is chosen with adequate clearance for this compensation. It is equally possible to mount the ring gear with little play and then provide a correspondingly large play between the shaft bearing the pinion and the pinion, the pinion then being mounted with its toothing in that of the ring gear.
Such pumps represent a preferred field of use of the present invention.
For the undesired noise development and the resulting drop in efficiency of the known pumps, pressure pulsations, i.e. delivery flow pulsations, are primarily responsible, as well as the knocking of the teeth together in the radial and tangential direction. The delivery flow pulsations are intensified by squeeze oil pressure peaks which lead to oscillations in the gear running set. Cavitation noises also act in the same sense; they arise primarily due to the breaking down of liquid vapour bubbles in the region of the pressure chamber of the pump.

Gear-type machine with flattened cycloidal tooth shapes


A pneumatic tire having a bead in which an end portion of a carcass layer is bent from an inner portion to an outer portion of the tire so as to be turned up around a bead core, a reinforcing layer which consists of reinforcing cords covered with coating rubber being provided so as to extend along a turnup portion of the carcass layer, the hardness of the coating rubber in the reinforcing layer is set in the range of JIS Hs 65-95.

This invention relates to an improvement in a pneumatic tire provided with reinforcing layers in the beads, and more particularly to a pneumatic tire having improved casing rigidity (lateral rigidity of beads) which enables the steering stability of a vehicle to be improved.
As the performance of a vehicle has been improved to a higher level, a pneumatic tire with further improved steering stability has been demanded. To meet this demand, the casing rigidity-improving techniques have been used in practice for increasing the cornering force, by providing in addition to a bead filler a reinforcing layer, which consists of organic fiber cords or metal cords covered with coating rubber of a hardness of around JIS Hs 55-60, in a bead of a tire in such a manner that the reinforcing layer extends along a turnup portion of a carcass layer.
However, it has come to be demanded in recent years that the performance of a pneumatic tire with respect to the steering stability of a vehicle be further improved, and it has been proven that providing a reinforcing layer only in a bead as mentioned above serves to improve the lateral rigidity of the bead (widthwise rigidity of the tire) to only a limited extent. In order to further improve the performance of a pneumatic tire, an attempt to provide a multilayer reinforcing member in a bead has also been made but this causes the weight of the tire to increase, and, moreover, the number of manufacturing steps and the manufacturing cost increase. Therefore, providing a multilayer reinforcing member does not constitute a substantial solution to the problem.

Pneumatic tire with reinforcing layer embedded in a defined rubber


An antenna device which is provided in an electronic timepiece, and receives positioning signals from satellites includes: a first electrode; a second electrode; and a dielectric layer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein one electrode of the first electrode and the second electrode constitutes at least a part of a character plate of the electronic timepiece.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an antenna device capable of achieving reduction in size and an electronic timepiece including the antenna device.
2. Related Art
In the related art, for an antenna device which can be provided in an electronic timepiece, a configuration in which an antenna is provided to be bonded to a display plate (character plate) of an electronic timepiece is disclosed. With this configuration, the antenna is provided on the rear side of the display plate, that is, on a non-visible side, thereby avoiding the design appearance of the electronic timepiece from being damaged due to the antenna. The electronic timepiece can have a noncontact data communication function while substantially maintaining the appearance in the related art (see JP-A-2003-66169).
As an example, an antenna device is known which has a plurality of (two) chip-like elements. With this antenna device, it is possible to receive circularly polarized waves, such as GPS (Global Positioning System) electric waves. The elements of the antenna device can be used as dials of a character plate for an electronic timepiece. The antenna device can have a function as a part of design elements of the electronic timepiece, in addition to a function as an antenna (for example, JP-A-2007-124011).
In the related art, these antenna devices are provided in electronic timepieces in which the antenna devices are difficult to be mounted due to the restriction of design, size, and the like. This contributes to the functional extension of an analog electronic timepiece.
As another example, a receiver (antenna device) in an electronic timepiece in which a planar receiving antenna functioning as an electric wave receiving terminal and a timepiece unit having a digital display unit are arranged in an overlapping manner. In the example of the receiver, while the planar receiving antenna and the timepiece unit do not simply overlap each other, a cover glass of the timepiece unit is used as an antenna dielectric of the planar receiving antenna, and a conductive thin film is provided in the cover glass. With this configuration, it becomes possible to achieve a reduction in the size of the receiver (for example, JP-A-10-197662).
However, according to the technique of JP-A-2003-66169, in order to increase communication sensitivity, there is the restriction that a material for a region of the display plate where the antenna is attached should be an insulating member, not a conductive member, and there is a problem from the viewpoint of selection of the material of the display plate, surface treatment relating to design, or the like. According to the technique of JP-A-2007-124011, there are problems in that a plurality of elements should be arranged such that the reception characteristic directions cross each other, it is necessary to provide phase changing means for changing the phase of a received signal so as to show a phase difference based on the crossing angle of the reception characteristic directions, and complicated control should be performed. According to the technique of JP-A-10-197662, since the cover glass is used as the antenna dielectric, feed terminals for feeding power to a conductive thin film and the conductive thin film are provided on the front surface of the cover glass, that is, on the side where the time is visible, and there is the restriction that it is necessary to take into consideration the arrangement such that visual recognition of the time or the like is not obstructed, friction resistance, corrosion resistance, and the like.


The present invention is directed to a novel halosilane cocatalyst component which, when used in conjunction with an aluminum containing cocatalyst, is effective in increasing the activity of a supported magnesium/titanium containing catalyst in the polymerization of ethylene and .alpha.-olefins. In addition to the increased catalytic activity, the polymers produced by the present invention are characterized as having an unexpected enhancement in the polymer melt index. Thus, the catalyst system of the instant invention represents an advancement in the art in view of the combination of increased activity, i.e., yield of polymer produced, and physical properties of the polyolefin product.. In another aspect of the present invention, a process for polymerizing .alpha.-olefins is disclosed. In this process at least one olefin is polymerized under olefin polymerization conditions utilizing the catalyst system of the present invention, which includes the solid catalyst component of the present invention, along with the first cocatalyst, an aluminum-containing compound, and the second cocatalyst, a halosilane compound.

