The character of daughter is built by her father patriarchal ideology in patrilineal kinship. For example, that issue was depicted on Laura as a daughter in Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie (1971). This study aims to explain the way of Laura thinking and behaving which are influenced by her father patriarchal ideology. Then, this study aims to explain the success of her father patriarchal ideology on Laura character building in that novel. This study was a kind of library research. The research method of this study was close reading by using feminism approach. The results of this study showed that first, the character of Laura had been built by her father patriarchal ideology through the way of thinking in Little House on the Prairie (1971). Laura had a forward thinking pattern for the future. She also had the ability to think quickly and logically. She also had a similar thought with her father about the animal skill. She was also able to think critically, as an adult about her safety and the Ingalls family. Second, the way of Laura behaving was also built by her father patriarchal ideology. Laura had an affectionate behaviour toward fellow creatures. She was also be nice when she made a new relationship with the stranger people. She also had a polite behaviour to respect others. Third, Laura father patriarchal ideology was successfully influenced her daughter character building in Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie. Pa as Laura father was considered became the protector for Laura and the Ingalls family. He was also positioned as the superior one by Laura, even he was considered became a hero for the Ingalls family. Pa was also considered had an important role by Laura in her life and also the Ingalls family.


IEEE 802.11 based WLAN systems have gained interest to be used in the military and public authority environments, where the radio conditions can be harsh due to intentional jamming. The radio environment can be difficult also in commercial and civilian deployments since the unlicensed frequency bands are crowded. To study these problems, we built a test bed with a controlled signal path to measure the effects of different interfering signals to WLAN communications. We use continuous wideband noise jamming as the point of comparison, and focus on studying the effect of pulsed jamming and frequency sweep jamming. In addition, we consider also medium access control (MAC) interference. Based on the results, WLAN systems do not seem to be sensitive to the tested short noise jamming pulses. Under longer pulses, the effects are seen, and long data frames are more vulnerable to jamming than short ones. In fact, even a small amount of long frames in a data stream can ruin the performance of the whole link. Under frequency sweep jamming, slow sweeps with narrowband jamming signals can be quite harmful to WLAN communications. The results of MAC jamming show significant variation in performance between the different devices: The clear channel assessment (CCA) mechanism of some devices can be jammed very easily by using WLAN-like jamming signals. As a side product, the study also revealed some countermeasures against jamming.


The catalytic domains of the de novo DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a-C and Dnmt3b-C are highly homologous. However, their unique biochemical properties could potentially contribute to differences in the substrate preferences or biological functions of these enzymes. Dnmt3a-C forms tetramers through interactions at the dimer interface, which also promote multimerization on DNA and cooperativity. Similar to the case for processive enzymes, cooperativity allows Dnmt3a-C to methylate multiple sites on the same DNA molecule; however, it is unclear whether Dnmt3b-C methylates DNA by a cooperative or processive mechanism. The importance of the tetramer structure and cooperative mechanism is emphasized by the observation that the R882H mutation in the dimer interface of DNMT3A is highly prevalent in acute myeloid leukemia and leads to a substantial loss of its activity. Under conditions that distinguish between cooperativity and processivity, we show that in contrast to that of Dnmt3a-C, the activity of Dnmt3b-C is not cooperative and confirm the processivity of Dnmt3b-C and the full length Dnmt3b enzyme. Whereas the R878H mutation (mouse homologue of R882H) led to the loss of cooperativity of Dnmt3a-C, the activity and processivity of the analogous Dnmt3b-C R829H variant were comparable to those of the wild-type enzyme. Additionally, buffer acidification that attenuates the dimer interface interactions of Dnmt3a-C had no effect on Dnmt3b-C activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate an important mechanistic difference between Dnmt3b and Dnmt3a and suggest that interactions at the dimer interface may play a limited role in regulating Dnmt3b-C activity. These new insights have potential implications for the distinct biological roles of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b.


Mainstream discourse about Japanese North Americans has been less thoroughly analysed than discourse towards more populous North American minorities. The racist nature of this discourse became obvious during the Second World War and the discourse about their incarceration, despite their being citizens, in internment camps. There are three types of data for this political discourse: (a) the official orders by the US President, the Secretary of War and the US regional Defense Commands; (b) the Congressional hearings to confirm the government decision on the need for internment through testimony by state officials and anti-Asian lobbies; and (c) the report on censorship of internment camp conditions which attempts to justify the censorship of information about Japanese North Americans. This paper shows how this discourse was primarily performative: what began as anti-Japanese North American rhetoric was soon codified as a national policy to remove Japanese North Americans from their homes and businesses and to silence more direct information from Japanese North Americans themselves. The discourse shows two main features: (1) the pragmatics of collusion, in which privately made government decisions are `confirmed' through public discussion or hearings; and (2) the discourse of justification, in which overtly anti-democratic actions are both legalized and justified in the same discourse.


The creation of runtimes in the simulation industry is fast becoming a profitable venture for many business consultants. The majority of small companies lack the expertise and the resources to build their own simulation model. That is where the consultant comes in. The consultant develops a runtime custom made to meet the needs of the client. Now the client has a powerful tool that they can use as part of their ongoing decision making. The consultant who completes a simulation project, shows the results, gives a few suggestions, and then leaves; deprives the client of the real benefits of simulation; that is, dynamic decision making. On the other hand, the consultant who, in addition to providing the usual consulting services, develops a simulation runtime for the client to use as future decisions have to be made, greatly enhances the overall consulting service. As the effort required to generate simulation runtimes decreases, more consultants will start using them in their practice, and more people will begin using simulation in their business. The author discusses Taylor II Simulation software which allows the interactive creation of custom runtimes.


: This article describes an original method of forming training groups of students based on an analysis of performance of individual students' ability to perceive and learn information provided for the curriculum of higher education. The study found that there are four categories of students who differ in terms of optimal speed presentation of educational information and frequency of application of special techniques of repetition and consolidation of learning. Application of this method of acquisition training groups of students can contribute to optimizing the learning process in schools and further enhance its effectiveness.


Abstract: Many cases of autosomal dominant inherited forms of early‐onset Alzheimer's disease are caused by mutations in the genes encoding presenilin‐1 (PS‐1; chromosome 14) and presenilin‐2 (PS‐2; chromosome 1). PSs are expressed in neurons throughout the brain wherein they appear to be localized primarily to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cell bodies and dendrities. PS‐1 and PS‐2 show high homology and are predicted to have eight transmembrane domains with the C terminus, N terminus, and a loop domain all on the cytosolic side of the membrane; an enzymatic cleavage of PSs occurs at a site near the loop domain. The normal function of PSs is unknown, but data suggest roles in membrane trafficking, amyloid precursor protein processing, and regulation of ER calcium homeostasis. Homology of PSs to the C. elegans gene sel‐12, which is involved in Notch signaling, and phenotypic similarities of PS‐1 and Notch knockout mice suggest a developmental role for PSs in the nervous system. When expressed in cultured cells and transgenic mice, mutant PSs promote increased production of a long form of amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ1‐42) that may possess enhanced amyloidogenic and neurotoxic properties. PS mutations sensitize cultured neural cells to apoptosis induced by trophic factor withdrawal, metabolic insults, and amyloid β‐peptide. The mechanism responsible for the proapoptotic action of mutant PSs may involve perturbed calcium release from ER stores and increased levels of oxidative stress. Recent studies of apoptosis in many different cell types suggest that ER calcium signaling can modulate apoptosis. The evolving picture of PS roles in neuronal plasticity and Alzheimer's disease is bringing to the forefront the ER, an organelle increasingly recognized as a key regulator of neuronal plasticity and survival.


This study assessed the benefits derived from the cultivation of zucchini crop among farmers in Oluyole Local Government Area of Oyo State. Data were collected from 79 farmers on socioeconomic characteristics, access to information and knowledge of the potentials of zucchini cultivation as well as constraints to and benefits derived from zucchini cultivation. Frequency counts and percentages were used to describe the data. Majority of the farmers had minimum formal education (75.9%) and over 10 years of farming experience (86.1%). Many (46.8%) had large household size (9 – 13 members), small holdings of 3 – 5.9 hectares (63.3%) and mostly (91.1%) cultivated Middle Eastern zucchini varieties. Access to information on zucchini was mainly through zucchini merchants ( x  =1.76), extension agents ( x  =0.90) and radio ( x =0.54). The majority (60.8%) however, had low knowledge of the potentials of zucchini cultivation. The main constraints to its cultivation were inadequate storage facilities ( x =1.96), low awareness of the value and potential of zucchini (  x =1.95) and high cost of inputs (X=1.24). The major benefit derived from the cultivation of the crop was increased income ( x  =1.94). There was no significant relationship between knowledge of the potentials and benefits derived from the cultivation of zucchini. Awareness campaign on the potentials of the crop should be created while farmers' capacity on appropriate storage technologies should be enhanced. Keywords: Zucchini farming, Exotic vegetables in Nigeria


In Danziger & Pederson 1998, the suggestion was made that the discrimination of left/right mirror images from non-reflected images in a part/whole judgment task correlates not just with degree of literacy, but also with the nature of the script in wich the subject is literate. This follow-up study directly addresses this hypothesis by comparing acceptance/rejection responses and the reaction time of these responses among Tamil speakers who were coded for type of literacy (nonliterate, literate only with Tamil script, literate with Tamil and Roman script). There was a reliable difference between the monoliterate and biliterate speakers in that biliterate Tamils were far more likely to reject mirror images than monoliterate Tamils. The critical difference between the monoliterates and biliterates is taken to be whether a graphemic distinction (i.e. a distinction which is symbolically meaningful) between left/right reflections has been acquired.


A calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) from the Allende meteorite was analyzed and found to contain melilite crystals with extreme oxygen-isotope composition (approximately 5 percent oxygen-16 enrichment relative to terrestrial oxygen-16). Some of the melilite is also anomalously enriched in oxygen-16 compared with oxygen isotopes measured in other CAIs. The oxygen isotopic variation measured among the minerals (melilite, spinel, and fassaite) indicates that crystallization of the CAI started from oxygen-16-rich materials that were probably liquid droplets in the solar nebula, and oxygen isotope exchange with the surrounding oxygen-16-poor nebular gas progressed through the crystallization of the CAI. Additional oxygen isotope exchange also occurred during subsequent reheating events in the solar nebula.


Contemporary field-programmable gate array (FPGA) design requires a spectrum of available physical resources. As FPGA logic capacity has grown, locally accessed FPGA embedded memory blocks have increased in importance. When targeting FPGAs, application designers often specify high-level memory functions, which exhibit a range of sizes and control structures. These logical memories must be mapped to FPGA embedded memory resources such that physical design objectives are met. In this paper, a set of power-efficient logical-to-physical RAM mapping algorithms is described, which converts user-defined memory specifications to on-chip FPGA memory block resources. These algorithms minimize RAM dynamic power by evaluating a range of possible embedded memory block mappings and selecting the most power-efficient choice. Our automated approach has been validated with both simulation of power dissipation and measurements of power dissipation on FPGA hardware. A comparison of measured power reductions to values determined via simulation confirms the accuracy of our simulation approach. Our power-aware RAM mapping algorithms have been integrated into a commercial FPGA compiler and tested with 34 large FPGA benchmarks. Through experimentation, we show that, on average, embedded memory dynamic power can be reduced by 26% and overall core dynamic power can be reduced by 6% with a minimal loss (1%) in design performance. In addition, it is shown that the availability of multiple embedded memory block sizes in an FPGA reduces embedded memory dynamic power by an additional 9.6% by giving more choices to the computer-aided design algorithms


In this paper we extend the classical min-max model predictive control framework to a class of uncertain discrete event systems that can be modeled using the operations maximization, minimization, addition and scalar multiplication, and that we call max-min-plus-scaling (MMPS) systems. Provided that the stage cost is an MMPS expression and considering only linear input constraints then the open-loop min-max model predictive control problem for MMPS systems can be transformed into a sequence of linear programming problems. Hence, the minmax model predictive control problem for MMPS systems can be solved efficiently, despite the fact that the system is nonlinear. A min-max feedback model predictive control approach using disturbance feedback policies is also presented, which leads to improved performance compared to the open-loop approach.


The surf clam Mesodesma donacium is one of the most valuable shellfish species in Chile. It exhibits a high prevalence of infestation (31.4 %) by the shell-inhabiting polychaete Polydora bioccipitalis. 80 specimens covering the whole size range were collected monthly from Hornitos (Northern Chile) to determine (i) the shell size of first infestation and (ii) the effect of infestation on body condition index (BCI = dry tissue mass/internal cavity volume*100). The duration of the symbiosis was determined by measuring the thickness of the blister walls formed inside the bivalveŽs shell. Preliminary results indicate that the growth rate and BCI of the host was significantly different (t-test, P < 0.05) between infected and non-infected animals. Although the internal shell cavity was smaller in infected clams, thus affecting considerably the BCI, the proportion of dry tissue mass was not significantly different. In addition, the symbiosis can only be found in clams larger than 33 mm. M. donacium undergoes a migration from the intertidal (up to 30 mm juveniles) to the lower subtidal (post-juveniles and adults) during its life cycle, therefore the symbiosis only occurs during a later ontogenetic stage when individuals inhabit the subtidal level. This suggests that M. donacium is well adapted to the presence of the commensal. Thickness of blister walls showed differences (F= 2.834, P < 0.05) between months: average notch thickness decreases from August to December, suggesting a seasonal pattern of the infection. The economic consequences of the infection are discussed based on our results.


The data are available on a superexponential growth in the production of chemicals the penetration of which into the earth surface water essentially deteriorates its quality. In addition to anthropogenic substances (biogens and xenobiotics alien to biosphere), hydrosphere is contaminated with algotoxin products of hydrobionts. The paper focuses on two important problems of hydrospheric toxicology--toxicological aspects of progressively growing process of anthropogenic eutrophia of the earth surface water and toxic damage to photosynthesis primary products. It is concluded that predominant ideas of the leading role of phosphorus in eutrophia and relevant theories as well as water quality standards based on trophism of water basin require correction. When assessed by trophism, water may appear oligotrophic but unsafe for population being contaminated with toxic substances and thus unfit for drinking, household and recreation purposes.


When a saturated clay is sampled in an undisturbed manner from a bore hole, the sample extends vertically and shrinks horizontally under undrained conditions due to stress release. The conventional consolidation test specimen is trimmed from the expanded sample so that its diameter is equal to the inner diameter of the consolidation test ring, and this test procedure does not reproduce the actual consolidation behavior. The measurement of sample extension was conducted by means of overcoring method showed that the extension strains were 1 to 2%. To simulate the in-situ consolidation behavior, we proposed the consolidation test method that uses a specimen with a slightly smaller diameter than the inside diameter of consolidometer so that the specimen expands laterally to the inside of the ring.


Terrorist groups exhibit wide variation in their targeting strategies, particularly the extent to which they engage in indiscriminate violence against civilian targets as opposed to more selective violence against military and other government targets. Differences in target selection are evident not only between militant groups but also within them over time. The academic literature on conflict primarily uses three lenses—the Strategic, Ideological, and Organizational Models—to explain terrorist targeting behavior. The Strategic Model views terrorist groups as rational actors that select targeting strategies based on their perceived ability to achieve desired political outcomes. The Ideological Model explains terrorist targeting strategies by examining a group's political or religious foundation as the source of target selection decision-making. The Organizational Model attributes variation in targeting strategies to intra-organizational dynamics, namely the principal–agent problem, where terrorist operatives often engage targets in defiance of leadership preferences. Each approach has various benefits and drawbacks both theoretically and empirically. These three lenses of explaining terrorist targeting behavior suggest different counterterrorism approaches. The study of terrorist targeting strategies is complicated by multiple methodological limitations such as the availability of data, selection bias, and definitional challenges, all of which are common in the study of militant group dynamics more broadly.


Some of the most famous African American poems are sonnets: Claude McKay's "If We Must Die," Countee Cullen's "Yet Do I Marvel," Gwendolyn Brooks's "First fight. Then fiddle." Few readers realize that these poems come from a rich tradition of more than a thousand sonnets written by African American poets over a century and a half. The African American Sonnet: A Literary History traces this forgotten tradition from the nineteenth century to the present. Based on extensive archival research, the study demonstrates that closer attention to the sonnet modifies our understanding of key developments in African American literary history. Each chapter addresses such a development: the struggle over the legacy of the Civil War, the trajectories of Harlem Renaissance protest, the tensions between folk art and transnational perspectives in the thirties, the vernacular modernism of the post-war period, the cultural nationalism of the Black Arts movement, and the disruptive strategies of recent experimental poetry. Throughout this rich history, the study argues, sonnets have been "troubling spaces" in more ways than one. The sonnet became a contested space when black poets appropriated the "scanty plot of ground" (Wordsworth) from which they had long been excluded. The sonnets written by these poets troubled the material and discursive boundaries African Americans have been facing in a society organized around racial inequality. The confrontation and subversion of boundaries is inscribed into the very structure of the sonnet, which made it a preferred testing ground for such strategies in the literary realm.


The array manifold vector is one of the most important parameters of an array system. For a general non-linear array of sensors, (i.e. a two or three dimensional array geometry), the locus of the manifold vectors is a hypersurface embedded in a multidimensional complex space, with parameters of interest the azimuth and elevation angles. In this paper, a simplified representation of this complex hypersurface on a real two-dimensional plane is presented. This simplification/mapping, using concepts from differential geometry, maintains the main characteristics of the original array manifold surface and has the potential of providing new grounds for design and analysis of array systems. In this study, both planar and three-dimensional arrays of omnidirectional sensors are considered.


Background Salvia hispanica plant is a new introduced crop to the Egyptian cultivation system to enrich it with new species or varieties of medicinal and aromatic plants. S. hispanica commonly known as chia is an annual herbaceous plant belongs to the mint family (Lamiaceae) and is native to southern Mexico and Northern Guatemala. Chia seeds are a promising source of antioxidants owing to their content of omega-3 and the presence of polyphenols, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acids, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different doses and portions of NPK and/or mixture of biofertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum+Bacillus megaterium+Bacillus subtilis) on the growth and yield of chia (S. hispanica) plant. Materials and methods This investigation was carried out in the Hawareya location, Beheira Governorate, Egypt (North West of the Nile Delta), during the two successive seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. The experimental layout was randomly distributed in a split-plot design with three replicates. The 10 treatments of NPK (1.5, 3, and 4.5 g/l in 1, 2, or three portions and control) were randomly distributed in the main plots, whereas the two foliar applications, namely, control and biofertilizers, were randomly distributed in the subplots to study the influence of foliar application treatments, Nitrophoska foliar fertilizer (1.5, 3, and 4.5 g/l) in 1, 2, or three portions (as control) and a mixture of A. chroococcum 10 g/l+B. megaterium 10 g/l+B. subtilis 10 g/l on the growth and yield of chia plant. Data were recorded for the plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, number of inflorescence/plant, herb fresh weight (g/plant and ton/fed), herb dry weight (g/plant and ton/fed), and seeds weight (g/plant and kg/fed). Results The results showed that different doses and portions of NPK and/or mixture of biofertilizer significantly increased the vegetative growth and yield of chia plant. The results of the 2 years indicated that the highest values of plant height (199.33 cm/plant), number of branches (22.56 branches/plant), number of inflorescence (58.89 inflorescence/plant), fresh herb weight (1053.33 g/plant and 24.58 ton/fed), dry herb weight (352 g/plant and 8.22 ton/fed), seeds weight (24.22 g/plant), and seeds yield (565 kg/fed) of S. hispanica were recorded with NPK 3 g/l (two portions)+biofertilizer. Conclusion From these results, we may conclude that the recommended treatment to obtain the best growth characteristics and yield of S. hispanica are the application of NPK 3 g/l (two portions)+biofertilizer.


