A receiver is provided for acquiring a DSSS signal. The receiver includes a splitter, a first multiplier, a second multiplier and a processor. The splitter is operable to split the DSSS signal into a first DSSS signal and a second DSSS signal. The first multiplier is operable to multiply the first DSSS signal by a shuffled pseudo-noise sequence and a sine function to obtain a first correlation value. The second multiplier is operable to multiply the second DSSS signal by the shuffled pseudo-noise sequence and a cosine function to obtain a second correlation value. The processor is operable to determine an alignment delay based on the first correlation value and the second correlation value.

The present disclosure generally relates to acquisition of direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) signals.
As discussed in Chege, "Acquisition of Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Signals," 2011, DSSS is a spread-spectrum signaling technique in which a data sequence is used to modulate a wideband code. The data sequence is a fast pseudo-randomly generated sequence, with the result that the narrowband data sequence is transformed into a wideband noise-like signal. The resulting wideband signal then undergoes a second stage of modulation, where phase-shift keying is used. Synchronization of the spreading code is of utmost importance in any spread-spectrum system. The proper operation of the system depends on how well synchronization is done. A solution to the synchronization problem consists of two parts, referred to as acquisition and tracking. Acquisition may be regarded as coarse synchronization and, being the first step in the synchronization procedure, must work very efficiently, after which tracking can be performed and synchronization ultimately achieved.
A DSSS system uses a noise-like spreading code referred to as a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence. As further discussed in Chege, a PN sequence is a periodic binary sequence with an autocorrelation that resembles, over a period, the autocorrelation of a random binary sequence. Its autocorrelation also roughly resembles the autocorrelation of bandlimited white noise. Ideally, one would want to use a truly random binary sequence. However, for the data to be recovered, the receiver needs to know the code that was used for spreading. This knowledge is unavailable in a non-deterministic process like a random binary sequence, hence the use of PN sequences, which are deterministic.
As further discussed in Chege, at the spread-spectrum receiver, the corresponding chips in the spreading sequence must precisely or nearly coincide. Any misalignment causes the signal amplitude at the demodulator to fall in accordance with the autocorrelation function, leading to signal degradation. Synchronization includes acquisition, wherein the phase, or delay in time, of the receiver-generated sequence is brought within phase of the received sequence.
Longer spreading codes have the advantage of greater security and the possibility of more low cross correlation codes operating simultaneously. However longer codes also require more time to acquire. This procedure provides a quick way to identify and determine the sequence timing of a spreading code. In prior art systems, individual code blocks check the correlation of a single alignment by reaching an integrated data signal power threshold within a given time period. Only a small subset of the total number of possible alignments is checked at a time, sequentially testing subsets until the alignment is found. If the alignment is changing with time (as is the case with a Doppler shifted signal), it is possible that alignment will switch to a previously tested location, and thus be missed. If alignment is not found after testing all possible alignments, the process is repeated.
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art DSSS system 100. As shown in the figure, DSSS system 100 includes a transmitter 102 and a receiver 104.
In operation, at transmitter 102, data 106 is exclusively or'ed (XORed) with a spreading sequence PN 108 to generate a DSSS signal 110. Transmitter 102 transmits DSSS signal 110 to receiver 104, wherein along the transmission rout, DSSS signal 110 encounters noise 112 so as to create a received signal 114.
At receiver 104, a corresponding spreading sequence PN 116 is XORed to received signal 114 to extract the data for the channel that was "spread" by transmitter 102 with the same spreading sequence. However this only works when the receiver spread code is in perfect alignment with identical spread code of the transmitter. Before a receiver can extract the channel of interest, it must first determine the timing of the beginning of the transmitted spread code. This is usually done by checking each possible alignment, i.e., checking each phase delay, until the correct start alignment produces the anticipated data. It is assumed the correct alignment will produce the most transmitted power at frequencies less than the "chip" rate of the transmission. Time at each possible alignment is required to integrate this power by integrator 118 to see if it surpasses an arbitrary threshold. Eventually, after alignment is acquired, the decoded data 120 is passed to downstream circuitry for further processing.
FIG. 2 illustrates a graph 200 of integrated power over time of the prior art DSSS system of FIG. 1. As shown in the figure, graph 200 has a y-axis 202 in units of accumulated power, an x-axis 204 in units of time, a power threshold Pth 206, a time threshold tth 208, a function 210 and a function 212.
As mentioned above, in DSSS system 100, receiver 104 must check each possible alignment for acquisition. When summing the correlated values of the received signal 114 with PN 116 at one phase, the accumulated power will eventually increase, even if there is no alignment. While the accumulated power eventually increases over time, if the rise in power takes too long, then alignment is likely not present. Accordingly, when designing DSSS system 100, the power threshold Pth 206 and time threshold tth 208 are set to weed out unlikely prospects for alignment. For example, function 210 eventually reaches acceptable power threshold Pth 206, meaning that over time, sufficient pits of PN 116 correlate with corresponding pits of the received signal 114, which has been offset by a predetermined phase, so as to generally increase the accumulated power. However, the rate of the rise of accumulated power of function 210 is insufficient to meet Pth 206 prior to time threshold tth 208. Accordingly, a new phase will be used and the process will repeat. This will continue until an phase will provide an accumulated power function that reaches acceptable power threshold Pth 206 prior to time threshold tth 208. This is represented by function 212.
The problem with DSSS system 100 is that many alignments may need to be tested, each of which until tth is reached, which wastes much time and processing resources.
There exists a need for a system and method for quickly and efficiently identifying the transmitted spread code sequence offset alignment and offset time dependence, even in the presence of a Doppler shift.

Method of spread code acquisition using phase multiplexed shuffled correlation and concurrent two parameter alignment screening

United States Government as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


Disclosed is a 3D mesh model watermarking method using a divisional scheme. The method of inserting a watermark into a three-dimensional (3D) mesh model includes: calculating a geometric primitive of the 3D mesh model; dividing the 3D mesh model into a plurality of mesh segments by using the geometric primitive; converting the mesh segments into mesh segments of a vertex distance-based coordinate system; inserting a predetermined watermark into each of the mesh segments of the vertex distance-based coordinate system; and restoring the mesh segments into which the watermark is inserted to a Cartesian coordinate system.

Embodiments of the inventive concept described herein relate to a three-dimensional mesh model watermarking technique, and more particularly, relate to a three-dimensional mesh model watermarking method capable of inserting or detecting a watermark even when a 3D mesh model is divided, partially modified, or cut by using segmentation, and an apparatus thereof.
As the 3D print market has expanded and a 3D model edit tool has developed, a 3D model has been frequently shared through Internet. However, since the 3D model that is a digital work is easily stored or modified due to the characteristics thereof, the 3D model may be copied without any limitations and illegally distributed. Thus, a method of protecting literary property of the 3D model is required.
A traditional encryption method may protect a digital work until it is decrypted. However, if decrypted once, it is impossible to protect data.
Digital watermarking is a copyright protection technique for compensating the defect of an encryption method. The digital watermarking inserts a specific data pattern into a digital work and detects it to certify the copyright.
Although there are many digital watermarking methods for protecting the copyright of a 3D model, since conventional methods insert a watermark into the entire region of the 3D model, when the 3D model is divided, cut, or copied and pasted, a synchronization error occurs so that it is impossible to detect the watermark.
In addition, since processes of dividing, cutting, and copying and pasting a 3D model easily occur, there is a need to a 3D model watermarking method capable of protecting a 3D model.

Three-dimensional mesh model watermarking method using segmentation and apparatus thereof

The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology


Provided is an interdental brush having a wire and filaments arranged therein by folding the wire and disposing the filaments between the wire and then twisting the wire. The interdental brush has improved filament retention and improved cleaning effectivity and reachability to minute portions. Each of filaments 3 has a polygonal cross section whose at least one corner portion has an interior angle 31 as acute as 30 to 75 degrees. Specifically, an angle θ3 of the acute corner portion 31 is set at 1.2 to 3 times a twisting angle θ4 of the wire. The filaments each have two or more such acute corner portions, and two or more rows of such filaments are disposed and laminated between the wire in a densely arranged manner.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to interdental brushes with a brush portion having wires and filaments arranged on the periphery of the wires by disposing the filaments between the wires and then twisting the wires, and particularly to an interdental brush with improved filament retention, in addition to superior cleaning effectivity and reachability to minute portions.
2. Background Art
Conventionally, various proposals have been made for this kind of interdental brushes. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 9-23928 proposes an interdental brush with a bristle arranged portion having two or more sections wherein adjacent sections arrange therein filaments of mutually different physical properties (material, hardness, thickness, color, and the like), thereby implementing a variety of required functions on a single interdental brush or implementing an interdental brush that provides for proposals for new applications with newly added functions. Japanese Registered Utility Model Publication No. 3139296 proposes an interdental brush wherein the filaments on the brush portion have formed thereon a plurality of depressions, thereby providing the interdental brush with improved interdental insertibility and cleanability, good comfortability, and superior durability. However, these conventional interdental brushes have been faced with some degree of limitation in improving the brush portion in respect of its cleaning effectivity and reachability to minute portions of teeth such as interdental corners.


