An ALC processing unit to adjust the signal level of outputs from an adaptive equalizer to a target value is provided in a stage later than the adaptive equalizer and earlier than a frequency offset estimation/compensation unit in an optical digital coherent receiver. The ALC processing unit generates a histogram that counts the number of samples for discrete monitored values corresponding to amplitude values of outputs from the adaptive equalizer, and determines a level adjustment coefficient that is to be multiplied by an output from the adaptive equalizer so as to multiply the determined coefficient by the output from the adaptive equalizer so that the monitored value of the peak value of the histogram is the target value.

Communications traffic is expected to increase rapidly due to the spread of new services such as cloud computing, video distribution using the Internet, and the like. In order to cope with the increase in communications traffic, research and development of optical transceivers that can transmit 100 Gbps-order signals are carried out.
However, an increase in bit rate per wavelength leads to a greater deterioration in signal quality due to lowered tolerance with respect to the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR), wavelength dispersion in transmission channels, and waveform distortion caused by polarization mode dispersion or by a nonlinear effect. Accordingly, digital coherent receiving methods yielding the OSNR tolerance and the waveform distortion tolerance in transmission channels have been attracting attention in recent years (non-Patent Document 1).
In optical digital coherent receiving methods, a high quality can be attained even at high bit rates because these methods make it possible to perform waveform distortion compensation via the improvement of the OSNR tolerance and digital signal processing circuits, and to perform adaptive equalization in response to temporal variations of the propagation characteristics of the optical transmission channel.
By contrast to a conventional method in which signal intensities are expressed by an ON or OFF assigned to binary signals and waves are detected directly, in an optical digital coherent receiving method, the light intensity and the phase information are extracted using a coherent receiving method, and the extracted intensity and phase information are quantized by using an Analog-Digital Converter (ADC) in order to perform demodulation using a digital signal processing circuit.
DP-QPSK (Dual Polarization-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), a phase modulation method used for optical digital coherent receiving methods, is capable of assigning two-bit data to four modulated optical phases (0 deg, 90 deg, 180 deg, and 270 deg) for the P polarization and the S polarization, respectively. In DP-QPSK, the symbol rate can be reduced to one-fourth of the information transmission rate, making it possible to reduce the size and cost of the systems.
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary configuration of a conventional optical digital coherent receiver.
In an optical digital coherent receiver 10, an ADC 12 performs a quantization process on received optical data, and a received data digital processing unit 11 digitally performs a process after the quantization process.
An imbalanced amplitude correction unit 13 in the received data digital processing unit 11 corrects the imbalance between the I signal amplitude and the Q signal amplitude of the received data containing the I signal and the Q signal that have been digitized by the ADC 12. This correction is performed because a great imbalance between the I signal amplitude and the Q signal amplitude will often cause errors in processes to be executed later. Signals processed by the imbalanced amplitude correction unit 13 are input to a fixed equalizer 14. The fixed equalizer 14 digitally performs dispersion compensation and compensation (equalization) for waveform deformation caused by polarization mode dispersion or by a nonlinear effect, or the like. The fixed equalizer 14 performs a quantization process for a prescribed quantity. Thereby, dispersion caused by characteristics unique to each optical transmission channel is compensated for. Signals output from the fixed equalizer 14 are input to a sampling phase adjusting unit 15. The sampling phase adjusting unit 15 adjusts a timing at which the signal value of a received signal is sampled, and adjusts a sampling timing on the basis of the sampling phase value detected by a sampling phase detection unit 16. When a sampling timing coincide with the transitioning timing of a signal, the sampled value of the signal tends to be erroneous, and thus attention is paid so that the sampling timing does not coincide with the transitioning timing of a signal.
Signals output from the sampling phase adjusting unit are input to an adaptive equalizer 17. The adaptive equalizer 17 compensates for waveform distortion that was caused by aging degradation of transmission channels and that was not completely compensated for by the fixed equalizer 14. The adaptive equalizer 17 includes digital filters and controls the coefficients of tap coefficients so as to compensate for waveform distortion. As a tap coefficient, a value having a weight calculated by an equalization weight calculation unit 18 is set. Signals output from the adaptive equalizer 17 are input to a frequency offset estimation/compensation unit 19. The frequency offset estimation/compensation unit 19 compensates for the difference between the frequency of carrier waves used by the transmission side of the optical transmission system and the frequency of the station-transmitted waves used by the receiving side. When there is a difference between the frequency of carrier waves used by the transmission side and the frequency of the station-transmitted waves of the receiving side, the signal point on the I-Q plane turns on the I-Q plane, and thus such a difference is compensated for.
Output signals from the frequency offset estimation/compensation unit 19 are input to a carrier phase offset estimation/compensation unit 20. The carrier phase offset estimation/compensation unit 20 compensates for an offset of 90 degrees of the signal point on the I-Q plane. In other words, the frequency offset estimation/compensation unit 19 prevents the signal point from turning on the I-Q plane, and thereby the signal point stays at certain positions on the I-Q plane. However, even if the signal point is prevented from turning, there is still a possibility that the phase of the signal point will be at the position after the 90-degree turn of the phase of the signal point. Accordingly, a process is executed to turn 90 degrees backward to the original position a signal point that may be at the position of having been turned 90-degrees. This phase difference of 90 degrees is caused by an offset of phases of carrier waves, and thus, compensation for the phase offset of carrier waves makes it possible to return the signal point back to the original position.
Signals output from the carrier phase offset estimation/compensation unit 20 are input to an error correcting code unit 21. The error correcting code unit 21 performs Viterbi decoding or Turbo decoding, and evaluates which quadrant on the I-Q plane a signal point is likely to exist in by using a likelihood based method in order to correct errors.
Arts related to the present invention have been disclosed as below.
For example, there is an optimum threshold value setting circuit system for a discriminator of an optical receiver that responds to fluctuations of input signal levels, again control system having a wide dynamic range that utilizes a full scale range of an AD converter, an AGC amplifier for an optical receiver that responds to pulse signals, and a circuit system for protecting a photodetector and avoiding amplifier saturation that responds to pulse signals in an optical receiver.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2000-59309    Patent Document 2: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2009-206968    Patent Document 3: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 10-173456    Patent Document 4: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2005-39860    non-Patent Document 1: D. Ly-Gagnon, IEEE JLT, vol. 24, pp. 12-21, 2006
In the adaptive equalizer (AEQ) of an optical digital coherent receiver, the levels of signal components in adaptive-equalizer output signals vary depending upon the applied algorithm. In an error correcting process executed after an adaptive equalization process, the signal components of input signals are required to be at an optimum level (that is set by the circuit configuration of the error correcting code unit) for the error correcting process. However, a method of adjusting signal components of adaptive-equalizer output signals to an optimum level in an optical digital coherent receiver has not been disclosed.
As a conventional method of detecting a signal level, there is a method in which the average value of the total electric power of adaptive-equalizer output signals is used, and a method in which the average value of the peak electric power is used. In the method in which the average value of the total electric power of adaptive-equalizer output signals is used, if an adaptive-equalizer algorithm that makes the total electric power value of signal components and noise components a certain level is used, the average value of the total electric power of adaptive-equalizer output signals includes noise components, and thus variation in the level of signal components of adaptive-equalizer output signals caused by noise components included in the average value of the total electric power of adaptive-equalizer output signals prevents precise detection or adjustment of the level of signal components.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate examples of adaptive-equalizer outputs having different amounts of noise in adaptive equalizer inputs (i.e., OSNRs).
When an adaptive equalizer algorithm that makes the total electric power of signal components and noise components of adaptive-equalizer output signals a certain level is used, the signal components vary depending upon the noise components. In FIG. 2, when the OSNR is 100 db (noise components: low as in FIG. 2A), the average of the signal components is approximately 1.0, while when the OSNR is 12 db (noise components: high as in FIG. 2B), the average of the signal components is smaller than 1.0, meaning that the levels of the signal components vary depending upon the noise components.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate problems in adaptive-equalizer outputs caused by differences in the amounts of noise in adaptive equalizer inputs.
As illustrated in FIG. 3A, amplitudes of signal points in outputs from the adaptive equalizer when the OSNR is 100 dB are collected around a particular point, and the amplitude value is approximately 1.0. When the OSNR is 12 dB as illustrated in FIG. 3B, many noise components are included in the signal components, and accordingly the signal points spread and the average of the amplitude value of the signal components is approximately 0.85. In other words, when many noise components are included in the signal components of inputs of the adaptive equalizer, the amplitude of the signal components of outputs of the adaptive equalizer is affected, causing differences in the level of signal components between when the OSNR is excellent and the OSNR is poor. In addition, amplitude value r is expressed as r=√(I2+Q2) where I represents the amplitude of I signal and Q represents the amplitude of Q signal. In this expression, I2+Q2 represents the electric power value, and by calculating the root of this value, the amplitude value can be obtained. This relationship between the amplitude value and the electric power value is also applied to the explanations below.


A transmission includes a first planetary gear set and a second planetary gear set that are the only planetary gear sets interconnected from an input to an output. The first planetary gear set includes an input-only first input gear and a first non-input/output gear, a first pinion gear meshed therebetween, and a first output planetary carrier carrying the first pinion gear. The first output planetary carrier is alternatively output-only or output-and-input. Moreover, the first non-input/output gear is alternatively held when the first output planetary carrier is output-only or released when the first output planetary carrier is output-and-input. The second planetary gear set includes an input-only second input gear and a grounded second non-input/output gear, a second pinion gear meshed therebetween, and an output-only second output planetary carrier carrying the second pinion gear.

