Fast Fourier transform (FFT) has become ubiquitous in many engineering applications. Efficient algorithms are being designed to improve the architecture of FFT. Among the different proposed algorithms, split-radix FFT has shown considerable improvement in terms of reducing hardware complexity of the architecture compared to radix-2 and radix-4 FFT algorithms. New distributed arithmetic (NEDA) is one of the most used techniques in implementing multiplier-less architectures of many digital systems. This paper proposes efficient multiplier-less VLSI architectures of split-radix FFT algorithm using NEDA. As the architecture does not contain any multiplier block, reduction in terms of power, speed, and area can greatly be observed. One of the proposed architectures is designed by considering all the inputs at a time and the other is designed by considering 4 inputs at a time, the total number of inputs in both cases being 32. The proposed designs are designed using both FPGA as well as ASIC design flows. 180nm process technology is used for ASIC implementation. The results show the improvements of proposed designs compared to other architectures.


ABSTRACT Opportunities for strengthening surveillance of meningococcal disease exist between and within countries in Latin America. In August of 2015, a workshop was convened in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, to address the following objectives: 1) to review meningococcal disease burden and vaccine use in Latin America; 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of current meningococcal surveillance practices in the region; 3) to identify challenges to meningococcal surveillance in the region; and 4) to outline steps for strengthening meningococcal surveillance and disease control in the region. Based on the workshop's discussions, recommendations for strengthening surveillance and controlling meningococcal disease in Latin America focus on improving: a) laboratory capabilities for diagnostic testing; b) communication regarding epidemiologic- and laboratory-based analyses; c) communication during outbreaks; d) monitoring of long-term disease outcomes; e) knowledge of vaccines against serogroup B disease; and f) criteria for defining and controlling meningococcal outbreaks. Overall, improving surveillance will help guide strategies for meningococcal disease prevention and control in Latin America.


Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules to mediate various biological responses, including cell migration, growth, and gene expression. ROS are diffusible and short-lived molecules. Thus, localizing the ROS signal at the specific subcellular compartment is essential for activating redox signaling events after receptor activation. NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase is one of the major sources of ROS in vasculature; it consists of a catalytic subunit (Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, or Nox5), p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, and the small guanosine triphosphatase Rac1. Targeting of NADPH oxidase to focal complexes in lamellipodia and membrane ruffles through the interaction of p47phox with the scaffold proteins TRAF4 and WAVE1 provides a mechanism for achieving localized ROS production, which is required for directed cell migration. ROS are believed to inactivate protein tyrosine phosphatases, which concentrate in specific subcellular compartments, thereby establishing a positive feedback system that activates redox signaling pathways to promote cell movement. Additionally, ROS production may be localized through interactions of NADPH oxidase with signaling platforms associated with lipid rafts and caveolae, as well as with endosomes. There is also evidence that NADPH oxidase is found in the nucleus, indicating its involvement in redox-responsive gene expression. This review focuses on targeting of NADPH oxidase to discrete subcellular compartments as a mechanism of localizing ROS and activation of downstream redox signaling events that mediate various cell functions. This STKE Review, with 3 figures and 55 citations, describes evidence for localized production of reactive oxygen species in targeted or polarized cell movement. Targeting of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase to the focal complexes in lamellipodia and membrane ruffles of cells provides a mechanism for achieving localized ROS production. This targeting is achieved by the interaction of the p47phox subunit of the NADPH oxidase with various scaffold proteins such as TRAF4 and WAVE1. ROS are believed to inactivate protein tyrosine phosphatases, thereby establishing a positive feedback system that promotes directed cell migration. Additionally, ROS production may be localized through interactions of NADPH oxidase with signaling platforms associated with lipid rafts and caveolae, as well as with endosomes and the nucleus. These mechanisms may explain how localized ROS activate discrete signaling pathways.


This report describes a project in which approximately 6,200 tons (5,630 Mg) of asphaltic concrete were recycled through a conventional asphalt batch plant. During the construction of the project, a buildup of asphalt-coated fines occurred in the dryer and the dust collector. The buildup is thought to have been associated with the fineness and/or the high asphalt content of the recycled mix. To solve the problem, a change was made in the recycling process. The project was completed using a heat transfer method with mix proportions as high as 50% recycled material added to 50% virgin aggregate.


Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), frequently triggered by medications, are the most severe cutaneous reactions. The prodromal symptoms like fever, sore throat and malaise are followed by purpuric atypical target lesions, vesicular lesions, extensive exfoliation and desquamation in the skin as a consequence of generalized epidermal necrosis. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is the potential immunomodulator therapy used for SJS/TEN. In this study, three children with SJS,TEN and SJS/TEN overlap who were treated successfully with IVIG were reported.


1. BACKGROUND Swedish nuclear plants are slowly being shut down as a result of a referendum in 1980. During the years after the referendum, four nuclear reactors were completed and taken into operation. The nuclear power then covered 50% of the Swedish production capacity resulting in large over capacity, which meant inexpensive electricity. For many years thereafter direct electrical space heating was the only feasible option. This development continued until direct electrical heating was used for about 30% of all space heating in Sweden. Swedish consumer prices were then about one third of that in most European countries. The much later deregulation of the electrical market and connection of the power grid to other European countries meant that Swedish consumer prices increased rapidly. Within a few years the prices are expected to be at the same level all over Europe and direct space heating is no longer a feasible alternative. This is why it is so attractive to Swedes to use heat pumps to reduce their electricity consumption. The present Swedish energy policy aims to a changeover from the use of prime energy sources to renewables. This is partly because of international agreements on the reduction of greenhouse emissions and partly to obtain a more independent energy system. Since the use of heat pumps mean that the electrical consumption is reduced by 70% and also means less emission to the atmosphere, heat pump systems have been encouraged by subsidies. This present subsidy, which covers about 15% of the investment, has been on and off during the last decades. Now, the new EU directive on energy efficient buildings offers a platform for the promotion of thermal energy storage (TES) technology in Europe. Therefore HVAC engineers and civil engineers look for new methods to reduce electricity consumption and improve energy performance in new and existing buildings.


It is possible to implement the parallel random access machine (PRAM) on a chip multiprocessor (CMP) efficiently with an emulated shared memory (ESM) architecture to gain easy parallel programmability crucial to wider penetration of CMPs to general purpose computing. This implementation relies on exploitation of the slack of parallel applications to hide the latency of the memory system instead of caches, sufficient bisection bandwidth to guarantee high throughput, and hashing to avoid hot spots in intercommunication. Unfortunately this solution can not handle workloads with low thread-level parallelism (TLP) efficiently because then there is not enough parallel slackness available for hiding the latency. In this paper we show that integrating nonuniform memory access (NUMA) support to the PRAM implementation architecture can solve this problem. The obtained PRAM-NUMA hybrid model is described and architectural implementation of it is outlined on our Eclipse ESM CMP framework.


Abstract Understanding the immune composition of a given tumor is critical to assess its potential responsiveness to cancer immunotherapy. This is especially true for tumors that are intrinsically resistant to immunotherapies, such as GBM. Unfortunately, studies on the functional heterogeneity and associated molecular targets of immune-suppressive cells in vivo have been lacking. Here we report an integrated multi-dimensional analysis of the mutational profiles and single-cell transcriptomics of 60,024 glioma and stromal cells from 16 human samples. We identified molecular signatures of seven distinct macrophage subtypes, each with prognostic clinical value. The three inflammatory subtypes showed hallmarks of TNF/NFκB pathway enrichment and are associated with good outcomes; in contrast, four immunosuppressive subtypes with metabolic pathway hallmarks (oxidative phosphorylation, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, fatty acid metabolism) are associated with poor survival. In addition, we resolved an ongoing controversy in the field regarding the roles of brain resident macrophages, microglia, vs. bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) in gliomas. Our data show compelling evidence that microglia are pro-inflammatory and are associated with good survival while BMDMs are mostly immune-suppressive and associated with poor survival. In addition, deciphering immune-suppressive macrophage and Treg molecular signatures enabled us to identify previously unknown immunotherapy targets. In a proof of principle study, we showed that S100A4, a calcium binding protein previously shown to mediate metastasis, was universally upregulated in both innate and adaptive immune suppressor cells, and implantation of gliomas in S100a4-/- host mice significantly extended survival and resulted in pro-inflammatory immune landscape, compared to same glioma cells implanted in B6 control hosts. This functional validation study shows that S100A4 is a highly promising therapeutic target for GBM immunotherapy.


With the ongoing development of new FPGA generations, the reconfiguration time decreases and therefore the benefit of runtime reconfiguration increases. In this paper, we describe how to use runtime reconfiguration to improve the efficiency of transmitting streaming data on a communication channel shared with real-time applications. This means, the bandwidth that the streaming data has available is dynamically changing. To use the bandwidth effectively, different modules can be loaded on the reconfigurable hardware. These modules have a tradeoff between bandwidth and area requirements. The target now is to find an optimal reconfiguration schedule that minimizes an objective function consisting of two conflicting objectives: reducing the average area needed and providing a certain quality of transmission. In this paper, a model for this scheduling problem is presented and an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation is introduced to calculate an optimal offline solution for benchmarking. In addition, an online scheduling system is presented. It uses the current delay of the streaming application to calculate the schedule. Extensive simulations have been made to show the benefits of the proposed solution.