The use of Ziegler-Natta catalysts, which usually consists of compounds of Group IV-VIB metals and organometallic compounds of Groups I-IIIA of the Periodic Table of Elements, in the polymerization of olefins are widely utilized. These catalysts are known to effectively promote the polymerization of olefins in high yield possessing the desired characteristic of these polymers. However, the use of these conventional Ziegler-Natta catalyst systems are subjected to important failings. Thus, new and improved catalysts are continually being sought.
Commonly in the polymerization of .alpha.-olefins a catalyst system having a magnesium halide support is oftentimes utilized. Unfortunately, when polyolefins obtained by polymerization of alpha olefins using these catalysts are processed into molded articles, the molding apparatus processing this polymer is subjected to corrosion. This corrosion is caused by the presence of residual halide in the polymer product. More significantly, this adverse effect of corrosion is not limited to damaging just the molding apparatus. More importantly, the polymeric molded article processed by the corroded apparatus is often characterized as having undesirable aesthetic flaws.
One of the most important properties associated with a catalyst is its catalytic activity for a defined process. The activity of a catalyst is represented by the weight of product produced per unit weight of catalyst used. Accordingly, the activity of a polymerization catalyst is defined by the weight of the polymer produced per weight of catalyst. Those skilled in the art are aware that the effect of higher activity not only reduces the amount of catalyst required for the polymerization process but more importantly this translates into lower catalyst concentration in the final polymeric product. This lower concentration of catalyst in the polymeric product usually results in a higher purity product. Thus in the development and design of novel catalysts for polymerizing olefins, this property along with the effect of the catalyst on the physical properties of the polymer must be carefully considered.
One way of achieving a higher catalytic activity without negatively effecting the physical characteristics of the polymer is to introduce so-called cocatalysts or activators to the solid catalyst component during the polymerization process.
Typically, the solid catalyst component is contacted with an organoaluminum cocatalyst during the polymerization of the olefin in order to increase the amount of polymeric product.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,433 to Sasaki relates to a solid catalyst component containing a trivalent titanium compound, obtained by reducing a titanium compound represented by the general formula Ti(OR.sup.1).sub.n X.sub.4-n ; wherein R.sup.1 is a hydrocarbon group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, X is a halogen atom, and n is a number satisfying 0<n.ltoreq.4 with an organomagnesium compound in the presence of an alcohol compound and/or a phenol compound to obtain a solid product and then treating the solid product with a mixture of an ether compound and titanium tetrachloride. The reference also relates to a catalyst system comprised of: the solid catalyst component described above and an organoaluminum cocatalyst compound; and a process for producing an olefin polymer, which comprises homopolymerizing an olefin or copolymerizing olefins using said catalyst system.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,694 to Furtek relates to a process for polymerizing at least one .alpha.-olefin with a supported catalyst component prepared by contacting a solid, porous carrier having reactive OH groups with at least one liquid organomagnesium compound having the formula R.sub.n MgR.sup.1.sub.( 2-n) where R and R.sup.1 are the same or different C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 hydrocarbyl group; evaporating said liquid to produce a supported-magnesium compound in the form of a dry, free-flowing powder; and reacting the powder with at least one transition metal compound. The solid catalyst obtained is then reacted with a suitable cocatalyst during polymerization. Suitable cocatalyst include compounds of Group IB, IIA, IIB, IIIB and IVB of the Periodic Table of Elements. The reference however does not disclose using halosilane compounds as a cocatalyst component.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,287 to Matlack relates to a solid catalyst component useful for polymerizing 1-olefins. The catalyst component is composed of a titanium halide deposited on an anhydrous magnesium halide support and an activator component composed of a trialkylaluminum and an alkyl ester of an aromatic carboxylic acid. The productivity of said catalyst is increased by including a halosilane in the activator component.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,950,631 to Buehler et al. discloses a catalyst comprising the product formed by
(a) treating silica to remove surface hydroxyl groups; (b) contacting said treated silica with (1) a modifying compound selected from the group consisting of silicon halides, boron halides, aluminum halides, alkyl silicon halides and mixtures thereof; and (2) at least one hydrocarbon soluble magnesium-containing compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyloxy magnesium, hydrocarbyloxymagnesium halides and mixtures thereof; said contacting steps (1) and (2) occurring in random order; (c) contacting the product of step (b) with at least one titanium-containing compound having the structural formula Ti(OR).sub.n X.sub.m, where R is aryl, alkyl or mixtures thereof; X is halogen; n is an integer of 1 to 4; m is 0 or an integer of 1 to 3; and the sum of m and n is 4; and (d) treating the product of step (c) with a titanium-containing compound having the structural formula TiX.sup.1.sub.p OR.sup.1.sub.q where X.sup.1 is halogen; R.sup.1 is aryl or alkyl; p is an integer of 1 to 4; q is 0 or an integer of 1 to 3; and the sum of p and q is 4, with the proviso that the titanium-containing compound of this step is not the same as the titanium-containing compound of step (c).
The catalyst prepared by Buehler is useful in polymerizing propylene. In this application, propylene is polymerized under propylene polymerization conditions in the presence of a first co-catalyst, an aluminum-containing compound, and a second co-catalyst, a silane. Buehler et al. discloses using hydrocarbylalkoxysilanes as a cocatalyst component; however, the reference does not suggest that halosilane may be used instead of hydrocarbylalkoxysilanes.
Another way of increasing catalytic activity without affecting the physical properties of the resultant polymer is to add one or more so-called modifying compounds during preparation of the solid catalyst component. These modifying compounds are known to effectively alter the morphology of the catalytic surface. These modifying compounds are typically added during the initial stage of preparing the solid catalyst compound.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,045 to Sakurai et al. provides an olefin polymerization catalyst comprising a solid catalyst obtained by reacting an organomagnesium compound with a titanium or vanadium compound having at least one halogen atom. The solid catalyst is then reacted with an organometallic compound and an inorganic or organic aluminum, silicon, tin or antimony compound prior to the polymerization process. During polymerization, aluminum alkyl compounds are added to catalyst component as the sole co-catalyst system.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,571 to Karayannis discloses a comminuted, supported polymerization catalyst for alpha-olefins comprising an organoaluminum compound and a solid titanium-containing component formed by comminuting a solid reaction product comprising at least one halogen-containing compound of titanium (IV); at least one electron donor; and at least one hydrocarbon-insoluble, magnesium-containing compound; and retreating such comminuted product with at least one halogen-containing compound of titanium (IV); at least one haloalkyl-chlorosilane; and at least one organic acid ester. The solid catalyst component is then reacted with an organoaluminum cocatalyst during the polymerization of .alpha.-olefins.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,477,588 to Hawley relates to a catalyst which comprises the product obtained by reacting magnesium dihalide, 4-phenyl phenol, ethyl benzoate, and titanium tetra-n-butoxide. This solid product is then reacted with an organoaluminum halide comprising ethylaluminum sesquichloride followed by a mixture of halogen-containing mixture comprising titanium tetrachloride, trichlorosilane, and silicon tetrachloride. Hawley also discloses using the solid catalyst component described hereinabove in the polymerization of propylene by combining the catalyst with a triethylalumum cocatalyst.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,365 to Buehler et al. discloses a polymerization catalyst similar to that disclosed in patent '631 except that a second modifying compound having the structural formula SiH.sub.r X.sup.2.sub.s, where X.sup.2 is halogen; r is an integer of 1 to 3; and s is an integer of 1 to 3 with the proviso that the sum of r and s is 4, is added prior to the step of contacting the solid product with a first titanium-containing compound.