Many vehicles are electrified vehicles or, in other words, vehicles that have an electrified powertrain. The vehicles typically have more or less traditional drivetrains. Specifically, as part of the drivetrains, the vehicles include wheels, as well as differentials, drive shafts and the like connected to the wheels. However, in place of engines and transmissions, the vehicles include electric motors. And, as part of the powertrains, the electric motors are connected to the drivetrains. In conjunction with the drivetrains, the electric motors are operable to power the wheels.
Vehicle manufactures, among others, may desire to connect the electric motors to the drivetrains through transmissions. Relatedly, vehicle manufactures, among others, may desire multispeed automatic transmissions suited for the use of the electric motors to power the wheels through the transmissions.

Multispeed automatic transmission for electrified vehicles


A body pocket maintenance prosthesis for implanting in a submuscular/subglandular implant pocket formed in a human female's chest in conjunction with a mammary implant. The maintenance prosthesis includes at least one sheet of elastomeric material formed generally in a partly-annular configuration to at least partially surround the mammary implant in the implant pocket, with the sheet of material having a textured side to allow Growth thereon of human tissue of the pocket wall against which the textured side is placed, and a smooth, non-textured side to inhibit the growth thereon of human tissue. The mammary implant is thus allowed to move or flow in the body pocket to locations between the smooth side of the sheet of material and the adjacent body pocket wall.

The present invention relates to a prosthesis for implantation in a body and more particularly to a prosthesis for maintaining the existence of a pocket or surface, either natural or surgically made, in the body and preventing the walls of the pocket or surface from adhering together or from adhering to tissue or organs.
Prostheses for implantation in the human body are well known, having been used for breast augmentation, nose, ear and other body part reconstruction, lymphedema shunts, percutaneous skin access devices, insulin implants, paraplegic implantable cushions, tendon repair prosthesis, etc. Of course, perhaps the most well-known implantable prosthesis, and the most commonly used, is the prosthesis used for either breast reconstruction or breast augmentation. The procedure for using these prostheses typically involves forming a pocket, referred to hereafter as a body pocket, or cavity in a patient's breast and extending submuscularly/subglandularly/subcutaneously upwardly to overlay the superior/lateral part of the chest. This may involve simply the dissection of tissue in the breast area to form the pocket or the dissection of tissue as well as removal of diseased or unwanted tissue. In either case, a fairly large pocket is formed over much of the chest area.
After formation of the body pocket, the selected implantable primary prosthesis (now typically constructed of a silicone envelope in which is contained some type of elastomer gel, liquid saline, or other fluid) is placed at the desired site in the body pocket or cavity which best provides the desired augmentation (or reconstruction) and appearance. Immediately after the implantation, the implanted envelope (as the primary prosthesis) is allowed to "flow" or move within the dissected pocket superiorly and laterally to give the breast an anatomically natural look and feel. However, after time, usually a matter of weeks, facing walls of the body pocket begin to re-adhere and a natural tissue capsule forms around the implant to prevent it from flowing or moving in the pocket. This natural tissue capsule may also contract to tighten around the implanted prosthesis causing it to be unnaturally firm, possibly distorted in form, and sometimes painful.
Of course, with either reconstructive or augmentation surgery of a breast, it is desired that the resulting feature remain as natural in both appearance and feel as possible for as long as possible. With the procedures currently used, achieving this objective consistently is very difficult.


An elevated containment structure in the shape of a wafer edge ring surrounding a surface of a semiconductor wafer is disclosed, as well as methods of forming and using such a structure. In one embodiment, a wafer edge ring is formed using a stereolithography (STL) process. In another embodiment, a wafer edge ring is formed with a spin coating apparatus provided with a wafer edge exposure (WEE) system. In further embodiments, a wafer edge ring is used to contain a liquid over a wafer active surface during a processing operation. In one embodiment, the wafer edge ring contains a liquid having a higher refractive index than air while exposing a photoresist on the wafer by immersion lithography. In another embodiment, the wafer edge ring contains a curable liquid material while forming a chip scale package (CSP) sealing layer on the wafer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the formation and processing of semiconductor wafers. More particularly, the present invention relates to an elevated containment structure in the shape of a ring located around the peripheral edge of a wafer and methods of forming and using such a structure.
2. State of the Art
Solid state electronic devices are manufactured on a mass scale from wafers of semiconductor material that are singulated to provide multiple individual semiconductor dice. Integrated circuitry is formed on a wafer by depositing successive layers of conductive material separated from each other by layers of dielectric insulating material. After deposition, each layer of material is formed into a specific pattern comprising a level of the integrated circuitry, and another layer of material is added. Patterning of each layer of material is typically accomplished with a mask and etch process, wherein a photoresist is applied over the layer of material to be patterned. Portions of the photoresist are exposed by using an optical system to project light or other forms of radiant energy onto the photoresist in a pattern corresponding to the circuitry, and either the exposed or the unexposed portions of the photoresist (depending on the photoresist type) are removed to uncover the underlying layer of material. An etchant is then applied to form the layer of material into the desired circuit pattern. The remaining photoresist is removed, and the next layer of material is deposited. The process is repeated until the levels of circuitry are complete. In this manner, a large number of electronic devices may be simultaneously formed at the wafer level, thereby increasing manufacturing output.
Another benefit in terms of manufacturing output that is provided by forming multiple electronic devices from wafers is that device packaging may be carried out at the wafer level to form what are commonly referred to as "chip scale packages" (CSPs). CSP structures typically comprise protective layers of a polymer or other material films adhered directly to at least the active surface of a semiconductor die to seal it from the environment. When multiple electronic devices are contained in a wafer, the active surface of the wafer may be coated to provide multiple electronic devices with the aforementioned sealing layer in a single operation, with subsequent singulation of the wafer into individual CSPs. One process for forming CSP sealing layers on a wafer is stereolithography (STL). STL, as conventionally practiced, involves the formation of solid structures by selectively curing volumes of a liquid polymer or other curable liquid material. Depending on the liquid material composition, curing may be accomplished by exposure to irradiation of selected wavelengths of light or other forms of radiant energy, for instance, when curing a material susceptible to initiation of cross-linking by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In this manner, CSP sealing layers may be simultaneously formed on multiple electronic devices by depositing and selectively curing one or more layers of a liquid polymer or other liquid sealing material over at least the active surface of a wafer.
While manufacturing electronic devices in wafer form improves efficiency, it raises other processing issues. Projecting a large circuit pattern for multiple electronic devices on a wafer using the above described mask and etch process, for instance, increases the difficulty in maintaining focus of the radiant energy used to expose the photoresist. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that as circuit densities increase, more precise resolution is required for the circuit pattern being projected onto the photoresist. The resolution of an optical system is determined by the equation R=k1(λ/NA), where k1 is a constant related to process parameters and λ is the wavelength of the projected radiant energy. NA is the numerical aperture of the optical system projection lens, which is dependent in part on the refractive index of the medium surrounding the lens through which the radiant energy is projected. Accordingly, the minimum resolvable feature of a circuit pattern projected by an optical system is limited by these resolution factors.
One approach to improve focusing has been to alter the refractive index of the medium surrounding the optical system lens by using immersion lithography. In immersion lithography, the space between the optical system lens and the photoresist on a wafer is filled with a liquid such as water, with the radiant energy for exposing the photoresist being projected therethrough. Because the liquid has a higher refractive index than air, the effective numerical aperture value of the optical system lens is increased and improves resolution. Exemplary immersion lithography optical systems for patterning photoresists on semiconductor wafers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,610,683 to Takahashi and European Patent EP 0 023 231 A1 to Tabarelli et al., the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Although these optical systems provide improved resolution for forming circuit patterns on wafers, they involve the use of special tanks or cassettes that surround a wafer in order to contain the liquid for immersion lithography. Major modifications must be made to optical systems in order to accommodate such containment structures, and positioning the additional tanks or cassettes within the optical system may reduce throughput and create a process bottleneck.
Other processing issues related to manufacturing electronic devices in wafer form may also be encountered when forming the above-described CSP sealing layers. In order to coat a wafer with a sealing layer, for example, a liquid polymer or other liquid sealing material must be deposited onto the active surface of the wafer and subsequently cured to form the sealing layer. One known coating method is to submerge a wafer to consecutive depths below the surface of a liquid sealing material contained within a tank, and selectively cure layers of the liquid sealing material overlying the wafer active surface at each depth using the above-described STL process. Examples of such an STL coating method are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,752 to Farnworth and U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,698 to Akram, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Positioning of the wafer at consecutive depths below the surface of the liquid sealing material may be time consuming, however, and it is often difficult to control the thickness of the liquid sealing material overlying the wafer active surface.
An alternative coating method is to deposit the liquid sealing material onto the wafer active surface using spin coating. In spin coating, a liquid sealing material is deposited on a wafer and spread across the wafer active surface by spinning the wafer on a rotating chuck. While spin coating allows for efficient deposition of the liquid sealing material, it may be difficult to achieve uniform application across the wafer active surface, especially when forming thicker CSP sealing layers. Furthermore, since a wafer must typically be moved to another location to cure the liquid sealing material applied by spin coating, there is the possibility that the uncured liquid sealing material will roll off the wafer active surface during handling.
In view of the foregoing discussion of the prior art, a simple and efficient way is needed to contain liquid over the active surface of a wafer during processing operations such as immersion lithography and forming CSP sealing layers.