This Paper studies kinship-band networks as capital market institutions. It explores two of the channels through which membership in a community where individuals are genealogically linked, such as a kin group, can affect their access to informal credit. The first is that incentives to default are lower for community members who can expect retaliation to fall on their offspring as well as on themselves (social enforcement). The second is that lenders prefer to lend to those members from whom they can expect reciprocation in the form of future loans for themselves or for their children (reciprocity). The possibility to engage in reciprocal transactions affects the terms of the loans in nontrivial ways. The social enforcement and reciprocity effects are incorporated in an overlapping generations repayment game with endogenous matching between lenders and borrowers, and are tested using household-level data from Ghana.


Oligomerization of the initiator protein, DnaA, on the origin of replication (oriC) is crucial for initiation of DNA replication. Studies in Escherichia coli (Gram‐negative) have revealed that binding of DnaA to ATP, but not hydrolysis of ATP, is sufficient to promote DnaA binding, oligomerization and DNA strand separation. To begin understanding the initial events involved in the initiation of DNA replication in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Gram‐positive), we investigated interactions of M. tuberculosis DnaA (DnaATB) with oriC using surface plasmon resonance in the presence of ATP and ADP. We provide evidence that, in contrast to what is observed in E. coli, ATPase activity of DnaATB promoted rapid oligomerization on oriC. In support, we found that a recombinant mutant DnaATB proficient in binding to ATP, but deficient in ATPase activity, did not oligomerize as rapidly. The corresponding mutation in the dnaA gene of M. tuberculosis resulted in non‐viability, presumably due to a defect in oriC–DnaA interactions. Dimethy sulphate (DMS) footprinting experiments revealed that DnaATB bound to DnaA boxes similarly with ATP or ADP. DnaATB binding to individual DnaA boxes revealed that rapid oligomerization on oriC is triggered only after the initial interaction of DnaA with individual DnaA boxes. We propose that ATPase activity enables the DnaA protomers on oriC to rapidly form oligomeric complexes competent for replication initiation.


BACKGROUND
Various preoperative, surgical, and postoperative markers of impaired outcome after orthotopic liver transplantation have been reported, but the influence of intraoperative hemodynamic aberrations has not been thoroughly investigated.

SETTING
University Hospital.Study design Retrospective cohort analysis.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively reviewed computerized anesthesia records to determine associations between occurrences of abnormally low or high mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), cardiac output, heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) with negative surgical outcome. Negative surgical outcome was defined as poor early graft function, primary graft nonfunction, or death attributable to hemodynamic causes.

RESULTS
Of 789 patients, 142 (18.0%) had negative surgical outcome. Controlling for the influence of United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status > 1, long operation time, cold donor organ ischemia time, and donor age, the only hemodynamic parameters that were independently associated with negative surgical outcome were MAP < 40 mmHg at least once during the procedure (odds ratio [OR] 2.39, p = 0.0016) and MPAP > 40 mmHg at least 3 times during the procedure (OR 2.2, p = 0.035). The occurrence of MAP < 40 mmHg was temporally associated with donor graft reperfusion. Hepatic artery thromboses were not associated with hemodynamic aberrations.

CONCLUSIONS
Hemodynamic events are independently associated with adverse outcomes after orthotopic liver transplantation.


We address the problem of power-constrained testing of core based system chips. Built-in self-test methodology for testing individual cores is assumed, and sharing of test resources (pattern generators and signature registers) among cores is permitted. We consider a scenario where the system integrator is dealing with "soft" or "firm cores" for which the final realization has not been frozen and the flexibility of module selection rests with the integrator. We argue that advantage can be taken of this flexibility in coming up with a power-constrained test plan. Since scheduling of test sessions also affects power dissipation in a crucial way, we present an algorithm for simultaneous module selection and test scheduling. Our objective is to minimize the test application time treating the test area overhead and total power dissipation as constraints. We report the results of our implementation of a test planner on two examples.


Abstract:In the context of narcotic drug epidemics, racist logics can shape policy deliberation and delimit uptake. While critical public health scholars have situated the U.S. opioid epidemic as demonstrative of such logics, in rhetoric the opioid epidemic has failed to register as an important deliberative context for representational contestation regarding race and racism. Drawing on Jürgen Habermas' (1985) steering mediums (steurungsmedium) and Michael Omi and Howard Winant's (2015) racial formation theory, this essay analyzes the U.S. Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and Purdue Pharma executive J. David Haddox's testimony before Congress to show the extent to which racial hegemony saturates juridical engagements at the federal level. Where wide-scale opioid use is concerned, this analysis demonstrates that disparate policy outcomes are largely a reflection of structural and representational inequality along racial lines. This essay thus invites scholars of health and medical rhetoric to consider how processes of controversy and medicalization function to preserve racial hegemony.


Rhodobacter capsulatus produces a gene transfer agent (GTA) called RcGTA. RcGTA is a phage‐like particle that packages R. capsulatus DNA and transfers it to other R. capsulatus cells. We quantified the relative frequency of packaging for each gene in the genome by hybridization of DNA from RcGTA particles to an R. capsulatus microarray. All genes were found within the RcGTA particles. However, the genes encoding the RcGTA particle were under‐packaged compared with other regions. Gene transfer bioassays confirmed that the transfer of genes within the RcGTA structural cluster is reduced relative to those of other genes. Single‐cell expression analysis, by flow cytometry analysis of cells containing RcGTA‐reporter gene fusion constructs, demonstrated that RcGTA gene expression is not uniform within a culture. This phenomenon was accentuated when the constructs were placed in a strain lacking a putative lysis gene involved in RcGTA release; a small subpopulation was found to be responsible for ∼ 95% of RcGTA activity. We propose a mechanism whereby high levels of RcGTA gene transcription in the most active RcGTA‐producing cells cause a reduction in their packaging frequency. This subpopulation's role in producing and releasing the RcGTA particles explains the lack of observed cell lysis in cultures.


Objective: This study aims to summarize the scientific outputs of the palliative care studies conducted between 1975 and 2019 through bibliometric analyses, identify the top effective journals, top-cited studies, the collaboration between countries, and trend topics. Materials and Methods: We performed a bibliometric analysis on palliative care. "Palliative care", "terminal care", "end-of-life care" and "hospice care" terms were used as the keywords in the title section of articles in Web of Science database. Spearman correlation coefficient was performed for the correlation analysis between the number of publications produced by the countries and economic indicators. Results: There were 22361 publications about palliative care. Of these publications, 10309 were articles. The top three countries that produced more than 100 articles were the USA, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The top three journals that had the highest number of publications were Journal of Palliative Medicine, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, and Palliative Medicine. There was a positive, highly significant relationship between the number of publications and Gross domestic product (r = 0.709, p <0.001). Conclusion: This study is believed to be a beneficial guide about the global outputs of palliative care for the clinicians and scientists and present new research ideas to the researchers.


Lighting is crucial for vision and has important effects beyond vision, influencing a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. When designing lighting, visual aspects, effects beyond vision, and perception of the environment should be considered together in a holistic approach. As humans evolved under daylight, a lighting protocol, based on a room context and daylight characteristics, was developed and described. The lighting, with customized light levels, spectral composition and light distribution that changed dynamically to evoke a perception of daylight conditions, was realized using commercially available luminaires and a digital control system. The resulting lighting conditions are described by measurements


Correlation across applications and imaging platforms is essential and brings increased insurance for fault isolation in advance of destructive imaging. This paper demonstrates an approach for a detailed advanced packaging defect isolation and analysis workflow. To determine the effectiveness of the proposed workflow, a 28nm flip-chip was used as a test vehicle. By using this workflow, the yield in determining the fault location has increased from 60% to over 85%. To further improve the result, a surface charging mitigation scheme was used and the resulting measured correlative offset between the two systems was found to be less than 10um. This creates novel opportunities in reducing the size of the cross-section and increasing the overall throughput to find the defect, with high confidence. This workflow creates unique abilities in fault localization and analysis as it can detect both opens and shorts between the different techniques that are employed.


Introduction: Considering the new medical curriculum program, we planned a non-Vivo model training program to teach the cutaneous flap's basic concepts. The purpose of this protocol is to create a basic flap training program for junior surgeons. Methods: Seven days before the presential meeting, the didactic material and a questionnaire (pre-test) to measure the theoretical knowledge will be sent to students. At the meeting day, we will discuss the basic concepts of the cutaneous flap (15 minutes). Then the participants will design and explain several cutaneous flaps design in an ethyl-vinyl-acetate foil (30min). After this training, they will go to the wet lab, and they will perform all the cutaneous flap in a porcine belly non-living model (30min). We will assess participant performance by applying a Global rate scale, confidence level scale (Likert scale) in three different periods (pre-test, immediately post-training, and three months after surgical training). We will analyze all data using non-parametric tests to learn about the efficacy of this method. Discussion: This program aims to increase the student's confidence level as this may reflect somehow his future competence. This study aims to present a step-wise learning method to teach the basic concepts of cutaneous flaps; this method will also help with the consolidation of the learning skills.


