What are multimodal texts? How can we transcribe and analyse them? How can multimedia and internet help us in multimodal discourse analysis? What postproduction and authoring skills are needed to analyse a multimodal text or to develop a corpus of multimodal texts? How does integrating multimedia meaning-making resources into hypertext multiply our meaning-making potential? How does the study of language relate to multimodality and multimedia, in particular in the e-learning age? How, and to what extent, will multimodal discourse analysis re-shape linguistics? In its attempt to provide answers to the questions raised above, and many others, this book proposes concrete solutions to the problems of multimodal text analysis and transcription of printed texts, websites and film. As such, it constitutes a much needed course in multimodal text transcription and analysis. It also suggests ways in which multimodal discourse analysis can help both educators and students understand how meaning is made in the e-learning environments that now play such an important role in our lives. In both these respects, readers are encouraged to use the book in conjunction with an associated and freely accessible website which provides many illustrations and exercises that further contextualise and exemplify the insights and descriptions provided by the book. As befits a coursebook, the individual chapters of the book are carefully organised in such a way as to provide a step-by-step progression in theoretical and descriptive complexity.


This paper aims to contribute to a reinterpretation of the relationship between the Peronist government and the labour movement. The research focuses on the General Confederation of Labour (CGT), the only labour union for Argentinian workers. Our hypothesis challenges traditional theses and aims to establish and provide evidence for several arguments. Firstly, we will endeavour to show that the political dialectic at work between the government and the CGT was never interrupted during this period. Secondly, we will endeavour to challenge the thesis that the CGT was part of the state, as well as the thesis that it was entirely controlled by the upper political spheres of Peronism.


Abstract A survey concerning perceptions of academic librarians was conducted at a large, 4-year university with three populations: librarians, faculty, and undergraduate students. The high response rate and the use of an instrument based on previous studies offers the possibility of longitudinal comparison and the identification of relationships between groups within one environment. This article focuses specifically on academic librarian perceptions about what librarians know (expertise and skills), what librarians do (roles and duties), and what librarians are like (motivations and affective behaviors). Twenty librarians employed in James Madison University Libraries responded to an online survey (62.5% response rate); four follow-up interviews and card sorts were conducted later to provide context to the data. Results have implications for libraries specifically in the areas of outreach, instruction, management, and collaboration. Differences in the responses of liaison and nonliaison groups are not generalizable to the population, but patterns were found that suggest future research in this area should include examination of differences related to the type of librarianship or focus on specific aspects of librarianship. Subsequent articles will situate these findings with those from surveys of faculty and undergraduate students and discuss implications for practice.


Background Injury incidences during international major ice hockey events are high, but information about ice hockey injuries in Germany, particularly in regular league play, is lacking. Objective Analysis of injury characteristics in German professional ice hockey. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Setting Two highest German professional leagues in men's ice hockey. Participants All first and second division ice hockey players who played at least in one competitive club match during the season 2014/15 season (n=812). Assessment of Risk Factors Analysis of all injuries of these players that were registered by clubs or physicians with the VBG as a part of the occupational accident reporting and that either led to the player's short-term disability (time-loss) and/or to medical treatment costs (medical-attention). Main Outcome Measurements Injury prevalence and incidence, injured body parts, type of injury, medical treatment costs, days of absence. Results A total of 2.045 injuries were recorded. 76.7% of all players were injured at least once. In mean each player had 2.52 injuries per season. Incidence rate in the first division (2.7 injuries/season) was significantly higher than in second division (2.3 injuries/season). The majority of injuries (69.1%) occurred during matches with a match incidence of 136.8 injuries per 1000 h. Nearly one third (30.7%) of all training injuries occurred during the pre-season. The head (17.9%), the shoulder (10.7%) and the thigh (10.1%) were the body parts most frequently affected. Shoulder injuries lead to the highest share of overall time-loss (20.5%) and medical treatment costs (22.0%). Goalkeeper had significant lower overall risk of injury (1.5 injuries/season), but higher risk of knee and thigh injuries. Conclusions Injury Risk in German professional ice hockey is high, especially during match play. Preventive measures should aim at sport- and position-specific risk factors. Special focus should be laid on player preparedness after off-season break.


In this paper, two coordinated control schemes have been designed for a grid-connected permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind energy conversion system with static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and supercapacitor energy storage (SCES) under various operating conditions. The coordinated control scheme-I (CCS-I) integrated a SCES into the DC-link through a bidirectional DC/DC converter to stabilize the DC-link voltage under varying wind speed and grid disturbances. The coordinated control scheme- II (CCS-II) implemented a STATCOM at the point of common coupling (PCC) to enhance the grid voltage stability during the grid voltage sag or swell. In CCS-II the SCES balances the active power while reactive power support is extracted from the grid side converter (GSC). The STATCOM is only activated when the reactive power requirement by the PCC exceeds the support capacity of the GSC. The proposed coordinated control schemes have been experimentally implemented with a dSpace MicroLabBox. Results show that CCS-I and II ensured the uninterrupted operation of the wind energy system and satisfied grid code requirements under various operating conditions and grid disturbances.


Abstract Background Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have elevated cardiovascular risk. Hyperhomocysteinemia may be one of the contributing factors to this phenomenon. This study therefore aimed to compare the serum homocysteine levels and the levels of folate and vitamin B12, cofactors for homocysteine metabolism, between individuals with and without SLE. Methods A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library (from inception to March 31, 2019). Studies comparing serum homocysteine, folate or vitamin B12 levels between individuals with and without SLE were selected. Of the 1040 screened studies, 50 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results A total of 50 studies involving 4396 patients with SLE were included. Patients with SLE had a significantly higher serum level of homocysteine (standardized mean difference [SMD], 1.134; 95% CI, 0.795–1.474) and lower level of vitamin B12 (SMD, −0.359; 95% CI, −0.638 to −0.080) than controls. The folate level didn't differ markedly between SLE patients and the control group (SMD, −0.276; 95% CI, −0.674–0.123). Subgroup analysis showed consistent results in adult SLE patients. A random effects meta-regression analysis revealed a significantly inverse correlation between the SMD of homocysteine levels and C3 levels (coefficient, −0.0356, 95% CI, −0.054 to −0.0171; P < .001) and C4 levels (coefficient, −0.0876, 95% CI, −0.1407 to −0.0345; P = .0012). Conclusions Serum homocysteine levels were higher and vitamin B12 levels were lower among individuals with SLE than those without SLE. Physicians are encouraged to monitor these parameters and offer timely interventions for patients with SLE.


As was the case with many other post-Soviet states, including those in the Baltics, Estonia became a place for considerable numbers of ethnic Russians/Russianspeaking minorities. The relationship between Estonians and minorities was quite tense in the beginning of the post-Soviet era. Still, as time progressed, native Estonians, the Estonian government, and Russian Estonians all tried to accommodate each other. Economic, political, and geopolitical reasons and, most of all, understanding the importance of the accommodation of the Russian-speaking population by Estonian society, contributed to the slow progress in the accommodation of the two segments of the Estonian nation. And here, Estonia is clearly ahead of other Baltic nations, such as Latvia.


This paper is the third in a series describing extensive empirical verification (by parameter estimation) of the Disaggregated Residential Allocation Model (DRAM). The first paper in this series, Putman and Ducca (1978a), described procedures for estimating the parameters of this type of model when trip interchange (O-D trip matrices) are unavailable. The second paper in this series, Putman and Ducca (1978b), described the results of estimating parameters in this way for a dozen US cities. This paper continues the work with parameter estimation for more than a dozen disparate non-US cities. The results lend even greater confirmation of the descriptive validity of this type of model.


development, and Section 2 examines the use of animal experiments to study the neurobiological basis for pain with special attention to the trigeminovascular system. Section 3 deals with in vitro models of migraine, and discusses the molecular pharmacology of the 5HT]D receptor system and mechanisms related to neuropeptides and amines. Section 4 describes in vivo animal models of migraines, and discusses models based on neurogenic and vascular mechanisms, with articles dealing with cranial arteriovenous shunting, neurogenic inflammation, cortical spreading depression and other mechanisms. Section 5 deals with human models of vascular headache, such as nitroglycerin-induced headache, as well as others. Section 6 deals with models of non-migrainous headache, including tension-type and cluster headache. Some of these models are largely theoretical. This book includes contributions by many well-known researchers in the field of headache, and is an up-to-date summary of the field. Despite the editing, the various contributions differ significantly in quality and importance. Although many neurologists would be interested in the cerebrovascular pain pathways of relevance to migraine, fewer might be interested in a new methodology to study muscle fatigue in normal and headache patients, or in the effects of peppermint and eucalyptus oral preparations on neurophysiological and experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Many of the contributions to this volume would also benefit from a short succinct summary. In summary, this volume will be of interest to the headache specialist, and perhaps the neurologist with a major interest in headache. Most of it will be too specialized to be of interest to the average neurologist. However, it is a valuable reference, and selected articles will be of interest to all those wrestling with the major new developments in serotonin receptor research and the pharmacology of migraine treatment. W.J. Becker Calgary, Alberta


: Twenty-three patients with Behcet's disease (BD) meeting the criteria of the international group for classification and diagnosis of BD (17 men and 6 women) were typed for HLA antigens class 1. The patients group was multinational, of them 19 were Caucasoids and 4 Mongoloids. It was shown that HLA B5 in Caucasoids occurred more frequently vs normal controls (73.7% and 15.5%, respectively). Under the correction of the antigens number up to 21, the differences continued to be statistically high. Characteristic for B5 antigen was a high relative risk and close association with the disease. In antigen group B5 + B35 the relative risk and association power grew still higher. The B5 positive group statistically more frequently had superficial thrombophlebitis and less frequently gastrointestinal involvement. It is concluded that class 1 HLA antigens, B5 in particular, are closely associated with BD in CIS countries.