In vivo two-photon calcium imaging currently allows us to observe the activity of multiple neurons up to ∼900 μm below the cortical surface without cortical invasion. However, many other important brain areas are located deeper than this. Here, we used a 1100 nm laser, which underfilled the back aperture of the objective, and red genetically encoded calcium indicators to establish two-photon calcium imaging of the intact mouse brain and detect neural activity up to 1200 μm from the cortical surface. This imaging was obtained from the medial prefrontal cortex (the prelimbic area) and the hippocampal CA1 region. We found that the neural activity related to reward prediction is higher in the prelimbic area than in layer 2/3 of the secondary motor area, while it is negligible in the hippocampal CA1 region. Reducing the invasiveness of imaging is an important strategy to reveal the brain processes active in cognition and memory.


We recently reported a new record total-area efficiency, 19.9%, for CuInGaSe2 (CIGS)-based thin-film solar cells [1]. Current-voltage analysis indicates that improved performance in the record device is due to reduced recombination. The reduced recombination was achieved by terminating the processing with a Ga-poor (In-rich) layer, which has led to a number of devices exceeding the prior (19.5%) efficiency record. This paper documents the properties of the highefficiency CIGS by a variety of characterization techniques, with an emphasis on identifying nearsurface properties associated with the modified processing.


As the Latino population in the United States continues to increase, so does the necessity for in-depth knowledge about their life experiences. This qualitative study sought to privilege the voices of Latino parents by utilizing focus group discussions. Specifically, participants described the life experiences that have the greatest influence on their parenting efforts. Similar and contrasting themes were identified based on participant country of origin (i.e., foreign born vs. U.S. born). Findings described the participants' commitment to being good parents, as well as the ways in which their parenting efforts are influenced by experiences of adversity and discrimination, Latino cultural values, gender roles, and resilience. The results of this investigation can inform researchers and mental health professionals working with Latino families.


Purpose

The business case argument was used to underpin the inclusion of diversity disclosures within the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations (2010). By adding a requirement for diversity disclosure, an increase in focus on diversity would be expected because of a heightened level of accountability. Whether this change in the Recommendations affected any change in the boardroom is questionable though. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of these disclosure requirements.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors draw on data obtained from a random sample of 120 ASX-listed company annual reports across two time periods: 2009 and 2012 (before and after the change in the Recommendations).

Findings

Although findings indicate that there has been some change, especially in the more visible companies (ASX200), many of the changes appear to be largely superficial with a continued focus on the business case perspective.

Social implications

While the disclosure recommendations have the potential to be a driver in addressing gender inequity, the findings of this paper indicate that without deep change at the organisational level, requiring listed companies to disclose on gender diversity may have little impact, with the focus remaining on the business case and business as normal.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the literature on gender diversity in the boardroom and the effect of disclosure. The empirical findings contribute to an understanding of the diversity Recommendations within the ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations, but in doing so, it calls for deeper organisational cultural change if real change is to take effect.


A sequential extraction scheme was combined with sorption isotherm analysis in order to investigate sorption of sewage sludge-derived Cu and Zn to the A-horizon of a humic-gley soil as a whole, and to the operationally defined exchangeable (1 M MgCl2), carbonate (1 M NaOAc), Fe/Mn oxide (0.04 M NH2OH.HCl), and organic (0.02 M HNO3+30% H2O2) soil fractions. Sorption parameters were compared for a sample of sludge leachate (with 97.4% of Cu and 63.2% of Zn present as dissolved metal-organic matter complexes, as calculated by geochemical modeling involving MINTEQA2 and verified using an ion exchange resin method) with that of a reference solution exhibiting the same chemical characteristics as the leachate, except for the presence of dissolved organic material. Dissolved metal-organic matter complexes were found to significantly (P<0.05) depress sorption to the bulk soil and each fraction. The greatest depression of Cu and Zn sorption was observed for the exchangeable, carbonate, and Fe/Mn oxide fractions, while the organic fraction of the soil was the least affected. This reflects a greater affinity for the exchangeable, carbonate, and Fe/Mn oxide fractions by the free divalent metal (Cu2+, Zn2+), with sorption by these fractions attributed to cation exchange, chemisorption, and co-precipitation processes. The sorption characteristics of the organic fraction indicated that Cu and Zn sorption by soil organic matter mostly involved dissolved metal-organic matter complexes. This may be attributed to hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar regions of the dissolved metal-organic matter complexes and solid-phase soil organic matter.


The interaction between atmosphere–land–ocean–biosphere systems plays a prominent role on the atmospheric dynamics and on the convective rainfall distribution over the West Africa monsoon area during the boreal summer. In particular, the initialization of convective systems in the Sub – Sahelian region has been directly linked to soil moisture heterogeneities identified as the major triggering, development and propagation of convective systems.
The present study aims at investigating African monsoon large scale convective dynamics and rainfall diurnal cycle through an exploration of the hypothesis behind the mechanisms of a monsoon phenomenon as an emergence of a collective dynamics of many propagating convective systems. Such hypothesis is based on the existence of an internal self – regulation mechanism among the various components.
To achieve these results a multiple analysis was performed based on remote sensed rainfall dataset, and global and regional modelling data for a period of 5 seasons: 2004 - 2008. Satellite rainfall data and convective occurrence variability were studied for assessing typical spatio – temporal signatures and characteristics with an emphasis to the diurnal cycle footprint.
A global model and regional model simulation datasets, specifically developed for this analysis and based on Regional Atmospheric Modelling System – RAMS, have been analysed.
Results from numerical model datasets highlight the evidence of a synchronization between the destabilization of the convective boundary layer and rainfall occurrence due to the solar radiation forcing through the latent heat release. This supports the conclusion that the studied interacting systems are associated with a process of mutual adjustment of rhythms.
Furthermore, this rainfall internal coherence was studied in relation to the West African Heat Low pressure system, which has a prominent role in the large scale summer variability over the Mediterranean area since it is acting as one of dynamic link between sub tropical and midlatitudes variability.


The effect of intrauterine infusion of 2% povidone iodine solution on the reproductive performance of repeat breeder cows was examined. Sixty (50) repeat breeder dairy cows were randomly divided into two groups: (a) the treatment group was given intrauterine infusion of 50 ml of 2% povidone iodine 24 hr after insemination , and (b) the control group was left untreated. Results showed that in the treated group, the average number of days open was 169.84 days; the number of services per conception was 1.54; conception rate at first treatment after service was 53.3%, and overall conception rate was 86.7%. The corresponding figures in the control group were 207.9 days, 2.05 , 16% and 66.7%. AU reproductive indices used were superior in the treatment group than that of the control group, and were statistically significant (P<0.05) except for the overall conceptio n rate. Thus, intrauterine infusion of 2 % povidone iodine was found to improve the reproductive performance of repeat breeder cows particularly in shortening the number of days open , lessening the numbe r of services per conception and increasing the conception rate.


Estimating numbers of undiscovered mineral deposits has been a source of unease among economic geologists yet is a fundamental task in considering future supplies of resources. Estimates can be based on frequencies of deposits per unit of permissive area in control areas around the world in the same way that grade and tonnage frequencies are models of sizes and qualities of undiscovered deposits. To prevent biased estimates it is critical that, for a particular deposit type, these deposit density models be internally consistent with descriptive and grade and tonnage models of the same type. In this analysis only deposits and prospects that are likely to be included in future grade and tonnage models are employed, and deposits that have mineralization or alteration separated by less than an arbitrary but consistent distance—2 km for porphyry copper deposits—are combined into one deposit. Only 286 deposits and prospects that have more than half of the deposit not covered by postmineral rocks, sediments, or ice were counted.

Nineteen control areas were selected and outlined along borders of hosting magmatic arc terranes based on three main features: (1) extensive exploration for porphyry copper deposits, (2) definable geologic settings of the porphyry copper deposits in island and continental volcanic-arc subduction-boundary zones, and (3) diversity of epochs of porphyry copper deposit formation.

Porphyry copper deposit densities vary from 2 to 128 deposits per 100,000 km2 of exposed permissive rock, and the density histogram is skewed to high values. Ninety percent of the control areas have densities of four or more deposits, 50 percent have densities of 15 or more deposits, and 10 percent have densities of 35 or more deposits per 100,000 km2. Deposit density is not related to age or depth of emplacement. Porphyry copper deposit density is inversely related to the exposed area of permissive rock. The linear regression line and confidence limits constructed with the 19 control areas can be used to estimate the number of undiscovered deposits, given the size of a permissive area. In an example of the use of the equations, we estimate a 90 percent chance of at least four, a 50 percent chance of at least 11, and a 10 percent chance of at least 34 undiscovered porphyry copper deposits in the exposed parts of the Andean belt of Antarctica, which has no known deposits in a permissive area of about 76,000 km2. Measures of densities of deposits presented here allow rather simple yet robust estimation of the number of undiscovered porphyry copper deposits in exposed or covered permissive terranes.


OBJECTIVES
Our renal transplant center in South Australian has been at the forefront of dual kidney transplants in Australia. In this study, we reviewed the 17 adult dual kidney transplants performed at our center between 1998 and 2014.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed the 17 adult dual kidney transplants performed at our center since 1998 and report data pertaining to donor demographics, preimplant function, and histology of donor kidneys, as well as postoperative outcomes of transplant recipients.