Cocatalyst for transition metal-containing .alpha.-olefin polymerization catalyst


The present invention provides a color adjustment device, a method of adjusting color and a display device for the same. It measures a plurality of tristimulus sets at various white grayscales on a LCD panel, converts the multiple tristimulus sets into a plurality of chromatic sets (xn, yn). Among the plurality of chromatic sets (xn, yn), it recognizes the Pth chromatic set (xp, yp), the break point, and based on the pth chromatic set (xp, yp), determines a plurality of target chromatic sets (Nxn, Nyn) at from the grayscale 0 to the grayscale p, where

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device, more particularly to a color adjustment device, a method for adjusting color and a display for the same.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Based on a conventional image processing technology, a display area on a LCD panel is divided into multiple pixels, each of which comprises sub-pixels of displaying red, green and blue. Because all colors of visible light can be made by mixture of red, green and blue light, a required color shown in a pixel can be constructed by controlling luminance value of the red, green and blue sub-pixels.
To describe color more appropriately, the International Commission on Illumination, hereinafter referred to as the CIE, proposed the CIE 1931 XYZ color space, in which regard red, green and blue as three primary colors, and all other colors can be generated by mixture of the three primary colors. Two light sources, made up of different mixtures of various wavelengths, may appear to be the same color; this effect is called metamerism. Two light sources have the same apparent color to an observer when they have the same tristimulus values, no matter what spectral distributions of light were used to produce them. In this case, the two light sources have the same tristimulus values X, Y and Z which refer to proportions of the three primary colors. The CIE 1931 XYZ Space usually shows as the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram, of which three parameters Y, x, y, where Y refers to luminance value, that is the stimulus value Y, while x and y refer to chromaticity values. In this case, x=X/(X+Y+Z), y=Y/(X+Y+Z), z=Z/(X+Y+Z). Because x+y+z=1, z can be expressed in x and y.
When LCD panels display, color derivation probably occurs even if they are showing the white color at the same grayscale. In order to attain accuracy and consistency of colors on the LCD, it is necessary to perform white balance for each LCD. The method of white balance is as followed: At first, make pixels of the LCD show as white at all grayscales, and then adjust gain values of the strength of red, green and blue so that the chromatic values and the luminance value of the white performed on the LCD approaches a set of chromatic values and luminance value of a target white, that is, the white performed on the LCD is adjusted within a certain range of color temperature and color derivation.
Referring to FIG. 1, FIG. 1 shows a graph of relation between white and chromatic value in grayscale 0 to 255, according to the CIE 1931 XYZ color space, where Wxn and Wyn refer to the chromatic value x, y required to perform as white when grayscale n (n=0, 1, 2, 3 . . . 254, 255). FIG. 1 shows that the chromatic values x, y of various white at different grayscale in the CIE 1931 color space. For instance, at the grayscale 50, when Wx50=0.285 and Wy50=0.295, the pixel performs as white. In other words, by adjusting the grayscale applied to the RGB sub-pixels of the pixel so as to the chromatic value of RGB sub-pixels meet Wx50=0.285 and Wy50=0.295, the pixel is performing as white. Take FIG. 1 for example, at higher grayscales, e.g. grayscale 40 to 255, the ratio of the chromatic values x and y is a constant, that is, Wx255=Wxn=0.285 and Wy255=Wy50=0.295, n=40, 41, . . . , 255, while at lower grayscales, e.g. grayscale 1 to 40, the ratios of the chromatic values x and y are diverse.
In the dark state, the chromatic value performed on the panel usually drifts to blue. If it still remains the colorimetric as that of the grayscale 255, it is inevitable to increase proportions of red and green. As a result, the luminance increases while the contrast on the panel decreases at the dark state. Simultaneously, for human's sight, the variation of luminance brings in the chromatic variation. For human's sight, bluish dark state seems more real than the dark state in unchanged chroma does. Therefore, traditionally, the chromatic coordinate of the grayscale 0 is (x0, y0) and the chromatic coordinate of the high grayscale, such as the grayscales greater than 32 in FIG. 1, is (x255, y255). The colorimetric coordinates of the grayscale 1-32 can be obtained by linear method:
            x      n        =                  x        0            +                        (                                    x              255                        -                          x              0                                )                ·                  n          A                      ,                      y      n        =                  y        0            +                        (                                    y              255                        -                          y              0                                )                ·                  n          A                      ,                (          n      ∈              [                  1          ,          A                ]              )  Where (xn, yn) is the chromatic coordinate of the grayscale n, A=32.
At the grayscale 32, however, discontinuity occurs in the chromatic variation, which causes chromatic inconsistency for human's sight. As a consequence, it becomes an object of the industry to develop a color adjustment device, a method for adjusting color and a display for the same, with a more decent colorimetric curve for human's sight, causing the grayscale variation seems more natural for human's eyes in the process of white balance.

Color adjustment device, method for adjusting color and display for the same

Abstract: Nx      n        =                  x        0            +                        (                                    x              255                        -                          x              0                                )                ·                  [                      1            -                          exp                                            (                                  1                  -                                      p                    n                                                  )                                              ]                      ,                      Ny      n        =                  y        0            +                        (                                    y              255                        -                          y              0                                )                ·                              [                          1              -                              exp                                                  (                                      1                    -                                          p                      n                                                        )                                                      ]                    .                    By this method, an exponential function instead of a linear function is adopted to depict the chromatic variation at low grayscales. Thus the grayscale variation appears more smooth and without any obvious break point in human's perception.

Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd.


Provided are a flash memory device and a reading method of the flash memory device. A multi-level cell flash memory device includes: a memory cell array comprising main memory cells storing main data, and indicator cells storing indicate data indicating one of a first mode and a second mode in which the main data of the main memory cell, to which the indicate cells correspond, is written; and an output unit outputting in response to a control signal corresponding to the indicate data, one of main data read from the memory cell array and forced data forcing some bit values of the main data to bit values of mode specific data, as reading data.

Example embodiments relate to a semiconductor memory device, and more particularly, to a flash memory device capable of stably and quickly reading data of important reliability in a multi-level cell flash memory device capable of stably and quickly reading data of important reliability, and a reading method of the flash memory device.
A flash memory device may be classified into a single-level cell (SLC) flash memory cell storing 1-bit data to one memory cell and a multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory cell storing 2 or more bits of data to one memory cell. The MLC flash memory may have the advantage of increasing its data storage capacity, but also, in terms of data reliability, various methods are being discussed to provide data reliability.

Flash memory device and reading method thereof


A cross-roller bearing with plug, which has the high stiffness enough to allow the cross-roller bearing to turn with causing no jar or wobble, and also the production process to realize the cross-roller bearing with plug with ease and accuracy. With the cross-roller bearing with plug, more than one roller fills the space between the outside and inside races through a loading bore cut in any one of the races, and then a plug fits into the loading bore. The plug experiences cutting on its outside surface at the same time with the cutting of the circular outside surface of the outside race at once. The inside surface of the plug is also worked together with the cutting of the raceway surface around the inside circular surface of the outside race at a time.

An example of conventional cross-roller bearings is disclosed in, for instance Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1989-247818, which is of a type slim in thickness or height and includes more than one roller installed between an outside and inside races. The outside race is made therein with a cylindrical loading bore, which has an inside diameter somewhat larger than an outside diameter of the cylindrical roller but smaller than a diagonal dimension on an axial section of the roller, so that any roller dropped through the loading bore into a circular space between outside and inside raceway surfaces on the outside and inside races is allowed to fit snugly between the confronting raceway surfaces while rolling freely just after having made contact with any associated raceway surface. With the prior cross-roller bearing constructed slim in height as recited earlier, moreover, a cylindrical plug to close the loading bore is made such that the inside surface thereof is set back from the outside raceway surface to keep the plug against any engagement with the rollers after the plug has fit in the bore.
A swivel bearing with rolling-element loading plug is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1991-037414, which is of the sort of cross-roller bearing that is comprised of an outside race, inside race and more than one cylindrical roller interposed between the outside and inside races. A cylindrical loading bore is made in the inside race to insert the rollers into the space between the confronting races through there. A plug fits fixedly in the loading bore in such a way the inside end face thereof can merge smoothly with the inside raceway surface on the inside race. With the swivel bearing recited just above, the plug is made such that the inside end face thereof recedes somewhat from the raceway surface of the inside race after the plug has fit in the bore, while the raceway surface of the inside race is so made increasingly over any area before and after the loading bore as to make sure of smooth rolling of the cylindrical rollers across the plug.
Another type of prior roller bearings is disclosed in, for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,275,391, in which the circular space between an outside and inside races receives a plurality of cylindrical bearing rollers. A cylindrical loading plug fits in a corresponding bore, which is made in the outside race to insert the rollers into the space between the raceway surfaces through there. The cylindrical plug is fixedly secured in the associated bore with the radially outside end thereof sinking deep below the circular periphery of the outside race. The roller bearing is suited for use in a swivel bearing large in diameter, for example a matter of one meter in outside diameter, while the cylindrical plug is made apart from roller bearing to fit subsequently into the associated bore upon completion of assembly. The prior roller bearing constructed as recited just earlier is different than that in which the bearing fits entirely in any suitable housing, and also unlike the sort of the bearing construction in which the cylindrical plug is worked at the same time with internal working of the circular raceway in the race. The prior roller bearing constructed as recited just earlier does not fall in the sort where the rollers are under any prestressed condition.
The recently remarkable development in robotization technology in many industrial machines extensively requires any swiveling system using the cross-roller bearing that is high in stiffness to make to possible to turn smoothly without jarring even under high-speed revolution. To cope with the provision of high stiffness enough to allow the cross-roller bearing to turn with causing no jar or wobble, the prior art has heretofore developed many versions from making the clearance between any rolling element and its associated raceway surface as less as possible to applying high prestressed pressure to the rolling elements. Every prior version of the cross-roller bearings, nevertheless, requires several more chores including renewal of adjustment and working to serve both performances of high-speed turning with smoothness and high stiffness contributing to no jar or wobble.

Manufacturing process for a cross-roller bearing with plug


A data transmitting device is for transmitting data including video image information that is inter-frame encoded. The data transmitting device includes an identification information inserting unit configured to insert, in the data to be transmitted by the data transmitting device, video image identification information for identifying the video image information included in the data; and a video image information inserting unit configured to insert the video image information in the data to be transmitted by the data transmitting device. The video image information inserting unit inserts in the data the video image information that has been inter-frame encoded, behind the video image identification information that has been inserted in the data by the identification information inserting unit.

Recently, there is increased demand for streaming video image data in a real-time manner via various communication means such as the Internet. Particularly recently, in digital broadcasting and Internet television, it has become common to perform real-time data distribution by transport streaming specified by MPEG2, which is a technology of compressing and multiplexing video images and audio (see patent document 1).
When the transport stream specified by MPEG2 is received and the video images and audio are reproduced, multiple TS (Transport Stream) packets including information necessary to start reproducing are received, and then the video images and audio are reproduced with the use of information included in the TS packets.
Patent document 1: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2008-245061
However, when video images and audio are reproduced by the above technology, it takes a certain amount of time until all of the TS packets including information needed to start reproduction are received. Therefore, a time lag occurs from the start of data reception until the start of data reproduction.

Data transmitting device and data transmitting and receiving system


A Light Emitting Diode (LED) module includes a circuit board having a front side and a back side, a heat sink coupled to the back side of the circuit board, a thermal pad disposed on a front side of the circuit board, an LED disposed on the front side of the circuit board. The LED is in thermal contact with the thermal pad. The module further includes a heat spreading device placed over the thermal pad and in thermal contact with the thermal pad.