A study was carried out wherein during the period August 1979 to January 1980, samples of raw and fermented cacao were analyzed monthly. These included two varieties: Arriba, taken from a farm in "Quevedo", and the EET-19, grown in "Pichilingue" by the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP). Taking the ear of cacao as a basis, the weight of its main parts was determined. The proximal composition was established in the cotyledons, with significant statistical differences in regard to moisture, protein, and ether extract content according to the month of harvest. As to the fermentation process, differences in moisture, ether extract and ash content were detected; differences in the ether extract and ash content were found between the two varieties. The fat extracted from the cotyledons presented different iodine, saponification and acidity index values between the raw and fermented samples, but none were determined between the varieties; as far as the month of harvest is concerned, differences in the acidity index were observed. The percentage composition of the main fatty acids is reported (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids). In order to suggest possible industrial ways of utilizing the cacao shell by-product which is discarded by the shelling machine, the chemical characteristics of five fractions were determined based on the functioning of the shelling machine. The moisture, protein, ether extract, ash, crude fiber, theobromine, and caffeine contents varied among the fractions, and it was dependent on the broken "nibs" content. Differences in the protein, ether extract, and ash content, according to the months of production, were found. Obviously, the high fat content in fractions A (fine dust) and B (fine ground), which varied from 30 to 11 g/100 g, merits its extraction; the remainder meal has a valuable protein and alkaloid content. The chemical characteristics of the fat extracted from the shell of two fractions were similar to the fat extracted from the cotyledons.


Sofi Fristedt Paul Nystedt Örjan Skogar 2,5 1Department of Rehabilitation and ARN-J Aging Research Network, Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping, Sweden; 2Futurum The Academy for Health and Care, Jönköping, Sweden; 3Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; 4Jönköping Academy, Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; 5Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden Background: Demographic changes combined with costly technological progress put a financial strain on the healthcare sector in the industrialized world. Hence, there is a constant need to develop new cost-effective treatment procedures in order to optimize the use of available resources. As a response, the concept of a Mobile Geriatric Team (MGT) has emerged not only nationally but also internationally during the last decade; however, scientific evaluation of this initiative has been very scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to perform a mixed methods analysis, including a prospective, controlled and randomized quantitative evaluation, in combination with an interview-based qualitative assessment, to measure the effectiveness and user satisfaction of MGT. Materials and methods: Community-dwelling, frail elderly people were randomized to an intervention group (n=31, mean age 84) and a control group (n=31, mean age 86). A twoyear retrospective quantitative data collection and a prospective one-year follow-up on healthcare utilization were combined with qualitative interviews. Non-parametric statistics and difference-in-difference (DiD) analyses were applied to the quantitative data. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: No significant group differences in healthcare utilization were found before inclusion. Post intervention, primary care contact (includingMGTs) increased for theMGT group. Inpatient care decreased dramatically for both groups. Hence, the increase in primary care contact forMGT patients was not accompanied by a reduction in inpatient care compared to the control group. Utilization of non-primary care was lower (p< 0.01) post-intervention in both groups. Conclusion: There appears to be a "natural" variation in healthcare needs over time among frail elderly people. Hence, it is vital to perform open, controlled clinical studies in tandem with the implementation of new caregiving strategies. The MGT initiative was clearly appreciated but did not fully achieve the desired reduction in healthcare utilization in this study. Trial registration: Retrospectively registered 09/10/2018, ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03662945.


Author(s): Gutierrez, Alma Karla | Advisor(s): Fuster, Mark; French, Kathleen | Abstract: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by elevated right ventricle pressures (RVP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) thought to result from pulmonary vascular remodeling. Currently, there is no cure for PAH, but inflammatory mechanisms have been implicated in playing a role. Previously, members of our group measured elevated levels of interleukin-33 (IL-33) in Group 1 PAH patient serum. This alarmin, "danger" signal, is expressed by endothelial cells and its signaling can either repair the endothelial layer or, if the danger signals persist, contribute to uncontrolled proliferation. Thus, we hypothesized that pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH is regulated by an IL-33-dependent pathway. To test this hypothesis, PAH was induced in adult C57BL/6J (wild-type, WT) mice, IL-33 receptor gene-ablated mice (ST2 -/-), in mice with a gene deletion of the upstream adaptor, MyD88 (MyD88 -/-), and in a strain with a conditional, endothelial-specific IL-33 gene-targeted inactivation using IL33 floxed and Tek-Cre transgenes [Tek-Cre (+/-)::IL33fl/fl]. Body weight, RVP, pulmonary vascular remodeling and endothelial cell proliferation were evaluated. PAH was induced using 10% hypoxia and weekly injections of the VEGF receptor antagonist, SU5416 (20 mg/kg) for three weeks (SuHx). The control condition was vehicle and room air, (DMSO/RA). RVP were measured by right heart catheterization in anesthetized mice. Pulmonary vascular wall thickness was morphometrically analyzed from paraffin-embedded HaE sections. Endothelial cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Following SuHx conditions: all mice lost weight, except for MyD88 -/- mice, and RVP were increased in WT and Tek-Cre::IL33fl/fl mice, but attenuated in ST2 -/-, and MyD88 -/- mice. Pulmonary vascular wall thickening increased in WT-SuHx males and Tek-Cre::IL-33fl/fl males, but not in SuHx-female mice for any strain. SuHx-WT male mice demonstrated increased endothelial cell proliferation compared to WT-Control mice. These data suggest that the IL-33-receptor, ST2, and MyD88 signaling may play a role in the PAH vascular remodeling and disease progression. Further understanding of IL-33-mediated signaling that regulates endothelial cell proliferation, remodeling and cytokine activation may provide a better understanding of the disease and its advancement and allow the design of new treatment strategies for PAH.


Gain-framed health messages are found to be more effective when targeting prevention behaviors. However, framing research has only minimally investigated the role of communication mode, another important factor in health communication. This study explored the role of communication mode in interaction with message framing, and the influence of two individual differences related to involvement as conditions under which gain framing can lead to health behavior change. Participants (N = 258) were exposed to either an auditory or written health message concerning fruit and vegetable intake, with either gain- or loss-framed arguments. In addition, the online experiment consisted of baseline and posttest measures, among which intention to consume sufficient fruit and vegetables. Moderating effects of perceived baseline fruit and vegetable consumption and baseline intention were assessed. A significant interaction between message framing and communication mode was observed: In case of a gain-framed message, an auditory message resulted in a higher intention than a written message. This pattern was most explicitly found among those with a lower perceived fruit and vegetable intake at baseline. Although further research is warranted in health persuasion research, the findings can possibly be used to target health interventions better at specific groups of people who behave less healthy.


Few studies have assessed changes in dietary choice and food preparation habits through community supported agriculture (CSA) program membership. If CSA program participation does indeed produce attitude and behavioral change in its participants, public policy encouraging CSA program membership, such as is currently done with farmers' markets, would provide another vehicle for fostering dietary improvements, especially in areas where farmers' markets may not be available or accessible for targeted populations. This study attempts to explore the effects of CSA membership on consumer dietary choice and nutritional intake, as well as the potential modifications in food purchase, preparation and dining out practices.


Several crystal modifications of two steroids (androsterone and beclomethasone dipropionate) have been characterised by solid-state NMR methods, and the chemical shifts between the different forms compared. The gradual loss of water from androsterone hemihydrate has been monitored by XRPD. The crystal structures are discussed in relation to the NMR data. That of the beclomethasone dipropionate ethyl acetate solvate has been determined for the first time. It is found that there are clear channels containing the ethyl acetate molecules, which are apparently not incorporated by hydrogen bonding. Carbon-13 CP MAS spectra with long contact times and MAS proton spectra are used to show the mobility of ethyl acetate molecules in the BDP solvate. The second-order effect of chlorine on the 13C spectrum of beclomethasone dipropionate monohydrate has been explored by varying the applied magnetic field.


Abstract The recently developed in-column monochromators make it possible to record energy-c spectra with resolutions better than 30 meV from nanometer-sized regions. It should therefore in principle be possible to detect localized vibrational excitations. The scattering geometry in the electron microscope means that bond stretching in the specimen plane or longitudinal optic phonons dominate the scattering. Most promising for initial studies are vibrations with energies between 300 and 400 meV from hydrogen bonded to other atoms. Estimates of the scattering cross-sections on the basis of a simple model show that they are about the same as inner shell scattering cross-sections. Cross-sections also increase with charge transfer between the atoms, and theory incorporating realistic charge distributions shows that signal/noise is the only limitation to high-resolution imaging. Given the magnitude of the scattering cross-sections, minimizing the tail of the zero-loss peak is just as important as achieving a small-width at half-maximum. Improvements in both resolution and controlling the zero-loss tail will be necessary before it is practical to detect optic phonons in solids between 40 and 60 meV.


