Using an individual's last name indicates respect and contributes to positive
interaction with African American clients and adults of African descent. This
paper discusses the importance of using social titles as a proper form of address during,
and sometimes after, the initial professional relationship. Two case vignettes
will highlight potential difficulties that non-African American practitioners may
experience when using first names with African Americans within the professional
realm. The vignettes include a scenario for a supervisor and a client.


In recent years, piecewise linearization has developed as an attractive tool for the representation of various complex nonlinear systems. The piecewise linearization of individual functions provide a platform for the piecewise affine approximation of nonlinear systems containing a large number of scaler valued nonlinear functions. Inspite of the wide application of piecewise linearization, the optimal approximation of a continuous time nonlinear function by the minimum number of piecewise linearised functions has not been addressed properly in literature. This paper deals with an evolutionary optimization based clustering approach for obtaining the optimal piecewise linear approximation of a class of nonlinear functions. The technique is based on the trade-off between increasing the approximation accuracy and simplifying the approximation by the minimum number of linearized sectors. The technique has been successfully applied to some common nonlinear functions.


Digital technologies have changed how people interact with information. PISA data shows that 15-year-olds increasingly read online to fulfil information needs (e.g. online news versus newspapers). At the same time, technological changes in the digitalisation of communication continue to reshape people's habits (e.g. chats online versus emails). Fifteen-year-olds' total online consumption has risen from 21 hours a week in PISA 2012 to 35 hours per week in PISA 2018 – almost the equivalent of an average adult workweek in OECD countries. The massive information flow that characterises the digital era demands that readers be able to distinguish between fact and opinion, and learn strategies to detect biased information and malicious content such as phishing emails or fake news.


Soft robotics uses soft, flexible materials and elastic actuation mechanisms to create systems that are more adaptable and tolerant to unknown environments, and safer for human-machine interaction, than rigid robots. Pneumatic soft robots can be fabricated using more affordable materials compared to traditional robots and make use of technologies such as 3D printing, making them an attractive choice for research and DIY projects. However, their design is still highly unintuitive, and at up to two days, design iterations can take prohibitively long: The behavior of, e.g., a pneumatic silicone gripper only becomes apparent after designing and 3D printing its mold, casting, curing, assembling, and testing it. We introduce SoRoCAD, a design tool supporting a Maker-friendly soft robotics design and fabrication pipeline that incorporates simulating the final actuation into the design process.


Elizabeth Bishop, who constructed poems of crystalline visual accuracy, is often regarded as the most painterly of twentieth-century American poets. In Deep Skin, Peggy Samuels explores Bishop's attraction to painters who experimented with dynamic interactions between surface and depth. She tells the story of the development of Bishop's poetics in relation to her engagement with mid-century art, particularly the work of Paul Klee, Kurt Schwitters, and Alexander Calder.Contemporary conversations about the visual arts circulating among art historians and reviewers shaped Bishop's experience and illuminated aesthetic problems for which she needed to find solutions. The book explores in particular the closest intellectual context for Bishop, her friend Margaret Miller, who worked as a research associate and later associate curator at the Museum of Modern Art. Samuels traces a complex and rich four-way metaphor in her portrait of Bishop's methods: surface of verse, surface of painting, skin, and interface between mind and world.The visual arts helped Bishop to develop a new model for lyric: the surface of verse becomes a threshold that opens in two directions-to nature and to the interior of the poet. Bishop's poetics is very much about the touch of the materials of the mind and world inside the materiality of verse. Translating and revising some of the concepts from the visual arts in her own linguistic medium, she begins to experiment with modulation, absorption, and incorporation across multiple registers of experience.


The aim of this thesis is to go through different approaches for proving expressiveness properties in several concurrent languages. We analyse four different calculi exploiting for each one a different technique.

We begin with the analysis of a synchronous language, we explore the expressiveness of a fragment of CCS! (a variant of Milner's CCS where replication is considered instead of recursion) w.r.t. the existence of faithful encodings (i.e. encodings that respect the behaviour of the encoded model without introducing unnecessary computations) of models of computability strictly less expressive than Turing Machines. Namely, grammars of types 1,2 and 3 in the Chomsky Hierarchy.

We then move to asynchronous languages and we study full abstraction for two Linda-like languages. Linda can be considered as the asynchronous version of CCS plus a shared memory (a multiset of elements) that is used for storing messages. After having defined a denotational semantics based on traces, we obtain fully abstract semantics for both languages by using suitable abstractions in order to identify different traces which do not correspond to different behaviours.

Since the ability of one of the two variants considered of recognising multiple occurrences of messages in the store (which accounts for an increase of expressiveness) reflects in a less complex abstraction, we then study other languages where multiplicity plays a fundamental role. We consider the language CHR (Constraint Handling Rules) a language which uses multi-headed (guarded) rules. We prove that multiple heads augment the expressive power of the language. Indeed we show that if we restrict to rules where the head contains at most n atoms we could generate a hierarchy of languages with increasing expressiveness (i.e. the CHR language allowing at most n atoms in the heads is more expressive than the language allowing at most m atoms, with m<n).

Finally we analyse a language similar but simpler than CHR. The kappa-calculus is a formalism for modelling molecular biology where molecules are terms with internal state and sites, bonds are represented by shared names labelling sites, and reactions are represented by rewriting rules.
Depending on the shape of the rewriting rules, several dialects of the calculus can be obtained. We analyse the expressive power of some of these dialects by focusing on decidability and undecidability for problems like reachability and coverability.


The Upper Lias of Yorkshire as represented to the north and
west of the Peak Fault, is a phase of aeposition of argillaceous sediments under varying physical conditions. The Grey Shales are shallow water deposits which pass gradually but rapidly into the finely laminated, bituminous shales of the Jet Rock, which were laid down under 'Black Sea conditions', but in water much shallower than the Black Sea. As the basin was gradually filled up during Bituminous Shale and Hard Shale times, its floor rose into the zone of aerated water, when the poorly bedded Alum Shales were deposited. Thes sedimentational conditions were interrupted by the deposition of an argillaceous limestone at the end of Jet Rock-times and by several beds and rows of masses
of siderite mudstone, at varying horizons during subsequent
zone-moments.

The best 'hard' jet is found only in the Jet Rock, and is
entirely composed of collapsed and compressed wood structures, soaked in humic substances resulting from the decomposition of the original wood. Annual rings, medullary rays, tracheids, bordered pits, stem bases and bark are all recognised in the jet. Some specimens of jet are silicified along a central zone, and here the wood structure is well preserved in an uncrushed state. Within the jet are frequent rows of included quartz grains and other minerals, which had become wedged into cracks in the wood before sedimentation.

Whitby jet is the altered ermains of coniferous wood washed
from the Liassic land surface into the Yorkshire Basin, where it became waterlogged and sank. The dominating factors in the subsequent jetonisation were the conditions of reduction and stagnation in the deeper parts of the basin during Jet Rock times. These conditions caused the formation of a fine, black viscous mud which, together with the absence of oxygen due to the same reason, controlled the decomposition of the wood and limited it to a unique and prolonged breakdown of organic constituents.
As a result the wood which was in the form of stems
and trunks, was reduced to a pulpy condition. The constant
slow deposition of muds caused the stems to be much flattened and to assume the form in which they are now found.

The inferior varieties of jet are due to formation in more
oxygenated conditions of sedimentation, and probably to a greater degree of aerobic decomposition before incorporation in the argillaceous sediments. The increased amount of oxygen would cause decomposition to follow a more normal course.


Extensive localized bone resorption within the femur was observed after four total hip replacements. The amount and location of the resorption suggested the presence of infection or tumor, but there was no evidence of either condition and the roentgenographic appearance differed from that associated with a loose uncemented endoprosthesis or a grossly loose femoral component of a total hip replacement. At reoperation the femoral components were not rigidly fixed but were only slightly loose. Histologically there were sheets of macrophages, a few giant cells, and multiple small fragments of a birefringent material, but no inflammatory cells. While the exact mechanism of this serious complication is unclear, the findings suggest that a benign, non-inflammatory, adverse tissue response can occur in relation to the femoral components of total hip replacements that are not rigidly fixed. In all four hips, reimplantation of a new total hip replacement was successful after follow-up of thirteen to eighteen months.


Epithelial shedding, even to the point of airway denudation, had already been described as a common and unifying feature of asthma by the latter half of the 19th century. However, the repair processes that specifically follow the shedding-like loss of epithelial cells have only recently been examined in vivo. This paper discusses the exceedingly fast epithelial restitution and the potential pathogenic sequelae to epithelial shedding alone that have been unravelled. Epithelial cytoprotection emerges as an important property of future therapeutic drugs for the treatment of airways inflammatory conditions.


