In this study the process of a hot laboratory rolling of a round bar on the flat rolls was studied by laboratory experiments and numerical modelling in order to evaluate the effect of boundary conditions and simulation techniques on the model predictions. The computer simulations of rolling process were performed by two different techniques based on Finite Element Method (FEM). The first technique solves three dimensional problems. The second one is based on the sequential solution of a series of generalized plane problems. Each technique was used for solving of isothermal forming task and non-isothermal one. The results were compared with laboratory rolling performed with different reductions and at different temperatures. It was found that the difference of initial temperature is inconsequential to the prediction of strain and strain-rate distributions. This observation was confirmed experimentally.


Cultural pluralism and the legal acknowledgment of diversity are currently pervasive topics within comparative constitutional law debates. From the post-Westphalian conception of the nation-state, contemporary and avant-garde forms of constitutionalism in Latin America and South Asia had to struggle with the colonialism's legacy of monoculturalism, claiming for a proper space for their autochthonous traditions within the legal systems. To this extent, the constitutional experiences of Bolivia and Nepal represent suitable examples to "re-think" the role of culture through a less legalistic approach. From these assumptions, the article aims to verify whether the concept of harmony within the constitutional frameworks of pluralistic societies could be considered as one of the main features of their legal systems (or even the funding myth of the state) within intercultural/multicultural approaches to diversity.


The project aims to generate a library of laboratory orthologous genes for studying evolvability. In this study, we have taken one of histidine biosynthetic genes hisA from Salmonella enterica through alternating rounds of weak selection (simulated by random mutagenesis through error-prone PCR and screens for partial loss of hisA function) followed by strong purifying selection (simulated by additional rounds of random mutagenesis and screens for restored hisA function). We have started from the wild-type hisA gene expressed from relatively weak arabinose inducible promoter ParaBAD. Twenty different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cause slow growth in the absence of histidine were isolated. In twelve of these deleterious mutants the activity was restored to wild-type levels by additional SNP after another round of random mutagenesis. In this study, in some of the compensated his A variants it was difficult to isolate further deleterious mutations, suggesting that these compensating mutations can mask the effects of additional deleterious mutations. By combining the compensating mutations with known deleterious mutations, complete or partial compensation was seen. Orthologs from one of the diverging lineages were also compared for their evolvability toward TrpF activity (ability to synthesize tryptophan) using fluctuation test. Two orthologs in this lineage showed higher evolvability compared to the wild type hisA.


On December 19, 2016, the FDA granted accelerated approval to rucaparib (RUBRACA; Clovis Oncology, Inc.) for the treatment of patients with deleterious BRCA mutation (germline and/or somatic)–associated advanced ovarian cancer who have been treated with two or more chemotherapies. The FDA also approved the FoundationFocus CDxBRCA test (Foundation Medicine, Inc.), the first next-generation sequencing-based companion diagnostic, for identifying patients with advanced ovarian cancer eligible for treatment with rucaparib based on detection of deleterious BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutations in tumor tissue. Rucaparib's approval was based primarily on efficacy data from 106 patients with BRCA mutation–associated ovarian cancer who had prior treatment with two or more chemotherapies and safety data from 377 patients with ovarian cancer treated with rucaparib 600 mg orally twice daily on two open-label, single-arm trials. Investigator-assessed objective response rate was 54% [57/106; 95% confidence interval (CI), 44–64], and median duration of response was 9.2 months (95% CI, 6.6–11.7). The approved companion diagnostic verified tumor BRCA mutation status retrospectively in 96% (64/67) of patients. Common adverse reactions (≥20%) to rucaparib were nausea, fatigue, vomiting, anemia, abdominal pain, dysgeusia, constipation, decreased appetite, diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, and dyspnea. This article summarizes the FDA review and data supporting rucaparib's accelerated approval. Clin Cancer Res; 23(23); 7165–70. ©2017 AACR. See related commentary by Kohn et al., p. 7155


Based on an earlier policy‐capturing study of the Big Five personality traits and general mental ability, this paper explores and analyzes the hiring preference of Hong Kong employers across five important personal attributes, including not only personality but also practical skill dimensions. The preferences and trade‐offs of 300 experienced recruiters were obtained via conjoint analysis, a theoretically grounded statistical tool that is used to discompose and analyze decisions, for assessing the hiring decisions for entry‐level professional positions. Among knowledge, skills, abilities, and personality, the personality of a candidate has a relatively greater impact on the hiring decision. Three of the Big Five personality traits were elected from among five major hiring attributes for effective performance, with conscientiousness being the most dominant attribute across all eight major industries. The other attributes, in order of importance, include English communication skills, openness to new experiences, academic performance, and agreeableness. Discrepancies between intended and actual decisions were also addressed by comparing the results with self‐reported ratings.


A multicomponent reaction (MCR) can create highly complex molecules from readily available starting materials without the complicated purification operations; thus, MCRs are resource and time-effective and economically favorable processes in diversity generation1. A wide variety of quinazolinone derivatives have been synthesized by condensation of 3-amino- 1, 2, 4-triazole as amine sources, with dimedone and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of 20 mol % of MCM-41-SO3H as effective catalyst in green and reusable catalyst in refluxing DMF conditions through one-pot reactions. Triazoloquinazolinone are important because of their wide range of biological activities, application in medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutical industry and agrochemicals as herbicides and active pharmaceuticals2.
References 1. D. J. Ramon, M. Yus, Angew. Chem. 2005, 44, 1602. 2. V. Haridas, K. Lal, Y. K. Sharma. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 4719.


more than twenty years ago, wuhan university and nanjing university offered library science (ls) graduate programs. since then, ls graduate education has been grow-ing quickly in many aspects. at the same time, however, ls graduate education was also facing enormous challenges stemming from the dynamic development and wide applications of information technologies into the pedagogical arena of teaching and learning at all levels. social evolution also made it necessary for ls educators to re-examine once again their graduate education model, curricular composition, educational philosophy and educational missions. in analyzing the present situation of ls graduate education in china, this paper focuses on the following issues: 1) growing size of ls graduate education (quantity and quality); 2) educational objectives, including research direction and placement for graduates; 3) structure of knowledge and curricular construction; 4) conditions of administering a library school of high quality and 5) the management of teaching resources. the keystone of this paper is to pinpoint where current library science curricular de.ciencies are lying. it is hoped that more serious scholarly discussions and perhaps also even concerted efforts among ls scholars and library practioners may be evoked in having the graduate education system of library and information science thoroughly realigned for the informational needs of the 21st century.


Every kitchen has two kinds of tools. Some of these tools do many things well, like a chef's knife. Other tools do only one thing, but they are meant to do that one thing exceedingly well, like a garlic press. This distinction also appears in legal doctrines. Some do one thing and are meant to do it very well. Other doctrines do many different things. They serve multiple functions, though perhaps all imperfectly. Indeed, this is often a basis for criticism. Scholars have criticized many legal doctrines -- from the constructive trust to the Erie doctrine, from the irreparable injury rule to the standing requirement, from the collateral source doctrine to strict scrutiny -- on the grounds that they serve multiple purposes and are therefore incoherent. By contrast, judges seem to prefer these multi-function doctrines. They resist the scholarly projects of deconstruction and specialization. This Essay considers that contrast in perspective, and it explores the differences between single-function and multi-function doctrines. These differences include the type of decisions that must be made, the possibility of expertise, adaptability over time, and the relative burdens on the designer and the user.


Geodetic and meteorological data, collected via satellites for example , are genuinely scattered and not confined to any special set of points. Even so, known quadrature formulas used in numerically computing integrals involving such data have had restrictions either on the sites (points) used or, more significantly, on the number of sites required. Here, for the unit sphere embedded in R q , we obtain quadrature formulas that are exact for spherical harmonics of a fixed order, have nonnegative weights, and are based on function values at scattered sites. To be exact, these formulas require only a number of sites comparable to the dimension of the space. As a part of the proof, we derive L 1-Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund inequalities for such sites.


The influence of electron-beam irradiation on defects in 4H-SiC diode structures was investigated by cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy. In addition to threading edge and screw dislocations, two types of stacking faults (SFs) were characterized by their emission energy, geometric shape, and the sensitivity of electron-beam irradiation. The SFs at λ = 425 nm (2.92 eV) expand from the surface of basal plane dislocation with line direction [11-20] and change their geometric shape by electron-beam irradiation. The SFs at λ = 471 nm (2.63 eV) are only slightly influenced by electron-beam irradiation. The former corresponds to the Shockley-type SFs previously observed in the degraded p-i-n diodes, and the latter to in-grown SFs with 8H structure. The panchromatic CL images constructed by the sum of monochromatic CL images suggest that there are nonradiative recombination centers in the vicinity of Shockley-type SFs. The nucleation sites and the driving force for SF expansion are discussed.


Abstract The imagery of light plays a key role in Basil of Caesarea's narrative of God and salvation. Curiously, the communal aspects of this imagery have received little attention in scholarship. A systematic analysis of "De Spiritu Sancto" reveals that in Basil's understanding, participation in divine light functions as a parallel concept to Church membership. To begin with, the corporate nature of participation in divine light is evident from the ecclesial rites of initiation whereby this participation is bestowed. Furthermore, Basil uses the imagery of light to underscore the corporate nature of both the mystical union between God and the baptized, and the outward expressions of the believers' lives in the divine light: worship and public witness. In addition to shedding new light on the Basilian notion of Church membership, the study o#ers a fresh outlook into the ecumenical dialogue between the Orthodox Church and Lutheran Church bodies on the theology of initiation.