Bleeding diatheses remain underdiagnosed and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of adolescents and young adults who present with heavy menstrual bleeding. Approximately 2% of the general population have an underlying inherited bleeding disorder, which, for adolescents and young adult women, has both physical risks and adverse psychosocial effects. Heavy menstrual bleeding can be the first sign of an underlying bleeding disorder such as von Willebrand disease and the X-linked bleeding disorders hemophilia A and B. Connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, in particular the hypermobile subtype, are relatively frequent in the general population and can also cause bleeding symptoms from impaired hemostasis due to defective collagen. For more than 20 years, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has recommended screening adolescents and young adult women for bleeding disorders when they present with heavy menstrual bleeding. Despite this directive, there is a significant gap from symptom onset to time of diagnosis in this patient population. We must work to effectively close this diagnostic gap by consistently obtaining thorough bleeding histories, performing the appropriate laboratory evaluations, working collaboratively with hematologists, and using tools and materials promoted by ACOG. Improved screening and earlier diagnosis of these individuals can have far-reaching effects that are not limited to heavy menstrual bleeding management and extend to peripartum considerations and prenatal counseling.


Abstract We evaluated the subcortical pathways' contribution to human adults' horizontal OKN by using a method similar to that used previously with cats (Harris & Smith, 1990; Smith & Harris, 1991). Five normal adults viewed plaids composed of two drifting sinusoidal gratings arranged such that their individual directions of drift were 60 deg or more from the direction of coherent motion of the overall pattern. Physiological evidence indicates that under monocular viewing, nasalward coherent motion gives advantage to any crossed subcortical contribution while temporalward coherent motion minimizes it. We recorded horizontal eye movement by infrared reflection and asked subjects to report the perceived direction of motion. During both binocular and monocular viewing, the direction of the slow phase of OKN fell closer to the direction of coherent movement than to that of the oriented components. Monocular viewing produced no nasal-temporal asymmetries in the influence of coherent motion on the direction of OKN. This suggests that in humans the influence of coherent motion is mediated primarily by cortical mechanisms and, unlike in cats, with little or no involvement of subcortical mechanisms in the generation of horizontal OKN.


Low air-side heat transfer coefficients (HTC) are often the bottleneck of heat exchanger performance. However, the measurement of local air-side heat transfer coefficients for the entire heat transfer surface is not a trivial task. Current experimental methods often only work on scaled-up samples which typically cannot deliver continuous HTC distributions across the surface of interest. Moreover, some methods require very precise and costly equipment such as lasers. Therefore, a novel visualization method is designed to obtain local air-side HTC distributions of an entire heat exchanger with a relatively simple experimental facility. The method relies on measuring mass transfer and applying the analogy between heat and mass transfer to determine heat transfer. The process involves a thin acidic coating on the heat transfer surface which is exposed in a wind tunnel to a suitable trace gas, in this case a low concentration ammonia-air mixture. The coating will absorb the ammonia and gradually change color from yellow to green to blue, depending on the exposure time and local ammonia concentration. By observing the color difference, the mass transfer could be acquired and local HTC is calculated subsequently. In order to develop this method, different metal samples such as aluminum, copper and stainless steel were coated and tested. The thickness and evenness of coatings are measured by a stylus profiler. The results show that the coating characteristic will not have a significant impact on airflow and the boundary layer conditions. So, the conditions of applying the analogy between mass and heat transfer are fulfilled. Preliminary mass transfer experiments show continuous color change on a flat plate which is proportional to mass transfer of ammonia from the free stream flow to the coated surface. Thus, this new method is very promising to acquire local HTC with a visualization approach on different geometries.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Animal models provide a mechanism for fundamental studies of the coupling between hemodynamics and pathophysiology in diseases such as saccular aneurysms. In this work, we evaluated the capability of an elastase-induced saccular aneurysm model in rabbits to reproduce the anatomic and hemodynamic features typical for human intracranial aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Saccular aneurysms were created in 51 rabbits at the origin of the RCCA. Twelve weeks' postcreation, the lumen geometry of the aneurysm and surrounding vasculature was acquired by using 3DRA. Geometric features of these models were measured. Pulsatile 3D CFD studies were performed with rabbit-specific inlet profiles. RESULTS: Geometric features, including aneurysm height, width, neck diameter, aspect ratio, and NSI of all 51 rabbit aneurysm models fell within the range reported for human IAs. The distribution and range in values of pressure, WSS, and OSI were also typical for human IAs. A single recirculation region was observed in 33 (65%) of 51 cases, whereas a second transient recirculation zone was observed in 18 (35%) cases. Both of these flow types are commonly observed in human IAs. CONCLUSIONS: Most hemodynamic and geometric features in a commonly used elastase-induced rabbit saccular aneurysm model are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those seen in large numbers of human cerebral aneurysms.


3 Reid BJ, Haggit RC, Rubin CE, Rabinovitch PS. Barrett's esophagus: correlation between flow cytometry and histology in detection of patients at risk for adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol 1987;93: 1-1 1. 4 Schutte B, Reynders MMJ, Bosman FT, Blijham GH. Flow cytometric determination of DNA ploidy level in nuclei isolated from paraffin-embedded tissue. Cytometry 1985; 6:26-30. 5 Ralfkiaer E, Wantzin GLK, Larsen JK, Christensen IJ, Thomsen K: Single DNA measurements in benign cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates and in positive patch tests. Br J Dermatol 1985;112:253-62.


Growing competition forces organizations to adopt marketing orientation in order to stay competitive. The purpose of this paper is to explore organic food marketing management. Main challenges in organic food marketing are marketing orientation, attitudes of organizations and consumers toward organic food, income, relation marketing, food safety, high price, sales infrastructure – distribution and promotion. Consumers' selections of organic foods are influenced by many factors including health concerns, environment, lifestyle, food quality, price and consumer's level of personal disposable income. The most important marketing decisions are: targeting, positioning, diferentiation and marketing mix management.


The identification of a new murine pathogen, Helicobacter hepaticus, and its association with chronic active hepatitis and liver tumors prompted an evaluation of the prevalence of H. hepaticus in commercially available mice. Of the 28 different strains or stocks, totaling 160 mice from four major commercial vendors, cultured for H. hepaticus, 100% of mice from two outbred strains from one vendor were infected with H. hepaticus, whereas 9 of 13 inbred mouse strains from another vendor were infected. This high prevalence of H. hepaticus established a need for a rapid and reproducible, noninvasive assay for the screening of colony-maintained mice being used for biomedical research. The culturing of fecal material by using 0.45-microns-pore- size filtration for H. hepaticus consistently yielded reproducible results but required extended periods of time. (1 to 3 weeks) to obtain a definitive answer. Although it is rapid, the use of a direct PCR-based detection assay with fecal specimens is restricted by inhibitory agents. to circumvent these inhibitory agents and to augment our H. hepaticus culture technique, we have developed a novel PCR system in which the bacteria are isolated from fecal material in the presence of polyvinylpyropyrollidone and lysed by treatment with Chelex 100. The PCR is performed with Tth polymerase supplemented with a polymerase enhancer. By this PCR method, 24 H. hepaticus culture-positive and 30 H. hepaticus culture-negative fecal samples were correctly identified. Moreover, two samples which were PCR positive and culture negative initially were positive by both methods upon retesting of fresh material. Southern blot hybridizations and sequencing of PCR products showed them to be H. hepaticus specific. A comparison of results obtained under identical conditions indicated a 100-fold increase in sensitivity with Tth polymerase over Taq polymerase. This PCR method can be used as a noninvasive means of rapidly screening large numbers of colony mice for H. hepaticus.


Abstract. Oblique backscatter sounding is a powerful tool for detecting and monitoring the ionosphere continuously at a remote distance. High-frequency (HF) backscatter ionograms provide the amplitudes of backscatter signals with respect to group path or time delay against operating frequency. Application of inversion algorithm to a backscatter ionogram can extract useful information regarding the ionospheric electron density along the propagation paths. The present study proposes a new inversion algorithm on basis of simulated annealing method to acquire the leading edge of sweep-frequency ionogram, which is subsequently validated by ionospheric vertical sounding data. Quantitative comparisons between the vertical sounding measurements and the inversion results obtained from oblique backscatter sounding indicate that the new algorithm enables us to overcome the instability issue that traditional inversion algorithm faces and output reliable information of ionospheric inversion with satisfactory efficiency, thus providing a robust alternative for ionospheric detection based on oblique backscatter ionograms especially when the ionosphere is calm with slow changes.


Lightweight composite materials possessing higher damping capabilities are of great interests to material designers satisfying ever changing demands in automotive, aerospace and marine sectors. Besides having lowest density in metals regime, magnesium exhibits superior mechanical properties. Specific properties can still be enhanced by reducing the density further with development of magnesium based syntactic foams. Present work deals with processing and experimental characterization of glass microballoon (GMB) reinforced magnesium (Mg) composites. Hollow glass microspheres (5, 15 and 25 wt.%) reinforced magnesium syntactic foams were synthesized in magnesium matrix using the disintegrated melt deposition (DMD) method and their damping properties are investigated. The addition of glass microspheres enhanced the damping and loss factors by 370% and 12.5 times respectively for the highest filler loading as compared to pure magnesium. Further, increase in damping is correlated with microstructural changes arising due to the presence of the hollow glass microspheres. Elaborate discussion is presented on underlying mechanisms and different phases formed during processing.


UNLABELLED
Robotic radical cystectomy (RRC) has been growing in popularity across the world as a treatment option for bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVES
To compare early surgical outcomes for RRC and open radical cystectomy (ORC) with an emphasis on complications and postoperative mortality rates.