RESULTS
The mean age of donors was 68.5 ± 7.27 years, with 47% presenting with comorbid disease adversely affecting renal function (diabetes or hypertension). Histologic sampling of donor kidneys showed high rates of glomerular obsolescence, scarring, and vascular sclerosis. The mean age of recipients was 57.18 ± 10.93 years, with 10 patients receiving kidneys that were implanted bilaterally in each iliac fossa and 7 patients having both kidneys implanted into 1 iliac fossa. Early surgical complications (within the first 2 wk) were found in 6 patients (4 bilateral, 2 unilateral). In patients with bilaterally placed grafts, 2 developed a urinary leak, 1 lost both grafts secondary to renal vein thrombosis, and 1 lost a single graft due to renal vein thrombosis. In patients with unilaterally placed grafts, 1 had wound infection and 1 had double graft loss related to renal vein thrombosis.

CONCLUSIONS
Adult dual kidney transplants offer an alternative use of kidneys from marginal donors.


Three rocks - biotite granite, dolerite, and marble - were studied for the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity in predicting their uniaxial compressive strength. The rocks differed in mineralogy, texture, and strength. The mineralogy and texture influence to varying degree the strength and the pulse velocity. Correlations between the compressive strength and the sonic velocity were highest in the marble (0.94-0.97), and lowest in the granite (0.68). The low correlation in the granite was attributed to the different mineral contents, the presence of biotite, the complexity in the grain boundary shape and the tortuosity of the wave path through the rock. The use of acoustic impedance and stiffness constant improved the strength of correlation in the marble but not in the dolerite and granite.


This article presents a new comprehensive assessment of the Holocene hydrological variability of Lake Ladoga, northwest Russia. The reconstruction is based on oxygen isotopes of lacustrine diatom silica (δ18Odiatom) preserved in sediment core Co 1309, and is complemented by a diatom assemblage analysis and a survey of modern isotope hydrology. The data indicate that Lake Ladoga has existed as a freshwater reservoir since at least 10.8 cal. ka BP. The δ18Odiatom values range from +29.8 to +35.0‰, and relatively higher δ18Odiatom values around +34.7‰ between c. 7.1 and 5.7 cal. ka BP are considered to reflect the Holocene Thermal Maximum. A continuous depletion in δ18Odiatom since c. 6.1 cal. ka BP accelerates after c. 4 cal. ka BP, indicating Middle to Late Holocene cooling that culminates during the interval 0.8–0.2 cal. ka BP, corresponding to the Little Ice Age. Lake‐level rises result in lower δ18Odiatom values, whereas lower lake levels cause higher δ18Odiatom values. The diatom isotope record gives an indication for a rather early opening of the Neva River outflow at c. 4.4–4.0 cal. ka BP. Generally, overall high δ18Odiatom values around +33.5‰ characterize a persistent evaporative lake system throughout the Holocene. As the Lake Ladoga δ18Odiatom record is roughly in line with the 60°N summer insolation, a linkage to broader‐scale climate change is likely.


The representation of religion in the media is usually negatively coloured and stereotyped, emphasizing the old-fashioned, conflicting and violent sides and highlighting the differences. This imagery is in sharp contrast with the experiences of chaplains working in prison, the army, youth care, and care institutions. Although their position is often unclear and under pressure, they are actually asked for assistance in case of existentially serious events. Usually clients and caregivers (especially nurses) know when to appeal to them. Opposite the negative framing of religion in the media chaplains create positive images of religion dealing with the boundaries of existence in a personal way. Stories about these experiences can counterbalance the unilateral and hostile image of religion. Rituals, an attitude of hospitality and common humanity, and especially the awareness that we share in the same fragility of life appear to play an essential role. In pastoral supervision chaplains can learn to handle the negative framing of religion and to tell transformative stories about their unique work.


We have proposed and demonstrated a nonlinear polarization-rotation-based fiber laser with two different operation states: passive mode-locking and multiwavelength emission. The intensity-dependent transmission or loss induced by nonlinear polarization rotation accounts for the distinct operation regimes. Our experiment results indicate that both passively mode-locked pulses and continuous-wave multiwavelength can be generated from the same fiber laser just through adjusting polarizations. Another characteristic of the current multiwavelength laser is that the used periodic filter is a birefringence fiber filter, which facilitates all-fiber integration of the fiber laser, so it is a potential multifunction laser source with all-fiber configuration and convenient manipulation.


This study is about howStockholm's policy for zero tolerance of graffiti from 2007 affected the graffiti culture inStockholm. We have researched what consequences there were for the practice of graffiti, and what consequences there were for the stylistic performance of graffiti. In doing so, we have had two focus group interviews and one deep interview including eight graffiti writers from Stockholm. The individuals in the groups have been practising graffiti for a varied amount of time, but we have representation from both before, and after/during the policy of zero tolerance from 2007. Our study shows that the result ofStockholm's policy for zero tolerance of graffiti for the graffiti culture inStockholmwas a "subcultureification", a "stylistic generalization" and the "subculture's ambivalent identity". With "subcultureification" we mean that the labelling process from the politicians in acting against the graffiti culture and present it as a problem and a deviant and criminal subculture was reinforced within the graffiti culture and resulted in the increased importance of criminalization for the development of sub cultural capital. The "stylistic generalization" was a consequence of the changed conditions for writing graffiti. Less time and more security have led to a simpler and fast performance and less of the colourful and detailed murals. A consequence which helps keeping the public convinced of the necessity of the zero tolerance policy and the connection between graffiti and criminal damage rather than an artistic expression. The "subcultures ambivalent identity" referred to the interpretation that the new conditions for writing graffiti changed the way the writers identified the culture. In our research we found three major conflicts regarding if or if not graffiti was "art", about practicing legal graffiti or illegal, and how to value graffiti on the internet. Keywords: Graffiti, subculture, social control, cultural conflict, stylistic progressSokord: Graffiti, subkultur, social kontroll, kulturell konflikt, stilistisk utveckling Antal ord: 18 561


Early involvement of the construction team is increasingly utilized in demanding projects to incorporate versatile expertise in their planning. For public owners this is a challenge since they are obliged to use competitive, transparent team selection based on the 'most economically advantageous' criterion which ensures that both price and quality viewpoints are taken into account. In the case of early involvement, the price component naturally does not include the total price, but may consist only of the fee-percentages of competing service providers. This study examines such a selection situation in project alliancing in the European context and seeks to find a way to integrate the fee component in a multi-criteria selection system and determine reasonable fees for different levels of capabilities. The study builds on the performance difference between different capabilities, derived from a survey of practitioners, and determines an indifference curve arithmetically for the planning of a selection method. The influence of the owner's risk attitude and risk premiums are also considered exploratively based on the pricing methods of the theory of finance.


The number of resources available on the Internet continues to expand exponentially, but finding appropriate resources is still a fragmented, hit-or-miss operation. Traditional library expertise in bibliographic description and access should be applied to the management of this emerging body of material. In the process, catalogers will be able to assess the adequacy of current tools (e.g., cataloging codes, machine-readable cataloging formats, integrated library systems) for providing access to Internet resources and will contribute credibly to design or redesign of access tools. This paper outlines the major issues that must be considered in cataloging electronic resources.


Ad hoc networks are characterized by multi-hop wireless connectivity, frequently changing network topology and the need for efficient dynamic routing protocols plays an important role. In this paper we compare the performance of three on-demand routing Protocols for mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) networks: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc On-demand distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) in by varying the size of the networks. The performance metrics selected to make the performance differences are Total Traffic Received, Traffic Load, Throughput, Number of Hops per Route and Route Discovery Time. AODV shows a Considerable better performance over the others for any number of nodes. TORA and DSR show moderate performance for minimum number of nodes, where in the case of large networks, DSR shows some performance rather than TORA.


This article asks to what extent Comparative Translation Studies is needed and realistic to achieve. The difficulties of comparative approaches in other disciplines are related to translation studies, where 'comparative' up to now has been used for several levels of analysis. An important difference with most other disciplines is that comparison seems to be more self-evident in a trans-discipline like translation studies, where transfer between two or more sides is always immanently present. The selection of the units of analysis/comparison is a pitfall, particularly when working with larger units at a systemic or sociocultural level when studying cultural (ex)change. It is suggested that existing tools used in translation studies can be helpful in structuring the approach and the methodology: both mixed-method models from descriptive translation studies and existing conceptual maps in the discipline.


We address the problem of situated temporal planning, in which an agent's plan can depend on scheduled exogenous events, and thus it becomes important to take the passage of time into account during the planning process.
Previous work on situated temporal planning has proposed simple pruning strategies, as well as complex schemes for a simplified version of the associated metareasoning problem. Although even the
simplified version of the metareasoning problem is NP-hard,
we provide a pseudo-polynomial time
optimal solution to the case with known deadlines.
We leverage intuitions emerging from this case to provide a fast greedy
scheme that significantly improves upon previous schemes even for the case
of unknown deadlines.
Finally, we show how this new method can be applied inside a practical situated temporal planner.
An empirical evaluation suggests that the new planner provides state-of-the-art results on problems where external deadlines play a significant role.


In this paper, we describe a methodology for the analysis of greedy randomized adaptive search procedures (GRASP). GRASP is a metaheuristic for combinatorial optimization. It usually consists of a construction procedure based on a greedy randomized algorithm and a local search. Hybrid approaches of GRASP with path-relinking developed for the 3-index assignment problem (AP3) and for the job-shop scheduling problem (JSP) are analyzed with the methodology proposed. Independent and cooperative parallelization strategies are described and implemented for the AP3 and for the JSP. The computational results for independent parallel strategies are compared to the results obtained using the methodology. The experiments confirm the fact that the methodology proposed is a useful tool to predict qualitatively the behavior of GRASP when implemented using multiple independent processes.