Internships or practical work for students currently in higher education or university has become a necessity Internships are important because they introduce students to the world of work, so that students not only learn theory, but also practice The current condition where the world is hit by the Covid 19 pandemic makes many students unable to physically intern Students cannot come to work and to clients due to social distancing Augmented reality is one of the solutions so that students can get an augmented internship experience This research is a descriptive qualitative research In this study, we present data in the form of literature reviews and observations regarding the use of augmented reality in providing internship experiences to students who specialize in the field of auditing science The results of our research state that augmented reality is more widely used in providing augmented experiences, students can gain work experience without having to meet people physically, however, some challenges must also be considered in augmented development and augmented reality in audit learning, including: content problems, content development costs are still expensive, and also the issue of health problems after usage


The interest for building safety with regards to highly dynamic events such as close by explosion has accelerated after the recent decades of terrorist attacks. The interest has expanded from civil defence shelters and pure military targets to also include civil buildings used for different civil functions. Due to the rather rapid shift of area of interest, the general engineering community lack much of the knowledge and tools with which to design and evaluate structures with respect to dynamic events with very fast transient and high magnitude of peak loads. In this thesis, two studies of concrete structures are presented. Both studies focused on describing concrete with a combined damage and plasticity model. The aim was to study how different numerical models perform during highly dynamic events. Two main studies are presented. In the first study the response in a concrete wall subjected to shock wave blast, leading to spalling failure was investigated. This situation is important since spalled-off fragments in protective structures may cause severe injury to the persons or equipment it is supposed to protect. Previous research indicates that spalling occurs when and where the tensile strength of a strain-softening material like concrete is reached. By using a simple uni-axial numerical model, this study shows that spalling instead occurs when the cyclic response from a blast wave gradually increase the inelastic strains in the concrete. This means that spalling takes place after several loading cycles and not necessarily at the depth where tensile strength is firstly reached. Furthermore, the study shows that the cyclic response in the material model used for numerical simulation has a decisive influence on the position and extent of the resulting spalling crack. In the second study the response of reinforced concrete structures subjected to blast loads was investigated. Numerical models are used to evaluate the numerical response of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam and a one-way supported slab with a combined damage and plasticity constitutive model for concrete, CDPM2. Previous research has shown that strain-rate dependent material parameters might be overestimated for higher strain rate. In this study, these features are evaluated for reinforced concrete structures where bending is the dominating response. The numerical analyses indicate that fracture energy during tensile fracture and how this value is chosen have larger effects on the deformations of the structure than whether or not the strain-rate dependency of the material properties are taken into account. It is also concluded that mesh size and modelling techniques may have a large impact on the resulting response of the structure in the numerical analysis.


The objective of data fusion is to be able to draw inferences that may not be feasible with data from a single sensor alone. In this paper, data from three sets of sensors are fused to estimate the defect profile from magnetic flux leakage (MFL) inspection data. The three sensors measure the axial, radial and tangential components of the MFL field. Data is fused at the feature level. Examples of signal features are amplitude, width, etc. A radial basis function network (RBFN) is then employed to map the fused features appropriately to obtain the geometric profile of the defect. The feasibility of the approach is evaluated using the data obtained from the MFL inspection of oil pipes. The results obtained by fusing the axial, radial and tangential components appear to be better than those obtained using the axial and radial component alone.


Actionable deceit, misappropriation, spoilage or unfair competition in cyberspace does not suddenly become privileged just because the offender also incorporates someone else's trademark and ingenuously claims there was no "use" of the offending expression "as" a mark. Conversely, value-adding conduct in cyberspace that incorporates technologically reasonable accommodations to mitigate any incidental harm should not be forbidden simply because a trademark is somewhere or somehow involved. Where there is an otherwise actionable cyberspace intervention, the incorporation of a mark makes the underlying offense more egregious and its effect more harmful. It compounds the fault and might also constitute an independent act of trademark infringement, but it should not obscure what is actually happening with the new technological uses that occur in the code world, cyberspace and the new machines that design and are designed by the architecture of that world. Offensive cyberspace interventions effectively deny access, obstruct navigation, take unfair advantage of augmented presences, and destroy trust in cyberspace. Such deliberate acts of sabotage, if actionable at all, do not depend upon whether or not the offending actor incorporates a trademark within the offending expression, nor does it make any difference whether the actor "uses" the expression (under some unnatural reading of trademark law) "as" a mark, nor does it turn upon whether there is some non-preclusive "initial interest confusion" (under some other misbegotten version of trademark law). On the other hand, conduct that fosters and supports cyberspace and which increases the reliability of its virtual map by use of navigational markers does not automatically become taboo simply because a trademark lurks somewhere in the ether. This Article is yet another modern moral realist/normative jurisprudential experiment in designing law for the code world by making explicit choices. This time the goal is to persuade the reader that the previously specified new factor: the "nature and place of use" for new technological uses in the code world does three things necessary to become part of the everyday law. In this Article, I claim that the new factor: (1) works, (2) is efficient, and (3) is authorized, predictable and principled. I also claim it is better in all three respects than any other competing explanation of, or proposal for how to deal with invisible or attenuated trademark-related disputes in cyberspace.


Collaboration in research is essential for saving time and money. The field of high-energy physics (HEP) is no different. The higher level of collaboration the stronger the community. The HEP field encourages organizing various events in format and size such as meetings, workshops and conferences. Making attending a HEP event easier leverages cooperation and dialogue and this is what makes Indico service defacto a community standard. The paper describes HEPCon, a cross-platform mobile application which collects all information available on Indico and makes it available on a portable device. It keeps most of the data locally which speeds up the interaction. HEP-Con uses a shared code base which allows easy multiplatform development and support. There are iOS and Android implementations available for free download. The project is based on C# and we use the Xamarin mobile app technology for building native iOS and Android apps. SQLite database is responsible for retrieving and storing conference data. The app can be used to preview data from past CHEP conferences but the tool is implemented generic enough to support other Indico events.


The fault diagnostic process for gas turbine engines can be improved if data acquired by an on-board engine monitoring system (EMS) are utilised effectively. In the commercial transport field, techniques are available to extract engine condition assessment information from steady-state EMS data. In a military environment, steady-state data are not always available, and therefore it is desirable to extract at least some of the information from transient data, such as during take-off. Fault signatures are presented for an F404 engine based on fault implant tests in a sea-level-static (SLS) test-cell. A comparison is then made between the fault coverage capabilities of fault diagnostic techniques based on the use of steady-state engine data with those using transient data. The important conclusions to emerge from this work are that for the range of faults examined, not only is there similar fault information contained within the transient data but the faults can be detected with increased sensitivity using these data.Copyright © 1992 by ASME


In this paper, block turbo codes (BTCs) with trellis-based decoding are proposed for use in digital video broadcasting-return channel via satellite (DVB-RCS) for ATM transmission. Reed-Muller (RM) codes are used as the component codes. The BTCs are shortened in order to accommodate a satellite ATM cell. It is shown that different shortening patterns can be used. In some cases, the codes have unequal error protection (UEP) property. In order to test the suitability of the proposed coding scheme from a practical point of view, the effect of channel impairment, channel signal to noise ratio (SNR) mismatch, is investigated. Simulation results for RM-turbo codes and shortened turbo codes are presented over AWGN and Rayleigh-fading channels. The performance of the shortened codes with different shortening patterns and with the effect of channel SNR mismatch are shown.


ABSTRACT Most research on how birds adapt to urban environments has been conducted in cities in developed (Global North) countries, which differ structurally and acoustically from cities in developing (Global South) countries; therefore, optimal behavioural strategies of animals living in urban landscapes may also differ based on the economic status of the country in which they live. We studied Grenada's house wren population (Troglodytes aedon grenadensis) to investigate song plasticity of this subspecies in response to urbanisation. Grenada, a Small Island Developing State in the Caribbean, is under increasing pressure from tourism, urbanisation, and climate change, and little is known about its avian community. We recorded 33 Grenada house wrens at five urban and five rural sites across Grenada, and analysed effects of urbanisation using generalised estimating equations. Grenada house wrens used a mix of strategies to compensate for urbanisation. In urban habitats, house wrens sang shorter introductions, faster trills, and increased the low frequencies of the introduction and the whole song. Grenada's house wrens use some unusual song alterations in urban environments, emphasising the importance of studying animal behaviour in Small Island Developing States to help us understand the unique anthropogenic pressures faced by species in these vulnerable regions.


Ampullary carcinoma is a rare tumor and evidence on the treatment of recurrent metastatic disease is scarce. We report the case of a 60-year-old patient with an R0-resected node-positive adenocarcinoma of the papilla of Vater of an initially diagnosed intestinal subtype who developed pulmonary metastases 2 months after adjuvant gemcitabine chemotherapy and, subsequently, liver metastases. Palliative combination chemotherapy with standard regimens for intestinal-type adenocarcinoma (FOLFOX and FOLFIRI) failed. However, subsequent combination chemotherapy with nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel and gemcitabine, a regimen with proven efficacy in metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, resulted in a durable, very good partial remission. Treatment was manageable and well tolerated. Primary tumor and metastatic tissue were reassessed by immunohistochemistry and had to be reclassified to a mixed phenotype containing predominant elements of the pancreatobiliary subtype. Our case suggests that combination chemotherapy with nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel and gemcitabine could represent a promising option for the treatment of this rare disease and warrants further investigation within controlled clinical trials. Moreover, thorough characterization of ampullary carcinomas by histomorphology and additional immunohistochemistry should become mandatory in order to start a chemotherapeutic regimen tailored for the definitive subtype.


