This study is an attempt to enlarge our knowledge of the type, or types, of language which will have underlain the literary language of the mediaeval Braj Bhasa poets. It originates in the fact that the India Office Library contains a MS of one of the earliest texts in Braj Bhasa prose (composed c.A.D.1600) which are known to exist. The work consists essentially of an edition of this unpublished text, and a descriptive study of its language. The Introduction, after describing the chief existing studies of literary and colloquial Braj Bhasa, suggests the ends which might be served by the analysis of an old, carefully transmitted prose text at this time, and outlines the scope of the present study. Chapter I summarises our scanty knowledge of early prose in Hindi dialects and lists the Sanskritised prose texts in Khari Boli and Braj Bhasa which are usually claimed to date from before A.D. 1600, with comments on their authenticity and transmission. Chapter II describes the known MSS of works by Indrajit of Orcha, indicating the grounds on which one of them is chosen as a basis for the study. Chapter III presents an edition of the text of this MS, with textual, interpretative and grammatical notes; the last bear chiefly on minor points of morphology and syntax, Chapters IV-Vi contain most of the detailed conclusions of the study. It emerges that the prose language of Indrajit differs in many features from Braj Bhasa as described in the standard studies, based chiefly on mediaeval poetic texts and 19th century prose. In morphology, it has "been possible to add at many points to existing accounts, and there is room for suspicion that some of the additions bear on the general morphology of mediaeval Braj Bhasa, rather than merely on that of the particular text studied. Certain forms found in the text are not mentioned at all elsewhere. It seems that a very restricted number of Khari Boli forms were genuinely current in the language of the text. In syntax, the material presented in Chapter VI is largely new for Braj Bhasa, the existing studies having dealt not at all fully with the topics concerned. The clear affinities of the syntax of the text with that of modern Khari Boli have been underlined, and the divergences, of which there are a number, noted. In phonology, the fact that a non-poetic text was being analysed has enabled more definite statements on the weakening of short vowels to be made than has been possible hitherto, while various other aspects of phonology have been studied more fully for this text than for any other specimen of mediaeval Braj Bhasa.


The accelerated development of technology in recent years, coupled with lower prices for electronic components and easy access to information via the Internet, has led to the emergence of computer-aided devices/interfaces that can be used in various fields and implicitly in sports.
In this context, the purpose of the paper is to highlight the effects of using the Microsoft Kinect 360 device in order to increase the efficiency of specific training in the handball game. Microsoft Kinect 360 is a versatile multimedia device that can be used as a 3D scanner that provides a variety of functions. In our application, we have exploited the space perception capability of the Kinect sensor that is placed in front of a wall on which the image of the game is also projected; the sensor is mounted and calibrated so as to fully display the projection image; the calibration is done using the LKB program; the LKB system (Linguistic Knowledge Builder) is a grammar and lexicon development environment for unification-based linguistic formalisms. The software part is specifically designed for the training of handball players.
The paper presents handball-specific virtual games applied to a group of 22 female players born in 2005/2006, members of the ACS Sporting Ghimbav team. The virtual games applied in the training lessons are aimed at the practice of handball-specific technical elements in an entertaining environment, on an interactive wall, in order to educate the subjects' specialised perceptions.
The conclusions of the study highlight useful information on the way of improving the sports training of female players aged 12 to 15 years.


We propose a general equilibrium model to study the spatial inequality of consumers and firms within a city. Our mechanics rely on Dixit and Stiglitz monopolistic competition framework. The firms and consumers are continuously distributed across a two-dimensional space, there are iceberg-type costs both for goods shipping and workers com- muting (hence firms have variable marginal costs based on their location). Our main interest is in the equilibrium spatial distribution of wealth. We construct a model that is both tractable and general enough to stand the test of real city empirics. We provide some theoretical statements, but mostly the results of numerical simulations with the real Moscow data.


With the growing of Internet, an user QoS support for Internet application will play an important role for the success of this emerging technology. Unfortunately, Internet connection in such circumstance is often not reliable, causing difficulties in accessing information sources on the Web. In this paper, we present an approach that does not only enable the user QoS integration into Internet application, but also the selection of appropriate services based on user requirements and network performance. Furthermore, we present a QoS framework for implementing the user QoS mechanism as the platform for Internet application. The framework serves as a bridging layer between Internet application and the network mechanism.


Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently (42%) isolated micro-organism during bacteraemic episodes in haemodialysis patients. Nasal carriage of S. aureus is of major importance in determining the risk of subsequent infections. Indeed, nasal carriage of S. aureus is highly prevalent in uraemic patients from the onset of maintenance dialysis therapy. The strains isolated simultaneously from the nares and the hands are usually the same. Likewise, infecting S. aureus strains and those isolated from nasal surveillance cultures obtained in the same patient are usually similar. S. aureus infections in haemodialysis patients are thus mostly to be considered as auto-infections. The nares are therefore an elective site for the prevention of S. aureus infections in haemodialysis patients. This has been demonstrated with oral rifampin, and more recently with nasal mupirocin, which is highly effective. Long-term application of nasal mupirocin (e.g. once per week) is cost-effective and is only rarely associated with the emergence of mupirocin-resistance in S. aureus.


The article presents a model of the formation process of new cooperatives, primarily based on studies of the Swedish organizational population. The predominance of pragmatically oriented cooperatives provides an opportunity to study the process's organizational aspects, in relative isolation from ideological factors and the impact of movements. Cooperative formation is seen as an act of collective entrepreneurship, and a key event in the process is the emergence and crystallization of a social bearer for the cooperative project. A review of concrete cases of cooperative formation points to the importance of a prior history, and suggests four bases for the definition of a social bearer: community, need, idea and enterprise. The article closes with a review of the implications of the model for waves of cooperative formation, and for the cooperative's continued life path.


This paper investigates post-2000 trends in homeownership rates in the US by immigrant status, race, and ethnicity. Homeownership rates for most groups examined rose during the housing boom of the early and mid-2000s but fell during and after the housing bust. By 2015 homeownership rates had fallen below year 2000 levels for most groups but not all. In particular, some Asian immigrant groups experienced sizable gains in overall homeownership rates and in regression-adjusted differences relative to white non-Hispanic natives. Some other immigrant and minority groups also made gains relative to white non- Hispanic natives. We document and discuss these trends.


A teleidoscope is a form of kaleidoscope that has a lens and an open view. It is used to form kaleidoscopic patterns from objects outside the instrument itself. I use the image of a teleidoscope to introduce the context of the research which explores mediatised environments in museums, here referred to as 'multimodal interfaces' given their potential to reflect and refract 'objects' from the outer world and to translate them within the time and space of the museum. Objects, in this context, comprise the tangible legacy of physical artefacts, artworks, material records, cultural objects, buildings and landscapes, and the intangible heritage of oral histories, customs, and knowledge that was inherited from past generations and held for the benefit of future generations.
Technology is transforming all aspects of museum activity, from access, to interpretation, representation, engagement and learning. Museums, heritage sites and landscapes can all be looked as part of an electronic ecology, that is, the pervasive and networked technological world in which we are immersed. Exploring 'experience' as a new territory for curatorial design, the research argues for an 'ecological' approach to the artistry of experience-making in museums and the devising of integrative strategies that enable encounter, intimacy and embodied interactions between people, places, memory, cultural objects and the things we preserve from the past. Opening up a discussion around experiential approaches to the interpretation of cultural heritage and its inherent ambiguities and paradoxes, questions are posed regarding the opportunities of digital technologies for embodied engagement as a new way of knowing about the world, the 'other', memory and ourselves. Participating in the current discourse on the inclusive role of the multimedia museum in a multicultural society, the research poses questions on how curatorial design practices can develop an integrative approach combining spatial design and digital mediation in order to create a zone of contact between cultures and histories that is both responsive to interaction and open to participation.
The research case studies explore from a critical perspective the strategies adopted by designers and curators to mediate difference and facilitate intimacy with contested topics and representation of marginal and counter-histories. The studies comprise both critical analysis of existing exhibitions in various museums, as well as original creative works developed by myself as a curator and designer. The research practices offer an experimental ground where to critically explore and reflect on the possibilities of the mediation of curatorial design in negotiating experience and (re)constructing the past, thus extending the notion of the museum beyond exhibition spaces to comprise landscapes, objects, digital spaces as well as physical bodies.


The aim of this study is to identify lifestyle factors related to hypertension in man and woman workers, and to investigate age and gender differences in the relationships of the factors. From 6,000 civil service employees (4,937 men and 1,063 women) aged 40-69 years, information on lifestyle-related factors such as stress, exercise habits, preference for salty taste, alcohol drinking and smoking habits, and body mass index, as well as age and family history of hypertension was obtained through self-administered questionnaires in 1997. Hypertension was defined as either a systolic blood pressure ≧ 140mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure ≧ 90 mmHg, or undergoing treatment for hypertension, and was present by 37.0% in men and 19.6% in women. Only body mass index was a significant lifestyle-related risk factor common to both genders with an odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval in parentheses of 2.2 (2.0 - 2.5) for men and 3.2 (2.3 - 4.6) for women. Men and women who preferred salty taste showed multivariate adjusted odds ratios of 0.9 (0.8 -1.1) and 1.5 (1.1 - 2.2) for hypertension, respectively. In the stratified subanalysis, women aged 50 years and over had a significant odds ratio of 2.7 (1.5 - 4.9), whereas women aged 40-49 years and men of all age classes failed to show significant relationships. Salt intake was suggested to be a key factor for hypertension particularly for women after menopause.