A force applying structure is made to be fixed on the periphery of a frame straightening bench for a vehicle for simultaneously pushing and pulling on a part of the vehicle. The structure includes an upstanding post rigidly fixed in spaced relationship with the straightening bench. A device is mounted on the post for pulling on a chain and pushing with a hydraulic cylinder. The device comprises a base plate vertically fixed on the post and partition plates mounted edgewise on the base plate for forming a horizontal and a vertical channel forming a cross-shape recess. A first hydraulic cylinder is secured in one of the channel parallel to the base plate and has a piston projecting away from the intersection of the channels. At the intersection of the channels adjacent the first cylinder a pair of guide member having a partly circular contour extends inside the channels. Anchor means are provided on the base plate and are adapted to anchor chain which passes over a wheel mounted at the end of the piston of the first cylinder, over one of the guide members and at least one pulley mounted across any one of the channels. A second hydraulic cylinder is removably fixed to extend away from one of the channels. When the second cylinder and the chain are simultaneously pushing and pulling on a part of the vehicle body, or on a vehicle wheel for alignment correction, the desired straightening result is obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present application relates to a vehicle straightening structure and particularly to a force applying structure for light work such as wheel alignment corrections.
The force applying structure, according to the invention, is adapted to be fixed on the periphery of a vehicle frame straightening bench to produce a simultaneous pushing and pulling action on a part of the vehicle such as a wheel.
The new structure is a self-contained device mounted on an upstanding post fixed on the periphery of a straightening bench. The device comprises a plurality of elements suitably arranged to support a forwardly projecting hydraulic cylinder which can perform a pushing action and an arrangement of a vertical cylinder combined with guide members and rollers for receiving a chain adapted to produce a pulling action in a direction opposite the above-mentioned pushing action.
2. Prior Art
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,313,335, Leonard Eck describes a vehicle work rack structure which includes a force applying structure mounted thereon. This structure is rather complex and mainly intended for heavy straightening jobs. The work applying structure, according to Eck operates in pair on opposite sides of the vehicle, by pulling with chains in opposite directions. The force applying structure also works in combination with a brake releasing device around the straightening bench.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,607,519, is more specifically directed to a wheel alignment device which necessitates the removal of the wheel. It makes use of a flanged wheel plate which is mounted over the hub of the vehicle wheel. The plate is essentially pulled by means of a hydraulic jack which is located behind the plate. The chain does not operate a pulling action. The plate is mainly pivoted by the hydraulic jack and its installation and removal of the wheel alignment device is long and laborious.
W. W. Smith describes in two U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,050,099 and 3,149,660, various methods and apparatuses for straightening automobile frames. These arrangements require considerable space due to the relationship between the hydraulic rams and the chains which are contemplated to project in a large variety of directions.


The invention relates to a multipurpose device for the safe handling of sharp surgical implements and comprises a molded thermoplastic body that includes a container portion and a scalpel holder section. Magnetic material in the container holds scalpel blades and/or needles after use and magnetic material on the holder section presents a needle for pick-up by a needle holder. The scalpel holder section supports a scalpel or scalpels in cantilever fashion for convenient gripping and withdrawal by a surgeon. The body has a shape and surface characteristics that assures a secure hand grip even in wet conditions.

There are approximately 500,000 to 800,000 needle stick injuries reported each year regarding healthcare professionals in the United States. Other than in the patient's room, these accidents occur most often in the operating room. As a result of this significant health hazard, health device manufacturers have developed various products designed to protect healthcare professionals. These items include retractable syringes, "sharps" containers, syringe covers, syringe guards, etc. While needle sticks associated with syringes account for an estimated 75% of the problem, it is estimated that most of the remaining 25% are the result of sticks associated with suturing during surgical procedures or during the unprotected passing of these sharps. It is this niche which has not been adequately adressed by suture manufacturers who have left it up to the discretion of the end user to provide their own protection.
The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) in directive #CPL2-2.44D, issued Nov. 5, 1999 mandated a change in the Federal Blood Borne Pathogens Act. They called for a shift in work practice controls and issued a call for engineering solutions for use when sharps are passed from one individual to another. The Act states, "The employer must use engineering and work practice controls to eliminate occupational exposure or reduce it to the lowest feasible extent." Further, they specifically called for the elimination of "hand-to-hand" or direct passing of all sharps. The overall goal is to reduce the risk of accidental needle or scalpel injuries during this process.
Additionally, they issued four engineering design requirements which include:
(1) A thick safety feature that provides a barrier between the hands and needle after use. The safety feature should allow or require the worker's hands to remain behind the needle at all times;
(2) The safety feature is an integral part of the device and not an accessory;
(3) The safety feature is in effect before disassembly and remains in effect after disposal to protect users and trash handlers; and
(4) The safety feature is as simple as possible, requiring little or no training to use effectively.
The apparatus of the present invention is designed to meet all of OSHA's design requirements while remaining user friendly and without the incorporation of new hand movements during an operation. It is compact, hand-held, and functions for both suture needles of all sizes as well as scalpels. Additionally, it functions as a safe return device (i.e., passing of sharps occurs in two directions). Moreover, it acts as a counting device for needles and also functions as a temporary storage and/or disposable container for used suture needles and scalpels. Known efforts to date have been focused on prevention of syringe needle sticks with retractable syringes. Simple guard type devices are also available for some scalpels. No other multi-functional yet simple device for use with suture needles and scalpels that also satisfies the new OSHA requirements is known.
The Prior Art fails to recognize the value in coupling slots for use with sharp implements which effectively immobilize the sharp implement for transfer purposes, coupled with a magnetically enhanced disposal compartment for easy counting and disposal. By using the novel design of the present invention, coupled with the new system arrangement of the essential elements of the invention, a more flexible configuration is shown which overcomes the inherent limitations of the teachings of the Prior Art as well as permitting a wider range of applications, not permitted with the presently available systems.

Apparatus for sharp implement transfer, counting and temporary disposal or storage


A putting stroke sensor assembly is cooperable with a putter head. The putting stroke sensor assembly includes a processor, a memory storing a preferred putting path, and an accelerometer configured to measure characteristics of a putting stroke. The processor is programmed to compare the characteristics of the putting stroke with the preferred putting path and to generate an output indicative of the comparison.

The invention relates generally to a device and method for training and analysis of a putting stroke and, more particularly, to a component of a putting stroke training system that enables a golfer to analyze putting strokes made away from a training device.
For a golfer to be a good putter, the golfer must be able to control distance and direction with a putter. The golfer must also possess skills for "reading" a green. When "reading" a green, the golfer analyzes the terrain between the ball and the hole and determines the extent to which the ball will curve or "break" during the putt.
Golfers typically putt with a pendulum type swing using a shoulder turn. Other putting styles are also used, sometimes depending on the type and/or size of the putter or golfer. Regardless of the particular style used, it is critical to a successful putt that the golfer be capable of making a consistent stroke.
In the noted family of inventions from which this application claims priority, structure and methods are described to assist a golfer in identifying a preferred putting path. It is recognized that there is not one "perfect" path for all golfers with regard to a putting stroke, particularly with amateur golfers, but rather there is a preferred path for each individual golfer that gives that golfer the best chance for a successful putt. The system and methods in the noted family of patents and applications facilitate the identification of the golfer's preferred putting path and provide vehicles to assist the golfer in putting consistently on the preferred path.
To determine the preferred putting path, touch sensitive or proximity sensitive computer screens and the like along with sensors on the putter itself are used to determine a golfer's preferred putting path, i.e., a path for the golfer that is most likely to achieve a successful result. Once the preferred path is determined, the path can be marked or displayed on a grid box floor, which the golfer can take to the practice putting green. In an exemplary application, a clear plastic tracing material can record the path of the lines on the computer screen for transfer to the grid box floor. Additional features of the invention family may include sensors and alarms cooperable with the grid box that signal when the golfer deviates from the preferred putting path during a putt. The grid box may also be provided with a flexible wall that can be positioned in alignment with the preferred putting path marked on the grid box floor to guide the golfer in following the preferred putting path and to develop muscle memory.


A ventilating heat recovery system is used for exchanging heat between fresh air introduced to a building and stale air exhausted from the building. The system is designed to provide a long, counterflow heat exchange path. The system includes a stack of rectangular plates coupled to arcuate duct sections to provide to interleaved sinuous air paths in heat exchange relation with one another.

With the increasing costs of building heating and cooling, it has become more and more common to make buildings as air tight as possible. This brings with it the significant problem of lack of ventilation and the consequent build-up of stale air in a building. One solution to this later problem is the use of a ventilating system drawing fresh air in from the outside of the building and exhausting stale air to the outside while transferring the heat content of the warm air to the cold air. This saves heat in cold conditions and reduces incoming heat in hot ambient conditions.
The present invention is concerned with a novel form of ventilating heat recovery system for this purpose.


