This paper evaluates the performance of OFDM-BPSK and -QPSK system in α-µ distribution. A fading model which is based on the non-linearity present in the propagation medium is utilized here for generation of α-µ variants. Different combinations of α and µ provides various fading distributions, one of which is Weibull fading. Investigations of channel estimation schemes gave an idea of further reducing the BER as to improve the performance of OFDM based systems. In flat fading environment, channel estimation is done using phase estimation of the transmitted signal with the help of trained symbols. Final results show the improvement in BER. However, the amount of results improved depends upon the amount of trained symbols. The more trained symbols will result into more improved BER.


This paper describes a series of model tests aimed at gaining insight in the tension variations in the export risers and mooring lines of a CALM buoy. The test result were therefore not only analysed carefully, but were also used as input and to validate a numerical tool that computes the coupled motions of the buoy and its mooring system. The tests were carried out at a model scale of 1 to 20. Captive tests in regular and irregular waves were carried out to investigate non-linearities in the wave forces on the buoy for example from the presence of the skirt. Decay tests were carried out to determine the damping of the buoy's motions and to obtain the natural periods. Finally, tests in irregular waves were carried out. The dynamics of the mooring system and the resulting damping have a significant effect on the buoy's motions. A numerical tool has been developed that combines the wave-frequency buoy motions with the dynamical behaviour of the mooring system. The motions of the buoy are computed with a linearised equation of motion. The non-linear motions of the mooring system are computed simultaneously and interact with the buoy's motions. In this paper, a comparison is shown between the measurements and the simulations. Firstly, the wave forces obtained with a linear diffraction computation with a simplified skirt are compared with the measured wave forces. Secondly, the numerical modelling of the mooring system is checked by comparing line tensions when the buoy moves with the motion as measured in an irregular wave test. Thirdly, the decay tests are simulated to investigate the correctness of the applied viscous damping values. Finally, simulations of a test in irregular waves are shown to validate the entire integrated concept. The results show that: 1. The wave-exciting surge and heave forces can be predicted well with linear diffraction theory. However, differences between the measured and computed pitch moment are found, caused by a simplified modelling of the skirt and the shortcomings of the diffraction model. 2. To predict the tension variations in the mooring lines and risers (and estimate fatigue) it is essential that mooring line dynamics are taken into account. 3. The heave motions of the buoy are predicted well. 4. The surge motions of the buoy are predicted reasonably well. 5. The pitch motions are wrongly predicted.


Intra-abdominal abscess is an important clinical complication of Crohn's disease (CD), which can be diagnosed using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, a high index of clinical suspicion is needed to diagnose an abscess as abdominal imaging is not routinely used during hospital admission. This study aimed to identify clinical predictors of an intra-abdominal abscess among hospitalized patients with CD.

 We created an electronic data repository of all patients with CD who visited the emergency department (ED) of our tertiary medical center between 2012 and 2018. Data included tabular demographic and clinical variables, as well as CT and MRI imaging outcomes. We searched the data repository for the presence of an abscess on abdominal imaging within seven days from the ED visit. Machine learning models were trained to predict the presence of an abscess. A logistic regression model was compared to a random forest model. The area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) was used as a metric. To establish statistical significance, bootstrapping of 100 experiments with random 80/20 training/testing splits was performed. We included only patients who were hospitalized due to complaints that can be attributed to CD exacerbation. Patients presenting within 30 days from an abdominal surgery were excluded.

 Overall, 1556 patients with CD visited the ED, of those 555 patients with a CD exacerbation. Of them, 339 patients were hospitalized and underwent abdominal imaging within 7 days from the ED visit. Forty-two patients (12.1%) were diagnosed with an abscess on abdominal imaging. The average length of the abscess was 32 mm (IQR 21.5, 43.5), mainly in the mesentery adjacent to the small bowel (38.1%). On multivariate analysis, high CRP values (64.97 mg/L, aOR 14.42 [95% CI 4.93–42.13]), high platelet count (322.5 K/microL, aOR 4.01 [95% CI 1.97–8.15]), leukocytosis (10.55 K/microL, aOR 3.83 [95% CI 1.71–8.56]) and higher heart rate (over 87.5 beats per minute, aOR 2.58 [95% CI 1.22–5.46]) were independently associated with an intra-abdominal abscess. Overall, random forest and logistic regression showed similar performance. The random forest model showed an AUC of 0.824±0.065 with eight features (CRP, Hemoglobin, WBC, age, current biologic medical treatment, BUN, current immunomodulatory medical treatment, gender).

 In our large tertiary center cohort, the machine-learning model identified features associated with the presentation of an intra-abdominal abscess. Such a decision support tool may assist in triaging CD patients for imaging to exclude this potentially life-threatening complication.


Firms in information technology (IT) intensive industries rely on IT investments to improve the quality of their products and services. Competing firms in these industries need to consider two opposing effects when they make IT investment decisions. The declining cost and improving performance of IT over time provides the later entrant a potential cost advantage. On the other hand, the first entrant has the potential to build its market share and retain the market share if consumers incur a cost to switch to the later entrant. In this paper, we analyze the investment strategy of an early entrant that expects the later entrant to have a cost advantage. The results show that in a market with a low (high) switching cost, a decline in IT cost reduces (increases) the investment level of the early entrant. In both types of markets, a higher switching cost mitigates the cost advantage of the later entrant. The results suggest that the early entrant should design a product that imposes a high switching cost. We use examples from Internet Service Providers to provide the motivation for the problem and illustrate the model, analysis, and results.


In this paper a die-attachment technology for high temperature applications based on the Low Temperature Joining Technique (LTJT) is presented. The present challenge is to fit the thermal expansion as well as the mechanical properties of the die-attach layer to the characteristics of chip and substrate. While the classic LTJT is based on sintering a sub-micron silver paste at temperatures between 150°C and 300°C to bond an electronic device to a substrate, the modified procedure employs a powder mixture consisting of silver powder and special filling powder material. Type and amount of the filling material is dependent on the application and the used substrates. Considering a low thermal expansion and high electrical as well as thermal conductivity we chose SiC, TiC, and BN as filling materials in this work.


Neural networks (NNs) are known as universal function approximators and can interpolate nonlinear functions between observed data points. However, when the target domain for deployment shifts from the training domain and NNs must extrapolate, the results are notoriously poor. Prior work Martinez et al. (2019) has shown that NN uncertainty estimates can be used to correct binary predictions in shifted domains without retraining the model. We hypothesize that this approach can be extended to correct real-valued time series predictions. As an exemplar, we consider two mechanical systems with nonlinear dynamics. The first system consists of a spring-mass system where the stiffness changes abruptly, and the second is a real experimental system with a frictional joint that is an open challenge for structural dynamicists to model efficiently. Our experiments will test whether 1) NN uncertainty estimates can identify when the input domain has shifted from the training domain and 2) whether the information used to calculate uncertainty estimates can be used to correct the NN's time series predictions. While the method as proposed did not significantly improve predictions, our results did show potential for modifications that could improve models' predictions and play a role in structural health monitoring systems that directly impact public safety.


: An approach to the construction of the model imitating the processes of servicing the population in outpatient clinics is discussed. The algorithm describing the formation of queues before different reception rooms in the outpatient clinic is devised. The approximation of the patient waiting time functional is proposed, and the hypothesis of its convexity in the space of the functions connecting the properties of the structural elements of the outpatient service with the cost of their technical equipment is put forward. The problem on the optimization of the technical equipment of the services and reception rooms of the outpatient clinic under the conditions of the limited total amount of these costs is defined.


Background: The objective was to determine the acceptability and use patterns of potential microbicides among African American (AA), acculturated Hispanic (AH), and less acculturated Hispanic (LAH) women. We measured baseline sexual risk-taking and the likelihood of behavioral change, given effective microbicides. Methods: Interview of 506 Mexican-American and AA women, all of whom have a sexually transmitted infection enrolled in Project Sexual Awareness for Everyone. Results: The 3 groups reported similarly high acceptance of potential microbicides (76%–83% P = 0.24). LAHs were most likely to report they would use microbicides covertly (P = 0.03). Given the possibility of effective microbicides, AHs were consistently more likely to report risk disinhibition. AHs, as compared to LAHs and AAs, respectively, were most likely to report that they would not use condoms, (53% vs. 33% vs. 30% P <0.001), would have a 1-night stand (18% vs. 8% vs. 6% P = 0.02), or would have sex with humans before they got to know them (18% vs. 8% vs. 6% P = 0.01). AHs were also most likely to say they would or probably would change from baseline safe sexual practices to unsafe sexual behaviors if potential microbicides were available. Age was controlled for in the analysis as AHs were younger than AAs and LAHs. Conclusions: Future microbicides were acceptable among this at risk cohort. Acculturation was a predictor of risk disinhibition and should be considered when tailoring sexually transmitted infection prevention messages, given the advent of effective microbicides.