The invention provides an optical modulator wherein appearance of radiation mode light can be suppressed to improve performances as a device. The optical modulator includes a multiplexing waveguide which in turn includes two input waveguides to which propagation lights from a linear waveguide are inputted, a waveguide coupling element, and two output waveguides. The width of the waveguide coupling element on the input side is greater than the total width of the two input waveguides, and the width of the waveguide coupling element on the output side is greater than the total width of the two output waveguides. The device of the present invention is applied typically to an optical communication system.

1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an optical modulator and an optical waveguide device suitable for use with an optical communication system.
2) Description of the Related Art
FIG. 16 is a schematic view showing a conventional optical multiplexer/demultiplexer having two inputs and two outputs. The optical multiplexer/demultiplexer 700 shown in FIG. 16 includes two input waveguides 702 and 703, a waveguide coupling element 706 and two output waveguides 704 and 705 formed on a substrate 701. The optical multiplexer/demultiplexer 700 can multiplex or demultiplex, when input light propagating in the input waveguides 702 and/or 703 is to be outputted to the output waveguides 704 or/and 705 through the waveguide coupling element 706, the input light.
In the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer 700, for example, input light P0 inputted to the input waveguide 702 is demultiplexed into and outputted as output lights P1 and P2 from the output waveguides 704 and 705 through the waveguide coupling element 706.
Here, in FIG. 16, the input and output waveguides 702 to 705 have an equal width w0, and they are connected with a width d left therebetween to the waveguide coupling element 706. Further, the two input waveguides 702 and 703 and the two output waveguides 704 and 705 are formed individually with an angle θ defined therebetween such that the distance therebetween decreases toward the waveguide coupling element 706.
The connection angle θ of the input and output waveguides 702 to 705 to the interference waveguide 706 is sufficiently small. Therefore, since the widths A and B of the connection points between the input and output waveguides 702 to 705 and the waveguide coupling element 706 can be approximated as an equal value to the input and output waveguide width w0, the width ww of the waveguide coupling element 706 can be represented as 2w0+d. It is to be noted that, in FIG. 16, reference character Lc denotes the length of the waveguide coupling element 706 in its longitudinal direction (propagation direction of light).
For example, if the length Lc is adjusted to form the waveguide coupling element 706 as shown in FIG. 17, then the characteristic as the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer 700, that is, the multiplexing/demultiplexing characteristic for input light, can be varied.
In particular, as shown in FIG. 17, where the length Lc is equal to L1, the ratio [P1/{P1+P2}] of the output light P1 to the overall output light {P1+P2} is equal to 1. Therefore, the output light from the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer 700 is outputted as the output light P1 only from the output waveguide 704.
On the other hand, where the length Lc is equal to L2, since the ratio P1/{P1+P2} is equal to 0.5, the branching ratio of the input light P0 at the output waveguides 704 and 705 is 1:1, and the output light from the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer 700 is outputted as the output lights P1 and P2 from the output waveguides 704 and 705, respectively. In other words, the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer 700 can be used as a 3 dB coupler.
Further, where the length Lc is equal to L3, since the ratio P1/{P1+P2} is equal to 0, the output light from the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer 700 is outputted as the output light P2 only from the output waveguide 705.
The optical multiplexer/demultiplexer 700 having such a configuration as described above can be used as 3 dB couplers 700A and 700B, for example, in such a Mach-Zehnder type modulator 710 as shown in FIG. 18. Here, the Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator 710 shown in FIG. 18 includes a Mach-Zehnder type optical waveguide 714 formed from 3 dB couplers 700A and 700B and two linear waveguides 712 and 713 on a substrate 711, and further includes a signal electrode 715 and a ground electrode 716 formed on the substrate 711.
In the Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator 710 having the configuration described above, input light inputted through an input waveguide 702A from between two input waveguides 702A and 703A which form the 3 dB coupler 700A is branched at a ratio of 1:1, and the branched lights propagate in the linear optical waveguides 712 and 713. It is to be noted that, by a variation of an electric field by a signal voltage applied to the signal electrode 715, light modulated in accordance with the signal voltage just mentioned can be outputted from the output waveguides 704B and 705B.
Further, the lights propagating in the linear waveguides 712 and 713 are inputted to the input waveguides 702B and 703B which form the 3 dB coupler 700B, respectively, and then multiplexed by the waveguide coupling element 706B, whereafter the multiplexed light is outputted from both of the output waveguides 704B and 705B. Particularly, the output light from the output waveguide 704B is used as monitor light, and the output light from the output waveguide 705B is used as signal light.
However, in such a conventional optical waveguide device as described above, a great difference exists between a propagation mode in the input and output waveguides and a propagation mode in the waveguide coupling element, and therefore, there is a subject that an radiation mode appear.
Further, also where an optical waveguide device from which such radiation mode light as just described is generated is applied to a device such as an optical modulator, a wavelength filter or the like, there is the possibility that, by generation of the radiation mode described above, the performance improvement of the device itself may be hindered.
Particularly, where the optical waveguide device 700 having such a configuration as described above is applied as the 3 dB couplers 700A and 700B to such a Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator 700 as described above with reference to FIG. 18, radiation mode light is generated in the 3 dB coupler 700B described above. Therefore, a deviation δ appears between a voltage value V1 when the signal light (refer to a full line waveform in FIG. 19) is in an on state and a voltage value V2 at an off point of the monitor light (refer to a broken line waveform in FIG. 19) as shown in FIG. 19 although they are desirably to be coincident with each other. The ratio [(V2−V1)/Vπ] of the deviation to the half-wavelength voltage Vπ is approximately 10%, and this makes a hindrance to use of the output light of the conventional optical waveguide device 700 as monitor light for adjustment of the operating point.

Optical modulator, optical waveguide device and acousto-optic tunable filter apparatus


A system and method for excluding certain types of files from being saved to a system by examining file data. The file data is examined by: mapping the circular queue to memory; reading the file identifiers from the circular queue (a named mutex is locked until all file identifiers have been read from the queue); using the file identifier to open the file; scanning the opened file to create a file signature; comparing the file signature to each entry on a list of signature criteria; and performing a storage policy if there is a match.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to systems and methods for keeping operating systems free of unwanted files and, more particularly, identifying and removing unwanted files from network servers.
2. Related Art
The prior FileScreen™ product comprises reading a file name of a file and comparing the file name to a list of unauthorized file names to see if the file should be allowed to be saved to a system.
3. Background of the Technology
Despite dramatic reductions in the cost of disk space it remains necessary for those managing servers in a network environment to allocate space to multiple users and enforce policies which limit the kinds of files which are stored in the allocated space.
For example, system administrators often want to prevent users from saving certain files. This can be due to system administrators wishing to save valuable storage space for legitimate files, as opposed to personal files. The prior art has found ways to prevent users from saving certain files. Virus scanners, name mask scanners, and file size scanners have been used. Virus scanners search for viruses, and block a file from being saved if a virus is contained within the file. Name mask scanners review the name mask (e.g., .mp3, .exe, .doc) to see if it is a prohibited name mask and if so, block the file from being saved. File size scanners search for the file name, and if it is a prohibited file, block the file from being saved. These methods usually use an Input/Output (I/O) Filter Driver to detect files that are attempted to be written (saved) to the server. The I/O Filter Driver gathers data and makes the results available to a user or other computer process.
For example, an employer has determined that music files are usually used for personal reasons, and thus does not want employees to be able to save music files on the employer's system. The system administrator could thus program the system so that it would not allow music files (.mp3 files) to be saved. When a user attempts to create a file that has the extension .mp3, then that file creation will fail.
The prior art solutions, however, can be circumvented by the user. For example, the user could save a file with the extension .mp4 in order to circumvent the system administrator's precautions. The offending music file is thus still able to be saved to the system.
There is thus a need to better prevent files, which are commonly and openly exchanged or transmitted over a network, from being saved to a server.

Filter driver for identifying disk files by analysis of content


A CO2 absorbent for exhaust gas capable of being repeatedly used in capturing and recycling of CO2 is provided. The CO2 absorbent for exhaust gas capturing CO2 included in exhaust gas is composed of solid materials including an active component at 5 to 70 wt %, a support at 5 to 70 wt %, an inorganic binder at 5 to 70 wt % and a recycling improver at 5 to 70 wt %. The CO2 absorbent for exhaust gas having such a composition meets the requirements for processes, including physical properties such as a spherical shape, an average particle size and size distribution, a tap density and attrition resistance, and has excellent CO2 absorbing capability and recycling capability.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbent for exhaust gas and a method of preparing the same, and more particularly, to a CO2 absorbent for exhaust gas capable of being repeatedly used in capture of CO2 and recycling and a method of preparing the same.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the critical substances causing a greenhouse effect, and is known to have a potential to contribute to global warming since the emission of CO2 increases according to a continuous increase in use of fossil fuels.
Therefore, if CO2 emission is not controlled, problems caused by global warming cannot be overcome. Various methods of removing CO2 from exhaust gas generated by combustion of fossil fuels include a variety of methods such as wet chemical absorption, adsorption, membrane separation, and cryogenic fractionation. However, these methods have problems of high capture cost or difficulty in application to electric power plants or large-scale industries.
An effective method of removing CO2 from exhaust gas is dry CO2 capture technology. This method is technology of using a solid instead of a liquid solvent used in wet chemical absorption as an absorbent. That is, in this technology, CO2 contained in exhaust gas is captured by carbonate or bicarbonate generated by an active component and CO2 in a solid absorbent in an absorption reactor through a chemical reaction, and the absorbent absorbing CO2 can be repeatedly used by being recycled by additional heat in a recycling reactor.
In dry recycling/absorption technology, materials are inexpensive, regenerative and repeatedly used. In addition, the dry recycling/absorption technology is a sustainably growing field compared with other technologies in terms of design flexibility, environment-friendly capability, low-energy recycling, high-efficiency CO2 absorption force (absorbing capability and reactivity), etc.
Conventional patents relating to such dry recyclable scrubbing technology include U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,314,847B1 and 6,908,497B1, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2007-090208A, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20070072769A1.
The above-mentioned patents mainly relate to an absorbent prepared by adding an active component to a support or an active component itself, and thus are inappropriate to be applied to a process of capturing and sequestrating CO2 while a particle of a solid absorbent is continuously transported between absorption and recycling reactors.