Purpose: To evaluate the performance of an implantable dosimeter for IMRT treatment delivery and daily dose verification with the TomoTherapy Hi‐Art System. Method and Materials: The DVS® dosimeter from Sicel Technologies was used to measure the dose delivered with TomoTherapy and was compared against the treatment planning calculation and ion chamber measurements. Two DVS® devices were used. One of the devices tracked the dose for a static tomotherapy beam. The other device tracked the dose for an IMRT prostate treatment plan. Comparable measurements were obtained with a NIST‐traceable calibrated ion chamber. All three detectors were placed at isocenter within a uniform cylindrical phantom. Before delivery, MVCT scans were made for treatment position verification followed by measurements. Results: Day‐to‐day position verification using MVCT scans for both types of dosimeters was reproducible. When comparing the results for the static beam delivery, the cumulative dose error was 0.4% between the ion chamber and the DVS® dosimeter. The results for the first 10 fractions resulted in an average percent difference of 0.70% from the planned dose with a standard deviation of 0.92%. When comparing the results for the prostate plan, the cumulative dose error was 3.2% between the ion chamber and the DVS® dosimeter. The results for the first 10 fractions resulted in an average percent difference of 0.68% from the planned dose with a standard deviation of 1.0%. Conclusions: The measurements made by the DVS® dosimeter falls within the device's specified accuracy of the dosimeter. The DVS® device is easily identifiable with the Hi‐Art TomoTherapy System and is an effective fiducial marker. MVCT verification scans did not contribute any significant dose nor did they affect the accuracy of the DVS® device. Conflict of Intertest: Sicel Technologies, Inc provided the equipment and materials used in the study.


The asymptotic properties of the Bianchi type II cosmological model in the Brane-world scenario are investigated. The matter content is assumed to be a combination of a perfect fluid and a minimimally coupled scalar field that is restricted to the Brane. The isotropic braneworld solution is determined to represent the initial singularity in all brane-world cosmologies. Additionally, it is shown that it is the kinetic energy of the scalar field which dominates the initial dynamics in these brane-world cosmologies. It is important to note that, the dynamics of these brane-world cosmologies is not necessarily asymptotic to general relativistic cosmologies to the future in the case of a zero four-dimensional cosmological constant.


On the basis that aluminium-based antiperspirant salts are designed to block apocrine sweat ducts of the axilla, and that breast cysts result from blocked breast ducts in the adjacent region of the body, it has been proposed that breast cysts may arise from antiperspirant use if sufficient aluminium is absorbed into breast tissues over long-term usage. This review collates evidence that aluminium can be absorbed from dermal application of antiperspirant salts and describes studies measuring levels of aluminium in breast tissues, including in breast cyst fluids. It is notable that breast cysts, as for breast cancers, start most frequently in the upper outer quadrant of the breast, which is the region closest to the site of underarm antiperspirant application. Mechanistic evidence is reviewed for a link between aluminium levels in breast tissue, cyst formation and development of breast cancer. If excessive use of antiperspirant is a cause of breast cysts, then reduction or cessation of use could provide a preventative or even treatment strategy. Furthermore, if cyst formation from antiperspirant use is an indicator of increased risk for breast cancer, then reduction in use of antiperspirant could also provide a strategy for reducing breast cancer risk.


The equilibrium properties of a HIV‐1‐protease precursor are studied by means of an efficient molecular dynamics scheme, which allows for the simulation of the folding of the protein monomers and their dimerization into an active form and compare them with those of the mature protein. The results of the model provide, with atomic detail, an overall account of several experimental findings, including the NMR conformation of the mature dimer, the calorimetric properties of the system, the effects of the precursor tail on the dimerization constant, the secondary chemical shifts of the monomer, and the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement data associated with the conformations of the precursor. It is found that although the mature protein can dimerize in a unique, single way, the precursor populates several dimeric conformations in which monomers are always native‐like, but their binding can be non‐native. Proteins 2014; 82:633–639. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


This work is to study the diffusion of Al into amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film at the elevated temperature by in-situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE). The sputtered a-Si film 60 nm thick on an optically opaque Al (100 nm) layer on silicon wafer was heated in a temperature controlled heating sample stage from room temperature to 300°C and slowly cooled down to room temperature while the dynamic SE data were measured. It was found that the ∆ and Ψ spectra began to change quickly at 200°C until the temperature reached 250°C, then continue to changed very slowly until 300°C. No significant change could be observed while the sample was cooling down to room temperature. The full spectral SE measurements were also taken at every 50°C steps and used to model the diffusion of Al into the top a-Si film. The interface layer due to diffusion was modeled by Bruggeman Effective Medium Approximation (EMA) theory as the mixture of Al and Si.


A response to NYU Law Professor Kenji Yoshino...Yoshino directs much of his scorn at an analogy we use to defend our view (and the view historically embodied in our law) that marriages, being comprehensive interpersonal unions, are consummated and uniquely embodied in coitus -- in acts that extend spouses' union of hearts and minds along the biological dimension of their beings, much as various organs unite to form one body: by allowing them to coordinate together toward a biological function (in this case, reproduction) of the whole (in this case, the couple as a unit).


The report analyses and assesses different alternatives for the development of the European Union as well as their implications for both the EU itself and Finland. The analysis is based on different political and economic scenarios. At the heart of the first scenario are the various measures the EU has already undertaken in order to combat the eurozone crisis and to strengthen the EMU. We call this scenario the "Banking Union EMU" because its central innovation is the banking union. The second scenario is built on the assumption that the EMU will be deepened by extending mutual liability and by reinforcing the established rules for responsible budgeting. These reforms will, however, be implemented without radically altering the current political and institutional set-up of the EU. An important step in this scenario is the establishment of mechanisms for counter-cyclical fiscal policy in the eurozone. This requires the creation of a euro area fiscal capacity. A further possible step is the introduction of a system of mutual debt. We label this scenario the "Fiscal Union EMU" because the crucial reforms in this scenario revolve around the EU's fiscal policy. The scenario requires amending the EU's current treaties and institutional architecture. The third scenario looks at the possibility of building the eurozone into a constitutional federation. This scenario would mean a vast expansion of the EU budget as well as the transfer of new powers to the federal level particularly in the area of economic and fiscal policy as well as in the field of foreign and security policy. This scenario would involve a thorough overhaul of the EU's current legal and institutional framework. The EU's treaties would be replaced with a constitution that would make the Union a sovereign actor. We call this scenario the "Federal EMU". In the end, we also briefly discuss the possibility of disintegration in the euro area. Some form of disintegration could take place simultaneously with one of the three above-mentioned scenarios.


The thickness variation of drawing part is usually very complicated, which causes the accurate calculation of the surface area of drawing part to be very difficult. Blank optimization of sheet metal forming is often considered as a multi-objective problem. A blank optimization strategy of sheet metal forming process was suggested based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method was introduced to design the rational experimental samples; the objective function was defined based on crack factor and wrinkle factor; the accurate response surface for sheet metal forming problem was built by Least Square Method; Genetic Algorithm (GA) was adopted in optimization and Pareto solution was selected. The strategy was applied in blank optimization of an auto-part, this method was proved suitable for blank optimization of sheet metal forming.


The distribution of eigenvalues of the wave equation in a bounded domain is known as Weyl's problem. We describe several computational projects related to the cumulative state number, defined as the number of states having wavenumber up to a maximum value. This quantity and its derivative, the density of states, have important applications in nuclear physics, degenerate Fermi gases, blackbody radiation, Bose-Einstein condensation and the Casimir effect. Weyl's theorem states that, in the limit of large wavenumbers, the cumulative state number depends only on the volume of the bounding domain and not on its shape. Corrections to this behavior are well known and depend on the surface area of the bounding domain, its curvature and other features. We describe several projects that allow readers to investigate this dependence for three bounding domains - a rectangular box, a sphere, and a circular cylinder. Quasi-one- and two-dimensional systems can be analyzed by considering various limits. The projects have applications in statistical mechanics, but can also be integrated into quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, or computational physics courses.


Abstract A new type of nuclear reactor is presented that consists of a graphite-walled tube partly filled with TRISO-coated fuel particles. Helium is used as a coolant that flows from bottom to top through the tube, thereby fluidizing the particle bed. Only when the coolant flow is large enough does the reactor become critical because of the surrounding graphite that moderates and reflects the neutrons. The fuel particle designed for this reactor is strongly undermoderated and has a temperature coefficient of reactivity that is sufficiently negative. The outer diameter is 1 mm with a fuel kernel diameter of 0.26 mm. The fuel enrichment (16.7%) and the core inventory (120 kg of uranium) inherently limit the maximum power to 16 MW(thermal). A lumped-temperature point-kinetics model has been made that describes the fluidization of the particle bed, coupled to the thermal hydraulics and the neutronics of the core. The model has been linearized around the stationary solution, and the transfer function from coolant mass flow rate perturbations to reactor power fluctuations has been calculated. From a root-locus analysis, the reactor operation is shown to be stable with respect to small variations of the coolant mass flow rate around the stationary operation points. Transient analyses with the nonlinear reactor model show that for the three transients considered (a step in the coolant mass flow rate, a decrease of the coolant inlet temperature, and a loss of heat sink), the fuel temperature remains well below 1600°C. Recommendations are made for further research.