Clays are used widely as facial masks to remove excess sebum, an oily substance released onto the skin. Smectite, illite, kaolinite, and in some cases, chlorite, are the dominant phyllosilicates in most commonly used clay facial masks. To date, the adsorption of human sebum has been proved only on smectite clays; in the present study the adsorption of two organic compounds found in human sebum by illitic, kaolinitic, and chloritic phyllosilicates was investigated. Illitic clays are often used in cosmetic clay masks, but usually contain some fine-grained non-clay minerals. The presence of carbonate, for example, can cause skin irritation because of its alkaline nature, and iron oxides and hydroxides reduce the adsorption properties of clays. The influence of the removal of these compounds on the adsorption properties of illitic clays was also investigated. The amounts of both compounds adsorbed were established by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. All samples were characterized by mineralogical composition, particlesize distribution, specific surface area, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Oleic acid and squalene were adsorbed on all clay samples, but illitic and chloritic phyllosilicates showed the greatest adsorption capacity. After purification, the sizes of the particles decreased and the CEC values increased. Nevertheless, the dissolution of carbonates essentially had no influence on the adsorption properties, whereas the removal of iron oxides and hydroxides increased significantly the amounts adsorbed of both oleic acid and squalene.


Coronary artery disease is now the commonest cause of death in women in many countries, including Britain and the United States.1 Its incidence increases with age, rising rapidly after the menopause2: by 65 cardiovascular disease is equally common in men and women. As the proportion of older women in the population increases so the incidence of cardiovascular disease will increase. In the United States cardiovascular disease now kills proportionately more women than men.3 Before the age of 65 coronary artery disease is half as common in women as men, affecting affecting one in nine women aged 45 to 64. But coronary artery disease also affects premenopausal women - a quarter of the deaths from myo-cardial infarction in women under 65 occur in women under 45.

The first hurdle in assessing coronary artery disease in women is to increase awareness of its existence - both among doctors and among women themselves. Women with coronary artery disease usually present differently from men.4 They present more commonly with angina than infarction. Furthermore, their symptoms are more likely to have atypical features and are more often attributed to non-cardiac causes - especially in younger women, in whom coronary artery disease is uncommon. Exercise testing is as useful in women as men when they are aged 65 or over (when the incidence of coronary artery disease is the same), but in younger women, with a lower incidence of coronary artery disease, the rate of false positive results is likely to be higher. (This may explain the finding that women with chest pain are five times more likely to have normal coronary arteries than men.5,6)

Assessing chest pain in women, Sullivan et al confirmed the limited value of exercise testing in predicting coronary artery disease in women …


It is the current authors' perspective that the successful implementation of Changing Directions, Changing Lives, which seeks to improve mental health and well-being in Canada, cannot be realized effectively without considering FASD. Given that 94% of individuals with FASD also have mental disorders, practitioners in the mental health system are encountering these individuals every day. Most mental health professionals have not been trained to identify or diagnose FASD, and therefore it goes largely "unseen," and individual treatment plans lack efficacy. Implementation of FASD-informed recommendations, such as those of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015), can provide a more effective approach to mental health services and improve mental health outcomes.


Various studies have investigated cognitive mechanisms underlying culture in humans and other great apes. However, the adaptive reasons for the evolution of uniquely sophisticated cumulative culture in our species remain unclear. We propose that the cultural capabilities of humans are the evolutionary result of a stepwise transition from the ape-like lifestyle of earlier hominins to the foraging niche still observed in extant hunter–gatherers. Recent ethnographic, archaeological and genetic studies have provided compelling evidence that the components of the foraging niche (social egalitarianism, sexual and social division of labour, extensive co-residence and cooperation with unrelated individuals, multilocality, fluid sociality and high between-camp mobility) engendered a unique multilevel social structure where the cognitive mechanisms underlying cultural evolution (high-fidelity transmission, innovation, teaching, recombination, ratcheting) evolved as adaptations. Therefore, multilevel sociality underlies a 'social ratchet' or irreversible task specialization splitting the burden of cultural knowledge across individuals, which may explain why human collective intelligence is uniquely able to produce sophisticated cumulative culture. The foraging niche perspective may explain why a complex gene-culture dual inheritance system evolved uniquely in humans and interprets the cultural, morphological and genetic origins of Homo sapiens as a process of recombination of innovations appearing in differentiated but interconnected populations. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The emergence of collective knowledge and cumulative culture in animals, humans and machines'.


When Eyjafjallajokull erupted in 2010 it caused widescale travel chaos as most European air space was closed for several weeks due to ash dispersal. Following this there is now worry that Katla will erupt, as throughout historical records each eruption at Eyjafjallajokull has been followed by an eruption at Katla within a few years. Katla eruptions tend to be at least 10 times more powerful than the Eyjafjallajokull 2010 eruption. Katla usually erupts twice per century but has not erupted since 1918, further fuelling fear that Katla will erupt soon. However, little is known about what influenced the behaviour of the 1918 Katla eruption. It produced a 14 km high plume which blanketed half of Iceland in ash. What was controlling the ash production; volatiles or magma-water interaction? Where was the magma stored prior to eruption? How quickly did it rise to the surface? The eruption also produced a massive flood. The peak discharge rate, at 300,000 m3 s-1 , was greater than that of the Amazon, and was reached within just a few hours. How did the eruption manage to generate so much meltwater, so quickly? These are some of the questions, we hope to answer. To help us, we will use, amongst other resources, the lessons learnt from my PhD. This investigated the role of volatiles in determining the explosivity of subglacial rhyolitic volcanism at Torfajokull. By answering these questions, we can potentially shed light on how the next (imminent?) eruption of Katla will behave, how much warning we will have and when the most hazardous periods will be.


Previous studies assessing the accuracy of bed-load transport equations have considered equation performance statistically based on paired observations of measured and predicted bed-load transport rates. However, transport measurements were typically taken during low flows, biasing the assessment of equation performance toward low discharges, and because equation performance can vary with discharge, it is unclear whether previous assessments of performance apply to higher, geomorphically significant flows e.g., the bankfull or effective discharges. Nor is it clear whether these equations can predict the effective discharge, which depends on the accuracy of the bed-load transport equation across a range of flows. Prediction of the effective discharge is particularly important in stream restoration projects, as it is frequently used as an index value for scaling channel dimensions and for designing dynamically stable channels. In this study, we consider the geomorphic performance of five bed-load transport equations at 22 gravel-bed rivers in mountain basins of the western United States. Performance is assessed in terms of the accuracy with which the equations are able to predict the effective discharge and its bed-load transport rate. We find that the median error in predicting effective discharge is near zero for all equations, indicating that effective discharge predictions may not be particularly sensitive to one's choice of bed-load transport equation. However, the standard deviation of the prediction error differs between equations ranging from 10% to 60%, as does their ability to predict the transport rate at the effective discharge median errors of less than 1 to almost 2.5 orders of magnitude. A framework is presented for standardizing the transport equations to explain observed differences in performance and to explore sensitivity of effective discharge predictions.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the internal reliability and validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Family Questionnaire among families of schizophrenia outpatients.

BACKGROUND
The main studies about the family environment of schizophrenia patients are related to the concept of Expressed Emotion. There is currently no instrument to evaluate this concept in Brazil that is easily applicable and comparable with studies from other countries.

DESIGN
Methodological and cross-sectional research design.

METHOD
A convenience sample of 130 relatives of schizophrenia outpatients was selected. The translation and cultural adaptation of the instrument involved experts in mental health and experts in the German language and included back translation, semantic evaluation of items and pretesting of the instrument with 30 relatives of schizophrenia outpatients. The psychometric properties of the instrument were studied with another 100 relatives, which fulfilled the requirements for the Brazilian Portuguese version of the instrument. The psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed by construct validity (using an analysis of its key components, comparisons between distinct groups-convergent validity with the Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Scale) and reliability (checking the internal consistency of its items and its test-retest reproducibility).

RESULTS
The analysis of main components confirmed dimensionality patterns that were comparable between the original and adapted versions. In two domains of the instrument, critical comments and emotional over-involvement had moderate and significant correlations, respectively, with Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Scale, appropriate values of Cronbach's alpha and strong and significant correlations, respectively, in test-retest reproducibility. We observed significant differences between distinct groups of parents in the category of emotional over-involvement.

CONCLUSION
We conclude that the Portuguese-adapted version of the Family Questionnaire is valid and reliable for the study sample.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
This study provided evidence that the Family Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing expressed emotion. It is easy and practical to use and is acceptable for use in a Brazilian cultural population.


Due to post graduate students' theses make a major part of research projects in our country, attention to students' research can be effective in solving the present problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the methodology of the post graduate students' dissertations at University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR). In this descriptive cross-sectional survey, the methods of all post graduate students' theses in USWR that were defended from 2011 October to 2012 June were evaluated by using questionnaire. Fisher exact test was used; the data was analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics. After, it revealed that 45% and 35% of students used descriptive- analytic and interventional methods, respectively. Consequently, descriptive, creative and providing valid and reliable questionnaire methods were obtained as 13.2%, 1.9% and 4.7% of thesis methodology. 40% of girls used interventional methodwhereas 58% of boys chose descriptive- analytic methodology. Moreover, interventional method was used more than other groups by younger students as well as students of faculty of Behavioral sciences in comparison to Rehabilitation and also Social welfare faculty. Fisher exact test showed a statistically significant relationship between type of faculty and thesis methodology (P=0.003). By considering the weight of students' theses in researches, it is recommended that universities provide more educational, financial and supportive facilities for their students.