Split enzymes have been used in Protein Complementation Assays (PCA) for several years to study protein-protein interactions. Recently Affimers, non-antibody binding proteins, have been created as new tools for studying molecular interactions. Combining these technologies offers substantial benefits for development of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic devices. For proof-of-principle, two fragments of β-lactamase have been generated with two His tags. The binding of the His tag on each fragment to nickel ions facilitates the association of β-lactamase fragments to generate a functional enzyme capable of substrate turnover. Substrates, such as the cephalosporin nitrocefin giving rise to a colour change (yellow to red) detectable at 492 nm.
Following this proof of principle, the project focuses upon a novel split alkaline phosphatase to underpin an amperometric detection system developed with colleagues in the School of Electronic Engineering, University of Leeds. Alkaline phosphatase is a homodimer and the monomeric form of this protein does not turnover substrate. Current work in this study is focused on engineering the dimer interface to generate novel monomers that do not spontaneously associate. This is followed by exploring whether the mutated monomers can become associated and brought together, and catalyse substrate turnover.
This study also focuses on preparing Affimers that can bind a target molecule, mGFP, at two separate epitopes. Followed by generating a cross linked protein between the Affimers and alkaline phosphatase. The binding of Affimer to target will be amplified by enzyme activity allowing detection. The system should allow single step detection of a target present at very low concentrations in a complex sample


The ability to navigate in a complex environment is crucial for both animals and robots. Many animals use a combination of strategies to return to significant locations in their environment. For example, the desert ant Gata glyphis is able to explore its desert habitat for hundreds of meters while foraging and return back to its nest precisely and on a straight line. The three main strategies that Gata glyphis is using to accomplish this task are path integration, visual piloting and systematic search (Wehner et al., 1996). In this study, we use the autonomous agents approach (Pfeifer, 1996) to gain additional insights into the navigation behavior of Gata glyphis. Inspired by the insect's navigation system we have constructed mechanisms for path integration and visual piloting that were successfully employed on the mobile robot Sahabot 2. The results of the navigation experiments indicate that a combination of these two mechanisms is capable to guide the agent precisely back to the target position.


turers, Upjohn. Until recently it remained inaccessible. In 1991 the Committee on Safety of Medicines, taking patients who dropped out of treatment as a usable index, determined that in Upjohn's premarketing clinical trials of over two weeks' duration 9 9% of patients taking triazolam had dropped out because of adverse psychiatric effects (including amnesia) compared with 1-9% taking flurazepam and 0/5% taking placebo. An analysis by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1992 followed the lead of the Committee on Safety of Medicines and looked at drop outs.2 It found that in Upjohn's clinical trials of over two weeks' duration 1 22% of patients taking triazolam dropped out for "all psychiatric" plus "memory impairment" reasons compared with 41% taking flurazepam and 1-5% taking placebo. Among patients taking triazolam the proportion who dropped out for all psychiatric plus memory impairment reasons was slightly higher than the proportion who dropped out because of its sedative and hypnotic effects; triazolam did not differ from flurazepam with regard to sedative and hypnotic effects. In the case of "appropriate" small dosage studies there were too few patients taking flurazepam for comparison, but the proportion who dropped out because of anxiety was nearly six times higher with triazolam than placebo.3 One ofus reported in 1982 that it was in the third week that patients taking triazolam became significantly more anxious.4 In our larger study, mentioned by O'Donovan and McGuffin, we reported that triazolam's adverse psychiatric effects appeared "at once" but became most apparent after 10 days of use.' We were then unaware of the unpublished results of the manufacturer's research. KIRSTINE ADAM


Ab s t r Ac t Introduction: Oral health is an essential component of health throughout life. India is a developing country with a huge population; and because of the diverse nature, our country faces many challenges in rendering services to the oral health needs of the population. Majority of our country's population reside in rural area and among those 40% are children. Hence, it is highly important to recognize the oral health status and needs of children. Hardly any information is available on the oral health status of children, so the present study was conducted among 5–8-year-old children in the schools of rural Thanjavur. Materials and methods: A total of 204 children were examined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) oral health assessment form 2013. Results and discussion: This study shows that an alarming rate of gingivitis and 70% of the children between 5 years and 8 years of age are affected by dental caries, which is more than the national average. Preventive approaches seem to be a viable alternative to tackle the overwhelming problem of dental caries and other oral diseases. Conclusion: The systematic implementation of preventive oral care and community-oriented health programs are needed for the continuous promotion of oral health in the rural regions of Thanjavur.


Abstract. Photosynthesis by terrestrial plants represents the majority of CO2 uptake on Earth, yet it is difficult to measure directly from space. Estimation of gross primary production (GPP) from remote sensing indices represents a primary source of uncertainty, in particular for observing seasonal variations in evergreen forests. Recent vegetation remote sensing techniques have highlighted spectral regions sensitive to dynamic changes in leaf/needle carotenoid composition, showing promise for tracking seasonal changes in photosynthesis of evergreen forests. However, these have mostly been investigated with intermittent field campaigns or with narrow-band spectrometers in these ecosystems. To investigate this potential, we continuously measured vegetation reflectance (400–900 nm) using a canopy spectrometer system, PhotoSpec, mounted on top of an eddy-covariance flux tower in a subalpine evergreen forest at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA. We analyzed driving spectral components in the measured canopy reflectance using both statistical and process-based approaches. The decomposed spectral components co-varied with carotenoid content and GPP, supporting the interpretation of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI). Although the entire 400–900 nm range showed additional spectral changes near the red edge, it did not provide significant improvements in GPP predictions. We found little seasonal variation in both normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the near-infrared vegetation index (NIRv) in this ecosystem. In addition, we quantitatively determined needle-scale chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratios as well as anthocyanin contents using full-spectrum inversions, both of which were tightly correlated with seasonal GPP changes. Reconstructing GPP from vegetation reflectance using partial least-squares regression (PLSR) explained approximately 87 % of the variability in observed GPP. Our results linked the seasonal variation in reflectance to the pool size of photoprotective pigments, highlighting all spectral locations within 400–900 nm associated with GPP seasonality in evergreen forests.


stones at Intercisa and Csakvir to have been worn on the shoulders, above which the decorated plates projected. The Aucissa type also is frequent, and the author believes that many of these were made within the province, at Sissek. Another Gaulish type, the 'thistle fibula,' seems to be rare in Pannonia, and there is a surprising lack of enamelled disc-brooches. Nor are any examples illustrated of the ' Trompeten Muster ' which occurs in some quantity along the German limes. Among the later brooches Dr. Kovrig regards the much-discussed ' fibula with returned foot' as ' a product of the so-called renascence of the Celtic style.' The most important part of the book, the description of the various groups, is repeated in full in the twenty-seven pages of the German section. The rest of the Magyar text describes the fibulae illustrated, and their provenance, and as it contains so many place-names it is not entirely unintelligible to the foreigner. The work is copiously illustrated, having nineteen plates of more than two hundred large, clear drawings and twenty-two plates of collotypes, some of which are, unfortunately, not of the same quality as the rest of the book.


PurposeThe article examines the interplay between welfare state regimes and the distribution of welfare between generations.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from 2017 for 24 European countries on six standard of living dimensions, the authors investigate the intergenerational welfare distribution in a two-stage procedure: (1) the authors compare the intergenerational welfare distribution across welfare state regimes using their existing typologies and find a moderate nexus. Therefore, (2) the authors employ clustering procedure to look for a new classification that would better reflect the cross-country variation in the intergenerational welfare division.FindingsThe authors find a complex relationship between the welfare state model and welfare distribution across generations and identify the policy patterns that shape it. Continental and liberal regimes are quite similar in these terms and favour the elderly generation. Social-democratic and CEE regimes seem to be a bit more balanced. COVID-19 pandemic will probably increase the intergenerational imbalance in terms of welfare distribution in favour of the elderly.Originality/valueIn contrast to the majority of previous studies, which employ inputs (social expenditures) or outputs (benefits, incomes), the authors use intergenerational balance indicators reflecting living conditions of a given generation as compared to the reference point defined as an average situation of all generations.


I offer one word of criticism, and one only, and that is that a more definite reply might have been given to Question 4, as it is possible for an assistant master, even if he himself is free from active symptoms, to convey infection to his own child, and he should have been told this. In all other respects I hold that what might have been an epidemic, with its conseiquent disaster, was most ably handled.-I am, etc.,-


Abstract The study investigated the potential impact of task goal orientation on cognitive, social and emotional aspects of task performance through the lens of learner engagement. Sixteen EFL learner dyads completed a convergent decision-making task and a divergent opinion-exchange task. Their audio-recorded interactions were transcribed and coded for evidence of engagement, including idea units and language-related-episodes (cognitive engagement), instances of explicit task enjoyment, reported emotions (emotional engagement), and responsiveness (social engagement). To determine the effects of task goal orientation on learner engagement, scores for engagement types were compared between two tasks. To understand learners' perception about their engagement, posttask exit questionnaire responses were analyzed using content-analysis approach. Findings showed that learners showed greater cognitive and social engagement in the convergent than divergent tasks. No differences were observed in learners' emotional engagement. Results are discussed in terms of the role of task goal orientation in promoting learners' cognitive and social engagement.