An optical transmitter in which a microstripline is formed by a signal wiring pattern and a GND conductor pattern on a circuit board (including a flexible board), and a signal lead of a light emitting element module is mounted in a signal lead mounting hole connected with said signal wiring pattern so as to be connected with said signal wiring pattern, wherein a pattern adapted to add capacitance between a stem of said light emitting element module and said signal wiring pattern is provided on said signal wiring pattern on said circuit board, and wherein the pattern adapted to add capacitance has a size corresponding to ±50% of a capacitance C≈L/Zo2, where Zo is signal line impedance, and L is the signal lead inductance.

The present invention relates to an optical transmitter, and more particularly to a mounting technique of a light emitting element module.
In mounting a light-emitting element on the optical transmitter, generally, the light-emitting element (or a light-emitting element and its peripheral circuits) is sealed into an air-tightly sealed light-emitting element module, and the light-emitting module is connected with a circuit board of the optical transmitter.
The conventional drive circuit as described has been known in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2001-144366, which describes an LD drive circuit. In the LD drive circuit, an LD-stem is mounted adhesively on the side of a grounded conductor formed on the back of a flexible board, and a lead is passed through the flexible board and connected with a wiring pattern on the surface thereof. In addition, a glass-sealed portion of the LD-stem has a cylindrical structure similar to a coaxial line, and a grounded conductor portion corresponding to the glass-sealed portion is removed in advance.


In a control system for a vehicle safety device, when in addition to the condition that a total integral value of the acceleration and deceleration represented by a signal of an acceleration sensor exceeds a threshold level, the condition that the acceleration integral value becomes predetermined times greater than the deceleration integral value is satisfied, a trigger signal is outputted to the vehicle safety device.

This invention relates to a control system for a vehicle safety device such as an air bag.
For example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,623 and Japanese Laid-Open Utility Model Application No. 2-5371, a control system for an air bag comprises an acceleration sensor, a signal processing circuit, such as a microcomputer, for processing a signal from the acceleration sensor, and a drive circuit for driving the air bag.
The signal outputted from the acceleration sensor represents one of voltages higher and lower than a reference voltage during the acceleration of a vehicle, and represents the other voltage during the deceleration of the vehicle. The microcomputer inputs and integrates the signal from the acceleration sensor at a predetermined cycle, and compares this integral value with a threshold level. This integral value represents a change in the speed of the vehicle, and increases in the decelerating direction upon collision of the vehicle. When the integral value exceeds the threshold level, the microcomputer judges that a collision has occurred, and outputs a trigger signal to the drive circuit to expand the air bag.
During the repair of the vehicle in a fixed condition, when an impact is applied to the vehicle by a hammer, a sensor signal of a very large amplitude is produced alternately in accelerating and decelerating directions. The acceleration and the deceleration at this time are generally equal in magnitude to each other. Therefore, when this hammer blow is applied, the integral value of the signal of the acceleration sensor calculated by the microcomputer must be kept generally at zero, and hence the air bag must be kept in an unexpanded condition. However, there remains the possibility of erroneous expansion of the air bag for the following reason. The microcomputer effects the sampling of the sensor signal at predetermined time intervals, and therefore there is a possibility that the sampling of the sensor signal is consecutively effected by accident when the deceleration is large whereas the acceleration is small. In this case, since the absolute value of the signal is very large, the integral value of the sensor signal increases in the decelerating direction, and exceeds the threshold level, thereby inviting an erroneous expansion of the air bag.
In order to reduce the possibility of erroneous expansion of the air bag when the above hammer blow is applied, the cycle of the sampling of the sensor signal may be shortened so as to increase the precision of the integral calculation. However, there is a limitation on this method. When the threshold level is set to a higher level in order to prevent the erroneous expansion of the air bag, it takes long time for the integral value of the deceleration to reach the threshold level when an actual collision occurs, so that the expansion of the air bag is delayed.

Control system for vehicle safety device


A method for generating a pseudo-computed tomography (CT) image volume includes acquiring a first magnetic resonance (MR) image volume (UTE1) using an ultra-short echo time and acquiring a second MR image volume (UTE2) using a conventional echo time that is longer than the ultra-short echo time. The acquired UTE1 and UTE2 image volumes are normalized. A mask for an anatomical structure featured in the normalized UTE1 and UTE2 image volumes is created and bone regions are segmented from the normalized UTE1 and UTE2 image volumes using the created mask and one or more trained classifiers. A pseudo-CT image is constructed from the normalized UTE1 and UTE2 image volumes, the created mask, and the segmented bone regions.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to ultra-short echo time magnetic resonance (MR) and, more specifically, to generating pseudo-computer tomography (CT) volumes from ultra-short echo time MR.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Positron emission tomography—computed tomography (PET-CT) is a medical imaging technique in which medical images from both Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and an x-ray Computed Tomography (CT) are combined to form a co-registered image. By combining these two modalities, resulting medical images may include the detailed structure of the CT with the functional imaging of the PET, which depicts spatial distribution of metabolic or biochemical activity in the body.
PET-CT has uses in diagnosis, surgical planning, and administration of radiation therapy. PET-CT may be particularly useful for imaging the head of a patient subject. However, while PET-CT has many benefits over alternative imaging modalities, the use of x-ray CT exposes the patient to doses of ionizing radiation that are potentially harmful to patients.

Generating pseudo-CT image volumes from ultra-short echo time MR


A position/orientation detecting device for detecting a three-dimensional position/orientation of an object such as a workpiece in a stereo mode of highly reliable determination of corresponding images, which is suitable for use to be combined with a robot to constitute an object picking apparatus. Pictures of workpieces are taken by video cameras. Two-dimensional taught models are created by model creating means and stored as model information, and the positions of three or more reference points are determined by reference point position setting means. Object detecting sections detect images of workpieces using the model information. A corresponding image determining section determines corresponding images, using models or images which are prepared by performing geometrical transformation (represented by a set of parameters) on the two-dimensional taught models or the two-dimensional images. A position/orientation calculating section obtains a three-dimensional position of each of the reference points on each of the workpieces, and thereby obtains the position/orientation of each of the workpieces.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for detecting a three-dimensional position/orientation of an object such as one of workpieces stacked randomly, which is suitable for use in an apparatus for picking up an object using a robot.
2. Description of Related Art
As a method of detecting a three-dimensional position/orientation of an object such as a workpiece on the basis of a picture of the object taken by a video camera, there is know a method called a stereo mode in which a plurality of video cameras are used. In some cases, three or more video cameras are used, however, those cases can be reduced to a stereo mode using two video cameras, by focusing on two of the video cameras. Hence, the description below will be limited to the case in which only two video cameras are used.
What is difficult in detecting an object in the stereo mode is so-called "determination of corresponding images", namely determining which part of a picture taken by a video camera corresponds to an image of a particular part of an object detected in a picture taken by another video camera. An example of determination of corresponding images is seen in, for example, Japanese Patent No. 3235364. In this Patent, determination of corresponding images is performed, limiting to those objects which have a contour including a circular or circular-arc part, and depending on the fact that pictures are locally similar, and the fact that characteristic points are distributed in a circular arc.
Like this, generally in the stereo mode, an attempt to identify corresponding images is made on a local basis. However, since it is based on the local comparison between pictures, accuracy and reliability tends to be unsatisfactory. This is because it is expected that in not a few cases, the probability of the local comparison of pictures finding a lot of similar parts will not be low.
There is a technique which takes geometrical restrictions obtained from arrangement of two video cameras (epipolar restriction, etc.) into consideration to thereby improve the reliability of the determination of corresponding images. However, the technique is not adequate in many cases. Needless to say, error in determination of corresponding images directly leads to error in detection of the position of an object. In the above-mentioned Japanese Patent No. 3235364, reliability is improved by defining the shape of an object to be detected more specifically and thereby increasing restrictions in the determination of corresponding images.
However, as a matter of course, this technique has a drawback that it narrows the range of detectable objects.
Further, the conventional method of detecting a three-dimensional position/orientation of an object in the stereo mode has a problem that if objects overlap, so that part of an object is hidden behind another object, determination of corresponding images cannot be performed on the partly hidden object.