The present study tries to investigate the existing risks in the new product development process in the core banking field. Due to its use after production, new product development with the fewest errors and risks is always the subject of discussion and investigation among the researchers of this field. This study aims to investigate the most important risks existing in the new product development. The most important issue in this regard is that the market of manufactured products is increasingly competitive and the life-cycle of products is in decline due to environmental impacts. These factors force companies to follow such a process (new product development). Many techniques have been invented and applied in order to assess and manage the existing risks in different processes. Failure modes analysis technique and its resulted effects (FMEA) are considered as one of the most effective techniques that have been used for risk assessment of new product development in this study. Also, CORPAS-G method is used for prioritizing the detected risks. The purpose of this study is to identify the risks of new product and their priority for corrective measures to reduce the probable risks.


A 19-year-old woman presented with 1-year history of heavy irregular vaginal bleeding and iron deficiency anemia. Pelvic examination revealed a 3–4 cm size cervical lesion distorting the cervical canal but with no obvious parametrial involvement. Histology and immunohistochemistry on a wedge biopsy had features consistent with alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS). Preoperative imaging excluded metastasis. She subsequently underwent radical hysterectomy, left salpingo-oophorectomy, right salpingectomy, and pelvic lymph node sampling— preserving the right ovary. The histology showed negative margins and no involvement of the lymph nodes. Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy was administered. At 18 months posttreatment, there is no sign of recurrence. We review literature on diagnosis and treatment of genital ASPS.


In classical AI planning, heuristic functions typically base their estimates on a relaxation of the input task. Such relaxations can be more or less precise, and many heuristic functions have a refinement procedure that can be iteratively applied until the desired degree of precision is reached. Traditionally, such refinement is performed offline to instantiate the heuristic for the search. However, a natural idea is to perform such refinement online instead, in situations where the heuristic is not sufficiently accurate. We introduce several online-refinement search algorithms, based on hill-climbing and greedy best-first search. Our hill-climbing algorithms perform a bounded lookahead, proceeding to a state with lower heuristic value than the root state of the lookahead if such a state exists, or refining the heuristic otherwise to remove such a local minimum from the search space surface. These algorithms are complete if the refinement procedure satisfies a suitable convergence property. We transfer the idea of bounded lookaheads to greedy best-first search with a lightweight lookahead after each expansion, serving both as a method to boost search progress and to detect when the heuristic is inaccurate, identifying an opportunity for online refinement. We evaluate our algorithms with the partial delete relaxation heuristic hCFF, which can be refined by treating additional conjunctions of facts as atomic, and whose refinement operation satisfies the convergence property required for completeness. On both the IPC domains as well as on the recently published Autoscale benchmarks, our online-refinement search algorithms significantly beat state-of-the-art satisficing planners, and are competitive even with complex portfolios.


Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) materials are a promising subclass of metal–organic frameworks (MOF) for gas separations. However, due to the deleterious effects of gate-opening phenomena associated with organic linker rotation near the limiting pore apertures of ZIFs, there have been few demonstrations of improved gas separation properties over pure polymer membranes when utilizing ZIF materials in composite membranes for CO2-based gas separations. Here, we report a study of composite ZIF/polymer membranes, containing mixed-linker ZIF materials with ZIF-8 crystal topologies but composed of different organic linker compositions. Characterization of the mixed-linker ZIFs shows that the mixed linker approach offers control over the porosity and pore size distribution of the materials, as determined from nitrogen physisorption and Horváth–Kawazoe analysis. Single gas permeation measurements on mixedmatrix membranes reveal that inclusion of mixed-linker ZIFs yields membranes with better ideal CO2/ CH4 selectivity than membranes containing ZIF-8. This improvement is shown to likely occur from enhancement in the diffusion selectivity of the membranes associated with controlling the pore size distribution of the ZIF filler. Mixed-gas permeation experiments show that membranes with mixed-linker ZIFs display an effective plasticization resistance that is not typical of the pure polymeric matrix. Overall, we demonstrate that mixed-linker ZIFs can improve the gas separation properties in composite membranes and may be applicable to aggressive CO2 concentrations in natural gas feeds. 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


The effects of two antioxidants, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol, on the glutathione (GSH) levels of sickle erythrocytes were studied before and after inducing oxidative stress with 5mg of acetylphenylhydrazine (APHZ) per ml of blood. Pre –APHZ GSH levels of the control and sickle erythrocytes were 39.82 + 1.48 mg/100ml and 26.00 + 2.32 mg/ml respectively. Their respective post – APHZ levels were 37.00+ 2.35 mg/ml and 13.00 + 1.98 mg /ml. Post – APHZ +ascorbic acid , their mean GSH levels were respectively 37.75 + 2.50 mg/ml and 16.00 + 1.83 mg/ml , while post- APHZ + α- tocopherol significantly (p<0.05)elevated their GSH levels to 39.76 + 2.80 mg/ml and 22.00 + 2.24 mg/ml respectively. These results indicate that whether defective or not , the initial effect of an oxidant drug is to lower the GSH levels of red cells. Because the sickle erythrocytes had a subsisting redox stress ,the effect of APHZ could not be fully reversed by both ascorbic acid and α - tocopherol as occurred in the control. α – Tocopherol was more effective in counteracting the effect of APHZ , probably because it is a fat – soluble vitamin.


The aim of this paper is to examine the time scaling of the semivariance when returns are modeled by various types of jump-diffusion processes, including stochastic volatility models with jumps in returns and in volatility. In particular, we derive an exact formula for the semivariance when the volatility is kept constant, explaining how it should be scaled when considering a lower frequency. We also provide and justify the use of a generalization of the Ball-Torous approximation of a jump-diffusion process, this new model appearing to deliver a more accurate estimation of the downside risk. We use Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to fit our stochastic volatility model. For the tests, we apply our methodology to a highly skewed set of returns based on the Barclays US High Yield Index, where we compare different time scalings for the semivariance. Our work shows that the square root of the time horizon seems to be a poor approximation in the context of semivariance and that our methodology based on jump-diffusion processes gives much better results.


PROBLEM
Residents may experience mistreatment by faculty, peers, nurses, or patients. While faculty are reportedly the primary contributors to mistreatment, residents can also be offenders, which merits study. Forum theatre (FT) is an experiential learning modality requiring a peer group to develop problem-solving strategies. FT was piloted to address mistreatment among residents. The objective was to determine whether FT was feasible, acceptable to resident learners, and could lead to self-reported changes in perceptions or behaviors, providing program directors a focused option to address professionalism as a competency.

APPROACH
This initiative was conducted from September 2019 through February 2021 in obstetrics-gynecology and urology residencies at UT Health San Antonio and consisted of 3 phases: a focus group to identify mistreatment experienced by residents, resident volunteers to create and act out the FT scenario, and enactment of the FT scenario during didactic time. Residents completed anonymous retrospective pre- and postsurveys, as well as at 6-8 months after, to assess knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported and observed behaviors. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and 2-sample t tests for proportions were used to compare variables between groups.

OUTCOMES
The FT was completed successfully in both departments during didactic time. Twenty-six residents participated, 24 (92%) responded. Most respondents (23, 96%) would recommend FT to colleagues for teaching professionalism. Behavior changes were reported by 15 (63%) participants after the program. After 6-8 months, self-reported mistreatment behaviors had decreased, including "making fun of others" (15 (63%) to 10 (38%), P = .04) and sending "disparaging texts" (13 (54%) to 7 (27%), P =.02).

NEXT STEPS
The use of FT during regularly scheduled didactic times was feasible and well received among residents. The evaluation demonstrated sustained self-reported behavior changes. Plans are ongoing to expand this approach to other medical specialties and professions institutionally.


A simple model specific to static water feed solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) water electrolysis cell is constructed containing Butler-Volmer equation for calculating electrode over potentials, Nernst equation for calculating thermodynamic voltage and water balance equation for solving membrane water content. Based on the model, the water content distribution of the membrane is obtained, and the operating current density limitation is shown. It is indicated that the operating current density limitation of static water feed SPE electrolysis cell is obviously lower than that of normal SPE electrolysis cell.


We investigate a cosmological model in which the Stueckelberg fields are non-minimally coupled to the scalar curvature in a gauge invariant manner. We present not only a solution that can be considered in the context of the late time acceleration of the universe but also a solution compatible with the inflationary cosmology. Distinct behaviors of the scalar and vector fields together with the real valued mass gained by the Stueckelberg mechanism lead the universe to go through the two different accelerated expansion phases with a decelerated expansion phase between them. On the other hand, in the solutions we present, if the mass is null then the universe is either static or exhibits a simple power law expansion due to the vector field potential.


A thyroid toxicant workshop sponsored by the National Toxicology Program Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction convened on 28-29 April 2003 in Alexandria, Virginia. The purpose of this workshop was to examine and discuss chemical-induced thyroid dysfunction in experimental animals and the relevance of reproductive and developmental effects observed for prediction of adverse effects in humans. Presentations highlighted and compared reproductive and developmental effects of thyroid hormones in humans and rodents. Rodent models of thyroid system dysfunction were presented. Animal testing protocols were reviewed, taking into account protocol designs that allow extrapolation to possible human health effects. Potential screening methods to assess toxicant-induced thyroid dysfunction were outlined, and postnatal bioassays of thyroid-related effects were discussed.