Although the hair care industry is a multi-billion dollar industry, there still remains a dearth in the available technologies and research methods to answer one simple question: What temperature and frequency of use will lead to permanent structural damage (i.e. heat damage) to curly hair? Currently, trained professionals in the hair industry cannot predict when heat damage will occur and often rely on heuristics and intuition in their hair care approaches. In addition, scientists that have conducted studies with heat and hair have often used European hair types, which cannot be generalized to all ethnic groups; they have also conducted experiments that are not ecologically consistent with individuals' use context. As a result, a number of lay scientists have emerged whose use contexts are ecologically valid, but are lacking the experimental and quantitative rigor that engineers can provide. In this work, we discuss an interdisciplinary approach to integrating customer needs, design methodology, and thermal sciences for application to the hair care industry. We discuss the formulation of a predictive model, the design of an experimental test-bed for collecting data, and present initial results.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


The majority of commercial (office and retail) property in the UK is leased as opposed to being owner-occupied (Investment Property Forum, 2005). The landlord and tenant relationship is frequently perceived as adversarial rather than one of partnership. This relationship operates within a legal framework and is driven by conflicting commercial objectives. However it is suggested that, through improved understanding of each otheris position and a positive customer-focussed approach to managing the relationship, the overall outcome from both perspectives may be enhanced. This paper reviews the literature on the landlord and tenant relationship and customer relationship management in the wider business world. It seeks to identify the key issues for both corporate occupiers and investment landlords in this area, using literature and analysis of property industry survey data. The lead author reflects on her extensive industry experience and uses this to outline the next proposed stages in the research project. The overall aim of the research is to determine current practice and issues in landlord and tenant relationship management and develop a framework of factors affecting successful relationship management. The key point is that the research will recognise both perspectives and it is hoped that evidence of outcomes from positive relationships may encourage other landlords and tenants to adopt a partnership approach.


Three point bending fatigue tests were carried out to investigate the influence of bias voltage on fatigue behavior of medium carbon steel with chromium nitride film. The substrate material of the specimens was JIS S45C medium carbon steel. The chromium nitride films were coated at two different bias voltages (VB = -20V, -300V) for fatigue test by arc ion plating method. As a result, the fatigue limit was improved by coating at low bias voltage, while the fatigue limit of high bias voltage samples decreased by coating. In order to clarify the difference between high and low bias voltages, the tensile test was performed using the coated specimens. For this test, the chromium nitride films were deposited at four different bias voltages. It was found the cracking behavior clearly changed between -40V and -80V. For low bias voltage samples, short cracks were initiated in the films, while the long cracks were initiated at same strain for high bias voltage samples. These differences between low and high bias voltage sample may be due to the elastic modulus of the film and droplets distribution in the film.


The European Union's Water Framework Directive advocates, among other things, River Basin Management and is often considered the principal driver of scalar organisation of gov-ernance in Europe. However, since more detailed comparative analysis seems necessary, this paper aims to enhance understanding of processes of scalar reorganisation of natural resource governance in the EU. A framework is developed for analysing the reconfiguration of water governance in Germany, relying on the illustrative case of the Elbe River basin. Drawing on a combination of theories of institutional change, the approach suggests a co-evolutionary understanding of processes concerning the scalar reorganisation of natural re-source governance, which turns out to be neither solely about politics or cost-effective gov-ernance. The framework enables highlighting of the diverse mechanisms of change in Ger-many, which led to a strengthening of the legislative function of the federal state and coordi-nation within basin boundaries, whereas individual states principally maintained an executive function. Upscaling was the outcome of European requirements, ideologically influencing changes in the preferences of water managers, facilitated by changes in use patterns. In-creasing contacts at multiple scales and in newly created fora led to an informal reorientation of water management in the Elbe basin while Germany-wide cooperation was sidelined. In comparison to other European countries, such as Spain or Portugal, where European re-quirements seem more politicized, Germany aspires to compliance with European require-ments in a functionalist fashion. Constitutional decision making rules seem to dominate which governance options are considered feasible and the extent of their potential stability.


Evidence for linkage between bipolar affective disorder (BP) and 21q22 was first reported by our group in a single large pedigree with a lod score of 3.41 with the PFKL locus. In a subsequent study, with denser marker coverage in 40 multiplex BP pedigrees, we reported supporting evidence with a two-point lod score of 2.76 at the D21S1260 locus, about 6 cM proximal to PFKL. For cost-efficiency, the individuals genotyped in that study comprised a subset of our large pedigree sample. To augment our previous analysis, we now report a follow-up study including a larger sample set with an additional 331 typed individuals from the original 40 families, improved marker coverage, and an additional 16 pedigrees. The analysis of all 56 pedigrees (a total of 862 genotyped individuals vs. the 372 genotyped previously), the largest multigenerational BP pedigree sample reportedly analyzed to date, supports our previous results, with a two-point lod score of 3.56 with D21S1260. The 16 new pedigrees analyzed separately gave a maximum two-point lod score of 1.89 at D21S266, less than 1 cM proximal to D21S1260. Our results are consistent with a putative BP locus on 21q22.


Cultural factors so pervasively influence the interactions of the client with other people - including all of those with whom he comes into contact at significant times in his life (e.g. in educational, medical, and correctional institutions), those surrounding him in the community in which he develops, and, critically, the members of the defense team - that it is imperative for the defense team to have the talents necessary to conduct a mitigation investigation that is culturally competent. The investigation must recognize and surmount an array of barriers, overt and subtle, to obtaining information from people of variegated backgrounds. As the courts have long recognized, in the context of mitigation, culturally competent investigation is more than an admirable and desirable skill. It is a standard of performance. Building on the framework provided by the ABA's Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases reprinted in 31 Hofstra L. Rev. 913 (2003) and the Supplementary Guidelines that are the subject of this issue, this article details what capital defense counsel needs to do in order to (a) meet that standard and (b) of equal importance, utilize the fruits of the investigation to construct a persuasive narrative of the client's life course that emerges authentically from his culture. Counsel must comprehend the world from the client's viewpoint and be able to present his life story from the inside out.


Ursolic acid (UA) is a triterpene found in different plant species that has been shown to possess significant antitumor activity. However, UA presents a low water solubility, which limits its biological applications. In this context, our research group has proposed the incorporation of UA in long-circulating and pH-sensitive liposomes (SpHL-UA).These liposomes, composed of dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS), and distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol2000 (DSPE-PEG2000), were shown to be very promising carriers for UA. Considering that the release of UA from SpHL-UA and its antitumor activity depend upon the occurrence of the lamellar to non-lamellar phase transition of DOPE, in the present work, the interactions of UA with the components of the liposomes were evaluated, aiming to clarify their role in the structural organization of DOPE. The study was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) under low hydration conditions. DSC studies revealed that DOPE phase transition temperatures did not shift significantly upon UA addition. On the other hand, in SAXS studies, a different pattern of DOPE phase organization was observed in the presence of UA, with the occurrence of the cubic phase Im3m at 20 °C and the cubic phase Pn3m at 60 °C. These findings suggest that UA interacts with the lipids and changes their self-assembly. However, these interactions between the lipids and UA were unable to eliminate the lamellar to non-lamellar phase transition, which is essential for the cytoplasmic delivery of UA molecules from SpHL-UA.


The assessment of hydrodynamic performance of transcatheter aortic valve prostheses in vitro is essential for the develosepment and approval of novel devices. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the correlation of target implantation depth and paravalvular regurgitation in a controlled in vitro test situation. We designed a test setup with retrograde steady flow conditions measuring paravalvular regurgitation as a function of increasing pressure on the closed valve ranging from 0 mmHg to 200 mmHg. Our future aim is to benchmark different valve prosthesis designs and describe the correlation between target implantation depth, paravalvular regurgitation and prosthesis design aspects. The current study describes the developed test setup, validation experiments as well as first results for a selfexpanding valve prosthesis. The highest regurgitation was measured at an implantation depth of 2 mm. In fact, regurgitation increases from 26.1 ± 8.2 ml/min at 0 mmHg to 1,490.7 ± 182.7 ml/min at 160 mmHg. The slightest regurgitation, however, was measured for an implantation depth of 6 mm ranging from 2.2 ± 0.6 ml/min at 0 mmHg to 605.8 ± 18.9 ml/min at 200 mmHg.


In the last decades, the world energy demand has raised significantly. Concerning this fact, wave energy should be considered as a valid alternative for electricity production. Devices suitable to harness this kind of renewable energy source and convert it into electricity are not yet commercially competitive. This paper is focused on the selection and analysis of different types of elastic materials and their influence on the structural behavior of a wave energy converter (WEC). After a brief characterization of the device, a tridimensional computer aided design (3D CAD) numerical model was built and several finite element analyses (FEA) were performed through a commercial finite element code. The main components of the WEC, namely the buoy, supporting cables and hydraulic cylinder were simulated assuming different materials. The software used needs, among other parameters, the magnitude of the resultant hydrodynamic forces acting upon the floating buoy obtained from a WEC time domain simulator (TDS) which was built based on the WEC dynamic model previously developed. The Von Mises stress gradients and displacement fields determined by the FEA demonstrated that, regardless of the WEC component, the materials with low Young's modulus seems to be unsuitable for this kind of application. The same is valid for the material yield strength since materials with a higher yield strength lead to a better structural behavior of WEC components because lower stress and displacement values were obtained. The developed 3D CAD numerical model showed to be suitable to analyze different combinations of structural conditions. They could depend of different combinations of buoy position and resultant hydrodynamic forces acting upon the buoy, function of the specific sea wave parameters found on the deployment site.


The issues relating to the adequacy of teacher preparation were discussed in the context of the changes in pre-university and university education curriculum structure and the positive psychology movement. Positive schooling as well as identifying and using character strengths were described as promising approaches to improve teacher preparation. The use of positive intervention exercises that promote for teachers a satisfying life that encompasses the pleasant life, the engaged life, and the meaningful life interpretable as the antithesis of teacher burnout was explored.