In his ethical writings, Duns Scotus emphasized both divine freedom and natural goodness, and these seem to conflict with each other in various ways. I offer an interpretation of Scotus which takes seriously these twin emphases and shows how they cohere. I argue that, for Scotus, all natural laws obtain just by the natures of actual things. Divine commands, such as the Ten Commandments, contingently track natural laws but do not make natural laws to be natural laws. I present textual evidence for this claim. I also show how this view of Scotus on the natural law is consistent with a number of troubling passages. Scotus's ethical theory implies that there are genuinely moral reasons for acting which are not absolutely binding (because subject to a divine command or permission otherwise) and also some moral reasons for acting which are absolutely binding (because not thus subject).


Marginal tables are the workhorse of capturing the correlations among a set of attributes. We consider the problem of constructing marginal tables given a set of user's multi-dimensional data while satisfying Local Differential Privacy (LDP), a privacy notion that protects individual user's privacy without relying on a trusted third party. Existing works on this problem perform poorly in the high-dimensional setting; even worse, some incur very expensive computational overhead. In this paper, we propose CALM, Consistent Adaptive Local Marginal, that takes advantage of the careful challenge analysis and performs consistently better than existing methods. More importantly, CALM can scale well with large data dimensions and marginal sizes. We conduct extensive experiments on several real world datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of CALM over existing methods.


The demand for acoustic wave-based devices has been rapidly increasing in the aerospace, chemical, and biological fields due to their versatility towards sensing measurands. This paper explores the characteristics and effectiveness of acoustic wave-based two-port sensors designed with bidirectional IDT electrodes placed in different configurations, such as surface mounted or embedded inside the substrate, through numerical and experimental analysis. The numerical study involves 3D modeling of the sensor design to investigate wave characteristics by utilizing time-domain, i.e., time delay and wave patterns, and frequency-domain analysis, i.e., scattering parameter study. The sensor made of polyvinylidene fluoride polymer is modeled to ensure the concordance between the theoretical and numerical results as well as a preliminary experimental result obtained from transparent piezoelectric films. The coupling of modes theoretical model is used to obtain the device's frequency response by a transmission matrix cascading technique. These investigated results will stand as guidance and facilitate defining an approach that can predict the behavior of the sensor with a specific design under different operating environments and expand its viability towards multi-functional devices that are reliable and sensitive to intended measurands.


Abstract The genesis of meteorology at the University of Chicago is reviewed in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Institute of Meteorology. The Institute of Meteorology was founded in October 1940 under the leadership of Carl Rossby and Horace Byers. Although previous attempts failed due to lack of resources, the imminent need for meteorologists in aviation and long–range weather forecasting, particularly for the nation's military needs, provided sufficient motivation for the program, and a $15,000 donation by Sewell Avery provided the necessary funds to get the program started. This article adds to Byers' 1975 account of the founding of the Institute by documenting the exchange of letters in 1939 between C. Rossby, Karl T. Compton (president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Arthur H. Compton (professor of Physics at Chicago), and Henry Gale (dean of Physical Sciences at Chicago) regarding the possibility of establishing a meteorology program at Chicago.


Ageing is associated with a progressive deterioration in the functions of many organs within the body. In tissue with high cell turnover, the maintenance of the stem cells is of particular importance. Any accumulation of damage in stem cells may affect their function and hence threaten the homeostasis and regenerative capacity of the tissue. The small intestine represents a good model for the study of stem cells because of its spatial and hierarchical organisation. We have examined the effect of age on stem cell regenerative capacity after irradiation, using the microcolony assay. Crypt survival levels, the growth rate of surviving crypts, and the number of cells able to repopulate a crypt have been investigated by irradiating groups of 6-7 month old and 28-30 month old ICRFa male mice. After high doses of irradiation, the surviving crypts in old mice were both smaller and fewer in number than in young mice. The growth rate of surviving crypts was determined by measuring the crypt area and the number of cells/crypt at various times after 14 Gy irradiation. There was a growth delay of between about one half and one day in the older mice. Surprisingly, the number of clonogenic cells per crypt was estimated to be greater in the older mice. These studies indicate important age-related alterations in the capacity to regenerate the crypts after radiation damage.


In the spirit of new public management and new governance concepts, states have shifted from hierarchical and bureaucratic models of welfare administration to more flexible and market‐oriented arrangements. As part of this transformation, states designed new accountability structures to cope with the accountability challenges of these administration regimes. The article examines the suitability and effectiveness of these new structures of accountability through an in‐depth case study of the Wisconsin Works program, one of the most prominent experiments in new governance methods of welfare administration. The article shows that, during a decade of implementation, the Wisconsin Works program shifted back to a centralized and bureaucratized style of administration. The article analyzes the underlying forces that led to re‐bureaucratization. It suggests that relatively tight methods of control are inherent in the administration of such complex and politically sensitive welfare programs.


Information results from observing and recording (and making) facts whose value is a function of the novelty they convey. Despite its frequent association with knowledge, information is not concerned with lasting truths or statements that have enduring value but with transient facts that recount details of a world in a perpetual move. Information can be used to build up knowledge and it emerges as information against the background of what is (un)known but is distinct from knowledge. The most vivid example of the role of information in contemporary life is provided by stock markets and the news that enters them in the form of price changes, constantly in a need of updating. The importance of capturing the numerable and transient details underlying contemporary life, with the view of using them to inform action, is intrinsic to modern institutions. However, such an importance has acquired rising momentum, thanks to the growing economic and social involvement of the technologies of information and communication and the unprecedented amount of information they capture and circulate. Thus viewed, technological information is both an expression of the predisposition that late modern societies and economies exhibit towards the present and a fundamental vehicle though which such a predisposition becomes socially embedded.


This report has four parts. The first part focuses on the changing environment in which the international wheat research system functions in developing countries. The authors describe recent trends in developing country wheat production against projected demand for wheat. Next, they present strategies for increasing productivity in favored and less favored wheat production environments. Part 1 concludes with a discussion of how emerging trends and policies, such as intellectual property protection and market liberalization, are likely to affect the global wheat research system and exchange of germplasm. Part 2 of the report presents new information on the historical impact of the international wheat improvement system, including information on the role of CIMMYT germplasm. Part 3 discusses wheat supply and demand projections, with a special focus on Asia (including Central Asia). Part 4 presents statistics on world wheat production and consumption in a newly revised format.


The structurally unique amino-terminal domain of class II G protein-coupled receptors is critically important for ligand binding and receptor activation. Understanding the precise role it plays requires detailed insights into the molecular basis of its ligand interactions and the conformation of the ligand-receptor complex. In this work, we used two high-affinity, full-agonist, secretin-like photolabile probes having sites for covalent attachment in positions 21 and 23 and used sequential proteolysis and sequencing of the labeled region of the receptor to identify two new spatial approximation constraints. The position 21 probe labeled receptor residue Arg15, whereas the position 23 probe labeled receptor residue Arg21. A homology model of the amino-terminal domain of the secretin receptor was developed using the NMR structure of the analogous domain of the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor. This was attached to a homology model of the secretin receptor transmembrane bundle, with the two domains oriented relative to each other based on continuity of the peptide backbone and by imposing a distance restraint recently identified between the amino-terminal WDN sequence and the region of the helical bundle above transmembrane segment six. Secretin was docked to this model using seven sets of spatial approximation constraints identified in previous photoaffinity labeling studies. This model was found to fully accommodate all existing constraints, as well as the two new approximations identified in this work.


Abstract This paper introduces the special issue of Southern Rural Sociology and lays the groundwork for the rest of the papers. The genesis of this special issue flows from the efforts of the Southern Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SSARE) program to bring more social science research into its portfolio of projects. Our concern is that by providing best management practices (Band-Aids) to a fundamentally unsustainable agricultural system, the sustainable agriculture movement (and SARE's granting program) favors the environmental component at the expense of economic and social "legs" of the sustainable stool. While focusing on the history and work of the SARE program, we provided a social science perspective on sustainable agriculture. Recommended Citation Jordan, Jeffrey, and Douglas Constance. 2008. "Sustainable Agriculture and the Social Sciences: Getting Beyond Best Management Practices and into Food Systems." Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 23(1): Article 1. Available at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/jrss/vol23/iss1/1 Publication Date 6-30-2008  Download


This paper presents a Model for working with the dying and the bereaved within the Maltese context arising from my years of prac- tice in oncology and palliative care. The use of self is an important element. Self, from a Gestalt perspective, indicates cohesion over time – Integrity, and openness to change at the contact boundary – Growth (Yontef, 1993), two important characteristics in the Model. The interplay between the psychotherapeutic and the spiritual and religious is addressed, within a culture where the Roman Catholic Religion is a dominant tradition. The Model advocates that, apart from practising presence and inclusion, a practitioner needs to be prepared to stay with the client in the long space between Withdrawal and Sensation, with its dearth of figure-formation. This requires a deep level of conviction that sustains the practitioner in the 'between' to allow a natural, positive figure to emerge, with the resulting growth of both practitioner and client.