Current research in visual tracking is largely focused on the generic case, where no prior knowledge about the target object is assumed. However, many real-world tracking applications stem from specific scenarios where the class or type of object is known. In this work, we propose a tracking framework that can exploit this semantic information, without sacrificing the generic nature of the tracker. In addition to the target-specific appearance, we model the class of the object through a semantic module that provides complementary class-specific predictions. By further integrating a semantic classification module, we can utilize the learned class-specific models even if the target class is unknown. Our unified tracking architecture is trained end-to-end on large scale tracking datasets by exploiting the available semantic metadata. Comprehensive experiments are performed on five tracking benchmarks. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance while operating at real-time frame-rates. The code and the trained models are available at https://tracking.vision.ee.ethz.ch/track-known-unknown/.


The SLC22 protein family includes more than 30 different proteins that operate as transporters for organic cations (OCTs), organic cations and zwitterions (OCTNs) or organic anions (OATs). These transporters play a pivotal role in the secretion of organic ions in kidney and liver. Furthermore, they contribute to the homeostasis of organic ions in several other tissues such as brain, placenta, intestine, and lung. Substrates include not only endogenous compounds such as monoamine neurotransmitters, choline, carnitine, α-ketoglutarate, urate, or steroid hormones, but also a broad spectrum of therapeutic drugs. Therefore, they control the bioavailability of many drugs and are responsible for several side effects or drug–drug interactions. SLC22 proteins are polyspecific transporters as they are able to transport structurally different compounds. All SLC22 proteins share a common membrane topology with 12 α-helical transmembrane domains. Mutational analyses and homology modeling of the steric structure of the proteins led to the conclusion that they possess a large cleft that is accessible from the aqueous phase. Located within this cleft is an inner cavity containing different interaction sites for different substrates. During the transport cycle the transporter undergoes conformational changes including an outward-open conformation, a transient occluded state and an inward-open conformation. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2014, 3:1–13. doi: 10.1002/wmts.100

Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.


Abstract This article builds on computational tools to investigate the syntactic relationship between the highly related European national varieties of Dutch, viz. Belgian Dutch (BD) and Netherlandic Dutch (ND). It reports on a series of memory-based learning analyses of the post-verbal distribution of er "there" in adjunct-initial existential constructions like Op het dak staat (er) een schoorsteen "On the roof (there) is a chimney,', which has been claimed to be among the most notoriously difficult variables in Dutch. On the basis of balanced datasets extracted from Flemish and Dutch newspaper corpora, it is shown that er's distribution in both national varieties can be learned to a considerable extent from bare lexical input which is not assigned to higher-level categories. However, whereas this yields good results for ND, BD scores are consistently lower, suggesting that BD cannot do with lexical features alone to attain accuracy scores comparable to ND. This ties in with earlier findings that the more advanced standardization of ND materializes in a higher lexical collocability, whereas Flemish speakers need additional higher-level linguistic information to insert er.


Photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) have also been used for sometime in systems for generating high power microwaves. As a switch material, SiC offers certain advantage over Si and GaAs, the other known PCSS materials [1] [2]. In the existing SiC photo-switch, however, electric field blocking performance is mainly limited by the switch packaging. No packaging method exists to effectively address electric field crowding at the location where the copper electrode leaves the SiC substrate. Electric field crowding causes premature breakdown in the photo-switch at an applied electric field of less than 300 kV/cm, even though the bulk dielectric strength of SiC is 3MV/cm [3]. This paper reports on our investigation of inserting contoured electrodes into the bulk material to reduced field enhancement. Approaches and simulations for the grinding and etching of SiC to insert the electrodes will also be presented. Simulation results incorporating contoured electrodes into the bulk materials show that the electric field enhancement can be reduced by one order of magnitude compared to existing electrode configurations.


We consider learning approximate Nash equilibria for discrete-time mean-field games with stochastic nonlinear state dynamics subject to both average and discounted costs. To this end, we introduce a mean-field equilibrium (MFE) operator, whose fixed point is a meanfield equilibrium, i.e., equilibrium in the infinite population limit. We first prove that this operator is a contraction, and propose a learning algorithm to compute an approximate mean-field equilibrium by approximating the MFE operator with a random one. Moreover, using the contraction property of the MFE operator, we establish the error analysis of the proposed learning algorithm. We then show that the learned mean-field equilibrium constitutes an approximate Nash equilibrium for finite-agent games.


Background: There is some controversy about the ability of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) to experience and remember emotional stimuli. This study aims to assess the emotional experience of patients with AD and the existence of emotional enhancement of memory. We also investigated the influence of affective state on these processes. Methods: Sixty pictures from the International Affective Picture System were administered to 106 participants (72 patients with AD and 54 controls). Participants performed immediate free recall and recognition tasks. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule was used to assess the participants' current affect. Results: Patients identified the valence of unpleasant pictures better than of others pictures and experienced them as more arousing. Patients and controls recalled and recognized higher number of emotional pictures than of neutral ones. Patients discriminated better the unpleasant pictures. A mood congruent effect was observed on emotional experience but not on memory. Positive affect was associated with better immediate recall and with a more liberal response bias. Conclusion: Patients with AD can identify the emotional content of the stimuli, especially of the unpleasant ones, and the emotional enhancement of memory is preserved. Affective state does not explain the differences in the processing and memory of emotional items between patients and controls.


As wireless communication becomes an ever-more evolving and pervasive part of the existing world, system capacity and Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning are becoming more critically evident. In order to improve system capacity and QoS, it is mandatory that we pay closer attention to operational bandwidth efficiency issues. We address this issue for two operators' spectrum sharing in the same geographical area.
We model and analyze interactions between the competitive operators coexisting in the same frequency band as a strategic noncooperative game, where the operators simultaneously share the spectrum dynamically as per their relative requirement. If resources are allocated in a conventional way (static orthogonal allocation), spectrum utilization becomes inefficient when there is load asymmetry between the operators and low inter-operator interference.
Theoretically, operators can share resources in a cooperative manner, but pragmatically they are reluctant to reveal their network information to competitors. By using game theory, we design a distributed implementation, in which self-interested operators play strategies and contend for the spectrum resources in a noncooperative manner. We have proposed two game theoretic approaches in the thesis, one using a virtual carrier price; and the other based on a mutual history of favors. The former approach takes into account a penalty proportional to spectrum usage in its utility function, whereas in the latter, operators play strategies based on their history of interactions, i.e., how well the other behaved in the past. Finally, based on the simulations, we assess the performance of the proposed game theoretic approaches in comparison to existing conventional allocations.


In the present report we describe the isolation and sequence of a partial cDNA (M2-798) for a rat intestinal mucin designated M2. A rat intestinal lambda ZAP II cDNA library was screened using a polyclonal antiserum which was prepared against deglycosylated high-molecular-mass glycopeptides of the purified mucin. Mucin cDNA clones were found to contain tandem repeats of 18 nt which encoded a threonine- and proline-rich peptide having a consensus sequence of TTTPDV. This is the same sequence reported recently by Gum, Hicks, Lagace, Byrd, Toribara, Siddiki, Fearney, Lamport and Kim [(1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 22733-22738] for a rat intestinal cDNA called RMUC 176. A novel feature present in the cDNA M2-798 is a 246 nt unique region at the 3' end which encodes a hydrophobic sequence of 82 amino acids. RNA blots probed with M2-798 cDNA produced a single hybridization band between 7.5 and 9.0 kb in rat small intestine and colon. An identical hybridization pattern was obtained with a PCR-generated cDNA probe corresponding solely to the unique hydrophobic region of M2-798, demonstrating that this region is encoded by the authentic M2 mRNA. Our data suggest that the unique region of M2 has the potential to be either a transmembrane region, or a domain which mediates hydrophobic interactions of the mucin with other molecules. Since we have previously reported another rat intestinal cDNA which encodes the C-terminus of a mucin-like peptide (MLP) [Xu, Wang, Huan, Cutz, Forstner and Forstner (1992) Biochem. J. 286, 335-338], we wished to discover whether M2 was encoded by the same gene. RNA blotting experiments with probes specific for M2 and MLP showed different mRNAs for each. The message for M2 (7.5-8.5 kb) was smaller than that for MLP (> 9.5 kb) and, unlike MLP, gave no signal in human colonic LS174T cells. The results of DNA blots probed with M2-798 and an MLP-probe suggest that M2 and MLP are likely to be single-copy genes. It would appear therefore that normal rat intestine, like human intestine, may express two different mucin genes.


In this paper, the impacts of pump propagating direction in double-pass Erbium-doped fiber amplifier are experimentally demonstrated. The double-pass optical amplifier architecture is constructed using a fiber loop mirror that consists of a circulator to reflect the amplified signal back into the Erbium-doped fiber. The gain and noise figure performance of the double-pass optical amplifier is not affected by the direction of pump light, forward- or backward-pumped scheme. The population inversion along the Erbium-doped fiber is locked to a specific fraction due to the double-pass amplification of the signal.