One of the most important areas of study of the state institution "Scientific and Practical Centre of The State Forensic Expertise Committee of The Republic of Belarus" (hereinafter referred to as "the Centre") is plant objects research using sporo-pollen analysis. Sporo-pollen analysis is used in solving of trouble-shooting problems connected with identifying the territory by the character of flora while determining the time of a crime. The Center for the first time in the Belarusian expert practice conducts research on pollen and spores of plants for the purpose of attributing to one batch of psychoactive substances impregnated with inactive matrix of vegetable origin. In this article, we propose a variant of optimizing palynological expert studies which consists in creating reference information retrieval system "PalExp" (hereinafter referred to as "RIRS") in which all information about pollen contains. The architecture and the main components of such a system, the questions of creating categories of accounting in the context of peculiarities of pallinological expert research and related problems of the formalization of information presentation, the basic requirements for the formation and functioning of the RIRS are presented. Advantages of this system as compared to the traditional sources of dendrochronological information are presented. The execution of forensic-palynological expertise with RIRS has a number of advantages, namely: shortening the investigation time, obtaining weighty evidences, as well as providing additional guarantees against unreasonable bringing of citizens to criminal and administrative responsibility.

Key words: identification of objects, vegetable objects, forensic investigations, information search system "PALEXP".


In the present work we have synthesized low density aligned carbon nanotubes using ethanol as a precursor and ferrocene as a catalyst by simple thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method on silicon substrates. The synthesis involves the pyrolysis of ethanol/ ferrocene solutions. Mist of the hydrocarbon/catalyst is produced by medical nebulizer and nitrogen gas is used as the carrier to the large size (75 mm diameter and 1 metre long) tube which is designed to produce nanotubes in large quantity once growth process is optimized for particular application. The growth temperature of the chamber is varied in wide range. In the synthesis process, temperature is found to be crucial for the formation of carbon nanotubes. Different types (in terms of size and shape) of nanotubes are grown. at 800degC Short and closely uniform sized nanotubes are formed at 850degC. Furthermore, very interestingly we obtained low density vertical aligned nanotubes which has potential application in various electronic devices such as, field emitter and conducting electrodes, etc. Our effort to reproduce the straight uniformed nanotube along with the low density vertically aligned nanotubes was successful in spray pyrolysis method. Long nanotubes of different length and diameters are observed at 900degC. The tubes are observed to be temperature dependent. TEM investigations of these nanotubes also will be reported.


Dendritic growth is computed with automatic adaptation of an anisotropic and unstructured finite element mesh. The energy conservation equation is formulated for solid and liquid phases considering an interface balance that includes the Gibbs-Thomson effect. An equation for a diffuse interface is also developed by considering a phase field function with constant negative value in the liquid and constant positive value in the solid. Unknowns are the phase field function and a dimensionless temperature, as proposed by [1]. Linear finite element interpolation is used for both variables, and discretization stabilization techniques ensure convergence towards a correct non-oscillating solution. In order to perform quantitative computations of dendritic growth on a large domain, two additional numerical ingredients are necessary: automatic anisotropic unstructured adaptive meshing [2,[3] and parallel implementations [4], both made available with the numerical platform used (CimLib) based on C++ developments. Mesh adaptation is found to greatly reduce the number of degrees of freedom. Results of phase field simulations for dendritic solidification of a pure material in two and three dimensions are shown and compared with reference work [1]. Discussion on algorithm details and the CPU time will be outlined.


OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of laparoscopic hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, and incidental appendectomy for female-to-male transsexuals with those of female patients. METHODS: Retrospective chart abstraction of all patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and appendectomy since September 1996. Significance from analysis of covariance or &khgr;2 was set at .05. RESULTS: Five hundred ninety-three patients underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and appendectomy. Forty-one were identified as transsexual, 552 as females. The transsexuals were significantly younger (mean 32 years compared with 51 years, median 32 years compared with 49 years, P<.001), with lower parity (mean 0.05 pregnancies compared with 1.34 pregnancies, median 0 pregnancies compared with 1 pregnancy, P<.001), yet had similar body mass index and height. Transsexuals' surgeries had shorter operating times (mean 74 minutes compared with 120 minutes, median 57.5 minutes compared with 116 minutes, P<.001), with less blood loss (mean 27 mL compared with 107 mL, median 20 mL compared with 50 mL, P<.001) and lower uterine weight (mean 118 g compared with 167 g, median 89 g compared with 140.5 g, P<.001). The total complication rates (12.2% compared with 8.3%), as well as the reoperative complication rates (4.9% compared with 4.3%) were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Total laparoscopic hysterectomy offers appropriate surgical outcomes for those patients identifying themselves as transsexual. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III


A key problem for the interpretation of the evolution of microbial ecosystems and physiologies in the Precambrian is that of the time of onset of an oxygenic atmosphere. This onset constrains the time of appearance of O2-producing photosynthesis as well as of the various structural and enzymatic protective devices enabling cells to function aerobically. It is suggested that evidence bearing on this matter can be derived by examining the distribution of carbon isotope values in samples obtained from rock formations of a given period. Prior to the appearance of free O2, in large, stable quantities, microbial diversity could have been greater than it was subsequently and this might be reflected in a wider variability in the carbon isotopic composition of organic carbon in sediments from the preoxygenic Earth. Examination of the available isotope data offers support for this picture. Whatever the ultimate cause, microbial variability appears to have diminished markedly by about 1.5 Ga and to have remained relatively low thereafter


Hundreds of reasons for this collapse have over the centuries been suggested. Michael Grant in his reinterpretation of these cataclysmic events identifies thirteen defects which he sees as being responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire. These flaws within the society of Ancient Rome set Roman against Roman, deviding the nation and thereby destroying its ability to resist invasion.


In this paper, the scheduling problem involving optimization of multiple criteria (or objectives) is explored. There are many variants of the problem. The particular variant, in which the objectives are aggregated into a scalar function (with each criterion having weight which denotes its relative importance), is considered. An algorithm which can be used to solve very large classes of the multicriteria scheduling problem is proposed. The proposed algorithm and two solution methods selected from the literature were evaluated on a total of 900 randomly generated multicriteria scheduling problems (ranging from 10 to 500 jobs). Two variants of the release dates (0 – 24 and 0 – 49) are utilized. Results show that the proposed algorithm performed better than the selected solution methods when the total completion time criterion is much more important than the other criteria. However, when the total completion time criterion is much less important than the other criteria, the selected solution methods outperformed the proposed algorithm. The results are consistent under the two variants of the release dates.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore and examine the role of accounting and accountants in customary land transactions between Indigenous peoples and foreign corporate entities. The paper uses the case of two accountants who utilised accounting technologies in lease agreements to alienate customary land from Indigenous landowners in Papua New Guinea (PNG).

Design/methodology/approach
Employing a case study methodology, the paper draws on contemporary data sets of transcripts related to a Commission of Inquiry established in 2011 to investigate PNG's Special Agricultural Business Lease system. Analysis of other publicly available data and semi-structured interviews with PNG landowners and other stakeholders supplement and triangulate data from the inquiry transcripts. A Bourdieusian lens was adopted to conceptualise how accounting was used in the struggles for customary land between foreign developers and Indigenous landowners within the wider capitalist field and the traditional Melanesian field.

Findings
This paper reveals how accountants exploited PNG's customary land registration system, the Indigenous peoples' lack of financial literacy and their desperation for development to alienate customary land from landowners. The accountants employed accounting technologies in the sublease agreements to reduce their royalty obligations to the landowners and to impose penalty clauses that made it financially impossible for the landowners to cancel the leases. The accountants used accounting to normalise, legitimise and rationalise these exploitative arrangements in formal lease contracts.

Originality/value
This paper responds to the call for research on accounting and Indigenous peoples that is contemporary rather than historic; examines the role of accountants in Indigenous relations, and examines the emancipatory potential of accounting.


The in vivo formation of disulfide bonds, which is critical for the stability and/or activity of many proteins, is catalyzed by thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases. In the present studies, we show that the Gram-positive eubacteriumBacillus subtilis contains three genes, denotedbdbA, bdbB, and bdbC, for thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases. Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, containing two disulfide bonds, was unstable when secreted by B. subtilis cells lacking BdbB or BdbC, and notably, the expression levels of bdbB and bdbC appeared to set a limit for the secretion of active alkaline phosphatase. Cells lacking BdbC also showed decreased stability of cell-associated forms of E. coli TEM-β-lactamase, containing one disulfide bond. In contrast, BdbA was not required for the stability of alkaline phosphatase or β-lactamase. Because BdbB and BdbC are typical membrane proteins, our findings suggest that they promote protein folding at the membrane-cell wall interface. Interestingly, pre-β-lactamase processing to its mature form was stimulated in cells lacking BdbC, suggesting that the unfolded form of this precursor is a preferred substrate for signal peptidase. Surprisingly, cells lacking BdbC did not develop competence for DNA uptake, indicating the involvement of disulfide bond-containing proteins in this process. Unlike E. coli and yeast, none of the thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases of B. subtilis was required for growth in the presence of reducing agents. In conclusion, our observations indicate that BdbB and BdbC have a general role in disulfide bond formation, whereas BdbA may be dedicated to a specific process.