METHODS

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A literature review was conducted from 2000 to 2013, including studies comparing RRC and ORC. The main outcome measures analyzed were the complications and mortality rates, in addition to patient demographics, pathological parameters, operating time, estimated blood loss (EBL), transfusion rates, and type of urinary diversion. A meta-analysis was conducted. For continuous data, the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test was used, and for dichotomous data, inverse variance was used and each expressed as risk ratio with 95% CI.

RESULTS
In total, 748 patients were included, 461 patients in the robotic group and 287 patients in the open group (seven studies). There were no significant differences in the demographic parameters of the two groups, except for age (age: p=0.03). There was no difference in the number of muscle-invasive diseases: p=0.47. No difference in positive surgical margin rates (p=0.21).

PRIMARY OUTCOMES
The overall (p=0.32) and lower grade (Clavien I-II) (p=0.10) complication rates between the two cohorts did not achieve statistical significance. The high-grade (Clavien III-IV) (p=0.007) complication rates in the ORC group were significantly higher. The mortality rate (Clavien V) was higher in the ORC group (2.2%) compared with the RRC group (0.35%) and this did achieve statistical significance on a meta-analysis (p=0.04).

SECONDARY OUTCOMES
The EBL and transfusion rates were statistically significantly lower in the RRC cohort (p<0.00001). The operating time was statistically significantly higher in the RRC cohort (p<0.00001). There was no statistically significant difference in the margin positivity between the two cohorts (p=0.08).

CONCLUSION
In early experience, RRC appears to be feasible and a safe alternative to the ORC. RRC appears to have lower high-grade complications and mortality rates compared with the open approach. Although these results are promising, the authors would suggest caution while interpreting these results due to concerns with methodological flaws in the included studies in this review.


The effect of hot deformation process on the structure within the temperature range corresponding to the g→a+P transformation was tested for commercial carbon steel containing of 0.158% C. Hot compression tests were performed at computer controlled constant cooling rate. Before testing CCT diagrams were carefully determined in order to fit hot deformation conditions to the g→a+P phase transformation range. The material microstructure was examined by means of optical and electron transmission microscopy. It was found that ferrite, pearlite or bainite were typical microstructural components observed at hot deformed samples. Localized distribution of pearlite or bainite that resulted from flow localization was observed rarely. Precipitation of carbides on ferrite grain boundaries is the most typical microstructural effect of the hot deformation/precipitation interaction that was noted for the most of hot deformed samples.


: We conducted a prospective study of the incidence of malnutrition in the surgical departments of the Reina Sofia University Hospital, on a total of 329 patients at the time of admittance (154 women and 175 men). As was denounced by Bristian more than 20 years ago, more than 50% of the patients presented some form of malnutrition. There are a series of factors, detected by the Chi2 test, which are as divers as sex, marital status, level of education, profession, smoker or chronic medication user, which are of influence on the nutritional status of the patients. The type of malnutrition is conditioned by the marital status, the job situation, the nature of the pathology, or the use of tobacco. Malnutrition still exists in developed countries, induced by many factors, and it is often found in the hospitals, which is even worse.


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) transcends across social class and cultural background. As a developed country, Singapore continues to face challenges pose by ASD. Beyond the family unit, parents of children with ASD experience social stigmatization and difficulties seeking communal support. Caregiving becomes increasingly burdensome. Parents may cultivate negative parenting that further complicates their children's growth development. This paper presents a holistic approach for parents managing challenging behaviors influenced by ASD. Responsive parenting holds key in aiding parents with their daily struggles. The authors posit five components that contribute to effective parenting, namely mind-set, techniques, time, relational context and parental love. Together, they assist parents to assess and reflect their relational experience. Parents learn to customize their approach to meet the child's unique needs. This will shape the parent-child interactional pattern and foster positive family relationship.


. This study aims at investigating the effect of corporate bonds issuanceannouncement on the stock market in Indonesia over 2014 – 2015. By applying eventstudy and t-test, it is proven that there are significant positive abnormal return one daybefore the announcement date and significant negative abnormal return five days afterthe date. This result shows that public has obtained information from the insider asgood news before the information is widely disseminated; therefore, they react bytransacting in the stock market. Nonetheless, when the offering period ends, marketparticipants react again and there is a market correction five days after theannouncement. This result confirms that there is a signalling effect of corporate bondsissuance on the stock market performance and indicates that stock market in Indonesiais inefficient.


Neogene deformation along the northern margin of the Australian Plate changes character, from a collisional margin to the east in the Timor Sea to a passive margin further west in the Carnarvon Basin. Changes in the deformation style reflect changing regional stress. The continental collision currently underway in the vicinity of Timor Island (the Banda Orogen) influences Neogene deformation in the adjacent Timor Sea, but has little effect in the Carnarvon Basin. The location of deformation also changes, from outboard in the Timor Sea, to inboard in the Carnarvon Basin, with neotectonic events strongly controlled by basement boundaries in the Carnarvon Basin. We propose that Neogene deformation in the Timor Sea and Browse Basin can be explained by an elastic flexure model, whereas in the Carnarvon Basin Neogene deformation is strongly controlled by competency contrasts between basement and basinal rocks. We present a comprehensive model for Neogene deformation across the North West Shelf, based on seismic interpretation and mapping.


Based on previous insights (e.g. Paulin and Haythornhwaite, 2016), the core of our article represents an extensive analysis of the manner numerous distance, online, and e-learning settings have embraced substantial concerted approaches, bringing about the demand to take into account the way novel techniques of online cooperation emerge over and into learning and instructive routines. As education succeeds in dealing with such directions, crowdsourcing and participative, peer-based proposals are impacting teaching and training, in addition to the advancement of curricula variously. A boundless array of available, first-rate open resources and materials are accessible online, furnished by groups of professionals, educators, and students. There has been a long-lasting controversy in the scholarly literature concerning how several crowdsourced, open resources end up into the curriculum via instructor assessment and choice as essential, demanded contents. Instructors may also include open resources in the curriculum as restorative, complementary, or advanced material. In countless learning frameworks, the masses of students suggest or reflect on external resources through course debates, including them into the curriculum. Crowdsourced proposals that adopt open educational routines and further flexible learning have become popular in both open online and established learning frameworks. The difficult tasks of tremendous numbers indicate the demand for an improved perspective of the way teamwork, community, and crowdsourcing may be made functional in MOOC-based instruction. While in line with prior research on the current topic, our results indicate that the convergence of massive online participation and courses stimulates the urgency to advance and embrace patterns of instruction that originate considerably from the establishment of virtual communities and the performance of online crowds in comparison with the one of classes.


In the present development of a knowledge society and with the increasing impact of knowledge on economic growth, case studies have become vehicles of knowledge which can both store and transfer it. Knowledge based case studies describe the best practices as well as solutions of complex problems. Knowledge in case studies is described in both written and symbolic form. The content and form of knowledge based case studies should be in mutual equilibrium. Knowledge based case studies are both descriptions of methods and algorithms as well as narratives. As narratives, they should have a relevant literary quality. Case studies can involve mass media into their structure and use simulation techniques as well as techniques of entrepreneurial games. Case studies can thus be both dynamic and flexible. Users can personally influence the behaviour and evolution of the process. They can choose their role in the process and can also change it whilst perfor - ming the solution. Social, cultural and traditional values are respected during all steps leading to solutions of problems. Ecological aspects and conditions of sustainable development are taken into account when solutions are analysed, recom- mended and accepted. Case studies present the best practices which enable users to provide benchmarking examples of their own solutions. Data bases of case studies should provide more dimensions containing descriptors which characterize the studies. In the following article, six descriptors will be recommended: domains, objectives, critical success factors, in- dicators, the best practices explanations and case characteristics. These enable to sort out, categorize, classify and stratify studies in a data base and are helpful in assessing their quality. A vertical structure of the data base facilitates classification and ordering of studies according to subject areas. A horizontal structure of the database enables classification of case stu- dies from the user point of view.


Food is an immensely complex and endlessly varied matrix, rich in polymers of plant and animal origin, some of which resist hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes. The upper gastrointestinal tract is exquisitely adapted for the extraction of energy and nutrients from food, but inevitably some undigested material passes from the ileum into the colon, where the host benefits from the much greater repertoire of hydrolytic enzymes deployed by the resident microflora. Interest in the fate and biological effects of unabsorbed food residues has waxed and waned since at least the 19th century, but the scientific investigation of polysaccharides resisting hydrolysis in the small intestine began in earnest in the 1970s, with the study of dietary fibre. Early definitions of fibre encompassed only plant cell wall polysaccharides and lignin, but efforts to standardise the measurement of these substances in food soon revealed that a significant fraction of dietary starch could also resist hydrolysis by pancreatic enzymes, both in vitro and during normal digestion in humans.1

Starch is the principal storage polysaccharide in plants utilised by humans as food. It consists of varying proportions of two polymers: amylose, a simple linear chain of glucose units linked by α1–4 bonds, and amylopectin, which is a more complex macromolecule containing shorter linear chains and α1–6-linked branches. In plant tissue, the starch polymers are packed into semicrystalline granules, which need to be hydrated and dispersed by cooking before they can be digested. Starch resists digestion for many reasons; in leguminous …


Gender differences in hemispheric asymmetry for language functioning have been reported in the neuropsychological literature. Despite numerous reports of anatomic asymmetries in corresponding cortical regions, the possibility of gender dimorphism in the putative neuroanatomical substrate of language has not been systematically examined in vivo. We assessed asymmetry of the planum temporale (PT), a supratemporal region of auditory association cortex, in 12 normal, right-handed females and 12 age-matched right-handed males with the aid of MRI surface-rendering morphometry. Bilateral areas were also assessed for Heschl's gyrus (HG), a supratemporal region of primary auditory cortex where no asymmetry was anticipated. We found a significant interaction between gender and hemisphere for the PT, with males having significantly larger left versus right PTs. Left-right differences in PT area were not significant among females (10 of 12 males showed leftward lateralization of the PT, vs 5 of 12 females). No main effect of gender was found for total (left + right) PT area, and no asymmetries or gender effects were detected for HG. This finding of gender dimorphism in PT area is consistent with evidence for reduced asymmetry among females in the lateralization of language functions attributable to the supratemporal cortex. The implications for theories about interactions between sex hormones and the development of brain asymmetries are discussed.


