A space efficient magnetic antenna is disclosed for use in tracking, positioning and other applications. In a preferred embodiment, a space efficient magnetic antenna system comprises a first magnetic antenna with a first null axis aligned within a predetermined plane and a second magnetic antenna having a second null axis aligned substantially orthogonal to a first null axis. A second magnetic antenna system lies in a minimal coupling orientation with respect to a first magnetic antenna system. Additionally, a first magnetic antenna may further comprise a plurality of interconnected magnetic antenna elements. A space efficient magnetic antenna system may include an RF module. In further embodiments, the antenna system may enclose a substantial majority of the device including the RF module; the RF module may be enclosed substantially or wholly within one or more antennas of the antenna system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to antenna systems, particularly for use in measurement of position or location by means of electromagnetic signaling.
2. Background of the Invention
Magnetic antennas, particularly loopstick antennas, are often used for reception of low frequency signals. FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a prior art loopstick antenna 104. Prior art loopstick antenna 104 comprises primary coil 131, ferrite rod 135, secondary coil 133 and tuning means 132. In alternate embodiments, ferrite rod 135 may be iron, some other ferromagnetic material, or even a non-ferromagnetic material to support primary coil 131. Ferrite rod 135 may also be a bar, cylinder, prism, or other geometric form suitable for supporting primary coil 131. In alternate embodiments ferrite rod may be dispensed with altogether if primary coil 131 is sufficiently stiff to maintain a suitable mechanical shape. Secondary coil 133 provides coupling into primary coil 131 and means by which prior art loopstick antenna 104 may further couple to an RF device.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a prior art loopstick antenna 104. Primary coil 131 generally comprises turns with normals co-located with loopstick axis 205. Loopstick axis 205 is not only an axis of ferrite rod 135, but also a null axis for prior art loopstick antenna 104. Pattern of prior art loopstick antenna 104 lies generally along pattern axis 207. Pattern axis 207 is substantially orthogonal to loopstick axis 205.
Null axis is a name for an axis referring to a far field pattern for the antenna and is referred to as null axis even though near field coupling may be achieved along the null axis. The null axis is typically the coil winding axis of a conventional cylindrical coil as well as the direction of the antenna moment vector.
A variety of prior art seeks to determine position using signal amplitude, or equivalently signal strength. These efforts are confounded by the impact of typical multi-path heavy environments which act to constructively and destructively combine signals in such a fashion as to render typical signal strength ranging schemes wildly inaccurate. These impacts differ for different building types. Different building types pose different propagation environments for electromagnetic signals and effect a signal strength ranging system in different ways.
Furthermore, existing amplitude or signal strength positioning schemes tend to use sub-optimal antenna arrangements that seriously impact their performance. Existing antenna arrangements are large and bulky or small and inefficient. Other existing antenna arrangements are prone to undesirable coupling to a mobile asset or person being tracked.


In order to prevent As/P replacement at the boundary face of a re-grown semiconductor layer and avoid a crystalline defect caused by the replacement, there is provided an optical semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a striped stacking body including a first semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second semiconductor layer; and a burying layer burying the striped stacking body striped stacking body, wherein surfaces in contact with a side face and a bottom face of the burying layer are made of a compound semiconductor that contains arsenic (As) alone as a group V element, and a portion other than the surface includes a group V element other than arsenic.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical semiconductor device and a fabrication method for the optical semiconductor device, preferably used for optical fiber communication systems and the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, in accordance with improvement of optical communication modules smaller in size and lower in electric power consumption, optical devices, such as semiconductor lasers and/or optical modulators, able to operate even at high temperatures are demanded.
Conventional optical devices used for optical fiber communication systems have been made mainly of InGaAsP based materials.
Lately, optical devices made of AlGaInAs based materials that realize sufficient high-speed performance at a high temperature because of their superior band structure of hetero junctions have been developed.
Further, optical devices with buried heterostructure can reduce driving electric current and realize high-speed performance, and therefore have been focused on.
Here, FIG. 6 shows an example of a conventional buried heterostructure semiconductor laser (an optical semiconductor device) configured by AlGaInAs based materials.
A conventional buried heterostructure semiconductor laser made from AlGaInAs based materials, as shown in FIG. 6, includes an optical waveguide formed by sequentially depositing (stacking) an n-type InP lower cladding layer 101 also serving as a buffer layer, an AlGaInAs/AlGaInAs strained multiple quantum well active layer 102, a p-type InP upper cladding layer 103, and a p-type InGaAs contact layer 104 on an n-type InP substrate 100 and by processing the stacking body (the deposited layers) into a mesa shape, and has a structure that the opposite sides of the optical waveguide in a mesa shape are buried with an InP layer (here, a semi-insulating InP layer) 105. In FIG. 6, symbol 106 represents an n-electrode; symbol 107 represents a p-electrode; and symbol 108 represents a SiO2 film (layer)
Several fabrication methods for such a buried heterostructure semiconductor laser are proposed, but a buried heterostructure semiconductor laser is usually fabricated by the following method.
First of all, as shown in FIG. 7(A), the n-type InP lower cladding layer 101 also serving as a buffer layer, the AlGaInAs/AlGaInAs strained multiple quantum well active layer 102, the p-type InP upper cladding layer 103 and the p-type InGaAs contact layer 104 are stacked on the n-type InP substrate by carrying out crystal growth and the stacking body are processed into a mesa shape by etching.
After that, as shown in FIG. 7(B), an InP layer (in this case, a semi-insulating InP layer) is re-grown (formed) on opposite sides of the mesa structure by, for example, the MOCVD method, so that an InP burying layer (here, a semi-insulating InP burying layer) 105 is formed.
This fabrication method can flexibly deal with various waveguide shapes and can therefore have extremely wide applicability. This method is the most realistic when a semiconductor laser has a mesa body that is relatively high and is buried by a high-resistance semiconductor layer (here, a semi-insulting InP layer), which is suitable for high-speed operation, as shown in FIG. 6.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. HEI 8-172241 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-134842 concern buried heterostructure semiconductor lasers configured by AlGaInAs based materials.

Optical semiconductor device and fabrication method thereof


Apparatus for mixing aqueous foam with a slurry of gypsum and water. A cylindrical housing includes, in its upper end, an inlet for a slurry and a helical diverter for directing the slurry in a downward spiral flow path. An inlet for aqueous foam in located in said diverted and directs the foam into the incoming slurry. An annular flow restrictor is located in the lower end of the housing. Turbulence resulting from diversion of the incoming slurry from linear flow to a downward spiral flow path and from changes in spin diameter and speed through the flow restrictor uniformly mix foam with the slurry.

Not Applicable.
Not Applicable.
Not Applicable.
The present invention relates to foamed gypsum products and more particularly to a mixer for preparing a foamed gypsum slurry for use in making foamed gypsum products.
Gypsum wallboard is a common building material. It generally is made of a hardened gypsum plaster, i.e. a mixture of calcium sulfate and water, sandwiched between two facing sheets, typically paper. It is common to mix foam with the gypsum plaster to produce a product having less weight. Various systems have been developed for making foamed gypsum wallboard with a hard edge, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,673 issued to White et al. on Jul. 21, 1981. In the White patent a first rotary mixer is used to mix calcined gypsum, water, and foam and other rotary mixers are used to defoam portions of the output of the first mixer to provide a more dense plaster for making the hard edges.
Efficient use of foam reduces costs and can improve finished product quality. As a result, efforts have been made to more efficiently mix foam with a gypsum plaster to reduce the amount of foam generating chemicals used, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,200 issued to Bradshaw on Jan. 16, 1996. In the Bradshaw patent, one rotary mixer is used to mix calcined gypsum and water, and a second mixer is used to mix foam with the slurry produced in the first mixer.
It would be desirable to provide a system for efficiently mixing foam into a gypsum slurry without requiring the use of additional energy required by secondary rotary mixers.
The present invention provides an apparatus for mixing an aqueous foam with a calcined gypsum and water slurry. The apparatus includes a cylindrical mixing chamber having a slurry diverter at a first end and a circular constriction at a second end. The chamber has an inlet near its first end for receiving a flow of calcined gypsum and water slurry between its central axis and outer wall. The diverter directs the flow in a spiral or helical path. Aqueous foam is injected into the inlet, preferably through the diverter, and mixes with the slurry by turbulence as the slurry spins in the chamber. The circular constriction causes further turbulence to further mix the foam with the gypsum slurry.

