Background Central core disease (CCD) and nemaline rod myopathy are generally considered two genetically and histologically distinct disorders. CCD is defined by the presence of well-demarcated round cores within most myofibers. Nemaline rod myopathy is distinguished by the presence of characteristic nemaline bodies within myofibers. The simultaneous occurrence of both cores and rods in the same muscle biopsy has been described, but no gene mutations have been reported yet for this condition. Objective To describe a family containing 16 affected individuals in six generations with an autosomal dominant congenital myopathy that shows clinical and histologic features of both CCD and nemaline myopathy, and to determine the genetic etiology and protein composition of the cores/rods in this family. Methods and Results The results of linkage analyses excluded involvement of the two autosomal dominant nemaline myopathy loci on chromosome 1, but were consistent with a localization of the disease gene at the CCD locus on chromosome 19q13.1 (ryanodine receptor). SSCP analysis and DNA sequencing identified a novel Thr4637Ala mutation in the transmembrane region of the ryanodine receptor protein. Immunofluorescence studies of patient muscle biopsies showed the central cores to stain for ryanodine receptor. Conclusions These data suggest that the occurrence of nemaline bodies can be a secondary feature of CCD, and that genetic studies on previously reported core/rod families should be targeted to the ryanodine receptor locus. The results of the immunofluorescence studies suggest that the cores contain excess abnormal ryanodine receptor protein.


In this paper, frequency domain techniques are used to derive the tracking properties of the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm applied to an adaptive antenna array in a mobile fading environment, expanding the use of such frequency domain approaches for nonstationary RLS tracking to the interference canceling problem that characterizes the use of antenna arrays in mobile wireless communications. The analysis focuses on the effect of the exponential weighting of the correlation estimation filter and its effect on the estimations of the time variant autocorrelation matrix and cross-correlation vector. Specifically, the case of a flat Rayleigh fading desired signal applied to an array in the presence of static interferers is considered with an AR2 fading process approximating the Jakes' fading model. The result is a mean square error (MSE) performance metric parameterized by the fading bandwidth and the RLS exponential weighting factor, allowing optimal parameter selection. The analytic results are verified and demonstrated with a simulation example.


Despite evidence for a role of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, there has not been substantial evidence that this disorder originates from a pathological change within the dopamine system itself. Current data from human imaging studies and preclinical investigations instead point to a disruption in afferent regulation of the dopamine system, with a focus on the hippocampus. We found that the hippocampus in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent developmental disruption model of schizophrenia is hyperactive and dysrhythmic, possibly due to loss of parvalbumin interneurons, leading to a hyperresponsive dopamine system. Whereas current therapeutic approaches target dopamine receptor blockade, treatment at the site of pathology may be a more effective therapeutic avenue. This model also provided insights into potential means for prevention of schizophrenia. Specifically, given that stress is a risk factor in schizophrenia, and that stress can damage hippocampal parvalbumin interneurons, we tested whether alleviating stress early in life can effectively circumvent transition to schizophrenia-like states. Administering diazepam prepubertally at an antianxiety dose in MAM rats was effective at preventing the emergence of the hyperdopaminergic state in the adult. Moreover, multiple stressors applied to normal rats at the same time point resulted in pathology similar to the MAM rat. These data suggest that a genetic predisposition leading to stress hyper-responsivity, or exposure to substantial stressors, could be a primary factor leading to the emergence of schizophrenia later in life, and furthermore treating stress at a critical period may be effective in circumventing this transition.


Embryos of the leopard frog deprived of primordial germ cells by treatment with ultraviolet light were joined in parabiosis with normal, unirradiated embryos. The irradiated member of the pair was not colonized by germ cells from its normal partner. Unlike the primordial germ cells of birds and mammals, the germ cells of frog embryos are not carried by the circulating blood.


We report the first implementation of a new cavity topology for mode-locked fibre lasers. This new 'drop-shaped' cavity topology employs a dual-fibre optical collimator and allows for a relatively simple cavity design with continuously adjustable length. It combines the advantages of the conventional ring cavity topology with the adjustment capabilities of hybrid ring-linear cavities (e.g. σ-cavities). Reliable femtosecond pulsed lasing was demonstrated in the experimental drop-shaped Er-doped fibre lasers, which were mode-locked in two different ways—by exploiting nonlinear polarisation evolution (NPE) and by means of a semiconductor saturable absorber. In the case of NPE-based mode locking, the shortest pulse duration was ~450 fs. The pulse repetition rate could be continuously varied within  ±3 kHz around ~25 MHz in the NPE-mode-locked lasers when the distance between the dual-fibre optical collimator and the cavity mirror was adjusted. This feature could, in principle, allow active stabilisation of the pulse repetition rate. Thus, mode-locked fibre lasers with the proposed drop-shaped cavity topology could be applied in metrology and other fields where a high stability of pulse repetition rate or its synchronization with an external clock is required.


Politically motivated attacks are the newest type of aggression to erupt in the cyberworld, making Political Cyberbullying's analysis of the psychology of cyberbullying adult perpetrators, the effects on their victims, and ways we can reduce the damage an essential read.
 Although cyber-aggression is not a new phenomenon, the presidential campaign and election in 2016 appeared to embolden some adults who exploited the principle of free speech to attack others for their personal characteristics or views, bringing cyberbullying into the political realm. The political climate remained toxic through 2017 and 2018, and 2019 has both enflamed the vitriolic and venomous potential of public discourse and encouraged the appropriation of personal disclosure for political ends, something likely to continue through the 2020 election and after.
 In this work, psychologist Sheri Bauman, an expert on cyberbullying who has addressed audiences across the nation and internationally, summarizes the world of political cyber-aggression, its perpetrators and their psyche, and its targets and how they are chosen. She then explains steps we can take to defuse the effectiveness and the harms of these online assaults. Case studies bring primary points to life, and the clarity of the text will appeal to students, researchers, and others interested in aggression, communication, and politics online.


Complex systems are those systems composed of many, often very simple, interacting autonomous entities. Interactions between these entities give rise to behaviour and patterns at the global level that cannot be predicted by examining the behaviour of any single individual component in the system. By this definition, pervasive computing environments are complex systems. This paper develops the idea that complex systems theory can aid the design of service discovery, and that results from the field of complex networks research can be applied to service discovery protocols to improve their scalability and robustness. We describe the influences of complex systems theory on the design of an existing service discovery protocol for pervasive computing environments, and show that the application of complex systems ideas can improve scalability, performance and robustness of service discovery protocols.


OBJECTIVE
We investigated the effectiveness of a life skills intervention for people with mental illness who have been homeless.

METHOD
In this longitudinal outcomes study, we used Situated Learning Theory (Lave & Wenger, 1991) to provide group and individual sessions to 38 participants from two housing programs after completing baseline Allen Cognitive Level Screen-2000 (ACLS-2000; Allen Conferences, 2000) and Practical Skills Tests (PSTs). Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects regression models.

RESULTS
The PST scores of participants with higher ACLS-2000 scores significantly increased over time (food management, p = .021; money management, p = .039; safe community participation, p = .02). Participants with lower ACLS-2000 scores demonstrated an even greater change over time.

CONCLUSION
Most participants, including those with lower ACLS-2000 scores, improved and retained life skills knowledge over time, challenging the premise that people with mental illness should be excluded from mixed-level group interventions.


The goal of this paper is to revisit the issue of the appropriate assignment of the property tax within the context of a fiscally decentralized system. We examine whether the conventional wisdom of assigning property taxes to local governments is the right one. Particularly in light of the difficulties many developing countries have with properly administering the property tax and the apparent reluctance of local authorities to utilize the revenue potential of the property tax. Because the assignment of the property tax involves a number of functions, such as defining the tax base, setting the tax rate, as well as many administrative functions, like registration, assessment, and collections, we also examine the wisdom of assigning all of these functions to local governments versus assigning some of these functions to local governments and the remaining functions to higher level governments. In the latter case, the important issue is which functions are properly assigned to local governments.


An analysis is presented of records of sea surface temperature (SST), sea level and winds collected during the period 1991–1995 along the coast of northern and central Chile (sea level also from the Peru coast in 1991–1994), and of SST from remote sensing during the austral summers of 1991 and 1992 off northern Chile. Large, interannual fluctuations of SST and sea level off northern Chile are linked to vertical displacements of the equatorial thermocline during El Nino-La Nina events. In the intraseasonal, 50-day band, SST and sea level are intimately related all along the coast, whereby SST anomalies lag sea level perturbations by about 12 days. Such sea level fluctuations are due to free, coastal-trapped waves, ultimately forced via equatorial Kelvin waves by 50-day wind events in the western and central tropical Pacific. These results and those of the remote sensing analysis suggest significant remote forcing of SST fluctuations in the coastal zone off Chile by the action of the coastal-trapped waves. Off central Chile, SST is also related to local wind stress in the intraseasonal band. Simulations with a simple, local, wind-driven upwelling/entrainment model capture rather well observed synoptic and intraseasonal oscillations of SST there. Off northern Chile, however, this simple model is not successful in simulating observed SST. An attempt to include effects of coastal-trapped waves into this simple, one-dimensional model did not improve model fit to data at either location. An explanation for the apparent strong influence of these waves on SST along this coast should therefore be sought in other effects not considered by this model such as cross-shelf and alongshore advection.