Abstract Modern animal scientists, industry, and managers have never faced a more complex world. Precision livestock technologies have altered management in confined operations to meet production, environmental, and consumer goals. Applications of precision technologies have been limited in extensive systems such as rangelands due to lack of infrastructure, electrical power, communication, and durability. However, advancements in technology have helped to overcome many of these challenges. Investment in precision technologies is growing within the livestock sector, requiring the need to assess opportunities and challenges associated with implementation to enhance livestock production systems. In this review, precision livestock farming and digital livestock farming are explained in the context of a logical and iterative five-step process to successfully integrate precision livestock measurement and management tools, emphasizing the need for precision system models (PSMs). This five-step process acts as a guide to realize anticipated benefits from precision technologies and avoid unintended consequences. Consequently, the synthesis of precision livestock and modeling examples and key case studies help highlight past challenges and current opportunities within confined and extensive systems. Successfully developing PSM requires appropriate model(s) selection that aligns with desired management goals and precision technology capabilities. Therefore, it is imperative to consider the entire system to ensure that precision technology integration achieves desired goals while remaining economically and managerially sustainable. Achieving long-term success using precision technology requires the next generation of animal scientists to obtain additional skills to keep up with the rapid pace of technology innovation. Building workforce capacity and synergistic relationships between research, industry, and managers will be critical. As the process of precision technology adoption continues in more challenging and harsh, extensive systems, it is likely that confined operations will benefit from required advances in precision technology and PSMs, ultimately strengthening the benefits from precision technology to achieve short- and long-term goals.


AbstractThe Artisanal and Small Scale Mining (ASSM) industry is of great importance to the Ghanaian economy. It provides employment for the teeming youth directly and indirectly and produces gold for the local goldsmiths, among other benefits. Concomitant to their operations, ASSM causes significant environmental pollution with chemicals, predominantly mercury. Mercury is used by small scale miners in the processing of ore mined because it is relatively easy to use and readily available. The laws regulating small scale gold mining in Ghana do not forbid the use of mercury even though there is a loud outcry against the use of mercury in small scale gold mining. The operations have resulted in the discharge of mercury into the environment indiscriminately. No attempt is made by the miners to recover lost mercury hence all of it is lost to the environment. This paper presents the findings of a study that investigated the trajectory of the mercury lost into the environment. The results showed that 2 g of mercury was lost to the environment for every gram of gold recovered through ASSM; 39% of it was lost to the atmosphere due to roasting of the amalgam whilst the remaining 61% was lost into water and spillage onto the ground. Keywords: Mercury, Atmosphere, Pollution, Environment, Socio-economic


Loss of appetite and ensuing weight loss is a key feature of severe illnesses. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contributes significantly to the adverse outcome of these conditions. Pharmacological interventions to target appetite stimulation have little efficacy but considerable side effects. Therefore nutritional therapy appears to be the logical step to combat inadequate nutrition. However, clinical trial data demonstrating benefits are sparse and there is no current established standard algorithm for use of nutritional support in malnourished, acutely ill medical inpatients. Recent high-quality evidence from critical care demonstrating harmful effects when parenteral nutritional support is used indiscriminately has led to speculation that loss of appetite in the acute phase of illness is indeed an adaptive, protective response that improves cell recycling (autophagy) and detoxification. Outside critical care, there is an important gap in high quality clinical trial data shedding further light on these important issues. The selection, timing, and doses of nutrition should be evaluated as carefully as with any other therapeutic intervention, with the aim of maximising efficacy and minimising adverse effects and costs. In light of the current controversy, a reappraisal of how nutritional support should be used in acutely ill medical inpatients outside critical care is urgently required. The aim of this review is to discuss current pathophysiological concepts of PEM and to review the current evidence for the efficacy of nutritional support regarding patient outcomes when used in an acutely ill medical patient population outside critical care.


We explain the origin of voltage variations due to self-mixing in a terahertz (THz) frequency quantum cascade laser (QCL) using an extended density matrix (DM) approach. Our DM model allows calculation of both the current-voltage (I-V) and optical power characteristics of the QCL under optical feedback by changing the cavity loss, to which the gain of the active region is clamped. The variation of intra-cavity field strength necessary to achieve gain clamping, and the corresponding change in bias required to maintain a constant current density through the heterostructure is then calculated. Strong enhancement of the self-mixing voltage signal due to non-linearity of the (I-V) characteristics is predicted and confirmed experimentally in an exemplar 2.6 THz bound-to-continuum QCL.


The aim of this study is to analyze Hinduism in upper secondary school textbooks using a gender-based perspective. The specific material used consists of four textbooks, whereof two are published prior to the curriculum Lgy 11 and two are published after Lgy 11. In order to analyze the textbooks the following methods are used: content analysis, picture analysis and comparative analysis. First, the contents and pictures of the textbooks are analyzed using theories on gender. After this analysis the results are compared to the relevant curriculum and its guidelines for the analyzed subject. To complement this analysis a further comparison is made between the results of the two kinds of textbooks in order to determine whether any similarities or differences exist. The results show that men are represented more often than women in the chapters on Hinduism and that women are found to be represented more sparsely and separately from their male counterparts. The study also show that Lgy 11 doesn't emphasize gender very strongly as a part of the mandatory guidelines and that this can be a plausible explanation for the lack of female representation in the textbooks. Despite the difference between the two curricula there is no palpable difference between the older and the newer textbooks.


BACKGROUND
In Egypt, breast cancer ranks number one among the female malignancies. Activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are thought to play an important role in the development and progression of breast cancer.

PURPOSE
The present study is a trial to investigate the role of chromosome 17 in sporadic invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast through detection of LOH for 6 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci, two of which are located at BRCA1 gene (D17S855 and D17S856), one at TP53 gene, one at nm-23 gene and finally two at 17q12-12.3 (D17S183 and D17S250).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Tissue samples and their corresponding safety margin normal tissues were collected from 25 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast of grades 2 and 3. LOH was detected for the 6 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers mentioned previously using PCR assay.

RESULTS
The percentage of overall LOH recorded was 68% of the cases examined. The highest LOH recorded in D17S855 and D17S856 (43% and 32% respectively), both markers are located at BRCA1 gene, followed by 32% LOH in nm-23 gene. D17S183 and D17S250, which are localised telomeric and centromeric to BRCA1 gene, showed 24% and 28% LOH, respectively. The lowest percentage of LOH was observed in the TP53 gene (14%). No significant correlation was found between each of the six markers used and lymph node status, grade, or menopausal status. LOH at the nm-23 marker exhibited a significant association with lymph node involvement.

CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the present study that BRCA1 gene may be involved in carcinogenesis of some sporadic breast cancer cases. Deletion in nm-23 gene is associated with advanced stage of the disease. Finally, another gene located at 17q12-12.3 region may be involved in some sporadic breast cancer cases.


In this paper, a voltage-boosting converter, named KY converter (i.e., 1-plus-D converter), is presented. Unlike the traditional nonisolated boost converter, this converter possesses fast load transient responses, which is similar to the buck converter with synchronous rectification. In addition, it possesses nonpulsating output current, thereby not only decreasing the current stress on the output capacitor but also reducing the output voltage ripple. Besides, 1-plus-2D and 2-plus-D converters, derived from the KY converter, are presented based on the same structure but different pulsewidth-modulation control strategies. Above all, the main difference between the KY converter and its derivatives is that the latter ones possess higher output voltages than the former one under the same duty cycle. A detailed description of the KY converter and its derivatives is presented along with some simulated and experimental results.