Introduction The neurogenic inflammatory mediator, substance P (SP), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute secretagogue-induced pancreatitis. We hypothesized that it may also play an important role in the development of acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Aims Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of CP-96345, a NK1 receptor antagonist, in diminishing post-ERCP pancreatitis in a rat model. Methods The effects of CP-96345, when mixed with the contrast agent, were studied in a rat model of pancreatitis caused by retrograde contrast infusion. After 24 hours, histology, edema, and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) of pancreas, plasma amylase, and NK1 receptor endocytosis in pancreatic acinar cells were evaluated. Results Intraductal contrast infusion caused increases in plasma amylase, edema, histologic grade, and MPO of pancreas, and NK1 receptor internalization in pancreatic acinar cells. The addition of CP-96345 to the infusate significantly reduced pancreatic edema, MPO activity, and the histologic grade of pancreatitis accompanied by a decrease in NK1 receptor internalization. Conclusions When an NK1 receptor antagonist is delivered along with the contrast media there is significant reduction in the pancreatic inflammation caused by intraductal contrast infusion. These results provide some insight into the pathogenesis of ERCP induced pancreatitis as well as present novel pharmacological targets for its prevention.


Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) is a major foodborne pathogen and poultry are a key reservoir of human infections. To understand the host responses to early stages of Salmonella infection in poultry, we infected 2D and 3D enteroids, the latter of which contains leukocytes, neurons, and mesenchymal cells that are characteristic of the lamina propria. We infected these enteroids with wild-type (WT STm), a non-invasive mutant lacking the prgH gene (ΔprgH STm), or treated them with STm lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and analysed the expression of innate immune related genes by qPCR at 4 and 8 h. The localisation of ZO-1 expression was disrupted in WT STm infected enteroids but not ΔprgH STm or LPS treated enteroids, suggesting a loss of barrier integrity. The innate immune response to LPS was more pronounced in 2D enteroids compared to 3D enteroids and by 8 hpi, the response in 3D enteroids was almost negligible. However, when STm adhered to or invaded the enteroids, both 2D and 3D enteroids exhibited an upregulation of inflammatory responses. The presence of lamina propria cells in 3D enteroids resulted in the unique expression of genes associated with immune functions involved in regulating inflammation. Moreover, 2D and 3D enteroids showed temporal differences in response to bacterial invasion or adherence. At 8 hpi, innate responses in 3D but not 2D enteroids continued to increase after infection with WT STm, whereas the responses to the non-invasive strain decreased at 8 hpi in both 2D and 3D enteroids. In conclusion, STm infection of chicken enteroids recapitulated several observations from in vivo studies of Salmonella-infected chickens, including altered epithelial barrier integrity based on ZO-1 expression and inflammatory responses. Our findings provide evidence that Salmonella-infected enteroids serve as effective models for investigating host-pathogen interactions and exploring the molecular mechanisms of microbial virulence although the 3D model mimics the host more accurately due to the presence of a lamina propria.


could do more than hazard a guess at what the legal position would be if (be it for a financial consideration or not) such embryos were to be passed from the clinics in which they had originated to scientific workers, inside or outside industry, wishing to use them for purposes such as organ culture, testing drugs for teratogenesis, studying abnormal cytogenetics, or genetic engineering. It is vitally important that a small pilot committee be set up immediately to collect, collate, and record information on the fate of every ovum fertilised in vitro in Britain. When parliament comes to debate the report it will obviously be immensely aided if it has available information on the fate of all such ova. During this period before the debate the only constraints imposed on experimentation will have been those suggested by the conscience, good taste, and sense of those working with embryos. The knowledge that parliament was going to debate the report when it had the facts would do much to allay the concern and suspicion ofthose who as a matter ofconscience find experimentation on living human beings repugnant. D H M WOOLLAM


With more than 230 million international tourists a year, the Mediterranean region is the largest tourist destination in the world. This book outlines that its economic importance is matched by its significance as a cultural and aesthetic phenomenon.

Through a series of ethnographic insights into some of the key sites of mass Mediterranean tourism, it focuses on package tourists' experiences of the serial, banal and depthless spaces that are mushrooming along the coast and the enchantments, dissolutions and dreams that saturate them.

Moving away from the notion of authentic places corrupted by mass tourism, the book shows how new forms and spaces are made and remade by the mobilities and performances of locals, workers and tourists. Finally, the book looks at the complex materialities of mass tourism and the many networks that make it possible.


We report the development of efficient electrophoretic methods for the separation and quantification of L-arginine and six naturally occurring derivatives that are structurally and functionally related. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) employing a concentrated borate buffer at pH 9.4 achieves the separation of mixtures containing dimethyl-L-arginine, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, L-arginine, L-homoarginine, L-ornithine, and L-citrulline as 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan derivatives. In addition, the separation of the isomeric dimethyl-L-arginine derivatives (symmetric and asymmetric) is attained with baseline resolution by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) when a high concentration of deoxycholic acid is added as a surfactant to the same running buffer. The influence of buffer type, concentration, and pH on the separation was studied to optimize separation conditions. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine in aqueous solution was determined to be 20 microM using UV absorption in a CE separation and 0.1 microM using laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection in an MEKC separation. This newly developed method was successfully applied for the quantitation of asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine and L-arginine in human plasma samples at levels that might be used as a clinical diagnostic for cardiovascular disease (0.125 microM LOQ).


SUMMARY In this paper, we examine the relation between auditor litigation risk and abnormal accruals over the 1989–2007 time period. We address potential endogeneity in prior studies by jointly modeling abnormal accruals and litigation risk in a simultaneous equation system. Our findings suggest that client-specific litigation risk affects auditor incentives to acquiesce to client demands for earnings management, i.e., the higher the risk of auditor litigation, the greater the auditor's restraining influence on the abnormal accruals reported by the client. We also find evidence that abnormal accruals increase the likelihood of auditor litigation. We also document that the 1995 Public Securities Litigation Reform Act (PSLRA) lowered the client-specific risk of auditor litigation. Litigation reform remains a topic of ongoing interest. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the effects of litigation reform (and related changes in legal exposure) on auditor incentives and earnings management.


Underground coal mine is one of the main hazards of groundwater, the safety of coal mine production has a significant safety hazard. However, there are some deficiencies in the current automatic monitoring and warning system of Mine Hydrology. First, general automatic monitoring system can not be timely and effectively find the occurrence of sudden flood; second, testing cycle is long, there are amount of data, large occupied storage space.In this study, it was the foundation of hydrological alarm system research lied in prompt and effective returning of alarming information and less-space storage for such data. In order to meet its operating requirements, the design of its alarming unit adopted text-to-speech technology or TTS((text to speech), development package of Chinese language, TTS engine and Microsoft foundation classed to announce its alarming messages. Second, for less-occupied space of storage, the design employed file compression method based on LZMA algorithm, which compresses audio files containing alarm information into self-defined files and save them in its disks. In the process of application test, the result show that the design of alarming unit can timely service its abnormal sensors to make it functional, detect their abnormal parameters in advance, conduct inquiry into such data, read and record early alarming message and perfect the functions of hydro-alarm system.Hence, the study results demonstrate that it can play a positive role in ensuring coal mine safety and production.


When President Garter responded to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by slapping an embargo on U.S. grain shipments to the U.S.S.R., he used "the wealth weapon" to defend American strategic interests and human rights, as authors Ben J. Wattenberg and Richard J. Whalen pro-pose in this book that breaks new ground in analyzing U.S. foreign pol-icy. Writing from their different per-sonal perspectives (as a liberal Demo-crat and a moderate Republican re-spectively), this pair of partisan ac-tivists offer a lively, balanced set of arguments, pro and con, for an activist U.S. foreign policy. They and a cast of invented characters representing op-posing viewpoints debate whether U.S. foreign trade and investments and American multinational corporations should be used to pursue national goals and objectives, especially in dealing with the communist nations. The authors argue that the post-Vietnam reduction of U.S. political influence and military strength over-seas gives future presidents little choice but to use the largely exploited economic strength and wealth-creat-ing ability of America to protect vital interests abroad--just as President Carter felt compelled to do on an ad hoc basis after the Soviets took over Afghanistan. They call for a consis-tent, long-term use of "the wealth weapon" in close coordination with U.S. allies and trading partners. As veteran political analysts and so-cial critics, the authors take a fresh, provocative and informative look at a phenomenon too often left to dry-as-dust economists: the role in the world of giant global corporations whose re-sources often dwarf those of nation-states. As they declare, the authors set out to write the first truly readable (and even enjoyable) book about multina-tional corporations--and they have succeeded amid a world crisis when their timely message anticipates to-morrow's headlines.


The exporting and subcontracting decisions of a panel of Vietnamese private small-and medium-sized enterprises is investigated. We fi nd that among subcontractors, subcontracting is a supplementary rather than primary activity; the propensity to export increases with managers' or owners' knowledge of customs law; and, there is some evidence that subcontractors are more likely to have made product improvements while exporters are more likely to have adopted new processes or technologies. Our study provides useful insights into SME exporting and subcontracting strategies made more relevant by the expected reductions in trade costs associated with the World Trade Organization's Trade Facilitation Agreement.