The establishment of economic enterprises and the demand for coastal areas for leisure purposes exert great pressure on the dunes, stripping them of vegetation and causing the aggravation of coastal erosion processes. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a viable alternative to restore dunes, giving their ability to improve soil conditions and plant growth under unfavorable conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AMF on the growth of Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. For the experiment, two treatment groups were set up (16 pots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculum and 16 pots without) over a period of 10 weeks. It was found that C. rosea (Sw.) DC. responded positively to the inoculation with the AMF and the percentages of colonization were 6.4 and 10.2% in the eighth and tenth week of plant growth, respectively. Also, the growth of Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. increased significantly with AMF throughout the experiment. This proved the efficacy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as promoters of dune plants´ growth, and as potential strategy for the rehabilitation of dunes in the coastal areas.

 Key words: Canavalia rosea, inoculation, mycorrhizal colonization, dune restoration, re-plant.


Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, such as SAP, have become widely used in recent years, especially in large companies. Although a considerable amount has been written about them in the professional accounting and computing literature, somewhat surprisingly comparatively little attention has been given to them in accounting research journals. However, the field studies which are beginning to appear suggest that ERP systems are having only a relatively moderate impact on the character of management accounting and the work of management accountants. However, it is argued in this paper that as such studies adopt a relatively 'static' approach, they do not explore the processes of management accounting change or study how opportunities are opened up by the implementation of ERP systems. The paper reports a longitudinal case study of the implementation of SAP in the European division of a large US multinational, in which management accounting change is viewed as an evolutionary process. In this case, although there were no fundamental changes in the nature of the management accounting information used following the implementation of SAP, there were changes in the role of management accountants - in particular: (i) the elimination of routine jobs; (ii) line managers with accounting knowledge; (iii) more forward-looking information; and (iv) a wider role for the management accountants. However, it is not claimed that SAP was the driver of these changes; rather it is argued that the characteristics of SAP (specifically, its integration, standardization, routinization and centralization) opened up certain opportunities and facilitated changes which were already taking place within the company. The paper ends with a call for further longitudinal case studies of the implementation of ERP systems to study how these characteristics facilitate and reinforce processes of management accounting change in other companies.


We study Facebook posts published by major news organizations in the 10-month period leading to the 2016 presidential election. Our goal is to explore the topics related to the two major party candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, and identify the ones that engaged the Facebook users the most. The engagement is measured by the total number of reactions, comments, and shares. Using topic modeling with Linear Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) on the Facebook posts, we identify the top 10 topics related to each candidate and then assess the audience engagement for these topics across 10 different news organizations. We use Hierarchical Bayesian Models (HBMs) to analyze the data, which allow us to partially pool the information across different sources.


PURPOSE
To investigate contralateral optic neuropathy and retinopathy following enucleation in 6 cats.

METHODS
Retrospective study. The medical records of cats with contralateral visual and afferent pupillomotor dysfunction following enucleation presented to the Animal Health Trust (AHT), Newmarket, UK, between January 1994 and January 2010 were reviewed. Information recorded included history, signalment, ophthalmic findings, electroretinography (ERG) (2/6) and MRI (3/6) findings and long-term outcome. Pearson's chi-square tests were used to compare breed proportions (P < 0.05).

RESULTS
Six cats aged 1.5 to 11 (median 5.5) years presented with mydriasis and/or visual deficits noted immediately following enucleation. Enucleation involved optic nerve (ON) ligation in all of the four cases for which this information was available. Ophthalmic findings included mydriasis with absent pupillary light reflex (PLR) (4/6), incomplete PLRs (2/6), absence of dazzle reflex (4/6) and absence of menace response (4/6). Funduscopy initially revealed multifocal peripapillary retinal lesions, with subsequent progressive optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal atrophy. ERG recordings revealed normal outer retinal function at 6 and 22 weeks (2/2). On MRI, the optic chiasm (OC) ipsilateral to the enucleation could not be identified and the contralateral OC was atrophied (3/3).

CONCLUSIONS
The acute afferent ON deficits following enucleation, progressive ONH atrophy, normal outer retinal function and MRI demonstrating OC pathology are consistent with chiasmal injury due to traction on the ON during enucleation. Rostral traction on the globe to facilitate ON ligation is contraindicated in cats.


In PV grid connected power conditioners; usually is required to step up the PV array voltage, and to step down the dc bus voltage for injection of a sinusoidal current to the grid. In this paper, the design procedure of the traditional double stage boost-buck inverter and single stage Z-source converter, as a single phase PV grid connected transformer-less power conditioner is presented. The reduction of the component cost is a research goal in PV grid connected systems. The omission of the isolation transformer, and the usage of a single-stage Z-source inverter, helps to develop a cost-effective PV-PCU. In addition, the optimum modulation method for each converter is proposed. The performances of both topologies are investigated. The energy storage elements and the efficiency of the converters are compared.


Two cases are presented wherein the main flow pattern in sand traps changes considerably as a function of discretization scheme, grid resolution and turbulence model. Both cases involve channel flows directed into a desilting basin, where the main current changes from one part of the geometry to the other. The CFD computations are validated with field or laboratory measurements. The first case presented is one of the sand traps of Khimti hydro power plant in Nepal. According to the laboratory measurements, the recirculation zone for this case is close to the bed, with the main current following the water surface. This is reproduced by the numerical model when using a first-order upwind scheme. Using a second-order upwind scheme, the main current is close to the bed, and the recirculation is formed at the surface. The second case is one of the sand traps of Tonstad hydro power plant in Norway. CFD computations predict the main flow field to follow the right or the left sides or the centre of the expansion region, depending on the discretization scheme, grid resolution and turbulence model. Field measurements show that the main current follows the centre of the expansion zone.


Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has become the most widely used planarization technology in the metal and hard-brittle crystal substrate manufacturing process. In this paper, the distinguish method of lubricating behavior in CMP had been analyzed in theory firstly. Then, the tests of CMP with silicon wafer and deposited copper wafer at different polishing pressure had been done. By the test results, the Stribeck curves obtained showed obvious smooth. But in normal CMP conditions, the friction coefficient of polishing area was above 0.1. By analyzing the experimental results, it was concluded that the lubrication state in CMP interface is belong to the boundary lubrication and the material removal is the process of bringing and removed of the chemical reaction boundary lubricating film on hard-brittle crystal substrate surface constantly. The contact form between the workpiece and the polishing pad is the solid-solid contact. These results will provide theoretical guide to further understand the material removal mechanism of in hard-brittle crystal substrate CMP.


Current epidemiologic data suggest that a possible infectious and contagious microbial agent is responsible for the recent outbreak of Kaposi's sarcoma and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome affecting young homosexual men. In this histopathologic study, rare foci of acid-fast, and Giemsa-stained coccoid forms, and more rare foci of Gram-variable coccoid forms, were observed within the microscopic skin biopsy specimens from two young homosexual men with Kaposi's sarcoma. These findings, in addition to other previously reported histopathologic findings of similar bacteria in vivo in "typical" cases of Kaposi's sarcoma occurring in elderly Jewish men, suggest that bacteria may be implicated in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma.


In his article "Do Medieval and Renaissance Androids Presage the Posthuman?" Kevin LaGrandeur analyzes the relationships between literary images of artificial humans associated with medieval alchemists and alchemy, their modified reemergence in the Renaissance, and how such androids may forecast the idea of a posthuman subjectivity that is connected with their present-day descendents. For example, the talking brass heads in Robert Greene's two Renaissance plays, The Honorable History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay and Alphonsus, Prince of Aragon have their roots in Arabic sources, and the former derives specifically from legends concerning the thirteenth-century alchemist and philosopher Roger Bacon. These early instances of the artificial anthropoid also anticipate, in a broad sense, the kinds of philosophical issues regarding subjectivity that cyborgs bring up for our "posthuman" society. The literature of the earlier era also represents a fear that humans will be diminished-all of the creators in the fictional literature examined are in danger of losing control of their creations, and thus of having their agency called into dispute. Kevin LaGrandeur, "Do Medieval and Renaissance Androids Presage the Posthuman?" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 12.3 (2010):


PURPOSE
To describe the percutaneous treatment of a ruptured renal artery aneurysm (RAA) using a stent-graft.

CASE REPORT
An 86-year-old woman had sudden onset of right-sided back pain and a swollen left leg. Computed tomography disclosed a right retroperitoneal mass involving the kidney; the inferior vena cava was compressed, with thrombus in the left common iliac artery. There was a suggestion of RAA associated with contrast extravasation. Angiography confirmed a saccular aneurysm of the distal right main renal artery immediately proximal to the first segmental branch. A Jostent peripheral stent-graft was implanted with complete exclusion of the lesion. At 6-month follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic, but there was a suggestion of in-stent restenosis, which is being followed closely.

CONCLUSIONS
In elderly patients who are hemodynamically stable and have aneurysm anatomy that is suitable for stent-graft placement, the endovascular approach may allow rapid and definitive treatment of the hemorrhage.