This study aims to describe the process of developing mobile learning on social tolerance material in higher education. Data collection was carried out using the Instructional Development Institute model Grabowski. The control class learning outcomes of 40 students get an average value of 73.25, while the experimental class learning outcomes of 40 students get an average value of 83.25. Furthermore, to find out the significance of the differences in learning outcomes between the two classes, a t-test was performed by conducting a normality test and a homogeneity test. Significant value is obtained for the control class of 0.153 and the experimental class of 0.601, so it can be concluded that the data are normally distributed because > 0.05.


The therapeutic approach of motor fluctuations is based on the need for recognizing various types of motor fluctuations for each patient by a meticulous interrogation and also to have a good knowledge of the pharmacology of the various anti-parkinsonian drugs. The treatment of the morning akinesia is linked to the use of anti-parkinsonian drugs with fast action like levodopa in dispersible formulation or apomorphine. The levodopa formulations with prolonged release can be proposed in the treatment of the noctural akinesia. "End of dose" and "on-off" fluctuations require a stable dopaminergic stimulation. It requires the use of drug associations which, for the majority, were never validated by rigorous therapeutic studies. Severe motor fluctuations require the use of apomorphine or chronic stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus.


The heterotrimeric G proteins G(12) and G(13) link G-protein-coupled receptors to the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and the induction of actomyosin-based cellular contractility. Here we show that conditional ablation of the genes encoding the alpha-subunits of G(12) and G(13) in the nervous system results in neuronal ectopia of the cerebral and cerebellar cortices due to overmigration of cortical plate neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells, respectively. The organization of the radial glia and the basal lamina was not disturbed, and the Cajal-Retzius cell layer had formed normally in mutant mice. Embryonic cortical neurons lacking G(12)/G(13) were unable to retract their neurites in response to lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate, indicating that they had lost the ability to respond to repulsive mediators acting via G-protein-coupled receptors. Our data indicate that G(12)/G(13)-coupled receptors mediate stop signals and are required for the proper positioning of migrating cortical plate neurons and Purkinje cells during development.


In some cases, determination of blood alcohol level is very important. The alcohol level at the time of an event, can affect the court decision and may lead to aggravate the penalty or on the contrary an acquittal. In this article, a criminal action, in one of Turkish High Criminal Court is examined. The case was about the death of a drunk person who had fallen down from the window of his girl friend's house which is on the third floor of an apartment. This person's parent applied to public prosecutor saying that their child did not fall down but was murdered by his girl friend. During this trial, in the victim's autopsy, no alcohol detected in blood in contrast with his girl friend's testimony. Because of this contradiction, a reasonable doubt has emerged that she was the murderer in this suspicious death. However, in the further stages of trial, the reasons of no alcohol detection in the autopsy is investigated. In the basis of this case, the importance and techniques of alcohol detection in blood is discussed with literature.


The aim with this project was to evaluate Waters AccQTag method which was ananalytical method that Waters Corporation provides for determination of aminoacids. The amino acid analysis was carried out by reversed-phase AQUITY UPLCH-Class, using a BEH C18-column and a PDA detector.Both primary and secondary amino acids were analyzed after precolumnderivatization with the AccQTag reagent kit by a manual procedure and, detected at260 nm. Fresenius Kabis existing products, Aminoven 10 % and Vamin 18EF wereused as samples. The evaluation was based on external calibration curves withprepared standard solutions from Fresenius Kabi, with the addition of the internalstandard L-Norvaline. Waters amino acid standard was used for the system suitabilitytest. A validation according to the ICH guidelines were performed with the followingparameters: specificity, linearity, precision, LOQ, LOD and robustness.Complementary parameters for system suitability test (SST) and stability of standardand reagent were also evaluated. The validation showed that the % RSD values forspecificity, system suitability test and robustness were within the acceptance criteriaof equal or less than 3 % for amino acids. Although the precision were between1.3-7.5 % which was higher than the acceptance criteria of equal or less than 3 %, thiswas likely due to sensitive sample preparation. The linearity was bad which made itimpossible to quantify the method since the calibration curves were below 0.999. Itwas concluded that the system was robust and can be used to analyze amino acids inAminoven 10 % and Vamin 18EF but the preparation step should if possible beautomatized to achieve better precision in the analytical work. Two amino acids,cysteine and histidine, needs to be studied further; cysteine gave three peaks insteadof one and histidine gave a peak split at higher injection volume than 0.5 uL.


The world is on the threshold of taking technology to an allnew level. With Augmented Reality (AR) applications taking over the markets at a rapid pace, the thin line difference between user interface and the physical world seems to have been obliterated almost completely. Though this has completely revolutionized the way users and technology evangelists have started thinking and simplified the way of looking at the world, it comes with its own perilous security and privacy implications. Amongst the numerous domains into which AR has divulged, the most sensitive sphere includes Location Based Services (LBS). This has been prophesied as a reason to rethink and worry about, however, the development is still on the rise and little has been looked into protecting users" privacy. This paper will delve into issues that raise a concern in terms of privacy and some suggestive measures that could be taken into consideration.


Cerebral metastasis is a common manifestation of lung cancer. Presenting signs and symptoms are often grave, and consequently often result in patients being debilitated for the rest of their lives. Radiotherapy has been used to treat a majority of these cases, and is considered as the treatment of choice. At Mackay Memorial Hospital, we collected from 1982 to 1985, the records of 42 lung cancer patients with brain metastasis. All the cases had a histological diagnosis of primary lung cancer; most of them were squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma; only two cases were small cell carcinoma. The diagnosis of brain metastasis was established by computed tomographic scans of the brain and radioisotopic brain scans. Of the 42 cases, 22 received palliative radiotherapy from a cobalt-60 teletherapy machine to the whole brain for a total dose of 30 Gray (Gy) in 10-15 fractions over a time span of 2 to 3 weeks, while the remaining patients only received medical treatment (e.g. cranial decompression with mannitol, steroids, etc.). Most of the patients have already died. In our study, those who received radiotherapy attained considerable palliation of their symptoms and signs, including improvement of their general performance status and neurological function. Although the treatment did not prolong the patient's survival, it did decrease considerably the disability caused by the metastatic disease.


PURPOSE
With limited response rates and potential toxicity of chemotherapeutic treatment in patients with recurrent glioma, reliable response assessment is essential. Currently, the assessment of treatment response in glioma patients is based on the combination of radiologic and clinical findings. However, response monitoring with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is hampered by several pitfalls and is prone to interobserver variability. The aim of this study was to establish the value of thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (201Tl-SPECT) as a predictor of overall survival and response to chemotherapy in recurrent glioma, and to compare the value of 201Tl-SPECT with that of CT and MRI.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We studied patients who underwent CT or MRI and 201Tl-SPECT before chemotherapy (n = 57), and patients who also had undergone CT or MRI and 201Tl-SPECT after two courses of chemotherapy (n = 44). The value of the radiologic variables (CT-MRI tumor size, 201Tl-SPECT tumor size, and maximal tumor intensity) at baseline and at follow-up in predicting overall survival, and the percentage of patients alive and progression-free at 6 months (APF6) were examined using Cox regression and logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS
Both at baseline and at follow-up, 201Tl-SPECT maximal tumor intensity was the strongest predictive variable and was inversely related to overall survival and APF6. In particular, progression of maximal tumor intensity after two courses of chemotherapy was a powerful predictor of poor outcome.

CONCLUSION
201Tl-SPECT is superior to conventional CT-MRI in the early prediction of overall survival and response to chemotherapy in patients with recurrent glioma.


Background: Indonesia, as a tropical country, is one of the important producers of sea cucumbers (beche-de-mer). Sea cucumber is a marine invertebrate that contains attractive bioactive secondary metabolites and these metabolites can be used for health as well as cosmetics. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the activity of tyrosinase inhibitors, antioxidants, and cytotoxicity of sea cucumber methanolic extract. Methods: Dried sea cucumber samples were taken from Boalemo waters, Tomini Bay, Indonesia. Tyrosinase inhibitor assay was carried out spectrophotometrically using tyrosinase enzymes and L-DOPA as a substrate and antioxidant tests were carried out by DPPH method. Cytotoxicity test against human breast cancer cell line (T47D) was conducted using the MTT assay. Results: The study showed that Bohadschia vitiensis had the best tyrosinase inhibitor activity with IC50 value of 0.28 mg/ml. The DPPH free radical scavenging testing showed that all sea cucumbers had weak antioxidant activity. On the other hand, cytotoxicity assay revealed that several sea cucumbers had good cytotoxicity against T47D cells, where Holothuria atra and Bohadschia marmorata showed strong cytotoxicities with IC50 values of 23.0 and 28.1 ug/mL, respectively Conclusion: Based on the study, it can be concluded that the dried sea cucumber from the Tomini bay region, Indonesia, has the potential to be developed as a source of tyrosinase inhibitors and cytotoxic agents.