The ability to detect and quantify viral vector sequences from a variety of clinical sample types is crucial to performing biosafety risk assessments. Viral vector-mediated gene transfer studies are often performed in animals, and these animals must be placed under appropriate biocontainment conditions to protect the workers and environment. Data on the shedding of viral vectors from animals are limited, and the sample types are challenging for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For this reason, we developed a quantitative PCR assay that could be used for such purpose. We designed a sequence-specific, probe-binding method for detecting adenoviral and lentiviral vector sequences. A duplex strategy was used that included a quality control sequence to be amplified in the same reaction as the viral vector. This sequence provided an internal control for normalization of noncellular sample types, such as animal excretions that inherently lack a natural control sequence. The new assay was used to establish the efficiency of reverse transcription and to detect viral genomes in stocks of whole virus particles. We identified sets of primers and probes for both adenoviral and lentiviral sequences that work well together with no interference. The average conversion rate of RNA into complementary DNA was 18.5%. The new quantitative PCR assay was efficient and specific, and it measured successfully the number of viral genomes in stocks of whole virus particles. This assay could be used to detect adenoviral and lentiviral vector sequences for biosafety and other research purposes.


Patients harboring germline breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations are predisposed to developing breast, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers. BRCA2 plays a critical role in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair and deleterious mutations in BRCA2 confer sensitivity to PARP inhibition. Recently, the PARP inhibitors olaparib and rucaparib were FDA approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and patients with recurrent ovarian cancer with mutations in BRCA1/2. Despite their initial antitumor activity, the development of resistance limits the clinical utility of PARP inhibitor therapy. Multiple resistance mechanisms have been described, including reversion mutations that restore the reading frame of the BRCA2 gene. In this study, we generated olaparib- and rucaparib-resistant BRCA2-mutant Capan1 cell lines. We did not detect secondary reversion mutations in the olaparib- or rucaparib-resistant clones. Several of the resistant clones had gene duplication and amplification of the mutant BRCA2 allele, with a corresponding increase in expression of a truncated BRCA2 protein. In addition, HR-mediated DNA repair was rescued, as evidenced by the restoration of RAD51 foci formation. Using mass spectrometry, we identified Disruptor Of Telomeric silencing 1-Like (DOT1L), as an interacting partner of truncated BRCA2. RNAi-mediated knockdown of BRCA2 or DOT1L was sufficient to resensitize cells to olaparib. The results demonstrate that independent of a BRCA2 reversion, mutation amplification of a mutant-carrying BRCA2 contributes to PARP inhibitor resistance.


This Article highlights important developments in the qualified immunity defense to Section 1983 claims. The focus is on recent Supreme Court decisions and the fallout from such decisions in the lower courts. First, however, the authors tackle the Supreme Court's recent expansion of absolute immunity to grand jury witnesses, and its impact on the application of qualified immunity. Second, consideration is given to the Court's newfound willingness to provide qualified immunity to private actors engaged in conduct under color of state law. Third, this Article discusses the continued effects of the Supreme Court's reformulation of the qualified immunity analysis that allows lower courts to skip deciding the merits of the constitutional issue and jump to the question of whether the law was clearly established. Finally, this Article discusses recent decisions making it more difficult for Section 1983 plaintiffs to establish that the federal law was clearly established.


The increasing complexity of real-time applications presents a challenge to researchers and software designers. The tasks of these applications usually exchange large volume of data-flows and often need to satisfy real-time constraints. Although the Network on-Chip (NoC) paradigm offers an underlying communication infrastructure that gives more hardware resources, it is unable to safe tasks and data-flows deadlines. In recent works, preemptive wormhole switching with fixed priority has been introduced to meet real-time constraints of real-time applications. However, it suffers some bottleneck such as hardware requirement where none of these works takes account of the number of implemented virtual channels on the router. To alleviate this problem, we propose a novel scheduler for soft real-time data-flows application that takes into account the lack on resource in routers in term of Virtual channels. Experimental results obtained on a benchmark of synthetic and soft real applications have shown the efficiency of our approach in term of real-time constraints satisfaction for data-flow traffics and hardware requirements.


This research explores the dominant meanings arising from British newspaper reportage of
sexual violence directed at children. The research employs a quantitative and qualitative
analysis to answer the following questions: What are the dimensions of child sexual abuse
that are covered? How do the media cover these (e.g. as straight news, editorials, opinion
columns)? How are offenders and victims portrayed? What sources are cited in stories?
What explanations are offered about the occurrence of child sexual abuse? The objective is
to: (a) describe the content of press reportage about child sexual abuse through quantitative
and qualitative content analysis and; (b) explain the nature of that content in terms of
better understanding journalism as a producer of meanings, specifically in relation to
coverage of child sexual abuse. In simultaneously identifying and comparing news
coverage, the research attempts to articulate the political and ideological functions of
language in newspaper coverage of child sexual abuse. It also attempts to develop
explanations for the discursive representation of child sexual abuse in the British press,
linking news discourse on sexual offending against children to the journalistic practices in
news production, the profile of the profession as well as broader prevailing socio-political
ideologies about the family, offending, childhood and risks faced by children. A close and
systematic analysis of news texts is important to understanding the role of the media in the
production of meanings about such a social problems.


Flat rolled Al alloys manufactured using the Direct Chill casting process are used in safety critical applications and therefore need to be of the highest possible quality. Liquid metal is cleaned using a mixture of inert Ar and reactive Cl gases before casting.

The first section of this work explores the aetiology of defects in hot rolled Al plate, found using ultrasound. Inclusions extracted from 7xxx plate were examined using scanning electron microscopy. A second type of defect found in 7475 alloy plate was established to be a coarse grain structure.

The second section aimed to provide a better understanding of the role of Cl on degassing. The effects of Cl on the degassing performance of a Spinning Nozzle Inert Floatation degassing unit were approached statistically using ALSCAN. Finally, 20 kg melts of Al and Al alloys were doped with H and subsequently degassed, and the reduction in H over time was measured using ALSPEKH.

In the third section the LECO H determination device was used to degas Al specimens to very low levels. Degassed specimens were melted under air or N\(_2\) atmosphere, so that when cracks formed in the surface oxide layer either Al\(_2\)O\(_3\) or AlN formed. After subsequent exposure to pure H\(_2\) gas the specimens that formed AlN were found to have absorbed more H than those heated in air.


Many people visit Alaska to see the beautiful national parks. One group of visitors wants to fly into a national park and go skiing. However, the weather turns bad. Will the visitors be able to get to the park? What will they do there?


Financial markets have been subjected to numerous regulations during the last two decades. MiFID2/MiFIR and MAD2/MAR are two extensive regulations that will apply on European level during 2016 2018. Both these regulations stress areas that are of relevance to trade surveillance. Trade surveillance systems are IT systems applied to the market for financial instruments to identify market abuse or other harmful patterns in participants' trading activity. The purpose of this report is to map the market of trade surveillance technology in Stockholm, Sweden, and examine the impact on these actors in conjunction with the regulations. Since MiFID2/MiFIR and MAD2/MAR are extensive regulations, these were condensed to key points that were considered as relevant for surveillance. This research is a qualitative study and data was gathered by interviews with market actors. A pre-study and a literature study were made. These were used as basis to construct an analytical framework for market dynamics, which was used as a descriptive concept to design interview questions, structure data and analyze results. The framework was named Market Dynamics Framework and considered the macroenvironmental factors: Technology, Actors' preferences, Market structure and Regulations. The market was segmented in order to more accurately examine regulatory impact. Market actors were divided into four groups. The results were analyzed according to the framework and for each of the segmented market actor groups. Preference of surveillance solution was shown to be one distinct difference between every segment. A purchased surveillance system from a vendor was most common, and actors of smaller scale preferred to outsource. The market is concluded to be prepared in terms of having systems and arrangement for monitoring trades in place. Expected impact is mostly related to new market structures and more detailed data of larger amounts. Increased capacity need for surveillance departments is expected in combination with a need for more advanced technologies; e.g. automatic screening of social media, efficient minimization of false positives, functionality coverage for a broader range of financial instruments. This research introduces two concepts as descriptive frames, Market Dynamics Framework and a segmentation. These are proposed as methods when conducting a market analysis. A validation study for these methods is suggested as a possible topic for future studies. Key-words: Financial market, trade surveillance, MiFID2, MiFIR, MAD2, MAR, market dynamics, segmentation


Cutaneous Gummata with Cardiovascular Changes.-H. MACCORMAC, C.B.E., M.D. J. A., a man, aged 71, contracted a sore and bubo in Egypt forty-eight years ago; the bubo was opened and dressed, but no otber treatment was given. He has had an unusually healthy life up to the present time, doing strenuous work -as a porter-which -entails carrying heavy weights,coal, etc., up three flights of stairs. His wife is alive and said to be healthy and there are two healthy sons. The patient is able to fix the date of his original infection accurately, as it coincided with Queen Victoria's Jubilee; he has thus remained a latent syphilitic in robust health until our present King's Jubilee year, when he developed a gumma on the arm. Appearances are apt to be deceptive, and Dr. Evan Bedford, to whom I referred the patient, reports as follows:-


mance from their cattle herds in winter and spring. To help avoid the problems associated with mud and reduced performance, producers should consider using concrete pads or lower-cost all-weather surfaces wherever animals congregate (e.g., feeding areas, animal traffic areas, and loafing areas). Although concrete is probably the most desirable surface for durability and low maintenance, an all-weather surface can be constructed of geotextile fabric, rock, and fine surface cover for less than one-third of the cost of concrete. Rock over bare soil in Kentucky requires approximately 12 inches of depth for stability, but using rock over geotextile fabrics can reduce rock depth by half. Repeated maintenance usually required for rock pads is also reduced because the fabric keeps the rock in place.