Sugamnmadex is a new type agent for reversal of neuromuscular blockade in any stage. There are foreign and home sugammadex use studies; however the information of sugammadex use in Pediatric patients is not enough. The article deals with study results of sugammadex use in Pediatric surgical oncology for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade by the agent rocuronium. 42 Pediatric patients in age from 2 to 17 years after elective oncology surgeries were recruited in the study. The speed and entirety of myorelaxation shifting as an evidence of sugammadex effectiveness were assessed by the accelerometer.


ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Gabapentin exhibits antiseizure activity in mice and rats both in the maximal electroshock and in the pentylenetetrazol seizure models. Gabapentin is structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA Igamma-aminobutyric acid) but does not interact with GABA receptors, it is not metabolized to GABA or to GABA agonists, and it is not an inhibitor of GABA uptake or degradation. Gabapentin at concentrations up to 100 pM did not demonstrate affinity for other receptor sites such as benzodiazepine, glutamate, glycine or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors nor does it interact with neuronal sodium channels or L-type calcium channels. The mechanism of action of gabapentin has not yet been established, however, it is unlike that of the commonly used anticonvulsant drugs. In vitro studies with radiolabeled gabapentin have revealed a gabapentin binding site in rat brain tissues including neocortex and hippocampus. The identity and function of this binding site remain to be elucidated. Pharmacokinetics Adults: Following oral administration of Neurontin (gabapentin), peak plasma concentrations are observed within 2 to 3 hours. Absolute bioavailability of a 300 mg dose of Neurontin capsules is approximately 59%. At doses of 300 and 400 mg, gabapentin bioavailability is unchanged following multiple dose administration. Gabapentin elimination from plasma is best described by linear pharmacokinetics. The elimination half-life of gabapentin is independent of dose and averages 5 to 7 hours in subjects with normal renal function. Plasma gabapentin concentrations are dose-proportional at doses of 300 to 400 mg q8h, ranging between 1 pg/mL and 10 pg/mL, but are less than dose-proportional above the clinical range (> 600 mg q8h). There is no correlation between plasma levels and efficacy. Gabapentin pharmacokinetics are not affected by repeated administration, and steady state plasma concentrations are predictable from single dose data. Gabapentin is not appreciably metabolized in humans, is eliminated solely by renal excretion, and can be removed from plasma by hemodialysis. Gabapentin does not induce or inhibit hepatic mixed function oxidase enzymes responsible for drug metabolism, does not interfere with the metabolism of commonly coadministered antiepileptic drugs, and is minimally bound to plasma proteins. Food has no effect on the rate or extent of absorption of gabapentin. Table 1 summarizes the mean steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters of Neurontin capsules.


Abstract. The study of resonant dielectric nanostructures with a high refractive index is a new research direction in the nanoscale optics and metamaterial-inspired nanophotonics. Because of the unique optically induced electric and magnetic Mie resonances, high-index nanoscale structures are expected to complement or even replace different plasmonic components in a range of potential applications. We study a strong coupling between modes of a single subwavelength high-index dielectric resonator and analyze the mode transformation and Fano resonances when the resonator's aspect ratio varies. We demonstrate that strong mode coupling results in resonances with high-quality factors, which are related to the physics of bound states in the continuum when the radiative losses are almost suppressed due to the Friedrich–Wintgen scenario of destructive interference. We explain the physics of these states in terms of multipole decomposition, and show that their appearance is accompanied by a drastic change in the far-field radiation pattern. We reveal a fundamental link between the formation of the high-quality resonances and peculiarities of the Fano parameter in the scattering cross-section spectra. Our theoretical findings are confirmed by microwave experiments for the scattering of high-index cylindrical resonators with a tunable aspect ratio. The proposed mechanism of the strong mode coupling in single subwavelength high-index resonators accompanied by resonances with high-quality factors helps to extend substantially functionalities of all-dielectric nanophotonics, which opens horizons for active and passive nanoscale metadevices.


We describe theoretical and experimental results on near-field interaction of two-dimensionally (2D) arrayed, high-permittivity spherical particles on a substrate in the Mie resonance scattering domain for surface nano-patterning processing. When a touching particle pair of Mie resonance particles on the substrate is considered, an electromagnetic mode different from the single particle mode is excited inside the particles, resulting in an intensity enhancement in a gap between two hotspots at particle-substrate contact points. As for 2D hexagonal close-packed particle arrays on the substrate, the refractive index of particle exhibiting a maximal enhancement factor for the 2D particle arrays is found to be shifted from the Mie resonance conditions for the single particle system.


The "American" rule of employment at-will cripples the effectiveness of the two most important exceptions to that doctrine, the National Labor Relations Act and Title VII. Scholars often cite at-will as an area in which exceptions swallow the rule but ignore the opposite effect the rule has in undermining rights widely viewed as fundamental. This article goes beyond the standard critiques of the NLRA and Title VII and uses two other areas of law to make this case. The impact of at-will on private sector labor rights under the NLRA is shown by comparing public sector employment. Public sector labor law has all the flaws scholars have identified in the NLRA, yet public employees are organizing much more successfully. The crucial difference is that most public workers are not employees-at-will. For employment discrimination, the article compares rules governing claims of discrimination in juror selection under the Supreme Court's decision in Batson v. Kentucky. Batson rules are identical to Title VII rules, and have been so ineffective that scholars and a Supreme Court Justice have suggested that all juror strikes should be done for cause, the equivalent of requiring cause for discharge from employment. The article then balances the at-will rule against the exceptions it undermines. From the inception of the rule, there have been many attempts to create exceptions to it. Today, numerous, small, and often unclear inroads have been made. This makes the rule less useful to both sides, offering uncertainty to employers yet scant protection to employees. At the same time, the cost of at-will is the lack of effective labor and anti-discrimination regimes. Scholars and policy-makers should understand this cost when debating labor law, antidiscrimination law, and the future of the at-will doctrine.


We present detailed comparisons between the results of embedded atom model (EAM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations on defected Ni alloy systems. We find that the EAM interatomic potentials reproduce low-temperature structural properties in both the γ and γ′ phases, and yield accurate atomic forces in bulk-like configurations even at temperatures as high as  ∼1200 K. However, they fail to describe more complex chemical bonding, in configurations including defects such as vacancies or dislocations, for which we observe significant deviations between the EAM and DFT forces, suggesting that derived properties such as (free) energy barriers to vacancy migration and dislocation glide may also be inaccurate. Testing against full DFT calculations further reveals that these deviations have a local character, and are typically severe only up to the first or second neighbours of the defect. This suggests that a QM/MM approach can be used to accurately reproduce QM observables, fully exploiting the EAM potential efficiency in the MM zone. This approach could be easily extended to ternary systems for which developing a reliable and fully transferable EAM parameterisation would be extremely challenging e.g. Ni alloy model systems with a W or Re-containing QM zone.


The research question of this study is to what extent, and in which ways national stereotypes coincide, regardless of whether they are self- or other-stereotypes and regardless of what surface values, positive or negative, they are associated with. Questions are also raised regarding mechanisms of identity defence and the willingness among each group to see the in-group as a possible object of description. The analysis was carried out on three different types of data: (1) semi-structured interviews with Scandinavian and Latin American employees in subsidiaries of Scandinavian-owned companies; (2) comments made by Spanish negotiators who were confronted, in structured interview situations, with negotiation sequences on video-tapes in which groups of Scandinavians and groups of Spaniards had been recorded; (3) spontaneous multi-party conversations between Swedish and Spanish business administration students. In all three sets, it was found that certain ideas regarding both 'Hispanic' and 'Scandinavian' national characteristics recurred consistently regardless of the national belonging of the source, and that the content of these stereotypes coincided to a considerable extent across the data. A closer analysis shows that the stereotypes expressed are linked to the national identity of the informants in ways which, rather than reflecting the valuation of the various attributions in absolute terms, suggest the existence of a value scale along which different nationalities are systematically placed.


This paper examines the (non) role that private business operators play in the implementation of WTO Dispute Settlement Reports. More precisely, by analysing the legal status of these decisions in national and regional law, it looks at what individuals are entitled to obtain when a WTO Member ignores the results of a Dispute Settlement Body's proceedings. As private business operators bear most of the economic costs of non-compliance, there is an increasing pressure for a more direct involvement of these parties in the Dispute Settlement System mechanims. The challenge is therefore to find a way to accommodate their interests within the current settlement system, without reducing the discretion WTO Members enjoy in the implementation of the reports. An answer to this problem is even more needed as uncertainties surrounding the results of the WTO dispute settlement procedure will be exacerbated as soon as non-violation cases expand into the newly-emerging areas, such as investments and competition policies. The recent attempt made by a French company to recover damages incurred as result of the EC non-compliance with the Hormones decision before the European Courts (CFI/ECJ) is provided, throughout the paper, as an example of private parties' involvement in the implementation phase. This paper argues that private parties should be allowed to invoke settlement disputes decisions before the courts of the losing WTO Member to seek compensation for the damages incurred after the expiration of the given reasonable period of time to comply with the report. After reviewing most of the underlying arguments for and against this solution, it demonstrates that looking at the status of DSB's reports exclusively through the lens of direct effect might be misleading. The paper will conclude by arguing that granting the right of individuals to invoke a DSB's ruling could improve the relationship that private business operators have with the multilateral trading by striking a more fair balance between the interests of all the WTO relevant actors.