At some seminaries the question of who is more effective teaching library research is an open question.  There are two camps of thought: (1) that the program faculty member is more effective in providing library research instruction as he or she is intimately engaged in the subject of the course(s), or (2) that the theological librarian is more effective in providing library research instruction as he or she is more familiar with the scope of resources that are available, as well as how to obtain "hard to get" resources. What began as a librarian's interest in determining the extent to which Doctor of Ministry (DMin) students begin their research using Google, resulted in the development of a survey.  Given the interesting results returned from the first survey in fall of 2008, the survey was conducted again in the fall of 2011.  The results of the comparative data led to the discovery of some useful data that will be used to adjust future instruction sessions for DMin students.  The results of the surveys indicated that the instruction provided by the theological librarian was more effective as students were more prepared to obtain and use resources most likely to provide the best information for course projects. Additionally, following the instruction of library research skills by the librarian (2011 survey), DMin students were more likely to begin the search process for information resources using university provided catalogs and databases than what was reported in the 2008 survey. The responses to the two surveys piqued interest regarding both eBook use during the research process and the reduction of research frustration to be addressed in a follow-up survey to be given in 2014, results of which we hope to report in a future article.


During the last forty years, Hans Eysenck's brilliant contribution to knowledge has beenwell-known world-wide. From its early transmission, his work has not been without itscritics. Naturally, criticisms persist, although his work continues to be frequentlyacknowledged with great admiration in the channels of psychology. With such prolificwork, it would seem justified to consider the discrepancies, the omissions, together withthe various interpretations which have been and are currently being highlighted.


Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which is expressed in several cancer types, is a potential target for specific immunotherapy. HLA‐A24 is the most frequent allele among Japanese and is also frequently present in Asians and Caucasians. We tested CEA‐encoded HLA‐A24 binding peptides for their capacity to elicit anti‐tumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro. For this purpose, we used CD8+ T lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of a healthy donor and autologous peptide‐pulsed dendritic cells as antigen‐presenting cells. This approach enabled us to identify 2 peptides, QYSWFVNGTF and TYACFVSNL, which were capable of eliciting CTL lines that lysed tumor cells expressing HLA‐A24 and CEA. The cytotoxicity to tumor cells by the CTL lines was antigen‐specific since it was inhibited by peptide‐pulsed cold target cells as well as by anti‐class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The antigen specificity of the 2 CTL lines was examined using several tumor cell lines of various origins and for their peptide‐dose responses. The identification of these novel CEA epitopes for CTL offers the opportunity to design and develop epitope‐based immunotherapeutic approaches for treating HLA‐A24+ patients with tumors that express CEA. Int. J. Cancer 80:92–97, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


One of the ways in which transnational medical agencies (TMAs) such as Medicins Sans Frontieres aim to increase the access of the global poor to health services is by supplying medical aid to people who need it in developing countries. The moral imperative supporting such work is clear enough, but a variety of factors can make such work difficult. One of those factors is the wrongdoing of other agents and agencies. For as a result of such wrongdoing, the attempt to supply medical aid can sometimes lead to significant negative effects. What should TMAs do in such situations? On one view, TMAs should take account of any negative effects arising from the wrongdoing of others in just the same way in which they take account of negative effects arising more directly from their own actions, or from natural forces. To many people, this view seems wrong. In this paper, I articulate and discuss several different reasons why one might think this. In doing so, I hope to contribute to a debate about the more general question of how TMAs should respond to the wrongdoing of others.


Trade Mark East Africa (TMEA) launched its standards harmonization project in 2011 to help businesses cut costs associated with the different standards in force across the East African community (EAC). The first phase of the project will come to an end in June 2017. This project stemmed from the importance of standards development for regional integration and has been done through supporting the national bureaus of standards in achieving regional harmonization. Product standards have a significant impact on trade in goods within the EAC while non-harmonized standards continue to interrupt the smooth flow of goods in the region. This smart lessons describe the challenges to the harmonization process and how the project's successful implementation is boosting trade within the region.


Palygorskite and sepiolite are fibrous clays that occur mostly in agricultural soils of arid regions. Although many investigations have examined the environmental conditions for the formation and stability of these clays, information on the transformation of these clays in the root zone (or rhizosphere) of agricultural crops is limited. In this study, changes in palygorskite and sepiolite within the rhizosphere of selected agricultural crops were determined and the ability of plants to extract Mg from these minerals compared. Alfalfa, barley, and canola were cultivated in pots under controlled conditions in a growth chamber using growth media that consisted of a mixture of Ottawa sand and clay-sized Florida palygorskite (PFl-1) or Spanish sepiolite (SepSp-1). After 100 days of cultivation, the biomass of plant roots and shoots were determined and Mg uptake measured by inductively coupled plasma analysis of the plant biomass after microwave oven digestion. The clay fraction in each pot was separated from the sand and analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD reflection at 0.718 nm clearly indicated kaolinite in the rhizosphere after growth of the three crops. Furthermore, hexagonal kaolinite particles were observed, using TEM, and the amount of Mg extracted by the three crops was significantly greater for sepiolite than for palygorskite. Palygorskite and sepiolite kaolinization in the rhizosphere was apparently due: (1) to high acidity in the rhizosphere caused by root activity and organic matter decomposition; and (2) to fibrous clay destabilization caused by Mg uptake by plants. This study shows that kaolinite in agricultural soils of arid and semi-arid regions might be partly due to neoformation after fibrous clay dissolution and not entirely inherited from parent materials, as has been suggested in earlier literature.


We studied DNA methylation in blood to try and predict who was at risk of gastric cancer before symptoms developed, by which stage survival is poor. We did not find any such markers, but the importance of early diagnosis in gastric cancer remains, and the search for markers continues. DNA methylation in peripheral blood is a potential biomarker of gastric cancer risk which could be used for early detection. We conducted a prospective case–control study nested within the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Genomic DNA was prepared from blood samples collected a median of 12 years before diagnosis for cases (N = 168). Controls (N = 163) were matched to cases on sex, year of birth, country of birth, and blood sample type using incidence density sampling. Genome-wide DNA methylation was measured using the Infinium HumanMethylation450K Beadchip. Global measures of DNA methylation were defined as the median methylation M value, calculated for each of 13 CpG subsets representing genomic function, mean methylation and location, and reliability of measurement. Conditional logistic regression was conducted to assess associations between these global measures of methylation and gastric cancer risk, adjusting for Helicobacter pylori and other potential confounders. We tested nonlinear associations using quintiles of the global measure distribution. A genome-wide association study of DNA methylation and gastric cancer risk was also conducted (N = 484,989 CpGs) using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Differentially methylated regions (DMR) were investigated using the R package DMRcate. We found no evidence of associations with gastric cancer risk for individual CpGs or DMRs (P > 7.6 × 10−6). No evidence of association was observed with global measures of methylation (OR 1.07 per SD of overall median methylation; 95% confidence interval, 0.80–1.44; P = 0.65). We found no evidence that blood DNA methylation is prospectively associated with gastric cancer risk. Prevention Relevance: We studied DNA methylation in blood to try and predict who was at risk of gastric cancer before symptoms developed, by which stage survival is poor. We did not find any such markers, but the importance of early diagnosis in gastric cancer remains, and the search for markers continues.


ABSTRACT Previous results suggested that the chitin ring present at the yeast mother-bud neck, which is linked specifically to the nonreducing ends of β(1-3)glucan, may help to suppress cell wall growth at the neck by competing with β(1-6)glucan and thereby with mannoproteins for their attachment to the same sites. Here we explored whether the linkage of chitin to β(1-3)glucan may also prevent the remodeling of this polysaccharide that would be necessary for cell wall growth. By a novel mild procedure, β(1-3)glucan was isolated from cell walls, solubilized by carboxymethylation, and fractionated by size exclusion chromatography, giving rise to a very high-molecular-weight peak and to highly polydisperse material. The latter material, soluble in alkali, may correspond to glucan being remodeled, whereas the large-size fraction would be the final cross-linked structural product. In fact, the β(1-3)glucan of buds, where growth occurs, is solubilized by alkali. A gas1 mutant with an expected defect in glucan elongation showed a large increase in the polydisperse fraction. By a procedure involving sodium hydroxide treatment, carboxymethylation, fractionation by affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin-agarose, and fractionation by size chromatography on Sephacryl columns, it was shown that the β(1-3)glucan attached to chitin consists mostly of high-molecular-weight material. Therefore, it appears that linkage to chitin results in a polysaccharide that cannot be further remodeled and does not contribute to growth at the neck. In the course of these experiments, the new finding was made that part of the chitin forms a noncovalent complex with β(1-3)glucan.


Responsible innovation in artificial intelligence (AI) calls for public deliberation: well-informed "deep democratic" debate that involves actors from the public, private, and civil society sectors in joint efforts to critically address the goals and means of AI. Adopting such an approach constitutes a challenge, however, due to the opacity of AI and strong knowledge boundaries between experts and citizens. This undermines trust in AI and undercuts key conditions for deliberation. We approach this challenge as a problem of situating the knowledge of actors from the AI industry within a deliberative system. We develop a new framework of responsibilities for AI innovation as well as a deliberative governance approach for enacting these responsibilities. In elucidating this approach, we show how actors from the AI industry can most effectively engage with experts and nonexperts in different social venues to facilitate well-informed judgments on opaque AI systems and thus effectuate their democratic governance.