Device for detecting position/orientation of object


A stretched polyethylene multilayer film prepared by stretching a laminated film comprising a layer of an ethylene-.alpha.-olefin copolymer (A) having a melt index of 6 to 50 g/10 min and a layer of an ethylene-.alpha.-olefin copolymer (B) having a melt index of not less than 0.1 g/10 min and less than 6 g/10 min, by 2 to 7 times, both lengthwise and crosswise, has excellent low-temperature heat-sealability, excellent pin hole resistance, high mechanical strength, including excellent impact resistance, and good applicability to various processing machines, such as laminating machines, bag-making machines and automatic filling machines, and is suitable for use as packaging films and sealant materials for multilayer films.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to stretched polyethylene multilayer films suitable for use as, for example, packaging materials and sealant materials, more particularly, to stretched polyethylene multilayer films which have excellent low-temperature heat-sealability, high mechanical strength, including excellent pin hole resistance and excellent impact resistance, and good applicability to various processing machines, such as laminating machines, bag-making machines and automatic filling machines, and can be advantageously used particularly as various kinds of packaging films and sealant materials for various kinds of multilayer films.
(b) Description of the Related Art
Typical heat-shrinkable films hitherto known are stretched films of polyvinylchloride, polypropylene or polyethylene. Among these films, polyethylene heat-shrinkable films have been put practical use as various kinds of packaging materials, including laminating materials and bag-making materials, because of their heat-sealability and inexpensive prices.
Among various kinds of polyethylenes including copolymers, linear copolymers of ethylene and .alpha.-olefins, which are called linear low-density polyethylenes (LLDPE), have attracted special interest recently.
As compared with conventional high-pressure process low density polyethylenes, the ethylene-.alpha.-olefin copolymers (LLDPE), which are linear low-density polyethylenes, can be produced with lower energy costs, and, in use as films, exhibit excellent mechanical properties, including high tear strength and high impact resistance, and are as well excellent in packaging processing properties, such as resistance to impurities during sealing and hot-tacking properties. This is the reason why LLDPEs are particularly preferred as various kinds of packaging films, and why great hopes are entertained of LLDPEs as sealant materials for multilayer films.
However, the requirement for the properties of such packaging films and sealant materials has become strict yearly, and in particular, the problems in the heat-sealability at low temperatures and in breakage of film packages and the formation of pin holes during transport cannot be solved by films of the conventional property levels. That is, films for such use require, particularly, further improvements of heat-sealability at low temperatures and of pin hole resistance, with the conventional applicability to processing machines maintained.
In order to develop films satisfying such strict requirements for properties, there have been attempted various improvements of stretched polyethylene (multilayer) films made from LLDPEs. However, there has been proposed no technique relating to stretched multilayer sealants made from LLDPEs, and heat-shrinkable films have been the mainstream of the conventional films of this kind.
For example, in Japanese Patent Application Kokai Koho (Laid-open) No. 1-301251 is disclosed a biaxially stretched heat-shrinkable multilayer film of a sandwich-type layer structure that consists of an intermediate layer of an ethylene-.alpha.-olefin copolymer (LLDPE) having a relatively high density of 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm.sup.3 sandwiched between two outer layers of an ethylene-.alpha.-olefin copolymer (LLDPE) having a relatively low density of 0.870 to 0.915 g/cm.sup.3. Although the heat-shrinkable film is described therein as having good applicability to packaging machines and having excellent heat-sealability at low temperatures, its heat-sealability at low temperatures particularly is still insufficient for satisfying the above-described strict requirements for the properties. The means employed for the improvement of the properties of the heat-shrinkable film, including the heat-sealability at low temperatures, are lowering of the density of the materials (the use of LLDPEs) and lamination of LLDPEs having different densities. It should be noted that the melt indexes of the LLDPEs used in the intermediate layer and both the outer layers are ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 g/10 min and from 0.2 to 0.3 g/10 min, respectively, and are low and of approximately the same degree, and that there is no description of use of LLDPEs having high melt indexes.
In Japanese Patent Application Kokai Koho (Laid-open) No. 1-304938 is disclosed a heat-shrinkable multilayer film wherein the materials of the intermediate layer and the outer layers of the film disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Kokai Koho (Laid-open) No. 1-301251 are simply exchanged with each other. The heat-shrinkable film, however, also involves the problem of insufficient heat-sealability at low temperatures. Further, the exchange of the materials between the intermediate layer and the outer layers does not make the heat-shrinkable film different from the above-described one in the points that selection of the densities of the materials is employed to improve the heat-sealability at low temperatures, that no LLDPE of high melt index is used and that the intermediate layer and the outer layers are made of LLDPEs having approximately the same degree of low melt indexes.
Further, the main object of the biaxial stretching of the multilayered films employed for the production of the above-described heat-shrinkable films is to endow the films with heat-shrinkability. Although relieving the heat-shrinkability endowed to the films by such stretching and providing non-shrinkability need a heat set by a heat-treatment near melting points, neither Japanese Patent Application Kokai Koho (Laid-open) discloses such heat set. These conventional stretched heat-shrinkable polyethylene multilayer films, therefore, are no better than heat-shrinkable films as their names impart, and involve a problem in that their uses are limited due to the inapplicability to the fields requiring non-shrinkable films.
There are other known polyethylene films, which are not multilayer films but ones heat-treated after a biaxial stretching. For example, in Japanese Patent Application Kokai Koho (Laid-open) No. 3-39332 is proposed to subject a mono-layer film of a blend of a LLDPE and a HDPE (high density polyethylene) to a sequentially biaxial stretching using a tenter method and to heat-treat the stretched mono-layer film at 80.degree. to 110.degree. C. The biaxially stretched resin-blend mono-layer film, however, is disadvantageous to packaging films because it requires high heat-sealing temperatures and are inferior in transparency. Further, the stretched polyethylene blend mono-layer film is shrinkable even after the heat-treatment, and the object thereof also is the use as a shrinkable film. That is, the film is also disadvantageous in that the improvement of the heat stability of the film by heat set is insufficient so that the applicable fields are limited in common with the above-described conventional heat-shrinkable films.


The invention relates to a sensor for switching a pump on and/or off, with at least one first and a second electrode, which form a capacitance which may be influenced by way of the fluid to be delivered, and with evaluation electronics connected to the electrodes, wherein the evaluation electronics has a voltage supply which is connected to the first electrode and which is designed for providing short voltage pulses for charging the first electrode, and comprises an evaluation circuit which is designed in a manner such that during a voltage increase on charging and/or a voltage reduction on discharging the electrode, it detects the current between the electrodes and emits a switch-on signal and/or switch-off signal depending on the detected current, as well as to a pump with such a sensor.

The invention relates to a sensor for switching a pump, in particular a submersible pump or basement pump, on and/or off.
Submersible pumps such as waste water pumps for example, often comprise sensors or switches, which switch on the pump on exceeding a predefined water level, and switch the pump off again when falling short of a second water level, which as a rule is lower. For example mechanical float switches are known for this. However, with these, there is the danger of them becoming blocked in their movement, which leads to faults on switching the pump on and/or off.
Moreover, electronic sensors such as capacitive sensors for switching the pump on and/or off, in dependence on a fluid level or water level, are known. A high-frequency oscillator, which is connected to the water, is provided with these known capacitive sensors. The change of the capacitance formed by the water is thereby determined by way of the electricity consumption of the oscillator. These electronic circuits require a high-frequency signal generator and a very sensitive circuit for detecting the electricity consumption. This renders such switches complicated and expensive.

Sensor for switching a pump on and/or off


Disclosed are various embodiments for facilitating secure communication between applications on an untrusted computing platform. It is verified that a first application installed in a computing device has permission to communicate with a second application also installed in the computing device based at least in part on a secure key associated with the first application. The verification may include determining that the secure key has been signed by a predetermined certificate and determining that the secure key includes a platform-specific, tamper-proof identifier of the first application. Alternatively, the verification may include determining that the first application is signed by a predetermined certificate. Communication between the first and second applications is facilitated when the first application has permission to communicate with the second application.

An application executed in a computing device may need to communicate with another application in the computing device for various reasons. Such communication may be facilitated via inter-process communication (IPC) techniques. Examples of IPC techniques include communication via files, signals, sockets, message queues, pipes, semaphores, shared memory, and so on.

Secure communication between applications on untrusted platforms


A tape measure device has an elongated blade with a central concave-convex segment with at least one planar segment adjoining edgewise the central concave-convex segment to form a junction that extends substantially along the entire length of the elongated blade. During formation of the blade the junction is annealed to avoid formation of a flaw or incipient fracture along the junction.

A tape measure is a device used to measure such things as length distance. A tape measure typically comprises an elongated blade that is wound about a reel and stored within a housing. A user employs the tape measure by unwinding the elongated blade, extending the blade through an opening in the housing. The elongated blade has rule 1 markings to measure length and distance.
Examples of tape measures are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1 6,324,769; 6,367,161; and 6,662,463. As disclosed in these patents, it is desirable that an extended portion of the elongated blade be as linear as possible. For example, the extended blade portion may have a standout arcuate length of at least ten feet with a horizontal linear length greater than ninety-seven percent of the standout arcuate length. As this extended portion increases in length, its tendency to bend downward also increases due to the increase in the weight of the extended portion. This bending tendency is obviated at least to some degree by controlling the dimensions of the blade and the materials used in its construction. Additionally, the blade's cross-sectional shape is configured to resist bending. For example, the blade's cross-sectional shape may include a concave-convex central section adjoining one or more planar segments. Although this cross-sectional shape resists bending, it presents a problem; namely, along any junction line where a planar segment merges with the concave-convex central section, a flaw or incipient fracture is created using conventional stamping a techniques in manufacturing the elongated blade.

Tape measure device and method of manufacturing blade therefor


A drive includes a driving shaft that includes a distal end portion having a screw hole at a distal end and being inserted into a hollow portion from a first end of a driving roller in a rotation-axis direction, and that transmits a rotational driving force to the driving roller through a fit portion; a spring washer arranged at a second end of the driving roller opposite to the first end in the rotation-axis direction; and a screw rod that has an external thread which is screwed into the screw hole, that is inserted into the spring washer and inserted into the hollow portion from the second end, and that pinches the driving roller between the screw rod and the fit portion of the driving shaft in the rotation-axis direction through the spring washer when the external thread is screwed into the screw hole.

(i) Technical Field
The present invention relates to a drive and an image forming apparatus.
(ii) Related Art
There is known an image forming apparatus including an intermediate transfer body that receives and provides a toner image when the toner image formed on an image bearing body is transferred on a recording medium, and also there is known a drive that is mounted in the image forming apparatus and drives the intermediate transfer body.