ABSTRACT Past research demonstrates interrelationships amongst rumination, self-compassion, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, little research has considered rumination and self-compassion together in relation to PTSD in clinical populations. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the unique effect of self-compassion on PTSD beyond the effect of rumination. Secondarily, we examined if rumination mediates the effect of self-compassion on PTSD. Participants included 52 US military Veterans (73.1% male) enrolled in a community support program for PTSD who completed self-report measures of study variables at one time point. Hierarchical regression results showed rumination was related to higher PTSD scores (f2 = .12; small ES) in step one, and the addition of self-compassion in step two was related to lower PTSD scores (f2 = .10; small ES) and explained a unique 9% of the variance. In contrast to previous research, results showed self-compassion mediated the relationship between rumination and PTSD, with a significant indirect effect (ab) of .20 (95% confidence interval [CI] = .028 to .457). Findings suggest the explanatory value of self-compassion for PTSD after accounting for rumination and may also reflect a process where rumination about behaviors one regrets gives rise to uncompassionate responding, which then contributes to greater PTSD.


Tunnel lining concrete segment is the most critical and important structural member of shield tunneling. This investigation designed and produced high-performance composite concrete segment (HCCS). Some key indexes that affect the properties of segment were tested, such as impermeability, volume stability, mechanical property, etc. The results indicated that the impermeability of HCCS concrete cover was excellent and the chloride diffusion coefficient decreased one order of magnitude compared to that of the ordinary segment concrete cover, while the service-life of HCCS increased more than ten-fold. The volume stability of HCCS concrete cover and concrete structure layer were good and the better compatibility in the volume deformation of the whole structure was shown. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of concrete cover and concrete structure layer met the project requirement perfectly, ensuring the higher durability and longer service-life of HCCS effectively.


The removal of heavy metals from wastewaters is a matter of paramount importance due to the fact that their high toxicity causes major environmental pollution problems. One of the most efficient, applicable and low cost methods for the removal of toxic metals from aqueous solutions is that of their adsorption on an inorganic adsorbent. In order to achieve high efficiency, it is important to understand the influence of the solution parameters on the extent of the adsorption, as well as the kinetics of the adsorption. In the present work, the adsorption of Cu(II) species onto TiO2 surface was studied. It was found that the adsorption is a rapid process and it is not affected by the value of ionic strength. In addition, it was found that by increasing the pH, the adsorbed amount of Cu 2+ ions and the value of the adsorption constant increase, whereas the value of the lateral interaction energy decreases.


Objective. Brain-computer interfaces can potentially map the subjective relevance of the visual surroundings, based on neural activity and eye movements, in order to infer the interest of a person in real-time. Approach. Readers looked for words belonging to one out of five semantic categories, while a stream of words passed at different locations on the screen. It was estimated in real-time which words and thus which semantic category interested each reader based on the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the eye gaze. Main results. Words that were subjectively relevant could be decoded online from the signals. The estimation resulted in an average rank of 1.62 for the category of interest among the five categories after a hundred words had been read. Significance. It was demonstrated that the interest of a reader can be inferred online from EEG and eye tracking signals, which can potentially be used in novel types of adaptive software, which enrich the interaction by adding implicit information about the interest of the user to the explicit interaction. The study is characterised by the following novelties. Interpretation with respect to the word meaning was necessary in contrast to the usual practice in brain-computer interfacing where stimulus recognition is sufficient. The typical counting task was avoided because it would not be sensible for implicit relevance detection. Several words were displayed at the same time, in contrast to the typical sequences of single stimuli. Neural activity was related with eye tracking to the words, which were scanned without restrictions on the eye movements.


For the purposes of object or defect identification required in industrial vision applications, the operations of mathematical morphology are more useful than the convolution operations employed in signal processing because the morphological operators relate directly to shape. The tutorial provided in this paper reviews both binary morphology and gray scale morphology, covering the operations of dilation, erosion, opening, and closing and their relations. Examples are given for each morphological concept and explanations are given for many of their interrelationships.


This paper seeks to quantify the acreage responses of wheat, cotton, sugarcane and rice in Pakistan using co-integration techniques and impulse response analysis. Results indicate that acreages of wheat and basmati rice do not respond significantly to shocks in own-price while cotton, sugarcane and high yielding variety (HYV) rice do, and that long-run equilibrium is re-established after about 4 years. Inigated area is an important determinant of acreage. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


As an important branch of machine learning, Monte Carlo learning has been successfully applied to engineering design optimization and product predictive analysis, such as design optimization of heavy machinery. However, the accuracy of the classical Monte Carlo algorithm is not high enough, and the existing improved Monte Carlo algorithm has a complex calculation process and difficult parameter control. In this paper, the Monte Carlo method based on boundary point densification is proposed to calculate workspace. This paper takes the calculation of 2000T offshore crane workspace as an example to verify the effectiveness and practicability of the algorithm. The D-H method is used to establish the workspace model of the offshore crane. The calculation method of crane workspace based on the Monte Carlo learning method with increased boundary point density is discussed in detail, and the correctness of crane workspace is verified. The steps of the algorithm include generate the basic space, extract and draw the boundary, increase the density of boundary points, and cyclic. The rationality of the method is proved by comparing the simulation results with the design experience and calculated values.


We present a systematic angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy study of the substitution dependence of the electronic structure of Rb_{0.8}Fe_{2}(Se_{1-z}S_{z})_{2} (z=0, 0.5, 1), where superconductivity is continuously suppressed into a metallic phase. Going from the nonsuperconducting Rb_{0.8}Fe_{2}S_{2} to superconducting Rb_{0.8}Fe_{2}Se_{2}, we observe little change of the Fermi surface topology, but a reduction of the overall bandwidth by a factor of 2. Hence, for these heavily electron-doped iron chalcogenides, we have identified electron correlation as explicitly manifested in the quasiparticle bandwidth to be the important tuning parameter for superconductivity, and that moderate correlation is essential to achieving high T_{C}.


The technique of Abrams and Sollner for the preparation of electropositive dried protamine collodion membranes has been improved. Porous collodion membranes cast on the outside of rotating tubes are treated for 48 hours with a solution of 2 per cent protamine sulfate buffered at pH 11. After being washed thoroughly the membranes are dried in air for several hours, soaked in water for several hours, and removed from the tubes. Further drying in air but without support shrinks the membranes slightly. The resulting membranes are designated "permselective" or "megapermselective" protamine collodion membranes. These membranes regularly give characteristic concentration potentials of –52 to –53 mv. and (in 0.1 M KCl) resistance of 0.5 to 15 ohms per membrane of 50 cm.2 area. This resistance is several orders of magnitude smaller than that of the conventional dyestuff- and alkaloid-impregnated positive membranes. The megapermselective protamine collodion membranes can be kept either dry or in water for prolonged periods without detectable deterioration. They are quite smooth, have a regular shape, and stand considerable handling without breakage. The megapermselective protamine collodion membranes are the electropositive analogues of the electronegative megapermselective collodion membranes described by Carr and Sollner.


Established in 2003, E-LIS (eprints.rclis.org) is an international Open Archive for Library and Information Science. It is freely accessible, aligned with Open Access movement and is a voluntary world wide enterprise. E-LIS contains over 2.700 documents and is the largest eprint archive in LIS. This presentation discusses the origins, history, the technical properties of the E-LIS system and organization of work in a world wide dimension which is the factors we believe make E-LIS a success. All participants are volunteers who are motivated by sophisticated incentives, which include a system of national editors, the distribution of tasks within a small core team in addition to our experience with publishing procedures. E-LIS employs the JITA Classification Schema on two levels. It uses GNU Eprints software and is compatible with the OAI standards framework. The user may search and access full-text documents. Traditional LIS topics and all the disciplines relating to information science are covered. It employs the JITA Classification Schema at two levels. Any LIS scientific or technical finished document, published or unpublished, is accepted. It may be used by LIS communities in every country. Works can be deposited in any language and format; authors can self-archive; a proxy service supports depositors. Metadata are set for each one of 23 document types and are checked in accordance with editorial guidelines by an international editorial committee. Its copyright metadata policy is cited by the Romeo project. Submission policy is open to proposals from new partners and there are agreements with institutions and library associations of various countries. E-LIS is divided into three sections: editorial, technical and administrative. The editorial section is devoted to metadata quality and guidelines. The technical section concentrates on software – its implementation, enhancement and develoment and added value functionality and operates inside the OAI framework. The Administrative section deals with strategic issues including the future direction of the initiative, its policies and their impact on the user community and its connection with other scientific communities. Among the added-value features are Para Tools for reference linking (which also provides a 'seek' button that parses the citation and tries to find something in the archive or on the internet), automatic alerting for editors, full metadata display of metadata records, full-text search, browsing by user, counter in homepage and webalizer for statistics. Since last August we have implemented a new graphical look, with RSS feeds for new deposits and a completly new interface and layout more effective. The evolving academic discourse surrounding the concept of Open Access (OA) provided the underlying motivation for the establishment of E-LIS. The library and information world is highly integrated with the areas of computing science and technology and it was felt that the LIS discipline should set an example to other communities by providing a state-of-the-art model for the OA movement and digital libraries, particularly in relation to the open archive model, within which E-LIS is a disciplinary repository. The extension of the OA concept to LIS works and the dissemination of material within the LIS community will contribute to the development of an international LIS network; E-LIS is mutually beneficial.


Although disturbances such as fire and native insects can contribute to natural dynamics of forest health, exceptional droughts, directly and in combination with other disturbance factors, are pushing some temperate forests beyond thresholds of sustainability. Interactions from increasing temperatures, drought, native insects and pathogens, and uncharacteristically severe wildfire are resulting in forest mortality beyond the levels of 20th-century experience. Additional anthropogenic stressors, such as atmospheric pollution and invasive species, further weaken trees in some regions. Although continuing climate change will likely drive many areas of temperate forest toward large-scale transformations, management actions can help ease transitions and minimize losses of socially valued ecosystem services.