Age-related memory deficits are correlated with neural hyperactivity in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Abnormal CA3 hyperactivity in aged rats has been proposed to contribute to an imbalance between pattern separation and pattern completion, resulting in overly rigid representations. Recent evidence of functional heterogeneity along the CA3 transverse axis suggests that proximal CA3 supports pattern separation while distal CA3 supports pattern completion. It is not known whether age-related CA3 hyperactivity is uniformly represented along the CA3 transverse axis. We examined the firing rates of CA3 neurons from young and aged, male, Long–Evans rats along the CA3 transverse axis. Consistent with prior studies, young CA3 cells showed an increasing gradient in mean firing rate from proximal to distal CA3. However, aged CA3 cells showed an opposite, decreasing trend, in that CA3 cells in aged rats were hyperactive in proximal CA3, but possibly hypoactive in distal CA3, compared with young (Y) rats. We suggest that, in combination with altered inputs from the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus (DG), the proximal CA3 region of aged rats may switch from its normal function that reflects the pattern separation output of the DG and instead performs a computation that reflects an abnormal bias toward pattern completion. In parallel, distal CA3 of aged rats may create weaker attractor basins that promote abnormal, bistable representations under certain conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Prior work suggested that age-related CA3 hyperactivity enhances pattern completion, resulting in rigid representations. Implicit in prior studies is the notion that hyperactivity is present throughout a functionally homogeneous CA3 network. However, more recent work has demonstrated functional heterogeneity along the CA3 transverse axis, in that proximal CA3 is involved in pattern separation and distal CA3 is involved in pattern completion. Here, we show that age-related hyperactivity is present only in proximal CA3, with potential hypoactivity in distal CA3. This result provides new insight in the role of CA3 in age-related memory impairments, suggesting that the rigid representations in aging result primarily from dysfunction of computational circuits involving the dentate gyrus (DG) and proximal CA3.


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The inhomogeneous fluctuations that underlie structure formation - galaxies and CMB hotspots - might have been seeded by quantum cosmological fluctuations, as magnified by some inflationary mechanism. The Halliwell-Hawking model for these, as a lower-energy semiclassical limit, is expected to be shared by many theories. E.g. an O((H/m_pl)^2) suppression of power at large scales results from this. This model contains/suppresses very many terms; we want a qualitative understanding of the meaning of these terms and of different regimes resulting from different combinations of them. I study this with toy models that have tractable mathematics: minisuperspace and, especially, relational particle mechanics. In the present Seminar, I consider in particular averaged terms with some lessons from Hartree-Fock approach to Atomic and Molecular Physics. One needs to anchor this on variational principles; treating the subsequent equations is a numerical venture.


The Internet is not a 'fad' that will soon disappear, but is rather a new 'environment' in which people interact with others, engage and have experiences. The Internet is a tool with never before seen potential. Utilizing this new technology, mental health professionals can provide evidence based interventions and prevention programs to a number of mentally ill and distressed persons. The following study explores the use of 'Buddy' an online mood monitoring service to determine whether self-refl ection can help people with mental health problems understand the relationship between the things they do in their daily lives and their mental state and then endeavour to change their behaviour for the better. Through the personal accounts of 12 service users, the use of 'Buddy' as a self-management tool is investigated and a number of positive and negative issues are discussed.


The physiological and behavioural effects and skin damage caused by salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) infections on sea trout Salmo trutta L. smolts were greater in fish infected with lice 2 wk after seawater transfer than in fish infected 6 wk after seawater transfer. The initial prevalence of infection was 100% for both groups and the intensity of infection decreased significantly with time over 5 wk. Significantly fewer of the fish infected 2 wk after seawater transfer had resumed feeding by the end of the experiment, leading to a loss of body condition. Furthermore, these fish suffered more severe damage to the skin and detrimental changes in physiological integrity than fish infected 6 wk after seawater transfer as a direct consequence of feeding preadult lice, leading to osmoregulatory failure and death. Although this study was carried out in laboratory conditions, results indicate that lice infections may potentially have a detrimental impact on the survival of wild smolts after seawater transfer.


This study investigated the color stability of reline resin after two methods of disinfection i.e  microwave disinfection and chemical disinfection. A stainless steel mold with a breakaway compartment (10 mm in diameter by 0.7 mm thickness) was made to fabricate specimens of various resins. Each material was mixed according to manufacturer's instructions and applied into the mold. Prior to color stability testing, specimens were cleaned in distilled water for 20 minutes to kill any microorganisms that may had contaminated the discs during fabrication. And then specimens were immersed in Sodium Perborate Monohydrate 200 ml of solution for 15 days and microwaved for 15 days so that it is comparable to chemical disinfection soaking. The color stability of each specimen was measured again using spectrophotometer and values were obtained. The data of ∆E, ∆L, ∆b, ∆a were analysed by 2 way repeated measures ANOVAs test. Significant statistic changes in color parameters ∆L, ∆a, ∆b of the reline resin DPI, Ufi Gel Hard And Kooliner were observed when dentures were disinfected by Sodium Perborate Monohydrate 2% solutions. The color stability of the reline resin was influenced by time, regardless of disinfection or non disinfection. This can be attributed to bleaching (whitening) effect of reline material. Discoloration of resin based materials may be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are related to internal alterations in material resulting from physicochemical reactions or residual monomer oxidation with time. Thus the initiator, quantity and type of monomer and the polymerisation efficiency can affect the color stability of resin based materials. The color stability deviation value ∆E significantly increased to maximum for chemical disinfectant, least for Control group and intermediate for microwaved group. Ufi Gel showed the highest deviation ∆E and Control Group showed the lowest deviation according to results.


Since 2001, Congress has passed a major tax bill almost every year. Most have reduced taxes significantly and, since they were not accompanied by spending cuts, the resulting deficits have increased the national debt. The tax cuts total almost $2.2 trillion over ten years, and that total may be vastly understated if some or all of the cuts are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date of 2010. In addition, the cuts exacerbated the growing problem of the alternative minimum tax (AMT). Barring legislative action, more than 33 million taxpayers will fall prey to the AMT in 2010.


The concept of green products is not very old in Nepal. This research paper is an endeavor to examine consumer level of awareness and perception towards green products in Nepal. The data has been collected from a total of 192 respondents in Kathmandu through well-structured questionnaire. An increasing number of consumers have adequate knowledge about green products features, majority of them view green products as healthy and safe. Consumers prefer to believe that green products are offering high quality over conventional products, but they are not having any precise opinion about the excessive prices of green products. The research results also find out consumers' disappointment towards the promotional measures taken by the marketer. This research will be a good cognizance for the marketers and will increase their seriousness to focus more on making consumer more aware about green products benefits and bring about the adoption of green products.


. The study models multi-characteristics inspection for inspection allocation problems with workstations of attribute data in serial production systems. Either 100% or 0% inspection is performed and Type I and Type II errors are considered. In addition, this study considers three possibilities of treatment of detected nonconforming units, namely, repair, rework and scrap. With the above considerations, a profit model is developed for optimally allocating inspections. Moreover, a genetic algorithm is used to solve the problem and it is proved to have much less computation time, compared with an optimization method based on complete enumeration, especially when number of workstations and characteristics becomes more.


Test-time adaptation (TTA) intends to adapt the pretrained model to test distributions with only unlabeled test data streams. Most of the previous TTA methods have achieved great success on simple test data streams such as independently sampled data from single or multiple distributions. However, these attempts may fail in dynamic scenarios of real-world applications like autonomous driving, where the environments gradually change and the test data is sampled correlatively over time. In this work, we explore such practical test data streams to deploy the model on the fly, namely practical test-time adaptation (PTTA). To do so, we elaborate a Robust Test-Time Adaptation (RoTTA) method against the complex data stream in PTTA. More specifically, we present a robust batch normalization scheme to estimate the normalization statistics. Meanwhile, a memory bank is utilized to sample category-balanced data with consideration of timeliness and uncertainty. Further, to stabilize the training procedure, we develop a time-aware reweighting strategy with a teacher-student model. Extensive experiments prove that RoTTA enables continual test-time adaptation on the correlatively sampled data streams. Our method is easy to implement, making it a good choice for rapid deployment. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/BIT-DA/RoTTA


Linux users expect fresh packages in the official repositories of their distributions. Yet, due to philosophical divergences, the packages available in various distributions do not all have the same degree of freshness. Users therefore need to be informed as to those differences. Through quantitative empirical analyses, we assess and compare the freshness of 890 common packages in six mainstream Linux distributions. We find that at least one out of ten packages is outdated, but the proportion of outdated packages varies greatly between these distributions. Using the metrics of update delay and time lag, we find that the majority of packages are using versions less than 3 months behind the upstream in 5 of those 6 distributions. We contrast the user perception of package freshness with our analyses and order the considered distributions in terms of package freshness to help Linux users in choosing a distribution that most fits their needs and expectations.


Introduction: Social phobia disorder is considered among the anxiety disorders in which anxiety appears in certain situations or against special non threatening objects. As a result, the person avoids these situations or objects completely or endures them with intense anxiety. The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of emotional regulation strategies training on reduction of fear of positive evaluation of male adolescence students suffering from social phobia disorder. Materials and Methods: This study was a experimental with pretest-posttest design. From Twenty male adolescence tenth graders suffering from social phobia disorder were selected through multistage cluster sampling, and were randomly placed into two groups of experiment (10 persons) and control (10 persons). The data collection included clinical interview, Liebowitz Scale for Children and Adolescents Social Anxiety and The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale of Weeks. 7 sessions of emotional regulation strategies training were implemented for the experimental group. The control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and ANOVA. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups after the emotional regulation strategies training for the students suffering from social phobia disorder (P


Measurements of atmospheric O2/N2 ratio and CO2 concentration are presented over the period 1989–2003 from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography global flask sampling network.Aformal framework is described for making optimal use of these data to estimate global oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks. For the 10-yr period from 1990 to 2000, the oceanic and land biotic sinks are estimated to be 1.9 ± 0.6 and 1.2 ± 0.8 Pg C yr-1, respectively, while for the 10-yr period from 1993 to 2003, the sinks are estimated to be 2.2 ± 0.6 and 0.5 ± 0.7 Pg C yr-1, respectively. These estimates, which are also compared with earlier results, make allowance for oceanic O2 and N2 outgassing based on observed changes in ocean heat content and estimates of the relative outgassing per unit warming. For example, for the 1993–2003 period we estimate outgassing of 0.45 × 1014 mol O2 yr-1 and 0.20 × 1014 mol N2 yr-1, which results in a correction of 0.5 Pg C yr-1 on the oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks. The basis for this oceanic outgassing correction is reviewed in the context of recent model estimates. The main contributions to the uncertainty in the global sinks averages are from the estimates for oceanic outgassing and the estimates for fossil fuel combustion. The oceanic sink of 2.2 Pg C yr-1 for 1993–2003 is consistent, within the uncertainties, with the integrated accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean since 1800 as recently estimated from oceanic observations, assuming the oceanic sink varied over time as predicted by a box-diffusion model.