Temple-Inland Forest Products Corporation


The present invention provides a non-lethal projectile for delivering an electric pulse to a target. In one aspect of the invention, the projectile utilizes a piezoelectric device and an electrical oscillating circuit in order to generate a pulse. In another aspect of the invention, the projectile utilizes a piezoelectric device and a mechanical oscillating circuit in order to generate an electric pulse. Since the projectile of the present invention contains the structure to generate the required electric pulse, it can be employed effectively at distances of up to 150 meters.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a non-lethal stun projectile that relies on an electrical impulse to stun the target. More specifically, the present invention relates to a self-contained, non-lethal piezoelectric stun projectile.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Non-lethal neuromuscular disrupter weapons, sometimes referred to as "stun guns", use a handpiece to deliver a high voltage charge to a human or animal target. The high voltage causes the target's muscles to contract uncontrollably, thereby disabling the target without causing permanent physical damage.
The most well known type of stun gun is known as the TASER gun. TASER guns look like pistols but use compressed air to fire two darts from a handpiece. The darts trail conductive wires back to the handpiece. When the darts strike their target, a high voltage charge is carried down the wire. A typical discharge is a pulsed discharge at 0.3 joules per pulse.
Taser guns and other guns of that type (herein referred to as "neuromuscular disrupter guns" or "NDG's") are useful in situations when a firearm is inappropriate. However, a shortcoming of conventional NDGs is the need for physical connection between the projectile and the source of electrical power, i.e., the handpiece. This requirement limits the range of the NDG to about 20 feet.
One approach to eliminating the physical connection is to use an ionized air path to the target to create a conductive air path. For example, it might be possible to ionize the air between the handpiece and the target by using high-powered bursts or other air-ionizing techniques. However, this approach unduly complicates an otherwise simple weapon. An example of a NDG that uses conductive air paths to deliver a charge to the target is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,675,103.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,815 describes a stun bullet that does not require a wired connection to the handpiece and which is designed to penetrate the skin of the target and deliver an electrical charge having a lower voltage and lower energy per pulse than typical stun guns. This stun bullet is provided with a battery or alternatively it may have a capacitor to temporarily store a charge delivered to the bullet just prior to firing. The range of this device is said to be well over 100 yards, but the dual dart electrodes must unwind from the bullet to be deployed, and subsequently penetrate the skin. Thus, these projectiles have some disadvantages resulting from the method of deploying the electrodes.
Another approach to providing an NDG that does not require an electrical connection between the handpiece and the projectile is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,806. In this device, an electrical charge is generated within the projectile by means of a battery-powered converter housed within the projectile.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,679,180; 6,802,261 and 6,802,262 each describe a tetherless neuromuscular disrupter gun employing a liquid-based capacitor projectile. In these patents, the projectile has an outer housing for the liquid and a capacitor is also located within the housing. The gun charges the projectile prior to discharge of the projectile from the gun. Upon impact, the liquid is discharged to deliver a single pulse with sufficient electrical charge to disrupt neuromuscular activity. These projectiles have a limited range of about 60 meters.
There remains a need in the art for a non-lethal approach to stunning or inhibiting a target that does not require electrical contact between the target and a hand-held apparatus, such as a stun gun. In addition what is needed is a single projectile, non-lethal approach to stunning or inhibiting a target that is not range-limited by wires coupled to darts, such as with a TASER, and that can be easily reloaded if an initial firing is unsuccessful.


Disclosed are a system, apparatus, and method for depth camera image re-mapping. A depth camera image from a depth camera may be received and a depth camera's physical position may be determined. The depth camera's physical position may be determined relative to an other physical position, such as the physical position of a color camera. The depth camera image may be transformed according to a processing order associated with the other physical position.

Mobile or portable devices often contain a wide feature set to satisfy a variety of use requirements. These devices can include a wide variety of sensors for recording environment data, such as color image camera sensors. Some devices also include depth camera sensors to capture object distance information for a scene. For some applications (for example, augmented reality) depth image information may be used for mapping 3D objects in an environment. The depth camera is typically a separate camera positioned in a different but nearby position than the color camera(s).
Therefore, when a depth camera and color camera are triggered at approximately the same time, the depth camera and camera sensor typically capture images from slightly different viewpoints. The slight differences in viewpoint and other factors such as focal length, resolution, or other differences in camera/sensor properties means that some sort of translation may occur in order to properly apply depth information in a color camera coordinate system. Application of depth information to the color camera coordinate system is desirable because, typically, output of augmented reality applications utilize a color camera image of a scene as the basis for augmentation.
Depth images may be composed of pixels in a 2D coordinate system, where each pixel represents a depth or distance value. The depth information from the depth camera can be mapped to a color camera to assist in augmented reality applications.
However, an augmented reality system typically includes a depth camera physically separate and distinct from the color camera. Therefore, the camera viewpoints for the depth camera and the color camera will not be an identical match. For example, the depth camera may be positioned to the left, right, or some direction relative to the color camera (for example, integrated into a mobile phone or other device).
Because of the parallax effect, the depth map of the depth camera may have a depth value for two points at two different depths where, from the perspective of the color camera, the closer of the two points occludes the further, and hence, the color camera's image captures only the closer of the two points. When attempting to integrate data from the depth map to a color image taken by a color camera, ignoring this above described occlusion can produce errors in output and impact user experience.

Method and apparatus for efficient depth image transformation


A swaddle accessory to restrain an infant or child's arms has a single panel that is both wide and long enough to wrap entirely both of the infant's arms, hook and loop fasteners to secure the arm restraints and pockets to contain the hands to prevent them from breaking out of a swaddle made from a receiving blanket or other swaddle device.

Swaddling of infants has been practiced for thousands of years. Swaddling consists of the wrapping or binding of an infant with a blanket or other swaddling device.
There are several benefits of and reasons to swaddle an infant. Swaddling keeps an infant warm and it allows a caregiver to handle and carry an infant more easily. It is believed that swaddling comforts the infant and allows them to sleep more soundly. The snugness or the swaddle may remind them of the confinement of the womb and provide comfort. Swaddling with the arms bound also helps prevents an infant from waking due to their startle reflex. Pressure across the abdominal and chest area is thought to relieve colic. Swaddling has been used more recently in the calming of older children that may have special needs.
The suggested positioning for an infant to sleep to reduce the risk of SIDS is on their back. Some infants do not tolerate sleeping on their back well unless they are swaddled.
The preferred method of swaddling is to keep the infant's arms at their sides. The problem is that parents are gifted or purchase receiving blankets and swaddle devices that aren't able to keep the infant's arms in the preferred position (at their sides), therefore making their swaddling efforts useless. Once they get their arms up by their chest or mouth, their rooting reflex kicks in and can interrupt their sleep. Older children are much stronger and can break out of a blanket or swaddle easily.
Another problem with not being able to keep the infant's arms at their sides is that they can work loose a blanket or swaddle device and it may migrate over their face causing a risk of suffocation, or strangulation. Also, swaddling can pose a risk to an infant if they are wrapped too tight to inhibit normal breathing.
Although most infants are only swaddled for 3-4 months, some require swaddling well past that age to sleep more soundly. Older babies are stronger and are much harder to keep from breaking out of their swaddle.
Infants in a hospital setting sometimes need their arms immobilized to prevent them from inadvertently pulling out tubes, IV's or disconnecting other medical monitoring devices
An ideal execution of swaddling would provide a way to keep the infant's arms fixed at their sides.
There are several patented swaddling devices in the prior art that have built-in arm restraints to attempt to keep the infant from breaking out of his swaddle. The arm restraints are permanently attached to the swaddle.
Unfortunately, receiving blankets and the current swaddle devices do not properly contain an infant's arms. A mother may have a favorite blanket that she would like to use due to the feel, color, texture of the blanket, it matches the baby's bedding, etc, but a baby can break out of a receiving blanket easily. Those swaddle devices that attempt to contain the infant's arms have arm restraints that are part of the swaddle and the parents wanting to swaddle their infant effectively have limited options in choosing what they wrap their baby in. In addition, the arm restraints are lacking in function. Either they are a pre-formed sleeve or pocket that is extremely difficult to insert an infant's arm through, or they are lacking any fasteners (such as hook and loop) to keep the arm restraint in place and inescapable for a wiggly infant, or they fail to keep the infant's arms in the preferred position, at their sides.
The present invention remedies the defects of known swaddles and receiving blankets by providing an easy to use swaddling accessory that keeps the infant's arms in the preferred position, at their sides, and can be used with any receiving blanket or swaddling device.
If a parent has a receiving blanket or swaddle device that they are particularly fond of, the present invention allows them to swaddle their infant in that blanket or swaddle properly and effectively.
The relevant prior art includes the following references:
Pat. No.InventorIssue/Publication Date7,587,769McDermottSep. 15, 20097,181,789GattenFeb. 27, 20077,043,783GattenMay 16, 20066,868,566GattenMar. 22, 20056,393,612Thach et al.May 28, 20025,129,406Magnusen et al.Jul. 14, 1992

