In the early 1980s, the Minnesota Department of Health began to address the growing concern of the risk of infectious diseases in child day care by initiating a planning process that resulted in the first national symposium on infectious diseases in child day care. That symposium, which was held in June 1984 in Minneapolis, highlighted the fact that different vocabularies and points of reference would need to be bridged if day-care providers and regulators, clinicians, and public health practitioners are to work side-by-side in defining the risk of infectious diseases in day care and in developing appropriate prevention strategies.1 As a result of this meeting, the Minnesota Public Health Association submitted a resolution to the American Public Health Association (APHA) in the fall of 1984, stating that child-care standards, especially in the area of prevention of infectious diseases, were needed. This resolution, together with a simultaneous recommendation from the APHA's Maternal and Child Health Section for the development of health and safety standards for out-of-home child-care facilities, began a process which eventually led to the monumental effort now known as the American Public Health Association/American Academy of Pediatrics, National Health and Safety Performance Standards: Guidelines for Out-of-Home Child Care Programs.2
 In June, 1992, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sponsored the "International Conference on Child Day Care Health: Science, Prevention and Practice," a historic meeting bringing together concerned individuals from many disciplines to further define and set the future agenda for the science, prevention and practice of child day-care health.


When rolled heavy rail is on the cooling bed for natural cooling, the heat transfer coefficient has important effect on the bending and section sizes of cooled heavy rail. In the paper, the heat-stress couple module ofANSYS software is adopted to carry on numerical simulation on the cooling process of 60kg/m U75V heavy rail, and we obtain the change rule that heat transfer coefficient has effect on bending curvature and section sizes of cooled heavy rail. This study is of great reference value on cooling bed design and the formulation of cooling technological parameters for high speed heavy rail.


Abstract We investigate whether depositional sequences can form on 1000 y or millennial scale, and what stratal architecture can develop as the result of these short term variations. Abrupt climate changes are caused by a complex interplay between atmospheric, oceanic, and cryospheric processes. Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles of ∼ 1000 y and Bond cycles of ∼ 7000 y have been identified in climate studies since the early 1990s. A 3D forward stratigraphic model, Dionisos, was used in this study to analyze the possible stratigraphic architecture that may evolve in response to the millennial-scale climatic cycles. According to current knowledge, no detectable eustatic changes occur in a D-O cycle, but sea level may change slightly through several D-O cycles. An abrupt ∼ 20 m fall and subsequent rise characterize the Heinrich events between Bond cycles. Our modeling included three experiments: (i) stable sea level, (ii) slightly rising sea level, and (iii) slightly falling sea level between Heinrich events. The applied fluvial water discharge and sediment supply varied according to the millennial climatic variations in each experiment. The modeling experiments lead to the formulation of a conceptual model for millennial-scale stratigraphy relevant to glacial periods. The millennial-scale sequences belong to a two-fold hierarchy defined by a series of short D-O cycles nested within longer Bond cycles, which, in turn, are separated by the sharp Heinrich events. The stacking patterns predicted between Heinrich events include: (i) alternating thicker and thinner bedsets of normal regressive highstand progradation (HST) on D-O scale, if sea level is stable; (ii) highstand systems tract–transgressive systems tract (HST-TST) sequences on D-O scale, if the sea level is rising; and (iii) thickening and thinning forced regressive bedsets on D-O scale, if the sea level is falling. In case iii, the Bond-scale falling-stage systems tract (FST) has two distinct parts: a proximal slightly and gradually downstepping unit, followed by a strongly offlapping unit deposited offshore. The intra-FST surface that separates the two units corresponds to the Heinrich sea-level drop, and is referred to in this paper as the "Heinrich discontinuity." This type of sequence consists of FST-LST-TST, and no HST may form.


In a discounted expected-utility problem, tomorrow's utilities are aggregated across tomorrow's states by the expectation operator. In our problems, this aggregation is accomplished by a Choquet integral of the form iudP a, where a specifies uncertainty aversion. We solve all finite-state problems by either a closed form or a finite-dimensional iteration, and show that uncertainty aversion reduces the perceived return on investment, thereby decreasing the saving rate given elastic preferences and increasing the saving rate given inelastic preferences.