Many previous studies have showed that child sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with risky sexual behaviours (RSB). Additionally, there have been many misconceptions in understanding sexual abuse among the public. The lack of awareness and various views on perceiving sexual abuse among people of different ethnic minorities warrants in-depth understanding. The quantitative phase aimed to determine the prevalence of CSA experience and its association with unprotected sex during first sexual intercourse (RSB 1), unprotected sex throughout subsequent sexual intercourse (RSB 2) and multiple sexual partners (RSB 3). The purpose of the qualitative phase was to gain in-depth understanding of multi-ethnic perceptions on sexual abuse among female undergraduate students. The quantitative phase was a cross-sectional study conducted using an anonymous online survey. Respondents were undergraduate students from a public university in Malaysia. The qualitative phase involved focus group discussions among female undergraduate students from different ethnic minorities. In the quantitative study, a total of 1,650 undergraduate students responded. Only 1,383 (83.8%) responses were included in the analysis. The prevalence of CSA experience is 38.3% with rates being higher in females (41%, n=368) than males (33.2%, n=162). CSA experience was significantly associated with unprotected sex during first sexual intercourse (P=0.002) and multiple sexual partners (P=0.015) in the uni-variate analysis. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, CSA experience was significantly associated with unprotected sex during first sexual intercourse (P=0.010). The likelihood of having unprotected sex during first sexual intercourse was higher in respondents who did not experience CSA (OR=2.56, 95%CI: 1.25-5.26). A total of 14 FGDs with a total of 75 students were conducted. Respondents from different ethnic groups perceived sexual
iv
abuse differently. Respondents perceived females, younger individuals, dress-code, good looks, soft and timid personalities, having lack of sexual knowledge, environmental factors and certain medical condition to be risk factors for sexual abuse victims. Sexual abuse perpetrators were perceived to be males, older individuals and most often a relative of the victim. Respondents also perceived that knowledge on sexual abuse amongst the community was insufficient and improper. CSA experience among university students is common in Malaysia and is associated with unprotected sex during first sexual intercourse (RSB 1). Many complaints on CSA in Malaysia do not lead to successful prosecution. This could largely be due to the weaknesses in the criminal justice system, police, law makers and child welfare groups. Furthermore, the Malaysian government does not publish data on CSA as it is protected under the Malaysia's Official Act. Therefore, this problem needs to be addressed urgently and resources have to be made available for prevention against sexual abuse. Clinicians, who see patients with a history of CSA, should be aware of the relationship between CSA experience and risky sexual behaviours and be prepared to address the issue during their therapy. Additionally, sexual abuse is perceived differently among the ethnic groups in Malaysia. This shows that there is a need to strengthen sexual abuse prevention initiatives, awareness and sexual health promotion among young adults regardless of gender.


Abstract In the history of civilization twins always fascinated, but initially they were treated as a freak of nature. Relatively recently the first scientific attempts were made to elaborate this theme and in the 50s of the 20th century the first national register of twins was created (Danish). Currently, there are many of such databases and they are an excellent source for a various analyzes, including the incidence and risk factors of genetically determined diseases, among others congenital heart defects. This paper presents a historical, sociological and medical aspects connected with the fascinating world of twins.


The dynamic characteristic of CNC (computer numerical control) machine tools is a critical role to decide the accuracy and speed of machine. It is very important to improve the precision and reduce the motion error so as to manufacture complex and fine products. In general, the motion error is estimated by a two or three-dimensional ball bar measurement system. Although this technology is capable of dynamical measurement, its condition should be confined to a low speed or a large radius. A new measurement method for measuring circular motion error of CNC machine tools is proposed in this paper. The instrument consists of a dual-frequency laser interferometer, a beam splitter and two corner cubes. In order to evaluate the exactness of the results we get from our measurement system, we use RSF's grid encoder to do another experiment and compare both the results. According to the results shown, our measurement system can measure both of the X and Y axes of the plane of the CNC stage in a small scale at the same time and can simplify the calibration procedure as well as shorten the time of measurement. This method can accomplish the two-axis measurement at a high speed, without being restricted by radius variations. It is a good, simple and effective measurement method.


In this paper, the way and equipment that detects the drafting force of back zone on cotton spinning frame is promoted and designed, on the base of the analysis of draft theory, detected equipment and way of drafting force in existence. Using this way, the drafting force of back zone on spinning frame can be detected on-line effectively. By mechanical analysis way, in the course of drafting the mathematical models of drafting force in back zone and force impressing on sensor are educed; the drafting force is detected on cotton spinning frame utilizing detected equipment of drafting force designed by ourselves. Results indicate: this detected equipment can reflect the size and wave circs of drafting force in back zone, provide a new way of on-line detection of drafting force in back zone on cotton spinning frame and choice drafting process parameters in reason.


As the world population increases exponentially, the number of products purchased and consumed is also increasing. The rapid pace of technological changes renders some products obsolete even though they are still new and in excellent condition. Consequently, the supply of natural resources decreases severely. Additionally, the amount of waste generated at the end-of-life of products has become a serious problem in most countries. In response, manufacturers have to seek other essential resources to provide materials for manufacturing their products. This generates a strong demand for secondary resources such as refurbished parts and recycled materials. This problem can be best resolved by promoting end-of-life (EOL) selection strategies.
The main objective of this research is to develop an evaluation system for selecting EOL strategy specifically for remanufacturing. The developed framework consists of several sub-objectives. The first sub-objective is to evaluate the remanufacturing selection strategy at the product level. In order to achieve this, the integration of analytic hierarchical process (AHP) and case-based reasoning (CBR) is used to evaluate the EOL options at the product level. The AHP, which allows pair-wise comparison and consistent judgement, is used to determine the weight in nearest neighbourhood (NN) algorithm of CBR. The second subobjective is to evaluate the EOL of parts and components. The integration of the economic and environmental cost (EOL cost) model is used to determine the EOL of parts and components. The third sub-objective is to optimize the disassembly sequence of the EOL product. This study integrates the travelling salesman problem with genetic algorithm (TSP-GA) for finding the optimal disassembly sequence and disassembling the EOL product. Additionally, this study uses EOL profits and net present value (NPV) of parts and subassemblies of the EOL product to determine the best EOL option of components and parts of the EOL product.


Genes are gained and lost over the course of evolution. A recent study found that over 1,800 new genes have appeared during primate evolution and that an unexpectedly high proportion of these genes are expressed in the human brain. But what are the molecular functions of newly evolved genes and what is their impact on an organism's fitness? The acquisition of new genes may provide a rich source of genetic diversity that fuels evolutionary innovation. Although gene manipulation experiments are not feasible in humans, studies in model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster, have shown that new genes can quickly become integrated into genetic networks and become essential for survival or fertility. Future studies of new genes, especially chimeric genes, and their functions will help determine the role of genetic novelty in the adaptation and diversification of species.


Industry 4.0 is gaining more attention from the public, and thus the correlation between factories and nearby environmental pollution sources is a subject worth in-depth research. Among environmental issues, Particulate Matter2.5 (PM2.5) has received considerable attention in recent years from academic units and governments, and one of the secondary PM2.5 sources is the complex chemical reaction of exhaust gases emitted from factories and ammonia (NH3), with NH3 mostly coming from stock farming. Therefore, the correlation between stock farming data and pollutionsources emitted from factories can be examined by using an artificial neural network (ANN). The first target of this study is to investigate the correlation of factory air pollution source data and stock farming data nearby air monitoring stations to the annual mean PM2.5 concentration of nearby air monitoring stations. Second, the study uses Tensorflow to build an ANN model to analyze whether the industrial and stock farming data have an effect on the PM2.5 concentration. Weather data are taken in this experiment to learn about the correlation. The experimental results show that the Spearman's correlation coefficient of the factory emitted air pollution data and stock farming data nearby air monitoring stations for the annual mean PM2.5 concentration is 0.6 to 0.9, representing positive correlation. The ANN experiment shows the annual mean PM2.5 concentration classification model with industrial data plus stock farming data plus weather data, in which the ANN classification accuracy is 0.75 as validated by mean square error (MSE) methods. Compared with the ANN classification model only with weather data, the MSE classification accuracy is 1.5. According to the two experiments, the industrial factor and stock farming factor are items that may influence the PM2.5 concentration change.


Abstract Throughout Islamic history, some prominent women significantly contributed to the progress and enhancement of their societies as well as expressed a sincere concern for the welfare of people. Many influencing studies examined women's contribution to many fields of the Islamic civilization, such as the spread of the hadith (sayings) of the prophet Mohamed, education, literature, philosophy, poetry, mathematics, and medicine. Also, Muslim women were involved in a wide variety of roles in the media of visual arts, textiles, and weaving carpets. In the field of architecture, many notable women supported and initiated the construction of many remarkable buildings, which changed the image of Muslim cities. They commissioned a range of building types that enriched Islamic architecture and the urban landscape, including mosques, madrassah (theological schools), tombs, caravansaries, and hospitals. The main objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on the outstanding role of women in the progress of Islamic architecture during the early centuries of Islam. The primary aim of this research is to provide an overview of women's interaction with these varied categories of buildings, which represented an essential factor in their representation as visible members in their societies.