Determination of phase relations in the Ag-Au-S system between 100 degrees and 850 degrees C by silica tube, differential thermal analysis, and high-temperature X-ray experiments reveals that the condensed system consists of three basic parts: the Ag-Au complete solid solution, the Ag 2 S-Au 2 S partial solid solution, and sulfur. At low temperatures, two ordered silver-gold sulfides exist, Ag 3 AuS 2 and AgAuS; they invert at 185 degrees and 310 degrees C, respectively, to a simple, cubic solid solution. Above 310 degrees C a complete solid solution exists from Ag 2 S to approximately Ag (sub 0.9) Au (sub 1.1) S. This solid solution has a body-centered cubic structure for silver-rich compositions, which changes via a second-order transition to a simple, cubic structure between Ag 2 S and Ag (sub 1.5) Au (sub 0.5) S. The silver-rich end of the solid solution inverts to a face-centered modification at high temperatures. The sulfides melt in the interval 680 degrees to 838 degrees C with a minimum in the liquidus at Ag (sub 1.3) Au (sub 0.7) S.Enthalpies of transition for the Ag 2 S III-II, Ag 3 AuS 2 low-high, and AgAuS low-high transitions were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and found to be, respectively: 950; 2,270(min)-2,760(max); and 1,570(min)-1,920(max) calories/mole. Within experimental error, the sulfide solid can be modeled as a regular solution with components AgS (sub 0.5) and AuS (sub 0.5) and with W G [asymp] - 1,000 calories. Estimated temperature-dependent standard free energies of formation are (T = K and units of calories): -43,880 + 20.8T (acanthite, Ag 2 S III), -40,410 + 20.8T (uytenbogaardtite, low Ag 3 AuS 2 ), -37,910 + 15.3T (high Ag 3 AuS 2 ), -36,740 + 23.4T (low AgAuS), -33,340 + 17.6T (high AgAuS), and -22,700+ 29.6T (Au 2 S).


The emergence of novel pathogenic organisms due to the acquisition of virulencedeterminants from bacteriophages has generated significant interest in the pathways responsible for genomic rearrangements. Phage λ encodes its own recombination system, the Red system, comprising Exo, β and γ proteins. In addition, A encodes another recombinase, Orf, which participates in the initial stages of genetic exchange and supplies a function equivalent to that of the Escherichia coli RecFOR proteins. This thesis focuses on determining the function of Orf in phage and bacterial recombination pathways by analysing its impact on recombinases encoded by λ and E. coli. Experiments revealed that Orf interacts with bacterial and phage recombination proteins in the initial exchange step of recombination, modulating the activities of both Exo and RecA. Orf, along with β, attenuates the 5'-3' exonuclease activity of Exo, a feature that depends largely on the ability of Orf to bind DNA. Orf also facilitates loading of RecA onto ssDNA pre-coated with SSB but only if a ssDNA:dsDNA intersection is incorporated in the substrate. A motif similar to that found at the BRCA2-Rad51 interface may be responsible for Orf mimicking a RecA monomer to initiate nucleoprotein filament formation. Significantly, this would direct recombination down the bacterial RecA pathway of break restoration rather than the phage Red pathway with potentially important consequences for the outcome of the ~xchange reaction.


I start from the principle that composition is a historical lineage of techniques that have traditionally been applied to music but need not be. To illustrate this, I apply composition principles to the writing of this PhD thesis. In describing this process, I draw parallels between the music work I have composed during 2013-2017 and the process of thesis writing. Along the way, I show how quantization is not only central to my composition practice but fundamental to the act of composing; I rethink the basic epistemological principles of PhD research, using John Cage's ideology of chance and Arthur Koestler's idea of bisociation; I develop a new set of categories for classifying artworks that use combinatorics, under the umbrella neologism 'completism'; expand upon James Tenney's ideas to create a new typology of musical form based on completist principles; and finish by composing the bibliography, font, page-layout, semantics, word choice, and syntax of the Conclusion of this thesis.


The purpose of this research was to mask the intensely unpleasant taste of Sitagliptin Phosphate Monohydrateand to formulate a rapid disintegrating tablet (RDT) of the taste-masked drug. Taste masking was done by complexing Sitagliptin Phosphate Monohydrate with Indion 414 in different ratios by the precipitation method. Drug-Resin complexes (DRCs) were tested for drug content, in vitro taste in simulated salivary fluid (SSF) of pH 6.2, and molecular property. Complex that did not release drug in SSF was considered taste-masked and selected for formulation RDTs. The complex with drug-Resin ratio of 1:1 & 1:2 did not show drug release in SSF; therefore, it was selected. The properties of tablets such as tensile strength, wetting time, water absorption ratio, in vitro disintegration time, and disintegration in the oral cavity were investigated to elucidate the wetting and disintegration characteristics of tablets. Crospovidone 8%wt/wt gave the minimum disintegration time. Tablets of batch F2 containing microcrystalline cellulose as Diluent Crospovidone showed faster disintegration, within 25 seconds. Good correlation between in vitro disintegration behavior and in the oral cavity was recognized. Whereas Sitagliptin Phosphate Monohydrate was rated intensely better with a score of 12 for 10 minutes. Tablets of batch F2 also revealed rapid drug release (t90, 7 minutes) in SGF. Thus, results conclusively demonstrated successful masking of taste and rapid disintegration of the formulated tablets in the oral cavity.


Bioequivalence between two treatments or two drugs is often assessed by comparing the two proportions (success rate or eradication rate) of binomial outcomes when the conventional pharmacokinetic parameters are inadequate for the assessment. Setting the equivalence limits can be based on one of the three measures: difference, ratio, or odds ratio between the two binomial probabilities. This paper reviews the existing asymptotic test statistics for comparing two independent binomial probabilities in terms of the three measures in the context of equivalence or noninferiority testing. The actual type I error and power of the asymptotic tests are evaluated by enumerating the exact probabilities in the rejection region. The results show that to establish an equivalence between two treatments with an equivalence limit of 20% in difference, a sample size of at least 50 per treatment is needed. When the sample size is sufficient, the actual type I error rate is close to the nominal level (slightly above the nominal level in several cases) for a test in terms of difference for equivalence limits, and it tends to exceed the nominal level for tests in terms of ratio or odds ratio.


This is a presentation of some preliminary data from SPCG-I, a multicenter study started in 1984 by the Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group. It is a randomized double-blind study comparing estramustine phosphate and diethylstilbestrol in the primary treatment of 195 patients with T1-4, NX, M1, G2-3 prostatic cancer. The code is not yet broken. This presentation describes the impact of the pretreatment parameters performance status, pain, tumor burden, grade and DNA-ploidy of the prostate tumor, on time to progression and overall survival. DNA studies have so far only been completed in 66 of the 195 patients. For the whole group of 195 patients, pain (p less than 0.004) and tumor grade (p less than 0.02) had the most significant impact on time to progression, and performance status (p less than 0.01) and grade (p less than 0.03) on overall survival. In the small group of 66 patients where the DNA pattern of the primary tumor was evaluated, no parameter had any significant correlation to time to progression and overall survival. This study is still continuing.


In today's datacenters handling big data and for exascale computers of tomorrow, there is a pressing need for high-radix switches to economically and efficiently unify the computing and storage resources that are dispersed across multiple racks. In this paper, we present SCOC, a switch architecture suitable for economical IC implementation that can efficiently replace crossbars for high-radix switch nodes. SCOC is a multi-stage bufferless network with O(N2/m) cost, where m is a design parameter, practically ranging between 4-16. We identify and resolve more than five fairness violations that are pertinent to hierarchical scheduling. Effectively, from a performance perspective, SCOC is indistinguishable from efficient flat crossbars. Computer simulations show that it competes well or even outperforms flat crossbars and hierarchical switches. We report data from our ASIC implementation at 32 nm of a SCOC 136×136 switch, with shallow buffers, connecting 25 Gb/s links. In this first incarnation, SCOC is used at the spines of a server-rack, fat-tree network. Internally, it runs at 9.9 Tb/s, thus offering a speedup of 1.45 ×, and provides a fall-through latency of just 61 ns.


Objective. To assess the impact of a comprehensive preceptor development program. Design. A comprehensive preceptor development program was designed that included live and recorded online programming, a preceptor manual, a preceptor newsletter, live events (local and regional), and one-on-one practice site visits. Assessment. Over 5,000 evaluations (1,900 pre-implementation and 3,160 post-implementation) of preceptor performance were completed by students. Students rated preceptors higher in items related to providing helpful midpoint and final evaluations after program implementation. Over 1,000 Web-based preceptor development activities were completed by preceptors from 2007 to 2011. Preceptors felt activities enhanced their current knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values, and more than 90% felt the core development activities would improve their current practice. Conclusion. A comprehensive approach to preceptor development that offered a variety of development and training opportunities received positive evaluations from preceptors and resulted in improved student evaluations of preceptors. A comprehensive development program should be made available to preceptors to foster their continuing professional development.


Abstract The ichnogenus Psilonichnus and its named ichnospecies are evaluated for their utility in paleoenvironmental reconstructions. A combined ichnological-sedimentological model for shoreface-estuarine-fluvial settings is presented herein to show distributions of the ichnospecies of Psilonichnus in an ichnofacies framework. High-resolution differentiation of coastal paleoenvironments may be achieved in strata containing Psilonichnus only if the trace fossils are identified to ichnospecies level, and if they are assessed as sedimentary structures within a depositional context. The simple Y-, J-, and I-shaped, vertical to inclined burrows referred to as Psilonichnus include three distinct ichnospecies–P. tubiformis, P. upsilon, and P. lutimuratus. Each can be attributed to either of two decapod crustacean progenitors, thalassinoid mud shrimp, or ocypodid ghost crabs. The ichnogenus occurs in association with the Psilonichnus, Glossifungites, and Skolithos ichnofacies in estuary/bay to backshore/dune sedimentary settings. Psilonichnus has proved to be an effective paleoenvironmental indicator, especially in studies of sequence stratigraphy. To date, however, inconsistencies in both ichnotaxonomic and ichnofacies assignments for Psilonichnus, and confusion regarding probable tracemakers, have diminished its usefulness to sedimentary geology. To avoid such problems, each new field occurrence of a potential Psilonichnus trace must be evaluated thoroughly within its biological, ecological, and physical context.