Carbon dioxide absorbent for exhaust gas, and preparation method thereof

Abstract: The carbon dioxide absorbent for exhaust gas satisfies physical characteristics such as spherical shape, average particle size and size distribution, tap density, attrition resistance and the like required for processes, and has excellent CO2 absorption and recycling capabilities.


The present disclosure provides methods for treating a mammal that has endometriosis using a CHRH1 antagonist composition. In some embodiments, the CHRH1 antagonist is antalarmin or an equivalent.

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) also referred to as corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is one of the main signaling molecules of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. CRH has a myriad of physiological effects that include behavioral, endocrine, autonomic and immune responses. CRH acts mainly by binding to CRH receptors type 1 (CRHR1) and type 2 (CRHR2) with a 10-fold affinity for the CRHR1 versus CRHR2. CRH receptors belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors and typically effect cellular activity via coupling to adenylate cyclase. CRHR1 is abundant in the brain, in adrenal glands, uterine and colonic tissues, and lymphocytes, for example. Eleven splice variants of the CRHR1 receptor have been identified, each with a tissue specific expression pattern. In addition, the naturally-produced CRH paralog, urocortin 1 (UCN1) can bind and activate both the CRHR1 and CRHR2. CRH is released in response to stress. CRH can affect nervous and visceral tissues such as the uterus and gut via activation of the two types of CRH receptors.
Due to the variety of physiological activities that the CRH system exerts, CRHR1 antagonists have been clinically used for more than three decades for a variety of conditions. For example, CRHR1 antagonists have been tested for the treatment of disorders including depression and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). CRHR1 antagonists are proposed as a possible treatment for anxiety disorders. In fact, phase II/III clinical trials are ongoing or have been completed for depression, IBS and anxiety.
Antalarmin is a CRHR1 antagonist that has been investigated in animal research for its effects on reproduction, inflammation, addictive disorders, sleep disorders, among others. Antalarmin is a non-peptide molecule that readily crosses the blood-brain-barrier. Both anti-stress and anti-inflammatory activities of antalarmin have been documented in animal studies.
Endometriosis is a disorder in which endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus causing pain, infertility and stress. Finding an effective and long-term treatment for endometriosis still remains one of the most significant challenges in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder defined as the presence of endometrial-like tissue (e.g., glands and stroma) outside the endometrial cavity. This condition is characterized by peritoneal inflammation resulting in severe and chronic pelvic pain, and increases risk of infertility. Endometriosis is commonly misdiagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) due to overlap in common symptoms, and perhaps because mechanisms of disease progression involve aberrant activation of inflammatory cascades. The causes of endometriosis onset are unknown; however, a relationship between stress, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) dysregulation, and endometriosis severity has been reported based on investigations in a rat model.
Reports from human and animal studies, suggest that abnormal functioning of the HPA axis, and the release of CRH and/or the inflammatory response system, disrupts feedback of both neuroendocrine and immune systems, contributing to the development of endometriosis. Indeed, CRH and CRH receptors are abundant in female reproductive tissues. This axis has been shown to regulate several reproductive functions, mostly mediating pro-inflammatory activities such as ovulation, luteolysis, and blastocyst implantation. Despite the documented role of CRH receptors in stress related disorders, reproductive function, and inflammation, a role of the CRHR1 blockade in the treatment of endometriosis, is not established.

Compositions and methods for the treatment of endometriosis

THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM


A skin treatment composition suitable for topical application containing:. an organic carrier medium consisting of olive oil, butter and honey; PA1 an adsorptive agent, cornstarch, present in a ratio of about 0.25 to about 1 part adsorptive agent to about 1 part carrier medium; PA1 sodium acid pyrophosphate present in a ratio of between about 0.001 and about 0.1 part sodium acid pyrophosphate to about 1 part carrier medium; and PA1 distilled water present in a ratio of about 0.001 to about 1 part water to about 1 part medium.

1. Field of the Invention:
This invention is related to topical applications for the cleaning and treatment of the skin. More specifically, this invention concerns a composition for the topical application to facial skin for cleansing, moisturizing and the promotion of the healing of minor skin irritations.
2. Brief Discussion of the Prior Art:
Various preparations have heretofore been proposed as topical skin care preparations. Among these are U.S. Pat. No. 4,297,374 to Wess which teaches the use of baking powder in admixture with orange juice, vegetable shortening and fresh produce such as bananas or avocados as a skin cleansing or moisturizing creme.
Additionally, a variety of preparations have heretofore been known which contain sodium bicarbonate as a thickener. Such preparations have been found to have limited effectiveness as cleansing agents. Specifically, skin care preparations heretofore produced containing sodium bicarbonate exhibit only minimal cleaning and moisturizing action and do not appear to promote healing of minor skin irritations.
Thus, it would be desirable to prepare a skin treatment composition which is gentle enough for topical application on delicate or sensitive skin such as those found on the face. It is also desirable that the topical skin composition be effective for cleaning delicate skin areas. It is also desirable that the topical skin composition be capable of removing dirt, sloughed-off skin cells and other detritus which adheres to the skin and accumulates in the pores. It is also desirable that the skin treatment composition be capable of moisturizing the skin areas and suitable for the promotion of healing of skin irritations such as minor rashes, transitory blemishes (i.e. blackheads, pimples) and the like.


An aspect of the present invention includes a protocol for conveying data during an e-commerce session with a polymorphic response, comprising initiating a session with a message from a buyer application to a broker application and a session identifier assigned by the broker application; conducting the session between the buyer application and a supplier application; and concluding the session with a additional message which includes a schema identifier for the additional message, resolvable in a context of a system identifier; and a polymorphic response comprising a type and a version, wherein the polymorphic response includes additional data elements corresponding to values assigned to the type and version.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to use of polymorphic data in a session between a buyer and seller, or any pair of trading partners, mediated by a broker or e-commerce hub. In particular, methods and devices utilizing a flexible service request and session end messages are described.
2. Description of Related Art
A desire for electronic commerce brings trading partners together. Broker or hub applications can facilitate transactions between trading partners in many ways. The broker application can field an initial session start request from the buyer and forward it to a seller, either acknowledging the start of the session explicitly or leaving it to the seller to acknowledge the start of the session to the buyer. This and other variations on the manner in which electronic commerce is implemented have implications for software design.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method and device utilizing polymorphic data in e-commerce