Period-doubling bifurcation has been frequently observed in the numerical simulations of atmospheric dielectric barrier discharges and it also has been partly confirmed in our previous experiments. In this letter, we report inverse period-doubling bifurcation in an atmospheric helium dielectric barrier discharge. Experiments are carried out under parallel electrode configuration. By only increasing the amplitude of the applied voltage, we observe that the discharge successively experiences chaos, period-four, period-two and period-one. As well as the experimental waveforms, the fast Fourier transform of the discharge current is given to qualitatively demonstrate the state of the discharges. Although the observed bifurcation behavior is seemingly similar to the well-known period-doubling bifurcation, it is essentially a different type of bifurcation behavior which has never been experimentally reported in the atmospheric dielectric barrier discharges. As a strongly nonlinear temporal-spatial system, the atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge could present far more complex behaviors under certain conditions than we thought. Further studies are still required to better understand the underlying mechanism of these complex behaviors.


Participation by rural and remote area students has been identified as a critical element in increasing enrolments in higher education in Australia. This paper describes a research project to develop a model based on a regional university's investigation of a strategic alliance with the extractive energy industry to engage high schools in the local communities in engineering related activities, and ultimately to encourage participation by students in higher education. A key component of the model and adopted strategy was the design and conduct of engineering camps. This involved year 10 to 12 students in 2010-2011, from 13 regional high schools attending the university to work on real-life projects surrounding coal seam gas extraction. Students were also provided an opportunity to participate in site visits to experience life as an engineer in the energy industry. The desired outcomes of the model were: from the university's perspective to give students a taste of life as a student at university; from the students' perspective to raise awareness of issues surrounding the energy industry in their geographic area; and from the discipline perspective to demonstrate practical relevance of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects. The planned outcomes would then help to engage the local communities through the students' schools, make students aware of opportunities for further study, demonstrate the ease with which they could transition from high school to university life, and thereby encourage high school students in these communities to aspire to a career in engineering and spatial science. The interactive model resulted in camps that have become an annual event due to their unquestionable success. The model has now been embraced by industry, and opportunities have also been identified to further develop the model through a strengthened high school engagement.


1-Azaspiro[3.3]heptanes were synthesized, characterized, and validated biologically as bioisosteres of piperidine. The key synthesis step was thermal [2+2] cycloaddition between endocyclic alkenes and Graf's isocyanate, ClO2S-NCO, into spirocyclic β-lactams. Reduction of the β-lactam ring with alane produced 1-azaspiro[3.3]heptanes. Incorporation of this core into the anesthetic drug Bupivacaine instead of the piperidine fragment resulted in the new patent-free analogue with high activity.


The effects of the infection caused by the microsporidium Polydispyrenia simulii in gonads of the simuliid Simulium pertinax were evaluated. This blackfly species is the main target of control programmes in southeastern Brazil. Infected and noninfected blackflies were reared from larval stage to adults using a laboratory rearing system. There was no significant difference between the oogenic development and dimensions of ovarian follicles of healthy females compared to those reared from infected larvae. Otherwise, there was a significant difference between the fecundity of healthy females and those reared from infected larvae. In males, there was an evident reduction of motility of spermatozoids of males reared from infected larvae. The results obtained suggest that the microsporidium P. simulii have an important effect on the natural population dynamics of S. pertinax.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To develop instruments to measure culturally related variables that may influence mammography screening behaviors in African American women.

DESIGN
Instrumentation methodology.

SETTING
Community organizations and public housing in the Indianapolis, IN, area.

SAMPLE
111 African American women with a mean age of 60.2 years and 64 Caucasian women with a mean age of 60 years.

METHODS
After item development, scales were administered. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, item analysis via internal consistency reliability using Cronbach's alpha, and independent t tests and logistic regression analysis to test theoretical relationships.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Personal space preferences, health temporal orientation, and perceived personal control.

FINDINGS
Space items were factored into interpersonal and physical scales. Temporal orientation items were loaded on one factor, creating a one-dimensional scale. Control items were factored into internal and external control scales. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the scales ranged from 0.76-0.88. Interpersonal space preference, health temporal orientation, and perceived internal control scales each were predictive of mammography screening adherence.

CONCLUSIONS
The three tested scales were reliable and valid. Scales, on average, did not differ between African American and Caucasian populations.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
These scales may be useful in future investigations aimed at increasing mammography screening in African American and Caucasian women.


This paper deals with the microstructure and property of zinc based composites ZA27Six under the treatment of the sodium salt and the rare earth. The test material was prepared with pure zinc ingot (Zn≥99.99wt %) and the Al-Si matrix alloy. Basic composition of the test sample was Al (25~30 wt %), Si (2.5~6.0 wt %) and Zn for the rest. Impact toughness test, tensile test and wear test were conducted. The test results show that under the treatment of sodium the massive primary silicon crystal can transform to nodular silicon on which eutectic silicon crystal can form and grow in rod-like. It is also found that the combined effect of rare earth and sodium salt can obviously refine the silicon phase and the zinc based composites enhanced by nodular silicon has better hardness and wear- resistance.


When using the output of classifiers to calculate the expected utility of different alternatives in decision situations, the correctness of predicted class probabilities may be of crucial importance. However, even very accurate classifiers may output class probabilities of rather poor quality. One way of overcoming this problem is by means of calibration, i.e., mapping the original class probabilities to more accurate ones. Previous studies have however indicated that random forests are difficult to calibrate by standard calibration methods. In this work, a novel calibration method is introduced, which is based on a recent finding that probabilities predicted by forests of classification trees have a lower squared error compared to those predicted by forests of probability estimation trees (PETs). The novel calibration method is compared to the two standard methods, Platt scaling and isotonic regression, on 34 datasets from the UCI repository. The experiment shows that random forests of PETs calibrated by the novel method significantly outperform uncalibrated random forests of both PETs and classification trees, as well as random forests calibrated with the two standard methods, with respect to the squared error of predicted class probabilities.


Since the first introduction of genetically engineered (GE) plants, one of the major concerns has been their potential effects on non-target organisms and ecosystem services. We focused in this study on the earthworm species Lumbricus terrestris as important ecosystem engineer and studied its performance when feeding on GE antifungal wheat. We compared litter consumption, weight change and mortality of individuals feeding on GE wheat with either specific resistance against powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) or unspecific resistance against fungi via chitinase and glucanase expression with individuals feeding on non-GE wheat or other conventional crops. We did not find detrimental direct or indirect effects of GE wheat on L. terrestris and overall L. terrrestris tended to cope even better with GE wheat varieties. Concluding from our experiment the transgene products do not harm the soil key species L. terrestris and ecosystem services like decomposition, organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling are unlikely to be affected detrimentally.


In this study, a numerical analysis of heat transfer enhancement of Alumina/water nanofluid in a steady-state, single-phase, laminar flow in a circular duct is presented for the case of constant wall heat flux and constant wall temperature boundary conditions. The analysis is performed with a newly suggested model (Corcione) for effective thermal conductivity and viscosity, which show the effects of temperature and nanoparticle diameter. The results for Nusselt number and heat transfer enhancement are presented in graphical and tabular forms, for a given Peclet number, nanoparticle volumetric fraction, and particle diameter in the thermal entrance region. The results are compared with the experimental results available in the literature under the same conditions and a good agreement is found. The two boundary conditions are compared and slightly differing results are discussed. Finally, the effect of the axial conduction and viscous dissipation are investigated. The axial conduction effect is found to be negligible for practical cases while the viscous dissipation effect is found to be significantly important depending on the boundary conditions and the pipe diameter.© 2012 ASME


Seven eclogitic nodules from kimberlites in southern Africa have been studied in detail for whole-rock, major- and trace-element geochemistry, petrography, and mineral chemistry by electron microprobe; high-purity mineral separates from six of these samples have been analyzed for trace elements and for the isotopic composition of Sr, Nd, and oxygen. Three eclogite groups are recognized: group A eclogites have very high Mg/Fe, low Na in pyroxene, moderate δ18O (+4.7 to +5.3), and low 87Sr/86Sr and 143/144Nd. Olivine and enstatite may also be present as accessory phases in this group. Group B eclogites have moderate to high Mg/Fe ratios, high Na in pyroxene, low δ18O (+3.0 to +3.4), high 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios, and extremely LREE-depleted/ HREE-enriched garnets with no Eu anomalies. Group C eclogites have low Mg/Fe ratios, high Na in pyroxene, and variable Sr-, Nd-, and O-isotope compositions. Accessory feldspar is present in one sample that may be of crustal origin. Mineral separates of garnet and pyroxene have positive Eu anomalies.

The group A eclogites are too refractory to represent magma compositions and must have formed as cumulate dike rocks in the upper mantle that contain a minor trapped liquid component. This is supported by the presence of accessory olivine and enstatite, and by their KSm and KNd, which are similar to empirical pyroxene/garnet partition coefficients. The Group B eclogites are extremely depleted in incompatible elements and have ϵNdvalues 10x to 20x MORB. The high 87Sr/86Sr of these eclogites is not consistent with their strongly depleted LREE and high ϵNd, and cannot be primary—it must have been imposed on the protolith. The low δ18O of these eclogites cannot form by mantle fractionation processes and must also be inherited from the protolith. Both the Sr- and oxygen-isotope data are consistent with high- temperature hydrothermal alteration of a basaltic protolith, followed by partial melting to form the refractory compositions observed now. The hydrothermal fluid may have been sea water, but secondary enrichment of the protolith in Rb is required to generate the observed high Sr ratios. The high Na content of the pyroxenes supports a spilitic alteration event. The major- and trace-element characteristics of the group C eclogites are consistent with recrystallization of a cumulate gabbro protolith. One group C rock is probably a garnet granulite derived from the lower crust. The other may represent the plutonic portion of oceanic crust.