This work describes underlying features of the universe such as fundamental constants and cosmological parameters, conservation laws, baryon and lepton asymmetries, etc. in the context of local gauge theories for fundamental forces under the constraint of the flat universe. Conservation laws for fundamental forces are related to gauge theories for fundamental forces, their resulting fundamental constants are quantitatively analyzed, and their possible violations at different energy scales are proposed based on experimental evidences.


Both the densification of small base stations and the diversity of user activities bring huge challenges for today's heterogeneous networks, either heavy burdens on base stations or serious energy waste. In order to ensure coverage of the network while reducing the total energy consumption, we adopt a green mobile cyberphysical system (MCPS) to handle this problem. In this paper, we propose a feature extraction method using sliding window to extract the distribution feature of mobile user equipment (UE), and a case study is presented to demonstrate that the method is efficacious in reserving the clustering distribution feature. Furthermore, we present traffic clustering analysis to categorize collected traffic distribution samples into a limited set of traffic patterns, where the patterns and corresponding optimized control strategies are used to similar traffic distributions for the rapid control of base station state. Experimental results show that the sliding window is more superior in enabling higher UE coverage over the grid method. Besides, the optimized control strategy obtained from the traffic pattern is capable of achieving a high coverage that can well serve over 98% of all mobile UE for similar traffic distributions.


This is the second publication in Robin Blackburn's study of the rise and fall of New World slavery, although it is first in terms of chronology, covering the years from 1492 to 1800. The previous volume, published in 1988, was entitled The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848, and dealt with the ending of slavery in the British and French colonies, and the related changes in the other remaining slave areas of the Americas. As did the earlier book, The Making of New World Slavery provides a sweeping survey of the various Western European nations and their American offshoots. In rough order of number of pages allocated, there are discussions of the English, Portuguese, French, Spanish and Dutch colonies. The book is loosely divided into two historical periods. The first, from 1492 to 1713, is focused on the struggle of the early modern state to survive, in part via the development of New World slavery. The second, from 1713 to 1800, deals with the establishment of New World slavery on a racial basis, the growth of slave systems, the role of slavery in metropolitan capital accumulation and economic growth, and the emergence of anti-slavery thought. Blackburn has done extensive reading in most relevant secondary sources in several languages, relating to slavery and to European history, with only limited archival work. While the basic presentation is non-quantitative, there are 35 tables (almost all in the second half of the book) as well as four maps and seven illustrations. The depth of detail is indicated by the almost 1,000 footnotes, some providing references to sources, others being more substantive in presenting arguments. Blackburn's survey covers just about all aspects of the history of slavery and its impact upon Europe, and does so in a clear and thorough manner. There are generally excellent summary examinations of key questions, and of the sweeping changes that occurred. In many regards this is a very useful guide to the current state of the study of New World slavery. There is particularly good coverage of the Iberian colonies and of the early stages of the rise of New World slavery. And, as we shall see, Blackburn presents some very interesting and original analysis on some issues, adding new variants to current debates. Several of the key points of Blackburn's analysis fit comfortably with what might be described as the current consensus view of slavery. New World slavery is seen as a key aspect of social modernization, being a flexible and profitable form of economic organization (although in the long run it is argued to be a factor retarding economic growth). The expansion of New World slavery was tied to the growth of consumption demands within Europe, thus providing a link (of uncertain quantitative magnitude) between the Americans and Europe. Slavery had been very widespread in time and place, and few societies existed without there having been some form of enslavement of members of another society. One important difference with New World slavery was the defining of race as the basis of the enslavable outsider. It had been only several centuries before the first transatlantic sailing that the Europeans had, for whatever reason, ended the legal enslavement of other Europeans.


This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of omega-3 supplementation with exercise in a collagenase-induced Achilles tendinopathy (AT) rat model. Experimental groups (healthy control (HC), AT, exercise (Ex), omega-3 (W), and Ex+W) were randomly allocated. After a week of adaptation, oral omega-3 was initiated for 8 weeks (5 days/week). The exercise groups performed treadmill running for 30 min/day (5 days/week, 20 m/min, 8 weeks) following one week of adaptation (10 m/min, 15 min/day). Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and total antioxidant-oxidant status (TAS) levels were determined in serum samples. Tendon samples were obtained for biomechanical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical assessments. Ultimate tensile force, yield force, stiffness values, collagen type-I alpha 1 expression, and serum TAS significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in AT vs. HC. These values and expression significantly increased in the Ex+W group vs. AT. Serum MMP-13, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels decreased in all treatment groups vs. AT. The most significant decrease was found in the Ex+W group (P < 0.01). Histopathologically, the improvement in degeneration was statistically significant in the Ex+W group (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemically, MMP-13, IL-1β, TNF-α, and nitric oxide synthase-2 expression was decreased in all treatment groups vs. AT. In conclusion, omega-3 and exercise might be recommended in AT patients.


The CCP radical (X2Πr) has been detected in the circumstellar gas of IRC +10216, the fifth phosphorus-bearing molecule identified in interstellar space. This identification was made on the basis of new laboratory millimeter/submillimeter direct absorption measurements, conducted in the range 120-413 GHz. Four rotational transitions of this species were observed using the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO) 12 m telescope on Kitt Peak at 2 and 3 mm in wavelength. Each transition consists of lambda-doublets, which are well-separated in frequency in IRC +10216; five of these eight possible lines of CCP were clearly detected, while the remaining three were contaminated by stronger emission from other species. The column density derived for CCP was Ntot= 1.2 × 1012 cm−2 and Trot = 21 K. Modeling of the line profiles suggests that CCP arises from an extended shell with a maximum radius of ~40″. The abundance of this radical, relative to H2, is f ~ 1 × 10−9—roughly comparable to that of PN and CP in this source. CCP may be produced from radical-radical reactions of CP, or ion-molecule chemistry involving P+ and HCCH. The identification of CCP is additional evidence that phosphorus chemistry is active in carbon-rich circumstellar gas.


We present an analysis of local recycle in membrane pervaporation processes. Local recycle (reheating and recycling part of the retentate from a membrane unit back to the inlet) can mitigate the problem of temperature drop in pervaporation units. The excess fluid acts as a thermal carrier, increasing the temperature. However, a trade-off occurs because this recycle also decreases the concentration of the more permeable species on the retentate side of the membrane. We present a method based on dimensional analysis that can be used to quickly determine whether local recycle around a single membrane unit is desirable. We show that membrane modules can be classified into one of three types: local recycle is not desirable, local recycle is desirable with an intermediate recycle ratio, and local recycle is desirable with the maximum possible recycle ratio. The method is illustrated using three case studies, two of which are based on hybrid distillation/pervaporation processes. The results indicate that the correct application of internal recycle can significantly improve efficiency and reduce cost.


This dissertation investigates the influence of recombination upon the evolution of mutation rates, and the properties of mutational load in evolving populations, using the tools of experimental evolution. It is shown, in Chapter 1, that conjugation inhibits the spread of mutator alleles in an experimental bacterial population. This result confirms previous experimental and theoretical findings that mutator alleles spread by remaining in linkage with beneficial mutations. The exchange of genetic material across individuals disrupts this process, and thereby makes it more difficult for mutator alleles to rise in frequency. This phenomenon likely plays an important role in limiting mutation rates in natural populations. In Chapter 2, the fitness cost of mismatch repair deficiency is carefully measured in experimental yeast populations, and found to be substantial (>2%). It is shown that this fitness cost is indirect, attributable to a heavy tail of less fit individuals in the distribution of fitness of the mutator population. Separately, the lethal mutation rate of the mismatch-repair-deficient strain is estimated by observing and tracking thousands of budding events of single cells. The reduction in fitness caused by the presence of less-fit individuals in the mutator population and the excess lethal rate of the mutator strain neatly sum to account for the separately measured fitness cost relative to the wild-type strain. The methods of Chapter 2 are extended in Chapter 3 to produce time-series data from an evolving population. A population of mismatch-repair-deficient yeast is founded from a single cell, in order to begin from a state of no mutational load, and the development of load as the population moves towards mutation-selection balance is measured by estimating the distribution of fitness at several time points. Loads are computed at the early time points, and the methods of approximate Bayesian computation are applied to estimate the deleterious mutation rate and distribution of fitness effects. It is found that the deleterious lethal mutation rate is at least 0.03, and perhaps as high as 0.08, in this strain. These results confirm and augment the findings of Chapter 2, and provide the first-ever experimental demonstration of a population approaching mutation-selection balance. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biology First Advisor Paul . Sniegowski


Electronic health records (EHRs) were seen as a panacea for managing all medical related data about the patient. The goal was to identify the siloed data fragmented across various healthcare providers and combine it in a uniform way in order to provide the best possible diagnostics and make it easy for the practitioners to gather and study patient's medical data. However, despite decades into development, such record systems are still long ways off in terms of practical implementation. They have been dogged by various shortcomings and above all concerns regarding potential loopholes in the privacy and security of patient data. Given the poor track record of the industry when it comes to preventing illicit access and sharing of data, there is an ever-growing impetus to stanch the consistent violation of the privacy of an individual's personal information by illegitimate parties. In this chapter, we aim to develop an understanding of an EHR system, identify associated shortcomings, and the requirements that it is supposed to fulfil. We also present various proposed implementations that show promise in the development of a safe, secure, and unified EHR system. In the last section, we discuss the potential of blockchains and how they have the goods to deliver a perfect EHR system.