From the Middle Ages until World War II, Poland was host to Europe's largest and most vibrant Jewish population. By 1970, the combination of Nazi genocide, postwar pogroms, mass emigration, and communist repression had virtually destroyed Poland's Jewish community. Although the Poles themselves were subjected to enormous cruelties in the twentieth century, questions about the extent of their antisemitism and its role in the fate of Polish Jewry are today hotly disputed.

Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland serves as an effective guide to some of the most complex and controversial issues of Poland's troubled past. Fourteen original essays by a team of distinguished Polish and American scholars explore the different meanings, forms of expression, content, and social range of antisemitism in modern Poland from the late nineteenth century to the present. The contributors focus on both the variations in antisemitic sentiment and those Poles who opposed such prejudices.

Central themes of this significant, balanced, and timely contribution to a contentious and often emotional debate include the deterioration of Polish-Jewish relations in the era of national awakening for both the Poles and the Jews, the meaning of the various forms of violence against the Jews, intellectual movements in opposition to antisemitism, the role of the Catholic Church in promoting antisemitism, and the prospects for the Church to atone for this shameful chapter in its recent history.


Various reasons are provided why professional people are leaving or had left the country since 1990. A substantial number of these emigrants were dentists who went to practise their profession in the United Kingdom (UK). The purpose of this study was to determine, by way of a questionnaire, why some South African qualified dentists prefer to practise their profession in the UK. The results showed that the high level of crime and violence in South Africa is the most important reason why South African qualified dentists are leaving or have left the country. Economical considerations, either their own financial position or the general economy of the country also appear to be an important reason why South African qualified dentists are moving abroad.


Postarthroplasty patients develop venous thromboembolic disease because of venous stasis, hypercoaguability, and vessel wall injury. However, most venous thrombi are nonocclusive or small and elicit few symptoms; pulmonary emboli also tend to be asymptomatic. Noninvasive techniques to detect deep vein thrombosis do not appear to be reliable in this population, so venography may be required. Postoperative perfusion lung scans, with comparison to preoperative perfusion scans, are the best screen for asymptomatic pulmonary emboli. Heparin infusion, followed by oral warfarin, is indicated for symptomatic thromboembolic disease as well as for asymptomatic patients with substantial proximal deep venous thrombosis or large pulmonary emboli.


7th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference 2009 (APSEC 2009) and the 2nd European Asian Civil Engineering Forum (EACEF 2009) Contact: Datin Prof. Dr. Nasly binti Mohamed Ali APSECEACEF 2009 Secretariat Department of Structures and Materials Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM-Skudai Johor Malaysia Tel: +6(07)-5531581 Fax: +6(07)-5566157 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Website: http://www.apsec2009.com


The good quality and appropriate public services have become public demands,
together with the development of public awareness, which has been more democratic.
The regulations of public services that are still spread in many regulations in sectors,
have positioned the public services in Indonesia at the 'have not been manageable'
condition. From the research conducted in three research regions, the writer found that
there is a fact that there are state administration law regulating public services and
various. Public Service Standards in relation with social conditions, culture and public
needs in every different research region. State administration law of public services is
executed based on the commitment of providers together with people in the model of
participation. State administration law of public services is constructed by people and the
providers of public services in the forum of participation and involvement of related
parties. Based on the above-mentioned analysis, this research suggests that there is
urgency in regulating public services policy with a regulation, which is responsive to
regional people's demands. The law and policy construction composed constructively and
more responsive, by inviting people's participations, are considered as important to be
processed thoroughly, therefore, they will not be in form of central normative decision
anymore, but they will be in form of service contract between the local government and
local people.


The main advantages of the electrochemical machining (ECM) process, such as high material removal rates and smooth, damage-free machined surface, are often offset by the poor dimensional control and process stability resulting from the complex and stochastic nature of the interelectrode gap (IEG) states. Full economic utilization of ECM will be realized only when reliable dimensional and process control systems are developed. This paper presents an ECM control model based on the basic ECM dynamics that accounts for the dynamic nature of the ECM process. The state space methodology is applied to transform it into the control model applicable to an ECM control system based on a digital computer. The simulations have been made for the model verification and controller design. A new approach is introduced to develop an indicator that detects or predicts the onset of random sparks based on ECM current signal analysis. ECM current and voltage signals have been acquired using a specially-built data acquisition circuit. The signals are digitized and analyzed with an IBM PC. The frequency analysis of the signal leads to a better insight of the physical mechanism of the ECM process. A comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art ECM research and development efforts in the areas of spark and short circuit detection and IEG control is also included in the paper.


Conceptual change is one of the international issues that had been studied by many researchers since three decades ago. Students' conceptual understanding could be optimized through the learning process in classroom. Nevertheless, students still have misconceptions that noticed the students conceptual change is still not successfully yet. In order to solve the problem, this study was conducted through four D research method (Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate) for 60 educational-university students that aimed to optimize students conceptual understanding using cognitive conflict-based multimode teaching (CC-BMT) in the learning process oriented conceptual change that concluded with: PDEODE∗E worksheet design, simulation and natural phenomenon-based multimedia and Conceptual Change Text (CCT). The Electricity and Magnetism Conceptual Change Inventory (EMCCI) and CC-BMT have already been developed through the initial steps (define, design and develop) of four D model to produce the learning model that is able to optimize the students' conceptual understanding. Finally, in the disseminate phase, the quantitative data which is analyzed by using conceptual change process based on the score as the the percentage result of EMCCI four tier diagnostic test. The analyzing data which is utilized a sequential codding analysis reports for electricity and magnetism that the students misconceptions (M) -18.33% and -15%; sound understanding (SU) 25% and 11.67%; partial understanding (PU) 16.67% and 20%; no understanding (NU) 23.33% and 16.67%; uncodeable (UC) is all 0% after implementing the CC-BMT learning strategy. It can be concluded that the implementing of CC-BMT is able to optimize students' understanding on electricity and magnetism.


Holland SM, DeLeo FR, Elloumi HZ, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(16):1608–1619 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. To identify the genetic defect underlying the hyper–immunoglobulin E (IgE) (Job) syndrome. STUDY POPULATION. Patients with hyper-IgE syndrome were ranked by a clinical scoring system. Fifty patients over the age of 16 years who had the highest scores (most features of the disease) were selected. Forty-eight family members also underwent genetic analysis. METHODS. The authors used a combination of microarray screening of gene expression and analysis of cytokine production in vitro from lymphocytes subjected to various stimuli. RESULTS. Lymphocytes from patients were found to have diminished response to the cytokine interleukin 6. The authors systematically analyzed the intracellular signaling molecules involved in the response to interleukin 6 and found that patients carried a mutation in 1 of the 2 copies of the gene encoding signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). They confirmed the biological importance of the mutations by showing that the STAT3 protein did not function normally within the cell. CONCLUSIONS. STAT3 mutations are the genetic basis of the hyper-IgE syndrome. REVIEWER COMMENTS. The first clinical description of hyper-IgE syndrome as a distinct entity was published in 1966. It was given the eponym "Job syndrome" as a biblical allusion because of the many severe skin abscesses that afflict patients with the condition. This report is the culmination of >40 years of investigation by many groups around the world to find the molecular basis of this disease. A similar report was published by another group around the same time (Minegishi Y, Saito M, Tsuchiya S, et al. Nature. 2007;448[7157]:1058–1062). We are reminded again of the power of modern molecular biological methods and the tremendous insights we gain when such diseases are finally understood at their "source."


In environmental governance, the European Union draws on norms of effectiveness, decentralisation, and participation to ensure that its policies and regulations are considered legitimate. This article analyses how the construction of legitimacy in European nature policy has changed over time. Although the norms of participation and decentralisation are increasingly evoked to address the needs of stakeholders and member states in the implementation and financing of Natura 2000, the norm of effectiveness continues to dominate the construction of legitimacy. Effectiveness first acquired its meaning in the context of a science-based approach to Natura 2000 to emphasise the importance of achieving its conservation objectives. More recently, it has become increasingly re-articulated as cost-effectiveness, which reflects a growing influence of neoliberal discourse. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for the legitimacy of European environmental governance.


Water stress at anthesis is the major cause of yield reduction or crop failure in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in central Queensland. Rainfall is difficult to predict and it is impractical to substantially alter the timing and amount of water stored in the soil, so we focussed on whether crop ontogeny could be managed, ultimately giving farmers some capability to align anthesis with in-crop rain. It is widely considered that a signal, transported from the leaf to the shoot apical meristem, is integral to the onset of panicle initiation and reproductive development. We hypothesised that modifying the leaves may interrupt the signal and cause a delay in the onset of reproductive development. Delays in sorghum anthesis associated with leaf modification treatments applied before panicle initiation were found to be a consequence of delays in panicle initiation. The longest delays in panicle initiation were obtained by twice-weekly defoliation above the second ligule (15–45 days); delays were shorter when plants were defoliated above the third ligule (10–41 days) or when only the fully exposed leaves were removed (0–13 days), depending on genotype. Although panicle initiation was delayed, leaf initiation continued, so extra leaves were produced. Defoliation of fully irrigated plants, however, generally reduced green leaf area, plant dry weight at anthesis, and grain yield, all by 30–50%. The application of ethephon also delayed anthesis, and changed the pattern but not the area of leaf produced, and did not alter grain yield. In rain-fed agriculture, where grain yields are frequently <50% of irrigated controls, delaying panicle initiation by 2 weeks may provide a better rainfall environment during which anthesis and grain-filling will occur. Reductions in green leaf area, although reducing yield potential, may promote a more balanced use of water between vegetative and grain growth. There was sufficient evidence to indicate that defoliation before panicle initiation could provide simple post-sowing management to achieve this scenario.