Background: The burden of tuberculosis (TB) in Nigeria is high. Unfortunately, the data from the TB programme of the States' ministries of health are usually unpublished, which possibly contribute to the prevailing ignorance and poor attitude of Nigerians to the disease. This study determined the trends of TB burden and treatment outcome in Enugu state, Nigeria; and relate the State's disease burden to that of the Nation. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study of secondary data from the TB control programme, Ministry of Health, Enugu state, the National annual report of 2008, and World Health Organisation (WHO) TB database for the 10-year period of 2000-2009. Results: The number of female TB cases was higher than males within the 0-14 age group only. The annual number of all TB cases showed a rising trend from 914 cases in the year 2000 to 1684 in 2009; but the proportion of new sputum smear (ss+) pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases declined (Trend X2 = 7.37, P = 0.007). The average number of extra-pulmonary TB cases increased fourfold from 2000-2004 to 2005-2009 (36 versus 150 cases). The median treatment success rate was 82% (range: 78-85). For the period 2004-2008, 2.0% of all new ss + PBT cases reported in Nigeria, originated from Enugu state. The proportion of new ss + PTB reported in Enugu state was significantly higher than national value (59.6% versus 52.6%) [P < 0.001, OR = 1.33 (95% CI: 1.26, 1.40)]. Conclusion: The burden of TB in Enugu state of Nigeria had increased over the period reviewed. However, the State's contribution to the disease burden in Nigeria was low.


K-type derrick of inclined drilling rig that is top driving is usually loaded by axial compression, lateral force and concentrated torque simultaneously, and is more prone to out-plane instability due to its poor torsional rigidity. Here the upper segment of derrick was simplified as cantilever beam-column with laced-bar lattice structure. Stability model was established by energy method, and Ritz method was employed to obtain deformation curves for lateral deflection and torsion. Effects of dip angle of derrick and position of top drive on deformation were analyzed. At last the out-plane instability process of derrick is presented by increasing longitudinal compressive force gradually. For ultimate loads of well drilling condition, out-plane stability requirement of derrick is met.


Accumnulating evidenee favors the view that in biologic systemws, the active transport of strong electrolytes involves coupled exchanges of ions, usually of sodium for potassium. In the present paper, the author considers the renal exchange of potassium, sodium and hydrogen in this light, and reviews current concepts concerning the mechanisms involved in the secretion of these ions by the kidney. He indicates that new investigative teehnies will be required to establish that the kidney behaves with respect to coupled ion exchanges as do nerves, red blood cells and frog skin. He concludes by cautioning against extrapolation of experimental results froimi one species to another.


Process modelling using finite elements analysis is very effective to design an optimized process in order to obtain high quality forging parts. For instance, the application of computational analysis on heavy forgings allows the definition of an adequate forging process in terms of temperature, pressure and ramp speed as well as the heat treatment procedure. Quenching and tempering represent a critical phase in the production of heavy forged steel parts. In fact, improper cooling can cause the obtainment of undesired microstructure (i.e. bainite instead of martensite at the component surface as a consequence of a soft cooling) or unexpected residual stress distribution, related to severe heat treatment steps causing cracks. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adequacy of an industrial heat treatment procedure applied to a heavy 4140 steel forged shaft by means of finite elements simulation, a technique able to predict the temperature/time distribution along the thickness of the forged part in various heating or cooling conditions. A comparative study of experimental and numerical superficial temperature distribution was also proposed, allowing the validation of the numerical model used and, subsequently, of the internal temperatures and stresses distribution.