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A method and system for displaying digital broadcast signals are disclosed. The method displays a broadcast signal, transmitted from a portable terminal having a digital broadcast receiver, on an external device having a decoding unit. When the external device transmits a digital broadcast playback request and selected channel information, the portable terminal controls the digital broadcast receiver to select a broadcast channel according to the selected channel information, demultiplexes a broadcast signal of the selected broadcast channel, and transmits the demodulated broadcast signal. The external device classifies the demodulated broadcast signal as audio, video, and broadcast information, decodes the classified signals and plays them back. When a communication event is generated while the portable terminal demodulates and transmits the broadcast signals of the selected broadcast channel, the communication event is transmitted to the external device and a wireless communication route is established to process the communication event.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to digital broadcasting, and in particular, to a method and system for displaying digital broadcast signals on an external device that is linked to a portable terminal including a digital broadcast receiver.
2. Description of the Related Art
Portable terminals are intended to install a multimedia-dedicated processor to enhance multimedia functions. Portable terminals install a digital broadcast receiver to enhance multimedia functions. To provide numerous multimedia functions, portable terminals must be configured to include a plurality of parts, which increases complexity of their configurations and makes their control harder.
Conventional portable terminals have a restriction in the size of a display unit for displaying multimedia data and in the playback ability of the speaker. Since the conventional portable terminals, such as a mobile phone, etc., are relatively small, the screen size of the display unit for displaying the received broadcast signal and the sound performance must be necessarily restricted. To resolve such a restriction, the portable terminals add a function to associate with an external device that their outputs can be played back through the external device. In that case, the portable terminals demodulate received broadcast signals; separate video and audio signals from the demodulated broadcast signals to decode them, respectively; and convert the decoded video and audio signals into the video and audio signals to output the converted signals to the external device.
However, the conventional broadcast signal process increases the amount of audio and video signals that the portable terminal will transmit. The portable terminal must transmit decoded broadcast signals to the external device. But the decoded broadcast signals include a large amount of information much greater than that of compressed broadcast signals. In particular, when the broadcast signals are digital broadcast signals, it is difficult for the portable terminal to transmit video data to the external device at 25 frames per second.
Also, the conventional broadcast signal process is disadvantageous in that the external device is only able to play back the broadcast signals transmitted from the portable terminal but not to control the broadcast signals. Although the conventional portable terminal is configured to be equipped with a communication function and thus provides incoming and outgoing call functions, it cannot process an incoming call signal received while the external device is playing broadcast signals back. Also, the conventional portable terminal cannot process an outgoing call signal while the external device is playing broadcast signals back.

Method and system for displaying digital broadcast data


A relative velocity sensing device for sensing an optical beam spot, for example, by using a tracking error difference signal that fluctuates as a sine-wave in accordance with a movement of the beam spot. The tracking error difference signal is converted into a first sawtooth wave signal, and a second sawtooth wave signal, having a phase which is offset from the first sawtooth wave signal by one half of the period thereof. A first differential signal is obtained in accordance with the first sawtooth wave signal, and a second differential signal is obtained in accordance with the second sawtooth wave signal. The level of a tracking error sum signal is shifted to obtain a level-shifted signal, so that a polarity signal is obtained. The first differential signal is selected when the polarity signal is positive, and the second differential signal is selected when the polarity signal is negative and, thus, a velocity signal showing the velocity of the beam spot with a high accuracy may be obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for sensing a velocity of a moving object. The device may be provided in an optical disk device, for example, to sense a velocity of an optical beam spot relative to an optical disk.
2. Description of the Related Art
In an optical disk device, a seek operation in which an optical head is moved from one track to another track on an optical disk must be carried out at high speed and with great accuracy. Namely, an optical beam spot radiated onto an optical disk should be moved at high speed and be positioned exactly at a predetermined track of the disk. The reliability of the seek operation largely depends upon the quality of a signal indicating the relative velocity between the optical beam spot and each of tracks on the disk.
Conventionally, the relative velocity has been sensed as follows.
A beam reflected from the disk is detected by two photo detectors disposed at positions adjacent to each other. Then, a difference between two signals outputted from the two photo detectors, i.e., a difference signal, is obtained. In the seek operation, since the optical beam spot is moved in a radial direction of the disk and alternately traverses lands (i.e., tracks) and grooves formed on the disk, the beam reflected from the disk changes periodically, and thus, the difference signal also changes periodically.
Namely, the waveform of the difference signal is determined in accordance with the velocity of the optical beam spot relative to the disk, and the inclination of the waveform is in proportion to the velocity of the optical beam spot. In other words, although the inclination does not show the velocity directly, the inclination has a value which is equal to a differential value obtained by differentiating the waveform with respect to time. Accordingly, the velocity is obtained by multiplying the differential value by a proportional coefficient which changes in accordance with the positional relationship between the optical beam spot and the track.
Thus, the proportional coefficient changes at every position of the disk, and the waveform of the difference signal does not show the moving velocity of the optical beam spot directly. Therefore, in a conventional device, it is difficult to obtain the velocity of the optical beam spot at high speed and with great accuracy.


The invention relates to optimizing software code execution during state transitions. The system handles changes in execution context using differential rule checking techniques. For instance, when a thread executing in a data processing system changes state, its new state may be subject to different rules than its previous state. To enforce these rules, the thread may be associated with software code that causes certain restrictions, such as memory restrictions, to be applied to the thread. In an interpretive environment, this can be implemented by detecting a state transition in an active thread, and responding to the state transition by associating the thread with a dispatch table that reflects its state change. The dispatch table may cause the thread to be associated with code that enforces those restrictions. In one example, different dispatch tables can be provided, each table reflecting a different state of a thread, and each causing a thread to be subject to different restrictions. In another example, the same dispatch table can be rewritten to accommodate the changed state of the thread.