The present disclosure relates generally to Light Emitting Diode (LED) module manufacturing. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods that provide a front-side heat spreading structure for an LED module.
Many conventional systems mount LEDs to circuit boards. Such circuit boards have a front side, where the LEDs are mounted, and a backside opposite the front side. LEDs can produce heat, so some conventional systems include mechanisms to remove the heat. One example of a system to remove the heat is a heat sink mounted to the back side of the circuit board. The heat can be moved from the front side LED to the backside heat sink using a thermal via or a thermal pad and an intermediate layer of thermal conductive material.
However, there are disadvantages to having only a backside heat sink. For instance, structures to move the heat from the front side to the back side take up space on and within the circuit board. Also, removing the heat only through the back side may not provide enough heat dissipation for some applications. More efficient and effective heat dissipation is called for.

Systems and methods providing thermal spreading for an LED module


Controlled enzymatic treatment may be used to selectively degrade undesirable contaminants to a size or charge range which can be more readily removed by subsequent separation steps. Treatment is especially useful for purifying rDNA or monoclonal antibody culture products by using nuclease enzyme treatment to degrade undesirable residual nucleic acids to a molecular size or charge range sufficiently different from the product to be purified so that this difference can be exploited in a subsequent purification step (e.g. precipitation, size exclusion chromatography or ion exchange chromatography). The nuclease enzyme treatment is done in the presence of a detergent.

1. Field
This disclosure is concerned generally with the purification of products in biological fluids and specifically with the use of enzymes to selectively degrade unwanted substances to a size range that facilitates the removal of the undesirable substances.
2. Prior Art
Enzymes are relatively complex proteinaceous substances produced by living cells and capable of accelerating very specific chemical reactions. Sometimes referred to as biological catalysts, enzymes have long been used in a variety of industrial, medical and laboratory applications. For example, proteolytic enzymes have been used in laundry detergents to help remove proteinaceous stains, thrombolytic enzymes have been used to dissolve blood clots and hydrolytic enzymes have been used as chromogenic labels useful for immunoassays. Enzymes have been used for a variety of applications in solution (free) and in a so-called immobilized form where they are entrapped or attached via ionic or covalent bonds to supporting materials known as carriers or matrices.
It is well known that enzyme use can be optimized by controlling the conditions of their use (e.g. enzymes typically have an optimal pH range). It is also well known that very specific enzymes such as DNA-ASES are available commercially, especially for use in emerging biotechnology applications where such enzymes are used to accurately cut a nucleic acid at a precise point. To date, however, we are unaware of the use of such enzymes in a controlled manner to facilitate a purification process, especially the purification of therapeutic substances expressed in a cell culture. Surprisingly, we have now found that enzymes can now be used in a relatively simple method to facilitate the purification of various substances, especially biologically active substances generated in various cell cultures where nucleic acids may be present as contaminants. Details of our methods are described below.


A system and method for receiving, from a data source, at least one type of information for a plurality of aircraft, calculating efficiency data based on the received information, distributing the efficiency data to users of the system and storing the calculated efficiency data, the efficiency data including an average separation between arriving aircraft, an arrival rate an airport, an elapsed time from a point of interest to an arrival of the aircraft at an airport, a comparison of an actual base leg initiation to an optimal base leg initiation for an aircraft and a comparison of an estimated time for passing fixed points on an arrival path and the actual time for passing the fixed points.

The ability of airlines to operate profitably depends, in large part, on efficient utilization of resources such as aircraft, personnel, and access to runways and other airport facilities. The smoothness and speed of the flow of air traffic in and around an airport, particularly relating to the ability to predict and reduce delays, is a significant factor contributing to such efficiency. By maintaining traffic flow at or near optimal conditions, fuel consumption may be minimized; aircraft flight time may be reduced; and delays may be avoided, resulting in improved customer relations and enhanced prospects for repeat business.
Airlines are generally able to monitor their own internal operations to ensure efficiency. However, they do not typically have the ability to monitor airport operations on a broader scale in order to analyze and act on delays. Therefore, if airlines were able to access improved information, they could better communicate with air traffic control ("ATC") in order to improve airport throughput, reduce delays, and improve the efficiency of their operations.

Reducing airport delays using information and analytics


A technique is disclosed for presenting a sample to a radiation interface of an analysis engine employing x-ray, neutron ray, gamma ray or particle-beam radiation to analyze the sample. A protective barrier, transparent to the radiation, and separating the sample from the engine, is moveable relative to the radiation interface, using a barrier movement system. The barrier in one embodiment is a film movable over a cavity in which the sample placed, and moveable with a system of reels to provide and retrieve a generally continuous supply of film over the cavity. The cavity may form a portion of a sample path through which the sample is moveable. If the sample path is pressurized, the film maintains the pressure during analysis of the sample by the analysis engine.