A reconstructed whole-rock isochron for the three Bellsbank eclogites yields an age of 2.1 ± 0.1 b.y. This implies that plate-tectonic processes involving the generation and subduction of oceanic crust have been active since the early Proterozoic. The early Proterozoic ocean crust consisted of two components: a plutonic section of gabbro cumulates (group C eclogites) and a volcanic section of basalt (group B eclogites). The volcanic component has undergone substantial hydro-thermal alteration and subsequent partial melting to form a refractory residue; the plutonic component is less modified.


Developing a teacher identity is an ongoing and multifaceted process. In part, the process involves finding a voice amid the clamour of other, often contradictory, voices and complex conditions in which teachers find themselves. Drawing from a larger study of teacher professional identities, this paper explores how two beginning early childhood educators talk about what it means to teach. The paper focuses on how these novice teachers position themselves, and are positioned, by their understandings of the 'child'. This focus on children is particularly relevant to understanding teacher identities for in educational contexts, teachers and children are inextricably linked – they are part of a relational pair. Using critical discourse analysis as a way of examining interview data, I discuss how a discourse of the 'normal' child constructs particular identity positions for children and the adults who work with them.


: Effects of cosaar (MSD) on central hemodynamics and microcirculation were studied in 20 patients with arterial hypertension under acute pharmacological test and on the treatment week 2, 6 and 8. Two variants of hemodynamic response were registered: hypokinetic and hyperkinetic. Unidirectional hemodynamic changes occurred both in short- and long-term therapy. This allows to use the short course for differential choice of patients for cosaar therapy. The best effect of cosaar is expected in patients with a hyperkinetic variant of the hemodynamic response under the short treatment course.


The large spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric aerosol load makes it a challenge to quantify aerosol effect on climate. This study is one of the first attempts to apply data assimilation for the analysis of global aerosol distribution. Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) observed from the Polarization and Directionality of the Earth Reflectances (POLDER) spaceborne instrument are assimilated into a three-dimensional chemistry model. POLDER capabilities to distinguish between fine and coarse AOT are used to constrain them separately in the model. Observation and model errors are a key component of such a system and are carefully estimated on a regional basis using some of the high-quality surface observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). Other AERONET data provide an independent evaluation of the a posteriori fields. Results for the fine mode show improvements, in terms of reduction of root-mean-square errors, in most regions with the largest improvements found in the Mediterranean Sea and Eurasia. We emphasize the results for the Arctic, where there is growing evidence of a strong aerosol impact on climate, but a lack of regional and continuous aerosol monitoring. The a posteriori fields noticeably well reproduce the winter-spring "Arctic Haze" peak measured in Longyearbyen (15°E, 78°N) and typical seasonal variations in the Arctic region, where AOT increase by up to a factor of three between a posteriori and a priori. Enhanced AOT are found over a longer period in spring 2003 than in 1997, suggesting that the large Russian fires in 2003 have influenced the Arctic aerosol load.


Cardiovascular diseases resulting from atherosclerosis have become a serious threat to human health. It is well-known that an ongoing inflammatory response is involved during atherosclerosis progression that ultimately results in the accumulation of lipids and formation of plaques. Monitoring the pathological changes during the inflammatory response will be of great significance for early diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of atherosclerosis. Targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasonography has been shown to be a promising noninvasive imaging technique for evaluating the degree of atherosclerosis and may potentially be translated to clinical imaging in the future. However, inadequate cell adhesion of targeted microbubbles (MBs) in large arterial vessels still remains a great challenge. Methods: By mimicking the leucocytes that are recruited to the vessel wall during the initiation of atherosclerosis through selectin-dependent arrest and cell adhesion molecule-mediated firm cell adhesion, we developed VCAM-1/ICAM-1/P-selectin-targeted MBVIS by integrating VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 antibodies and synthetic polymeric sialyl Lewis X (sLex) onto the MB surface. Results: The resulting MBVIS had a high affinity to inflammatory bEnd.3 cells in both static and dynamic flow conditions. Significantly enhanced ultrasound imaging signals were achieved by MBVIS in detecting the atherosclerosis progress when compared with the single- or dual-targeted MBs. Taking advantage of the artificial MBVIS, less ultrasound imaging signals were found in the atorvastatin-treated, but not placebo-treated, ApoE-deficient mice with atherosclerosis, revealing a potential therapeutic efficacy of atorvastatin for early stage atherosclerosis. This was further confirmed by histologic staining examination. Conclusions: Our study provides a promising ultrasound molecular imaging probe for early-stage diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of atherosclerosis.


The capability approach (CA) pioneered by Amartya Sen and developed by many others has become decisively influential over the last two decades as a normative framework for assessing social arrangements, social justice, equality, and quality of life, as well as for designing policies (Robeyns, 2011). The CA has also been seen as a theory of social justice seeking to reduce social exclusion and inequalities and to enhance global justice. The CA is probably best known for having inspired the creation of the Human Development Index (HDI) in 1990 by the United Nat ions Development Programme (UNDP) to annually rank countries by level of human development or well-being. This well-known approach has played a key role in advancing alternative ideas about development and welfare, rather than GDP growth. Thus, evaluated in CA theoretical terms, countries like Japan, for example, may not necessarily be judged to be rich, although on paper, by such measures as GDP and per capita GDP they may rank amongst the world's most prosperous nations.


Despite the advances of scholarly research into the nature and development of British Buddhism, its Tibetan and Zen forms remain a neglected area. This study analyses the transplantation, development and adaptation of the two largest Tibetan and Zen organisations currently active: the New Kadampa Tradition (NKT) and the Order of Buddhist Contemplatives (OBC). To account for their current identity, practice and position within the British religious landscape, the historical and ideological trajectories of the groups are outlined and the factors influencing their transplantation explored. The dynamics of history and identity construction are also considered. To ensure that the diversity of practice within Buddhist organisations is not overlooked, the attitudes and beliefs of individual group members are examined. Indeed, the dialectical relationship between group leadership and membership, and between text and context, are major theoretical concerns. Part One surveys the available literature, identifying the main scholarly perspectives to be explored and tested throughout. A survey of Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain is provided in order to place the groups within their broader contexts. Part Two examines the indigenous Tibetan context of the NKT before charting its emergence in Britain and outlining the contours of its sense of self-identity. The NKT, it is argued, is rooted firmly within traditional Gelug exclusivism whilst simultaneously reflecting and reacting against the conditions of modernity. Part Three outlines the historical and ideological growth of the OBC within the context of the biography of its western founder and her relations with traditional Japanese Soto Zen. The influence of trans-cultural processes on the OBC's transplantation in Britain are acknowledged, but caution is exercised with respect to the applicability of the 'Protestant Buddhism' thesis. Part Four concludes the study by reflecting upon recent developments within the NKT and OBC, speculating about possible future directions and returning to the framework adopted in Part One to structure a comparative discussion.


Considering the costs associated with accidents in construction, a model identifying root causes of accidents is proposed for construction organisations in Oman. The model classifies the accidents in construction mainly arising from main four causes: 'equipment/materials', 'workers', 'environment' and 'management'. The model is applied to a road construction project in Oman to trace the root causes of accidents. It can also be applied to construction projects in other sectors such as building or process plant construction. Further research is recommended to extend the study to other projects in the construction sector in order to generalise the findings. Although the frequency distribution of accidents is likely to vary from project to project, understanding the underlying pattern of their causes helps to pinpoint the key areas where resources should be directed in the organisations' efforts to deliver the goal of zero accidents.


Social entrepreneurship is one of the most discussed issues in recent management literature. In partcular, social entrepreneurship has recently gained the atenton of management scholars interested in understanding its sociological and anthropological aspects. This paper focuses on Claude Levi-Strauss's noton of "bricolage" and the way it can represent a signifcant opportunity to address emergent social needs. Building on a postmodernist philosophical perspectve, namely Jacques Derrida's "deconstructonism," we atempt to unpack the bricolage phenomenon within the social entrepreneurship feld. Following the fndings of an in-depth longitudinal case study, we provide a theoretcal conceptualizaton of possible entrepreneurial solutons to social needs, exploring the signifcant role of bricolage that is consequently interpreted as a suitable entrepreneurial opportunity to address partcular types of social needs that we shall defne, in a way, as emergent.


Abstract A 1984–1985 investigation by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the Sussex County Health Department revealed that 13 out of 56 private well owners in Lafayette Township, New Jersey, had lead concentrations in their plumbing tap water exceeding 50 parts per billion (ppb). Plumbing system sources for lead were rejected because high concentrations persisted even after water continuously flowed through the system for 15 min before sample collection. Investigators concluded that the source of the elevated concentrations of lead was groundwater. It was proposed that lead was being released into groundwater from galena (PbS)-mineralized fracture zones in the local dolomite aquifer. In 1994, the New Jersey Geological Survey initiated a study to determine the mobilization and transport of lead from the galena-mineralized fractures to local wells. Preliminary sampling at 74 sites revealed that groundwater is not transporting significant concentrations of lead (90% 50 ppb), as concluded a decade earlier. This disparity resulted in plumbing system sources of lead also being investigated. Results of time-series sampling at three sites indicated that well water has much lower lead concentrations (< 3 to 6 ppb) than connected plumbing tap water (< 3 to 1600 ppb), and concentrations in tap water varied erratically. Lead 206/207 isotope ratios of tap water samples with elevated lead concentrations matched plumbing components, particularly brass. Ratios associated with lower lead concentrations in well and tap water are more similar to lead in galena (PbS) from the mineralized zone. The variable lead concentrations in tap water are consistent with the intermittent release of corroded pipe products or a lead-bearing scale such as cerussite (PbCO3). Cerussite scale has since been identified in a brass valve from the local elementary school by using x-ray diffraction.