A signal generator includes a first phase-locked loop (PLL) configured to receive a first reference signal having a first reference frequency and generate a ramping signal based on the first reference signal, where the ramping signal is between a minimum frequency and a maximum frequency of a radar frequency band; a system clock configured to generate a second reference signal having a common system reference frequency; and a second PLL configured to receive the second reference signal from the system clock, generate the first reference signal based on the second reference signal, and provide the first reference signal to the first PLL.

Modern radar devices such as radar range and velocity sensors can be integrated in so-called monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). Radar sensors may be applied, for example, in the automotive sector, where they are used in so-called advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) such as, for example, "adaptive cruise control" (ACC) or "radar cruise control" systems. Such systems may be used to automatically adjust the speed of an automobile so as to maintain a safe distance from other automobiles travelling ahead. However, RF circuits are also used in many other fields such as RF communication systems.
A radar MMIC (sometimes referred to as single chip radar) may incorporate all core functions of the RF frontend of a radar transceiver (e.g., local oscillator, power amplifiers, low-noise amplifiers (LNA), mixers, etc.), the analog preprocessing of the intermediate frequency (IF) or base band signals (e.g., filters, amplifiers, etc.), and the analog-to-digital conversion in one single package. The RF frontend usually includes multiple reception and transmission channels, particularly in applications in which beam steering techniques, phased antenna arrays, etc. are used. In radar applications, phased antenna arrays may be employed to sense the incidence angle of incoming RF radar signals (also referred to as "Direction of Arrival", DOA).
In addition, the radar MMIC includes an RF phase-locked loop (PLL) to create a radar ramping signal. In some cases, a frequency synthesizer that uses a fractional multi-modulus divider (MMD) that uses two consecutive integer values N and N+1 to obtain a fractional value. The use of the MMD can generate a set of unwanted spurious outputs, so called fractional N spurious or fractional spurs, inside the used frequency range of the ramping signal. In particular, a fractional spur is a parasitic product of a PLL when the MMD dividing coefficient is a fractional value very close to one of its integer values (i.e., a fraction of integer N). Additionally, integer spurs occur at integer (1, 2, 3 . . . 20, 21 . . . ) multiples of the PLL's phase frequency detector's (PFD's) reference (or comparison) frequency Fref. For example, if Fref=100 MHz, there will be integer spurs at 100 MHz, 200 MHz, 300 MHz . . . 2000 MHz, 2100 MHz.
In the case of a current MMD divider coefficient being close to an integer value, the PLL generates a wide set of spurious with high levels. The offset frequency of the main spurious and its harmonics depends on the difference between the current MMD divider coefficient (i.e., MMD value) and the closest integer value of the PLL's PFD's reference frequency Fref, as shown in FIG. 1, which illustrates frequency components of a radar ramping signal and a fractional spur by way of a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) under a conventional radar system.
Here, in FIG. 1, frequency Fmin represents the minimum frequency of the ramping signal and corresponds to the minimum divider coefficient MMDmin of the MMD used for the radar application. Similarly, frequency Fmax represents the maximum frequency of the ramping signal and corresponds to the maximum divider coefficient MMDmax of the MMD used for the radar application. As such, frequency Fmin and frequency Fmax define the maximum frequency range or the frequency band of the ramping signal, and, thus, the frequency range or the frequency band of the radar application of the radar MMIC.
In addition, frequency Fint represents an integer value of the PLL's PFD's reference frequency Fref at which an integer N spurious occurs. Frequency Fint also corresponds to the MMD divisor factor being equal to an integer value (i.e., MMD=int N). For example, the MMD's integer value may be equal to the MMD's minimum integer value N or the MMD's maximum integer value N+1. In this example, the MMD divisor factor (i.e., the rational factor R) is N+0.0001, which results in a main fractional N spurious inside the radar frequency band and possibly inside the ramping signal at Fint, which masks radar signals at Fref*0.0001 in the case of a strong radar target. In a case when a fixed divider is used between a controlled oscillator and an MMD, the formula shall be: Fref*0.0001*Fix_Div_coeff, where Fix_Div_coeff is the divider coefficient of the fixed divider.
This fractional N spurious inside the frequency range of the ramping signal results in an increase of the noise flow around this radar target which results in masking potential small targets in the near field of the radar MMIC. In other words, the fractional N spurious inside the frequency range of the ramping signal may obscure or even prevent small targets from being detected.
In view of the above, an improved radar PLL device may be desired that ensures any fractional N spurious does not occur inside the frequency range of the ramping signal.

Phase-locked loop circuitry and method to prevent fractional N spurious outputs in radar phase-locked loop


An instructional system for teaching the tying of shoelaces using at least one shoelace (1) having a first half section (2) which is preferably light in color, for example, yellow, and a second half section (3), which is preferably dark in color, for example, blue. The two half sections (2) and (3) are permanently secured to one another to form the shoelace (1). Markings (5) are located at a predetermined distance on the first half section (2) of the shoelace (1) to assist a person in learning to tie a shoelace (1).

This invention relates to instructional shoelaces, more specifically, instructional shoelaces which provide a multi-sensory approach to teaching individuals the skill of tying the laces of their shoes and the instructional system utilized in conjunction with the instructional shoelaces.
The skill of tying one's shoe is often taught to children of a young age by adults. Traditionally, the adult recites a story or rhyme about a bunny traveling through the woods while showing the child how to properly tie shoelaces and, through a large amount of practice, the child eventually learns how to tie the shoelaces without the assistance of another. This is a major accomplishment in the life of a child, as well as the adult who taught the child how to tie the laces.
However, there are a large number of individuals who have difficulty learning how to tie one's shoes using the "traditional" method of learning. Be it young children with developmental disabilities such as autism, adults who have suffered a neurological event which caused brain injury or any variation therebetween, some individuals simply have difficulty in learning how to tie one's shoelaces. This causes not only frustration to the individual learning to tie the laces, but could also lead to feelings of sadness and disappointment.
It is a well-known fact that there are various learning styles available and by knowing one's own learning style, one will learn the subject matter with greater success. These styles include auditory, wherein a person learns by listening; visual, wherein a person learns by watching and kinesthetic, wherein a person learns by moving, doing and touching. Although a person may excel in one type of style, many often learn more by combining at least two, if not all three, styles together.
Using the above known learning styles, it would be most beneficial to individuals having difficulty learning to tie one's own shoe by providing a means for the individual to learn using a multi-sensory approach, thereby targeting the individual's own learning style and reinforcing the lesson by utilizing additional learning styles.
Thus, a need exists for instructional shoelaces wherein a multi-sensory approach is utilized to teach individuals how to tie shoelaces.
The relevant prior art includes the following references:
U.S. Pat. No.(U.S. unless statedIssue/Publicationotherwise)InventorDate4,764,119MiragliaAug. 16, 19885,611,692GehrdesMar. 18, 1997D479,393WeitzmanSep. 09, 20034,342,557BandarAug. 03, 19824,721,468Alexander et al.Jan. 26, 19884,842,522Alexander et al.Jun. 27, 19894,017,984BonfigliApr. 19, 19776,872,079HerndonMar. 29, 20055,639,244StricklinJun. 17, 19976,746,249ClaunchJun. 08, 20045,430,621RaskasJul. 04, 19955,562,457HaslamOct. 08, 19965,209,667StanfieldMay 11, 19932,646,630MillerJul. 28, 19535,832,574ShinNov. 10, 19986,167,599ChenJan. 02, 20015,240,418Silverman et al.Aug. 31, 1993

Instructional shoelaces, an instructional shoelace-tying system, and a method of tying instructional shoelaces


The present application describes various embodiments that address the need in wireless environments and within the SIP framework to efficiently maintain SIP contact addresses. It introduces the concept of a SIP proxy user agent (UA) (e.g., 123 or 124) to serve as a gateway between a SIP core network and a SIP-unaware mobile (101). A new parameter, called “created,” is described for the contact header in SIP 200 OK messages, which is used to trigger deregistrations by SIP proxy UAs that no longer serve a particular mobile. It is this process for deregistering SIP proxy UAs that allows SIP contact addresses to be more efficiently maintained.

Next generation wireless communication systems are being designed to provide a variety of internet-based services. To support such services, protocols such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) are being adopted and incorporated into these systems. SIP is a text-based protocol, similar to HTTP and SMTP, for initiating interactive communication sessions between users. Such sessions include voice, video, chat, interactive games, and virtual reality. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) may be contacted for a complete description of the SIP standard.
To incorporate SIP into wireless systems, however, limitations such as the air interface and user mobility must be addressed. For example, SIP uses contact addresses to tie a user's address-of-record to his/her location. The contact addresses are centrally registered with a SIP Registrar using SIP REGISTER messages. However, SIP currently lacks the robustness to efficiently maintain contact addresses for mobile units as they move across service areas, at least in certain wireless implementations of SIP. Therefore, a need exists within the SIP framework for an apparatus and method to effectively and efficiently maintain SIP contact addresses in wireless environments.

Method and apparatus for maintaining SIP contact addresses


Miniature rose plant having high petal count of flowers of stable, red color; long shelf life as a pot rose; absence of pollen; and its ability to grow well on its own roots.