The present invention is directed to a method for improving the fuel efficiency of large engine oil compositions by reducing the traction coefficient of the oil by formulating the oil using at least two base stocks of different kinematic viscosity wherein the differences in kinematic viscosity between the base stocks is at least 32 mm2/s, and, preferably, additizing the composition with a salicylate detergent, a mixture of salicylate-phenate detergents or a mixture of sulfonate and phenate detergents.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the operation of large engines such as natural gas engines using additized lubricating oil formulations.
2. Description of the Related Art
Natural gas fueled engines are typically four-stroke spark-ignited engines having 12 to 20 cylinders or more similar to heavy duty diesel engines. The engines are typically deployed in the gas and oil industry to compress natural gas at the well heads and along the pipeline. Another common application is distributed power generation or combined heating and power (CHP). Due to the nature of this latter application, the engines fueled by natural gas run continuously near full load conditions, shutting down only for maintenance or oil changes. Higher energy costs result in higher operating costs and create a strong driver for customers to improve the efficiency of their natural gas engine operations. Based on today's natural gas fuel prices, fuel efficiency gains of 1-4% for a typical 1000 bhp gas engine can yield considerable annual savings per engine. In addition, less fuel is burned; proportionately less CO2 (greenhouse gas) is produced.
Because the lubricant is subjected to a constant high temperature environment, the life of the lubricant is often limited by its oxidation stability. Moreover, because natural gas-fired engines run with high emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), the lubricant life may also be limited by its nitration resistance. A longer term requirement is that the lubricant must also maintain cleanliness within the high temperature environment of the engine, especially for critical components such as bearings, cylinder walls, pistons and piston rings. Therefore, it is desirable for gas engine oils to have good cleanliness qualities while promoting long life through enhanced resistance to oxidation and nitration.
Gas engine oil of enhanced life as evidenced by an increase in the resistance of the oil to oxidation, nitration and deposit formation is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,133. The gas engine oil of that patent is a low ash gas engine oil comprising a major amount of a base oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of an additive mixture comprising a mixture of detergents comprising at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal salt having a Total Base Number (TBN) of about 250 and less and a second alkali or alkaline earth metal salt having a TBN lower than the aforesaid component. The TBN of this second alkali or alkaline earth metal salt will typically be about half or less that of the first component.
The fully formulated gas engine oil of U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,133 can also typically contain other standard additives known to those skilled in the art, including dispersants (about 0.5 to 8 vol %), phenolic or aminic anti-oxidants (about 0.05 to 1.5 vol %), metal deactivators such as triazoles, alkyl-substituted dimercaptothiadiazoles (about 0.01 to 0.2 vol %), anti-wear additives such as metal dithiophosphates, metal dithiocarbamates, metal xanthates or tricresylphosphates (about 0.05 to 1.5 vol %), pour point depressants such as poly (meth) acrylates or alkyl aromatic polymers (about 0.05-0.6 vol %), anti-foamants such as silicone anti-foaming agents (about 0.005 to 0.15 vol %) and viscosity index improvers, such as olefin copolymers, polymethacrylates, styrene-diene block copolymers, and star copolymers (up to about 15 vol %, preferably up to about 10 vol %).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,191,081 is directed to a lubricating oil composition for natural gas engines comprising a major amount of a base oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of a mixture of one or more metal salicylate detergents and one or more metal phenate and/or metal sulfonate detergents.
The lubricating oil base stock is any natural or synthetic lubricating base oil stock fraction typically having a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of about 5 to 20 cSt. In a preferred embodiment, the use of a viscosity index improver permits the omission of oil of viscosity about 20 cSt or more at 100° C. from the lube base oil fraction used to make the formulation. Therefore, a preferred base oil is one which contains little, if any, heavy fraction; e.g., little, if any, lube oil fraction of viscosity 20 cSt or higher at 100° C.
The lubricating oil base stock can be derived from natural lubricating oils, synthetic lubricating oils or mixtures thereof. Suitable base stocks include those in API categories I, II and III, where saturates level and Viscosity Index are:                Group I—less than 90% and 80-120, respectively;        Group II—greater than 90% and 80-120, respectively; and        Group III—greater than 90% and greater than 120, respectively.
Suitable lubricating oil base stocks also include base stocks obtained by isomerization of synthetic wax and slack wax, as well as hydrocrackate base stocks produced by hydrocracking (rather than solvent extracting) the aromatic and polar components of the crude.
The mixture of detergents comprises a first metal salt or group of metal salts selected from the group consisting of one or more metal sulfonates(s), salicylate(s), phenate(s) and mixtures thereof having a high TBN of greater than about 150 to 300 or higher, a second metal salt or group of metal salts selected from the group consisting of one or more metal salicylate(s), metal sulfonate(s), metal phenate(s) and mixtures thereof having a medium TBN of greater than about 50 to 150, and a third metal salt or group of metal salts selected from the group consisting of one or more metal sulfonate(s), metal salicylate(s) and mixtures thereof identified as neutral or low TBN, having a TBN of about 10 to 50, the total amount of medium plus neutral/low TBN detergent being about 0.7 vol % or higher (active ingredient) wherein at least one of the medium or low/neutral TBN detergent(s) is metal salicylate, preferably at least one of the medium TBN detergent(s) is a metal salicylate. The total amount of high TBN detergents is about 0.3 vol % or higher (active ingredient). The mixture contains salts of at least two different types, with medium or neutral salicylate being an essential component. The volume ratio (based on active ingredient) of the high TBN detergent to medium plus neutral/low TBN detergent is in the range of about 0.15 to 3.5.
The mixture of detergents is added to the lubricating oil formulation in an amount up to about 10 vol % based on active ingredient in the detergent mixture, preferably in an amount up to about 8 vol % based on active ingredient, more preferably 6 vol % based on active ingredient in the detergent mixture, most preferably between about 1.5 to 5.0 vol %, based on active ingredient in the detergent mixture. Preferably, the total amount of metal salicylate(s) used of all TBNs is in the range of between 0.5 vol % to 4.5 vol %, based on active ingredient of metal salicylate, the combination of the recited metal salts per se or in combination with any additional metal salts or groups of metal salts being used in an amount sufficient to produce a lubricating oil of at least 0.65 wt % sulfated ash content.
U.S. Published Application US2005/0059563 is directed to a lubricating oil composition, automotive gear lubricating composition and fluids useful in the preparation of finished automotive gear lubricants and gear oils comprising a blend of a PAO having a viscosity of between about 40 cSt (mm2/s) and 1000 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C., and an ester having a viscosity of less than or equal to about 2.0 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. wherein the blend of PAO and ester has a viscosity index greater than or equal to the viscosity index of the PAO. The composition may further contain thickeners, anti-oxidants, inhibitor packages, anti-rust additives, dispersants, detergents, friction modifiers, traction improving additives, demulsifiers, defoamants, dyes and haze inhibitors.
U.S. Published Application US2003/0191032 is directed to a detergent additive for lubricating oil compositions comprising at least two of low, medium and high TBN detergents, preferably a calcium salicylate. The detergent is in a lubricating oil composition comprising at least one of Group II base stock, Group III base stock or wax isomerate base stock and mixtures thereof, and an optional minor quantity of a co-base stock(s). Co-base stocks include polyalpha olefin oligomeric low and medium and high viscosity oil, di-basic acid esters, polyol esters, other hydrocarbon oils, supplementary hydrocarbyl aromatics and the like.
US Published Application 2006/0276355 is directed to a lubricant blend for enhanced micropitting properties wherein the lubricant comprises at least two base stocks with a viscosity difference between the first and second base stock of greater than 96 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. At least one base stock is a polyalpha olefin with a viscosity of less than 6 mm2/s but greater than 2 cSt (mm2/s), and the second base stock is a synthetic oil with a viscosity greater than 100 cSt (mm2/s) but less than 300 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. The second base stock can be a high viscosity polyalpha olefin.
U.S. Published Application 2007/0289897 is directed to a lubricating oil blend comprising at least two base stocks with a viscosity difference between the first and second base stock of greater than 96 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C., the lubricant exhibiting improved air release. The blend contains at least one synthetic PAO having a viscosity of less than 10 cSt (mm2/s) but greater than 2 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. and a second synthetic oil having a viscosity greater than 100 cSt (mm2/s) but less than 300 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. The lubricant can contain anti-wear, anti-oxidant, defoamant, demulsifier, detergent, dispersant, metal passivator, friction reducer, rust inhibitor additive and mixtures thereof.
U.S. Published Application 2007/0298990 is directed to a lubricating oil comprising at least two base stocks, the first base stock has a viscosity greater than 40 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. and a molecular weight distribution (MWD) as a function of viscosity at least 10% less than algorithm:MWD=0.2223+1.0232*log(Kv at 100° C. in cSt)and a second base stock with a viscosity less than 10 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. Preferably the difference in viscosity between the first and second stocks is greater than 30 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. Preferably the higher viscosity first stock is a metallocene catalyzed PAO base stock. The second stock can be selected from GTL lubricants, wax-derived lubricants, PAO, brightstock, brightstock with PIB, Group I base stocks, Group II base stocks, Group III base stocks and mixtures thereof. The lubricant can contain additives including detergents. Preferably the first stock has a viscosity of greater than 300 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C., the second stock has a viscosity of between 1.5 cSt (mm2/s) to 6 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. Preferably the difference in viscosity between the first and second stocks is greater than 96 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C.
U.S. Published Application US2008/0207475 is directed to a lubricating oil comprising at least two base stocks, the first base stock having a viscosity of at least 300 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. and a molecular weight distribution (MSD) as a function of viscosity at least 10% less than algorithm:MWD=0.2223+1.0232*log(KV @ 100° C. in cSt)and the second stock has a viscosity of less than 100 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. Preferably the difference in viscosity between the first and second stocks is greater than 250 cSt (mm2/s) @ 100° C. Preferably the first stock is a metallocene catalyzed PAO base stock. The second stock can be chosen from GTL base stock, wax-derived base stock, PAO, brightstock, brightstock with PIB, Group I base stock, Group II base stock, Group III base stock, Group V base stock, Group VI base stock and mixtures thereof. The lubricant can contain additives including detergents.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,281 is directed to long life gas engine lubricating oils containing detergents. The lubricating oil comprises a major amount of a base oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of a mixture of one or more metal sulfonate(s) and/or phenate(s) and one or more metal salicylate(s) detergents, all detergents in the mixture having the same or substantially the same Total Base Number (TBN).
The lubricating oil base stock is any natural or synthetic lubricating base stock fraction typically having a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of about 5 to 20 cSt (mm2/s), more preferably about 7 to 16 cSt (mm2/s), most preferably about 9 to 13 cSt (mm2/s). In a preferred embodiment, the use of a viscosity index improver permits the omission of oil of viscosity 20 cSt (mm2/s) or more at 100° C. from the lube base oil fraction used to make the formulation. Therefore, a preferred base oil is one which contains little, if any, heavy fractions; e.g., little, if any, lube oil fraction of viscosity 20 cSt (mm2/s) or higher at 100° C.
The lubricating oil base stock can be derived from natural lubricating oils, synthetic lubricating oils or mixtures thereof. Suitable base stocks include those in API categories I, II and III, where saturates level and Viscosity Index are:                Group I—less than 90% and 80-120, respectively;        Group II—greater than 90% and 80-120, respectively; and        Group III—greater than 90% and greater than 120, respectively.
Suitable lubricating oil base stocks include base stocks obtained by isomerization of synthetic wax and slack wax, as well as hydrocrackate base stocks produced by hydrocracking (rather than solvent extracting) the aromatic and polar components of the crude.
The detergent is a mixture of one or more metal sulfonate(s) and/or metal phenate(s) with one or more metal salicylate(s). The metals are any alkali or alkaline earth metals; e.g., calcium, barium, sodium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, more preferably calcium, barium and magnesium. It is a feature of the lubricating oil that each of the metal salts used in the mixture.
The TBNs of the salts will differ by no more than about 15%, preferably no more than about 12%, more preferably no more than about 10% or less.
The one or more metal sulfonate(s) and/or metal phenate(s), and the one or more metal salicylate(s) are utilized in the detergent as a mixture, for example, in a ratio by parts of 5:95 to 95:5, preferably 10:90 to 90:10, more preferably 20:80 to 80:20.
The mixture of detergents is added to the lubricating oil formulation in an amount up to about 10 vol % based on active ingredient in the detergent mixture, preferably in an amount up to about 8 vol % based on active ingredient.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,922 is directed to a lubricating oil for two-stroke cross-head marine diesel engines comprising a base oil and an oil-soluble overbased detergent additive in the form of a complex wherein the basic material of the detergent is stabilized by more than one surfactant. The more than one surfactants can be mixtures of: (1) sulfurized and/or non-sulfurized phenols and one other surfactant which is not a phenol surfactant; or (2) sulfurized and/or non-sulfurized salicylic acid and one other surfactant which is not a salicylic surfactant; or (3) at least three surfactants which are sulfurized or non-sulfurized phenol, sulfurized or non-sulfurized salicylic acid and one other surfactant which is not a phenol or salicylic surfactant; or (4) at least three surfactants which are sulfurized or non-sulfurized phenol, sulfurized or non-sulfurized salicylic acid and at least one sulfuric acid surfactant.
The base stock is an oil of lubricating viscosity and may be any oil suitable for the system lubrication of a cross-head engine. The lubricating oil may suitably be an animal, vegetable or a mineral oil. Suitably the lubricating oil is a petroleum-derived lubricating oil, such as naphthenic base, paraffinic base or mixed base oil. Alternatively, the lubricating oil may be a synthetic lubricating oil. Suitable synthetic lubricating oils include synthetic ester lubricating oils, which oils include diesters such as di-octyl adipate, di-octyl sebacate and tri-decyl adipate, or polymeric hydrocarbon lubricating oils, for example, liquid polyisobutene and polyalpha olefins. Commonly, a mineral oil is employed. The lubricating oil may generally comprise greater than 60% by mass, typically greater than 70% by mass of the lubricating oil composition and typically have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 2 to 40 cSt (mm2/s), for example, from 3 to 15 cSt (mm2/s), and a viscosity index from 80 to 100, for example, from 90 to 95.
Another class of lubricating oil is hydrocracked oils, where the refining process further breaks down the middle and heavy distillate fractions in the presence of hydrogen at high temperatures and moderate pressures. Hydrocracked oils typically have kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 2 to 40 cSt (mm2/s), for example, from 3 to 15 cSt (mm2/s), and a viscosity index typically in the range of from 100 to 110, for example, from 105 to 108.
Brightstock refers to base oils which are solvent-extracted, de-asphalted products from vacuum residuum generally having a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. from 28 to 36 cSt (mm2/s), and are typically used in a proportion of less than 30, preferably less than 20, more preferably less than 15, most preferably less than 10, such as less than 5 mass %, based on the mass of the lubricating oil composition.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,724 is directed to gas fueled engine lubricating oils comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity, a detergent including at least one calcium salicylate having a TBN in the range 70 to 245, 0 to 0.2 mass % of nitrogen, based on the mass of the oil composition, of a dispersant and minor amounts of one or more co-additive. The base oil can be any animal, vegetable, mineral oil or synthetic oil. The base oil is used in a proportion of greater than 60 mass % of the composition. The oil typically has a viscosity at 100° C. of from 2 to 40 cSt (mm2/s), for example 3 to 15 cSt (mm2/s) and a viscosity index of from 80 to 100. Hydrocracked oils can also be used which have viscosities of 2 to 40 cSt (mm2/s) at 100° C. and viscosity indices of 100 to 110. Brightstock having a viscosity at 100° C. of from 28 to 36 cSt (mm2/s) can also be used, typically in a proportion less than 30, preferably less than 20, most preferably less than 5 mass %.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,101,830 is directed to a gas engine oil having a boron content of more than 95 ppm comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil having a viscosity index of 80 to 120, at least 90 mass % saturates, 0.03 mass % or less sulfur and at least one detergent. Metal salicylate is a preferred detergent.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,122 is directed to a lubricating oil composition containing a high viscosity synthetic hydrocarbon such as high viscosity PAO, liquid hydrogenated polyisoprenes, or ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers having a viscosity of 40-1000 cSt (mm2/s) at 100° C., a low viscosity synthetic hydrocarbon having a viscosity of between 1 and 10 cSt (mm2/s) at 100° C., optionally a low viscosity ester having a viscosity of between 1 and 10 cSt (mm2/s) at 100° C. and optionally up to 25 wt % of an additive package.