As discussed in the above-incorporated U.S. patent applications, x-ray analysis methods provide some of the most significant developments in twentieth and twenty-first century science and technology. The use of x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray imaging, and other x-ray analysis techniques has led to a profound increase in knowledge in virtually all scientific fields.
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is an analytical technique by which a substance is exposed to a beam of x-rays to determine, for example, the presence of certain components. In XRF, at least some of the chemical constituents of the substance exposed to x-rays can absorb x-ray photons and produce characteristic secondary fluorescence. These secondary x-rays are characteristic of the chemical constituents in the substance. Upon appropriate detection and analysis these secondary x-rays can be used to characterize one or more of the chemical constituents. XRF techniques have broad applications in many chemical and material science fields, including medical analysis, semiconductor chip evaluation, and forensics, among others.
One emerging application for such measurement techniques is the detection of sulfur in fuels. Sulfur in transportation fuels is emitted as SO2 or SO3, which typically forms sulfuric acid in the atmosphere, and some of which forms ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate. These sulfur compounds are the dominant contributor to PM 2.5 pollution. Although there are other human-based sources of sulfur, transportation fuels have been a major contributor. In New York City more than half the sulfur in air pollution is attributable to transportation sources. Sulfur in fuels poisons catalytic converters, and reductions in sulfur levels in fuels also reduce other pollutants from transportation sources. To address these problems, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently mandated a reduction of sulfur in on-road diesel fuel from the current level of 500 ppm to 15 ppm by 2006. The EPA estimates that the rule will annually prevent over 8,000 premature deaths and tens of thousands of cases of bronchitis and asthma in the U.S. Europe and Japan are making similar changes in approximately the same time frame.
The petroleum industry has demonstrated the ability to remove sulfur from highway fuels. However, controlling fuel production and distribution are problematic, as there are no robust methods for on-line measurement of sulfur level in fuels during their processing and distribution. To meet the 15 ppm mandated levels, approximately 7-8 ppm must be measured at refineries to account for contamination during transportation. To attain good statistical control and to monitor feedstocks with lower than average sulfur levels, the limit of detection may need to be less than 1 ppm.
XRF techniques can be used for this application (as discussed above and throughout the above-incorporated applications). The basic technique involves exciting a fuel sample with x-rays and examining the fluorescence emitted. Each element emits a unique spectral signature. A detector then measures the wavelengths of the emitted x-rays, and software can reduce this measured spectrum to a weighted composition of the sulfur in the sample.
XRF fluid testing can take place off-line, i.e., using a bench-top, laboratory-type instrument to analyze a sample. The material is removed from its source (e.g., for fuel, from a refinery or transportation pipeline) and then simply deposited in a sample chamber. Off-line instruments need not meet any unusual operational/pressure/environmental/size/weight/space/safety constraints, but merely need to provide the requisite measurement precision for a manually-placed sample. Moreover, off-line instruments can be easily maintained between measurements.
On-line analysis offers the potential of "real-time" monitoring of sample composition at various points in the manufacturing process. For example, all fuel product is subject to the EPA rules discussed above—requiring some variant of on-line monitoring during fuel refining and transportation in pipelines. On-line analysis of fuels in a refinery and in pipelines, however, requires consideration of numerous operational issues not generally present in an off-line, laboratory setting. A fully automated fuel sample handling system is required—with little or no manual intervention or maintenance. Also, since fluids are usually under pressure in pipelines, any sample handling system must account for pressure differentials. This is especially important since certain portions of XRF x-ray "engines" (discussed further below) may operate in a vacuum. Also, the instrument's electronics require packaging in an explosion-proof housing—separate from the sample handling system.
In this application, therefore, one of the most critical components is the sample barrier which allows photons of x-rays to excite sulfur atoms in the fluid, and photons emitted from the atoms to be counted at the engine's detector, while at the same time maintaining the vacuum or atmosphere in the x-ray engine and the pressure of the fluid. The present inventors have discovered that x-ray stimulation creates sulfur ionization and adsorption at this interface over time and on certain types of barrier materials—leading to undesired sulfur residue and degradation of the barrier's x-ray transparency. More generally, many XRF applications require a barrier to protect the engine from any number of adverse interface effects from the sample material and/or the measurement environment.
Therefore, any barrier technique in an on-line system should meet certain criteria: transparency—i.e., the transmission of x-rays with the minimum amount of x-ray absorption; strength—the barrier material must be strong enough to support, e.g., fluid sample pressures of 20-100 psi or more from continuous flows in a pipeline; and finally, contamination—the technique must address contamination of the barrier from the sample material and/or the measurement environment.
What is required, therefore, is a barrier technique and apparatus for an on-line x-ray analysis system, which protects the x-ray engine from adverse sample and environmental effects, while maintaining the integrity and transparency of the interface to the sample for accurate measurements.

Moveable transparent barrier for x-ray analysis of a pressurized sample


A method of preparing a mask, a mask and an evaporation system are provided. The mask includes a frame having an opening in a middle region thereof and a mask pattern disposed above the frame. The method of preparing the mask includes: applying first opposite forces to the frame during a molding process of the frame; applying second opposite forces to the frame, during a welding process when the mask pattern is welded to at least part of the frame to cover an inner opening region of the frame; wherein the first opposite forces and the second opposite forces are equal in magnitude and the same in direction.

With the development of science and technology, flat-panel display devices have been greatly developed, wherein a liquid crystal display (referred to as LCD for short) and an organic light-emitting diode (referred to as OLED for short) display are the most widely used ones.
In the preparation process of the OLED display, a fine metal mask (referred to as FMM for short) is used generally. In high-resolution display products, because the size of a pixel structure of the OLED display is very small, requirements on parameters of the FMM are very strict.

Method for preparing mask, mask and evaporation system

ORDOS YUANSHENG OPTOELECTRONICS CO., LTD.


A rotating drive for an adjusting spindle of a disk brake for motor vehicles, in particular street vehicles, has a cam lever (4), which can be rotated around an axis (19) parallel to the brake disk, comprising one cantilever (23) on each side of said lever comprising angular offset radial boreholes (24, 24') which receive radial pins (17, 17'). The pins (17, 17') reach into the double forked end of a drive lever (15), which can be rotated around an axis (20), crossing at right angles at a distance from the axis (19). The rotational movements of the drive lever (15) are transferred to a reset drive, which belongs to an adjusting spindle extending at right angles to the plane of the brake disk.

It can be inferred from WO 91/19115 that the clamping mechanism of the aforementioned disk brake can be equipped with one central adjusting spindle or two adjusting spindles mounted on both sides.
A similar disk brake comprising two adjusting spindles is known from WO 92/00466. A disk brake of similar design, equipped with two adjusting spindles but with a deviating reset drive for the adjusting spindles, can also be inferred from DE-OS 37 16 202.

Rotating drive for an adjusting spindle of a disk brake for motor vehicles


A peak current controlled switching voltage regulator system and method for providing a self-power down mode. An on-chip voltage regulator integrated into an on-chip digital logic circuit provides a core supply voltage to the on-chip digital logic circuit along with an off-chip inductor. An off-chip regulator connected to the on-chip digital logic circuit provides an external core supply voltage with respect to the on-chip digital logic circuit. A start-up circuit operates the on-chip voltage regulator in a self-power down mode for a pre-determined time period when the on-chip regulator is not connected to the off-chip inductor in order to maintain an equilibrium voltage supply with respect to the on-chip digital logic circuit.