[1] An analysis of radar observations in C band combined with models is proposed to study some of the ocean surface properties and their relation with the sea surface backscatter. The electromagnetic part of the models is of different kinds: composite Bragg model with or without including effect of wave breaking zones on the normalized radar cross-section (NRCS), geometrical optics approximation and small-slope approximation model. The surface description is based on the wave spectrum proposed by Kudryavtsev et al. (2003), but tests with the spectrum of Elfouhaily et al. (1997) are also discussed to assess our conclusions. The originality is to use not only the NRCS in HH and VV polarizations, but also their difference in linear units. First, we show that the upwind-to-downwind anisotropy of the radar signal cannot be explained entirely by the modulation of Bragg waves by longer surface waves, but that an additional nonpolarized contribution must be invoked to explain it, consistently with scattering from zones of enhanced roughness associated with breaking waves. Then, combining a composite model and observations in the two polarizations, we assess the contribution of the nonpolarized backscatter on the total NRCS. Finally, the proposed full model, which takes into account the nonpolarized contribution over breaking zones, gives good agreement with the observed polarization ratio and with the NRCS in each polarization.


SIR,-The Department of Health and Social Security circular H.M. (70)23 under the above title purports to give official guidance on planning hospital libraries. We therefore based our proposals for a new multidisciplinary staff library strictly on H.M. (70)23. We are now told by officers of the Regional Hospital Board that the people in the Department who control building projects had never heard of H.M. (70)23. When they were provided with a copy, by the Regional Hospital Board, they rejected the advice of their colleagues elsewhere in the Department out of hand and cut the floor area of our proposed new library by half. The lesson of this absurd episode must surely be to discard H.M. circulars without bothering to look at them. If they only represent the individual opinions of their writers, and not the collective policy of the Department, they are so much waste paper.-I am, etc., MARK HUGHES Chairman, Library Committee Postgraduate Medical Centre, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester


According to urban theorist Jan Gehl (2004), Wellington's central business district (CBD) lacks pedestrian vibrancy. Gehl identifies impermeability, caused by many large footprint commercial buildings with closed street frontages and privatised ground floors, as the main weakness in the city's urban fabric . This thesis seeks to address Gehl's findings that commercial buildings create a sterile pedestrian environment because of their disengaged street frontages, lack of programmatic diversity and negative impact on the connectivity of the pedestrian network.  A current lack of high end commercial office buildings in Wellington's CBD creates an architectural opportunity to reconsider the way in which office buildings are integrated into the urban environment. In this thesis the office building is used as a tool to realistically investigate how these new buildings can address the urban issues raised by Gehl, and enhance the pedestrian experience.  This research uses the design principles in Nan Ellin's Integral Urbanism to find a solution for the urban problems identified by Gehl. Three architectural and urban principles are used as devices to integrate the vertical office tower into the horizontal streetscape; hybridity, porosity and connectivity. This design proposition investigates an office building on the corner of Jervois Quay and Willeston Street in the Wellington CBD. This site is identified as a particularly weak area of the urban fabric challenged by a disconnection from the nearby waterfront; by the six lane highway, Jervois Quay.  The site-specific problem combined with the challenges of the market driven Wellington office typology is explored through an iterative design process to create a commercially feasible, site-specific design solution. Ultimately this research found that through applying urban design principles, office towers can better integrate into the urban environment to create a more pedestrian orientated city.


The trends and current incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) was examined by using a unique and potentially high sensitive source for case ascertainment. We analyzed death certificate information for 1979-1990 from US multiple-cause-of-death mortality data, compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We evaluated death certificate data for US residents for whom CJD was listed as one of the multiple causes of death on the death certificate (046.1) from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (9th revision). Age-adjusted and age-specific CJD death rates by gender, race, and region were calculated to measure the disease incidence because of the rapidly fatal course of the disease for most patients with CJD. We identified 2,614 deaths with CJD listed on the death certificates. The average annual age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.9 deaths per million persons (range 0.8-1.1). The mean age at death was 67 years. CJD-related deaths were uncommon among persons younger than 50 years of age (4.3% of all deaths). The highest average annual mortality rate was for those persons aged 70-74 years (5.9 deaths per million persons). A slight majority (53.0%) of the deaths was in females, but the age-adjusted mortality rate was 1.2 times higher for males. Most deaths (94.8%) were in whites; the mortality rate for blacks was only 40% of that for whites. The age-adjusted CJD mortality rate in the United States is similar to published estimates of the crude incidence of CJD worldwide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Although some beta-lactams and beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations exhibit activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, there remains the concern that therapeutic failures may result from the selection of resistant subpopulations. The prophylactic use of these antibiotics in clean surgery, however, may prove adequate since wound infections arise from the inoculation of small numbers of bacteria. In this clinical setting, heterogeneity in the phenotypic expression of beta-lactam resistance may facilitate antibiotic efficacy. Similarly, beta-lactamase-mediated resistance in S. aureus is dependent on inoculum size, and it may be possible to prevent infection from small inocula with relatively labile beta-lactams. To test this hypothesis, antibiotics were administered to guinea pigs as prophylaxis against infection by two methicillin-resistant strains and one borderline-susceptible strain. Following prophylaxis with sulbactam or placebo, inoculation of only a dozen or fewer bacteria had a 50% probability of creating an abscess (50% infective dose [ID50]). The efficacy of ampicillin was similar to that of cefazolin, exhibiting moderate activity against the borderline-susceptible strain (ID50s, greater than 300 bacteria) and minimal activity against the methicillin-resistant strains (ID50s, fewer than 100 bacteria). Coadministration of sulbactam with ampicillin or cefazolin yielded better results than the beta-lactam alone for five of six strain-beta-lactam combinations, including an 80-fold increase in the efficacy of ampicillin-sulbactam compared with that of ampicillin for one methicillin-resistant strain (ID50s, 2,017 and 25 bacteria, respectively). Prophylaxis with beta-lactams, especially beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations, reduces the risk of wound infection by beta-lactam-resistant S. aureus.


A new source, 1840s Admiralty seamen's tickets, is used to explore three anthropometric issues. First, did being born in a city, with its associated disamenities, stunt? Second, did being born near a city, whose markets sucked foodstuffs away, stunt? Third, did child labour stunt? Being born in a city stunted although the effect was limited except in the largest cities. In contrast, opportunities to trade did not stunt. Finally although adults who went to sea young were shorter than those who did not enlist until fully grown, going to sea did not stunt. Rather the prospect of plentiful food at sea attracted stunted adolescents, who reversed most of their stunting as a result. But child labour at sea was unique: wages were largely hypothecated to the child as food and shelter, rather than paid in cash that might be spent on other family members.


Direct fired supercritical carbon dioxide cycles are one of the most promising power generation method in terms of their efficiency and environmental friendliness. Two most important challenges in implementing these cycles are the high pressure (300 bar) and high CO2 dilution (>80 %) in the combustor. The design and development of supercritical oxy-combustors for natural gas requires accurate reaction kinetic models to predict the combustion outcomes. The presence of small amount of impurities in natural gas and other feed streams to oxy-combustors makes these predictions even more complex. During oxy-combustion, trace amounts of nitrogen present in the oxidizer is converted to NOx and gets into the combustion chamber along with the recirculated CO2. Similarly, natural gas can contain trace amount of ammonia and sulfurous impurities which gets converted to NOx and SOx and gets back into the combustion chamber with recirculated CO2. In this work, a reaction model is developed for predicting the effect of impurities like NOx and SOx on supercritical methane combustion. The base mechanism used in this work is GRI 3.0. H2S combustion chemistry is obtained from Bongartz et al. while NOx chemistry is from Konnov et al. The reaction model is then optimized for a pressure range of 30–300 bar using high pressure shock tube data from literature. It is then validated with data obtained from literature for methane combustion, H2S oxidation and NOx effects on ignition delay. The effect of impurities on CH4 combustion up to 16 atm is validated using NOx doped methane studies obtained from literature. In order to validate the model for high pressure conditions, experiments are conducted in a high pressure (∼100 bar) shock tube facility at UCF for natural gas identical mixtures with N2O as impurity. Current results show that there is significant change in ignition delay with the presence of impurities. A comparison is made with experimental data using the developed model and predictions are found to be in good agreement. The model developed was used to study the effect of impurities on CO formation from sCO2 combustor. It was found that NOx helps in reducing CO formation while presence of H2S results in formation of more CO. The reaction mechanism developed herein can also be used as a base mechanism to develop reduced mechanism for use in CFD simulations.


The Young's modulus of polymer thin films was measured from bulk films that are micrometers in thickness down to films having a thickness of ∼6 nm, which is less than the radius of gyration, Rg. A simple, noninvasive technique in the same geometry, i.e., the wrinkling of a free-floating film on a water surface with a droplet of water on the surface of the film, was used to determine the modulus over this very large range of film thicknesses. Unlike a solid substrate, there are no in-plane stresses exerted on the film by the underlying liquid substrate except at the boundary of the film. Using recent theoretical developments in the treatment of wrinkling phenomena, we extracted the film modulus from measurements of the wrinkle length. The Young's modulus does not show any systematic change with film thickness, from the thickest bulk films down to films with a thickness of ∼Rg for both PS and PMMA, although a slight increase of the Young's modulus was found for the thinnest sub-Rg thick PS film.