Moving alongside the "snowbirds" and grey nomads that have been discussed in the academic literature, there is a group of nomads that appears to have escaped scholarly attention. United under the "vanlife" and "buslife" hashtags, these individuals belong to a community of nomads who convert ordinary (and sometimes, extraordinary) vehicles into living spaces, and travel North America's backroads in search of freedom and adventure. Using Cresswell's definition of mobility as the combination of movement, representation, and practice, this thesis explores the meanings that American vanlifers assign to their mobility. Relying on participant observation and ethnographic interview data collected on the road during the summer of 2017, this thesis argues that when we deconstruct vehicle nomads' use of the word "freedom," it reveals important information about how they understand their mobility. By using a relational ontology and employing an epistemology of mobility rather than place, this thesis also attempts to expand the ways in which mobility can be understood by geographers. Through a detailed exploration of participants' representations and practices, this study finds that when vanlifers used the word "freedom," they were referring to their mobility in three specific senses: as freedom from social norms, freedom from routines and schedules, and freedom to pick up and go whenever they liked. As existing studies on RVers and British traditional nomads have already captured similar uses of the word "freedom" among their participants, this finding draws the existing research on vehicle nomadism into conversation in a productive way.


Four Tn5-induced mutants of Rhizobium meliloti WSM419 were unable to grow or maintain intracellular pH at an external pH of 5.6. Restriction analysis of DNA fragments carrying Tn5 and flanking sequences cloned from these mutants indicated that all four cloned mutations are unique and that the two strains (TG1-6 and TG1-11) carry Tn5 insertions which are within 4.4 kilobases of each other on a single EcoRI fragment. Southern analysis of total mutant DNA indicated a single copy of Tn5 in each mutant. A limited cosmid gene bank of wild-type WSM419 DNA was probed for homology to mutant DNA cloned from the acid-sensitive mutants. Dot hybridization experiments identified one cosmid element within this bank carrying wild-type DNA sequences corresponding to DNA implicated in acid tolerance. This cosmid was able to complement defects in growth and intracellular pH maintenance in TG1-11 but not TG1-6.


To develop a piroxicam-loaded gelatin microcapsule with enhanced bioavailability, a gelatin microcapsule encapsulated ethanol and piroxicam has been formulated by using gelatin as a water-soluble polymer shell. The aqueous solubility and bioavailability of piroxicam in piroxicam-loaded microcapsule in rats were then evaluated compared to piroxicam powder. The piroxicam-loaded gelatin microcapsule spherical in shape with smooth surface showed the geometric mean diameter of about 19 microm. It had the piroxicam solubility of about 1.87 mg/ml and the amount of ethanol of about 4.37 microg/mg. Furthermore, it gave significantly higher total plasma concentrations, Cmax and area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) of piroxicam in rats than did piroxicam powder, indicating that the drug from gelatin microcapsule could be more orally absorbed in rats. In particular, the AUC of piroxicam in gelatin microcapsule was significantly about 2 fold increased compared to piroxicam powder. This enhanced oral relative bioavailability of piroxicam in gelatin microcapsule was contributed by the marked increase in the absorption rate of piroxicam due to the improved solubility of piroxicam. Thus, the piroxicam-loaded gelatin microcapsule developed using spray-drying technique with gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate and ethanol would be useful to deliver piroxicam in a pattern that allows fast absorption in the initial phase, leading to better absorption.


We report hot-wire measurements performed in two very different, coand counter-rotating flows, in normal and superfluid helium at 1.6 K, 2 K, and 2.3 K. As recently reported, the power spectrum of the hot-wire signal in superfluid flows exhibits a significant bump at high frequency (Diribarne et al. [1]). We confirm that the bump frequency does not depend significantly on the temperature and further extend the previous analysis of the velocity dependence of the bump, over more than one decade of velocity. The main result is that the bump frequency depends on the turbulence intensity of the flow, and that using the turbulent Reynolds number rather than the velocity as a control parameter collapses results from both coand counter-rotating flows. The vortex shedding model previously proposed, in its current form, does not account for this observation. This suggests that the physical origin of the bump is related to the small scale turbulence properties of the flow. We finally propose some qualitative physical mechanism by which the smallest structures of the flow, at intervortex distance, could affect the heat flux of the hot-wire.


Previous investigations in normal humans and rats have shown an increase in insulin sensitivity and binding affinity of adipocytes isolated 1-3 h after glucose ingestion. To determine whether a rapid enhancement of the action of insulin follows glucose ingestion in vivo, the present studies have utilized 120-min 20 mU/m2 X min euglycemic insulin infusions before and after 7.5-, 15-, 25-, and 100-g oral glucose loads. Euglycemic insulin infusions after the carbohydrate challenge were begun after arterialized blood glucose and insulin values had returned to baseline. After 15- and 25-g oral glucose loads during the 20-120-min interval of insulin infusion, glucose infusion rates increased by 44 +/- 6% (P less than 0.0001) and 47 +/- 9% (P less than 0.0002), respectively. No significant differences in arterialized glucose or insulin values existed between basal and post-glucose insulin infusions. In addition, no significant differences in hepatic glucose production or counter-regulatory hormone levels were found between basal and post-glucose insulin infusions. Control infusion studies including subjects who ingested saline or mannitol failed to show an increase in insulin action. Studies were carried out to mimic the insulin curve seen after 15- and 25-g oral glucose loads. Euglycemic insulin infusions after these insulin simulation studies show a 34 +/- 7% enhancement compared to baseline euglycemic insulin infusions. These results demonstrate a rapid enhancement of insulin action after oral glucose challenge in normal humans. The insulin simulation studies suggest that insulin itself either directly or through release of another factor acts on muscle to increase insulin sensitivity. The increase in insulin action demonstrated in these investigations may represent an important regulatory mechanism to modulate tissue insulin sensitivity.


Optical near-field coupling between closely spaced plasmonic metal nanoparticles is important to a range of nanophotonic applications of high contemporary interest, including surface-enhanced molecular spectroscopy, nanooptical sensing, and various novel light-harvesting concepts. Here we report on monolayers of chiral heterotrimers and heterotetramers composed of closely spaced silver and/or gold nanodisks of different heights fabricated through facile hole-mask colloidal lithography. These quasi-three-dimensional oligomers are interesting for applications because they exhibit "hot" gaps and crevices of nanometric dimensions, a pronounced circular dichroism, and optical chirality in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range, and they can be produced in large ensembles (>109) of identical orientation. We analyze the optical properties of the samples based on simulation results and find that the circular dichroism is due to strong near-field coupling and intricate phase retardation effects originating in the three-dimensional character of the individual oligomers.


The term innovation embraces a broad spectrum of ideas from superficial
and marginal changes to actions directed at radical restructuring of
contemporary society. That innovation is of itself "good" and likely
to lead to improvements in existing situations is often assumed.
The school, as a social institution, has not been immune from these
processes of change and renewal and it-has been our task to consider
the implementation of innovative science programs within the Tasmanian
Secondary School System.
Emphasis has been placed, disproportionately we believe, on the nature
and content of innovations rather than on the processes by which innovative
ideas interact with the target systems. If the integrity of new ideas is
not to be compromised then it is vital that the variables affecting
successful implementatioh of such initiatives be clearly identified.
Surveys of current literature suggest very strongly that factors
antagonistic to the successful implementation of innovations are
largely due to insufficient funding and lack of materials, inadequate
preparation of teachers, and what is often stated as, "the resistance
of teachers to change".
While recognising the above constraints, it is our thesis that one of
the most potent barriers to worthwhile innovation develops through the
creation of threat overtones for the encumbent in his dealings with both
system and innovation. Such interactions may give rise to feelings of
insecurity and anxiety as he attempts to reconcile the expectations of
the system with the uncertainties inherent in the more "open", nonprescriptive
nature of contemporary programs. The intellectual and
professional demands placed on him through his association with
innovative ideas may add to his feelings of unease.
This existence of a climate of threat is likely to initiate behaviours
which are destructive of the task at hand. These dysfunctions may
well lead to modification, institutionalisation or total rejection of
the innovation. .
We believe that contemporary science programs represent a major change
from the view of traditional science and its instructional methods; a
change from science as a search for universals and the building of an
"ordered body of knowledge" most efficiently transmitted by the
"authority of the master", to a view of science as the creation of
explanatory models, held to be tentative and subject to refutation.
The role of the modern science teacher is that of a guide, leading
his clients to an understanding of the methods of science and an
appreciation of both its potential and limitations as a key to
explanation of natural phenomena.
This much more diffuse and uncertain task is likely to place him at
variance with the expectations of a slowly changing educational system,
an organisation still largely characterised by a rational authority
structure. By this we mean a structure in which emphasis is placed
on the selection and maintenance of behaviour patterns which are in
keeping with the organisation's purposes.
If, then, we are to succeed in our attempts to innovate we must propose
strategies which will provide alternative security bases for the teacher
so that he may retain the support of the system but at the same time be
free to invest in change and diversity. Our final section suggests the
nature of management strategies, placing emphasis on self development,
external validation including community support, teacher education and
career reform and the active involvement of teachers in the innovative
process.