Government-initiated schemes of cultural regeneration aim to improve both internal and external perceptions of a city, and as such offer the potential to galvanise renegotiations of place. However, I problematise the single narrative of a city that this top-down approach
projects and promotes; hegemonic cultural discourse can often override, or forget, collective memory. In this research project, situated within Kingston upon Hull's
transformative year as the United Kingdom's 2017 City of Culture, I apply existing knowledge within the field of theatre studies, memory studies, and placemaking to produce two interconnected outcomes. Firstly, through questioning how memory can be performed as a process, I establish performance strategies that avoid representing the past as a fixed version of events. In doing so, I expose approaches to performance practice that invite and support autobiographical remembering in order to effectively facilitate, and favour, individual reconstructions of the experienced past. Secondly, I establish the performance of memory as a tool with which to practice place. My research contributes to the field of performance and autobiography and its application within projects that aim to reach, encourage, and effect public engagement with cultural regeneration. Ultimately, I present the performance of autobiographical memory as a means of activating a city's inhabitants to contribute to, and lead, a process of placemaking in order to regain ownership of collective memory from the control of those in positions of cultural and political power.


Individuals increasingly participate in online platforms where they copy, share and form they opinions. Social interactions in these platforms are mediated by digital institutions, which dictate algorithms that in turn affect how users form and evolve their opinions. In this work, we examine the conditions under which convergence on shared opinions can be obtained in a social network where connected agents repeatedly update their normalised cardinal preferences (i.e. value systems) under the influence of a non-constant reflexive signal (i.e. institution) that aggregates populations' information using a proportional representation rule. We analyse the impact of institutions that aggregate (i) expressed opinions (i.e. opinion-aggregation institutions), and (ii) cardinal preferences (i.e. value-aggregation institutions). We find that, in certain regions of the parameter space, moderate institutional influence can lead to moderate consensus and strong institutional influence can lead to polarisation. In our randomised network, local coordination alone in the total absence of institutions does not lead to convergence on shared opinions, but very low levels of institutional influence are sufficient to generate a feedback loop that favours global conventions. We also show that opinion-aggregation may act as a catalyst for value change and convergence. When applied to digital institutions, we show that the best mechanism to avoid extremism is to increase the initial diversity of the value systems in the population.


At the Institute of Neurinformatics (INI), a shared institute of the University of Zurich (UZH) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), a dynamic vision sensor for fast visual processing has been developed. The dynamic vision sensor uses a silicon retina to detect contrast changes in a scene. An ongoing project is to develop a controller based on a silicon retina for a small robotic monster truck. The goal of the project is to drive at high speed along a drawn route. In this semester project, a dynamical model of the RC monster truck is derived and a simulation environment to test retina-based control strategies is developed. The simulation is based on Blender, a powerful open-source modeling environment. Further, first control strategies for event-based lateral control are implemented and tested in the simulation, as well as on the real vehicle. At the end of this semester project, the truck is able to follow a chalk drawn line at a little more than walking pace.


Aim: Present study was aimed to isolate marine algae from the sea water samples of Kayalpattinam Coastal area, Gulf of Mannar.

Methodology: Seawater samples were collected for the isolation of phytoplankton from the Kayalpattinam Coastal area, Tuticorin on May 2016. The collected seawater was maintained in Walne medium with optimum conditions (light intensity of 1000 Lux, pH of 8.2-8.7, temperature of 18-25°C and salinity of 35 ppt) for obtaining maximum growth. After the visible change observed, microscopic observation was carried out.

Results: Microscopic observation revealed that the sample contained Biddulphia (Odontella) sp. which is also known as Chinese Diatom. There were significant numbers of the species. It is further confirmed by the morphological identification. It has been maintained in phytoplankton repository of Tuticorin Research Centre, ICAR-CMFRI for sale and research. Cells are observed either in isolated or in the colony which are organized in straight lines or in a zigzag pattern and they are yellow/brown in colour. The size is measured and varied from 25 to 40 µ.

Conclusion: Biddulphia (Odontella) sp. has been widely used as a feed for zooplanktons in aquaculture industry. This is the first report of method to isolate and cultivate this species. Further more research is needed in order to investigate the potential utilization of this species in medicinal, nutritional and other possible useful properties of Biddulphia (Odontella) sp.