A thesis presented to the school of postgraduate studies and research Kampala International University Kampala, Uganda in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree
Master of Business Administration


The pear ( Pyrus communis L.) cultivar, Conference, is parthenocarpic but misshapes and marketable fruit losses of 6% at harvest are common. In other studies, insect flower visitors are identified as important for apple quality, but far fewer studies have examined the effects of insects and cross-pollination on pear quality. Using a range of replicated field experiments, this project aimed to determine the; 1) biodiversity of pear blossom insect visitors, 2) pollen limitation and fruit quality as a function of distance from the orchard edge and number of insect visitors, and 3) importance of cross pollination on fruit quality. A wide range of insects, >30 species, visited pear flowers including honey bees, bumble bees, solitary bees and hoverflies. Honey bees were the most frequent visitors, but all guilds, to a greater or lesser extent, made contact with the reproductive parts of the flower. Insect visits resulted in ~10% higher fruit set. There was no effect of distance from the edge (up to 50 m) of orchard on the quality of pears, and no consistent difference in the guild of insects visiting at distances from the orchard boundary. Cross-pollination with the variety Concorde produced better quality Conference fruits. We discuss how pollination of Conference pears could be managed to improve yields of marketable fruit.


337 Abstract: In Little Mere, diurnal sampling of the zooplankton at three different habitats in 1993 provided little evidence to support the data of Timms and Moss (10) that cladocerans move out from refugia at night to graze in open water. The floating-leaved water lily, appeared to be more efficient at providing refuge to D. hyalina in the presence of high planktivore fish predation than the submerged plant beds and the open water. This might be due to unfavourable physical and chemical environmental conditions associated with the water lily bed for fish feeding, a possibility supported by the findings of very low dissolved oxygen and pH values in the water lily beds. Potamogeton berchtoldii beds appeared to be more favourable habitats for submerged plant associated zooplankters than for open water grazers, probably due to the high predation pressure of planktivorous fish on the latter. The findings of this study suggest that it is important to have a better understanding of effectivness of submerged plants at provison of refuges for open water Cladocera against fish predation to combat eutrophication by using biomanipulation.


The Cyprus conflict is an intractable, identity-based conflict that has challenged the international community for over 40 years. This article provides an overview of the history and sources of the conflict, followed by a description of both official and unofficial third-party interventions. Formal mediation, primarily by the United Nations, has consistently failed to produce a settlement by which the Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot communities could rebuild their fragile political relationship. Unofficial interventions have been limited in consistency, and their direct connection to official decisionmaking has been minimal. More recently, unofficial efforts have focused on the grass-roots level, and have engaged hundreds of influential individuals in bicommunal interactions. Nonetheless, the parties remain locked in an adversarial frame that is self-perpetuating and mutually destructive, and that might only be altered through a comprehensive and sustained unofficial track of conflict analysis and resolution that can overcome the trauma of the past and address the basic needs of the parties.


Abstract — Reversible watermarking schemes are widely used to maintain the authenticity of the digital image. This research will discuss a method on histogram modification of difference image in which the difference image is created from the difference value of adjacent pixels of the image grayscale.  Embedding process begins by dividing the host image and watermark into b blocks, followed by making a difference image of the host image block. From the difference image histogram, determine the peak value, and modify the histogram based on the peak value. Then, insert each block of the watermark to the difference image that has been modified and transform back into the grayscale image. Extraction and recovery process is the inverted version of the embedding stage. This process begins by dividing the watermarked image into b blocks, followed by making a difference image of each block. Then, extract the data and shift difference image histogram using a peak value. That difference image is transformed back into a grayscale image. Experimental results demonstrate that the average insertion capacity is 14% greater than Xue's with PSNR value over 48 dB for 4 x 4 pixels and 23 % greater with PSNR over 46 dB for 8 x 8 pixels. From the comparison of robustness to line and salt n' pepper on the density of 0.05 noises is obtained that the watermark with ECC is more robust than a watermark without ECC. JPEG compression in lossless mode may be applied to the watermarked image. Multiple insertion of watermark can be done with the consequence that the more insertions will result in lower PSNR values. Keywords — difference image , histogram modification , reversible watermarking


The opportunity of observing a patient with an ileostomy led to the following studies on the consistency, color, water and nitrogen content and time of appearance of the material from the small intestine. The reaction of the ileal contents, degree of absorption of the various products of digestion and the exchange of minerals at this level are questions which have been inadequately studied. Reports of work on patients and animals with fistulas, at various points or with varying lengths of the colon excised, have been published from time to time. The best of the early work is probably that of Heile,1who used dogs with ileocecal fistulas. He found that absorption of nitrogen was nearly complete, i. e., 98 per cent on a moderate intake of meat and 88 per cent with great overfeeding. The absorption of carbohydrates fed in the form of rice and sugar was also complete,


A "cyclic cyclopolymer" was successfully synthesized via ring-expansion cationic cyclopolymerization with a cyclic initiator by using a divinyl ether carrying a gem-dimethyl group on the spacer. The unprecedented polymerization was achieved by designing the monomer on the basis of the Thorpe–Ingold effect as well as optimizing the conditions for living cationic cyclopolymerization with the model "acyclic" initiator. The obtained cyclic cyclopolymer exhibited an unusual glass transition temperature (Tg) trend: its Tg decreased as the molecular weight was increased, and was lower than that of the linear cyclopolymer analogue. This unique feature presumably derived from conflicting influences: namely, on the one hand, a lowering of the Tg resulting from a larger free volume due to the cyclic topology; and, on the other hand, a raising of the Tg as a result of the semiflexible chain.


Increasingly, cooperatives in the agribusiness are being confronted with the globalization of agri-food markets. Cooperatives adapt to this development by internationalizing their activities. This paper presents a method of measuring the degree of internationalization (DoI) and its application to European cooperatives in the dairy sector. Then, the financial performance of these cooperatives is measured by applying balance sheet analysis. The paper ends with a discussion of why German cooperatives are noticeably less internationalized and show weaker financial performance than their European competitors.


We studied the vertical distribution of microbes and meiofauna in natural hydrocarbon seep sediments to determine if there was a relationship between profiles of benthic trophic structure and the unique biogeochemical conditions present at the seep. Three stations in the Santa Barbara Channel represented a gradient of natural petroleum seepage, from very active, to moderate, to none. Seasonal differences were examined by sampling in the three major oceanographic seasons, upwelling (April), mixed (July), and Davidson (December). Densities of microbes and meiofauna were highest in July, and decreased in winter. All population sizes decreased with increasing depth in the sediment. Harpacticoids and Chi a were practically restricted to the surface sediments. Harpacticoids and ChI a were more dense (number per unit volume or strata of sediment) and abundant (number per unit area of sediment or sum of the strata) at the comparison site than at the seep sites. Density and abundance of nematodes, bacteria cell counts, and bacterial biomass were greater at the station with the most active seepage rates. Bacterial biovolumes appeared constant among sediment depths and stations, but cell biovolumes were larger in July. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that organic enrichment via petroleum utilization is responsible for increased abundances of bacteria and nematodes at the seep. There were strong correlations between densities of harpacticoids and microalgae, and densities of nematodes and bacteria. These links indicate that seeping petroleum might have an enhanced effect on the detrital (bacterial based) food web, but a toxic effect on the grazing (microaIgaI based) food web.


Climate change is one of the greatest crises facing humanity in the 21st century. It is a complex challenge that affects all levels of society, from the personal to the international level. Only if all parts of the international community work together, it will be possible to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, as agreed in the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in 2015. An important contribution to this must be made in cities and districts, which are becoming increasingly more important due to the worldwide progress of urbanization. Within the district, energy demand of buildings has a great influence on the CO2 emissions.

A centralized supply of thermal energy via district heating and cooling enables highly efficient generation via combined heat and power or combined heat, power and cooling as well as the integration of locally
available waste heat sources from industrial plants or data centers. By means of cost-efficient thermal storage, generation and demand can be decoupled from each other, and operating times of combined heat and power plants can be extended. In addition, renewable sources such as solar thermal energy can be used more efficiently.