Introduction: Spatial, temporal and racial patterns of cancer remain largely unexplained in the United States. Time trends of cancer incidence and mortality can be used to estimate the current cancer burden, anticipate clinical care needs, and suggest hypotheses regarding possible etiologic explanations for underlying trends. Methods: Using U.S. 1979-2003 cancer incidence and 1969-2003 cancer mortality data, age-period-cohort and Joinpoint regression models were fit to summarize gender- and race-specific temporal trends for three broad cancer categories that include tobacco-related cancer, screen-detectable cancer, and cancer unrelated to tobacco and screening. Demographic patterns and time trends of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) incidence between Pennsylvania and the U.S. from 1985 to 2004 were compared. Using Idaho cancer incidence, 1990-2005, and arsenic levels in ground water, 1990-2005, spatial analysis was conducted to identify geographic patterns of cancer incidence and to evaluate the relationship between arsenic exposure in ground water and cancer incidence in Idaho. Results: Over the last three decades, tobacco-related cancer incidence declined among men and increased among women. Screen-detectable cancer incidence increased, more rapidly among men than women. For cancer unrelated to tobacco and screening, incidence increased in every gender-and-race group. Though not identical, NHL incidence patterns, with substantial increases, were similar in the U.S. and Pennsylvania. NHL incidence was higher in Pennsylvania counties with a greater percentage of urban residents. Although spatial clustering was demonstrated in Idaho cancer incidence, no relationship was found between arsenic exposure in ground water and Idaho cancer incidence. Conclusion: NHL and other cancers unrelated to smoking or screening have increased in the U.S. in the past two decades in white and black men and women. Etiologic research should attempt to identify modifiable risk factors, including environmental exposures, responsible for the increasing incidence of NHL and cancer unrelated to tobacco and screening. The ecologic association observed in Pennsylvania between NHL incidence and urban residence may be relevant to NHL risk in the entire United States. Additional environmental and demographic information should be evaluated in order to clarify the arsenic-related cancer risk in Idaho counties where ground water has been found to contain higher levels of arsenic. Public Health Significance: Age, period and cohort modeling of cancer incidence and mortality provides important indications of current and future health care needs and also suggests hypotheses for future research. The results of this analysis provide health professionals, researchers, and policy-makers with detailed information and an understandable overview of cancer patterns in the United States. Hypotheses should be generated about these unexplained patterns of cancer so that avoidable cancer risks can be identified that will decrease the cancer burden and associated requirements for health care.


The 1970s saw a shift of focus by professions responding to domestic violence cases perpetrated by men towards women within Australia. Their focus was targeted at the factors that surround male perpetrators' violent behaviour. As a result, a number of alternative interventions were established based on a new understanding of domestic violence. Wider explanations have therefore led professional groups to form different angles of approach. Consequently researchers have found that perceptions towards domestic violence and the effective reness of relevant in terventions remain controversial across professions (Laing, 2002). Based on the literature supporting the importance of consistent professional perceptions and responses towards domestic violence, the current qualitative research aimed to measure the consistency of perceptions across five Perth professional groups: Police, community-based, women's refuge, justice and health professionals  (N: 39). Participant responses (from survey and interview questions) about the causal explanations of domestic violence were measured in terms of their relationship with views on effective interventions. Consistent attitudes towards domestic violence were identified on a number of levels. All participants agreed that domestic violence is a community problem, a criminal offence and should not be tolerated. A perpetrator's socio economic status or the degree of alcohol consumption was notfound to be causal explanations of domestically violent behaviour. Participants acknowledged that they are significant factors in cases, and hence conclude that these factors are a stimulus behind the violence. The majority of participants supportedpsychological/feminist/sociological 3) recently suggested reliable theories, specifically the 'Interactive Systems and Individual' theory of domestic violence. Also, with recommendations and explanations from the Best Practice.


In this paper, a nanocomposite was constructed to achieve improved photodynamic therapy (PDT) via disrupting the redox balance in cancer cells. Firstly, Sb2Se3 nanorods were synthesized as a new photosensitizer, displaying high photothermal conversion efficiency (45.2%) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to the narrow band gap (1.1 eV) and a good NIR response. Moreover, the mechanism was investigated, demonstrating that dissolved O2 and photoinduced electrons manipulated ROS generation. Then, mesoporous silica was coated outside to improve the biocompatibility and to supply abundant space for the anticancer drug (doxorubicin, DOX). The sensitive Se-Se linker was grafted outside via a silane coupling reaction to block DOX molecules in the mesopores. As we know, the Se-Se group is sensitive to GSH, which can induce Se-Se linker bond breakage and targeted drug release due to the high expression of GSH in tumor cells. What is more, the consumption of intracellular GSH can also disrupt the redox balance in cancer cells, which would promote the PDT efficiency. The high-Z element of Sb possesses a high X-ray attenuation coefficient, giving the composite high contrast in CT imaging. This is associated with thermal imaging and multi-therapy (PDT/PTT/chemotherapy) to reveal the potential application to cancer treatment.


As an alternative approach to genetic transfer and analysis, a novel integrable plasmid system was developed that should prove useful for mapping and cloning various genes in Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram‐positive bacteria. The use of a restriction‐deficient recipient strain and an improved protocol for protoplast plasmid transformation facilitated direct cloning of a recombinant plasmid (pPQ126) in S. aureus NCTC 8325‐4. Plasmid pPQ126 (13.6 kb) is a novel, temperature‐sensitive integrable plasmid containing genes encoding resistance to erythromycin and chloramphenicol (from plasmid pTV1ts), and resistance to gentamicin (from transposon Tn4001). When introduced into an appropriate recipient strain at the permissive temperature (30°C), pPQ126 replicates autonomously. Integration of pPQ126 is directed into homologous chromosomal target sequences (chromosomal insertions of Tn551 or Tn4001) by growing a population of cells containing autonomous pPQ126 in the presence of gentamicin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol at 39°C (nonpermissive temperature). Elevated temperature both selects for and maintains pPQ126 as an integrated replicon. Integration of pPQ126 occurs at significantly reduced frequency in a recombination‐deficient host, and does not occur in the absence of host chromosomal homology. Integrated pPQ126 excises from the chromosome under permissive conditions (30°C), and excision results in derivatives of pPQ126 that harbour DNA of chromosomal origin.


In recent years, courts have struggled with the affirmative duty to disclose in private securities litigation, particularly under Rule 10b-5. This Article survey a series of "muddles" in the law of securities fraud - relating to obligations pursuant to SEC line-item requirements, fiduciary duties, issuer sales and repurchases, prior and contemporaneous disclosure and the remnants of "flexible duty" analysis - to show how courts became confused and what the consequence of that confusion has been. In general, this confusion reflects a combination of ambiguous signals from the Supreme Court and judicial disagreement about what the normative basis is for thinking through hard "duty" problems. On the latter, this Article distinguishes between two plausible theories for answering duty questions - a "tort-type" approach that simply asks whether a reasonable investor would likely be misled by the nondisclosure, and a "property-type" approach that more aggressively creates expectations on which investors can rely. It ends with a set of suggestions for simplifying the problems in the case law. To this end, the Article suggests that insider trading reasoning and dicta be confined to that specific subject and not readily applied to other kinds of disclosure questions. It urges that issuer disclosure questions be addressed in a "tort-type" fashion, essentially leaving this body of law to the SEC to address by rule if more aggressive informational entitlements are appropriate. It contends that SEC line-item requirements do create a duty to disclose under Rule 10b-5. And it argues that the "flexible duty" approach retains vitality. Finally, connecting to concerns raised by others in this Symposium, it shows that concerns about private securities litigation abuse have contributed to some of the law's confusion, creating an unfortunate legacy even after Congress intervened to resolve those problems by other means. Because the federal securities laws are, at heart, about disclosure, the question of whether and when there is a duty to disclose is often the central question in any given case. Certainly, the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) has broad powers to compel disclosures by issuers and certain others and has crafted a mandatory disclosure regime that creates many explicit duties. For a variety of reasons, however, this explicit regime falls short of a comprehensive answer to the duty question. For some sixty years now, the hardest duty questions have been addressed under the rubric of fraud, mainly under Rule 10b-5, the principal antifraud provision of the securities laws.1 Over those years, some questions have been settled. For example, a person who chooses to speak in a manner reasonably calculated to influence investors assumes the duty to speak truthfully.2 The difficult duty questions arise mainly when there is silence about some material fact, either because the person in question has said nothing at all or because what was said was not a clear misrepresentation of the truth. There is a considerable amount of confusion in the case law on the duty question, which motivates this Article.3 This confusion is surprising precisely because duty is so central and because the courts (and the SEC) have had so long to work on it. The story is one of twists and turns. Prior to 1980, the courts and commentators were struggling with the affirmative duty to disclose mainly by invoking flexible, open-ended obligations.4 This was so both in insider trading the area that generated the largest number of duty questions - and in other settings, such as the issuer's duty to disclose some facts immediately rather than wait for its next mandatory filing. This approach shifted abruptly in Chiarella v. United States, when the Supreme Court announced in dicta that "[w]hen an allegation of fraud is based upon nondisclosure, there can be no fraud absent a duty to speak" and that such a duty arises only when one party has information "that the other is entitled to know because of a fiduciary or similar relation of trust and confidence between them. …


To enable high fidelity simulation of combustion phenomena in realistic devices, an embedded boundary method is implemented into direct numerical simulations (DNS) of reacting flows. One of the additional numerical issues associated with reacting flows is the stable treatment of the embedded boundaries in the presence of multicomponent species and reactions. The implemented method is validated in two test configurations: a premixed hydrogen/air flame stabilized in a backward-facing step configuration, and reactive flows around a square prism. The former is of interest in practical gas turbine combustor applications in which the thermo-acoustic instabilities are a strong concern, and the latter serves as a good model problem to capture the vortex shedding behind a bluff body. In addition, a reacting flow behind the square prism serves as a model for the study of flame stabilization in a micro-channel combustor. The present study utilizes fluid-cell reconstruction methods in order to capture important flame-to-solid wall interactions that are important in confined multicomponent reacting flows. Results show that the DNS with embedded boundaries can be extended to more complex geometries without loss of accuracy and the high fidelity simulation data can be used to develop and validate turbulence and combustion models for the design of practical combustion devices.