Method for improving the fuel efficiency of engine oil compositions for large low and medium speed gas engines by reducing the traction coefficient

ExxonMobile Research and Engineering Company


The lens information display apparatus is provided that allows the cameraman to check required lens information while looking at a viewfinder. A transmissive LCD panel is mounted in front of a screen of the viewfinder, and a control unit for controlling the image displayed on the LCD panel is attached to the bottom surface of the viewfinder. The control unit obtains lens information from a lens apparatus of a television camera system and causes the LCD panel to display images (characters and/or graphics) representing the lens information so that the lens information is displayed as superimposed on the image on the viewfinder.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lens information display apparatus and, more particularly, to a lens information display apparatus that displays lens information as being superimposed on an image being taken on a viewfinder of a television camera system.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, known lens apparatuses used with television camera systems for broadcasting include box-shaped EFP lenses primarily used in studios, or portable ENG lenses primarily used in the field and the like. For an EFP lens, lens information such as the position of a zoom lens (zoom position), the position of a focus lens (focus position), or the position of an aperture (F-number) is indicated on indicators on the side of the cover of the lens apparatus, and for an ENG lens, such information is indicated with scales marked on operation rings.
A television camera system typically uses a small monitor called a viewfinder for a cameraman to see an image being taken. The viewfinder is connected to a camera body, and a real-time image outputted from the camera body is displayed on the screen of the viewfinder so that the cameraman can check the image currently being taken by the camera.
Conventionally, cameramen have had such a problem in shooting that, since they typically carry out lens manipulations such as zooming or focusing while checking an image on the viewfinder, they have difficulty in manipulating the lens in parallel with checking both lens information indicated on the indicator or the like and the image on the viewfinder.
The invention is made in view of such a situation, and has an object of providing a lens information display apparatus that allows a cameraman to see desired lens information on a viewfinder.
To attain the object, the present invention is directed to a lens information display apparatus which displays predetermined lens information for use in a camera system, the camera system comprising a lens apparatus having a taking lens which focuses light from a subject, a camera body which picks up the subject light focused by the taking lens to convert the subject light to image signals, and a viewfinder which displays an image taken by the camera body, the lens information display apparatus comprising: a lens information obtaining device which obtains predetermined lens information from the lens apparatus; and a lens information display device which displays the lens information obtained by the lens information obtaining device as superimposed on the image displayed on the viewfinder.
Preferably, the lens information display device comprises a transmissive display panel which allows light to pass, the display panel positioned in front of an image display screen of the viewfinder; and the lens information is superimposed on the image displayed on the image display screen of the viewfinder by displaying the lens information on the display panel.
Preferably, the display panel is detachable from the viewfinder.
According to the present invention, since lens information is displayed as superimposed on the image displayed on the viewfinder, the cameraman can check lens information while looking at the image displayed on the viewfinder.


A method for waking up a robot includes: acquiring sight range information when a voice command issuer issues a voice command; if the sight range information of the voice command issuer when issuing the voice command is acquired, determining, based on the sight range information, whether the voice command issuer gazes the robot when the voice command is issued; and determining that the robot is called if the voice command issuer gazes the robot.

With the development of artificial intelligence, robots are bringing more and more convenience to people's life. At present, when a user desires to control a robot, the user may predefine a wake-up word for the robot. When the robot hears a specific wake-up word (for example, a name of the robot), the robot knows that the user is calling it. For example, the user may define a wake-up word Alexa or Mike for the robot, and when the user calls Alexa or Mike, the robot may know that the user is calling it.
During study of the related art, the inventors have found that the related art has at least the following problem: The user forgets the name of the robot at a moment, or the user possesses a plurality of robots and thus may fail to remember names of all these robots, or the user fails to correctly distinguishing the robots because some robots appear similar to each other. In the above cases, the user may fail to wake up the robot or wake up an undesired robot, and as a result, the actual needs of the user fail to be accommodated.