Abstract. Moraine dam collapse is one of the causes of glacial lake outburst floods. Available models seek to predict both moraine breach formation and lake outflow. The models depend on hydraulic, erosion, and geotechnical parameters that are mostly unknown or uncertain. This paper estimates the outflow hydrograph caused by a potential erosive collapse of the moraine dam of Lake Palcacocha in Peru and quantifies the uncertainty of the results. The overall aim is to provide a simple yet hydraulically robust approach for calculating the expected outflow hydrographs that is useful for risk assessment studies. To estimate the peak outflow and failure time of the hydrograph, we assessed several available empirical equations based on lake and moraine geometries; each equation has defined confidence intervals for peak flow predictions. Complete outflow hydrographs for each peak flow condition were modeled using a hydraulic simulation model calibrated to match the peak flows estimated with the empirical equations. Failure time and peak flow differences between the simulations, and the corresponding empirical equations were used as error parameters. Along with an expected hydrograph, lower and upper bound hydrographs were calculated for Lake Palcacocha, representing the confidence interval of the results. The approach has several advantages: first, it is simple and robust. Second, it evaluates the capability of empirical equations to reproduce the conditions of the lake and moraine dam. Third, this approach accounts for uncertainty in the hydrographs estimations, which makes it appropriate for risk management studies.


The development of embedded control systems in Simulink usually continues with automatic code generation, the build process, and several tests: software-in-the-loop (SiL), hardware-in-the-loop (HiL), and system tests in the real environment of the controller, the vehicle. Our test-driven control-system design cycle integrates into this process because it doesn't interrupt the system's model-based architecture. Furthermore, the next development cycle usually considers the results of SiL, HiL, or the system tests. With TDD, such changes cause one or more new tests, which describe the modified requirements either with a modified or different process model or with a stimulus from measurements. All previously defined tests ensure the controller's basic behavior, leading to higher quality for the complete system. In addition, we believe we can extend our approach to different types of real-time systems and evaluate how to use TDD for their development


Objectives: To assess bias in estimates of STD prevalence in population based surveys resulting from diagnostic error and selection bias. To evaluate the effects of such biases on STD prevalence estimates from three community randomised trials of STD treatment for HIV prevention in Masaka and Rakai, Uganda and Mwanza, Tanzania. Methods: Age and sex stratified prevalences of gonorrhoea, chlamydia, syphilis, HSV-2 infection, and trichomoniasis observed at baseline in the three trials were adjusted for sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests and for sample selection criteria. Results: STD prevalences were underestimated in all three populations because of diagnostic errors and selection bias. After adjustment, gonorrhoea prevalence was higher in men and women in Mwanza (2.8% and 2.3%) compared to Rakai (1.1% and 1.9%) and Masaka (0.9% and 1.8%). Chlamydia prevalence was higher in women in Mwanza (13.0%) compared to Rakai (3.2%) and Masaka (1.6%) but similar in men (2.3% in Mwanza, 2.7% in Rakai, and 2.2% in Masaka). Prevalence of trichomoniasis was higher in women in Mwanza compared to women in Rakai (41.9% versus 30.8%). Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence and prevalence of serological syphilis (TPHA+/RPR+) were similar in the three populations but the prevalence of high titre syphilis (TPHA+/RPR ≥1:8) in men and women was higher in Mwanza (5.6% and 6.3%) than in Rakai (2.3% and 1.4%) and Masaka (1.2% and 0.7%). Conclusions: Limited sensitivity of diagnostic and screening tests led to underestimation of STD prevalence in all three trials but especially in Mwanza. Adjusted prevalences of curable STD were higher in Mwanza than in Rakai and Masaka.