The SET- and chromo-domains are recognized as signature motifs for proteins that contribute to epigenetic control of gene expression through effects on the regional organization of chromatin structure. This paper reports the identification of a novel subgroup of SET-domain-containing proteins in tobacco and Arabidopsis, which show highest homologies with the Drosophila position-effect-variegation repressor protein SU(VAR)3-9 and the yeast centromer silencing protein CLR4. The tobacco SET-domain-containing protein (NtSET1) was fused to the green fluorescence protein (GFP) that serves as a visual marker for localization of the recombinant protein in living cells. Whereas control GFP protein alone was uniformly dispersed within the nucleus and cytoplasm, the NtSET1-GFP fusion protein showed a non-uniform localization to multiple nuclear regions in interphase tobacco TBY2 cells. During mitosis, the NtSET1-GFP associated with condensed chromosomes with a non-random distribution. The NtSET1 thus appears to have distinct target regions in the plant chromatin. Overexpression of the NtSET1-GFP in transgenic tobacco inhibited plant growth, implicating the possible involvement of the NtSET1 in transcriptional repression of growth control genes through the formation of higher-order chromatin domains.


The factors influencing the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) as a professional and management tool outside the classroom have received little research attention. The two objectives of this research were: how do stakeholders of educational administration experience the barriers of ICT adoption, and how can they facilitate the transformation process in addressing the barriers that prevent the adoption? Taking a case from the development context of rural Bangladesh, the investigation is based on three theoretical stances: educational administration, the diffusion of innovations, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Field-study based change agent facilitation applied PRA as a two-way diffusion communication method. The study concludes that barriers originate from the levels of individuals, the educational institution, the national agencies, and the external environment. PRA provided a useful framework facilitating communication to highlight barriers and gain a deeper understanding of what exactly the barriers at different levels are in a specific institution and how they influence practice.


The objectives of this study were the following: (a) describe the appearance of histopathologic changes observed in human articular cartilage from the knee and ankle joints of organ donors with no symptomatic joint disease; (b) compare by in situ hybridization mRNA expression of six matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in these cartilages; (c) compare MMP mRNA expression with the histology of the cartilage; and (d) test whether the effect of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on the MMP mRNA expression could be detected with in situ hybridization. Human articular cartilages from the knee (tibiofemoral) and ankle (talocrural) joints of 41 different donors (aged 18 to 84 years) were obtained through the Regional Organ Bank of Illinois. The microscopic appearance of the cartilages was graded on a histopathologic scale from 0 to 13 with the highest grade representing severely damaged cartilage. In situ hybridization was performed using oligonucleotide probes to three collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13), gelatinase A (MMP-2), stromelysin (MMP-3), and matrix type-1 metalloproteinase (MMP-14). Cartilages from some donors were cultured with IL-1beta and then analyzed for MMP expression using in situ hybridization. The histopathology grades of the cartilages from the asymptomatic donors covered the entire scale even in the ankle. Based on their grades, the cartilages were described as either normal (grades 0 to 5) or damaged (grades 6 to 13). The cartilages contained message for all six MMP tested with no detectable differences in expression of MMP-1, -2, -13, and -14 between the normal and damaged cartilages. However the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-8 was elevated in the damaged cartilages. In normal knee cartilage, mRNA expression of MMP-3 and MMP-8 was low, whereas in normal ankle cartilage, MMP-8 expression was below the detection limit. MMP-3 and MMP-8 message was up-regulated in the damaged cartilage from both joints, or if the tissue was cultured in the presence of IL-1beta. From this study we conclude the following: (a) similar histopathologic changes occur in both knee and ankle cartilages; (b) MMP-1, -2, -13, and -14 are constitutively expressed in adult human cartilage; and (c) only up-regulation of mRNA expression of MMP-3 and MMP-8 could be detected with naturally occurring cartilage damage and IL-1beta induction.


This article presents the results from a video-based evaluation study of a social robotic telepresence solution for elderly. The evaluated system is a mobile teleoperated robot called Giraff that allows caregivers to virtually enter a home and conduct a natural visit just as if they were physically there. The evaluation focuses on the perspectives from primary healthcare organizations and collects the feedback from different categories of health professionals. The evaluation included 150 participants and yielded unexpected results with respect to the acceptance of the Giraff system. In particular, greater exposure to technology did not necessarily increase acceptance and large variances occurred between the categories of health professionals. In addition to outlining the results, this study provides a number of indications with respect to increasing acceptance for technology for elderly.


Wind energy has been one of the most widely used forms of energy since ancient times, with it being a widespread type of clean energy, which is available in mechanical form and can be efficiently transformed into electricity. However, wind turbines can be associated with concerns around noise pollution and visual impact. Modern turbines can generate more electrical power than older turbines even if they produce a comparable sound power level. Despite this, protests from citizens living in the vicinity of wind farms continue to be a problem for those institutions which issue permits. In this article, acoustic measurements carried out inside a house were used to create a model based on artificial neural networks for the automatic recognition of the noise emitted by the operating conditions of a wind farm. The high accuracy of the models obtained suggests the adoption of this tool for several applications. Some critical issues identified in a measurement session suggest the use of additional acoustic descriptors as well as specific control conditions.


Globally and nationally, corporations, states, and social movements are key social actors in initiatives to overcome deforestation through sustainable development projects. In Chile in the early 1990s, the Trillium Corporation of Bellingham, WA, US proposed but, after what amounted to a 13-year dispute, failed to develop the innovative Rio Condor sustainable forestry project to extract timber and foster socio-economic development in Tierra del Fuego. Based on my analysis of findings from participant observation, reports, secondary data, and 40 interviews that included representatives from Trillium, the Chilean government, environmental organizations, media and forest industry, it became evident that these key actors adapted and resisted socially constructed ideas of sustainable development and of environmentalism. In addition, the importance in recognizing ecological limits, regardless of one's take on environmentalism for socioeconomic development become evident along with revealing important lessons in the process of developing sustainability.


Purpose: To study the feasibility of using transmission type detectors for daily IMRT patient dose reconstruction and real time dose delivery verification. Method and Materials: Because of the complexity of IMRT there is a need for quality assurance for every patient. However, the daily delivered intensities may vary slightly from the planned ones. In this work we investigated the feasibility of using of transmission type detectors by using films for the verification of daily dose delivered to the patient. Films (Kodak EDR2) were placed in between 2 cm solid water after the MLC and at 100cm from the source. The optical density matrix (ODM) of the deliverable intensity maps were exported from the treatment planning system (TPS) for each beam calculated. A comparison between the ODM and the films was used to validate the TPS intensity maps. Results: The film measurements were compared to TPS predicted intensity maps. The agreement between calculated and measured intensity maps were in good agreement. The agreement was better when the intensity maps were compared against the film after the MLC. In both cases the TPS underestimated the dose/intensity at the low dose regions. The underestimation could be due to incorrect MLC leakage in the TPS machine model. By comparing the films at the two locations we observed that the low dose regions have the highest discrepancy, with the film closer to the source measuring lower dose at the low dose regions by 3 to 15%. Conclusion: Transmission detectors such as films can be used in order to compare the delivered intensity maps against the TPS predicted ones. It is feasible to have a transmission detector to record and verify the delivered ODM on daily basis and then calculate the dose delivered to the patient especially if cone beam CT is performed daily.


Abstract— Cardiomyocytes form a conducting network that is assumed to be electrically isolated from nonmyocytes in vivo. In cell culture, however, cardiac fibroblasts can contribute to the spread of excitation via functional gap junctions with cardiomyocytes. To assess the ability of fibroblasts to form gap junctions in vivo, we combine in situ detection of connexins in rabbit sinoatrial node (a tissue that is particularly rich in fibroblasts) with identification of myocytes and fibroblasts using immunohistochemical labeling and confocal microscopy. We distinguish two spatially distinct fibroblast populations expressing different connexins: fibroblasts surrounded by other fibroblasts preferentially express connexin40, whereas fibroblasts that are intermingled with myocytes largely express connexin45. Functionality of homogeneous and heterogeneous cell coupling was investigated by dye transfer in sinoatrial node tissue explants. These studies reveal spread of Lucifer yellow, predominantly along extended threads of interconnected fibroblasts (probably via connexin40), and occasionally between neighboring fibroblasts and myocytes (probably via connexin45). Our findings show that cardiac fibroblasts form a coupled network of cells, which may be functionally linked to myocytes in rabbit SAN.


Cytosolic lipids participate in the growth, development, and overall health of mammalian oocytes including many roles in cellular homeostasis. Significant emphasis has been placed on the study of lipids as a dynamic organelle, which in turn requires the development of tools and techniques to quantitate and compare how lipid content relates to cellular structure, function, and normalcy. Objectives of this study were to determine if nonlinear vibrational microscopy (e.g., coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering or CARS microscopy) could be used for live-cell imaging to quantify and compare lipid content in mammalian oocytes during development and in relation to body composition; and compare its efficacy to methods involving cellular fixation and staining protocols. Results of this study demonstrate that CARS is able to identify lipids in live mammalian oocytes, and there exists quantifiable and consistent differences in percent lipid composition across ooctyes of different species, developmental stages, and in relation to body composition. Such a method of live-cell lipid quantification has (i) experimental power in basic cell biology, (ii) practical utility for identifying developmental predictive biomarkers while advancing biology-based oocyte/embryo selection, and (iii) ability to yield rationally supporting technology for decision-making in rodents, domestic species, and human assisted reproduction and/or fertility preservation.