In this paper, we examine the Swedish horse-related industry in terms of entrepreneurship and gender. Based on reports of the industry, a mapping of the entire sector (N= 7504) and a questionnaire (N=520) we find that the industry is portrayed as female gendered, but dominated by men. However, we also find evidence that the industry is changing gender, as women dominate among younger entrepreneurs. The strongest motives for the horse-related entrepreneurs (regardless of gender) are realizing a dream and being able to combine interest with work. We also found that entrepreneurs in this industry mainly network inside the industry.


This article is based upon a qualitative research study conducted at six teacher education institutions of three provinces in Pakistan. The curriculum reform in teacher education was initiated by the centralized body of Higher Education Commission and USAID. The Researcher has adopted an ethnographic approach to conduct a detailed interpretive analysis of the enacted curriculum that was a result of this reform intervention. This article only brings out the hopes and fears shared by the teacher educators and two experts of teacher education who were involved in the planning and implementation of the new curriculum of Associate Degree in Education and B.Ed honors.


The proposed Long Baseline Neutrino Observatory (LBNO) initially consists of $\sim 20$ kton liquid double phase TPC complemented by a magnetised iron calorimeter, to be installed at the Pyh\"asalmi mine, at a distance of 2300 km from CERN. The conventional neutrino beam is produced by 400 GeV protons accelerated at the SPS accelerator delivering 700 kW of power. The long baseline provides a unique opportunity to study neutrino flavour oscillations over their 1st and 2nd oscillation maxima exploring the $L/E$ behaviour, and distinguishing effects arising from $\delta_{CP}$ and matter. In this paper we show how this comprehensive physics case can be further enhanced and complemented if a neutrino beam produced at the Protvino IHEP accelerator complex, at a distance of 1160 km, and with modest power of 450 kW is aimed towards the same far detectors. We show that the coupling of two independent sub-MW conventional neutrino and antineutrino beams at different baselines from CERN and Protvino will allow to measure CP violation in the leptonic sector at a confidence level of at least $3\sigma$ for 50\% of the true values of $\delta_{CP}$ with a 20 kton detector. With a far detector of 70 kton, the combination allows a $3\sigma$ sensitivity for 75\% of the true values of $\delta_{CP}$ after 10 years of running. Running two independent neutrino beams, each at a power below 1 MW, is more within today's state of the art than the long-term operation of a new single high-energy multi-MW facility, which has several technical challenges and will likely require a learning curve.


Despite the growing importance of prebiotics in nutrition and gastroenterology, their structural variety is currently still very limited. The lack of straightforward procedures to gain new products in sufficient amounts often hampers application testing and further development. Although the enzyme sucrose phosphorylase can be used to produce the rare disaccharide kojibiose (α-1,2-glucobiose) from the bulk sugars sucrose and glucose, the target compound is only a side product that is difficult to isolate. Accordingly, for this biocatalyst to become economically attractive, the formation of other glucobioses should be avoided and therefore we applied semi-rational mutagenesis and low-throughput screening, which resulted in a double mutant (L341I_Q345S) with a selectivity of 95% for kojibiose. That way, an efficient and scalable production process with a yield of 74% could be established, and with a simple yeast treatment and crystallization step over a hundred grams of highly pure kojibiose (>99.5%) was obtained.


Many models proposed in the literature to describe low-voltage power distribution networks in consumer premises as communication media require knowledge of the electrical parameters of the cables comprising these networks. These parameters are nevertheless affected by a large number of factors which may vary greatly from case to case, making it thus very difficult to achieve an exact estimation about them. In this work, a study of the electrical parameters of two cable types widely used in residential low-voltage power distribution networks is presented. Moreover, a finite-element approach is used for the verification of the results of the theoretical model concerning the series impedance per unit length of the cable type under study with respect to its normal operational conditions


The Association between Bone Mineral Density, Lifestyle Factors, and Body Composition in a Fit College Population Jamie Ann Ruffing The aim of this dissertation was to explore the determinants of bone mineral density and weight change in a fit, college-aged population. Specifically, this dissertation is a series of four papers that examined the determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) at multiple skeletal sites in men and women at college entrance, BMD differences related to prior participation in sports, and lastly, weight changes in women during four years at university. The subjects were 891 students, 755 males and 136 females of various racial backgrounds, entering one class at the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point. This was a unique population because these college students are healthier, fitter and engage in more positive health behaviors than other college populations. The data for these papers came from a larger Department of Defense funded prospective study examining longitudinal changes in BMD and the risk factors for stress fractures. Upon arrival at USMA, a baseline questionnaire assessed prior exercise frequency, consumption of milk and other high calcium foods, caffeine and alcohol consumption, as well as tobacco and oral contraceptive use. Annual surveys assessed diet, menstrual function and contraceptive use. Academy staff measured height, weight and fitness annually. Varsity level sport specific information was collected from high school applications to assess skeletal differences in BMD associated with prior sport participation. Calcaneal BMD was measured by peripheral dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (pDXA). Peripheral-quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was used to measure tibial bone density, circumference and cortical thickness. Spine and hip BMD were measured in all women and a subset of male cadets. Body composition was assessed using bio-electrical impedance. The Eating Disorder Inventory-2 was given to all participants in their final year of university to assess eating behaviors. Baseline BMD was approximately one standard deviation above young normal at the calcaneus and hip. There were significant gender and racial differences in baseline BMD at multiple skeletal sites. African American men had significantly higher hip, spine and heel BMD and greater tibial mineral content and cortical thickness than Caucasians and Asians men. Similarly, African American women had significantly higher calcaneal and spine BMD than Caucasians. Higher caffeine intake in men had a deleterious effect on BMD. Oral contraceptive use in women was associated with reduced BMD and bone size. Women who had approximately normal menstrual cycles evidenced higher BMD at all sites, greater tibial mineral content and tibial cortical thickness as compared to those who had 9 or less menstrual cycles in the year prior to entry. Sport specific differences in BMD were apparent. Prior participants of high loading sports (football) had significantly more BMD at multiple sites while participants in non-loading sports (swimming) had less BMD as compared to participants in other sports, even after controlling for body mass index (BMI). During their four years at university, the Caucasian women studied had small but significant weight, body fat and BMI increases, while fitness scores also significantly increased. Younger age of menarche was associated with increased body fat at graduation. The use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate was positively associated with a change in body fat at graduation. A number of measures of eating disorders, including a sense of ineffectiveness, body dissatisfaction, interpersonal distrust and maturity fears, were associated with graduation weight, body composition, BMI and changes in these variables during the four years at university. The most significant predictors of graduation weight and change in weight were better performance on the standardized fitness test and entry weight. There was a small subset of women studied who gained weight, but not body fat. This study on weight change demonstrated that weight gain is a complex social, physical and psychological issue that can impact collegeaged women. Both osteoporosis and obesity are life course diseases that may be influenced by existing behaviors in youth and those acquired in university. Therefore, studying the determinants of BMD and weight change in this population may help public health educators determine strategies that could positively influence the current obesity and osteoporosis epidemics.


The relationship between the efficiency of the neutralization process and the affinity of five monoclonal IgG antibodies specific for the haemagglutinin of type A influenza virus has been investigated by determining their neutralization rate constants (Kneut.) and affinities (Kdissoc.). We addressed the hypothesis that if antibody affinity alone determined the efficiency of neutralization, then the Kneut.:Kdissoc. ratio would be the same for all antibodies. However, we found that the Kneut.:Kdissoc. ratio varied by up to 125-fold, suggesting that properties unique to the epitope are of major importance in determining the efficiency of neutralization. These data suggest that vaccines should preferentially stimulate antibodies to epitopes that mediate the most efficient neutralization, and that a high Kdissoc. should be an important but secondary consideration.


Although Coffea arabica L. is not particularly sensitive to Al toxicity, the species presents different tolerance among varieties. The varieties previously classified as sensitive, Catimor (232T15-PN- UFV 3880), moderately tolerant, Catuai 99 (IAC 99) and Catuai Vermelho (IAC 15), and tolerant, Icatu (IAC 4045), were evaluated under field conditions. They were subjected to four limestone levels: 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 times the limestone requirement (LR) calculated by the base saturation method, considering 70% as the saturation reference value. The shoot and root growth were evaluated after 23 and 34 months, respectively, and the concentrations of Ca, Mn, Zn and Cu in the leaf tissues after 34 months. The shoot development of the variety 'UFV 3880' was not affected by liming levels. For roots development, limestone doses from ranging 0.74 to 0.84 LR, provided the largest concentrations of Ca in the foliar tissues. 'IAC 99' presented the best shoot development with limestone doses from 0.25 to 0.54 LR, and the best root development with doses from 0.33 to 0.40 LR. 'IAC 15' had a linear increase of root length and root specific surface with the increase of the limestone doses, which caused root thinning and elongation. This suggests that this variety is more sensitive to soil Al saturation than the other tested varieties. The 'IAC 4045' presented the best shoot and root development with liming ranging from 1.06 to 1.14 LR. It seems that other soil constraints, such as Mn content, impaired this variety development in lower limestone doses. Aluminum soil saturation up to 30 % in the superficial soil layer did not interfere in the development of the roots and shoots of the tested varieties.