Since the Tanzimat reform, in Turkish literature has developed either by being based on non-textual elements or through an understanding biased by a critic's personal thoughts and feelings unfortunatelly. Literary works have been analyzed through historical, sociological, Marksist, subjective apprehension. Unlike the Subjective criticism, the criticism done impartially on the content, structure and style of literary works is called "objective criticism". This form of criticism states, that instead of relying on personal assessment and comments specific criteria are to be used for the evaluation of each work, which are unbiased. Hüseyin Cöntürk, is one of our critics, literary critiques in addition opposed the school of "subjective criticism" whose most important representative is considered to be Nurullah Atac. In the first instance, Cöntürk, who is considered to be the founder of scientific (objective) criticism in our country defined the criteria to be used for the objective criticism and consequently applied these criteria to analyze literary works. This work focuses on the views of Hüseyin Cöntürk about language and literature and critics.


Background:  Guilan province undergoes a significant number of drowning annually which is the second common cause of death after traffic accidents. So far, some efforts have been made to this end, but using health education models has been neglected in the previous studies. Therefore, we aimed to measure the impact of health education based on the transtheoretical model in increasing the knowledge of the population in the current study.
Methods: In this semi-experimental research, 550 households covered by Shaft Ahmadsargorab healthcare center participated in the study in March 2017. . Initially, the knowledge level of 100 people was measured in a cross-sectional study, which was predicted to be low. After evaluating all structures of the trans-theoretical model, a pre-test was done in the total population, and the healthcare team trained the target group by a variety of teaching methods. A post-test was performed, and the results were analyzed using SPSS software.
Results: The mean primary knowledge score of the population was 0.30 at the beginning of the study. The structures of the trans-theoretical model included change stages, 0.32, change process, 0.33, decision-making balance, 0.29, self-efficacy, 0.39. After doing intervention, the pre-test results changed as follows: the mean score of population knowledge became 0.85, and the structures of the trans-theoretical model changed). The number of failed drowning accidents-related reports in March 2018 compared to last year decreased by 0.60, and  no successful drowning was recorded in the study year.
Conclusions: This study showed using health education models plays an important role in promoting population knowledge and preventing drowning. The results of this study can be generalized to other populations. It is hoped that this study be a starting point for paying more attention to the use of health education models to prevent drowning and promote the health of our society.


The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to the rapid transition of many research studies from in-person to telephone follow-up globally. For mental health research in low-income settings, tele-follow-up raises unique safety concerns due to the potential of identifying suicide risk in participants who cannot be immediately referred to in-person care. We developed and iteratively adapted a telephone-delivered protocol designed to follow a positive suicide risk assessment (SRA) screening. We describe the development and implementation of this SRA protocol during follow-up of a cohort of adults with depression in Malawi enrolled in the Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Partnership for Mental Health Capacity Building (SHARP) randomized control trial during the COVID-19 era. We assess protocol feasibility and performance, describe challenges and lessons learned during protocol development, and discuss how this protocol may function as a model for use in other settings. Transition from in-person to telephone SRAs was feasible and identified participants with suicidal ideation (SI). Follow-up protocol monitoring indicated a 100% resolution rate of SI in cases following the SRA during this period, indicating that this was an effective strategy for monitoring SI virtually. Over 2% of participants monitored by phone screened positive for SI in the first six months of protocol implementation. Most were passive risk (73%). There were no suicides or suicide attempts during the study period. Barriers to implementation included use of a contact person for participants without personal phones, intermittent network problems, and pre-paid phone plans delaying follow-up. Delays in follow-up due to challenges with reaching contact persons, intermittent network problems, and pre-paid phone plans should be considered in future adaptations. Future directions include validation studies for use of this protocol in its existing context. This protocol was successful at identifying suicide risk levels and providing research assistants and participants with structured follow-up and referral plans. The protocol can serve as a model for virtual SRA development and is currently being adapted for use in other contexts.


The ability to make accurate social inferences makes humans able to navigate and act in their social environment effortlessly. Converging evidence shows that motion is one of the most informative cues in shaping the perception of social interactions. However, the scarcity of parameterized generative models for the generation of highly-controlled stimuli has slowed down both the identification of the most critical motion features and the understanding of the computational mechanisms underlying their extraction and processing from rich visual inputs. In this work, we introduce a novel generative model for the automatic generation of an arbitrarily large number of videos of socially interacting agents for comprehensive studies of social perception. The proposed framework, validated with three psychophysical experiments, allows generating as many as 15 distinct interaction classes. The model builds on classical dynamical system models of biological navigation and is able to generate visual stimuli that are parametrically controlled and representative of a heterogeneous set of social interaction classes. The proposed method represents thus an important tool for experiments aimed at unveiling the computational mechanisms mediating the perception of social interactions. The ability to generate highly-controlled stimuli makes the model valuable not only to conduct behavioral and neuroimaging studies, but also to develop and validate neural models of social inference, and machine vision systems for the automatic recognition of social interactions. In fact, contrasting human and model responses to a heterogeneous set of highly-controlled stimuli can help to identify critical computational steps in the processing of social interaction stimuli.


Open Innovation is a flow of inputs and outputs of knowledge and technology which favours, at the firm level, the acceleration of the innovation process, as well as the establishment and penetration of firms in new markets. This type of innovation incorporates technological innovation from internal and external sources, as well as different ways to access markets. The empirical studies in the area reveal that there is a significant bias in favour of countries of technological frontier, such as the United States, Finland, the Netherlands, Germany or Sweden. The present study aims at covering this gap in literature by examining firms in a country of intermediate technology development – Portugal. Based on 70 innovative firms located in Portugal we found that open innovation is only partially diffused throughout these firms. In addition, open innovation is more widespread in terms of external absorption of knowledge/ technology rather than in terms of knowledge/technology transfer. This result may indicate lack of awareness about the economic potential of making available to third parties the technologies internally created. This may require a different approach to organization/management of R&D, in particular, and of innovation, in general.


This study aimed to assess the effect of salinity of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilization on yield and oil production of sunflower, cv. BRS 324, and yield of maize hybrid AG1051, as well as economic analysis of crop rotation (sunflower/maize). The experimental was laid out in a randomized complete block design in split plot with five replications, the plots were formed by five levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (0.8, 2.2, 3.6, 5.0 and 6.4 dS m-1) and the subplots by four rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha-1), in sunflower crop. For maize crop the same design was used, studying on the same plots the residual effects of salts and four nitrogen rates (0, 108.5, 217 and 325.5 kg ha-1). Sunflower was grown in dry seasons (2011 and 2012), while maize was grown in the rainy seasons (2012 and 2013). For the sunflower crop, the productivity and potential oil production showed the highest values when the plants were not salt-stressed and subjected to the maximum dose of nitrogen. But yield was decreased with increasing salinity, even with increasing the rate of nitrogen. For the maize crop, productivity was strongly influenced by increasing the rate of nitrogen; the leaching of salts, caused by rainfall, virtually eliminated any residual effect of the salts on this crop. A soil management system employing sunflower-maize crop rotation was found to be economically viable, being more attractive when using low saline water and the highest application rate of nitrogen.

 Key words: Helianthus annuus L., Zea mays L., salt stress, nitrogen fertilization, economic viability.


Explicit data graph execution (EDGE) architectures offer the possibility of high instruction-level parallelism with energy efficiency. In EDGE architectures, the compiler breaks a program into a sequence of structured blocks that the hardware executes atomically. The instructions within each block communicate directly, instead of communicating through shared registers. The TRIPS EDGE architecture imposes restrictions on its blocks to simplify the microarchitecture: each TRIPS block has at most 128 instructions, issues at most 32 loads and/or stores, and executes at most 32 register bank reads and 32 writes. To detect block completion, each TRIPS block must produce a constant number of outputs (stores and register writes) and a branch decision. The goal of the TRIPS compiler is to produce TRIPS blocks full of useful instructions while enforcing these constraints. This paper describes a set of compiler algorithms that meet these sometimes conflicting goals, including an algorithm that assigns load and store identifiers to maximize the number of loads and stores within a block. We demonstrate the correctness of these algorithms in simulation on SPEC2000, EEMBC, and microbenchmarks extracted from SPEC2000 and others. We measure speedup in cycles over an Alpha 21264 on microbenchmarks.


The resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) has been widely studied during the last few decades. In real-world projects, however, not all information is known in advance and uncertainty is an inevitable part of these projects. The chance-constrained resource-constrained project scheduling problem (CC-RCPSP) has been recently introduced to deal with uncertainty in the RCPSP. In this paper, we propose a branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm and a MILP formulation that solve the CC-RCPSP. We introduce two different branching schemes and eight different priority rules for the proposed B&B algorithm. Since solving CC-RCPSP is computationally intractable, its sample average approximation counterpart is considered to be solved. The computational results suggest that the proposed branch-and-bound procedure clearly outperforms both a proposed MILP formulation and a branch-and-cut algorithm from the literature.


Nordic Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) employ ex-vessel debris coolability as a severe accident management strategy (SAM). Core melt is released into a deep pool of water where formation of noncoolable debris bed and ex-vessel steam explosion can pose credible threats to containment integrity. Success of the strategy depends on the scenario of melt release from the vessel that determines the melt-coolant interaction phenomena. The melt release conditions are determined by the in-vessel phase of severe accident progression. Specifically, properties of debris relocated into the lower plenum have influence on the vessel failure and melt release mode. In this work we use MELCOR code for prediction of the relocated debris. Over the years, many code modifications have been made to improve prediction of severe accident progression in light-water reactors. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of models and best practices in different versions of MELCOR code on the in-vessel phase of different accident progression scenarios in Nordic BWR. The results of the analysis show that the MELCOR code versions 1.86 and 2.1 generate qualitatively similar results. Significant discrepancy in the timing of the core support failure and relocated debris mass in the MELCOR 2.2 compared to the MELCOR 1.86 and 2.1 has been found for a domain of scenarios with delayed time of depressurization. The discrepancies in the results can be explained by the changes in the modeling of degradation of the core components and changes in the Lipinski dryout model in MELCOR 2.2.