Object oriented languages, such as C++ and Java, have emerged as the preferred tools for programmers. These programming languages allow data structures and algorithms to be expressed in a way that is easy to understand and they are able to execute in a predictable way on various computing platforms. The languages have also been widely adopted because of their so-called modularity. Indeed, a major premise for developing the Java language has been to put programmer productivity before any other concern, as eloquently captured in the now famous Java slogan, "Write Once, Run Anywhere".
Java is a widely used programming language due to the machine independent nature of bytecodes. In addition to portability, both security and ease of development of applications have made Java very popular with the software community. Since the specifications offer substantial flexibility in the implementation of the Java virtual machine, a number of techniques have been used to execute bytecodes. The most commonly used modes of execution are interpretation, a mode that interprets the bytecodes, and just-in-time compilation, a mode that dynamically translates bytecodes to native code at runtime. A recent development has been the hybrid execution engine, which uses interpreters, adaptive just-in-time compilers, ahead-of-time compilers and profile-based feedback to interpret/compile bytecodes. Other possible modes include hardware execution of bytecodes.
In the Java execution model, each source code class is compiled to the Java virtual machine class file format and methods are compiled into a fully portable standard bytecode representation. To execute a program operation, such as a method or a function, the virtual machine translates its bytecode instructions into an execution sequence of (hardware) machine code. The translation of a bytecode instruction typically involves accessing the arguments of the instruction, implementing the function of the instruction, and dispatching (fetching, decoding and starting) the next instruction.
Java interpreters are generally highly portable and rapid to implement. They are considerably smaller and simpler than just-in-time compilers, and this makes them quicker to develop, less expensive to maintain and potentially more reliable. The problem with existing interpreters, however, is that they run most code slower than compilers.
Just-in-time compilers interact with the virtual machine at run time and compile appropriate bytecode sequences into native machine code. Through just-in-time compilation, a bytecode method is translated into a native method on the fly, so as to replace (probably repeated) interpretation overhead with (probably one-time) compilation overhead. Unlike a traditional compiler, in which compile time is often ignored, a just-in-time compiler needs to produce code rather quickly. This typically requires optimization algorithms to be small and efficient.
An adaptive just-in-time compiler monitors execution and modifies the code to keep it correct and to optimize it. In particular, adaptive compilation allows inlining to be used extensively where the targets of most method calls cannot be determined at compile time, even when compilation is just-in-time. Under an adaptive just-in-time compiler, code may be recompiled many times as the compiler optimizes the code or adapts it to changing conditions.
Combined with execution profiling, a just-in-time compiler can dramatically increase the execution speed of Java programs by adapting the code to changing conditions. Execution profiling may occur during the execution of the bytecode. The runtime system or virtual machine connects a profiler to a process during process initialization. The profiler receives notifications each time that a function is entered or exited, as well as when other events occur that are of interest. By gathering statistics on these events, a profiler can build a comprehensive picture of which routines used the most CPU time, when garbage collections occurred, if exceptions were thrown, and the like. Profiling the program's behavior during execution can assist the virtual machine in identifying paths for optimization, such as which code is likely to be subject to heavy use. This code can be pre-compiled and cached by an ahead-of-time compiler to reduce runtime overhead.
Although just-in-time compilers eliminate interpretation overhead, they are typically considered inappropriate in the context of real-time systems because the overall execution time of the code increases. Real-time applications are those for which timeliness, that is, the ability to guarantee that an event will occur at a suitable time, needs to be guaranteed. The real-time Java platform dictates that the worst-case performance of a method must meet specified timing constraints. This means that a just-in-time or adaptive just-in-time compiler only benefits real-time applications if its impact can be isolated to places where real-time constraints are relaxed. If compilation takes place during a time-critical interval, it will almost certainly increase the execution time for that code compared to a simple interpreter. Consequently, the benefits of just-in-time compilation in real-time systems do not outweigh the increase in execution overhead.
Certain emerging real-time standards, such as the Real-time Specification for Java (RTSJ), have been designed to provide real-time programming features for the Java environment. The RTSJ, for instance, extends the Java memory model by providing memory areas other than the heap. These memory areas are often characterized by the lifetime of the objects created in them, as well as the time taken for their allocation.
The RTSJ provides different classes of memory, including immortal memory, scoped memory and heap memory. Immortal memory is a memory resource that is shared among schedulable objects and is not normally subject to garbage collection. Objects allocated in immortal memory exist until the application terminates. Unlike the standard Java heap, immortal objects continue to exist even after there are no other references to them. Scoped memory is a class of memory dealing with representations of memory spaces with a limited lifetime. The scoped memory area is valid as long as there is a schedulable object with access to it. Scoped memory is also free from garbage collection. The RTSJ supports the normal types of memory, including heap memory and local variables.
The RTSJ uses assignment and reference checks that are applied to scoped and immortal memory regions in order to maintain referential integrity in the Java environment. These assignment and reference checks ensure memory safety by, among other things, preventing schedulable objects from interfering with the garbage collector and avoiding dangling references. Some memory reference checking can be performed at compile time by pointer escape analysis. Due to the unpredictable nature of schedulable objects, however, some checks need to be performed at runtime.
Assignment checking prevent the creation of dangling references by forbidding assignments that could cause a field of an object to point to an object with a shorter lifetime. The RTSJ permits references to objects in heap or immortal memory to be stored in any class of memory. A scope memory object, therefore, can reference objects in the heap. The garbage collector typically ensures that objects in the heap survive at least as long as references to those objects. Objects in a scope are freed when the scope is no longer active. If an object in heap or immortal memory were permitted to hold a reference to an object in a scoped memory location, that reference would become invalid once the scope is exited. Consequently, objects in heap or immortal memory cannot contain references to scope memory areas. Runtime checks of scoped memory references can be performed to enforce the rules.
The following is a set of assignment checking rules that apply to scoped memory area objects:                1. A reference to an object in scoped memory cannot be stored in an object that is allocated in the heap.        2. A reference to an object in scoped memory cannot be stored in an object that is allocated in immortal memory.        3. A reference to an object in scoped memory can only be stored in objects that are allocated in the same scoped memory area or to a more "inner" scope memory area.        4. References to immortal or heap objects may be stored in an object that is allocated in a scoped memory area.
These rules can be enforced if the Java virtual machine implements several logical rules when storing object references, as explained in Table 1.
TABLE 1ReferenceReferenceto Heapto ImmortalReference to ScopeHeapYesYesNoImmortalYesYesNoScopeYesYesYes, if same or outer scopeLocal VariableYesYesYes, if same or outer scope
The RTSJ also extends the Java thread model to include additional schedulable classes: real-time threads, no-heap real-time threads, and async event handlers (which may choose to operate without access to the heap). These classes are collectively called schedulable objects. No-heap real-time threads and no-heap async event handlers can preempt the garbage collector. The RTSJ does not allow a no-heap domain to load or store a reference to an object in the heap. It can, however, replace references to the heap with references to no-heap objects or null. If the reference to the heap is not handled appropriately, garbage collection on the heap object may be delayed.
There are various approaches used to implement assignment and reference checks. A just-in-time compiler, for example, may be used to generate code that determines the state of a schedulable object before each schedulable object-state-dependent operation. As discussed above, however, just-in-time compilers may be impractical in resource-constrained environments. Another approach involves requiring all schedulable objects to generate their own code for reference checking. No-heap real-time threads, for instance, can be designed to generate code for no-heap reference checking. This code generation, however, can result in substantial processing overhead.
Another technique uses the Java virtual machine to verify compliance with the rules at each bytecode instruction that stores an object reference. This runtime checking usually involves first determining which tests are applicable to the state of the schedulable object executing the byte code, then inspecting the arguments as appropriate for the domain, and if the operation violates a rule, throwing an illegal assignment error exception, or a reference error. Unfortunately, as with the other techniques, this approach causes excessive processing overhead.
Yet another approach uses a trusted compiler to verify the correctness of assignment operations. In a dynamically bound, multi-threaded environment, however, only a run-time test can catch all possible violations of memory assignments, since any number of schedulable objects may be active in a section of code at a given time. Thus, most rule checking needs to occur at runtime, which causes degraded performance.
Efficient translation/execution in a resource-constrained environment remains a fundamental problem in the field. High levels of runtime checking and exception processing overhead can significantly degrade application responsiveness and determinism. Minimizing this overhead is therefore an important goal of a real-time system.

Multiple code sets for multiple execution contexts


Methods and apparatus for scheduling grant channels to carry grant messages to a plurality of scheduled mobile stations. The scheduling of grant channels involves dynamically assigning to a current mobile station of the plurality of scheduled mobile stations, a previously unassigned grant channel from a list of grant channels monitored by the current mobile station. If there are more mobile stations to be processed in the plurality of scheduled mobile stations, then the scheduling moves to a next mobile station in the plurality of scheduled mobile stations, and the assignment process is repeated. Furthermore, if not every grant channel has been assigned a mobile station, then the order of the plurality of scheduled mobile stations is rearranged, and the assignment and the movement processes are repeated.

1. Field
The disclosed embodiments relate generally to telecommunication networks, and more specifically to assigning grant channels to mobile stations in such networks.
2. Background
A High Data Rate (HDR) subscriber station or mobile station (MS), referred to herein as an access terminal, may be mobile or stationary, and may communicate with one or more HDR base stations (BS), referred to herein as modem pool transceivers. An access terminal transmits and receives data packets through one or more modem pool transceivers to an HDR base station controller, referred to herein as a modem pool controller. Modem pool transceivers and modem pool controllers are parts of a network called an access network. An access network transports data packets between multiple access terminals. The access network may be further connected to additional networks outside the access network, such as a corporate intranet or the Internet, and may transport data packets between each access terminal and such outside networks. An access terminal that has established an active traffic channel connection with one or more modem pool transceivers is called an active access terminal, and is said to be in a traffic state. An access terminal that is in the process of establishing an active traffic channel connection with one or more modem pool transceivers is said to be in a connection setup state. An access terminal may be any data device that communicates through a wireless channel or through a wired channel, for example using fiber optic or coaxial cables. An access terminal may further be any of a number of types of devices including but not limited to PC card, compact flash, external or internal modem, or wireless or wireline phone. The communication link through which the access terminal sends signals to the modem pool transceiver is called a reverse link. The communication link through which a modem pool transceiver sends signals to an access terminal is called a forward link.
In various system configurations of the HDR access network, the base station (BS) may use individual Grant Channels (GCH) to issue mobile station (MS)-specific grants, such as Reverse Enhanced Supplemental Channel (R-ESCH) grants. According to these system configurations, an individual GCH may carry information for a single MS only. Thus, if more than one MS needs to be scheduled simultaneously in a particular time slot, then more than one GCH must be used. The number of grant channels used is determined by the number of mobile stations that can be simultaneously scheduled in the same time slot, and also by the existence of a common grant channel.
Accordingly, to ensure mobile stations are notified about the grants, each mobile station can monitor every individual one of the grant channels. In that case, as long as the number of mobile stations scheduled in a time slot does not exceed the number of grant channels, each scheduled mobile station can be notified about the grant. This monitoring of every individual grant channel, however, requires each mobile station to monitor a relatively large number of parallel code channels, and increases the complexity of the mobile station processing. To reduce the required processing in the mobile stations, a subset of the grant channels can be assigned to each mobile station for monitoring. However, requiring the mobile station to monitor only a subset of the grant channels means that there may be times when not every scheduled mobile station can be notified about the grant. This expected performance loss, comprising the failure of GCH notification, is referred to herein as a "GCH outage" and is due to conflicts between the assigned subsets.
It should be apparent from the discussion above that there is a need for efficient notification of grant channels to each mobile station such that each mobile station monitors less than all available individual grant channels. The present invention satisfies this need.