Kenya has been experiencing low export growth rate in general and agricultural exports in particular and yet an increase in agricultural crop exports can contribute significantly to economic growth and improve the citizen's welfare. This study investigated the determinants of agricultural crop exports supply for Kenya over the period 1963-2012. Annual time series data were collected from Kenya's Statistical Abstracts and the IMF's International Financial Statistics (IFS). A disequilibrium model of agricultural crop export was used. The regression results showed that the real exchange rate was a significant determinant of tea, pyrethrum and horticulture exports but not of coffee export. Productive capacity as proxied by GDP was found to be a significant in determining coffee, tea and aggregate exports. El-Nino rainfall, as captured by a dummy, was significant for coffee exports, while trade liberalization, also captured by a dummy was only significant in determining pyrethrum exports.


AIM
To evaluate the use of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) for qualitative and quantitative analysis of root canal anatomy and for assessing the extent of canal enlargement during root canal instrumentation.

SUMMARY
The volume variation achieved by S1 ProTaper instruments in the coronal third of the root canals was analysed using peripheral computed tomography. The tooth was scanned in the horizontal plane producing 36 consecutive cross-sectional images. All images were the result of 360 projections with a section thickness of 250 microm, a distance between slices of 0.5 mm and an in-plane pixel size of 70 x 70 microm. The evaluation was completed before and after S1 ProTaper instrumentation (with or without circumferential filing) of one root canal of a freshly extracted maxillary first premolar tooth. The acquired images were realigned geometrically and processed using a 3D visualization software. pQCT scanning allowed 3D reconstruction of the root canal anatomy and the assessment of the extent of canal enlargement during root canal instrumentation with lateral displacement of canal walls and hence volume change being greater than the coefficient of variation. The densitometry evaluation showed uniform density along the root canal wall.

KEY LEARNING POINTS
* pQCT scanning allowed 3D reconstruction of the root canal anatomy and the assessment of the extent of canal enlargement during root canal instrumentation. * pQCT shows promise for allowing qualitative and quantitative analysis of endodontic procedures.


Many service firms require frontline service employees (FLEs) to follow routines and standardized operating procedures during the service encounter, to deliver consistently high service standards. However, to create superior, pleasurable experiences for customers, featuring both helpful services and novel approaches to meeting their needs, firms in various sectors also have begun to encourage FLEs to engage in more innovative service behaviors. This study therefore investigates a new and complementary route to customer loyalty, beyond the conventional service-profit chain, that moves through FLEs' innovative service behavior. Drawing on conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study introduces a resource gain spiral at the service encounter, which runs from FLEs' emotional job engagement to innovative service behavior, and then leads to customer delight and finally customer loyalty. In accordance with COR theory, the proposed model also includes factors that might hinder (customer aggression, underemployment) or foster (colleague support, supervisor support) FLEs' resource gain spiral. A multilevel analysis of a large-scale, dyadic data set that contains responses from both FLEs and customers in multiple industries strongly supports the proposed resource gain spiral as a complementary route to customer loyalty. The positive emotional job engagement-innovative service behavior relationship is undermined by customer aggression and underemployment, as hypothesized. Surprisingly though, and contrary to the hypotheses, colleague and supervisor support do not seem to foster FLEs' resource gain spiral. Instead, colleague support weakens the engagement-innovative service behavior relationship, and supervisor support does not affect it. These results indicate that if FLEs can solicit resources from other sources, they may not need to invest as many of their individual resources. In particular, colleague support even appears to serve as a substitute for FLEs' individual resource investments in the resource gain spiral.


Low cost methodologies of resistor fabrications are needed for cost effective embedding of resistors into polymeric substrates. Polymer thick film resistors (PTFRs) are low temperature processable, low cost resistors with a wide resistivity range. The electrical resistance variation of these resistors is in the range of around plusmn20% after deposition and trimming procedure is employed to tune the resistances to meet specifications. This adds to the cost and complicates the fabrication process when the resistors are embedded. In this study, the influences of PTFRs geometries on the resistance tolerances were investigated. Results indicated that the resistance accuracy of stencil printed resistors was markedly higher than that of the screen-printed resistors. The screen-printed resistor edge geometries were observed to be rough. Finite element method analyses revealed that the resistance tolerances were associated with edge roughness. Remedies to reduced variations were proposed and the relationship between resistance tolerances and aperture orientations was also outlined


Accurate hydrological information is of paramount importance in a dry country such as South Africa. Flow measurements in rivers are complicated by the high variability of flows as well as by sediment loads and debris. It has been found necessary to modify and even substitute certain internationally accepted gauging station designs to overcome practical problems and to improve accuracies. Part 1 of this paper concentrated on the attributes of different types of gauging structures and provided guidance on the design criteria applicable for selected structures. Part 2 of this paper in 2 parts contains information required to rate or calibrate the gauging structures that are most likely to be selected in the foreseeable future: • Crump weirs • Sharp-crested weirs • Sluicing flumes. This paper and its linked predecessor reflect the lessons that have been learnt by DWAF and other South African organisations and should be of value to others who have to perform flow measurements under similar conditions. The problems associated with the use of compound weir structures to gauge discharge and techniques that may be used to overcome some of these problems are also discussed.


OBJECTIVES
We examined the effect of an intervention to provide caloric information about sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on the number of SSB purchases.

METHODS
We used a case-crossover design with 4 corner stores located in low-income, predominately Black neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. The intervention randomly posted 1 of 3 signs with the following caloric information: (1) absolute caloric count, (2) percentage of total recommended daily intake, and (3) physical activity equivalent. We collected data for 1600 beverage sales by Black adolescents, aged 12-18 years, including 400 during a baseline period and 400 for each of the 3 caloric condition interventions.

RESULTS
Providing Black adolescents with any caloric information significantly reduced the odds of SSB purchases relative to the baseline (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36, 0.89). When examining the 3 caloric conditions separately, the significant effect was observed when caloric information was provided as a physical activity equivalent (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.85).

CONCLUSIONS
Providing easily understandable caloric information--particularly a physical activity equivalent--may reduce calorie intake from SSBs among low-income, Black adolescents.


The aetiology of autism is unknown, although multiple research into the identification of factors involved in certain periods of gestation has been conducted in epidemiological research centers over the last 40 years. Currently, it is considered that the mechanism underlyng the development of autistic spectrum disorders is most likely polygenic and environmental factos can interact with genetic factors to increase the risk. Although the neuropathological mechanism are described evasively, the studies have shown that there are macroscopic, microscopic and functional abnormalities in the brain of these childrens. These different brain abnormalities suggest that the relevant aetiology may be in the pre- and peripartum period or in early childhood. A recent meta-analysis has centralized 60 studies that analized the association between perinatal, neonatal factors and autism. The factors identified as having an increased risk of autism are: folic acid deficiency in the first trimester of pregnancy, Rubella infections during pregnancy, smoking, pregnant women with an increased Body Mass Index, autoimmune thyroid diseases, abnormal presentations, fetal distress, obstetric trauma, multiple births, maternal bledding, birth in the summer, underweight foetuses registered at birth, congenital malformations, meconium aspiration, APGAR score decreased after 5 minutes from birth, neonatal feeding difficulties, neonatal anemia, RH and ABO incompatibility with isoimmunization, hyperbilirubinemia.


This paper looks at the intersection of two growing trends in international development – use of justice in development theory, and use of data in development practice – and asks what data-justice-for-development would mean. The rationale for this can be the presence of current data injustices in developing countries, and different framings for data injustice point to three different mainstream perspectives on data justice: instrumental, procedural, and distributive/rights-based. These three perspectives are explained but they are also subject to small data, sustainability, Senian, and structural critiques. A full understanding of the mainstream perspectives and conceptualisation of the critiques is largely the task of a future research agenda. However, the paper does particularly argue that a structural approach should be the foundation for understanding data justice in a development context. It offers three potential ways to conceptualise structural data justice – through the ideas of Iris Marion Young, of political economy, and of the capability approach – and ends with some thoughts on the practical agenda when seeking to deliver structural data justice for development.


The focus of this thesis was to evaluate the mechanisms whereby myeloma cells develop intrinsic resistance with a focus on resistance in the context of bortezomib treatment. The aims of this thesis were to examine multidrug resistance pumps as a mechanism of resistance in MM, to investigate the contribution of p53 signalling perturbations in resistance mechanism in MM, to study the AMPK pathway as an alternative target to overcome MM resistance and finally to characterise myeloma resistance to bortezomib treatment using 2D-DIGE analysis.
Focussing on bortezomib resistance models, we found that that overexpression of P-gp attenuates bortezomib activity. Bortezomib is a P-gp substrate and a combination of P-gp inhibitor and bortezomib is able to overcome resistance. Bortezomib is also able to downregulate the expression and function of P-gp. Our findings therefore suggest that combination of a P-gp inhibitor and bortezomib in P-gp positive myeloma would be a reasonable treatment combination to extend use of the drug.
We have shown that p53 apoptotic signalling pathways can be accentuated when bortezomib is combined with a Mdm2 inhibitor. In p53 WT cells, nutlin-3 in combination with bortezomib generates additive toxicity in MM cells but is highly synergistic in epithelial models and p53-mutated cell lines. This synergy persists in the presence of BMSCs. This observation has implications more so in epithelial cancers and p53 mutated cancers where single agent bortezomib activity is mild. We have also shown that bortezomib-treated patients who had high expression of nutlin-3-suppressed genes had significantly shorter progression-free (p=0.001, log-rank test) and overall survival (p=0.002, log-rank test) compared to those with low expression levels.
AMPK activation is promising as an anticancer pathway and may also be a chemoprevention target. Metformin and AICAR, which activate this pathway, both have demonstrated useful preclinical anticancer properties and have a good therapeutic index in patients. We explored mechanism of cell death and showed that AICAR was able to activate the apoptotic pathway. These agents also synergise with glycolysis inhibitors to further increase cytotoxicity in cancer cells.
Identification of proteins whose expression is altered in differing states of sensitivity and resistance provides candidates for better understanding of resistance mechanisms so we also investigated bortezomib resistance in cellular models using proteomic techniques and isolated and identified several novel proteins which may play a role in this phenomenon. Our findings are mechanistically consistent since two of the identified proteins Hsp70 and caspase-3 are known in the literature to be affected by bortezomib treatment.