Abstract The research on the influence of modulation frequency on the properties of films synthesized using a unique pulsed power supply combined with a standard unbalanced circular magnetron was conducted in the process of pulsed magnetron sputtering (PMS). It was shown that by using different levels of modulation, the composition of plasma (measured by optical emission spectroscopy, OES) as well as film growth rate and morphology (observed with scanning electron microscope, SEM), can be changed. The impact of modulation is related to the used materials and gases and can vary significantly. It was concluded that modulation frequency can greatly influence the synthesis of materials and can be used as an additional parameter in PMS. Specific relations between modulation frequency and synthesized material require further investigation.


"…development in essence is concerned with how we as human beings lead our lives, or at least aspire to live them." (Hopper, 2012, p. 259)
Since the 1980s development studies has become one of the leading discipline in the social sciences. Throughout this time there have been shifting terminologies in development studies. In the 1970s the term was on the environment, by the 1980s the emphasis was on sustainable development and today on the focus is on climate change. Over recent years there has been an avalanche of publications on development studies (Willis, 2011; Gould, 2009; Williams et al, 2009; Desai and Potter, 2008; Power, 2003; Shakur, 2001). Paul Hoper's book on Understanding Development is a new take on development studies. Moreover, the book gives an in-depth, critical analysis of the concepts and practices of development. Hopper (2012, p.1) notes in the introduction:


Traditionally, community colleges have been organized in a way that requires students to navigate the college environment without institutional guidance or support. Thus, successful navigation requires knowledge and cultural capital that students from disadvantaged backgrounds, often overrepresented at community colleges, may not possess. The risk of decision-making errors resulting from a lack of knowledge, combined with an overwhelming number of program and course options offered by community colleges, may hinder a student's ability to successfully enter and persist in a program of study. Indeed, many community college students are confused over college processes and academic trajectories. Recent community college reform initiatives and practices, such as guided pathways and structured transfer agreements, seek to alleviate student frustrations by providing students with more clarity and support throughout their postsecondary experience. Drawing on administrative data tracking over 80,000 community college students in a single state, this dissertation explored various aspects of community college student pathways in order to better understand the impact increased structure can have on student outcomes. Underpinning this research is the theory that clearly defined and educationally coherent pathways into and through programs of study will improve student decision-making, lead to more efficient course taking, and increase student success. However, neither this theory nor the mechanisms by which structure has been introduced have yet been sufficiently tested or evaluated in practice. Among the strategies employed to guide student progression through college is encouraging, and in some cases mandating, early major declarations. The practice is intended to increase structure by defining and exposing students to program expectations as early as possible, thereby leading students to achieve academic milestones in a coherent and efficient manner. However, without sufficient experiences or information, students who are pushed into premature major decisions may be more likely to select into a major that does not reflect their interests or match their abilities, increasing the risk of subsequent major switching. The first chapter of this dissertation sought to understand how, if at all, initial major declaration and major switching were related to student outcomes in a state that required major selection at the time of college entry. After establishing the pervasiveness of major switching among students who selected a program of study at the time of enrollment, I used a competing risks discrete-time hazard methodology to estimate the relationship between major switching and student outcomes and concluded that major switching was associated with an increase in community college degree completion and a decrease in upward transfer. Given the descriptive methodologies utilized, the paper discusses how differential academic and career intents may explain results. Another way in which colleges can increase structure is through the use of articulation agreements—policies that aid students in the transition between 2and 4-year institutions through course alignment, increased program prescription, and greater access to information. In the second chapter of this dissertation, I employed an instrumental variables technique to estimate the impact of enrollment in structured Associate of Applied Science (AAS) transfer programs on student success. Causal estimates suggested that exposure to such programs had a small positive impact on bachelor's degree attainment, but did not have any effect on persistence, student course-taking behaviors, community college degree completion, or transfer. One explanation for the small and mostly null findings presented in this chapter may be that the transfer policies ascribed to by AAS programs in the state under review failed to include several dimensions of more ideally constructed structured pathways, such as academic and career advising, the absence of which may have a significant impact on community college students, who often lack sufficient college knowledge to navigate college processes appropriately on their own. Policies focused on increasing structure are often premised upon the idea that the preferred and ideal pathway for community college students seeking a bachelor's degree includes earning an associate degree, yet little is known about the impact of earning an associate degree on bachelor's degree completion. Given that the underlying motivation for introducing structure to community college pathways is to increase efficiency and success among students who have historically underperformed, it is important to evaluate whether encouraging students to earn a degree before transfer is a sound policy. The final chapter of the dissertation presents results from a propensity score matching technique used to determine the average treatment effect of earning a pre-transfer associate degree on bachelor's degree completion. Overall, quasi-experimental results suggested positive apparent impacts of earning the transfer-oriented associate degree (i.e., Associate of Arts or Associate of Science) on the probability of earning a bachelor's degree. However, no apparent impact was uncovered for degrees in programs typically designed for direct labor market entry (i.e., Associate of Applied Science).


Abstract Anisocoria may indicate a life-threatening neurosurgical emergency, unlike bilateral mydriasis. In patients with periorbital fracture, anisocoria can be caused by direct or indirect injury to the oculomotor nerve, excessive retraction of the orbital contents, or constriction of the muscles responsible for eyeball movement. Herein, the author reports a patient, 15-year-old boy, who developed anisocoria after an operation for a blowout fracture. The anisocoria was improved, self-limiting, and transient. The author has also reviewed the literature regarding anisocoria.


Although E-learning has been widely accredited and acknowledged in education, very few researchers aimed to examine and characterize the picture of Learning Management System (LMS) adoption among students in general and adult workers in particular. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine the extent of e-learning adoption as well as to identify the high applications that are used in LMS among working adults. A total of 502 adult workers, who are currently pursuing their studies at Arab Open University in Jordan (AOUJ), were selected as a sample for this study. A survey questionnaire was employed. The results offered conceptual lenses and suggested future directions for how to accomplish the picture of LMS applications adopted.


Abnormal phenomena that discharge performance declines with the increase in the frequency of power supply have been observed in many DBD devices. DBD systematic resonance formed by transformer leakage induction and equivalent capacitance of the dielectric layer is a key factor causing such abnormal phenomena. Therefore, the parameters of a DBD device should be optimized to avoid resonance damage and improve DBD discharge characteristics.


We recently demonstrated that short-term estradiol (E2) treatment improved insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis in postmenopausal women, but to a greater extent in those who were late compared to early postmenopausal. In this follow-up study we tested whether subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) expression of estrogen receptors (ER) α and β differs between early and late postmenopausal women. We further tested whether the balance of ERα to ERβ in SAT determined the effect of E2 on SAT insulin sensitivity. The present study included 35 women who were ≤6 years past menopause (EPM; n = 16) or ≥10 years past menopause (LPM; n = 19). Fasted SAT samples were taken following 1-week transdermal E2 treatment or placebo (PL) in a random cross-over design. Samples were analyzed for nuclear/cytosolic protein content and mRNA expression using Western blot and qPCR, respectively. While ESR1 increased slightly (~1.4-fold) following E2 treatment in both groups, ERα and ERβ protein expression did not differ between groups at baseline or in response to E2. However, the balance of ERα/ERβ protein in the SAT nuclear fraction increased 10% in EPM compared to a 25% decrease in LPM women (group x treatment interaction, p<0.05). A greater proportion of ERα/ERβ protein in the nuclear fraction of SAT at baseline (placebo day) was associated with greater reduction in SAT insulin resistance (i.e., better suppression of lipolysis, EC50) in response to E2 (r = -0.431, p<0.05). In conclusion, there do not appear to be differences in the proportion of adipose tissue ERα/ERβ protein in late, compared to early, postmenopausal women. However, the balance of ERα/ERβ may be important for E2-mediated improvement in adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials#: NCT01605071


Labor and employment law whistleblower statutes focus on protecting employees who complain about workplace violations by prohibiting the employer from taking an adverse employment action against the whistleblower because of his or her complaint. It is an open question whether even the strongest of anti-retaliation protections in whistleblower statutes do much to encourage employees to report wrongdoing. If more of the right kind of whistleblowing is beneficial from a policy perspective, it is important to consider other models for encouraging potential whistleblowers to act. In the workplace safety and health area, OSHA-enforced whistleblower statutes follow the traditional anti-retaliation model and have generally failed to motivate the right type of whistleblowing and protect those who do make complaints. This piece outlines an "economic rewards" approach to OSHA whistleblowing in which an employee who complains to the Department of Labor about a federal workplace safety and health violation could ultimately receive a monetary reward for the tip if the Department subsequently determines that a workplace safety and health violation occurred. While this type of approach is a novel one in the workplace safety and health area, it has worked well in the context of fraud against the government. Transporting this model to workplace safety and health has some appeal even though there are a variety of technical issues that would have to be considered for such an approach to be realistic.