This study examines how overseas Chinese in the U.S used their online narratives to articulate their individual identities, and to form a shared group identity. What is more, during April 2008, rallies and protests were organized by these online discussion groups. The analysis of participants' narratives demonstrates the emancipatory potential of the Internet, that is, online discussion helps members of a marginalized group form a united identity to resist existing power, and to facilitate their collective actions in the real world.
The narrative analysis also shows that although individuals are empowered by the online discussions, and are privileged to question any social or political issue, their choices of standing point are shaped by their social positions and cultural background. The constraining factors (socioeconomic position, cultural background, reality tensions, etc.), through online discourse, are gradually transformed into the common ground of overseas Chinese's online group identity.


As crucial negative regulatory small non-coding molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), have multiple biological roles. The abnormal expression of specific miRNAs may contribute to the occurrence and development of tumor. Here, based on HepG2 and L02 cells, we attempted to demonstrate the potential regulatory network of aberrantly expressed miRNA profiles, interaction between miRNA and mRNA, and potential functional correlation between different miRNAs. De-regulated miRNA and mRNA expression profiles were completely surveyed and identified by applying deep sequenc-ing and microarray techniques, respectively. The genome-wide and integrative analysis of miRNA-mRNA was performed based on their functional relationship according to experimentally validated and predicted targets. Nearly 50% targets were negatively regulated by at least 2 aberrantly expressed miRNAs. Similar results were obtained based on experimentally validated and predicted targets. Compared with abnormal miRNAs, their targets showed various expression patterns: stably expressed, down-regulated or up-regulated. Although the theoretical potential miRNA-mRNA interaction could be predicted, they showed consistent or inconsistent expression patterns. Both functional enrichment analysis of target mRNAs of dysregulated miRNAs and abnormal mRNA profiles suggested that corresponding pathways were involved in tumorigenesis. Moreover, to obtain potential functional relationships between different miRNAs, we also performed expression analysis of homologous miRNAs in gene families. Generally, they could co-regulate biological processes with similar roles. The integrative analysis of miRNA-mRNA indicated a complex and flexible regulatory network. The robust network mainly derived from multiple targets for a specific miRNA (and vice versa), each mRNA and co-regulation roles of different miRNAs.


Date Presented 04/8/21
 Vietnamese therapists developed constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) models and completed a prospective nonrandomized study at two hospitals in Vietnam. Therapists at Hanoi Rehab Hospital delivered a low-dose (30-hour) CIMT protocol, and therapists in Ho Chi Minh City Children's Hospital delivered a high-dose (72-hour) CIMT protocol. Children in both low- and high-dose CIMT groups showed improvements in everyday activities and individual therapy goals. This study advances the delivery of evidence-based practice in Vietnam.
 Primary Author and Speaker: Patricia Coker-Bolt
 Additional Authors and Speakers: Katherine Breithaupt
 Contributing Authors: Lauren Williams


The Baturappe prospect located at southern part of Sulawesi island, Indonesia, is a hydrothermal mineralization district which is characterized by occurrence of epithermal silver-base metal deposits. The mineralization is hosted in basaltic-andesitic volcanic rocks of the late Middle-Miocene Baturappe Volcanics. More than 20 units of quartz – base metal veins are distributed in the area, and one of the most significant is the Bincanai vein. This study is aimed to characterize the mineral paragenesis and to elucidate the physicochemical conditions of the formation of the deposit on the basis of mineral assemblage and fluid inclusion mictrothermometry. Sulphide assemblages in the vein indicate an intermediate sulfidation state epithermal; beside galena and sphalerite as the early stage minerals, chalcopyrite, tennantite, and tetrahedrite are also identified as the later stage. Microthermometric study of fluid inclusions in quartz indicates formation temperature of the vein ranges from about 230 to 280°C Histogram of homogenization temperature suggests that there are two generations of hydrothermal fluid responsible for the ore mineralization in the vein; the higher temperature range represents formation temperature of the base metal (galena, sphalerite), while the lower temperature range is correlate with the precipitation of the rest relatively lower temperature sulphides (chalcopyrite, pyrite, tetrahedrite, tennantite, polybasite, and Bi-Ag-Cu-Fe-bearing sulfide). The sequence is also consistent with the mineral paragenetic. The mean of salinity (2.0–2.5 wt.% NaCl eq.) indicates that fluid responsible for the mineralization in the Bincanai vein is relatively low-salinity fluid.