Genus and species: Rosa hybrida.
Variety denomination: xe2x80x98JACreporxe2x80x99.
The present invention relates to a new and distinct variety of miniature rose plant named xe2x80x98JACreporxe2x80x99 which was originated by me by crossing the variety xe2x80x98KORstoffeinxe2x80x99, U.S. Plant Pat. No. 11,242, with an unnamed seedling.
The primary objective of this breeding was to produce a new rose variety having the high petal count, hard petals, and long shelf life of the female parent with the compact plant and red flower color of the male parent.
The objective was substantially achieved, along with other desirable improvements, as evidenced by the following unique combination of characteristics that are outstanding in the new variety and that distinguish it from its parents, as well as from all other varieties of which I am aware:
1. High petal count;
2. Stable red color;
3. Very long shelf life as pot rose;
4. Absence of pollen;
5. Ability to grow well on its own roots; and
6. Highly adaptability to grow in 10 cm pots.
Asexual reproduction of this new variety by rooting cuttings, as performed at Somis, Calif., shows that the foregoing and all other characteristics and distinctions come true to form and are established and transmitted through succeeding propagations.
The female parent xe2x80x98KORstoffeinxe2x80x99 is a light pink pot rose with 2.5 cm flowers, the plant having a shelf life of about twenty-one days. The male parent has red, 6.5 cm flowers, the plant having a shelf life of about seven days.
xe2x80x98KORhomapoxe2x80x99 (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 11,148) is a similar variety but possess dark red flowers of larger size but fewer petals and also bears longer leaves.

Miniature rose plant named xe2x80x98JACreporxe2x80x99


Techniques for controlling a hydrocarbon production system include determining a first estimate of a prior FVC detectability probability map based on a plurality of reservoir data that includes four-dimensional (4D) seismic data of a subterranean reservoir; determining a second estimate of the prior FVC detectability probability map under seismic data noise conditions; determining an updated detectable FVC probability based on the 4D seismic data; determining an updated FVC probability based on the updated detectable FVC probability and the first and second estimates of the prior FVC detectability probability maps; and generating a control instruction for at least one of a fluid injection system or a hydrocarbon production assembly based on the updated FVC probability.

Four-dimensional (4D) seismic data are developed by repeating seismic acquisition at different times over a reservoir, such as a reservoir under production. Acquisition and processing of the multiple seismic acquisitions are typically as similar as possible so that the differential amplitude at the reservoir level can be attributed with confidence to fluid volume change ("FVC") (for example, pressure or saturation). Four-dimensional seismic data has good spatial coverage of the reservoir and has been used to map FVC.

Controlling fluid volume variations of a reservoir under production


A base station includes a transmission method determining portion that determines whether to allow a mobile station to transmit a propagation path measuring signal by one of a multi-carrier method and a single carrier method; and a transmission method sending portion that sends information indicating the determined transmission method with the mobile station. A mobile station includes a data mapping portion that maps a signal sequence of a propagation path state measuring signal in accordance with transmission information that a base station sends in order to indicate the propagation path state measuring signal is transmitted by either one of a single carrier method and a multi-carrier method.

A fourth generation (4G) mobile communications method, which is the next generation mobile communications method of International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT-2000), has been under development.
The 4G mobile communications method is expected to flexibly support a multi-cell environment including a cellular system, and an isolated cell environment such as a hot spot area and an indoor environment, and increase frequency utilization efficiencies in both cell environments.
Regarding a link from a mobile station to a base station (referred to as an uplink, below) in the 4G mobile communications method, the following radio access methods have been proposed. As a single carrier transmission method, a Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) method, an Interleaved Frequency Division Multiple Access (IFDMA) method, and a Variable Spreading and Chip Repetition Factors-CDMA (VSCRF-CDMA) method are proposed, for example (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-297756, for example).
As a multi-carrier transmission method, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) method, a Spread OFDM method, a Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) method, and a Variable Spreading Factor Spread OFDM (VSF-Spread OFDM) method are proposed, for example.
The single carrier methods can reduce power back-off of a transmission power amplifier, which leads to better energy efficiency because peak power is low, as far as power consumption in a mobile station is concerned.
In addition, from a viewpoint of transmission power limitations in a user terminal device, the single carrier transmission methods, which may have a low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and high transmission amplifier efficiency, are suitable. In addition, coverage can be increased by applying the single carrier transmission because a transmission signal can reach farther away.
On the other hand, the user terminal device is required to transmit a wideband propagation path state measuring signal in order to transmit data using a band that can provide a better reception state in a frequency scheduling method that utilizes propagation path variations caused by frequency selective fading in the frequency domain.

Base station, mobile station, and propagation path measuring signal transmission control method


An input signal provided by a generator is applied to a laser emitting diode via a predistortion circuit for improving the linearity of the response of the source. The predistortion circuit includes a linear pi attenuator member constituted by resistances and a non-linear compensating element constituted by a Schottky diode connected in parallel with said attenuator member. The invention is particularly applicable to making light transmitting cable heads for optical fiber telecommunications systems.

Circuits of that kind are known, in particular from the following documents: International Journal of Optoelectronics, Vol. 3, No. 6, 1988, pages 523-533; Jingshown Wu et al., "Linearization of laser-diode non-linearity for broadband analog fiber-optic communication"; and IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 1978, New York, US, pages 133-138; and Asatani et al., "Linearization of LED non-linearity by predistortions". They suffer from the drawback of including active components that require a power supply circuit.
Another known predistortion circuit is described by the following document: Patent Abstracts of Japan, Vol. 8, No. 123 (E-249) (1560) 1984 and JP-A-59 36 446 (Matsushita). It suffers from a drawback of compensating the distortion of known types of laser diode in part, only.

Semiconductor light source with non-linear compensation means within a predistortion circuit


A cleaning apparatus 30 is provided with a cleaning roller 33 that is a rotating member, a scraper 35, a partition wall 36, opening/closing members 37, and a discharge screw 38 that is a discharging member. The scraper 35 supported by the partition wall 36 scrapes toner by bringing the tip thereof into contact with the cleaning roller 33. The partition wall 36 has a plurality of openings 36a, and partitions between a space S1 formed on an upstream side of the cleaning roller 33 in a rotation direction of a drum and a space S2 in which the discharge screw 38 is provided. The opening/closing members 37 are individually provided for the openings 36a so as to permit toner to move through the openings 36a only in a direction from the space S1 to the space S2. With this structure, it is possible to make toner present in the vicinity of the cleaning roller 33 smoothly move toward the discharge screw 38.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cleaning apparatus that cleans the surface of an image carrying body by removing toner remaining thereon after transferring a toner image to paper, and to an image forming apparatus provided with the cleaning apparatus.
2. Description of Related Art
In electrophotographic image forming apparatuses, a widely-used method of transferring a toner image to paper is as follows. A transfer region is formed by making a photoconductor drum, which is an image carrying body, and a transfer roller, which is a transfer member, come into contact with each other, or by bringing them close to each other, and then paper is inserted through the transfer region thus formed, thereby transferring a toner image formed on the surface of the photoconductor drum to paper.
With such a transfer method, however, residual toner may result because there is a possibility that a small amount of toner is not transferred to paper and remains on the surface of the photoconductor drum after a toner image is transferred to the paper. The residual toner remaining on the surface of the photoconductor drum hampers the formation of next new images, and therefore should be cleaned therefrom. As cleaning methods for the above-described purposes, a method of recovering the residual toner by pressing a rotating member such as a cleaning roller or a rotating brush against the surface of the photoconductor drum and moving the residual toner to the rotating member, a method of scraping the residual toner off the surface of the photoconductor drum by making a cleaning blade come into contact therewith, and a cleaning method obtained by combining the above two methods are widely known.
On the other hand, when an amorphous silicon photoconductor is used as the photoconductor, there often occurs image deletion that disturbs an electrostatic latent image by absorption of moisture by electrical discharge products formed on the surface of the photoconductor. It is for this reason that a cleaning method is known that not only removes residual toner from the surface of the photoconductor by using a cleaning roller, which is a rotating member, in combination with a cleaning blade, but also scrubs the electrical discharge products off the surface of the photoconductor with toner in which a small amount of abrasive is mixed by making the cleaning roller carry a small amount of toner.
Examples of these cleaning apparatuses that remove the residual toner on the surface of the photoconductor drum by using a rotating member or a cleaning blade are disclosed in JP-A-2003-98924 (hereinafter referred to as Patent Publication 1) and JP-A-2004-101816 (hereinafter referred to as Patent Publication 2).
In the cleaning apparatus disclosed in Patent Publication 1, toner removed from the surface of a photoconductor drum and then attached to the surface of a cleaning roller is scraped therefrom by a scraper that is brought into contact with the cleaning roller by pressurizing, thereby permitting the toner thus scraped to move in a space provided between the cleaning roller and a discharging member. With this structure, however, when the toner that has started moving from the cleaning roller toward the discharging member does not reach the discharging member, it accumulates on the surface of the cleaning roller. As a result, the toner used for cleaning constantly comes into contact with the surface of the photoconductor drum, which may lead, for example, to solidification of toner or toner adhesion to the surface of the drum. Worse yet, there is a possibility that the contact pressure between the cleaning roller or the cleaning blade and the photoconductor drum increases due to accumulation of toner, affecting the cleaning performance of these members.
In the cleaning apparatus disclosed in Patent Publication 2, toner removed from the surface of the photoconductor drum and then attached to a cleaning brush is made to fly toward toner recovering and transporting means (a discharging member) by flipping the brush fibers. With this structure, however, when the toner flying from the cleaning brush does not reach the toner recovering and transporting means, it falls to the surface of the cleaning brush again, and then accumulates on the surface of the cleaning brush or the photoconductor drum. Therefore, there is a high possibility that the same problem as in the case of Patent Publication 1 arises.