Historically, deaf and hard of hearing people have demonstrated various levels of competence in a multitude of professions, but they also have experienced discrimination and oppression. In five critical sections, this volume responds to the tidal wave of high-stakes testing that has come to dominate educational policy and qualification for various occupations. It provides a digest of relevant research to meet the testing challenge, including work done by educational researchers, legal experts, test developers, and others. Section I frames the contexts facing deaf and hard of hearing individuals and those who test them, including a telling historical perspective. In Section II, chapters explore how deaf and hard of hearing candidates can meet the rigors of test-taking, how to level the playing field with a new approach to assessment, and what to consider to develop fully accessible licensing tests. The final chapter in this part examines the psychometric properties of intellectual assessments when used with deaf and hard of hearing people. Administrative Issues constitute Section III, beginning with legal considerations related to equity testing for deaf adults. An exploration of the potential of sign language interpretation in the testing environment follows. Section IV provides case studies of deaf and hard of hearing adults from a variety of professions, including certification testing for therapeutic recreation, preparation strategies for university students, and ways to maximize access to licensure for social workers. A separate chapter addresses the impact of recent federal mandates on assessment of deaf and hard of hearing teachers and teaching candidates. The final section summarizes the current situation and presents recommendations to manage it, concluding with an epilogue on directions for the future.


The results of a sociological study conducted by the Center of Economy of Continuing Education (CENO), RANEPA, confirm the trend, whereby an increasing share of young people wish to get higher education. This is due to better follow-up opportunities for finding high-paying jobs. Specialties related to medicine, engineering, information technology and economics are considered the most promising for professional education.


In the province of Tokat Turkey has an important place in terms of agricultural fertilizers and manure in order to demonstrate the environmentally conscious manufacturer 88 were interviewed. It was observed that the producers interviewed within the scope of the research are in the age range of active working age and have a socio-economic structure that makes a living from agricultural income. Factors such as age / education have a great impact on the economic structure as well as on production. Since income will be the biggest indicator of the economic structure, the income status of the producers has been investigated. Annual average agricultural income of producers is 22,311.36 TL, while non-agricultural income is calculated as 24,886.32 TL. Thus, it can be said that the average annual income of the producers is 47,197.68 TL. Here is what producers think about the residue after using the fertilizer; 48.86% of them thought that there would be manure residues and that it would have a negative impact on the environment, 43.18% of the manure would accumulate in the soil and underground water sources, 15.91% of the manure would be washed away in various ways, 11.36% had no idea about the manure residue and 6.82% that some fertilizers will leave residue in the soil. When the econometric relationship between the type of producer (the producer who only farms and works in non-agricultural insured work) and the idea that the fertilizer will accumulate in the soil and groundwater resources, it was determined that there is a significant and positive relationship. In other words, it can be said that producers have knowledge about the factors that cause environmental pollution. However, it continues to fertilize unconsciously without thinking that environmental pollution will harm them over time. This result once again highlights the importance of the training need.


In this paper, we present a system that allows patients who require anticoagulation medicine an opportunity to independently manage their dosage concentration with the help of two machine learning algorithms. The basic idea is to predict the next dosage by using a neuronal network and the model predictive control approach, both based on the history of data already available from patients. This machine learning system is expanded by an smartphone application for the patients, and a website for the doctors to support their patients.


The purpose of the article was to explore the roles and functions of the institution of traditional authority in contributing to access to justice or providing a form of justice through the preservation of customary law to the people of the Okombahe community in the Erongo Region of Namibia. The article's aim was to investigate the factors that have contributed to the institution's resilience and how this resilience may be tied to the type of justice this customary institution provides and represents. The institution of traditional authority has recently caught the attention of both scholars and policymakers due to the increasing return or revival of this "ancient" form of governance in the contemporary era that is constantly changing its procedures and rules of appointment to adapt to contemporary concerns and social problems. The scope of traditional leaders' jurisdiction and power is defined in the roles and functions they fulfil. As a popular legitimate informal institution in Okombahe, traditional leaders were found to manage and resolve conflict, and to preserve communal identity, unity, and continuity. This article highlights the significance of the institution of traditional authority as a legitimate customary institution originating from the bottom-up, and as a system that can be complementary to democracy as opposed to the assumption sometimes held that it is contesting with it. In Okombahe, the institution of traditional authority was found to contribute to providing an accessible justice system option grounded in this community's identity, history and social norms. The data collection employed for this qualitative case study of Okombahe consisted of interviews, supporting documents, and relevant scientific articles.


Although women have made tremendous gains on men in criminal involvement in the last few decades, their involvement remains largely neglected in research. Most scholars choose instead to explore criminal behavior by the general population, juveniles, and men. This trend has left a major scholastic gap that the current study seeks to fill. The study analyzed the pattern of Black, Latino, and White female arrests in a mid-sized city in the United States from January 2001 through December 2005. The data ascertained that like males, female minorities are disproportionately represented in the arrest statistics, but linear regression analyses revealed a statistically significant decline in the arrest rates for Black and Latino females, while the change in the arrest rate for White females did not show statistical significance over the same period of time. In addition, while economic crimes explained the largest percentage of arrests for minority females, White females were arrested more commonly for public order offenses. _______________________________________________________________________


Background: Literature is sparse regarding disease related malnutrition (DRM) among patients with pulmonary fibrosis. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of unintended weight loss (UWL) within three months, reduced food intake (RFI) within the past week, and associations to nutrition impact symptoms (NIS), in an outpatient population of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: The prevalence of UWL and NIS were sought in a cross-sectional questionnaire study, consecutively including a convenience sample of 100 patients, as they visited the outpatient clinic. Medical records were sought for time from diagnosis and comorbidities. Associations were examined through Chi square and simple logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the 100 included patients, 66% were male, mean age was 68.1(SD 12.9), and BMI was 27.9 (SD 5.9). UWL was found in 18 (18%) with a mean weight loss of 6.2 Kg (SD 3.9), 16% had RFI and 7% had both UWL and RFI. Patients with RFI and NIS had higher odds for UWL. Women, no education and living alone were the most associated risk factors for UWL. Conclusion: UWL was seen in almost one fifth of pulmonary fibrosis outpatients. Patients with NIS and RFI had higher odds for UWL. UWL seems feasible for initial nutritional risk screening in pulmonary fibrosis outpatient clinics, and may serve as an indication for the need for full screening and assessment.


Objective There are two scales (Centor and McIsaac) that describe the frequent signs and symptoms in pharyngotonsillitis and determine the attitude to be followed for diagnosis and treatment; among them, the McIsaac criteria are one of the most widely used scales. The goal of the study was to determine the predictive value of the McIsaac criteria in the diagnosis of pharyngotonsillitis due to EbhGA in a Pediatric Emergency Service. The predictive value of these criteria is decisive in the adequate use of TDR test and antibiotics as a treatment. Methods Cross-sectional study. The target population were all patients between 0 and 14 years old treated in the Pediatric Emergency Service of the Casa de Salud Hospital of Valencia during 2016, with discharge diagnoses, tonsillitis, pharyngotonsillitis or pharyngitis and with the TDR performed. Two groups were set up according to whether TDR was positive or negative. The presence of the McIsaac criteria was studied in both groups. A sensitivity and specificity study was carried out and the Total and Bayes Probability theorems were applied as well as the likelihood ratio measures. Results A negative result of TDR was obtained in 58.1% (n=330) and was obtained a positive result in 41.9% (n=238). At least three criteria met 48.3% (n=115) with TDR+ of which the most frequent was age >3 years (97.4%); and 46.7% (n=154) of children with TDR- where the most frequent was the absence of catarrh (91.6%). The output from the predictive analysis of meeting the McIsaac criteria was a sensitivity (P(+/E)=48.3%), a specificity (P(-/NE)=53.3%), a positive predictive value P(E/+)=42.7% and likelihood ratios LR+=1.04 and LR-=0.97. Conclusions The results indicate a poor predictive value of the McIsaac criteria in the population being studied. The TDR test should be implanted more frequently and the McIsaac criteria should be re-evaluated for the correct diagnosis of pharyngotonsillitis due to EbhGA and with it an adequate treatment to avoid the overprescription of antibiotics.


The NLR family apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs) bind conserved bacterial ligands, such as the bacterial rod protein PrgJ, and recruit NLR family CARD-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) as the inflammasome adapter to activate innate immunity. We found that the PrgJ-NAIP2-NLRC4 inflammasome is assembled into multisubunit disk-like structures through a unidirectional adenosine triphosphatase polymerization, primed with a single PrgJ-activated NAIP2 per disk. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstruction at subnanometer resolution revealed a ∼90° hinge rotation accompanying NLRC4 activation. Unlike in the related heptameric Apaf-1 apoptosome, in which each subunit needs to be conformationally activated by its ligand before assembly, a single PrgJ-activated NAIP2 initiates NLRC4 polymerization in a domino-like reaction to promote the disk assembly. These insights reveal the mechanism of signal amplification in NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasomes. Citation Format: Liman Zhang, Shuobing Chen, Jianbin Ruan, Liron David, Youdong Mao, Hao Wu. Cryo-EM structure of the activated NAIP2-NLRC4 inflammasome reveals nucleated polymerization [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B134.