The human pathogen and aetiological agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a cell wall architecture similar to the non-pathogenic bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum. The availability of their genome sequences has enabled the utilisation of C. glutamicum as a model for the identification and study of essential mycobacterial genes involved in the synthesis of cell wall components such as lipomannan (LM), lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and arabinogalactan (AG). In this study, we have analysed several uncharacterised open reading frames, which encode for putative glycosyltransferases from M. tuberculosis and deleted their respective orthologues in C. glutamicum. Mutant phenotypes were characterised biochemically using, two-dimensional-thin layer chromatography, SDS-Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, gas-chromatograpgy-mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and in vitro enzyme assays. Mutants with altered phenotypes were complemeted with their respective mycobacterial orthologues to characterise their functions. In this thesis we have identified and characterised several putative glycosyltransferases and established their role in M. tuberculosis cell wall biogenesis. One of these ORFs, Rv2174/NCgl2093, was identified to encode for an α(1\(\rightarrow\)6) mannosyltransferase [MptA] involved in the later stages of the biosynthesis of the α(1\(\rightarrow\)6) mannan core of LM/LAM, while Rv1459c/NCgl1505 [MptB] was shown to be involved in the early stages of the biosynthesis of the α(1\(\rightarrow\)6) mannan core of LM/LAM. The disruption of NCgl2106 [Rv2188c] has shown its role in synthesis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol dimannoside (Ac\(_1\)PIM\(_2\)) and also sheds further light on the synthesis of a Mannosyl-α-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid-(1\(\rightarrow\)3)-glycerol (ManGlcAGroAc\(_2\)) anchored LM (Cg-LM-B). Furthermore, three different glycosyltransferases from C. glutamicum were characterised and on the basis of biochemical analysis of mutants, NCgl2100 and NCgl2097 were identified as α(1→2) mannopyranosyltransferases [MptC and MptD], and NCgl2096 as an α(1→2) arabinofuranosyltransferase [AftE], involved in LM/LAM biosynthesis. Altogether, these studies have shed further light on the complex cell wall biosynthesis in Corynebacterineae and identified several potential new drug targets for tuberculosis.


Sulfonation degree determination of sulfonated polystyrene and the corresponding ionomers are performed by adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The theoretical calculations from the band energies for the combustion enthalpy values (calorific values) and the experimental values are compared, and a linear relation between the values is found. Sulfonation and neutralization processes are examined by elemental sulfur analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). It was obvious that increasing sulfonation degree yields a decrease in the combustion enthalpy values, as it is expected from the theoretical calculations. In addition, metal ion incorporation to the structure deviates the experimental combustion enthalpy values especially for the ionomers which have higher sulfonation degrees. This is due to the formation of a higher degree aggregation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4684–4688, 2006


Background: The determination and fulfillment of the spiritual needs of the individual in times of crisis can be realized by the health care professionals having the knowledge and skills to provide individual-specific care. This research was conducted to determine the perceptions of health professionals about spirituality and spiritual care. Methods: The study of 197 health professionals working in a state hospital was performed. This study is a descriptive study which was conducted between December 2017 and January 2018. Data in the form of an "Introductory Information Form" and "Spirituality and Spiritual Care Grading Scale" was collected. In the analysis of the data, the Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis tests, frequency as percentage, and scale scores as mean and standard deviation were used. Results: It was determined that 45.7% of the health professionals were trained in spiritual care, but that they were unable to meet their patients' spiritual care needs due to the intensive work environment and personnel insufficiency. The total score averaged by the health professionals on the spirituality and spiritual care grading scales was 52.13 ± 10.13. Conclusions: The findings of the research show that health professionals are inadequate in spiritual care initiatives and that their knowledge levels are not at the desired level. With in-service trainings and efforts to address these deficiencies, spiritual care initiatives can be made part of the recovery process.