Multi-task dense retrieval models can be used to retrieve documents from a common corpus (e.g., Wikipedia) for different open-domain question-answering (QA) tasks. However, Karpukhin et al. (2020) shows that jointly learning different QA tasks with one dense model is not always beneficial due to corpus inconsistency. For example, SQuAD only focuses on a small set of Wikipedia articles while datasets like NQ and Trivia cover more entries, and joint training on their union can cause performance degradation. To solve this problem, we propose to train individual dense passage retrievers (DPR) for different tasks and aggregate their predictions during test time, where we use uncertainty estimation as weights to in-dicate how probable a specific query belongs to each expert's expertise. Our method reaches state-of-the-art performance on 5 benchmark QA datasets, with up to 10% improvement in top-100 accuracy compared to a joint-training multi-task DPR on SQuAD. We also show that our method handles corpus inconsistency better than the joint-training DPR on a mixed subset of different QA datasets. Code and data are available at https://github.com/ alexlimh/DPR_MUF .


The objectives of the feasibility study were to collect and analyse the information necessary to assess the feasibility of a multi-centric study of adult head and neck tumours (including brain tumours) and mobile telephones. Information was obtained on the availability and accessibility of records from companies, the prevalence of mobile telephone use over time and the expected number of tumour cases in the proposed study regions. The conclusion is that it is feasible to develop a study of the relation hetween mobile telephone use and brain cancer risk. The feasibility of a study of the relation between radiofrequency exposure and cancer risk is, however, unclear at present. It is unknown whether a sufficiently accurate and precise RF exposure gradient can be denved to classify adequately each subject in the proposed study. A study of the relation between mobile telephone use and risk of salivary gland tumours and acoustic neurinomas is probably feasible, but more information is required about the logistic difficulties of ascertaining these cases in the study regions. Two subcommittees have been formed to develop the exposure measurement and epidemiological aspects of the study.


On America's western frontier, myths of prosperity concealed the brutal conditions endured by women, slaves, orphans, and the poor. As poverty and unrest took root in eighteenth-century Kentucky, western lawmakers championed ideas about whiteness, manhood, and patriarchal authority to help stabilize a politically fractious frontier. Honor Sachs combines rigorous scholarship with an engaging narrative to examine how conditions in Kentucky facilitated the expansion of rights for white men in ways that would become a model for citizenship in the country as a whole. Endorsed by many prominent western historians, this groundbreaking work is a major contribution to frontier scholarship.


Exchange of event information among multiple interconnected power system operators has become imperative for integrated and secure operation of the system. Considerable literature is reported on the standardization of power system data, while limited work has been done on the standardization of events. In this paper, we define a high level event ontology for power systems comprising seven concepts, namely, event, event extractor, event consumer, time, measurement, location, and level. These concepts are then developed with details extracted from the operating procedures followed by national and regional load dispatch centers in the Indian national grid. The methodology adopted for designing concrete sub-ontologies from the high level event ontology is also reported. The proposed event ontology has wide applications in the areas of i) event driven architecture (EDA) which facilitates the integration of event driven applications within and across the utilities, and ii) complex event processing (CEP) which facilitates development of sense-and-respond software capable of processing events extracted from large volumes of real-time data streams.


The study aimed to analyze the financial feasibility of luwak coffee agroindustry. The research was conducted at Balik Bukit district of West Lampung Regency. This location was selected purposively. The research used primary and secondary data. The research samples were 2 agro industries which were chosen purposively. The data was collected in Oktober to November 2012. The financial feasibility was analyzed by NPV, IRR, Net B/C, Gross B/C, Payback Period, BEP and sensitivity. The results showed that small and micro agroindustries of luwak coffee at Balik Bukit District of West Lampung Regency were financially feasible and profitable to be developed, the increase of cost and decrease of product's price influenced the luwak coffee agro industries.


This study is a part of a screening project has been dedicated to investigate the antimicrobial and phytochemical constituents of combined plant extracts. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of ethanolic and ethylacetate extracts of Cissus quandrangularis (stem) and Aegle marmelos (fruit pulp) was investigated. The crude extracts were analysed for the presence of some phytochemical constituents. Phytochemical screening of the crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, fat and oils, gums and mucillages and terpenoids. And the extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against certain organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtillis. They showed significant antimicrobial activity against the above mentioned organisms. The zone of inhibition in mm was recorded. Since ancient ages plants have served human beings as a natural source of treatments and therapies amongst them medicinal herbs have gained attention because of its wide use and less side effects. The results lead to the conclusion that the combined extracts of Cissus quadrangularis and Aegle marmelos possesses effective antimicrobial activity.


Children represent 24 percent of the population. Yet, they comprise 34 percent of all people in poverty.1 Among all children, 44 percent live in low-income families and approximately one in every five (21 percent) live in poor families. Our very youngest children, infants and toddlers under age 3, appear to be particularly vulnerable, with 48 percent living in low-income families, including 25 percent living in poor families. Winding up in a low-income or poor family does not happen by chance. There are a range of factors associated with children's experiences of economic insecurity, including race/ethnicity and parents' educational attainment and employment. This fact sheet, which is an update to the series based on the 2010 American Community Survey (ACS), describes the demographic, socio-economic, and geographic characteristics of children and their parents – highlighting the important factors that appear to distinguish low-income and poor children from their less disadvantaged counterparts.


1) The article deals with the issue of live in relationship which is very common these days. However law on this issue is not clear in India. There are many questions that need to be answered. Marriage, whether considered as a contract or sacrament, confers a status of husband and wife on the parties to the marriage, of legitimacy on the children of the marriage, and gives rise to certain spousal mutual rights and obligations of spouses. 2) The objective of this article is to critically analyze the rights guaranteed to female live in partners along with the rights of child born out of such relationships. If live in relationships are recognized prima facie then it may implicitly promote bigamy. The rights of women in live in relationship is not certain, the article focused on the rights of women in such relationship.3) To analyse the socio-legal aspect of Live in relationship4) To study the Judicial approach towards live in relationship5) To study the status of live in relationship in other countries. 6) To make recommendations.


Species occurrence records from a variety of sources are increasingly aggregated into heterogeneous databases and made available to ecologists for immediate analytical use. However, these data are typically biased, i.e. they are not a probability sample of the target population of interest, meaning that the information they provide may not be an accurate reflection of reality. It is therefore crucial that species occurrence data are properly scrutinised before they are used for research. In this article, we introduce occAssess, an R package that enables straightforward screening of species occurrence data for potential biases. The package contains a number of discrete functions, each of which returns a measure of the potential for bias in one or more of the taxonomic, temporal, spatial and environmental dimensions. Users can opt to provide a set of time periods into which the data will be split; in this case separate outputs will be provided for each period, making the package particularly useful for assessing the suitability of a dataset for estimating temporal trends in species' distributions. The outputs are provided visually (as ggplot2 objects) and do not include a formal recommendation as to whether data are of sufficient quality for any given inferential use. Instead, they should be used as ancillary information and viewed in the context of the question that is being asked, and the methods that are being used to answer it. We demonstrate the utility of occAssess by applying it to data on two key pollinator taxa in South America: leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) and hoverflies (Syrphidae). In this worked example, we briefly assess the degree to which various aspects of data coverage appear to have changed over time. We then discuss additional applications of the package, highlight its limitations, and point to future development opportunities.


I've referred to my recent research on legal and normative complexity as the study of 'hybridity and diffusion', the modest investigation of the mixtures and movements of laws and norms, past and present and around the globe. This research must, I argue, be comparative across both space and time, involving comparative law and legal history, among other disciplines and sub-disciplines. The social sciences, especially anthropology and sociology, are particularly important. Because the 'concept of law' — as the debate is normally phrased in Anglophone scholarship — is also implicated, legal philosophy is also essential. I don't claim that my approach is entirely novel, but suggest that it might prove a useful perspective from which to better understand the role that laws and norms play in the daily lives of ordinary people around the world. This short article attempts to briefly lay out the broad outlines of this approach and to encourage similar research through inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary collaboration. It also takes a brief detour to discuss the Western 'folk concept' of law. My intention is not to erect a new terminology or taxonomy, but to sketch a rough, conceptual map that allows scholars to better understand both legal and normative practices. I want to create a kind of descriptive, critical and constructive, 'deep focus', as that term is used in photography and cinema, where clarity in depth is achieved through significant light and sustained focus.