The basis of this work is a dynamic simulation model of the energy system of campus Lichtwiese of the Technical University of Darmstadt, which represents and connects the generation plants, the thermal networks and the buildings as consumers. Using time series of the current and future energy demand of the buildings for heat, cooling, and electric energy, the energy production of the entire system and the resulting CO2 emissions and costs can be calculated. By comparing different scenarios via annual simulations within the model, the example of campus Lichtwiese shows how existing energy systems can be prepared for a local energy transition at the district level. Research focuses on the optimization of the design and operation of existing energy systems with 3rd generation district heating networks, the reduction of temperatures to transfer the networks to 4th generation district heating, and the integration of data center waste heat. All proposed measures are compared energetically, ecologically and economically with the current state of the system.

The results show that the energy system of the TU Darmstadt is well designed and operated for the current demand, while at the same time there is great potential for reducing temperatures and energy demands
by measures within the buildings. Furthermore, it can be shown that the integration of data center waste heat into district heating is already ecologically reasonable today, even without a prior reduction of network
temperatures. By implementing the developed measures, the CO2 emissions of the district can be reduced.

More important, however, is that the measures presented are a prerequisite to decarbonize the TU Darmstadt campus Lichtwiese energy system in the medium term, especially regarding heating and cooling. The measures developed for campus Lichtwiese can be transferred to other districts. The decisive factor here is comprehensive energy monitoring, which enables the operator to gain a good understanding of his system, to identify faults with little effort and to take corresponding measures to improve their system.


Measuring sea depths: the Italian hydrographic Institute Since 1873 the Italian Hydrographic Institute (Istituto Idrografico della Marina - IIM) has been involved in sea depth measuring in order to improve safety of navigation. The main mission of the institute is to provide hydrographic services for waters of Italian national responsibility required by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). This role requires the coordination and determination of policy and standards which covers both hydrographic surveying and charting, as well as contributing to the coordination, exchange and standards related to geospatial data in general. IIM's traditions and methods take their origins from the pioneers of hydrography; in this paper the author briefl y describes the main stages in IIM's history, passing throught scientifi c and international activities and concludine with challenges and prospects of digital era.


Modern object-oriented programming languages support many techniques that simplify the work of a programmer. Among them is generic types: the ability to create generic descriptions of algorithms and object structures that will be automatically specialised by supplying the type information when they are used. At the same time, object-oriented technologies still suffer from aliasing: the case of many objects in a program's memory referring to the same object via different references. Ownership types enforce encapsulation in object-oriented programs by ensuring that objects cannot be referred to from the outside of the object(s) that own them. Existing ownership programming languages either do not support generic types or attempt to add them on top of ownership restrictions. The goal of this work is to bring object ownership into mainstream object-oriented programming languages. This thesis presents Generic Ownership which provides perobject ownership on top of a generic imperative language. Surprisingly, the resulting system not only provides ownership guarantees comparable to the established systems, but also requires few additional language mechanisms to achieve them due to full reuse of generic types. In this thesis I formalise the core of Generic Ownership, highlighting that the restriction of this calls, owner preservation over subtyping, and appropriate owner nesting are the only necessary requirements for ownership. I describe two formalisms: (1) a simple formalism, capturing confinement in a functional setting, and (2) a complete formalism, providing a way for Generic Ownership to support both deep and shallow variations of ownership types. I support the formal work by describing how the Ownership Generic Java (OGJ) language is implemented as a minimal extension to Java 5. OGJ is the first publicly available language implementation that supports ownership, confinement, and generic types at the same time. I demonstrate OGJ in practice: show how to use OGJ to write programs and provide insights into the implementations of Generic Ownership.


One of the most important part of the Distributed Musical Rehearsal project was the evaluation of the overall system performance. This task required the development of precise methodology, based on both subjective and objective performance measurements. The results of the evaluation are presented in the report in their raw form and from these we draw our conclusion concerning the quality, usability and possible improvement of the Distributed Rehearsal System.


In addition to stimulating body growth, growth or somatotrophic hormone plays an important role in metabolism, body composition, lipid profile, cardiovascular status and longevity. Its control is multiregulated by hormones, metabolites and hypothalamic peptides. Obtained data of the isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) after the description of the IVS1+1G-->A GHRH receptor gene mutation in individuals of Itabaianinha County are reviewed. New perspectives about the growth hormone resistance model, the importance of GHRH in the control of GH secretion, the frequency of GHRH-R gene mutations, the diagnostic relevance of IGF-I and the metabolic, cardiovascular and quality of life findings are approached.


ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the metabolic demands of Nordic walking (NW) versus natural walking (WK) using a highly reproducible protocol in a natural environment. A total of 14 physically active subjects (3 males and 11 females, 36.6 ± 8.3 years, 63.1 ± 11.4 kg, 1.67 ± 0.06 m) walked at a freely chosen speed along a 2.5-km course in a game reserve, using NW and WK in a random order. They were monitored for speed with a mobile phone global positioning system (GPS) receiver, and for lap average and maximum heart rate (HR) with a belt HR monitor. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significantly higher lap average HR (p = 0.004) and maximum HR (p = 0.004) in NW compared with WK. Due to its increased metabolic load, NW revealed to be an effective means for improving cardiovascular fitness in populations with a low tolerance for exertion. Using this simple and ecological approach promises to be effective for further evaluation of other variables and/or use in other contexts (e.g. high altitude and climbing).


The song is a kind of literary work which involves the composers' idea and feeling in interpreting their sensibilities and moral improvement. The purpose of this study is to find out about the detailed meaning and general meaning, also to know about the message of Scorpions' lyrics song "Still Loving You". The method used in this study is descriptive research design. This method will start with collecting and reviewing research literature to provide the research data. The data are carefully examined for the intention of this study in trying to analyze lyrics song with an emphasis at predicting the message expressed in "Still Loving You" systematically, factually and accurately. Objective approach is used in this study. The population of this study is "Still Loving You" song by Scorpions. The samples of the study are lines or words that have relationship with the problem of the study. The data analysis is useful to present the validity of the result of the study. The steps in analyzing the data are as follows: 1) Reading and understanding the lyrics song contents. 2) Choosing data dealing with the lyrics song study. 3) Selecting data in respect to the purpose of the study. 4) Conducting observation of the lyrics. Based on the finding of this study, it is found that the detailed meaning "Still Loving you" tells that if we really love someone, we have to love him / her with full of our heart. We have to trust each other without selling the pass our couple to make our relation last long, facing and solving problem well in or love is the success key in loving. The general meaning of "Still Loving You" is that the poet swears to force anything that become walls his love. He will always maintain his relation and he will always love his lady anyway. Meanwhile, the message of "Still Loving You" is true love is not only we have each other but we also have to be ready to face the walls in love together. The second message is that a mistake is a natural thing in our life but we have to change it and try to not repeat it once more, to become it is a lesson. The third message is that trusting each other is a priority in love so that we have to keep it well. In addition, the last message is a problem is a proper thing but we have to solve it well so that our relation with other is still fine. Actually, love sometime makes someone so happy and sometime, love makes someone so sad.


Reversed-phase liquid chromatography with UV detection is of limited applicability in the separation and identification of carboxylic acids because of the column's poor separation efficiency and the non-selective nature of the UV detector. To address this issue, RP-LC with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been explored for the confirmation and determination of carboxylic acids in plant root exudates, with ESI-MS providing structural information, high selectivity, and high sensitivity. The separation of 10 carboxylic acids (pyruvic, lactic, malonic, maleic, fumaric, succinic, malic, tartaric, trans-aconitic, and citric acid) was performed on a C(18) column using an eluent containing 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid within 10 min, where the acidic eluent not only suppressed the ionization of the carboxylic acids to be retained on the column, but was also compatible with ESI-MS detection. In addition, an additional standard was used to overcome the matrix effect. The results showed that peak areas correlated linearly with the concentration of carboxylic acids over the range 0.05-10 mg/L. The detection limits of target acids (signal-to-noise S/N ratio of 3) ranged from 20 to 30 microg/L. Finally, the proposed method was used for the confirmation and determination of low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids in plant root exudates, and provided a simple analytical procedure, including sample processing, fast separation, and high specificity and sensitivity.


Individual highly magnified stars have been recently discovered at lookback times of more than half the age of the universe, in lensed galaxies that straddle the critical curves of massive galaxy clusters. Having established their detectability, it is now important to carry out systematic searches for them in order to establish their frequency, and in turn learn about the statistical properties of high-redshift stars and of the granularity of matter in the foreground deflector. Here we report the discovery of a highly magnified star at redshift z = 0.94 in a strongly lensed arc behind a Hubble Frontier Field (HFF) galaxy cluster, MACS J0416.1-2403, discovered as part of a systematic archival search. The bright transient (dubbed "Warhol") was discovered in Hubble Space Telescope data taken on 2014 September 15 and 16. The point source faded over a period of two weeks, and observations taken on 2014 September 1 show that the duration of the microlensing event was at most four weeks in total. The magnified stellar image that exhibited the microlensing peak may also exhibit slow changes over a period of years at a level consistent with that expected for microlensing by the stars responsible for the intracluster light of the cluster. Optical and infrared observations taken near peak brightness can be fit by a stellar spectrum with moderate host-galaxy extinction. A blue supergiant matches the measured spectral energy distribution near peak, implying a temporary magnification of at least several thousand. The short timescale of the event and the estimated effective temperature indicate that the lensed source is an extremely magnified star. Finally, we detect the expected counterimage of the background lensed star at an offset by ∼0.″1 in a deep coaddition of HFF imaging.