In a first embodiment, the present invention provides an improved finishing process for dry mixes for baked goods of widely varying compositions. According to this embodiment, a standard cake finisher is replaced with a disc mill, which yields surprisingly superior dry mix properties. In another embodiment of the invention having particular utility in dry mixes for brownies and the like, a dry, particulate pre-mix is formed by mixing the shortening with a selected portion of the dry ingredients of the dry mix. It is preferred that no more than approximately 25% of the total flour content of the dry mix be added in this pre-mix. This pre-mix is then mixed with the rest of the ingredients of the dry mix and this final dry mix may subjected to a finishing operation such as that of the first embodiment of the invention.

The present invention relates to a dry mix useful in preparing baked goods. Such dry mixes are commonly sold commercially to consumers and such consumers add certain additional ingredients, such as water, eggs or the like, to make a batter. The batter may then be baked to produce the final baked goods. Such baked goods commonly include brownies, cakes or similar products.
Dry mixes for baked goods generally include sugar, flour, shortening and a variety of other constituents which depend upon the final desired baked good. For instance, if the dry mix is intended for use in preparing brownies, it may additionally include ingredients such as cocoa, salt, and vanilla. Current commercial processes for producing a suitable dry mix are exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 3,439,878 (Ganske), the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Generally speaking, all of the "dry" ingredients, i.e., all of the ingredients except the shortening, are charged into a mixing apparatus and mixed together. The shortening is then added and mixed with the rest of the ingredients. As explained in Ganske's '878 patent, this desirably may be accomplished by fluidizing the dry ingredients by entraining the dry, powdered substances in air. When the dry ingredients have been fluidized, shortening may be added to this mixture as a fluid by spraying through a nozzle. This atomized shortening then mixes with the rest of the ingredients to form the final dry mix.
Dry mixes manufactured according to commercially establish processes, though, often contain lumps, or "pills", of aggregated flour and shortening. In order to remove these pills, commercially produced dry mixes are commonly subjected to a further "finishing" stage of processing prior to packaging for commercial sale. In this finishing process, the mixed ingredients are passed through a device, appropriately referred to as a "finisher", which is designed to grind the product and break up the pills. Nonetheless, in current commercial processes pills continue to pass through the finisher and end up in the final products sold to consumers. These pills tend to be rather noticeable in the finished baked good made by the consumer, often appearing as lumps of uncooked flour within the product or as loose flour on top of the product.
Additionally, current mixing processes for producing brownie dry mix currently yield only a relatively small amount of "flake" on top of the final, baked brownies. The term "flake" as used herein refers to a thin, flaky skin which forms on the upper surface of baked brownies. A high degree of flake is generally considered to be desirable in brownies because it provides the brownies with an attractive appearance commonly associated with high quality brownies.
Thus, it would be desirable to provide a finishing process which can more effectively reduce pills present in commercially manufactured dry mixes. Additionally, it would be desirable to provide an improved process for manufacturing a brownie dry mix which would enhance flaking in the final, baked brownie product.

Method of preparing a dry mix useful in preparing baked goods


A transmission structure for a transmission (1, 48) having at least one starting element (2, 49), at least one transmission input shaft (4, 5, 50), one countershaft (22), at least one output shaft (41), fixed and idler gear wheels fastened or rotatably supported on the shaft, shifting sets (20, 21, 37, 39) coordinated with the idler gears, the same as roller bearings for support of the shafts, roller bearings (18, 24) being situated in a central bearing plane (D) which divides the fixed and idler gears coordinated with them in two gear groups. For further development of such a transmission, it is proposed that directly close to the roller bearings (18, 24) of the central bearing plane (D), upon at least one transmission input shaft (4, 5, 50) and the countershaft (22), the gear wheels (13, 33) of the first gear (G1) or the gear wheels (13, 30, 32) of the reverse gear (RG) are disposed.

In DE 35 46 454 C2, the prior art has disclosed a dual-clutch transmission in which the output sides of two axially immediately consecutive starting and gear clutches can be connected with the drive shaft of a prime mover. The output side of one of the two clutches is non-rotatably connected with a hollow shaft which supports one shaft connected with the output side of the other clutch. Besides gear wheels for the second and the fourth gear are fastened on the hollow shaft, the same as gear wheels for the first gear, the fifth gear, the third gear and the reverse gear are fastened on the free area of the other shaft. These fixed gears of one of each reduction step mesh with coordinated idler gears which are situated on a paraxial countershaft and can be connected with the shaft by means of synchronizer clutches (shifting sets). Each one of the synchronizer clutches is coordinated with two transmission gears. The gear sequence of this transmission, departing from the dual clutch is: second gear, fourth gear, first gear, fifth gear, third gear and reverse gear.
From DE 41 37 143 A1 is, in addition, known a multi-speed synchronized countershaft transmission where the positions of the two gears are each coordinated with one of several shifting sets. The shifting sets are, as a rule, comprised of sliding sleeves which are axially, displaceably, but non-rotatably situated on a transmission shaft and which, during a shifting operation, interacting with synchronizer rings located adjacent to the sleeves, decelerate idler gear wheels and can non-rotatably connect them with the transmission shaft.
In this known transmission, the two gears (first gear and third gear or second gear and fourth gear) coordinated with one shifting set are two non-successive transmission gears. This transmission design has the advantage that thereby is created a transmission shifting system with which an overlapping shift actuation and therewith reduced shifting times are possible but, nevertheless, such a transmission cannot be shifted via a shifting device having one H-shifting gate since, with such a transmission, only immediately consecutive transmission gears can usually be engaged in the same shifting gate.
To overcome the problem, the not pre-published DE 102 53 259.1 has proposed a universally shiftable dual-clutch transmission essentially consisting of one starting unit, one core transmission and one output unit, the starting unit comprising one single clutch, one dual clutch or one torque converter and the output unit containing transmission parts for a front-transverse drive, for a front-longitudinal drive, for a rear-longitudinal drive or for an all-gear drive. The core transmission is designed as countershaft transmission having available at least one input shaft, one countershaft and one transmission output not coaxially aligned with at least one transmission input shaft.
The gear sequence in the transmission is such that, departing from the clutch, there follow first the sixth gear, the second gear, the reverse gear, the seventh, the fifth, the third and the first gears. The fixed gears of the fourth, sixth, second and of the reverse gears are non-rotatably fastened on one hollow shaft connected with the output side of one of the two clutches of a dual clutch, while the fixed gears of the seventh, of the fifth, of the third and of the first gears are fastened on a shaft coaxially supported in the hollow shaft and connected with the output side of the second clutch of the dual clutch.
The two transmission input shafts are supported by means of roller bearings situated between the dual clutch and the gear wheel for the first gear, at the end of the hollow shaft between the gear wheels for the reverse gear and the seventh gear and, on the free end of the second transmission input shaft, supported in the hollow shaft. The same is provided for the countershaft. In addition, it is to be stated that the output of the countershaft is tied to the beginning or end thereof according to drive technology.
Against this background, the problem on which the invention is based is to introduce a transmission structure which can be used for automatic dual-clutch transmissions, automated countershaft transmissions with one clutch and simply, manually shiftable countershaft transmissions and, which compared to the prior art, has a simple constructional design, short length and an improvement relative to the support of the transmission shafts.


A system for joining two rails includes a rotatable disc in a slot in an end of a rail, where the disc has a pair of diametrically opposed notches, a pair of diametrically opposed first sectors having a first radius, and a pair of diametrically opposed second sectors having a second radius larger than the first radius. A movable stopper in the rail is urged into the slot at a position where the stopper engages one of the first sectors when a pin in the rail engages one of the notches, and one of the second sectors is between the one first sector and the notch engaging the pin.

This invention relates to a coupling device that is easy to assemble, and just as easy to disassemble. This internal connecter device is shown here, as an example in the form of a rail. However it is not exclusively concerned with the formation of a rail. The xe2x80x9cclock lockxe2x80x9d can also be turned into the formation of a xe2x80x9cTxe2x80x9d-JUNCTION. Although its basic principles of operation do not change. With this method of assembly it is possible to achieve very flat external surfaces, at the point of connection, between two separate rails.
A system for joining two rails includes a rotatable disc in a slot in an end of a rail, where the disc has a pair of diametrically opposed notches, a pair of diametrically opposed first sectors having a first radius, and a pair of diametrically opposed second sectors having a second radius larger than the first radius. A movable stopper in the rail is urged into the slot at a position where the stopper engages one of the first sectors when a pin in the rail engages one of the notches, and one of the second sectors is between the one first sector and the notch engaging the pin.