Few institutions are warier of copies than museums. Few fields of knowledge are more prone to denounce copies as fake than the heritage field. Few discourses are as concerned with authenticity, aura, originals and provenance as those concerning exhibiting and collecting. So why is it that these are institutions, fields and discourses where copies proliferate and copying techniques have thrived for hundreds of years? Museums as Cultures of Copies aims to make the copying practices of museums visible and to discuss, from a range of interrelated perspectives, precisely what function copies fulfil in the heritage field and in museums today.
With contributions from Europe and Canada, the book interrogates the meaning of copies and presents copying as a fully integrated part of museum work. Including chapters on ethnographic mannequins, digitalized photos, death masks, museum documentation and mechanical models, contributors consider how copying as a cultural form changes according to time and place and how new forms of copying and copy technologies challenge and expand museum work today. Arguing that copying is at the basis of museum practice and that new technologies and practices have been taken up and developed in museums since their inception, the book presents both heritage work and copies in a new light.
Museums as Cultures of Copies should be of great interest to academics, scholars and postgraduate students working in the fields of museum and heritage studies, as well as visual studies, cultural history and archaeology. It should also be essential reading for museum practitioners.


The hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (pX) stimulates transcription regulated by cis-acting elements that control many viral and cellular genes, including the c-myc and the c-fos proto-oncogenes. Using several c-fos promoter deletion mutants, we found the serum-responsive element (SRE) located at -315, the modified TPA-responsive element located at -296 (fos-AP-1 binding site, FAP) and the region spanning from nucleotide -220 to -120, which contains an NF1-like site and several stretches of sequence homologous to the AP-2 consensus binding sites, to be responsive to pX. pX does not modify the pattern of the retarded complexes bound to the SRE/FAP region which, in our system, appears to be occupied by SRE-binding factors. The activation of the SRE does not involve complex formation between SRE-binding factors and pX, it is not associated with an increase in serum response factor binding to the SRE and it does not determine changes in SRE mobility-shift pattern.


The absorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in the heavy metal wastewater by distillers' grains can not only solve the problem of environmental pollution, but also change distillers' grains waste into resource. Structural characteristics of distillers' grains and its adsorption behaviors for the heavy metal ions of Cu2+ and Pb2+ were studied and effects of various parameters including pH, temperature, distillers' grains dose, initial Cu2+ and Pb2+ concentration and absorbed time on the absorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ were evaluated. Sorption isotherms were also investigated. Results show that the rough surface, loose internal structure and hydroxy and amide groups of the distillers' grains are beneficial to the adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in the wastewater. The removal rate of the distillers' grains for Pb2+ (20.00 mg L−1) and Cu2+ (20.00 mg L−1) are, respectively, 96.72% and 87.70% under optimized conditions. The equilibrium sorption data are well demonstrated by Langmuir model.


Stereotypes function to organize the social world, acting as cognitive shortcuts and preventing us from becoming overwhelmed by the complexity of the social information that we encounter on a daily basis (Weary et al., 2001). As part of this process, people make automatic judgments about individuals of certain sexes or races, simplifying social reality and minimizing effortful thoughtprocessing (Tajfel, 1969). Even in the absence of conscious endorsement, culturally available social stereotypes commonly affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviours (Bargh, Chen & Burrows, 1996). Indeed, some particularly insidious stereotypes appear to serve existential functions and to be formed largely in an attempt to rationalize, justify, or explain existing social hierarchies (eg. Jost & Banjii, 1994; Hoffman & Hurst, 1990). If we hope to be able to lessen the intensity and pervasiveness of such stereotypes, it is crucial that we begin to recognize the deeply-seated functions that such categorizations perform. The following paper, focusing on gender stereotypes in particular, examines 1) how complementary gender stereotypes perpetuate inequality; 2) how System Justification, Lay Epistemic and Terror Management theories account for the perpetuation of such stereotypes, particularly in times of uncertainty and stress; and 3) how an increased understanding of the exceedingly complex psychological processes involved in such labeling might enable us to find ways to diminish stereotyping and its pernicious effects.


Abstract Spatiotemporal soccer data enables in-depth analysis of a soccer game. However, the amount and the nature of the data makes it challenging for analysts to easily uncover insights from the data. In this article, we introduce an interactive visualization tool that uses novel data mining and machine learning methods to enable coaches and analysts to work on large amounts of data by moving most of the complicated models to the backend and presenting interactive visualization that can be manipulated in real-time. A unique interactive replay and modification feature enables creation of what-if scenarios on existing game data to explore alternative situations, such as a defensive player taking a different position or an offensive player choosing another pass, while making the experience seamless to the users. • Information systems ➝Information system applications • Applied computing ➝ Computers in other domains.


Adenoviruses have been isolated from both clinically healthy and diseased birds worldwide. The pathogenic role of most of the FAdVs is still questionable. They can quickly take on the role of opportunistic pathogens when additional factors, particularly concurrent infections, adversely affect the health of the avian host. Immnosuppressing agents especially chicken infectious anemia and infectious bursal disease viruses are known to enhance the pathogenicity of FAdVs upon coinfection. The aim of the present study was to screen for the involvement of FAdV in poultry flocks affected with respiratory disease complex by RT-PCR. The samples were also screened by RT-PCR/PCR for other respiratory pathogens. Thirty two commercial poultry flocks with the history of respiratory disease complex from various parts of India. FAdV nucleic acid could be detected in tissue samples of 13 out of 34 farms investigated. Out of 13 FAdV positive farms, FAdV and CIAV were alone detected in 4/13 (31%) whereas, in other farms more than two respiratory pathogens were detected together. CIAV was detected in all the farms (34/34) investigated. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were noticed in FAdV infected laryngeal and tracheal epithelium under light microscopy. The findings of the study assert that FAdV can play the role of primary respiratory pathogen in immunocompromised birds and also in the presence of other respiratory pathogens.


There is a large body of finance literature that has tested and validated dividend policy decisions mainly focused on the effect of the dividend announcement and the impact it has on the post announcement drift. But very few studies have tested the determinants of the cumulative abnormal return (CAR) surrounding the dividend announcement and to find the role of economic adversity in explaining the change in CAR. The present study investigates the role of change in dividend under both adverse and favorable market conditions. Using the data of S&P CNX 500 companies the study examines the role of dividend yield and EPS in explaining cumulative abnormal return over a period of seven years. Using VAR methodology the study examined the determinants of CAR surrounding the dividend announcement and the dynamic relationship between the variables. The results of the study showed that during adversity, dividend yield is the major factor explaining CAR. Variables like EPS, volume and price explain the CAR when there is no economic adversity. The study found that there is a significant relationship between abnormal return and its determinants.


Previous work has shown that nonverbal behavior was associated with both session-level outcome and global outcome in psychotherapy. Nonverbal synchrony--here the coordination between patient's and psychotherapist's movement behavior--is a facet of nonverbal behavior that has recently been studied with video-based motion energy analysis (MEA). The present study aimed to replicate and extend these findings by using direct acquisition of movement data. In a single-case analysis, we monitored patient's and therapist's hand movements with a high-resolution accelerometric measurement system (Vitaport (r)). In addition to these behavioral data, both patient and therapist provided session-level ratings of various factors relevant to the psychotherapy process, which were assessed with post-session questionnaires. The patient-therapist coordination of hand movements, i.e. nonverbal synchrony, in (N = 27) sessions of this dyadic psychotherapy was positively associated with progress reported in post-session questionnaires. Sessions with good evaluations concerning the quality of therapeutic alliance were characterized by high movement coordination. Thus, accelerometric data of this therapy dyad confirmed previous findings gained through video analyses: The coordination of nonverbal behavior shown by patient and therapist was an indicator of beneficial processes occurring within sessions. This replication study showed that nonverbal synchrony embodies important aspects of the alliance. Its assessment and quantification may provide therapists important additional information on processes that usually occur outside conscious awareness, but that nevertheless influence core aspects of the therapy.


A simple theory has been developed using bond energy model of nanomaterials. The formulation has been obtained for the size and shape dependence of specific heat and conductivity. We have computed the size dependence of specific heat of Ag and Au nanoparticles. The results obtained have been compared with the available experimental data as well as with the earlier theoretical relation. It has been found that specific heat increases by decreasing the particle size. There is an appreciable improvement in the results as compared with the earlier relation and a good agreement with the available simulation data. We extend the model to study the effect of shape for the size dependence of specific heat and thermal conductivity of different nanomaterials. The results obtained have been discussed in the light of earlier investigations as well as experimental data. A good agreement between theory and experiment demonstrates the suitability of the formulation has been developed in the present paper.


Superconducting terahertz (THz) metamaterial (MM) made from niobium (Nb) film has been investigated using a continuous-wave THz spectroscopy. The quality factors of the resonance modes at 0.132 THz and 0.418 THz can be remarkably increased when the working temperature is below the superconducting transition temperature of Nb, indicating that the use of superconducting Nb is a possible way to achieve low loss performance of a THz MM. In addition, the tuning of superconducting THz MM by a magnetic field is also demonstrated, which offers an alternative tuning method apart from the existing electric, optical and thermal tuning methods.


Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the distribution of antihypertensive drugs prescribed to patients with hypertension who were granted drug exemption report in the period of June 2016-2017 with respect to their classes and active substances and to investigate which class of drugs and active substances are used more frequently.
Material and Methods: Drug exemption reports from the hospital's digital database granted between 2015 and 2016 were evaluated. Patients with a diagnosis code of hypertension were included, and approximately 65,000 records were obtained.
Results: Study records showed that there were 36 active substances, with 28 active substances used in combination with these active substances. Therefore, a total of 64 different active substances are present. It was demonstrated that participants in the study concomitantly used up to seven active substances.
Discussion: The main objective in the treatment of hypertension is to prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular events, reduce the risk, and prevent organ damage. Lifestyle changes (salt-free diet, achieving ideal weight and exercise) are the first steps of treatment and should be offered in all treatment steps.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of unilateral disk displacement with reduction (UDDR) on the skeletal and dental pattern of affected individuals. There were 18 symptomatic female patients and 46 asymptomatic normal female volunteers. All study participants had bilateral high-resolution magnetic resonance scans in the sagittal (closed and open) and coronal (closed) planes to evaluate the temporomandibular joints. Linear and angular cephalometric measurements were taken to evaluate the skeletal, denture base, and dental characteristics of the two groups. Analysis of variance was used to compare the symptomatic with the control subjects. A few skeletal differences were found. There was an overall reduction in length of the anterior (S-Na) and posterior (S-Ba) cranial base measurements in the UDDR group. The cranial base angle was also increased. Both upper and lower dentures bases were retropositioned. The posterior ramal height (Ar-Go) was shorter in the symptomatic group. This study showed that alterations in skeletal morphology may be associated with UDDR. The mechanisms that produce DD or the mechanisms that cause this skeletal alteration are yet to be clarified. This study suggests that subjects with UDDR may manifest altered craniofacial morphology. The clinician should be aware of this possibility, especially for growing patients.


Street trees in cities display a varied pattern that shape the city's physical fabric. This article presented the methodological aspects of a proposed selection process for the key urban street tree species. The process of this study was twofold: first it was aimed at selecting the appropriate tree species through field trip and data analysis of the street trees in streets and parks of the natural secondary forests, the ancient and famous trees in Hefei. Secondly, a selection among alternative tree species in the inventory was made using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and the expert knowledge approach. In the methodology, the weights of the selection criteria were determined by pair-wise comparison matrices of AHP. The priority ranking of the selection trees depended on expert evaluation of the comprehensive quality of the trees. Based on the use of subjective and objective data sources, the selection process could be adapted for use in the street tree planning of Hefei, as well as other cities.

 Key words: Urban tree, street tree, species selection, urban green space, AHP.


The ribbed mussel Geukensia demissa inhabits intertidal Spartina grass marshes characterized by sulfide-rich sediments. Sulfide poisons aerobic respiration, and G. demissa may cope in this seemingly inhospitable environment by oxidizing sulfide in gill mitochondria. Well-coupled mitochondria isolated from G. demissa gills were used to investigate sulfide oxidation and ATP synthesis. State 3 respiration, maximally stimulated by 5 micromol l(-)(1) sulfide with a P/O ratio of 0.89 and a respiratory control ratio (RCR) of 1.40, remained refractory to sulfide at higher concentrations except in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), an inhibitor of alternative oxidases. Sulfide-stimulated ATP production was 3-5 times greater than that stimulated by malate and succinate, respectively, giving an ATP/sulfide ratio of 0.63. The inhibition of sulfide-stimulated respiration and ATP production by the complex III inhibitors myxothiazol and antimycin A, respectively, suggests that electrons enter the electron transport chain before complex III. Combined with in vivo evidence for electron entry at cytochrome c, these data suggest that more than one type of sulfide-oxidizing enzyme may function in G. demissa gills. The SHAM-sensitive pathway of electron flux may be a critical component of a physiological strategy to tolerate sulfide. We conclude that G. demissa exploits the energy available from its reduced environment by using sulfide as a respiratory substrate for cellular ATP production.


While most high and medium oxidation state (O.S. ≥ 3) metal and non-metal fluorides and oxide fluorides are strong Lewis acids, exploration of their coordination chemistry with neutral ligands has been limited and mostly non-systematic. This is despite the very different properties conferred on the acceptor centre by the small electronegative fluoride ligands compared to the heavier halides. This article sets out these key differences, discusses possible synthetic routes, the key characterisation techniques, and appropriate bonding models. Current knowledge of the coordination chemistry of d, f and p-block fluorides and oxide fluorides with neutral ligands (with donor atoms drawn from Groups 15 and 16 and including N-heterocyclic carbenes) is then presented and discussed, and the differences in properties compared to complexes containing the heavier halides are illustrated. The emphasis is on work published post 1990, but earlier work is also included as essential background and where no more recent information exists. Attention is drawn to unexplored areas meriting investigation and to possible applications of these complexes.


Evliyā Celebī, travelled to Medina as part of his pilgrimage. This book presents Evliyā's account of the places he visited and of life in the city of Medina in the seventeenth century.


The structural properties of camshaft were affected by many factors such as pouring temperature and inoculation which were studied in this paper. The results showed that with the increase of the pouring temperature, the chilled depth and hardness decrease. However, at a very low pouring temperature, the cooling velocity was fast and the formation of dissociative carbonide precipitate was easily; even the whole cam may become white iron, so the optimal pouring temperature is 1375 -1450 . Moreover, when the bearing location of camshaft is less than 15% carbonide, reducing the inoculants contents may cause the graphite amount decreasing, and the improvement of chilled hardness. While, reducing the amount of inoculants can improve the chilled sensibility of molten metal, which is favorable for production control. The experimental results showed that the optimum adding content is no more than 0.3% Si-Ba.


This paper explores a reasonable consumption tax (VAT) reform in Japan, after passing the tax reform bill in the Diet in August 2012. First, the macro (SNA) data indicates that tax revenue increases by about 12 trillion yen if the VAT rate is raised from 5% to 10%. Secondly, the VAT revenue function reveals the revenue elasticity with respect to 1% consumption increase is 0.96. This is very efficient. Thirdly, remaining tax administration issues are discussed. Fourthly the empirical consumer demand system (QUAIDS) is derived from the optimal consumption behavior. Fifthly, using Family Income and Expenditure Survey from January 1985 to April 2012 for the two or more member worker's household, food and health & medical expenditure indicate significantly negative price elasticity of demand and those for other expenditures are insignificant, i.e. zero. It is justifiable to set a uniform tax rate for those items except food and health & medical expenditure. As to health & medical expenditure, many items within health & medical expenditure are already tax exempt and thus effective tax rate for health & medical expenditure is around 2%. There is no need to consider a further tax rate reduction for this. As to food expenditure, effective tax rate is around 7% due to alcohol and other sales tax. This item is worth considering a reduction of tax rate. However, a share of food expenditure is quite high (i.e. around 20%) so that tax revenue loss would be high if a reduced tax rate is applied for many food items. In addition, it will be quite arbitrary and politically biased to decide as to which food items are to be tax reduced. For a moment, it may be reasonable not to implement any tax reduction for food items.


Depression is a chronic and debilitating illness that interferes severely with many human behaviors, and is the leading cause of disability in the world. There is data suggesting that deficits in serotonin neurotransmission can contribute to the development of depression. Indeed, >90% of prescribed antidepressant drugs act by increasing serotonergic transmission at the synapse. However, this increase is offset by a negative feedback operating at the level of the cell body of the serotonin neurons in the raphe nuclei. In the present work, we demonstrate: first, the intracortical infusion of ketamine induced an antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim test, comparable to that produced by systemic ketamine; second, systemic and intracortical ketamine increased serotonin and noradrenaline efflux in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the dorsal raphe nucleus; third, systemic and intracortical administration of ketamine increased the efflux of glutamate in the prefrontal cortex and dorsal raphe nucleus; fourth, systemic ketamine did not alter the functionality of 5-HT1A receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Taken together, these findings suggest that the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine are caused by the stimulation of the prefrontal projection to the dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus caused by an elevated glutamate in the medial prefrontal cortex, which would stimulate release of serotonin and noradrenaline in the same area. The impact of both monoamines in the antidepressant response to ketamine seems to have different time frames.


In Eastern European countries in large social sectors such as education, inefficiency and technical deficiencies are the legacy of the old command economy. The authors examine the technical efficiency of classroom use (defined as the number of classes per classroom in one transitional economy -- Bulgaria. They examine the concept of efficiency in 199 urban and rural municipalities, using data envelopment analysis to generate efficiency scores. Those scores -- discussed in terms of frequency and regional distribution -- are then regressed on several socioeconomic variables. The researchers find significant relationships between the efficiency scores, on the one hand, and, on the other, the proportion of students in the population under age 20 (demand indicator), the number of teachers (variable input), the percentage of the municipal budget spent on education, and the degree of urbanization. Efficiency in the use of classrooms (in terms of classes) varies considerably among municipalities, and the efficiency is highest in the capital city of Sofia. To the extent that some variation in efficiency reflects demand or demographic factos, there is little that policy can do to change the pattern. But some changes in municipal policy could increase the efficiency of classroom use without jeopardizing the fundamental learning objective. In some rural areas, for example, where there are few students and classroom utilization is low, it may be possible to consolidate several grades into multigrade classes and reduce the size of the teaching (and nonteaching) staff, while maintaining the quality of learning and maximizing the use of such fixed inputs as classrooms. To the extent that it is possible to use such classrooms more efficiently, savings could be generated in the municipalities that need them most: in demographically sparse, poor municipalities with a weak economic base. Those savings could then be reallocated to other educational essentials, such as equipment and materials.