Voltage regulators are switch mode power supplies employed for regulating and controlling a core voltage supply in an on-chip digital logic circuit such as, for example, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, and a microcomputer. Most on-chip digital circuits are configured to use two power supplies, which includes an on-chip regulator and an off-chip regulator. At a given time, only one regulator will be used. So in the case where an off-chip regulator is acting as a supply for on-chip digital logic, the on-chip regulator needs to be powered down. The power down control for the on-chip regulator cannot be on core supply as initially core supply itself is not there and also there is no way to know which regulator is generating core supply. The solution presented detects whether the off-chip inductor is connected to the on-chip regulator and if not, enters power down state.
Most prior art voltage regulators employ an input/output (I/O) pin for performing the power down operation of the on-chip regulator when the off-chip regulator is supplying the core supply voltage. The use of input/output (I/O) pin adds to the cost.
Based on the foregoing, it is believed that a need exist for an improved peak current controlled switching voltage regulator system and method for providing a self-power down mode, as described in greater detail herein.

Peak current controlled switching voltage regulator system and method for providing a self power down mode


A method of transferring a compressed web page over a computer network without affecting the existing web server applications and processes. The compressor intercepts a request from a workstation for the web page. A second request is transmitted to the server from the compressor for the original, uncompressed web page. The web page is selectively compressed in the compressor. Then the compressed web page is transmitted to the workstation. Optionally, some of the files associated web page, such as image files, are also compressed and the references to the compressed associated files is changed to reflect any change in the name of the compressed associated files.

The present invention relates to a method of compressing data for transmission.
The Internet is a publicly accessible worldwide network which primarily uses the Transport Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (xe2x80x9cTCP/IPxe2x80x9d) to permit the exchange of information. The Internet supports several applications protocols including the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (xe2x80x9cHTTPxe2x80x9d) for facilitating the exchange of HTML/World Wide Web (xe2x80x9cWWWxe2x80x9d) content, File Transfer Protocol (xe2x80x9cFTPxe2x80x9d) for the exchange of data files, electronic mail exchange protocols, Telnet for remote computer access and Usenet for the collaborative sharing and distribution of information.
Several compression techniques have been used to reduce the time required to transfer files. Compression can occur at the file or the bit stream level. Applications, such as PKZIP(trademark), compress files on a computer. Modems use bit stream level compression techniques to optimize throughput. Microsoft""s Windows NT(trademark) servers include IIS that can provide static web files in the deflate format. Some web browsers (xe2x80x9cbrowsersxe2x80x9d) support the xe2x80x9cdeflatexe2x80x9d format.
Traditionally, a workstation accesses a web page across the Internet by transmitting a request for the web page to a web server. The web server then processes the request and transmits the web page to the workstation. The web page is a file having hypertext markup language (xe2x80x9cHTMLxe2x80x9d) codes. Once the workstation receives the web page, the workstation analyzes the HTML codes for references to associated files, such as graphic files, video files, audio files and other files. The workstation then sends a second request to the web server for the associated files. The web server then sends the associated files to the workstation. This network congestion management mechanism is called xe2x80x9cHTTP slow start.xe2x80x9d
Since the associated files are requested only after the initial web page file has been received and analyzed at the workstation, the speed of receiving the initial web page file is a controlling factor in the over all speed of viewing a web page. In order to utilize compression techniques as a speed enhancement, conventional systems require the web server to store separate pre-compressed web pages. Others also require the web server to send additional code to decode the web page.
A method of transferring a compressed web page over a computer network without affecting the existing web server applications and processes. The compressor intercepts a request from a workstation for the web page. A second request is transmitted to the server from the compressor for the original, uncompressed web page. The web page is selectively compressed in the compressor. Then the compressed web page is transmitted to the workstation.

System and method for dynamic compression of data


A data custodian and curation system may store data from a data supplier in encrypted form and may allow users to consume the data when the consumers obtain access to the data through an agreement. The curation system may manage access to the data, even allowing a consumer to use the data as if it were their own, but may track each usage of the data to implement a payment scheme or various usage restrictions. The curation system may encrypt downstream uses of the data and operate as a digital rights management system for the data. The custodian and curation system may operate as a cloud service that may contain encrypted data from many data providers but where the data providers may individually control access to their data in a managed system at any granular level.

Data are a valuable commodity, but access to valuable data may be difficult to manage. When data are sold to a consumer, the data may be used by the consumer over and over, or even combined with other data and resold without the control or knowledge of a data owner. This may be because the data comes into the possession of the consumer and may not be traceable or controllable after possession is transferred.
In such cases, the data owner may only be able to sell or monetize the data in a single transaction, but not be able to monetize the data for other use scenarios.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A stroller rocking device including at least one motorized element (10) provided with a top plate (20) that moves in a to-and-fro movement relative to a stationary plate (30) positioned on the ground, the outer face of the top plate (20) being suitable for receiving a wheel of the stroller. The device is capable of automatically starting the to-and-fro movement by a deliberate gesture by the user consisting in pushing the stroller in such a way as to drive the top plate (20) of the motorized element (10).

There are a number of devices for automatically rocking and oscillating baby strollers. These devices consist in inducing a to-and-fro movement of the stroller so as to accompany the child to sleep. These devices step in for the parents during the soothing and falling asleep stage of their child. Indeed, for the parents' convenience, a stroller is often used as a child's second crib as infants need a lot of sleep during the first months of life. When the parents and the child are out of the house, the child may end up in an environment that is not conducive to falling asleep, and the simple act of moving the stroller can have a soothing effect. In some cases such as in a restaurant, at a friend's house or even in a public place, the to-and-fro movement of the stroller given by the parent to rock the child and help him/her fall asleep can be tedious. In particular, in these cases, the use of a device to automatically rock the stroller can be very useful. However, these devices have drawbacks.
A first type of rocking device, described for example in documents FR2651980 and WO2014/013482, comprises a roller or a friction wheel intended to drive one of the wheels of the stroller. The disadvantage of this type of device is that it must be attached to the stroller to be functional and therefore adapted to each type of stroller.
A second type of rocking device is in the form of a platform on which one or more wheels of the stroller are placed. Documents EP2418140 and EP0415736 describe such devices. But due to their large size, they are not intended for mobile use, especially outside the home.
Document DE102005004501 describes a device making it possible to cause an oscillating and rocking movement of a child's crib or stroller.
Finally, document GB 2 432 307 describes a tilting device for a stroller comprising two units, each including a base in contact with the ground and a platform. One of the units is powered and has a motor designed to drive the platform relative to its base. A stroller wheel is placed on the drive unit and a second wheel is placed on the second so-called slave unit.
Another drawback of these systems lies in the risk of conditioning the child's sleepiness to a particular continuous to-and-fro movement produced by these devices. Indeed, these devices operate for a certain time before stopping according to preset or user-defined cycles and according to a given frequency but do not take into account other parameters specific to the child and related to the environment, which can avoid conditioning.
In addition, switching these devices on and off is not practical when the switch is located on the device under the stroller. This lack of user-friendliness can result in misuse by parents who would tend to allow the device to operate longer than necessary.