The invention seeks to provide a system of modular component clusters for use with vehicles such as electric utility vehicles, allowing for rapid and straightforward field repair. Vehicle components are arranged within cluster modules, the modules being releasably and operably connectable to the vehicle and adapted to provide for easy diagnosis of component failures. The cluster modules are designed to be independently exchanged in and out of the vehicle should any single component in a cluster fail, without the need for onsite service. Removal and replacement of a cluster module requires only minimal mechanical skill and the faulty module can then be out-shopped for repair. The system provides for more simplified maintenance of vehicles where moving the entire vehicle to a service location might be impractical.

Motorized vehicles have been used in a vast array of applications as a means of increasing productivity, generally by augmenting human abilities in terms of speed and/or strength. In addition, motorized vehicles have been designed for operation in various challenging work environments, such as in mine shafts thousands of feet below the surface, and can isolate personnel to varying degrees from dangerous conditions.
Use of vehicles in confined or remote spaces, such as in the mining context, creates a particular set of safety and logistical issues which must be addressed in order to maximize the availability and use of suitable vehicles in such environments. For example, vehicle components can fail, even in ideal operational environments, either through normal wear or as a result of damage due to accident or unexpected component failure. If complex repairs are required in such a case that necessitate the availability of highly trained onsite repair staff, the attractiveness of using such vehicles is impaired despite the clear value of employing the equipment. In applications such as the mining industry, the vehicle may be in use at locations that are difficult if not impossible to access with the equipment needed for diagnosis or repair. Similarly, it may be impractical to move the vehicle from its operational location to a qualified repair facility. Further, specialized technicians needed to provide repairs may not be capable of effecting such repairs in the severe conditions that may be found in active mining operations, and indeed may not have the skills and training necessary in order to work safely and effectively in an active mining location.
In many cases mining machines arc run by electrical power to obviate the need for combustion product removal from the mine, which would be necessary if gas or diesel engines were used in underground operations. Typically, higher voltage systems are used, and so repair personnel would also have to be trained in dealing with high voltage portions of systems, and not all electricians are trained to work on the kinds of electrical systems present in mining contexts.
Another issue that arises when a vehicle fails is that the vehicle will normally be out of service until such time as skilled technicians can diagnose and remedy the problem, as personnel operating the vehicle are often not trained in the repair of their equipment. In a remote, isolated operational location, it can be difficult and time-consuming to retain the necessary repair services. Having a vehicle out of service for any extended period of time can be costly, and this would be exacerbated by the isolated operational location. Further, depending on the complexity of the machine, it may be difficult to diagnose or remedy the fault without access to specialized equipment that may not be accessible in a remote location. Even if skilled personnel and specialized equipment are available and can access the work environment, the cost of retaining such services may be prohibitive.
Finally, it may not be practical for an individual company to maintain a staff of specialized technicians able to repair every component of their machinery. Many companies routinely depend on service from outside contractors, who can justify the expense of technicians and specialized equipment by servicing multiple customers.
As a result, there is a clear need for a solution that provides for cost-effective vehicle component repair, while reducing equipment downtime. The solution must respect the fact that equipment is sometimes deployed in challenging environments and traditional repair strategies are accordingly inadequate, and the personnel working in such environments are generally unable to effect the necessary repairs themselves. A system which would allow for the quick onsite repair of vehicles such as utility vehicles, without requiring specialized onsite staff or tools. would be beneficial to many vehicle users in numerous industries.

Modular system for serviceable vehicle components


A semiconductor light emitting device and package containing the same include: a light emitting structure including a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer. A light extraction layer is disposed on the light emitting structure and includes a light-transmissive thin film layer having light transmittance, a nano-rod layer including nano-rods disposed on the light-transmissive thin film layer, and a nano-wire layer including nano-wires disposed on the nano-rod layer.

In general, a nitride semiconductor material has been widely used in a green or blue light emitting diode (LED) or in a laser diode provided as a light source in a full-color display, an image scanner, various signaling systems, or in an optical communications device. A nitride semiconductor light emitting device may be provided as a light emitting device having an active layer emitting light of various colors, including blue and green, through the recombination of electrons and holes.
As remarkable progress has been made in the area of nitride semiconductor light emitting devices since they were first developed, the utilization thereof has been greatly expanded and research into utilizing semiconductor light emitting devices as light sources of general illumination devices and electronic devices, has been actively undertaken. In particular, related art nitride light emitting devices have largely been used as components of low-current/low-output mobile products, and recently, the utilization of nitride light emitting devices has extended into the field of high-current/high-output devices. Thus, research into improving luminance efficiency and the quality of semiconductor light emitting devices has been actively conducted.
In terms of the luminance efficiency of a semiconductor light emitting device, light generated from an active layer is trapped and lost in the interior of semiconductor due to total internal reflection caused by a difference between refractive indices of air and the semiconductor layer, degrading light extraction efficiency. For example, GaN has a refractive index of about 2.5, and only about 4% of light made incident at 23° due to a difference between the refractive index of GaN and the refractive index (about 1) of air can escape to the outside. Thus, in order to minimize such light loss, research into enhancing light extraction efficiency by forming depressions and protrusions on a GaN surface has been ongoing.
Thus, a need exists for further improvement, for example, in terms of enhanced light extraction efficiency, optical power and luminous intensity uniformity in semiconductor light emitting devices.

Semiconductor light emitting device and package


A multipurpose table and methods of configuring the same is disclosed. The multipurpose table includes a base, or optionally a surface, a pair of tabletop supports, a tabletop assembly, and a plurality of seats. The seats can be arranged outwardly from the tabletop assembly to provide a “table mode” of operation or arranged inwardly toward the tabletop assembly to provide a “bar mode” of operation. Further, some seats can be arranged outwardly from the tabletop assembly while at the same time other seats are arranged inwardly toward the tabletop assembly. Further, the tabletop assembly includes a pair of drop leaves that can be opened or closed at the user's discretion.

Many types of multipurpose tables can be found in a variety of public and private places, such as backyards, parks, campgrounds, rest stops, restaurants, and the like. Multipurpose tables known in the art, however, are often large and bulky structures that have a fixed footprint and size. Consequently, such multipurpose tables typically require a relatively large area for use and are not suitable for use in confined areas including, but not limited to, a small room, a deck, a patio, or a balcony. Further, conventional multipurpose tables are not very versatile. For example, most multipurpose tables are commonly configured for use as an eating table with a tabletop and fixed benches along the sides of the tabletop for seating. Such configurations typically are not adjustable. Therefore, the amount of space that the table takes up cannot be reduced if desired.


A radio relay apparatus, a monitoring apparatus, and a method of determining an identification code of the radio relay apparatus enabling rapid formation of a radio communication area. The radio relay apparatus receives the base station identification code from a base station, determines a temporary identification code based on the received base station identification code, and transmits the temporary identification code to the monitoring apparatus. When the received temporary identification code is different from the formal identification codes of other radio relay apparatuses, the monitoring apparatus transmits directly the temporary identification code to the radio relay apparatus; when the received temporary identification code is the same as the formal identification code of a radio relay apparatus, the monitoring apparatus determines an identification code different from the temporary identification code and transmits the determined identification code to the radio relay apparatus. The radio relay apparatus determines the received identification code as a formal identification code of the radio relay apparatus. Then, the radio relay apparatus starts operations using the formal identification code.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a radio relay apparatus for relaying communications between a base station and a mobile station in a mobile communication system, a monitoring apparatus for monitoring a mobile communication system, and a method of determining an identification code of the radio relay apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a mobile communication system, a base station communicates with mobile stations located in a cell covered by the base station. However, even within a single cell, there may be places not suitable for direct radio communication because of shielding due to buildings or other reasons, so that signals from the base station can hardly reach the mobile stations at these places. For this reason, radio relay apparatuses are installed to relay the radio communications between the base station and the mobile stations.
In addition, a monitoring apparatus for monitoring the radio relay apparatuses may be installed in a mobile communication system. Each of the radio relay apparatuses transmits information required for monitoring to the monitoring apparatus. In order for the monitoring apparatus to identify the source of transmission of the monitoring information, each of the radio relay apparatuses transmits the monitoring information with an identification code included therein.
The identification code of a radio relay apparatus is determined in the following way. When a radio relay apparatus is newly installed, a maintainer specifies a base station according to its location as the target to be relayed to/from by the radio relay apparatus. Then, in conjunction with an identification code of the specified base station, the maintainer determines an identification code of the radio relay apparatus and writes the determined identification code to the radio relay apparatus. By the making of the identification code of the radio relay apparatus in conjunction with the identification code of the base station, the base station is enabled to determine all the call areas covered by itself by using the identification codes of the radio relay apparatuses.
When problems occur in a base station, or a base station is newly installed, the target of relay of a radio relay apparatus changes. In this case, the maintainer specifies another base station as the new target of relay, and in a similar way, the maintainer determines an identification code of each radio relay apparatus in conjunction with the identification code of the newly specified base station, and then writes the determined identification code to the radio relay apparatus.
As described above, in the related art, each time a radio relay apparatus or a base station is newly installed, the target of relay of a radio relay apparatus changes, the maintainer has to go through the above procedure, that is, searching for a base station that is to be the new target of relay, determining an identification code of each radio relay apparatus in conjunction with the identification code of the newly specified base station, and writing the determined identification code to the radio relay apparatus. This operation is cumbersome, and may result in mistakes because it is performed manually. As a result, it usually time consuming to start operations of a radio relay apparatus, and radio communication areas cannot be formed quickly.