OBJECTIVE: Protein kinase Czeta (PKCzeta), an atypical PKC, has been found to be transcriptionally up-regulated in human osteoarthritic (OA) articular cartilage. This study was undertaken to examine the role of PKCzeta in interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced NF-kappaB signaling in human OA chondrocytes, and ultimately to better understand its function in the regulation of downstream mediators of cartilage matrix degradation. METHODS: Pharmacologic inhibitors or genetic knockdown techniques were used to investigate the role of PKCzeta. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate phosphorylation of PKCzeta and NF-kappaB. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and activity assays were used to evaluate ADAMTS-4 expression and aggrecanase activity, respectively. Quantitative PCR, biochemical identification, and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate type 2 nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and NO production. RESULTS: Phosphorylation of PKCzeta and NF-kappaB was induced by IL-1beta treatment in a time-dependent manner, and was specifically inhibited by inhibitors of atypical PKCs. Inhibition of PKCzeta suppressed IL-1beta-induced up-regulation of ADAMTS-4 messenger RNA (mRNA) and aggrecanase activity. Inhibitors of atypical PKCs also inhibited IL-1beta-induced NO production and NOS2 mRNA expression, demonstrating a novel link between PKCzeta and NO production. Furthermore, small interfering RNA- or short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of PKCzeta mRNA resulted in significant repression of both ADAMTS-4 and NOS2 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION: Our results show that PKCzeta is involved in the regulation of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB signaling in human OA chondrocytes, which in turn regulates downstream expression of ADAMTS-4 and NOS2. Therefore, inhibition of PKCzeta could potentially regulate the production of matrix-degrading enzymes as well as NO production and have a profound effect on disease progression in OA.


The spleen, which has a vitally important function in the body, is located in the left part of the abdomen. The spleen's primary tasks are hematopoiesis and immunity, such as the reservoir of blood cells and the production of the immune system's defense cells. On most occasions -due to the lack of clinical manifestationsplenic disorders are coincidental findings at surgery despite their prevalence. Splenosis is a heterotopic autotransplantation of splenic tissue in other body compartments, which may be interpreted as a pathological entity through imaging techniques. Foreign substance accumulation, such as iron deposition, namely siderosis, may be monitored in the spleen due to the aging process. The pathologies of the spleen are mostly characterized by the enlargement of the organ (splenomegaly). Hemangiosarcoma is the most frequently encountered neoplasia in the spleen, usually metastasizing to the heart's right atrium. Ultrasonography is the most commonly utilized diagnostic tool in splenic disorders. Besides, the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) techniques may be applied. Whole blood, plasma, or both are prerequisites that should be kept at disposal in the preoperative approach to the splenic disorders. Surgical interventions of splenic pathologies include splenorrhaphy, partial splenectomy, and total splenectomy. Splenic injuries usually result from blunt trauma. Surgery is not an indication unless there is a life-threatening amount of blood loss. Splenic torsion, which is an acute disorder of the spleen usually encountered in deep-chested dog breeds due to gastric dilatation and volvulus presents a diagnostic challenge. Total splenectomy is the favored treatment of choice in the approach of the relevant conditions rather than splenic derotation. Early phase complications include hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmia, and ischemia in the pancreas and gastric wall, and metastasis and gastric dilatation and volvulus appear as the complications of the postoperative course. This review has aimed to open a new gate to better understanding the importance and functions of the spleen in normal physiology and also aimed to share information about the diagnostic tools and guide through to apply appropriate surgical approach in term of disorders.


Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) of testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) is an important stage-determining variable in the evaluation of radical orchiectomy specimens. ERG endothelial cell expression, as detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), robustly highlights lymphovascular spaces, and thus, we sought to assess the utility of ERG IHC for evaluation of GCT LVI. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides from a retrospective cohort of 25 GCT radical orchiectomy specimens (emanating from a parent cohort of 159 radical orchiectomy GCT cases identified between 2003 and 2013) were reviewed, and sections with foci of positive or equivocal LVI were identified. ERG IHC was performed on sections off the surface of corresponding paraffin tissue blocks. All foci were then rescored as positive, equivocal, or negative for LVI based on ERG endothelial cell expression. Twenty-three and 13 foci were positive or equivocal for LVI by H&E staining, respectively. Among the H&E positive LVI foci, 20 (87%) were ERG IHC positive, whereas of the H&E equivocal LVI foci, 5 (38%) were ERG IHC positive, 3 (23%) were ERG IHC negative, and 2 (15%) were ERG IHC equivocal; all other foci were lost for evaluation. Overall, ERG IHC helped resolve the LVI status of 61% of foci deemed equivocal for LVI by H&E staining only. Although ERG IHC is useful in confirming definitive LVI status in a subset of GCT cases, the overall clinical impact of ERG IHC is limited for H&E equivocal LVI foci in this specific retrospective patient cohort. Overall, in carefully selected clinical scenarios, these data suggest a supportive role for ERG IHC in evaluation of GCT LVI in radical orchiectomy specimens.


The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review of studies on athletes' career transition out of sport from 1968 until the end of 2010. A total of 126 studies were evaluated and reported in three sections: sample characteristics, research designs and correlates of athletes' career transition adjustment. Samples ranged from 1 to 1617. Investigators examined a wide range of competitive levels, both genders and various sports. Researchers have used qualitative (44%), quantitative (44%), and mixed-model (12%) designs. Variables correlated to athletes' career transition adjustment were categorized into factors related to career transition (e.g., self-identity) and available resources during the career transition process (e.g., social support). The discussion focuses on the current status of the study area, limitations in its knowledge, suggested practical implications (e.g., providing proactive support) and future research directions (e.g., examining athletes' retirement decision-making process).


During our routine dissection studies, we encountered an
accessory head of biceps brachii in the left upper extremity of a
73-year-old formalin-fixed male cadaver. The other two heads of the
muscle and other arm muscles were as usual. Humeral accessory
head of biceps brachii muscle was classified according to the
originated location of the head of biceps brachii muscle by some
researchers as infero-medial humeral, superior humeral and inferolateral
humeral head. In this case, the accessory head was originated
from middle third of the humerus, superior and medial to the origin
of brachialis muscle and inserted to the common tendon of biceps
brachii. In the literature, this head was named as infero-medial
humeral head and its incidence changes between 7.7-12% according
to ethnicity. In Turkish population, its incidence changes between
2.5-6.15%. We think that knowledge of this type of the variation
is important for prevention of possible surgical complications and
diagnostic procedures.


Photorealism is in the author's opinion a broad and overused term in computer graphics and often many of the processes that are layered (both archaeologically and artistically) to create an image that can be considered visually convincing are overlooked. Discussions regarding the use of engaging imagery in archaeology to reconstruct or convey an idea often focus heavily upon scientific elements, but these only constitute to part of the process that is needed to generate a convincing final render. At present in the 3D community 'unbiased' renderers such as IRay and Maxwell are being adopted more frequently, however they do not currently set the 'standard' for renderers because they do have the same saturation, or provide the same control as Chaos Group's VRay, or Mental Image's packaged Mental Ray. Instead they fulfil a niche that whilst ever growing seems to fulfil a very specific role. This paper will attempt to deconstruct exactly what constitutes a photorealistic image, looking not only at how current technologies are perceived, but also at the important role that artistic mechanisms play in achieving a convincing output and producing visualisations that could rightly be deemed photoreal. Furthermore it will cover how understanding and embracing these processes can be benefitial from a critical archaeologial perspective.


The time (interval, postpartum, postabortum), location (uterus, mucus membrane of the oviducts, tubes), access (transcervical, transvaginal, trans-abdominal) and the actual method of sterilization for the women (surgical, electric, thermic, mechanical) can be differentiated and combined with each other in various ways. Today the usual procedure is sterilization by partial resection of the oviducts performed laparoscopically in the interval via electrocoagulation and surgically after delivery via periumbilical minilaparotomy. Laparoscopic sterilization via electrocoagulation has a rate of failure of about 1:1,000 and the mortality rate is less than 1:10,000. The most frequent complications are: hemorrhages due to injury of the larger vessels and burns in the intestine caused by the electric current. For this reason, conventional (:unipolar") electrocoagulation should be replaced by the so-called bipolar coagulation or other newer methods which avoid these complications. On the basis of the current literature, no definitive statements can be made regarding the reliability of the newer methods (silastic ring, plastic clips, thermocoagulation). An additional, although up until now purely hypothetic, advantage of the newer methods is the possibility of reversibility. With conventional electrocoagulation, the rate of reversilbility is very low. Additional alternatives are also culdotomy and minilaparotomy in the interval with the assistance of a uterus elevator. Both ways of access may be combined with various methods of sterilization. The pros and cons of the hysterectomy as a method of sterilization are still being discussed. Occasional late sequelae of sterilization such as menstrual disorders, pain and, particularly, problems related to sexual intercourse have only recently come to light. They have not yet been adequately investigated.


In view of present-day knowledge and findings relating to the development of young children, the stimulating interaction between the child and its social and material surroundings must be considered of supreme importance. Any disturbance or radical restriction of the structure of social relationships can thus seriously endanger the development of young children on all levels. Aspects of prevention are discussed with this in mind.