Multi-centre databases are making an increasing contribution to medical understanding. While the statistical handling of randomized experimental studies is well documented in the medical literature, the analysis of observational studies requires the addressing of additional important issues relating to the timing of entry to the study and the effect of potential explanatory variables not introduced until after that time. A series of analyses is illustrated on a small data set. The influence of single and multiple explanatory variables on the outcome after a fixed time interval and on survival time until a specific event are examined. The analysis of the effect on survival of factors that only come into play during follow-up is then considered. The aim of each analysis, the choice of data used, the essentials of the methodology, the interpretation of the results and the limitations and underlying assumptions are discussed. It is emphasized that, in contrast to randomized studies, the basis for selection and timing of interventions in observational studies is not precisely specified so that attribution of a survival effect to an intervention must be tentative. A glossary of terms is provided.


AIM
To obtain the prevalence of dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with undiagnosed DM in Jakarta, Indonesia.

METHODS
Data were obtained from surveillance of primary non-communicable disease in five regions in Jakarta, Indonesia, conducted in 2006. Targeting for 1,800 samples, we performed a purposive and simple random sampling of subjects within the age range of 25-64 years old in selected sampling areas, and stratified random sampling by adjusting to age and sex within those selected sampling areas. DM was diagnosed according to WHO criteria after an oral glucose test, i.e fasting blood glucose > or = 126 mg/dL or post loading blood glucose > or = 200 mg/dL and subjects had no history of DM. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed if triglyceride > or = 150 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol in men < 40 mg/dL or < 50 mg/dL in women and total cholesterol > or = 200 mg/dL.

RESULTS
From 1,591 subjects, comprising 640 men and 951 women, the prevalence of newly diagnosed DM is 8.4%. Among this subjects, the prevalences of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterol are 66.1 (OR 2.28; P=0.004), 54.3 (OR 3.02; P= 0.0001) and 38.6% (OR 2.27; P=0.009) respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in subjects with newly diagnosed DM remains higher among all age groups than that in subjects without DM.

CONCLUSION
the prevalence of dyslipidemia among subjects with newly diagnosed DM is higher than that in subjects without DM.


Lewis Kirshner's recent study Intersubjectivity in Psychoanalysis: A Model for Theory and Practice presents a highly readable and long-needed synoptic account of the diverse meanings and conceptualizations of intersubjectivity informing current psychoanalytic practice. Kirshner notes that the term 'intersubjectivity' was not commonly invoked in psychoanalytic theorizing before 1980, yet from the 1980's onwards its use has increased dramatically. The concept of intersubjectivity within psychoanalysis is most closely associated with the interpersonal turn that has roots in Sandor Ferenzci's early critique of the analyst playing a neutral or objective role in interpreting the unconscious meaning of symptoms and Harry Stack Sullivan's critique of Freud's concept of anxiety as predominantly a signal anxiety to the ego indicating the imminent emergence of hitherto repressed ideas into conscious awareness.


A device realizing the simultaneous measure of the central body temperature (Tc), the superficial one (Ts) and their difference (Dt), was proposed for permanent energetic balance evaluation in humans. A program was elaborated to command the intravenous delivery of insulin by a pump depending on the value and trends of Dt. The use of this device for monitoring of decompensated diabetic patients allowed their easier stabilization. In critically ill patients (post transplantation, myocardium infarction) it had a diagnostic and prognostic value, and was helpful for optimization of conventional and insulin therapy.


This chapter examines the role that programmes play in the success of students from ethnic minorities by comparing the learning environments of three urban teacher training programmes. Although ethnic diversity of children in the Netherlands has dramatically increased as a result of several post.war waves of migration, this is not reflected in the composition of the teaching staff. In addition, the policy aim to train more students from ethnic minorities as teachers has proven far from simple. Students from minority backgrounds who attend teacher training programmes for primary education are far more likely than native Dutch students to leave before graduation. The research presented here suggests that an open atmosphere in a programme, the presence of career counsellors and internship co.ordinators specifically attuned to diversity issues, and the relative ease of finding internships all serve to increase the educational success of these students. The chapter concludes with recommendations for programme climate, guidance and internships.


Children are a heritage from the LORD, offspring a reward from him. That is why as far as this issue concerned to parents, everyone should take care of their child, when they entered in to the womb of mother. If any parent neglects main precautions, children may face hazardous consequences in their life, when grow up. society in view of real rights, value, equity, trustworthiness, social affectability and a culture of administration in which all are independent. This study concentrates and sole explanation behind presence is to fill in as an impetus to get maintainable change the lives of underprivileged kids, youth and women's health. The group of the youngster is the medium through which the advancement happens.


Recurrent neural networks can be difficult to train on long sequence data due to the well-known vanishing gradient problem. Some architectures incorporate methods to reduce RNN state updates, therefore allowing the network to preserve memory over long temporal intervals. To address these problems of convergence, this paper proposes a timing-gated LSTM RNN model, called the Gaussian-gated LSTM (g-LSTM). The time gate controls when a neuron can be updated during training, enabling longer memory persistence and better error-gradient flow. This model captures long-temporal dependencies better than an LSTM and the time gate parameters can be learned even from non-optimal initialization values. Because the time gate limits the updates of the neuron state, the number of computes needed for the network update is also reduced. By adding a computational budget term to the training loss, we can obtain a network which further reduces the number of computes by at least 10x. Finally, by employing a temporal curriculum learning schedule for the g-LSTM, we can reduce the convergence time of the equivalent LSTM network on long sequences.


In order to clarify the mechanism by which the lung airway narrows during an asthma attack, dynamic buckling analysis of the wall was conducted. The wall was modeled using a visco-elastic thin-walled circular cylinder of the Voigt model for the planestress state. A governing equation for dynamic buckling was derived, and in the equation, the contraction of smooth muscle was replaced by uniform inward transmural pressure. The non-dimensional parameters for the buckling wave number n were nondimensional retardation time τ, non-dimensional increasing velocity of inward transmural pressure β, thickness radius ratio α2, radius length ratio η, density ratio ζ, and Poisson's ratio ν. The validity of the theoretical model was confirmed by comparing the calculated wave number with that obtained from the experiment, in which a silicone rubber tube blended with silicone potting gel was used as the in vitro airway model. In addition, the wave number n increased with β. It was necessary to consider the damping effect of the tube model or the airway wall, and n increased by 1.5 to 2 due to the additional mass effect of surrounding tissues of the basement membrane in the airway wall.


Vitex doniana Sw. (black plum) is a species known to have socio-economic potentialities due to its food, therapeutic and cultural uses. The structure and natural regeneration of this species were studied in Banikoara district, in northern Benin. The main objective was to develop strategies for conservation and sustainable use of this species. Collected data focused on diameter, height, number of individuals and regenerations in plots of various sizes according to habitats considered. Degree of threat and the endogenous uses and methods of conservation were also assessed. The results showed that V. doniana presented, in general, an aggregative distribution (Blackman Index = 10.84) which was related to its dissemination type and a random distribution in agroforestry parklands (Blackman Index = 0.34) related to management type. The density values of mature and natural regeneration were low. The species suckered well in all habitats and have a relatively stable structure in natural areas. However, V. doniana presented a degree of threat respectively equivalent to 62.27% and 95.65% in disturbed riparian landscape and in parklands. The various uses showed that fruits and leaves were the most used parts in feeding and in traditional medicine. They are sold in local markets and are not subject to industrial processing. Keywords : Structure, regeneration, black plum, conservation, Banikoara, Benin.


Two simple, sensitive, economical, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of cefditoren pivoxil in pharmaceutical oral solid dosage form. Method A involves the determination of cefditoren pivoxil by diazotisation reaction. It is based on the reaction of cefditoren pivoxil with hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite to form reddish brown colored chromogen, exhibiting maximum absorption at 450 nm. Method B is based on reaction of cefditoren pivoxil with ferric chloride and 1, 10-phenanthroline to form blood red coloured chromogen, exhibiting absorption maximum at 510 nm. The Beer's concentration was found to be between 50-500 µg/mL for Method A and 5-50 µg/mL for Method B. The methods have been statistically evaluated and were found to be precise and accurate. The proposed methods are economical and sensitive for the estimation of cefditoren pivoxil in bulk drug and formulations.


Increasing memory parallelism in MPSoCs to provide higher memory bandwidth is achieved by accessing multiple memories simultaneously. Inasmuch as the response transactions of concurrent memory accesses must be in-order, a reordering mechanism is required. To our knowledge the resource utilization of conventional reordering mechanisms is low. In this paper, we present a novel network interface architecture for on-chip networks to increase the resource utilization and to improve overall performance. Also, based on the proposed architecture, a hybrid network interface is presented to integrate both memory and processor in a tile. The proposed architecture exploits AXI transaction based protocol to be compatible with existing IP cores. Experimental results with synthetic test cases demonstrate that the proposed architecture outperforms the conventional architecture in terms of latency. Also, the cost of the presented architecture is evaluated with UMC 0.09μ m technology.