Much work has been done in the area of data access and integration using various data mapping, matching, and loading techniques. One of the main concerns when integrating data from heterogeneous data sources is data redundancy. The concern is mainly due to the different business contexts and purposes from which the data systems were originally built. A common process for accessing data from integrated databases involves the use of each data source's own catalogue or metadata schema. In this article, the authors take the view that there is a greater chance of data inconsistencies, such as data redundancies when integrating them within a grid environment as compared to traditional distributed paradigms. The importance of improving the data search and matching process is briefly discussed, and a partial service oriented generic strategy is adopted to consolidate distinct catalogue schemas of federated databases to access information seamlessly. To this end, a proposed matching strategy between structure objects and data values across federated databases in a grid environment is presented.


Language is ordered in time and an incremental processing system encounters temporary ambiguity in the middle of sentence comprehension. An optimal incremental processing system must solve two computational problems: On the one hand, it has to keep multiple possible interpretations without choosing one over the others. On the other hand, it must reject interpretations inconsistent with context. We propose a recurrent neural network model of incremental processing that does stochastic optimization of a set of soft, local constraints to build a globally coherent structure successfully. Bifurcation analysis of the model makes clear when and why the model parses a sentence successfully and when and why it does not— the garden path and local coherence effects are discussed. Our model provides neurally plausible solutions of the computational problems arising in incremental processing


Purpose: To design a dedicated x-ray cone-beam CT (CBCT) system suitable to deployment at the point-of-care and offering reliable detection of acute intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and other head and neck injuries. Methods: A comprehensive task-based image quality model was developed to guide system design and optimization of a prototype head scanner suitable to imaging of acute TBI and ICH. Previously reported models were expanded to include the effects of x-ray scatter correction necessary for detection of low contrast ICH and the contribution of bit depth (digitization noise) to imaging performance. Task-based detectablity index provided the objective function for optimization of system geometry, x-ray source, detector type, anti-scatter grid, and technique at 10–25 mGy dose. Optimal characteristics were experimentally validated using a custom head phantom with 50 HU contrast ICH inserts imaged on a CBCT imaging bench allowing variation of system geometry, focal spot size, detector, grid selection, and x-ray technique. Results: The model guided selection of system geometry with a nominal source-detector distance 1100 mm and optimal magnification of 1.50. Focal spot size ∼0.6 mm was sufficient for spatial resolution requirements in ICH detection. Imaging at 90 kVp yielded the best tradeoff between noise and contrast. The model provided quantitation of tradeoffs between flat-panel and CMOS detectors with respect to electronic noise, field of view, and readout speed required for imaging of ICH. An anti-scatter grid was shown to provide modest benefit in conjunction with post-acquisition scatter correction. Images of the head phantom demonstrate visualization of millimeter-scale simulated ICH. Conclusions: Performance consistent with acute TBI and ICH detection is feasible with model-based system design and robust artifact correction in a dedicated head CBCT system. Further improvements can be achieved with incorporation of model-based iterative reconstruction techniques also within the scope of the task-based optimization framework. David Foos and Xiaohui Wang are employees of Carestream Health


Introduction: Although disseminated infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) implies a major failure in the immune response, most patients with disseminated TB have no identifiable cause of immunodeficiency. Th2 inflammation, associated with asthma and allergy, inhibits Th1 and Th17 responses, both necessary for effective immune responses to TB. Th2 inflammation is known associated with disseminated Cryptococcal and Histoplasmosa infections. We therefore reviewed our cohort of HIV negative patients with disseminated TB for asthma or blood eosinophilia as a biomarker of unsuppressed Th2 inflammation. Methods: Our TB Registry was examined for cases of disseminated TB at Royal London and Newham Hospitals over the last 5 years. Full blood counts (with eosinophil counts) preceding diagnosis and commencement of anti-TB therapy were recorded, along with history of asthma or steroid therapy. Results: Full blood counts preceding anti-TB therapy were available in 31 patients with miliary/disseminated TB. 24 had undetectable eosinophils and only 3 a low-grade eosinophilia (0.4-0.5). 2 patients had asthma. 2 patients were on inhaled steroids (and 1 on oral steroids). Conclusion: We could find no evidence of frequent asthma or heightened Th2 immunity (high blood eosinophils) in disseminated TB. It is possible that measuring blood counts at time of presentation is too late to detect any eosinophilia present earlier when they first acquired TB and failed to mount an early effective immune response. The eosinopaenia in these patients may reflect Th1 immune responses suppressing Th2 responses, and there is limited evidence that BCG vaccination may be able to suppress asthmatic inflammation.


When evaluating the validity of a study, the reader must consider both the clinical and statistical significance of the findings. A study that claims clinical relevance may lack sufficient statistical significance to make a meaningful statement. Conversely, a study that shows a statistically significant difference in 2 treatment options may lack practicality. The concept of power of a clinical trial refers to the probability of detecting a difference between study groups when a true difference exists. We will discuss statistical power by examining studies too small to identify important differences, studies so large as to identify differences that are not clinically significant, difficult-to-design studies without very large patient populations, and those studies with both adequate power and clinically relevant findings. Dermatologists should not focus on small P values alone to decide whether a treatment is clinically useful; it is essential to consider the magnitude of treatment differences and the power of the study.


In this paper, the virtual prototype technology is used for the analyzing and optimizing high voltage breaker actuator's cam machine. While the high voltage breaker closing, the moving contactor can have the perfect dynamic property by the optimal data. The contactor's dynamic property curve should be in line with perfect dynamic property curve. The velocity curve can be gotten by analyzing virtual prototype. According to the theory of high voltage breaker's dynamic property, a smooth voltage curve can be fitted. This fitting curve as the perfect voltage curve can be used for optimizing the cam machine. Supposing other work condition is invariable, the key points on cam profile which decide the dynamic property of the cam machine are analyzed. The coordinates of the key points are optimized and the cam profile is amended. Analyzing the dynamic property of the breaker's virtual prototype with the amended cam machine, the contactor's dynamic property curve is perfect. In this paper, the optimal coordinates of the key points are used on the cam profile, and the high voltage breaker actuator's cam machine is optimal.


An alternative interaction method, called the circling interface, was developed and evaluated for individuals with disabilities who find it difficult or impossible to consistently and efficiently perform pointing operations involving the left and right mouse buttons. The circling interface is a gesture-based interaction technique. To specify a target of interest, the user makes a circling motion around the target. To specify a desired pointing command with the circling interface, each edge of the screen is used. The user selects a command before circling the target. Empirical evaluations were conducted with human subjects from three different groups (individuals without disability, individuals with spinal cord injury, and individuals with cerebral palsy), comparing each group's performance on pointing tasks with the circling interface to performance on the same tasks when using a mouse button or dwell-clicking software. Across all three groups, the circling interface was faster than the dwelling interface (although the difference was not statistically significant). For the single-click operation, the circling interface was slower than dwell selection, but for both double-click and drag-and-drop operations, the circling interface was faster. In terms of performance accuracy, the results were mixed: for able-bodied subjects circling was more accurate than dwelling, for subjects with SCI dwelling was more accurate than circling, and for subjects with CP there was no difference. However, if errors caused by circling on an area with no target or by ignoring circles that are too small or too fast were automatically corrected by the circling interface, the performance accuracy of the circling interface would significantly outperform dwell selection. This suggests that the circling interface can be used in conjunction with existing pointing techniques and this combined approach may provide more effective mouse use for people with pointing problems. Consequently, the circling interface can improve clinical practice by providing an alternative pointing method that does not require physically activating mouse buttons and is more efficient than dwell-clicking. It is also expected to be useful for both computer access and augmentative communication software.


Follicular lymphoma (FL), the second most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the western world, is characterized by the t(14;18) translocation, which is present in up to 90% of cases. We studied 277 lymphoma samples (198 FL and 79 transformed FL [tFL]) using a single-nucleotide polymorphism array to identify the secondary chromosomal abnormalities that drive the development of FL and its transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Common recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in FL included gains of 2, 5, 7, 6p, 8, 12, 17q, 18, 21, and X and losses on 6q and 17p. We also observed many frequent small abnormalities, including losses of 1p36.33-p36.31, 6q23.3-q24.1, and 10q23.1-q25.1 and gains of 2p16.1-p15, 8q24.13-q24.3, and 12q12-q13.13, and identified candidate genes that may be driving this selection. Recurrent abnormalities more frequent in tFL samples included gains of 3q27.3-q28 and chromosome 11 and losses of 9p21.3 and 15q. Four abnormalities, gain of X or Xp and losses of 6q23.2-24.1 or 6q13-15, predicted overall survival. Abnormalities associated with transformation of the disease likely impair immune surveillance, activate the nuclear factor-κB pathway, and deregulate p53 and B-cell transcription factors.