AbstractThe theory of social-property relations, or political Marxism, has argued that in contradistinction with pre-capitalist forms of exploitation, capitalism is characterised by the separation of the economic and the political, which makes surplus appropriation under this system uniquely driven by economic coercion. In spite of political Marxism's various strengths, this article argues that the paradigm puts forward an ahistorical and sanitised conception of capitalism typical of bourgeois economics, which is an outcome of its formal-abstractionist approach to the concept of the mode of production and the separation between theory and history that it operates. A more satisfactory solution to political Marxism's inability to make sense of past and present forms of coercion and violence under capitalism can be found in Jairus Banaji's emphasis on Marx's historical – rather than formal – conception of the mode of production.


This Article posits that in its role as the lead agency among the United States' natural resources trustees, the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration's piecemeal assessment of natural resources damages, i.e., valuing one dead bird at a time or the death of just a tract of marsh, fails to consider the inherent worth or the value of the entire ecosystem. Valuing the destruction of the entire ecosystem as a result of the BP Deepwater Horizon well blowout is the best way to assess the damage in the Gulf Coast, particularly in south Louisiana. That crude oil spill resulted in an estimated 53,000 barrels per day, and a total volume of 4.9 million barrels that despoiled the waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the surrounding shorelines. As a consequence of the spill, thousands of birds, turtles, fish, and marshlands were left to die.


AIMS
To determine the characteristics, clinical needs and level of health-care use of patients with non-cardiac (NCCP) and cardiac-chest pain (CCP) attending a Rapid Access Chest Pain Clinic in an inner-London Hospital.

METHODS
A cross-sectional comparison of NCCP and CCP patients on measures of pain, mood, beliefs, somatic symptoms and use of services completed by patients attending the Rapid Access Chest Pain Clinic over an 18-month period.

RESULTS
There were no significant differences between NCCP and CCP patients in terms of chest pain frequency, duration or severity or associated distress; however, NCCP were younger (53 vs. 60, OR = 1.05) and reported 'atypical' pain more frequently (82% vs. 50%, OR = 3.72). The NCCP group reported more panic-type beliefs about chest pain (5.8 vs. 4.3, P < 0.05) and lower 'illness coherence' (a patient's belief that the illness 'makes sense') (3.5 vs. 4.7, P < 0.05). Anxiety and depression scores were similar in both groups. Both groups had similar levels of health-care use but patients with NCCP saw more types of health-care worker (mean 1.7) than those with CCP (mean 1.4, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
Patients with NCCP are as disabled and distressed as patients with CCP however current services fail to meet their needs. We suggest that a biopsychosocial approach should be explored.


In this paper, an optimal control technique for n-phase permanent-magnet (PM) machines under various open circuit faults is presented. Under the fault conditions, the currents in the healthy phases are controlled to compensate phase loss and to produce the required output torque. The proposed control technique ensures continuous operation of the machines while producing minimum torque ripples and minimum stator ohmic loss. The control technique is based on the instantaneous power balance theory. To set the summation of the phase currents equal to zero, a constraint is incorporated in the derivation of the control technique. A five-phase PM machine is considered to demonstrate the proposed open circuit fault-tolerant control strategy. Simulation and experimental results are provided for validation.


Hearing has a decisive role in human life and human development. It conditions proper functioning in terms of both primary and higher skills. Sometimes, despite the normative level of physiological hearing, there are difficulties in perception and auditory analysis. The article describes the importance of the sense of hearing in human life. The auditory attention function and its components are described. Basic profiles of auditory attention occurring in children and the difficulties that they condition — especially in the development of communication competence and school situation — are also described. The article ends with developed proposals for strategies for working with children with impaired hearing attention. The recommendations developed are the result of literature studies, observations and numerous consultations with parents. The article aims to increase the awareness and alertness of teachers towards children with the behaviours described in the article.


The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP), a health food and folk medicine, against acute alcohol-induced liver injury and further to elucidate its probable mechanisms. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with an aqueous extract of PCP (5.2 and 10.3 g per kg BW) once daily for 7 consecutive days prior to ethanol gavage (4.7 g kg(-1)) every 12 h for a total of three doses. Pretreatment with PCP significantly decreased the elevations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and hepatic triglyceride after the last ethanol administration. PCP suppressed the elevation of the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, restored the glutathione (GSH) level and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in both the serum and liver, which were associated with the inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). In addition, alcohol exposure markedly induced the lipolysis of white adipose tissue (WAT) through up-regulating protein expressions of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL), and enhancing the fatty acid uptake capacity in the liver by elevated hepatic CD36 expression, which were attenuated by PCP treatment. These data demonstrated that pre-treatment with PCP protected against acute ethanol-induced liver injury, possibly by reducing CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress and ameliorating dysfunctional WAT derived-fatty acid influx to the liver. Our findings suggest that PCP might be a promising agent for the prevention of acute alcohol-induced liver injury.


The innervation of basic renal structures (vascular glomerular pole with juxtaglomerular apparatus and renal tubules) was experimentally studied in rats at different stages of spontaneous and Goldblatt hypertension. Both fluorescent determination of adrenergic innervation and histochemical identification of cholinergic innervation have shown that they increased in spontaneous and remained unchanged in renal hypertension. The data obtained confirm an important role of intrarenal innervation in the development of kidney "resettings" in spontaneous hypertension.


The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the thermal and the catalytic depuration of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) using the Claus experimentalmethodwith an initialmolar concentration of 12%in the gaseous mixture. The thermal and catalytic transformation ofH2S has been investigated between 350-700°C and 250-600°C respectively. Thermostability verification ofH2S indicates thatH2S remains stable during the experiment. In addition to the oxidation of H2S by oxygen, the oxidation of H2S by SO2 is equally undertaken. The yield depends on the concentration of O2 in the gaseous mixture and the contact time. The interaction of sulphur withwater vapour is not possible. The oxidation of sulphur by O2 gives a low concentration of SO2. Results obtained show a possibility to replace the Claus thermal phase by a catalytic one in view to transform the acid gas into elementary sulphur and to extend the field of utilization of this process for catalytic depuration of sulphurous gas.


While non-specific DNA plays a role in target localization for many recombinases, transcription factors and restriction enzymes, the importance of non-specific DNA interactions for transposases has not been investigated. Here, we discuss non-specific DNA-Tn5 Transposase (Tnp) interactions and suggest how they stabilize the Tnp and modulate Tnp localization of the 19 bp Tnp recognition end sequences (ESes). DNA protection assays indicate that full-length Tnp interacts efficiently with supercoiled DNA that does not contain ESes. These interactions significantly prolong the lifetime of Tnp, in vitro. The balance between non-specific DNA bound and free Tnp is affected by DNA topology, yet, intermolecular transfer of active Tnp occurs with both supercoiled and linear non-specific DNA. Experiments with substrates of varying lengths show that Tn5 Tnp can utilize non-specific DNA to facilitate localization of an intramolecular ES over distances less than 464 bp. Finally, synaptic complex formation is inhibited in the presence of increasing concentrations of supercoiled and linear pUC19. These experiments strongly suggest that Tn5 Tnp has a robust non-specific DNA binding activity, that non-specific DNA modulates ES sequence localization within the global DNA, most likely through a direct transfer mechanism, and that non-specific DNA binding may play a role in the cis bias manifested by Tn5 transposition.


Elastomagnetic method (EM method) is a highly sensitive non-contact evaluation method for measuring tensile and compressive stress in steel. The latest development of measuring devices and EM sensors has shown that the thermomagnetic phenomenon has a stron influence on th accuracy during the EM sensor calibration. To eliminate the influence of this effect a two dimensional regression method is presented.


Considerable interest is continuing to be shown in the speciation of metals, metalloids, and organometals due to the dependence of their toxicity and mobility on their chemical form. This review focuses on the speciation analysis of metals, metalloids, and organometals by solid phase extraction before spectrometric detection, and all aspects of analytical speciation such as determination of oxidation states and organometallic compounds. Some applications of speciation of metals and metalloids are also presented and discussed in this review. Fractionation, which is used sometimes as speciation, and chromatographic detection are not discussed. This review covers approximately the last four years (2012-March 2016), offering a critical review of the speciation of metals, metalloids, and organometals.