This paper makes a conscious "moral" and "historical" confrontation with Bishop Bell opposition to several war crimes in connection with the defeat of Germany in 1945. He argues that, as persistently However, Bell had used for the victims of the Nazi persecution of the Jews, he was now guilty of not acting in the interests of those victims, but in favor of the dubious claims of a number of those involved directly in the mass murder were. This represented a substantial miscarriage of justice dar. But that was no accident. Bell hanging on an opinion that differed too naive between the Nazis and those who a different a Christian Germany represented. It was the "legitimacy" of that other Germany, not least because of the danger of Soviet communism, what was most important to him now. The danger of this opinion was that they brought the bishop in questionable arguments and a controversial company, and that they contributed nothing to encourage a clear public commitment to the fate of the Jews in occupied Europe.


The past several years have seen dramatic developments in the study of planetary magnetic fields, including a wealth of new data, mainly from the Galilean satellites and Mars, together with major improvements in our theoretical modeling effort of the dynamo process believed responsible for large planetary fields. These dynamos arise from thermal or compositional convection in fluid regions of large radial extent. The relevant electrical conductivities range from metallic values to values that may be only about 1% or less that of a typical metal, appropriate to ionic fluids and semiconductors. In all planets, the Coriolis force is dynamically important, but slow rotation may be more favorable for a dynamo than fast rotation. The maintenance and persistence of convection appears to be easy in gas giants and ice-rich giants, but is not assured in terrestrial planets because the quite high electrical conductivity of ironrich cores guarantees a high thermal conductivity (through the Wiedemann^Franz law), which allows for a large core heat flow by conduction alone. In this sense, high electrical conductivity is unfavorable for a dynamo in a metallic core. Planetary dynamos mostly appear to operate with an internal field V(2b6/c)1=2 where b is the fluid density, 6 is the planetary rotation rate and c is the conductivity (SI units). Earth, Ganymede, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and maybe Mercury have dynamos, Mars has large remanent magnetism from an ancient dynamo, and the Moon might also require an ancient dynamo. Venus is devoid of a detectable global field but may have had a dynamo in the past. The presence or absence of a dynamo in a terrestrial body (including Ganymede) appears to depend mainly on the thermal histories and energy sources of these bodies, especially the convective state of the silicate mantle and the existence and history of a growing inner solid core. Induced fields observed in Europa and Callisto indicate the strong likelihood of water oceans in these bodies. : 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


Abstract Objectives Rhodiola rosea is an adaptogen herb from the Crassulaceae family, which has been vastly used in the Russian and Chinese medicine. The herb is used against depression, anxiety, mental and physical fatigue and to promote overall health. In this systematic review, we examined the effects of R. rosea on depression, anxiety and mood, as these are the most relevant to mental health. Methods Literature searches were made in PubMed using the term 'Rhodiola rosea'. Inclusion criteria were: Randomized controlled trials using interventions of R. rosea on any type of participants, while focusing on the effects of the intervention on depression, anxiety or mood. Mixed interventions of R. rosea with other herbs were excluded. Studies not published in English or Greek were excluded. Results A total of 39 randomized controlled trials were identified and their abstract was screened. After screening, a total of 17 papers were excluded because they were focusing on irrelevant outcomes. The full text of the remaining 22 papers was read and an additional 17 papers were excluded. These papers were excluded because they were eventually not focusing on our main outcome or they were using R. rosea interventions with other herbs. In the end, a total of 5 papers (n = 327 participants) were found eligible for our systematic review. In these studies, R. rosea seems to improve the symptoms of mild to moderate depression, symptoms of mild anxiety and to enhance mood. The last date of our search was October 13, 2019. Conclusion Rhodiola rosea supplementation may alleviate symptoms of mild to moderate depression and mild anxiety, while it may also enhance mood. The findings of our review are not definite due to the lack of available experimental data. Randomized controlled trials with a low risk of bias are needed to further study the herb.


Wernicke Encephalopathy (WE) is a severe neurological disease caused by vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency, which is potentially treatable if early diagnosed. This is the clinical case of a young female patient, with renal insufficiency on haemodialysis, who has been submitted to an abdominal surgery. After the intervention, there were difficulties on beginning with enteric nutrition. Some days later she developed gait imbalance. A Brain Magnetic Resonance (MR) was performed and disclosed abnormalities suggestive of WE. After treatment with thiamine, the patient became asymptomatic. Brain MR is crucial for the confirmation of the diagnosis and early detection of WE, as the imagiologic pattern is typical and the clinical diagnosis is frequently difficult to obtain.


Continuum low-frequency radio observations of the Galactic center reveal the presence of two prominent radio sources, Sgr A East and its surrounding halo, containing nonthermal particle distributions with power-law indexes ~2.5-3.3 and ~2.4, respectively. The central 1-2 pc region is also a source of intense (stellar) UV and (dust-reprocessed) far-IR radiation that bathes these extended synchrotron-emitting structures. A recent detection of γ-rays (2EG J1746-2852) from within ~1° of the Galactic center by EGRET onboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) shows that the emission from this environment extends to very high energies. We suggest that inverse Compton scattering between the power-law electrons inferred from the radio properties of Sgr A East and its halo and the UV and IR photons from the nucleus may account for the possibly diffuse γ-ray source as well. We show that both particle distributions may be contributing to the γ-ray emission, although their relevant strength depends on the actual physical properties (such as the magnetic field intensity) in each source. If this picture is correct, the high-energy source at the Galactic center is extended over several arcminutes, which can be tested with the next generation of γ-ray and hard X-ray missions.


Electrostatic (ES) force is one of the most important actuation mechanisms for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. However, residual vibration of microstructures induced by ES actuation can bring various problems that degrade dynamic performance and device longevity, such as long settling time, dynamic pull-in, and contact fatigue. By suppressing this undesirable effect, it is expected that both the dynamic performance and device reliability can be effectively enhanced. This paper presents a command-shaping-based scheme with experiment validation for both fast positioning and reduced contact impact of MEMS devices by the suppression of motion-induced vibrations. The scheme was developed by applying energy conservation, force equilibrium, and elliptical integrals. Simulink simulations indicate that both the impact force and settling time can be effectively reduced. In order to count the possible parameter variation and unmodeled dynamics, an online tuning scheme is also proposed and verified through simulation. Finally, spring-plate specimens fabricated using SU-8 with a metallic coating and a test bed containing a laser positioning sensor and a high voltage source are designed to further demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme; the test results indicate that the proposed approach can effectively enhance the dynamic performance of MEMS devices such as grating light valves and RF switches.


The authors deal with the setting up of sunshine recording stations using satellite information. Most statistical criteria used to select measurement locations rely on knowledge of the correlation structure of the measured phenomenon. As this structure is generally not known extensively, it must be modeled under homogeneity assumptions. An alternative solution is proposed to avoid such modeling by using instead the correlation structure deduced from remote-sensed measurements of the studied phenomenon. A case study is presented. >


The phenomenon of the transformation of proteins into amyloid-fibrils is of interest, firstly, because it is closely connected to the so-called conformational diseases, many of which are hitherto incurable, and secondly, because it remains to be explained in physical terms (energetically and structurally). The process leads to fibrous aggregates in the form of extracellular amyloid plaques, neuro-fibrillary tangles and other intracytoplasmic or intranuclear inclusions. In this review, basic principles common to the field of amyloid fibril formation and conformational disease are underlined. Existing models for the mechanism need to be tested by experiment. The kinetic and energetic bases of the process are reviewed. The main controversial issue remains the coexistence of more than one protein conformation. The possible role of oligomeric intermediates, and of domain-swapping is also discussed. Mechanisms for cellular defence and novel therapies are considered.


In this technical note, we address the comments on the energy estimates for Magnetoelectric Spin-orbit (MESO) Logic, a new logic device proposed by the authors. We provide an analytical derivation of the switching energy, and support it with time-domain circuit simulations using a self-consistent ferroelectric (FE) compact model. While the energy to charge a capacitor is dissipated in the interconnect and transistor resistance, we note that the energy to switch a capacitor and a FE is independent of the interconnect resistance value to the first order. Also device design can mitigate the parasitic energy losses. We further show the circuit simulations for a sub 10 aJ switching operation of a MESO logic device comprehending: a) Energy stored in multiferroic; b) Energy dissipation in the resistance of the interconnect, Ric ; c) Energy dissipation in the inverse spin-orbit coupling (ISOC) spin to charge converter Risoc; d) Supply, ground resistance, and transistor losses. We also identify the requirements for the resistivity of the spin-orbit coupling materials and address the effect of internal resistance of the spin to charge conversion layer. We provide the material parameter space where MESO (with a fan-out of 1 and interconnect) achieves sub 10 aJ switching energy with path for scaling via ferroelectric/magnetoelectric/spin-orbit materials development.


The optimum welding condition for the input power was experimentally determined using the ERW simulator. The optimum condition derived from the nondestructive defect inspection and impact energy was the heat input power of 250kW with normalizing treatment at 900oC. In order to evaluate the fatigue life of ERW pipes, fatigue crack growth test for base metal and weld joint with the optimum condition were performed. As stress intensity factor range ( DKS) increased, the fatigue crack propagation rate (da/dN) of the weld joint became slower than that of the base metal. The fatigue life of ERW pipe was statistically estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation with the standard deviation of material constants (C and m) of the Paris law in the specimen. The fatigue life at failure probability PF = 50% is 2.3×105 cycle. Since the fatigue test of pipe in field has a lot of difficulties due to cost, equipment and time, the life derived from the simulation was identified using the common durability simulation software.