Cleaning apparatus and electrophotographic image forming apparatus provided therewith


The present invention discloses electro-hydraulic hybrid drive sand-mixing equipment, including a skid base, an electric motor, a hydraulic pump, a discharge centrifugal pump, a suction centrifugal pump, a mixing tank, a dry additive system, a liquid additive system, and a sand auger system. The electric motor, the hydraulic pump, the discharge centrifugal pump, the suction centrifugal pump, the mixing tank, the dry additive system, the liquid additive system, and the sand auger system are integrally skid mounted on the skid base. There are two electric motors, including a first electric motor and a second electric motor. The first electric motor drives the discharge centrifugal pump, and the second electric motor actuates the hydraulic pump, to drive the suction centrifugal pump, the mixing tank, the dry additive system, the liquid additive system, and the sand auger system. The electric motor is an integrated variable-frequency drive electric motor. Beneficial effects: Two integrated variable-frequency drive electric motors are applied. First, the setup of an independent variable-frequency drive cabinet is effectively omitted, that is, the overall size of the sand-mixing equipment is effectively reduced, so that it is more flexible and convenient to transport the equipment and arrange a well site. Next, a control system is simpler, thus optimizing the power matching of the sand-mixing equipment.

In a configuration mode of a power transmission system used in sand-mixing equipment on fracturing sites in oil and gas fields in China, a diesel engine drives a hydraulic system through a transfer case, and execution components such as a suction centrifugal pump, a discharge centrifugal pump, an auger, a liquid additive system, and a dry additive system are all driven by a hydraulic motor.
This configuration mode has the following disadvantages:
(1). Large volume and complex structure:
A diesel engine system includes an air intake system, an exhaust system, a heating system, a fuel system, a cooling system, and the like, and therefore has a complex structure and occupies a large space.
(2). Environmental problems: During operations on a well site, the sand-mixing equipment driven by the diesel engine generates engine exhaust pollution and noise pollution to severely affect the normal life of nearby residents. Moreover, fuel oil, engine oil, antifreeze, and the like are prone to leak to somewhat pollute the environment.
(3). Cost inefficiency: The sand-mixing equipment driven by the diesel engine requires relatively high initial purchase costs and incurs high fuel consumption costs for unit power during operations, and a power system also requires very high routine maintenance costs.
Efforts are made in China to manufacture oil and gas exploitation equipment with "low energy consumption, low noise, and low emission". Therefore, the foregoing disadvantages of conventional sand-mixing equipment that uses the diesel engine as a power source impedes the exploitation progress of unconventional oil and gas sources to some extent.

Electro-hydraulic hybrid drive sand-mixing equipment

YANTAI JEREH PETROLEUM EQUIPMENT & TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.


A method and system are disclosed for fault injection using Boundary Scan resources compliant with 1149.1, while operating in system mode. The system has two register circuits, one, for storing and updating fault selection data and another, for storing and updating fault injection values.

Equipment hardware that must perform system operations without interruption is continuously monitored by system diagnostic software. The diagnostic software monitors the equipment hardware for detection of fault conditions, and switches the system operations to run on redundant circuitry that would avoid the fault condition. The system diagnostic software itself needs to be tested. Fault injection is a procedure involving the injection of fault conditions directly on equipment hardware to test the systems diagnostic software for response to the injected fault conditions. However, the equipment hardware would lack input and output connection points for injection of fault conditions, because of crowded micro-processors, FPGAs and ASICs on typical circuit boards, and due to imbedding of interconnection points in interior layers of the typical circuit boards.
Boundary scan (B-S) is a structured test technique that was developed to test integrated circuit (IC) interconnects on printed wire boards (PWBs) when physical access is impossible, difficult, or impractical. Implementation of the boundary scan test technique requires that a shift register and latch be placed at the functional inputs and outputs (I/Os) of an IC. Each I/O pin can be driven to a known state or the current logic level can be captured and scanned out via a four-wire serial bus.
The test bus and protocol as well as the behavior of the boundary cells are defined in IEEE Std. 1149.1. This standard defines a standard test logic architecture for implementing boundary scan functions which can be included in an integrated circuit for the purpose of testing the interconnects to the integrated circuit, the integrated circuit itself, or other integrated circuits. The test architecture is defined to include a test access port (TAP) having connections for a test clock pin (TCK), a test mode select pin (TMS), a test data input pin (TDI) and a test data output pin (TDO). The test architecture also includes a TAP controller (boundary-scan state machine). Thus, as IC pin counts increase, pin spacing decreases, and direct pin accessibility becomes increasingly difficult, boundary scan (B-S) is playing an increasing role in design verification, manufacturing, and the testing of new products.
At present boundary scan allows all pins of a B-S chip to be controlled uniformly by either system or B-S logic. The requirement that all pins are controlled by the same logic (that is, for the same chip, some pins cannot be controlled by system logic while others are controlled by B-S registers), however, limits B-S usage for many applications, for example, those applications requiring fault injection.
Fault injection, also known as fault insertion, is a widely used method to develop high quality test for complex systems. Not only has it been used to verify fault tolerant capabilities and system-level built-in self test (BIST) hardware designs, but also used to develop and verify diagnostic software for highly reliable systems. It is very difficult and sometimes impossible to perform these system verification tasks via simulations at the board or system level. The most common fault injection method is the physical pin-level fault injection, where a stuck-at or open fault is injected to a pin of a chip via a switch or jumper. Usually only a handful pins are selected to be modified for fault injection due to a number of problems, such as restriction of physically accessible pins of highly dense package devices on a board, possible damage to the devices, lengthy labor intensive process to set up the physical fault injection, and so on. Hence, not only the resulting fault coverage is low but also the test process is very expensive.
Previously, a number of fault injection methods and systems have been proposed for ASICs. In these methods and systems, the standard B-S cells and test access port (TAP) controllers are modified, and the instruction set is enhanced to provide a mechanism for 'virtual' fault injection compared to the traditional physical methods. Such an application is beyond the well-known B-S application for testing interconnects in manufacturing testing. And the application can not be implemented in previously installed operating systems, because they have previously existing IEEE 1149.1 boundary scan standard compliant architecture, which do not have modified BS cells, and which can not be tested with modified TAP controllers.
A number of fault injection methods and systems have been proposed. The first proposed method uses the SAMPLE/PRELOAD instruction to preload fault values, followed by another instruction to expose the fault values to the corresponding output pins. However, neither the implementation of the fault injection instruction nor the enhancement of the B-S cell to support fault injection have been given.
The second proposed method is to use the standard B-S instruction (HIGHZ or CLAMP) to alter the output values for all the output pins of a B-S device. Although no modification of the TAP and B-S register is required at all to use this method, it is not sufficient in most of system verification.
Another method and system has been proposed by Savio Chau in "Fault Injection Boundary Scan Design for Verification of Fault Tolerant Systems", Proc. of International Test Conference, October, 1994, pp. 677-681. Chau proposes to modify B-S circuitry to inject faults at individual pins, in which the value of the B-S register is used to determine if a fault is injected or not.
Chau describes three B-S designs, each of which requires modification of IEEE 1149.1 Boundary Scan standard compliant architecture to support fault injection. However, in the first design, the faulty value to be injected must be identical on all selected pins. Furthermore, the B-S data register is constrained from being shifted to update status during fault injection. The second design modifies the IEEE 1149.1 Boundary Scan standard compliant architecture with a tri-state buffer for stuck-open fault injection. In the third design, the pin selection data, determining which pins will be injected with faults, is loaded into the update flip-flop (FF) of a modified B-S register. Once the fault injection enable FF is set in the instruction register of the modified B-S architecture, the fault injection values are injected on the selected pins. However, there are two main drawbacks of this design: (i) the fault injection selection data, which were previously shifted into the update FF of the B-S register, are corrupted when entering the update state of the TAP controller while the fault injection values are shifted in; (ii) the logic values of the fault injection pins are rippling when the fault injection values are shifting into the capture FF of the B-S register.
In another reference, Nadeau-Dostie, B. et al., "A New Hardware Fault Insertion Scheme for System Diagnostics Verification", Proc. of International Test Conference, October, 1995, pp. 994-1002, an alternate fault injection method is proposed for system diagnostics verification. It achieves several improvements over the designs in Chau, but the area overhead can be as high as 50 to 100% depending on the pad type. There are also some compliance issues with the IEEE 1149.1 Boundary Scan standard.
The system described by Nadeau-Dostie et al. requires modification of the B-S register so that the update state of TAP controller is suppressed to avoid the corruption of the data that was previously shifted in. To prevent the rippling effect on the output of a fault injection pin, two separate B-S cells are used, one for storing the fault injection selection data and the other for the fault injection value, instead of two FFs within a B-S cell, as proposed by Chau.
The methods and systems proposed by both Chau and Nadeau-Dostie et al. can not be implemented unless IEEE 1149.1 Boundary Scan standard compliant architecture is modified as proposed by Chau and Nadeau-Dostie et al.
The previously proposed systems and methods do not fulfill a present need for a fault injection system and method that uses existing IEEE 1149.1 Boundary Scan standard compliant resources without modification, and which can be implemented by existing installed operating systems. Further, the previously proposed systems and methods do not fulfill a present need for a fault injection system and method that is operative in system mode.