Radio relay apparatus, method of determining identification code thereof, and monitoring apparatus


A polymer composition that contains a polyaryletherketone and a liquid crystalline polymer that includes repeating units derived from naphthenic hydroxycarboxylic acids, naphthenic dicarboxylic acids, or a combination thereof in an amount of about 15 mol. % or less of the polymer is provided. The composition optionally contains reinforcing fibers in an amount of no more than about 10 wt. %.

Polyetheretherketone ("PEEK") is often used to fabricate parts for numerous engineering applications. Each application requires particular tensile and flexural properties, impact strength, heat distortion temperature, and resistance to warp. PEEK polymers are characterized by a high glass transition temperature, typically above 100° C., which makes them suitable for use in applications that require exposure to high temperatures. One drawback to these materials, however, is that they exhibit poor melt flow properties, which makes processing difficult. In this regard, various attempts have been made to blend liquid crystalline polymers with polyaryletherketones to improve flow properties. Unfortunately, conventional blends of this nature tend to lack good mechanical properties. Consequently, reinforcing glass fibers are often employed to improve strength. Such fibers can, however, unnecessarily increase costs and also increase the brittleness of the resulting composition. As such, a need continues to exist for high performance polymer compositions with excellent melt flow and mechanical properties.

Composition containing a polyaryletherketone and low naphthenic liquid crystalline polymer


A rotor blade for a turbine engine includes an airfoil that is connected to a base. The base includes a platform, a neck and a fillet. The fillet extends along at least a portion of an intersection between the platform and the neck. The fillet has a radius that substantially continuously changes as the fillet extends from the platform to the neck.

1. Technical Field
This disclosure relates generally to a turbine engine and, more particularly, to a rotor blade for a turbine engine.
2. Background Information
A typical rotor blade for a turbine engine includes an airfoil that extends radially out from a base. The base may include a platform, a root and a neck, which extends radially between the platform and the root. The base may also include a fillet that extends along an intersection between the platform and the neck. The fillet may be configured as a constant radius fillet. However, such a constant radius fillet may have a relatively large radius and thus may be difficult to implement in a relatively small rotor blade. Alternatively, the fillet may be configured as a compound fillet as illustrated in FIG. 1. While such a compound fillet may require less space, a discontinuity in its curvature at a point 20 where its two curved surfaces 22 and 24 meet may increase stresses within the rotor blade.
There is a need in the art for an improved transition between a platform and a neck of a rotor blade.

Rotor blade with a conic spline fillet at an intersection between a platform and a neck


An apparatus and method of detecting whether data exists in a received signal while a mobile communication terminal is in discontinuous transmission mode is disclosed. The apparatus and method comprises generating and transmitting a forward power control command for providing the forward power control, and performing forward power control in a mobile communication system. According to the forward power control method, a power control command is generated based on a received frame including a plurality of slots each of which includes power control bits. The ratio of the power control bit energy to noise energy, which is given by a ratio of the accumulated energy of the power control bits in the slots of the received frame to an accumulated energy value of noise in the slots of the received frame, is provided, and the power control command based on a ratio of the accumulated energy value of traffic symbol bits in the slots to the accumulated energy value of the power control bits is generated when the provided ratio of the power control bits to noise is acceptable.

This application claims priority to applications entitled xe2x80x9cApparatus and Method of Controlling Forward Link Power When in Discontinuous Transmission Mode in a Mobile Communication Systemxe2x80x9d filed in the Korean Industrial Property Office (KIPO) on Jul. 8, 1999 and assigned Ser. No. 99-27390, and xe2x80x9cApparatus and Method for Detecting Frame of Discontinuous Transmission Mode Mobile Communication Systemxe2x80x9d filed in the KIPO on Jun. 28, 1999 and assigned Ser. No. 99-25052, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method of controlling a power in a mobile communication system, and more particularly to an apparatus and method of controlling forward link power while in discontinuous transmission mode.
2. Description of the Related Art
Typically, discontinuous transmission mode (DTX) is a mode that transmits data in a frame unit only when there is data to be transmitted in a wired system or a mobile communication system. Discontinuous transmission mode is used for the following advantages. Since data frames are transmitted only when data actually exists, transmission power can be minimized, and the strength of the interference signal affecting the system is reduced, so that the capacity of the whole system is increased.
However, since the transmitter discontinuously transmits frames, the receiver cannot recognize whether a frame is transmitted, and this causes a base station not to be able to perform forward link power control by itself. Specifically, when the receiver of a terminal cannot accurately judge whether a frame is transmitted, the receiver of the terminal cannot trust judgment variables of a decoder including a cyclic redundancy code (CRC) and so on, and the result of decoding decision of its decoder. Since the result of judgment cannot be trusted, the existing method used in continuous transmission mode cannot accurately control the transmission power of the base station when in discontinuous transmission mode. Hereinafter, an example of the conventional forward link power control method performed in the receiver of the discontinuous transmission mode mobile radio communication system will be explained.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the conventional forward link power control apparatus of the receiver and the transmitter in the discontinuous transmission mode mobile communication system. Here, it is assumed that the mobile communication system is a code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system.
Referring to FIG. 1, a radio frequency (RF) section 10 converts an RF signal received through an antenna ANT into a baseband frequency by frequency-down-converting the RF signal. A receiver 12 despreads the output signal of the RF section 10, and determines the level of a symbol by accumulating the despread signals in a symbol unit. At this time, the despreading includes PN despreading and orthogonal despreading. A decoder 14 of the receiver checks whether the received frame is in a good state or in an erasure state by checking the received frame thereby checking the condition of the channel. A control section 16 transmits the result of checking from the decoder 14 backward to the base station. When the result of channel checking, which is transmitted backward to a power control section (not illustrated in FIG. 1) of the base station, is in a good state, the power control section judges that the channel is in a good state, and reduces the forward transmission power. On the other hand, when the result of channel checking is in an erasure state, the judgment of the power control section depends on whether the base station had transmitted a prior frame. If the base station had transmitted a prior frame, the power control section judges that the channel is in an erasure state, and increases the forward transmission power, while if the base station has not transmitted a prior frame, the power control section ignores the result and thus does not reflect the command in the forward link power control.
Accordingly, when in discontinuous transmission mode, the conventional forward link power control method has the drawback that the forward link power control command that is transmitted backward is used only when the transmitted data frame exists, the speed at which the forward link power control is adjusted becomes greatly lowered. In other words, when in discontinuous transmission mode where the amount of transmitted data is very small, power control is performed at a very low speed that is much less than the power control speed of 50 Hz in continuous transmission mode, and thus the forward link power control cannot follow the speed of the channel change. As a result, an apparatus and method of more rapidly and accurately controlling the forward link power when in discontinuous transmission mode are needed.
An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method of controlling link power based on an accurate judgment of channel state by a terminal in a mobile communication system when in discontinuous transmission mode.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of controlling a link power using channel state information received from a terminal in a mobile communication system when in discontinuous transmission mode.
In order to achieve the above and other objects, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for discriminating the existence or nonexistence of discontinuous transmission mode data while in discontinuous transmission mode. The apparatus comprises a location detector for detecting the location of energy of power control bits and the location of energy of non-power control bits in received data, a first energy measuring device for measuring the energy of a signal corresponding to the location of the non-power control bits outputted from the location detector, a second energy measuring device for measuring the energy of a signal corresponding to the location of the power control bits outputted from the location detector, and a control section for discriminating the existence or nonexistence of data by calculating an output ratio of the first energy measuring device to the second energy measuring device.
The data existence or nonexistence discriminating apparatus according to the present invention further comprises a decoder for detecting a CRC state in case that the transmitted data includes a CRC, wherein the control section discriminates the existence or nonexistence of the data along with the CRC state value.
The control section comprises an energy ratio calculator for calculating a ratio of the energy value of the first energy measuring device to the energy value of the second energy measuring device, a first comparator for comparing the output of the energy ratio calculator with a predetermined threshold value according to the existence/nonexistence of the data, and a controller for detecting the existence or nonexistence of data according to the output of the first comparator.
The data existence/nonexistence discriminating apparatus according to the present invention further comprises a second comparator for comparing the accumulated energy value of the power control bits with a minimum threshold value when data exists, wherein the control section discriminates the existence or nonexistence of data using the above outputs and an output of the second comparator.
The data existence/nonexistence discriminating apparatus according to the present invention further comprises a transmitter for transmitting the signals as described above to a base station in the mobile communication system.
The transmitter comprises a channel information inserter for transmitting the detected data state information as a power control command, a multiplexer for multiplexing the data outputted from the channel information inserter and reverse pilot channels, and a reverse transmitter for converting and transmitting an output of the multiplexer as a transmission signal.
The transmitted power control command may be composed of one-bit information representing xe2x80x98sufficientxe2x80x99 and xe2x80x98insufficientxe2x80x99, or may be composed of two-bit information representing xe2x80x98goodxe2x80x99, xe2x80x98uncertainxe2x80x99, xe2x80x98passxe2x80x99, and xe2x80x98badxe2x80x99.
In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for controlling forward link power according to a power control command included in received discontinuous transmission mode data while in discontinuous transmission mode. The apparatus comprises a power control command demodulator for extracting the power control command from the received data in order to provide the power control command, a controller for combining demodulated information and information representing whether a previous frame has been transmitted, and for generating and outputting power control bits for reducing the power only when the two information coincide, and a forward transmitter for transmitting the data and the power control bits under the control of the controller.
In still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of generating a power control command based on a received frame that includes a plurality of slots, each of which includes power control bits. The method comprises the steps of providing the ratio of the power control bits to noise, which is given by the ratio of the energy accumulated value of the power control bits in the slots to the energy accumulated value of noise in the slots, and generating the power control command based on a ratio of the energy accumulated value of traffic symbol bits in the slots to the energy accumulated value of the power control bits when the provided ratio of noise power control bits is good.
A power control command generating method according to the present invention further comprises the steps of detecting CRC information if the frame includes CRC information, checking a decoded state of the detected CRC information, and generating a power control command for reducing power if decoding of the CRC information has been accurately performed.
A power control command generating method according to the present invention further comprises the step of generating a power control command for increasing power if decoding of the detected CRC information has not been accurately performed.