To take ZLP500L type suspended platform for research object, establishes parametric finite element model with ANSYS, and analyze static performance of its structure. Define the platform section parameters as the design variables, and structure in dangerous working conditions of stress and displacement as state variables, makes optimization design of platform with first-order method, so obtain lightweight high degree of section parameters which reducing 26.16% total quality of platform. Meanwhile makes buckling analysis of optimized platform to obtain smallest the critical load coefficient is 171.56, and then verifies the platform structure stability, provides theory basis to ZLP500L type suspended platform design and alteration.


We solved one dimensional Schrodinger equation in a H2 molecular environment by using 3 femtosecond homogeneous and nonhomogeneous laser fields. In homogeneous case, we found out that larger inter nuclear distances result in earlier ionization and also more instability in the wave packet. We deducted that the more the instability is, the more modulated the power spectrum will be. So, by choosing a fixed 1.96 atomic units inter nuclear distance, we investigated high harmonic generation in both linear and nonlinear nonhomogeneous laser pulses. We observed that in comparison with the linear case, in nonlinear one, the plateau possessed higher intensity harmonics. On the other hand, in this case, cutoff order occurred on higher frequency. By superposing several harmonics near cutoff region, we predicted the generation of a 73 attosecond pulse.


This article introduces a method that generates a hexahedral-dominant mesh from an input tetrahedral mesh. It follows a three-step pipeline similar to the one proposed by Carrier Baudoin et al.: (1) generate a frame field, (2) generate a pointset P that is mostly organized on a regular grid locally aligned with the frame field, and (3) generate the hexahedral-dominant mesh by recombining the tetrahedra obtained from the constrained Delaunay triangulation of P. For step (1), we use a state-of-the-art algorithm to generate a smooth frame field. For step (2), we introduce an extension of Periodic Global Parameterization to the volumetric case. As compared with other global parameterization methods (such as CubeCover), our method relaxes some global constraints to avoid creating degenerate elements, at the expense of introducing some singularities that are meshed using non-hexahedral elements. For step (3), we build on the formalism introduced by Meshkat and Talmor, fill in a gap in their proof, and provide a complete enumeration of all the possible recombinations, as well as an algorithm that efficiently detects all the matches in a tetrahedral mesh. The method is evaluated and compared with the state of the art on a database of examples with various mesh complexities, varying from academic examples to real industrial cases. Compared with the method of Carrier-Baudoin et al., the method results in better scores for classical quality criteria of hexahedral-dominant meshes (hexahedral proportion, scaled Jacobian, etc.). The method also shows better robustness than CubeCover and its derivatives when applied to complicated industrial models.


Due to the rise of adoption of mobile technologies, a New Zealand based firm proposed an interest in extending their online accounting service to a mobile channel. While there is awareness in extending online accounting to mobile devices there is scarce empirical research examining the user requirements and challenges associated with the development of mobile accounting applications. This paper present a research project comprised of two phases: the first phase aimed to elicit users' mobility requirements of an existing online accounting system, while the second phase investigates the extent to which each requirement elicited in the first phase was able to be incorporated by the partner company development team during the development of a mobile accounting application. The paper concludes with a summary of the findings and recommendations for future research.


Malnutrition in India, particularly among women, children and adolescents is an emergency that needs immediate attention in this fast growing and developing country. Micronutrient deficiencies are threatening public health in India more and more. Deficiencies of micronutrients drastically affect growth, metabolism and reproductive phase in humans as it does in plants and animals. Cereal and pulse based Indian diets are qualitatively deficient in micronutrients such as iron, calcium, vitamin A and zinc. This is due to a low intake of income-elastic protective foods such as pulses, vegetables, fruits, and foods of animal origin. It is presumed that if we restore the geographical connection between food production and consumption in local food networks it will help in solving this nutritional problem in India. This offers new opportunities to tailor science & technology to location specific patterns of food production and consumption, which may lead to environmentally and socially sustainable agriculture. Despite global pressure (including from science and technology) to focus agricultural cultivation on a limited number of food crops, still many so-called orphan crops like mungbean do exist and are cultivated in location-specific crop rotation systems. Particularly, the seed legumes are of major nutritional importance, especially in developing countries, because they have high protein contents of good biological value. Out of the total sales of mungbean, about half of the sales are within the village which clearly establishes the need for development of infrastructure and facilities at the village level to serve the interests of the farm households. Moreover, it is also necessary to shift the focus of development from the urban market centres (largely developed) to the rural market centres. Linking breeding, nutrition, processing and standardisation of food products, may be designed within the experimental framework of empowering poor farmers. Hence, tailoring plant, food and social sciences to empower local mungbean production and consumption patterns has been designed as an interdisciplinary program of plant breeding, food technology, human nutrition and sociology of science and technology. Thus the 'Tailoring Food Sciences to Endogenous Patterns of Local Food Supply for Future Nutrition' (TELFUN) project aimed to help people in selecting their own way of local food production, processing and consumption of the best suited local food. The main objective is to strengthen "The Science in Society" approach by remodeling participatory research and development and the general aim of TELFUN was to attune disciplinary research objectives within an interdisciplinary framework to enhance food sovereignty and to improve mungbean based production and consumption pattern in selected research area (Haryana, India). As an example our research focused on further improving one of the potential nutritional crops, namely mungbean. The present work emphasizes on mungbean in general and especially on the available micronutrient variation in the mungbean germplasm. The mungbean (green gram), Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek is native to the Indian subcontinent . They are warm season annuals, highly branched and having trifoliate leaves like the other legumes. Seeds of mungbean are small, ovoid in shape, and green in color. Mungbean seeds are high in protein (21%–28%), calcium, phosphorus and certain vitamins. Moreover they are easily digested and they replace scarce animal protein in human diets in vegetarian populations of the world. The selected area of research centres contain a high level of local biodiversity and are the locations for domestication of mungbean. This legume has co-evolved with their natural ecosystems and is well-adapted to withstand the local biotic and abiotic stresses. This will help in enabling the reconnection of the cultivation of the mungbean with their natural environments. Moreover, as domestication has taken place by local farmers during many centuries, they have accumulated local endogenous knowledge, which is very relevant for local food networks ( www.telfun.info ). Thus to explore the potential mungbean network, the present thesis set its objectives. They were: i) identification of the major constraints, limitations and preferences of producer's with regard to mungbean, ii) assessing the diversity in the available germplasm and assessing the effects of different environments on selected cultivars for their mineral micronutrients and iii) to make a start to develop tools for marker assisted breeding with regard to iron and zinc.


Microorganisms constitute a central component of constructed wetlands (CWs), playing a major role in these systems' capacity for treating wastewater. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity and composition of the microbial community found in a recirculating vertical flow CW (RVFCW) bed fed with primarily settled domestic wastewater and its response to the presence of plants, season and location in the bed. The RVFCW removed 90-95% of TSS and BOD(5) to below 10 mg L(-1). The effluent quality was not significantly affected by seasonal temperature or the existence of plants in the bed. None of these factors had discernible effects on bacterial diversity, e.g. in the planted RVFCW, the richness (S') and Shannon-Weiner diversity (H') indices were 18.3 (±3.5) and 2.49 (±0.15), respectively, which are similar to the values of 19.4 (±3.5) and 2.57 (±0.18) in the unplanted RVFCW. However, there were indications that the structure of the microbial community underwent changes that were uncorrelated with the environmental factors tested and that did not affect the overall performance. The consistency in diversity and composition/structure of the bacterial community in the face of temporal and environmental influences possibly contributes to the robustness and high treatment capacity of the RVFCW system.


Fas‐mediated mechanisms of apoptosis are thought to be involved in the bile duct loss that characterizes diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We have previously shown that activation of CD40 on hepatocytes can amplify Fas‐mediated apoptosis; in the present study, we investigated interactions between CD40 and Fas in biliary epithelial cells (BEC). We report that the bile ducts in PBC liver tissue frequently express increased levels of Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), and CD40 associated with apoptotic BEC. The portal mononuclear infiltrate contains CD40L+ve T cells and macrophages, thereby demonstrating a potential mechanism for CD40 engagement in vivo. Primary cultures of human BEC also expressed Fas, FasL, and CD40 but not CD40L protein or mRNA. Activation of CD40 on BEC using recombinant CD40L increased transcriptional expression of FasL and induced apoptosis, which was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies to either Fas or FasL. Thus, CD40‐induced apoptosis of BEC is mediated through Fas/FasL. We then investigated the intracellular signals and transcription factors activated in BEC and found that NF‐κB and AP‐1 were both activated after CD40 ligation. Increased functional NF‐κB was seen early after CD40 ligation, but returned to baseline levels after 4 h. In contrast, the rapid up‐regulation of AP‐1 was sustained over 24 h. This study provides further functional evidence of the ability of CD40 to induce Fas/FasL‐dependent apoptosis of liver epithelial cells supporting the importance of cross‐talk between tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family members as an amplification step in apoptosis induction. Sustained activation of AP‐1 in the absence of NF‐κB signaling may be a critical factor in determining the outcome of CD40 engagement.—Afford, S. C., Ahmed‐Choudhury, J., Randhawa, S., Russell, C., Youster, J., Crosby, H. A., Eliopoulos, A., Hubscher, S. G., Young, L. S., Adams, D. H. CD40 activation‐induced, Fas‐dependent apoptosis and NFkB/AP‐1 signaling in human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells. FASEB J. 15, 2345‐2354 (2001)