A random early detection (RED) methodology controls and avoids congestion in a packet network by anticipating congestion and periodically signaling congestion by marking or discarding packets. Sources respond to marked packets by slowing their transmission rates. Enhancements to the basic RED methodology improve performance and reduce buffer requirements in network switches. RED decisions are made as packets leave queues in switches, and RED marks can be accelerated from one packet to another. System response is linearized, and the RED process specifies a marking rate or period rather than a marking probability. A control algorithm permits a single queue operating point. Specific measures are provided for selecting which connection should be marked, and per-connection weight parameters allows customized treatment of connections.

The present invention relates to congestion control and avoidance in a communications network and, more particularly, to avoiding and controlling congestion in a packet network, such as an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network, using a random early detection (RED) strategy. Although the context of this discussion is that of ATM networks, it should be appreciated that the invention has a much broader potential application, and may, for example, be used in all packet networks, including IP. The prior art teaches several ways of avoiding and controlling congestion in a communications network. Two such strategies, known as partial packet discard (PPD) and early packet discard (EPD), help improve throughput during congestion, but the improvement is only partial and can be oscillatory in nature.
In many cases, transport-layer protocols such as TCP still suffer enough loss to temporarily shut down. In the scenarios where packets from many connections are discarded, the sources will all react to congestion and slow down in a synchronous manner. As a result, depending on the size of the buffer and network parameters, a sufficient amount of time may pass such that the buffer completely drains, thereby causing underutilization of the link until the sources increase their transmission rates again. ATM Available Bit Rate (ABR) service, a third approach to congestion avoidance, is effective but requires special source and destination hardware.
Random early detection is yet another strategy for congestion avoidance and control. In short, it provides congestion avoidance by controlling the average queue size. Advantageously, RED causes packet loss in a more distributed fashion than alternative strategies, and does not require specialized hardware--it finctions with existing TCP protocols and hardware. Rather than waiting until the buffer is full or essentially full, RED tries to anticipate the congestion and, as the queue grows, begins signaling congestion by marking or discarding packets, but only periodically. In response to each packet marked or discarded, one source at most will react and slow down, resulting in a reduction in total quantity of traffic transmitted to the switch. If the amount of reduction is insufficient, RED will react by increasing the rate or frequency of packets discarded. If the reduction was sufficient to ease the congestion, RED will reduce the frequency of discard.
S. Floyd and V. Jacobson describe the basic RED algorithm in their paper titled "Random Early Detection Gatewaysfor Congestion Avoidance," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 397-413, August 1993. FIG. 1 shows such a RED system indicated generally by reference numeral 10. The RED system controls average queue size by utilizing filter 12 to compute an average queue occupancy based on the instantaneous queue occupancy. When a packet arrives, the filter updates the average occupancy, which the algorithm uses to determine whether to mark the incoming packet. Marking can be accomplished explicitly (e.g., indicating congestion by tagging ATM cells using the Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI) field) or implicitly (e.g., discarding packets, to which a source protocol such as TCP reacts by slowing down its transmission rate). The algorithm compares the average queue size to a minimum threshold, min.sub.th, and maximum threshold, max.sub.th (14). If the average queue size exceeds the maximum threshold, all arriving packets are marked. Packets are not marked so long as the average queue size remains below the minimum threshold. When the average queue size is between the thresholds, each arriving packet is marked with a per-packet marking probability P.sub.a, which weights the random decision of whether or not to mark the packet. To compute the final per-packet marking probability p.sub.a, the algorithm first determines an intermediate packet marking probability p.sub.b by comparing average queue size to the minimum threshold and maximum threshold (14). As the average queue size varies from min.sub.th to max.sub.th, the intermediate packet marking probability p.sub.b varies linearly from 0 to the maximum probability, max.sub.p. The algorithm then computes the final packet marking probability p.sub.a (16) as a function of the intermediate probability p.sub.b and a count of the number of packets received since the last marked packet. The final packet marking probability increases slowly as the count increases since the last marked packet.
RED's intermittent discards can be preferable to bursty discards caused by EPD or Cell Loss Priority (CLP) thresholds because the latter, which typically affects more than one source at nearly the same time, can result in synchronization of sources. This situation creates an unnecessarily large reduction in the offered load and, therefore, the queue fill. For reasonably sized queues, this can result in queue depletion, which in turn leads to underutilization of the link and less bandwidth for the sources. Further, multiple packet losses from a single source may cause the source to timeout, which causes a significant transient disruption to the fairness of the bandwidth received by each source, and may also cause the source to unnecessarily retransmit some packets.
While known implementations of RED possess certain advantages over other known strategies, it nevertheless suffers from several disadvantages. First, it uses a simple linear finction for translating the amount of control into a discard probability, despite studies that show the relation between source bandwidth and RED discard rate to be decidedly non-linear. Next, current implementations of RED rely on a discard probability that entails a random decision to discard. Basic RED also fails to employ per-connection information, and, as a result, discards may be inconsistent and lack uniformity. Additionally, RED may be prone to biases in the system response caused by connections having different attributes. Still further, basic RED specifies only a queue operating range and not a single queue operating point. Lastly, RED is currently applied only on enqueue, i.e., as packets arrive at the gateway. In certain situations, this can lead to an increase in the time it takes to instruct a source to slow down.
It is, therefore, desirable to provide an enhanced random early detection scheme which addresses each of the aforementioned deficiencies present in current RED implementations. Each of the enhancements associated with the present invention translates into improved performance and reduced buffer requirements. It is even more desirable to provide an improved random early detection strategy for congestion control and avoidance in a network by applying the RED process on dequeue of packets from the gateway and accelerating RED decisions across the queue or link. Further, it is desirable to improve the RED process by linearizing the system response and removing variation in the system response caused by randomness, and to provide a custom finction for linearizing the system. Still further, it is desirable to improve the RED process by specifying a discard rate rather than a discard probability, and to provide specific measures for selecting which connection packets are to be discarded. It is also desirable to introduce a per-connection weight parameter to allow customization of the treatment given each connection and to introduce a control algorithm into the RED process which permits the specification of a single queue operating point.

Method and apparatus for red (random early detection) and enhancements.