Whitefly populations were assessed under different IGR exposure levels, and compared to Admire. When used alone during the season Applaud, Knack, and Sterling significantly reduced immature colonization similar to the standard Admire application and significantly greater than the untreated melons. Applaud treatments, regardless of spray frequency, showed the most consistent reduction in immature whiteflies. Applaud through its vapor activity also appeared to provide a long residual period of control against nymphs. Single applications of Knack and Sterling were considerably less effective in preventing colonization than applying these material twice during the season. These compounds appeared to have considerably less residual activity, which is consistent with their modes of activity. All of the IGRs had a significant impact on the distribution of nymphs among the leaves on the primary vine. In addition , Applaud provided the best melon quality. We now have a good understanding of how the IGRs influence whitefly population growth, the residual mortality of the IGRs and proper application timing for whitefly management. This information will allow us to develop a simple and reliable method that growers and PCAs can use to assess product performance and time spray applications.


Moral distress experienced by staff has been well documented in the intensive care work areas, but less described in oncology nursing. Factors that contribute to moral distress include ethical dilemmas, mismatched goals of care among patients and their families and providers, and perceptions of futility of care. This article describes recognizing the risk of moral distress in a newly formed medical-surgical oncology unit and steps taken to mitigate developing moral distress, illustrating that moral distress is present in oncology nursing and warrants further study.


We investigate a possibility for construction of the conventional Friedmann cosmology for our observable Universe if underlying theory is multidimensional Kaluza-Klein model endowed with a perfect fluid. We show that effective Friedmann model obtained by dynamical compactification of the multidimensional one is faced with too strong variations of the fundamental "constants". From other hand, models with stable compactification of the internal space are free from this problem and also result in conventional 4D cosmological behavior for our Universe. We prove a no-go theorem which shows that stable compactification of the internal spaces is possible only if equations of state in the external and internal spaces are properly adjusted to each other. With a proper choice of parameters (fine tuning), effective cosmological constant in this model provides the late time acceleration of the Universe. The fine tuning problem is resolved in the case of the internal spaces in the form of orbifolds with branes in fixed points. However, in this case the effective potential is too flat (mass gravexcitons is very small) to provide necessary constancy of the effective fundamental "constants".


This consumer behavior study investigates paragliding, a little studied form of engineless free flight in which a pilot uses naturally occurring air currents to ascend, stay aloft, and fly across distances while seated under a frameless nylon canopy. Purpose of the Study This study seeks to understand the practices of paragliding, through an examination of its web of practice-arrangements, and how paraglider pilots experience them. By extension, I ask what role embodied cognition may play in these practices; and whether practice theory or embodiment help expand our understanding of a risky-sport experience Methodology Ontologically this study is grounded in practice theory. The research method utilizes videography, participant observation and interviews. The findings are presented via a rhetorical collage alternating ethnographic thick description with theoretical analysis utilizing theories of flow, embodied cognition and practices. Findings The practices of paragliding offer an ever changing experience in which pilots navigate the invisible in a dance of total attention that engenders flow, communitas with other pilots, and a spiritual sense of union with a higher natural order that leads them to endure regular sacrifices to realize and maintain their dreams to fly like a bird. Paragliding shows some parallels to the Celsi et al (1993) model of high-risk consumption, however a completely different web of practices and interlinked embodied experiences result in a distinct framing of the experience outside of considerations of risk, adrenaline or social rebellion. Embodied cognition is tacitly incorporated into training regimes as a critical component of learning and doing the practices that help paragliders not only to achieve transformative states but to conceive of, and understand them. Theories of embodiment and practice theory have a strong affinity. Practice theory is an effective ontological tool for studying activities with elements of risk that allows researchers to drop restrictive framing biases in favor of seeing a phenomenon in all its multi-layered, intersecting dimensions.


This paper reviews quantitative studies of the impact of international tax rules on the financial and real behavior of multinational firms. The evidence, much of it recent, indicates that taxation significantly influences foreign direct investment, corporate borrowing, transfer pricing, dividend and royalty payments, R&D activity, exports, bribe payments, and location choices. While taxes appear to influence a wide range of activity, the literature does not offer many subtle tests designed to distinguish different theories of the effects of taxation on multinational firms. The paper evaluates the reliability of existing evidence and its implications for the design of international tax policy.


The EU experience with youth unemployment has changed over recent years with the launch and re-launch of the Lisbon Strategy and the Bologna process. A dramatic shift has taken place from the 1990s emphasis on labour market flexibility as a tool to abate youth long term unemployment to the more recent stress on the importance of increasing the human capital endowment via a deep reform of education and training systems. This shift is also taking place worldwide, since, as recent studies show, labour market flexibility can increase employability when the human capital level of young people is sufficiently high. To reduce the "experience gap" between young and adult people, the education systems should become of a higher quality, more inclusive to reduce the dropout rate, homogeneous to other EU countries to favour labour mobility, flexible to allow young people to better find the best match, and contemplate the duality principle, by providing training together with education, to favour smoother school-to-work transitions. Apprenticeships schemes, fiscal incentives to hire the youth unemployed as well as on-the-job training schemes should help reach objectives that cannot be guaranteed simply via an increase in labour market flexibility.


In this paper we investigate the question whether a perfect matching can be isolated by a weighting scheme using Chinese Remainder Theorem (short: CRT). We give a systematical analysis to a method based on CRT suggested by Agrawal in a CCC'03-paper for testing perfect matchings. We show that this desired test-procedure is based on a deterministic weighting scheme which can be generalized in a natural way to a scheme for isolating a perfect matching in the graph. Thereby we give a new insight into the topic about deterministic isolations of perfect matchings by showing necessary and sufficient conditions for a potential isolation. Moreover, we show that if the considered weighting scheme by using CRT for isolating perfect matchings works, then the maximum matching problem can be solved completely in NC. This is a generalization of the NC-algorithm showed in [Hoa10] for the maximum matching problem for bipartite planar graphs.


This thesis presents an analytical investigation on the influence of connection on
the performance of steel frame structure and floor system under fire conditions. The
connections are modeled through the use of Component Based Method. The
implementation is undertaken within the advanced finite element program ADAPTIC,
which accounts for material and geometric nonlinearities. Data from a compartment
fire test of a four-storey composite building conducted in Gurun, Malaysia was adopted
for simulation studies. For steel sub-frame, experimental test based on Coimbra Fire
Test was used, which cover endplate connections under fire load. Based on the
developed and validated numerical model, parametric studies were performed in order
to identify parameters affected the performance of connection under elevated
temperatures. Several factors are put into consideration to investigate the influence of
connections as well as structural response due to temperature effect, geometric
consideration, influence of composite slab and load ratio. From the studies carried out,
it can be illustrated that the component based methods is one of the economical and
faster solutions to study the behaviour of connection at elevated temperature.
Comparison between the experimental and Component Based Method results shows that
the developed connection model has the capability to predict the resistance and
deformation capacity of semi-rigid connections under elevated temperatures with a
satisfactory degree of accuracy. It is important to consider the actual connections
configurations in assessing the overall structural response, so that in the beginning of
designing stage, designer can estimate the capability of overall structure to resist natural
fire accident. From the parametric studies, it can be illustrated that parameters related to
connections may influence the overall performance of structures. Further studies on the
ductility of connections at elevated temperatures are reviewed in order to identify the
limitation of rotation capacity of connections under fire.


��� Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.


ABSTRACT The Y-family polymerases help cells tolerate DNA damage by performing translesion synthesis, yet they also can be highly error prone. One distinctive feature of the DinB class of Y-family polymerases is that they make single-base deletion errors at high frequencies in repetitive sequences, especially those that contain two or more identical pyrimidines with a 5′ flanking guanosine. Intriguingly, different deletion mechanisms have been proposed, even for two archaeal DinB polymerases that share 54% sequence identity and originate from two strains of Sulfolobus. To reconcile these apparent differences, we have characterized Dpo4 from Sulfolobus solfataricus using the same biochemical and crystallographic approaches that we have used previously to characterize Dbh from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In contrast to previous suggestions that Dpo4 uses a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP)-stabilized misalignment mechanism when creating single-base deletions, we find that Dpo4 predominantly uses a template slippage deletion mechanism when replicating repetitive DNA sequences, as was previously shown for Dbh. Dpo4 stabilizes the skipped template base in an extrahelical conformation between the polymerase and the little-finger domains of the enzyme. This contrasts with Dbh, in which the extrahelical base is stabilized against the surface of the little-finger domain alone. Thus, despite sharing a common deletion mechanism, these closely related polymerases use different contacts with the substrate to accomplish the same result.