Housing price in Taipei has been soaring to an exceedingly unaffordable level. Most critics have placed blame on the demand side for the oversupply of capital seeking investment opportunities. This is certainly true, but also seems to be only a partial explanation. For the high price of a good or asset, demand and supply factors shall both be at play. Several recent studies have repeatedly argued that stringent land use regulations shall be responsible in some US cities for their unsustainably high price of housing. This is a supply-side explanation. We would like to through this article add one more supply-side argument for a high housing price phenomenon, at least for a densely populated city such as Taipei. For a city where land plots are small and land ownership is fragmented, its supply of land is almost bound to be inelastic and slow in adjustment. Housing price is in consequence susceptible to how land is supplied. Difficult as it may be, demand-side problems of housing price might be overcome through monetary or fiscal policies. But what makes this supply-side ownership issue a concern for policy is that any coercive measure to force owners to sell his plot or merge it with others is fairly impractical. We employ Gini Coefficient to measure changes in the distribution of size of sites in Wanhua station areas over time before land development. This study area is where Taipei was firstly developed and redevelopment is now in need. It is found that over time the distribution of site size has become increasingly uneven. In addition, a significant proportion of the large sites came from the merger of small sites. However, this assembly process has taken a period of time longer than a usual economic life of buildings. It is therefore difficult not to conclude that the anticommons in land development is in place and has led to an inefficient use of land, thus a tragedy.


In this study, pure aluminum reinforced with interconnected galvanized iron mesh and Ni particulates was synthesized using an innovative disintegrated melt deposition technique followed by hot extrusion. Microstructural characterization of composite samples showed uniform distribution of Ni and Al-Ni based intermetallic particulates in the matrix material, good interfacial integrity of aluminum matrix with iron mesh and Ni particulates and the presence of minimal porosity. Results of thermal mechanical analysis indicate a decrease in the average coefficient of thermal expansion of the aluminum matrix with the use of hybrid reinforcements. Mechanical characterization also revealed that the coupled use of galvanized iron mesh and Ni particulates lead to an improvement in the hardness, dynamic modulus, 0.2% yield strength and UTS but ductility was adversely affected. An attempt is made to correlate the use of hybrid reinforcements with the improved properties exhibited by the synthesized composites.


Digital Lensless Fourier Holography setup for recording and reconstructing object is presented. By using optical fiber of high numerical aperture, almost-perfect spherical reference wave can be acquired. Pre-imaging method is used to enlarge the view-field of object. Speckle noise as multiplicative noise in digital holography can be transformed to additive noise through homomorphic transform. Median filtering algorithm is successfully used to reduce speckle noise.


Background T2T strategies have been largely recognized and incorporated in national guidelines. Structural changes, functional impairment and comorbidities should be considered along with RA disease activity state when making therapeutic decisions. Objectives To evaluate patient's perspectives on the interference of comorbidities and structural changes/functional impairment in treatment decisions. Methods RA patients (1987 criteria) in regular follow-up were recruited from community (private practice) and academic public medical centers by 11 investigators in different urban and rural areas of the country. Structured questionnaires were applied and socio-demographics, disease activity and treatment data were collected. The focus of this study was two main questions: a) In your opinion, other diseases that you have can change the arthritis treatment? b) Do you think that having deformities modify your treatment? Affirmative answers would be followed by more specific questions. Statistical analysis: ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis; Fisher or Fisher-Freeman-Halton (FFH) as needed; p<0.05. Data expressed as % [95%CI} or mean (SD). Results 485 RA patients were included, 89.7% females, mean age 52.3 (13.8) years, 8.0 (5.2) years of education; 32.4% in use of biologics and 28.3% in private practice. Less than 40% of the patients considered that any of these conditions influenced the treatment. Deformities, surrogate for structural damage, were considered to imply in more severe disease or more pain and medications by respectively 54.8% and 34% of the positive responders (n=177); these patients were more frequently living in the northwest area (60.2vs 31.7%; =0.0001; [16.2–40]), were from higher socio-economic level (43.2vs30.2%; p=0.0001; [4,1–21.7]), younger (49.4 (12.3) vs 54.3 (12,7); p<0,001) and with shorter disease duration (median 8.0 (range4.0–15) vs 12 (6.0–19); p<0.001). Regarding comorbidities, there were 39.4% (n=191) positive answers, predominantly from younger patients [51.3 (13.1) vs 54.5 (11.6); p<0.003]. The patients from private system (80.3 vs 56.3%;p=0.0004; [9.3–36.7]) and higher socio-economic level (71.8 vs55%; p=0.01;[2.9–30.1]), as well as patients with more schooling years (p<0.001) and shorter disease duration (p<0.041) worried that comorbidities could hinder the choice of arthritis medication, while some patients from public service (25.5vs9.8%;p=0,01;[3.2–25.8]) and low socio-economic levels (14 vs 1.99%;p=0,001;[4.1–20.6]) had concerns about too many pills. Conclusions patient's skepticism about comorbidities or structural changes interfering with their therapeutic decisions is prevalent and needs to be addressed. Disclosure of Interest None declared


Using representations of nonflat Scott domains to model type systems, it is natural to wish that they be "linear", in which case the complexity of the fundamental test for entailment of information drops from exponential to linear, the corresponding mathematical theory becomes much simpler, and moreover has ties to models of computation arising in the study of sequentiality, concurrency, and linear logic. Earlier attempts to develop a fully nonflat semantics based on linear domain representations for a rich enough type system allowing inductive types, were designed in a way that felt rather artificial, as it featured certain awkward and counter‐intuitive properties; eventually, the focus turned on general, nonlinear representations. Here we try to turn this situation around, by showing that we can work linearly in a systematic way within the nonlinear model, and that we may even restrict to a fully linear model whose objects are in a bijective correspondence with the ones of the nonlinear and are easily seen to form a prime algebraic domain. To obtain our results we study mappings of finite approximations of objects that can be used to turn approximations into normal and linear forms.


Adolescence sees a major restructuring of the individual's view of the world, with major cognitive, physical and psychosocial shifts. Research has been centred on the nature of cognitive change, social factors of peer group, identity, locus of control, and many other areas of interest. with a curious lack of interest in what might be described as the factors involved in leading the adolescent to some life stance. commitment, ideology or philosophy of life.

With respect to a religious stance or commitment efforts have been made over the last two decades in particular to establish some of the characteristics involved in religion for the young using insights from developments in the fields of psychology, sociology and philosophy.
From the mid seventies the work of Leslie Francis began to appear, focussing on the attitudes of children to religion. In particular he demonstrated that negative attitudes towards religion were appearing at an earlier age than before. Since attitudes are measured from responses on the beliefs of the subject, this research grew out of a concern to establish the nature and origin of religious beliefs in the adolescent. Investigation of the nature of the believing process led to the conviction of the importance of distinguishing between belief and commitment.

Thus this study seeks to discover a) whether older Australian adolescents hold a particular set of religious beliefs, and if so b) where these beliefs come from and c) the extent to which these, rather than other predisposing factors, are responsible for religious commitment. The study is in four main sections.

1. The development of a conceptual model.

In this section an extensive theoretical underpinning is set out. This underpinning consists of a review and critique of philosophical, psychological and theological studies lead to the definition of the major concepts of belief, religious belief and commitment. These concepts are then used to construct a conceptual model of the religious believing process.

From this conceptual model a series of hypotheses is derived. These hypotheses are attempts to answer questions raised in the first chapter on the nature of the factors involved in the adolescent's path to commitment.

2. The development of an instrument.

Justification for the development of yet another measuring instrument is established in the light of the conceptual model. Steps are then taken to develop an instrument which measures both the nature and extent of religious belief, and the factors which contribute to belief and to the outcome of commitment or non-commitment.

Demonstration of the validation and reliability of the instrument established through pilot studies concludes this section. The instrument was named the Gilcomston Belief Questionnaire, as a token of gratitude towards the church of that name in the north east of Scotland where the researcher's own path to commitment was nurtured.

3. The testing of the hypotheses in a natural experiment.

The study was conducted on a sample of 860 year 12 high school students. Of these 430 came from State high schools, 215 from Catholic high schools, and 215 from Protestant high schools.

Five hypotheses were tested with two groups identified in the total sample. The first group represented those who expressed belief in response to the questionnaire, but did not express commitment, while the second group represented those who expressed commitment following an expression of belief.

The hypotheses centred around the expected characteristics of these two groups. Of the five hypotheses three were substantiated, while the fourth and the fifth were only partially substantiated, demonstrating that more complex factors pertained than the hypotheses had suggested.

4. Discussion and Conclusions

A discussion of implications of the findings completes the enquiry, with a range of recommendations for further research emanating from these implications.


The first characteristics the reader will notice about this text are the concise manner in which it is written and the deliberate attention given to readability and comprehension. The book is prefaced with remarks by Louis Lasagna and in agreement with his observations, I would recommend the volume to anyone planning to conduct or presently engaged in the performance or analysis of clinical trials. The authors represent both the pharmaceutical industry and academic pharmacology. The mix of their individual backgrounds and experience has produced a text of very practical information pertaining to the planning, design, execution, and analysis of clinical studies. This text would be useful to the novice investigator as an easy-to-read and understandable primer and could serve the accomplished researcher as a handbook or desk reference. The book is 236 pages long and composed of 20 chapters. The final two chapters are both curious and unique for a text of this type. The last chapter is a word/topic index that facilitates rapid location of specific issues in the book. The chapter prior to the index is a very comprehensive checklist designed to troubleshoot all the important aspects of study design and analysis that should be present in a complete clinical protocol. The protocol checklist is an extremely practical addition to the overall presentation. The body of the text is well organized and sufficiently subdivided into chapters to allow proper focus of discussion. The real strength of the text is its clarity and use of example. The topics addressed include formulation of the research question, patient/subject selection, treatment assignment, response criteria, single and double-blind studies, placebos and placebo effects, choice of treatment modalities experimental design, sample attrition, patient compliance, collection of data and case report forms, cooperative/multicenter trials, analysis of data, choice of sample size, ethics and subject/patient consent, and prediction of treatment outcomes. It is not difficult to appreciate the completeness of the topic outline. The discussion of the individual topics is also exemplary. For example, the authors have clear presentations of sequential designs, the effects of treatment period-time interactions on interpretation of results in crossover trials, and a thorough overview and discussion of appropriate statistical techniques. These are topics that are generally not presented or presented at a level too remedial or too advanced for the average reader to adequately comprehend. Spriet and Simon have done a commendable job. The book has been translated from French; this is the first edition in English. Although this first edition still contains a few typographical errors, they do not detract from the very useful and practical information contained in the volume. The text might be useful as a classroom tool for teaching design and execution of clinical trials; however, its real value is as a practical handbook and reference for those who conduct clinical research in academics, institutional or private practice, or the pharmaceutical industry.