Apparatus and method of controlling forward link power when in discontinuous transmission mode in a mobile communication system


One embodiment relates to a circuit for efficient wireless communication. The circuit includes an antenna interface module adapted to receive multiple frequency components via an antenna. Multiple reception paths stem from the antenna interface module, where different reception paths are associated with different frequency components. The circuit also includes multiple filter elements having inputs respectively coupled to the multiple reception paths. At least two of the filter elements cooperatively form a differential output signal based on their respective frequency components. Other methods and systems are also disclosed.

In emerging markets throughout the world, such as China and India, the rising middle and low-to-middle classes are demanding affordable wireless services. This requires wireless service providers to provide these customers with affordable access service as well as affordable handsets.
To deliver low cost handsets, engineers are continuously looking for ways to modify existing mobile phone architectures to achieve a lower cost design without giving up quality or desirable features. In addition, engineers are continuously looking to improve phones by including multi-band communication transceivers, such as quad-band transceivers. These multi-band transceivers allow users to use a single phone to roam between countries having different mobile phone frequency components. Multiple frequency components may also allow better coverage within a single country.
Accordingly, there is a large market for phones that provide good performance at a low-cost.

Radio frequency communication devices and methods


A security box system for securely housing a game camera includes a mount portion having a rear surface conforming to curvature of and secured to a tree with at least one aperture for a fastener passing therethrough, and a sleeve extending from the mount portion rear surface toward the tree. The sleeve surrounds the fastener aperture and is rotatable when contacted by a cutting implement. The cover portion has an opening for the camera to permit the photographing of game. The cover portion is securable to the mount portion to house the camera therebetween. An internal pin on the cover portion is positionable within a pin aperture on the mount portion to secure the cover portion to the mount portion and prevent removal therefrom. The pin and pin aperture are inaccessible from outside the security box system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for securing a camera used to photograph game in the wild.
2. Description of Related Art
Hunters and others often use cameras, either still or video, to photograph game in the wild. Boxes are typically secured to trees or other structures to hold the camera. Unfortunately, thieves and vandals are known to open or damage such boxes to steal or destroy the game cameras.


Disclosed is an improved sprinkler arm rotatable in and out of a stream of water. In particular, the reaction surface of a sprinkler arm's spoon is improved to direct more water close to the sprinkler. The reaction surface in the preferred embodiment is provided at least one groove which directs some of the water downward from the rest of the water exiting the reaction surface. An alternate embodiment employs at least one pin in the reaction surface instead of or in combination with at least one groove. The improved spoon applies more water near the sprinkler ("enclosed water") without interfering with maximum distance of the water when the arm is rotated out of the stream ("canon shot").

The field of the present invention relates to sprinklers. More particularly, it relates to the type of sprinkler which has an arm which is rotated into and out of a stream of water.
In the past, rotatable impact sprinklers have been manufactured with elongated members functioning as rotatable arms. A rotatable arm has been equipped with a spoon for channeling water. Incoming water from the nozzle hits an incoming ramp at the incoming end of the spoon. The water goes through a window to hit a reaction surface on the other side of the spoon toward the exit end of the spoon. Such an arm has been attached to a sprinkler body, or housing, on a fulcrum pin with a spring which pushes such arm into an incoming stream coming from a sprinkler nozzle. The force of the stream on the spoon pushes the arm back out of the stream, and the spring repeatedly pushes it back into the stream. In this way, the prior art has attempted to spread the water entering a sprinkler over a circular or pie shaped range.
However, it has been a difficult problem in the sprinkler industry to provide sufficient water near the sprinkler ("enclosed water"). Such sprinklers have distributed an undesirable high portion of incoming water to outer bands of its far ranges. A sprinkler of any prior design has left a "brown spot" in the area less than ten feet from the sprinkler due to lack of enclosed water. The problem of brown spots receiving too little enclosed water is exacerbated by the usual practice of overlapping neighboring sprinklers by about one-third their maximum radius. Overlap is needed to fill in gaps between circular sprinkler distribution patterns, but it nearly doubles the already too-high proportion of water in the outer third of each sprinkler distribution.
Various approaches have been attempted in the past to provide more enclosed water with such a sprinkler while attempting to maintain a wide range with maximal outer distance of water thrown. All of these approaches have interfered with the maximum distance which water is thrown by a "cannon shot" of a stream when the arm is not interrupting the stream.
A first prior approach has been to permanently extend a pin from the sprinkler body. Such a pin can be screwed through an extender further into or out of the stream. Since such a pin, once adjusted, is always in the stream, it interferes with maximum cannon shot projection. It also requires adjustment of each sprinkler.
A second prior approach has been to replace the pin of the first approach with a shield. Such a shield can be rotated in an out of the stream. Like the pin of the first approach, a shield is always in the same place once adjusted, and therefore interferes with maximum cannon shot projection. It too has to be adjusted for each sprinkler. A third approach has been the "controlled droplet size" (CDS) approach. CDS has been accomplished with a trapezoidal-shaped nozzle which changes the stream to a more general spray. There are many problems with CDS. CDS cuts down on the range because it causes interfering forces within an exiting spray. CDS nozzles cause more spilling outside of the spoon because the spray is wider and some water misses the spoon. Such spilling causes puddling at the base of the sprinkler. A CDS spray applies less force to the spoon because it is wider and spills more. With less force on the spoon, the arm is more likely to "hang up" by oscillating back and forth (usually less than one-eighth of an inch) in the incoming spray when there is insufficient force to push the spoon back out of the spray to permit a cannon shot.
A fourth approach has been to install a second nozzle in the sprinkler. Such a second nozzle however, requires more pressure to adequately drive an arm in and out of the first nozzle's stream. Diversion of water to a second nozzle can also cut down on the maximum cannon shot projection of the sprinkler. Most homes lack the pressure required to make such a sprinkler work properly. Most homes have 25 p.s.i. or less water pressure, whereas a second nozzle generally demands more than this.
A fifth approach has been to cut groove into the nozzle. This suffers from most of the problems of the CDS system discussed above.


Various embodiments include methods and apparatuses for forming and using pixels for image sensors. In one embodiment, an image sensor is disclosed. The image sensor includes an optically sensitive material; a plurality of electrodes proximate the optically sensitive material, including at least a first electrode, a second electrode and a third electrode; and a charge store. The first electrode is coupled to the charge store, and the first electrode and the second electrode are configured to provide a bias to the optically sensitive material to direct photocarriers to the charge store. Other methods and apparatuses are disclosed.

Light sensors are used to detect information regarding a scene, a surrounding, gestures, movements, signals, reflections, and the like. Image sensors typically include arrays of light sensing devices.
Embodiments are described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale. For clarity and conciseness, certain features of the embodiment may be exaggerated and shown in schematic form.

Multi-terminal optoelectronic devices for light detection