Method for waking up robot and robot thereof


Grinding apparatus of the pivotal tub type with means for conveying ground material, said apparatus including a wheel mounted chassis; a tub, mounted on the chassis for receiving material to be ground, said tub provided with a rotatable side wall and a non-rotatable floor, and said tub being pivotal in a direction transverse to the direction of normal movement of the chassis; a grinder extending upwardly through an aperture in the floor to engage material within the tub; a bin for receiving ground material; and a conveyor system extendible rearwardly from the normal direction of movement of the chassis and foldable over the tub for compactness during transportation from site to site. The side pivoting tub, in combination with the extendible and foldable conveyor make the apparatus practical for movement on the highways. A deflector, mounted on the floor of the tub, lessens recirculation of ground material and prevents potentially dangerous material from flying from the tub in its engagement with the grinder.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to grinders and hammermills, and, more particularly to mobile wood choppers and refuse grinders of the pivot tub type, having means for conveying ground material to trucks for hauling.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is highly desirable to transport a grinder or hammermill to the area the material to be ground or pulverized is located. Such transportation requires that the apparatus conform to the rules of the road, particularly in reference to width. It is also desirable that the equipment be readily accessible for maintenance and repair and that the material worked upon be conveniently loaded for distribution.
Mobile units of the pivotal tub type are known for feed and hay chopping as typified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,448,361, issued to D. Marcy and U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,411, issued to M. M. Herron, et al. Such units have a tub which is pivotal rearwardly, i.e. to the normal direction of movement so that the tub may be tilted horizontally and backed into the hay or feed for loading and then pivoted to a position about a vertical axis for chopping. Such construction requires any discharge structure for the chopped hay or feed to be side oriented, i.e. extend transverse to the normal direction of movement, and therefore such structure cannot be made suitable for road travel. In that both Marcy and Herron disclose hay choppers, only blower type dischargers are provided. U.S. Pat. No. 4,364,526, issued to A. A. White, discloses a tub type feed chopper having a tub set at a specified angle relative to the chassis. White utilizes an auger type conveyor for discharge of the disintegrated material. The White device is also unsuited for road travel in the use of the tilted tub in combination with tub loading equipment and laterally swinging conveyor.
Use of shields to prevent injury from flying debris and to prevent recirculation of ground material has not been known to be used on pivoting tub type grinders; but then such choppers have been largely limited to feed material and are not used for grinding wood, refuse, and the like.


A granularized sulfonated humate powder material is provided that includes a sulfonated cationic humate composed of at least one of humic acid, fulvic acid, or a combination thereof in the form of granules of from 0.1 to 6 millimeters in size. The humate powder material is water soluble with limited dusting and the ability to form a concentrated solution for application. A process of formulating the sulfonated potassium humate powder in granular form includes a lignin or lignosulfonate being metered into a powder of sulfonated potassium humate to allow for granulation without a solubilizing the powder by matching a lignin particle size to a particle sizing of said powder. The lignin or lignosulfonate and the powder are mixed into the granular form with a granule size of 0.1 to 6 millimeters.

The humic and fulvic acids in a dry soluble powder act as natural chelating agents binding to nutrients in the soil. Plant roots absorb these humic acid nutrient compounds effectively increasing the efficiency of plants' uptake of nutrients and decreasing nutrient losses caused by leaching. In combination with fertilization, humic and fulvic acids foster efficient use of a fertilization program and may even reduce the amount of nutrients applied. Humic and fulvic acids also contribute to improving soil quality, texture, water holding capacity (retention) and sustainability, while breaking down clay lattices and reducing sodium build up in soils. By using a dry soluble product, a user can make small liquid batches when and where needed, transportation, storage and handling are simpler and cost efficient.
Sulfonated potassium humate powder is inherently highly soluble in most aqueous liquids over a range of pH ranges, and this humate is also dusty to handle as a powder—which are key factors for humic acid agronomic performance, but also lead to other physical and handling restrictions that have limited the marketplace use and acceptance of this product. This high solubility has also been a detriment in the ability to make sulfonated potassium humate into a granular form. In addition, existing granular potassium humates have limitations with respect to solubility in fertilizer solutions, especially acidic solutions. Furthermore, existing liquid humate solutions and formulations are limited in humate concentration levels, resulting in the inefficient transport of such products.
Thus, there exists a need for a sulfonated humate that allow for ease of handling, storage as a low dust granule; and application of the granular form either in particle or liquid form.

Granular humate for spray application and process of making same


Methods and systems are disclosed for provisioning a SONET network. One method acquires a SONET Capacity Activation report. The report contains information for telecommunications network equipment connected to the SONET network. A target identification number is generated for the telecommunications network equipment. The target identification number is then exported for provisioning of the SONET network.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to computers and to telecommunications and, more particularly, to methods and systems for assigning circuits in a telecommunications network.
2. Description of the Related Art
A telecommunications network often has a network transport for the transmission of data. This network transport often comprises a Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) structure with redundant, multiple rings. As data is transported along the SONET, cross-connections between equipment connected along the SONET ("network elements" or "SONET elements") must be established so that data and voice traffic is correctly routed.
These circuit cross-connections are manually assigned. Once the individual pieces of equipment connected to the SONET have been inventoried, template records for each piece of equipment must be created. These templates help establish the required cross connections between SONET elements when routing data and voice traffic. The template records uniquely identify each SONET element. These template records, however, must be entered, or "built," in a manual environment. That is, the information that uniquely identifies each piece of equipment connected to the SONET is entered by hand into databases.
This manual environment is cumbersome. These template records are entered by hand, and then each record must be validated to ensure accuracy. Because there are many SONET elements along the network transport, there is a large amount of records to enter and to verify. These records, additionally, often dynamically change with changes in customer services. The accuracy of these records is then inherently limited by the usual constraints of any manual process: speed and accuracy. The sheer volume of records overwhelms a single person. If an entire group of persons is assigned to share responsibility for the records, the entire group's efficiency is reduced when each member must contribute to the entry and validation efforts. There is, accordingly, a need in the art for quickly, efficiently, and accurately provisioning telecommunications equipment connected along a Synchronous Optical Network.

Methods and systems for provisioning SONET elements


A container for dispensing individual plastic wrap covers and a method of assembling such a container are disclosed. The container may be generally parallelopiped in shape and may include a hinged lid initially secured to the container along a score line. The lid may be torn along the score line and pivoted at the hinge to allow the user to access a smaller opening provided within the container. The smaller opening may be provided within a fifth flap provided integrally with the remainder of the template used to form the container. The opening may be sufficiently large to allow for the plastic wrap covers to be removed, but may be sufficiently small so as to prevent or substantially limit the removal of more than one plastic wrap cover at a time.

The disclosure generally relates to dispensers and, more particularly, relates to dispensers for use in conjunction with plastic food covers and the like.
Containers for the storage and dispersal of wound films such as plastic wrap, aluminum foil, wax paper and the like are well known. Such wound films are commonly used for covering and protecting food products. Similarly, it is known to cover and protect a food product with pre-formed plastic wrap covers. Such covers are manufactured individually, rather than as a wound film, and are often marketed and sold in stacks in dispensing containers. The plastic wrap cover may be quicker and easier to use than the wound films in that they are of a pre-formed size and typically include an elastic band about a perimeter to allow for quick, snug fitting to a bowl or the like.
Conventionally, such plastic wrap covers are sold in a tub-style dispensing container having a lidded opening permitting cover withdrawal. The relatively large opening of the dispenser allows for easy access to the covers, but may be so large that it may be difficult to remove a single cover at a time. Thus, a user often grabs more covers than needed, resulting in the user throwing away the extra, unwanted covers that have been accidentally removed from the container. The elastic properties of the wraps and compressed loading of the wraps into the container often augment such unwanted dispersal. Further, the opening of the dispensing container is often so large that it exposes many of the covers to environmental contaminants. This contamination also results in several bags being wasted or undesirably soiled.
When manufacturing such dispensing containers, it can therefore be seen that many criteria must be examined to suit the needs of a user and reduce undesirable waste. In particular, the dispensing container should be a shape that is easily stored. Additionally, the dispensing opening of the container should be designed so that the user can easily remove a single cover at a time. Further, the opening should be designed so that the opening reduces unwanted contamination of the covers. The lid of the dispensing container should also be relatively easy to open and re-close to ensure protection of the covers between uses.
A need therefore exists for an improved dispensing container which restricts the dispensing of multiple plastic wrap covers at a single use and sufficiently protects the covers from undesirable exposure between use of the covers.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, a dispensing carton is provided which may include a front panel, a back panel, a top panel, a bottom panel, at least one end panel, and a dispensing panel. The back panel is substantially parallel to the front panel. The top panel extends between the front panel and the back panel and includes a hinged lid movable between open and closed positions. The bottom panel extends between the front panel and the back panel and is substantially parallel to the top panel. At least one end panel extends across first and second ends of the container. The dispensing panel is positioned adjacent and substantially parallel to the top panel and includes a dispensing aperture. The dispensing aperture is exposed when the lid is in the open position and is covered when the lid is in the closed position.
In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a method of forming a dispensing carton is disclosed which may include providing a template having adjacent front, top, back, bottom, latch, and dispensing panels, folding the front, top, back, bottom, latch, and dispensing panels into a tubular configuration, loading compressed articles into the dispensing carton, and folding end flaps to close first and second ends of the carton. The dispensing flap may have a dispensing aperture and be secured to an inside surface of the top panel. The compressed articles may be loaded into the dispensing carton through one of the open ends of the carton.
In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a dispensing carton in provided which may include a parallelopidedly shaped box and a lid. The box may include an aperture formed in at least one side. The lid may be hinged to the box and be adapted to move to a first position covering the aperture to a second position exposing the aperture. The lid and the side in which the aperture is disposed may be formed from first and second layers.
These and other aspects and features of the disclosure will become more apparent upon reading the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Dispensing container and method for manufacturing same