Explore one of the most exciting 3D tools on the market, modo, with Real-World modo - the Luxology approved, concept and principle- driven guide. Learn to apply the revolutionary, artist-friendly modo toolset with its powerful 3D rendering engine to your project workflows. In a clear, motivating, and entertaining style, Luxology insider, Wes McDermott, provides captivating 3D imagery, real world observations, and valuable tips and tricks all in one place - an invaluable resource for any digital artist. Explore 3D techniques and principles with chapters on modelling, UV mapping, texturing, animation, lighting and rendering. Learn to leverage the technical elements of the modo rendering engine including Antialaising, Shading Rate and Irradiance Caching from an artist's perspective. Integrate modo with other 3D applications such as Maya and Mudbox and learn to properly setup a linear rendering workflow within modo. For practical, hands-on techniques, you can visit www.wesmcdermott.com for video walk-throughs that further enhance the coverage in the book. * Learn to identify and exploit the power of modo, while maximizing the benefits and expanding your expertise. * Benefit from practical applications, Real World modo includes captivating imagery, pertinent industry information, real world observations, and valuable tips & tricks.* Written from an artist's perspective: key principles and techniques are explained with creativity as well as precision, not like a software instruction manual. * Visit www.wesmcdermott.com for downloadable video walkthroughs for each chapter, demonstrating key techniques and enhancing the topics covered in the book.


The main source of geothermal energy is the heat flow from the mantle beneath the Earth's surface, generated by the gradual decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth's crust. A hot spring is produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater flowing out to the Earth's surface.The Chinyunyu hot spring is located about 90km east of Lusaka, Zambia. Water from the spring has been artificially channeled into a large excavated pool which is used as a bathing place. Since the undiluted spring water at the source is too hot for comfortable bathing, it is mixed with surface water to reduce the temperature.There is potential for electricity generation from the Chinyunyu hot spring. Even the most recent proposed survey by the Japanese International Corporation Agency (JICA) in conjunction with the Geological Survey Department in the Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development (MMEWD), could not progress beyond the planning stage due to lack of funds. Notable among interest groups in geothermal energy was Kalahari GeoEnergy Limited, a private company registered in Zambia. Even though the objective of Kalahari GeoEnergy Limited was to explore and, if viable, develop geothermal energy resources to produce electrical power in Eastern and Southern Africa, the company concluded that the Chinyunyu Hot Spring was not viable for electricity generation without drilling any test wells and reaching for higher temperatures.The overall purpose of this study is to evaluate the benefits of the current use of the geothermal energy from the Chinyunyu Hot Spring, and also to explore some technically and economically feasible future applications. The study recommends electrical power generation by a binary cycle, with the assumption that drilling for larger mass flow and higher temperatures can be done. Results show that a net power capacity of 233 kWe is technically feasible with minimum environmental impact. However, the expected capital cost in the order of USD 3.4 million and specific cost of $14,500/kWe can hardly be justified without support mechanisms.


Peak reflectivity measurements of W/C, Mo/Si, and Mo/B(4)C multilayer mirrors have been performed using line and synchrotron radiation in the 8-190 A wavelength range. Short wavelength measurements using a line source were corrected for nonmonochromatic and divergent incident radiation. Reflectivities of Mo/Si mirrors, measured with synchrotron radiation, ranged from 25 to 44% but decreased significantly around the Si absorption edge. Mo/B(4)C multilayer mirrors were measured that had peak reflectivities from 10 to 25% between 90 and 200 A and bandpasses as small as 3 A.


The post-genomic era promises to offer new insights into the nature of disease, its prevention, and treatment. But now that there is a draft code of the human genome, what does this knowledge mean and how might it be applied? How to use genetic information to promote health and prevent disease - the fundamental mission of public health - will be one of the most challenging tasks in future. Assessing the benefits and risks of predictive genetic testing and the efficacy of early interventions as well as exploring complex issues that have emerged (e. g., rapid commercialization of genetic tests, availability of and access to interventions, and potencial discrimination) call for public health leadership.


Identified retinal ganglion cells were isolated from postnatal cat retinas and their dendrites were removed by trituration and centrifugation. The denuded cells were placed in a cell culture system and allowed to reexpress dendritic arbors in the absence of afferent input, target tissue, and interactions with neighboring ganglion cells. The retinal ganglion cells were grown above a feeder layer of astrocytes on glass coverslips equipped with paraffin pedestals. The spatial patterns of the reexpressed neurites were quantitatively analyzed using a number of measures, including an estimate of the Hausdorff dimension, H, which was used as a scale-independent metric for how well the neurite patterns filled in a restricted spatial domain. As assessed by the estimation of the Hausdorff dimensions, the neurites from a single cell achieve uniform coverage of a restricted territory independent of the total neurite length or the total number of inter-branch-point segments. A comparison with H values of ganglion cells from the intact retina revealed a similar trend. These results suggest that these cultured ganglion cells can express an intrinsic growth strategy for the uniform coverage of a restricted territory. The arbors expressed in the culture system displayed a limited range of diameters and exhibited morphology similar to the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-ganglion cells of the intact retina in the absence of afferent input or the influences of neighboring cells and target tissue. Time- lapse video data revealed that individual cultured cells showed extensive dendritic remodeling during their growth; however, after about 3 d in culture, this remodeling did not appreciably affect the territorial coverage of a cell. In the intact retina, the existence of dendritic sheets that independently and uniformly sample visual space may result from this intrinsic ability to elaborate dendrites that uniformly cover or fill in a restricted territory.


OBJECTIVE. Intraventricular hemorrhage remains an important problem among very low birth weight infants and may result in long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities. Neonatologists have been unable to accurately predict impending intraventricular hemorrhage. Because alterations in the autonomic nervous system's control of heart rhythm have been associated with intraventricular hemorrhage after its development, we sought to determine if early subtle alterations of heart rhythm could be predictive of impending intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants. METHODS. This case-control study included 10 newborn very low birth weight infants with intraventricular hemorrhage (5 grade IV, 4 grade III, and 1 grade II) and 14 control infants without intraventricular hemorrhage. Heart rhythm data from the first day of life before the development of intraventricular hemorrhage were evaluated. Detrended fluctuation analysis, a nonlinear fractal heart rate variability method, was used to assess the fractal dynamics of the heart rhythm. Fractal scaling exponents were calculated by using this analysis. RESULTS. Twenty-four infants (mean ± SD, birth weight: 845 ± 213g: gestational age: 26.1 ± 1.9 weeks) participated in the study. The short-term scaling exponent was significantly larger in infants who later developed intraventricular hemorrhage compared with those who did not (0.60 ± 0.1 vs 0.45 ± 0.1). A value of 0.52 resulted in 70% sensitivity and positive predictive value and 79% specificity and negative predictive value. The short-term scaling exponent was the only significant predictor of intraventricular hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS. Fractal dynamics of the heart rhythm is significantly altered in very low birth weight infants before developing intraventricular hemorrhage and may be predictive of impending intraventricular hemorrhage.


In cases of serious crime, including sexual abuse, often the only available information with demonstrated potential for identification is images of the hands. Since this evidence is captured in uncontrolled situations, it is difficult to analyse. As global approaches to feature comparison are limited in this case, it is important to extend to consider local information. In this work, we propose hand-based person identification by learning both global and local deep feature representations. Our proposed method, Global and Part-Aware Network (GPA-Net), creates global and local branches on the conv-layer for learning robust discriminative global and part-level features. For learning the local (part-level) features, we perform uniform partitioning on the conv-layer in both horizontal and vertical directions. We retrieve the parts by conducting a soft partition without explicitly partitioning the images or requiring external cues such as pose estimation. We make extensive evaluations on two large multi-ethnic and publicly available hand datasets, demonstrating that our proposed method significantly outperforms competing approaches.


The influence of microorganisms on corrosion processes has received considerable attention for many years due to the associated economic and safety implications1-3. Microorganisms are able to initiate, accelerate or inhibit corrosion processes through either direct or remote interactions which modify the electrochemical environment of metal surfaces2-7. However, there is no universal mechanism underpinning Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC), rather a range of processes are involved8 including: the consumption of oxygen; increasing the mass transport of corrosion reactants and products; the generation of corrosive substances; the generation of anaerobic environments through the presence of biofilms; the generation of additional cathodic reactants.