An inverted flag has its trailing edge clamped and exhibits dynamics distinct from that of a conventional flag, whose leading edge is restrained. We perform nonlinear simulations and a global stability analysis of the inverted-flag system for a range of Reynolds numbers, flag masses and stiffnesses. Our global stability analysis is based on a linearisation of the fully coupled fluid–structure system of equations. The calculated equilibria are steady-state solutions of the fully coupled nonlinear equations. By implementing this approach, we (i) explore the mechanisms that initiate flapping, (ii) study the role of vorticity generation and vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in large-amplitude flapping and (iii) characterise the chaotic flapping regime. For point (i), we identify a deformed-equilibrium state and show through a global stability analysis that the onset of small-deflection flapping – where the oscillation amplitude is significantly smaller than in large-amplitude flapping – is due to a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. For large-amplitude flapping, point (ii), we confirm the arguments of Sader et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 793, 2016a) that classical VIV exists when the flag is sufficiently light with respect to the fluid. We also show that for heavier flags, large-amplitude flapping persists (even for Reynolds numbers ${<}50$ ) and is not classical VIV. Finally, with respect to point (iii), chaotic flapping has been observed experimentally for Reynolds numbers of $O(10^{4})$ , and here we show that chaos also persists at a moderate Reynolds number of 200. We characterise this chaotic regime and calculate its strange attractor, whose structure is controlled by the above-mentioned deformed equilibria and is similar to a Lorenz attractor.


In this letter, a novel decode-and-forward (DF) strategy for the two-way relay over Rayleigh fading channels is presented and analyzed. By encoding the two messages jointly at the relay node, the proposed scheme (termed DF-JM) can effectively handle matched or unmatched data rates from the two sources. In addition, it is possible to design optimal constellation labeling maps at the relay node, so that the minimum Euclidean distance among the desired points can be maximized for side-information based demodulation at the destinations. Simulation results indicate that the DF-JM approach performs better than existing DF schemes and the denoise-and-forward (DNF) scheme in terms of the end-to-end bit error rate (BER).


Abstract
Background: Women in developing countries conceive on average six to eight children over their reproductive life span. Short inter-pregnancy intervals or early pregnancies result in maternal depletion of energy and protein and micronutrients leading to a reduction in maternal nutritional status at conception and altered pregnancy outcomes. Extending birth spacing would presumably provide the women the time to replenish their nutrient stores.
Objective: To Assess the Effect of Modern Family Planning Method utilization on the nutritional status of reproductive aged (15-49 years) women in rural settings.
Methods: A community based quantitative comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in three kebeles randomly selected at Tena Woreda, Arsi Zone, Oromiya Rgion in 2013. Prior to the study, family planning users (MFPM) and non-users for at least one year were identifiedand registered. Atotal of 360 sampled subjects were enrolled using systematic random sampling. Data were entered in Epi-Info version 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 17 software. To see the effect of modern family planning method use on the nutritional status of women, both bi-variate and multivariate logistic regression analysis wered one and variables with variance inflation factor greater than 10 was removed from the multivariate analysis to avoid the problem of multi-collinearity.
Results: The mean height, weight, MUAC and BMI of the respondents were 156.7±5.5 (NFP 155.9±5.2 vs. FP157.5±5.6), 50.0±7.2 (NFP 47.4 ±6.1 vs. FP 52.6±7.4), 23.4±2.9 (NFP 22.3±2.4 vs. FP 24.5±2.9) and 20.3±2.4 (NFP 19.4±2.1 vs. FP 21.1±2.4), respectively and the difference noted between the groups was significant. The proportion of respondents with height ≤145cm, weight ≤ 45kg, BMI below18.5kg/m2 and MUAC below21cm was higher in NFP than FP users and the difference noted was significant except for height. About two-fifth(42.8%) of NFP user women and less than 1/5th(18.3%) of FP user women had weight below 45kg. One quarter (24.7%) of the respondents had MUAC below 21cm (38.3% NFP vs. 11.1% FP users). Women of NFP user were more underweight 70 (38.9%) than FP user women 26(14.4%). The major factors associated with women's underweight include: currently lactating (AOR=4.6; 95%CI=2.4 to 9.1); FPM utilization (AOR=2.3; 95%CI = 1.3 to 4.6); educational status (AOR=2.6; 95%CI =1.3 to 5.3); illness in the past one year (AOR=1.9; 95%CI= 1.1 to 3.3), consumption of mealless than three times a day (AOR =3.6;95%CI=1.0 to 13.2) and never ate meat per week (AOR=4.1; 95%CI= 1.8 to 9.2).
Conclusions: The prevalence of underweight was significantly higher among women who did not use family planning than family planning users. Continuous supply of modern family planning with different range is important for improvement of women's nutritional and health status. Other than this, it is equally important to empower women and to have access for increased dietary intake during the different reproductive life span. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2014;28(2):81-88]


We conduct theoretical studies on streaming-based active learning for binary classification under unknown adversarial label corruptions. In this setting, every time before the learner observes a sample, the adversary decides whether to corrupt the label or not. First, we show that, in a benign corruption setting (which includes the misspecification setting as a special case), with a slight enlargement on the hypothesis elimination threshold, the classical RobustCAL framework can (surprisingly) achieve nearly the same label complexity guarantee as in the non-corrupted setting. However, this algorithm can fail in the general corruption setting. To resolve this drawback, we propose a new algorithm which is provably correct without any assumptions on the presence of corruptions. Furthermore, this algorithm enjoys the minimax label complexity in the non-corrupted setting (which is achieved by RobustCAL) and only requires $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(C_{\mathrm{total}})$ additional labels in the corrupted setting to achieve $\mathcal{O}(\varepsilon + \frac{C_{\mathrm{total}}}{n})$, where $\varepsilon$ is the target accuracy, $C_{\mathrm{total}}$ is the total number of corruptions and $n$ is the total number of unlabeled samples.


In this paper, we describe an SPH algorithm for multi‐fluid flow, which is efficient, simple and robust. We derive the inviscid equations of motion from a Lagrangian together with the constraint provided by the continuity equation. The viscous flow equations then follow by adding a viscous term. Rigid boundaries are simulated using boundary force particles in a manner similar to the immersed boundary method. Each fluid is approximated as weakly compressible with a speed of sound sufficiently large to guarantee that the relative density variations are typically 1%. When the SPH force interaction is between two particles of different fluids, we increase the pressure terms. This simple procedure stabilizes the interface between the fluids. The equations of motion are integrated using a time stepping rule based on a second‐order symplectic integrator. When linear and angular momentum should be conserved exactly, they are conserved to within round‐off errors. We test the algorithm by simulating a variety of problems involving fluids with a density ratio in the range 1–1000. The first of these is a free surface problem with no rigid boundaries. It involves the flow of an elliptical distribution with one fluid inside the other. We show that the simulations converge as the particle spacing decreases, and the results are in good agreement with the exact inviscid, incompressible theory. The second test is similar to the first but involves the nonlinear oscillation of the fluids. As in the first test, the agreement with theory is very good, and the method converges. The third test is the simulation of waves at the interface between two fluids. The method is shown to converge, and the agreement with theory is satisfactory. The fourth test is the Rayleigh–Taylor instability for a configuration considered by other authors. Key parameters are shown to converge, and the agreement with other authors is good. The fifth and final test is how well the SPH method simulates gravity currents with density ratios in the range 2–30. The results of these simulations are in very good agreement with those of other authors and in satisfactory agreement with experimental results.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This article presents estimations of the energy and carbon footprint of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Entertainment & Media (E&M) sectors globally for 2010–2015 including a forecast to 2020. It builds on three previous global studies (2007, 2011, and 2018) and a Swedish study (2015) by the same authors. The study is based on an extensive dataset which combines primary and secondary data for operational (use stage) energy consumption and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions (CO2e) for the included sub-sectors, including energy and carbon footprint data from about 100 of the major global manufacturers, operators, and ICT and E&M service providers. The data set also includes sales statistics and forecasts for equipment to estimate product volumes in addition to published LCA studies and primary manufacturing data to estimate the embodied carbon footprint of products. The result shows that the ICT and E&M sectors have turned their previously growing footprints into shrinking ones despite a continuous increase in subscriptions and data traffic. Furthermore, the results of this study are also indicating that these footprints are significantly smaller than previously forecasted.


HDL-C, HOMA-IR, model assessment 37 ratio; hsCRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; IRI, immunoreactive insulin; LDL-C, 38 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NfL, neurofilament light chain; MCI, mild cognitive 39 impairment; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; PET, positron emission tomography; 40 p-tau, phosphorylated tau; SBP, systolic blood pressure; sTREM2: soluble TREM2; TG, 41 triglycerides; t-tau, total tau; TREM2, Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2; 42 VD, vascular dementia. 43 ABSTRACT 45 Aim: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of dementia. We aimed to 46 elucidate the dynamics of blood biomarkers according to the severity of cognitive 47 impairment in patients with DM and to identify useful biomarkers for diabetes-related 48 dementia. 49 Methods: This was a cross-sectional, nested case-control study of 121 Japanese diabetic 50 and nondiabetic patients with different levels of cognitive functioning. We evaluated 51 participants' cognitive functions, blood biomarkers related to Alzheimer's disease, and 52 soluble triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2). We then compared 53 these biomarkers between the DM and non-DM groups and across the different cognitive 54 strata. 55 Results : Significantly lower levels of serum sTREM2 were observed in the DM than in 56 the non-DM patients. This was true across all the cognitive strata of the two groups, 57 including those with normal cognition. We also found that plasma levels of 58 phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau181) increased with increasing levels of cognitive decline in 59 both the DM and non-DM groups. However, this was accompanied by a decrease in 60 plasma amyloid-β ( A β )42 /A β 40 ratios in non-DM patients only. 61 Conclusion : This study revealed novel characteristic trajectories of dementia-related 62 blood biomarkers in diabetes-related dementia, suggesting the pathological involvement 63 of molecular cascades initiated by impaired microglial activation. This results in 64 decreased serum sTREM2, followed by tauopathy without substantial amyloid plaques, 65 reflected by plasma p-tau elevation with no decrease in the A β 42 /A β 40 ratio. Our results 66 warrant further research into this molecular cascade to elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms 67 of diabetes-related dementia and establish useful biomarkers.