Keratose (horny) sponges constitute a very difficult group of Porifera in terms of taxonomy due to their paucity of diagnostic morphological features. (Most) keratose sponges possess no mineral skeletal elements, but an arrangement of organic (spongin) fibers, with little taxonomic or phylogenetic information. Molecular phylogenetics have targeted this evolutionary and biochemically important lineage numerous times, but the conservative nature of popular markers combined with ambiguous identification of the sponge material has so far prevented any robust phylogeny. In the following study, we provide a phylogenetic hypothesis of the keratose order Dictyoceratida based on nuclear markers of higher resolution potential (ITS and 28S C-region), and particularly aim for the inclusion of type specimens as reference material. Our results are compared with previously published data of CO1, 18S, and 28S (D3-D5) data, and indicate the paraphyly of the largest dictyoceratid family, the Thorectidae, due to a sister group relationship of its subfamily Phyllospongiinae with Family Spongiidae. Irciniidae can be recovered as monophyletic. Results on genus level and implications on phylogenetic signals of the most frequently described morphological characters are discussed.


This paper investigated a novel PWM scheme for two-phase interleaved boost converter with voltage multiplier by combining Alternating Phase Shift (APS) and traditional interleaving PWM control. The APS control is used to reduce the voltage stress on switches in light load while the traditional control is used to keep better performance in heavy load. The boundary condition for swapping between APS and traditional interleaving PWM control is derived. Simulation and experimental results prove the analysis.


The data linkage of health-related primary and secondary data provides new opportunities for health services research. The advantages of both data sources can be used synergistically, in this way their disadvantages can be overcome. In the context of the evaluation of a health intervention - the integrated health services project ('Gesundes Kinzigtal') - the conditions and requirements for an individualised data linkage of primary data (survey) and claims data of a statutory health insurance are described in this paper. The integration of secondary data permits us not only to assess the intervention concerning physical activity, nutrition and social participation of elderly people ('AGil') but, above all, also to measure and analyse the program effects on the utilisation of health care services. Recommendations regarding the data linkage of primary and secondary data in health services research are derived from the results and experiences of the AGil study. Suggestions are made concerning the suitable pseudonymisation algorithm for primary and secondary data, the matching method, approaches to reduce mismatching and their validation, as well as the legal basis for such a data linkage. Overall, an individualised data linkage of primary and secondary data does not pose any technical problems. Nevertheless a couple of data protection rules have to be followed; the data linkage offers a high knowledge insight to many health and epidemiological research questions and might be the new gold standard for health services research.


The use of the herbicide glyphosate and its formulations on protein-rich feedstuff for cattle leads to a considerable intake of glyphosate into the rumen of the animals, where glyphosate may potentially impair the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate pathway of the commensal microbiota, which could cause dysbiosis or proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we evaluated the effects of pure glyphosate and the formulations Durano TF and Roundup® LB plus in different concentrations on the fermentation pattern, community composition and metabolic activity of the rumen microbiota using the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC). Application of the compounds in three concentrations (0.1 mg/l, 1.0 mg/l or 10 mg/l, n = 4 each) for 9 days did not affect fermentation parameters such as pH, redox potential, NH3-N concentration and production of short-chain fatty acids compared to a control group. Microbial protein synthesis and the degradation of different feed fractions did not vary among the treatments. None of the used compounds or concentrations did affect the microbial diversity or abundance of microbial taxa. Metaproteomics revealed that the present metabolic pathways including the shikimate pathway were not affected by addition of glyphosate, Durano TF or Roundup® LB plus. In conclusion, neither pure glyphosate, nor its formulations Durano TF and Roundup® LB plus did affect the bacterial communities of the rumen.


The medieval period in Europe was a time of unprecedented social complexity that affected human diet. The diets of certain subgroups-for example, children, women, and the poor-are chronically underrepresented in historical sources from the medieval period. To better understand diet and the distribution of foods during the medieval period, we investigated stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of 30 individuals from Trino Vercellese, Northern Italy (8th-13th c.). Specifically, we examined diet differences between subgroups (males and females, and high- and low-status individuals), and diet change throughout the life course among these groups by comparing dentine and bone collagen. Our results show a diet based on terrestrial resources with input from C(4) plants, which could include proso and/or foxtail millet. Diets of low-status males differ from those of females (both status groups) and of high-status males. These differences develop in adulthood. Childhood diets are similar among the subgroups, but sex- and status-based differences appear in adulthood. We discuss the possibility of cultural buffering and dietary selectivity of females and high-status individuals.


In 2016 I created an installation entitled #Bellwether, which was a visual exploration of social media content surrounding the 2016 United States presidential primaries, focused specifically on voters in Ohio. Over the course of a year, I collected more than 14 million public Twitter posts that referenced the candidates by name, and repurposed the design of their campaign merchandise to reflect voter sentiment, replacing the curated messaging that they were pushing into the political sphere. After the election, I collected public data from Trump's administration—including tweets from the @realDonaldTrump account, executive orders and memoranda and transcripts of interviews and news conferences—and edited the text of the US Constitution from his perspective, using the data to justify changes I made to the original text. I presented the final work in the form of a Presidential Executive Order, mirroring everything from typography to paper choices to the leather holders in which Executive Orders are publicly presented after signing. This creative study explores the lessons learned from these two projects; specifically, I examine the appropriation of political design and its signifiers. I argue that by manipulating and subverting this visual language, the work attempts to counter monolithic narratives perpetuated by dominant political systems, while illuminating the effects of media, technology and the Internet on our perceptions of the government and those who serve in it. By employing alternate historical narratives, the speculative nature of these works also offers a way of imagining a more nuanced approach to current political analysis and meaning-making.


Young generation nowadays has lack of knowledge on the culture of shadow puppet (wayang kulit) which is a heritage that has a high value of art and philosophy. This is caused by the impact of foreign cultures rapidly entering Indonesia. The rapid development of the information technology through internet & game has led to globalization that seems to be not limited to space and time. The speed of information and foreign cultures cannot be stopped. The culture of shadow puppet (wayang kulit) is getting eroded and is not much known by the modern society nowadays. This is an irony to a big nation which has a rich heritage, so it is our obligation as a citizen to maintain and preserve it. Based on the formulae of AIGA 2015 that defines (time + content + context) / time = experience design, the game of wayang kulit (shadow puppet) Gatotkaca put forbattled different experience to users in exploring the information and entertainment in those media. Having the spirit of moderate Postmodernism, the design plan called User Interface which combines the modern and classic traditional elements will encourage new experience to the users (Experience Design). The design recognizes times and trends, and it keeps changing as the development of the times. The design can be a pace setter to next individuals who are called to maintain and preserve national cultures, in general, and wayang kulit purwa, in particular, through digital media. The development in the modern era will not change the identity of shadow puppet (wayang kulit) culture since it has solid foundation.


Abstract The transmutation concept of minor actinide (MA)–bearing nuclear fuel plays an important role in managing highly radioactive waste. A facile route combining the sol-gel process and microfluidic technology was presented to fabricate Ce/Eu oxide microspheres as a surrogate for plutonium-based MA-bearing nuclear fuel. Uniform Ce/Eu oxide microspheres with a varied Eu content (7.90%, 13.00%, and 17.56%) were successfully fabricated using the co-sol-gel method. The prepared microspheres had a narrow size distribution (coefficient of variance < 2%) and excellent sphericity (dmax/dmin < 1.09). The Ce and Eu elements were shown to have a relatively homogeneous distribution in the microspheres through energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping images. Thermal behavior analysis, microstructure observation, and crystalline structure analysis were conducted systematically. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed one cubic lattice structure for all of the samples.


The EOLES (Electronics and Optics e-Learning for Embedded Systems) project is a 3-year joint project involving 15 institutions, four from Europe and eleven from the North African countries of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, whose aim is to create a 3rd year Bachelor degree in Electronics and Optics for Embedded Systems. The project started in October 2012 and is scheduled to end in October 2015. One of the biggest challenges to a full implementation of an e-learning course in engineering is the laboratories. They are unanimously recognized as essential in any engineering course. Contrary to the majority of engineering courses that force students to attend on-site hands-on labs sometime along the course, EOLES students will be able to perform their lab duties online. Indeed, the most innovative aspect of this project is precisely the implementation of a remote laboratory that will enable students to carry out remotely the practical works associated to each technical unit within the course.


Background: Demographic heterogeneity refers to the observation that – within the same population – trajectories of survival and reproduction differ substantially between individuals. These differences have been found in both natural and captive populations. Models in ecology and evolution that incorporate demographic heterogeneity can improve both our understanding of the evolution of mortality curves and our population management abilities. Current explanations of the origin of demographic heterogeneity mostly revolve around interindividual differences that are either present at birth (fixed heterogeneity) or the result of stochasticity in life history realization (dynamic heterogeneity). Largely neglected remains the possibility that a form of fixed heterogeneity may evolve from interactions between behaviorally distinct individuals through their lifespan.
Objective: We suggest one possible way in which heterogeneity in vital rates may evolve. Our approach assumes game theoretic interactions in the population.
Methods: We combine population matrix models and game theory. We study a stable coexistence game between two types that are initially demographically homogeneous and analyze the effect of mutations that influence the trajectories of survival and reproduction.
Results: The rise and fixation of mutations can make the population demographically heterogeneous, while the game can preserve the coexistence of different types in the population.
Conclusions: Frequency-dependent selection can help to explain the evolution of demographic heterogeneity.
Contribution: Frequency-dependent selection can maintain already existing demographic heterogeneity in a population without overlapping generations. Here, we show that this form of selection can also be involved in the origin of a form of fixed heterogeneity.