The present embodiments are directed to a device for generating radio frequency signals, including high power radio frequency signals. In certain embodiments, the device comprises multiple transmission lines driven in parallel at their input and connected in series at their output. The electromagnetic transit lengths of the transmission lines may be unequal. A series connection of the transmission lines at the output may produce an output signal from each transmission line driving the same polarity signal to the load. The series connection of transmission lines at the output may produce a bipolar output signal. One section of the device may convert a unipolar input signal into a bipolar signal. One section of the device may duplicate the input signal. Multiple sections may be arranged to convert a unipolar input signal into multiple radio frequency oscillations.

The availability of devices capable of producing high power microwave (HPM) or high power radio frequency (HPRF) signals is limited due to high voltage and high current requirements. High power sources have typically been implemented in the form of vacuum electronic devices. There is a need for solid-state sources of high power electromagnetic signals because solid-state sources have the potential to significantly reduce the size, weight, and cost of high power sources. But, the solid-state sources available in the art are highly inefficient and cannot match the output power capabilities of tube-based sources.
Vacuum electronic devices have long been used to generate both low and high power RF signals. By accelerating electrons in a vacuum tube device, electromagnetic waves are produced, which can then be coupled out through a waveguide or via a coupler to a transmission line. Tubes designed for high average power or high peak power operation can produce signals ranging from continuous operation at less than 1 kW to short bursts at greater than 1 GW. Many types of vacuum electronic tube devices have been developed for the production of HPM and HPRF, including but not limited to magnetrons, gyrotrons, vircators, klystrons, traveling wave tubes, backward wave oscillators, magnetically-insulated line oscillators, reltrons, free electron lasers, o-type Cerenkov devices, relativistic diffraction generators, multi-wave diffraction generators, multiwave Cerenkov generators, dielectric Cerenkov masers, plasma Cerenkov masers, and slow-wave structures.
While these devices can operate at higher power levels than solid-state devices, there are disadvantages to their use. These disadvantages include the requirement to maintain a vacuum environment, which adds to the size, weight, cost, and complexity of the system. Additionally, frequency agility and bandwidth control are limited in most devices as the operating frequencies are often determined by resonant structures that cannot be dynamically modified. And, efficiency in converting input power into output RF is typically poor, resulting in heating issues for high power devices. Heating and other factors contribute to the limited lifetime of high power microwave devices, which decreases reliability and increases operational costs. These disadvantages make vacuum electronics sources of HPM or HPRF incompatible with many applications that require small size, weight, and device portability.
Solid-state sources do not incorporate vacuum electronics to produce an electromagnetic signal. Instead, they incorporate semiconductor devices and/or other solid or liquid conductors. Solid-state amplifiers based on semiconductor switches have improved over the past few decades to increase the power level of a single amplifier based on a single transistor to the order of hundreds of watts. There are many types of amplifiers, including but not limited to class A, class AB, class B, class C, class D, class E, class F, and solid-state pulsed power amplifiers. There are also multiple techniques to combine the output of many amplifiers to increase the total output power. These systems can produce average power levels on the order of tens to hundreds of kilowatts. However, the power and cooling requirements for these systems contributes to the relatively large size and weight for these systems. Additionally, the complexity associated with high power combiners decreases reliability and increases costs of operation. Without a breakthrough in the power handling capability of semiconductor-based amplifiers, scaling to higher power will be limited by the complexity, cost, size, and weight of the system.
Solid-state sources capable of producing high power output from a single device have previously been proposed. One example is a frozen wave generator (FWG). The FWG operates by charging multiple transmission lines with alternating polarity. When one or more switches is closed to connect the charged transmission lines, the transmission lines are discharged, resulting in a train of pulses appearing at the load impedance. Depending on the voltage rating and closing time of the switch(es), it is possible to output a high power signal from a single FWG. However, there are limitations to the FWG. The FWG is often implemented with multiple switches to decrease parasitic inductance in the circuit, which can degrade the RF output. These switches must each be capable of holding off a full bipolar charge difference and close very fast (e.g., typically less than 1 ns), so the requirement for more than one switch per FWG increases the cost and complexity of the system. The use of two power supplies to charge the transmission lines positive and negative also increases complexity and cost. The functions of energy storage and RF generation are both achieved with the same transmission lines. This limits the ability to drive the FWG with other types of sources and limits the repetition rate by the charging time of the transmission lines.
Other solid-state sources of RF based on charged transmission lines are known in the art. These include but are not limited to pulse forming lines, impedance mismatched pulse forming lines, Blumlein lines, and translationally symmetric transmission lines (TSTLs). Similar to the FWG, these solid-state sources operate by first charging the transmission lines and then quickly discharging the transmission lines with a fast switch. This limits the compatibility of these sources to be driven by other sources and limits the repetition rate by the charging time of the transmission lines. Thus, solid-state RF sources are needed that can be driven by multiple types of pulsers and are not limited in repetition rate by the need to charge the RF-generating device.
Non-linear transmission lines (NLTLs) are other types of solid-state sources of RF signals that have been developed for high power operation. NLTLs generate an RF signal due to variation of the inductance and/or capacitance of the transmission lines when driven by an input pulse. Since the pulse is generated externally to the NLTL, the NLTL can be driven by multiple different types of pulsers unlike the FWG and TSTL. NLTLs are constructed with non-linear materials or components such that the transmission line properties along the line change with time and distance along the line. Gyromagnetic NLTLs incorporate non-linear magnetic materials, such as ferromagnetic materials or ferrites, whose relative permeability changes with respect to the magnetic field strength in the material. Similarly, non-linear dielectric materials, such as ferroelectrics, have a variable relative permittivity dependent on the electric field strength in the material and are implemented in capacitive NLTLs. In addition to the use of non-linear materials, the non-linear capacitance of reverse-biased diodes has been used to form NLTLs. The variation of one or more of these material or device properties causes soliton formation along the non-linear transmission line, producing an RF signal at the output. When designed for high voltage operation, many of these lines can be driven at high peak power and at high repetition rate for high average power.
However, there are many disadvantages to NLTLs. In particular, the RF conversion efficiency (e.g., the efficiency with which the NLTL converts the input pulse into an RF output signal) is very low. The voltage modulation depth is low, meaning the RF produced by the input pulse is a relatively small percentage of the pulse magnitude. Most of the pulse energy is transmitted through to the output at the low frequency of the input pulse. The RF energy that is produced is thus riding on the direct current (DC) bias of the input pulse, so the output RF is not truly bipolar. For some antenna systems and other loads, a bipolar output with little or no DC bias is preferred. Additionally, the solitons that are produced with an NLTL are highly damped such that the magnitude is high for only the first few cycles before rapidly becoming negligible.
Another disadvantage is that most NLTLs require a biasing field to operate. In gyromagnetic NLTLs, a bias magnetic field is often created by a solenoid around the NLTL. This bias field is often driven by a separate continuous or pulsed power supply, increasing the cost and complexity of the system. Diode-based NLTLs operate with the diodes under a reverse bias, requiring an additional power supply and biasing system, which add to system cost and complexity. Finally, the changing properties of the transmission line in time result in dynamic reflection and transmission coefficients at the input and output connections. These transient transmission line properties prevent efficient matching to transfer the output signal to an external load. Thus, there is a need for a source of high power RF signals that can provide impedance matching to both the pulsed source and load while using only linear elements.
In summary, the current state of the art does not meet the needs for a high power source of radio frequency signals. Generally, no device meets the following requirements: solid-state materials; high power capability in a single device; compatibility with multiple sources of input energy; linear materials; components; and operation modes; no bias field; high RF conversion efficiency; bipolar output signal; frequency and bandwidth agility; and scalability to power levels of greater than 1 GW. Thus, there is a need for new solid-state sources of HPM and/or HPRF signals.

Systems and methods for generating radio frequency signals


There is provided a radiation-curable adhesive tape comprising a radiation-curable adhesive layer which is formed on a radiation transmitting substrate. The radiation-curable adhesive layer is composed of an acrylic adhesive and radiation-curable compound having carbon-carbon double bonds. The radiation-curable tape can be used preferably in processing steps for the production of semiconductor wafer, ceramics and glass employing a direct picking-up system.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an adhesive tape that is used in a working step, wherein a semiconductor wafer (for example, consisting of Si and GaAs), ceramics, glass, etc. is cut or abraded.
(2) Description of Prior Art
Hitherto, in semiconductor wafer dicing to make chips, a direct picking-up system has been used, wherein the semiconductor wafer is stuck and secured on an adhesive tape, the wafer is cut with a rotating circular blade along the chip shape, the securing adhesive tape is expanded radially to lower the adhesive force securing the chips, thereby enabling the chips to be picked up one by one from the adhesive tape, so that the chips can be mounted on die.
In the above system, when the semiconductor wafer is cut with a rotating circular blade, for the purpose of cooling the rotating circular blade and to eliminate the cuttings, washing water pressurized to approximately 2 kg/cm.sup.2 is discharged against the rotating circular blade and the semiconductor wafer. Therefore, the chip-securing adhesive force in the dicing process is required to withstand the cutting impact force of the rotating circular blade and this water pressure, and in this sense, the greater the adhesive force the better. However, if the chip-securing adhesive force is excessive, the picking-up of the chips from the adhesive tape becomes difficult. That is, when it is required that the chip-securing adhesive force for the dicing process and the chip-securing adhesive force for the picking-up be controlled in accordance with the size of the chip, and the adhesive force of the adhesive tape set in accordance with the size of the chip, then in the case of chips having a size of 25 mm.sup.2 or over, such as chips for recent LSI, whose integration degree has increased, the individual chip-securing adhesive force becomes high. As a result, a problem occurs in that the picking-up from the adhesive tape becomes difficult, and does not allowing a direct picking-up step to be applied.
To overcome this problem, adhesive tapes for securing a semiconductor wafer have been suggested that comprise a support through which radiation, such as ultraviolet rays or ionizing radiation such as an electron beam, can pass, and an adhesive layer that is applied on the support and is cured when irradiated, the chip-securing adhesive force in the dicing process is made high, and after the semiconductor wafer is cut and separated into chips, the tape is irradiated from the support side with radiation to cure the radiation-curable adhesive layer, thereby lowering the chip-securing adhesive force considerably, so that chips, regardless of size, such as of size of 25 mm.sup.2 or over, can be easily picked up.
Some adhesive tape suggestions have provided for semiconductor wafer-securing adhesive tapes having a radiation-transmitting support coated with a radiation-curable adhesive. These tapes are based on the principle that when the radiation-curable compound in the adhesive is cured it causes the adhesive to have a three-dimensional structure so that the fluidity of the adhesive is greatly lowered, and as a result the chip-securing adhesive force is lowered remarkably. Examples of such adhesive tapes are those disclosed in Japanese Patent Application (OPI) Nos. 196956/1985, 201642/1985, 28572/1986, and 10180/1987.
In the semiconductor wafer processing steps using a radiation-curable tape (e.g., sticking, cuting, grinding, polishing, radiation, and picking-up) such problems as described below may occur.
The surface state of semiconductor wafers that will be stuck on semiconductor wafer-securing adhesive tapes are not always specular or almost specular. That is, usually the wafer surface is subjected to a grinding treatment, etching treatment, or special treatment wherein a metal such as gold is deposited, and this results in a number of fine crevices in the wafer surface. Consequently, fluidization of the adhesive cannot be fully prevented by simply causing the adhesive layer to have a three-dimensional network after irradiation, and therefore the chip-securing adhesive force changes conspicuously depending on the surface state of the wafer. As a result, in some cases the picking-up of even chips having a size of 25 mm.sup.2 or below becomes difficult. Thus the change in the chip-securing adhesive force after irradiation due to the surface state of the chips (where sticking will be effected) leads to the problem that the picking-up workability lowers greatly, thereby lowering chip productivity.
Further, a film comprising a single resin layer, for example of that a polyvinyl chloride or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is usually used as the substrate of a radiation-curable adhesive tape, but when it is desired to process the semiconductor wafer at a higher speed and more efficiently on an industrial production level, further problems mentioned below may arise.
When a semiconductor wafer or the like is diced using a radiation-curable adhesive tape, considerable tension is exerted on the adhesive tape because the support film is under the influence of an impact due to the cutting work by a rotating circular blade into the semiconductor wafer stuck on the adhesive tape, as well as being under the influence of the weight of the semiconductor wafer itself. Due to resulting tension, the support film is expanded, and sometimes the middle part of the adhesive tape may slacken and sink. When the thus-slackened adhesive tape is housed in a carrier cassette to be transported to the next step, such problems as the tape failing be suitably housed or wafer-to-wafer contact in the carrier cassette can arise. Also, due to the slackening of the adhesive tape, the interval between the chips may become narrow, and the adjacent ends of the chips may touch, damaging the chips, which is another problem. Further, the radiation-curable adhesive tape will be subjected to irradiation to lower the chip-securing adhesive force as the pretreatment for picking up the chips in the irradiation process, wherein the adhesive tape is heated by light in the infrared range which falls on the adhesive tape. As a result, further expansion or partial wrinkling of the adhesive tape is caused by the heat or the like. Since this expansion or wrinkling will be retained until the final step where the radiation-curable adhesive is cured and the chips are picked up, the expansion and wrinkling not only present in the adhesive tape from being housed in a carrier cassette used for transportation between the steps, but also from irridation, cause uneven intervals between the chips, leading to incomplete picking-up of the chips.
On the other hand, in such a system wherein the adhesive force is lowered by providing a three-dimensional network to the adhesive by the curing reaction of a radiation-curable compound, the rubber-like properties of the adhesive tape retained during the dicing step almost disappear when the picking-up operation is performed and therefore, a problem arises in that the radial expansion of the adhesive tape that has hitherto been performed cannot now be done. This expansion of the tape, which will be carried out, or will not be carried out, depending on the performance of the wafer processing apparatus or the size of the chips, is carried out to prevent the adjacent chips from touching and damaging the circuit surface when the chips are picked up from the adhesive tape, because the interval between the chip cut by the rotating circular blade is too small. As a method of obviating this problem, an adhesive tape is suggested that will be irradiated after the tape has been expanded, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 59684/1987. In that case, a resin having rubber-like properties is made of a resin such as polybutene, polyurethane, and 1,2-polybutadiene. Before irradiation these resins can be expanded to form an interval between the chips large enough to prevent the chips from touching, but if one tries to make the interval between the chips large enough to accomodate a picking-up apparatus that recognizes an image so that the chips are picked up, the intervals between the chips become ununiform due to necking of the film itself, and also the film is deteriorated due to irradiation or due to expanding after the irradiation, resulting in a disappearance of the rubber-like properties, so that such an enlargement of the interval between chips becomes workably impossible. The adhesive of this adhesive tape is identical with that disclosed in Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 19695/1985, and the expansion of the adhesive tape is to be performed before the irradiation. Generally, when expansion is carried out after irradiation, since the expanded tape is heated by the heat of the irradiation, there occurs the disadvantage that the chips are not arranged uniformly (the aligning property becomes poor). Further, in such a method, apparatuses for picking up chips that have been conventionally used by semiconductor manufacturers cannot be suitably used. (Generally an expanding mechanism is incorporated in a picking-up apparatus, and irradiation is performed before the step of expanding the adhesive tape.)


Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method and apparatus for determining a text color. The method may include: determining, in response to detecting a text frame on canvas, a subimage corresponding to the text frame from the canvas; acquiring color values of pixels in the subimage, to determine an average color value of the subimage; determining an average luminance value of the subimage based on the average color value of the subimage; and determining a color of text to be inputted into the text frame based on the average luminance value of the subimage.

With the popularity of mobile phones, computers, and other electronic devices, people use more and more design tools (e.g., Photoshop, and PowerPoint) in their work and life. For design tools, during text display, there is often a problem that the contrast between canvas and font color is not bright enough, such that it may be very difficult for users to distinguish text from the canvas.
In the related art, the users of the design tools (e.g., Photoshop, and PowerPoint) generally may manually adjust the font color to enhance the contrast between the canvas and the text.

Method and apparatus for determining text color

BEIJING BAIDU NETCOM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


A reed switch assembly of a magnetic latching relay includes a movable reed, an immovable reed, a movable contact and an immovable contact. The movable contact and the immovable contact are disposed at respective ends of the movable reed and the immovable reed. The end with the movable contact of the movable reed is bent twice to form a reverse U-shaped end. The end with the immovable contact of the immovable reed is bent twice to form a U-shaped end. The reverse U-shaped end of the movable reed and the U-shaped end of the immovable reed are interlaced. The present invention further comprises a tension spring. One end of the tension spring is fixed to the reverse U-shaped end of the movable reed, and another end of the tension spring is mounted to a base of the magnetic latching relay.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a reed switch assembly of a magnetic latching relay, and more particularly, to a reed switch assembly of a magnetic latching relay to resist high surge current.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A magnetic latching relay uses engagement and disengagement of the movable and immovable contacts of a reed switch assembly to achieve connection and disconnection of circuit. To disengage the movable contact is from the immovable contact will generate a repulsion force. The more the current is, the more the repulsion force will be. This will influence the contact of the movable and immovable contacts. In particular, the surge current will cause disengagement of the movable and immovable contacts so the magnetic latching relay is not stable.
Accordingly, the present invention intends to provide a reed switch assembly of a magnetic latching relay for improving the shortcomings mentioned above.

Reed switch assembly of magnetic latching relay

Dongguan Sanyou Electrical Appliances Co., Ltd.