Active zone material is an organelle that is common to active zones along the presynaptic membrane of chemical synapses. Electron tomography on active zones at frog neuromuscular junctions has provided evidence that active zone material directs the docking of synaptic vesicles (SVs) on the presynaptic membrane at this synapse. Certain active zone material macromolecules connect to stereotypically arranged macromolecules in the membrane of undocked SVs, stably orienting a predetermined fusion domain of the vesicle membrane toward the presynaptic membrane while bringing and holding the two membranes together. Docking of the vesicles is required for the impulse-triggered vesicle membrane-presynaptic membrane fusion that releases the vesicles' neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. As at other synapses, axon terminals at frog neuromuscular junctions contain, in addition to SVs, vesicles that are larger, are much less frequent and, when viewed by electron microscopy, have a distinctive electron dense core. Dense core vesicles at neuromuscular junctions are likely to contain peptides that are released into the synaptic cleft to regulate formation, maintenance and behavior of cellular apparatus essential for synaptic impulse transmission. We show by electron tomography on axon terminals of frog neuromuscular junctions fixed at rest and during repetitive impulse transmission that dense core vesicles selectively dock on and fuse with the presynaptic membrane alongside SVs at active zones, and that active zone material connects to the dense core vesicles undergoing these processes in the same way it connects to SVs. We conclude that undocked dense core vesicles have a predetermined fusion domain, as do undocked SVs, and that active zone material directs oriented docking and fusion of these different vesicle types at active zones of the presynaptic membrane by similar macromolecular interactions.


Our focus is on organizational culture and climate and the role that these constructs play in understanding individual as well as collective attitudes, behavior, and performance. We begin with the assumption that both constructs rest upon the notion of shared meanings or a shared understanding of aspects of the organizational context. Climate is defined as a perceptually based description of the what the organization is like in terms of practices, policies, procedures, and routines while culture helps define the underlying reasons and mechanisms for why these things occur in an organization based on fundamental ideologies, assumptions, values, and artifacts. The first half of the chapter provides a comprehensive review of the culture and climate literatures. The second half is framed around a multilevel model that integrates culture and climate through the linking mechanism of organizational structure, practices, and policies. This discussion elucidates a set of mechanisms that foster the emergence of organizational culture and climate and highlights the impact of weak emergent processes on individual and organizational outcomes. We then discuss the topic of culture and climate change and conclude by reviewing directions for future research.

Keywords:

emergent processes;
levels of analysis;
organizational climate;
organizational culture;
shared perceptions


With more than 25 million hits and counting since its uploading on YouTube in 2012, "I Fink You Freeky" has brought its director Roger Ballen and its subject, rap group Die Antwoord, into the zeitgeist of young people around the globe. Shot in black and white and featuring imagery, scenes and subjects from Ballen's stunning photographic work, the video, with its infectious beat and Die Antwoord's ingenious blend of hip-hop, rap and rave, has been a huge critical success. This book features the brilliant photography that inspired the collaboration between photographer and band and shows how Ballen's images became part of the finished project. In addition, shots from the filming of the video and of band members in rehearsal and on the set, offer a fascinating glimpse of synergy in the making. Introduced by art critic Ivor Powell, this volume also features an interview between the members of Die Antwood and Roger Ballen. Roger Ballen has developed a unique and penetrating vision over the past forty years of taking photographs. His powerful black and white images, all taken in South Africa, integrate photography with drawing, painting and sculpture. He has received numerous awards for his work and his photographs are collected by some of the most important museums worldwide.


I analyze the dynamic effects of tax competition on public budget deficits. I find that stronger tax competition leads to a fiscal deficit bias at the early stages of financial liberalization. When countries differ in terms of capital mobility, further liberalization leads to external imbalances and diverging fiscal deficits while corporate tax rates converge. Consistent with theory, I find that stronger tax competition increases deficits in a sample of OECD countries, controlling for tax revenues and other standard determinants of fiscal deficits.


Background: HIV/AIDS-related stigma is an important obstacle in the utilization of HIV/AIDS related services, including HIV testing and counselling, and antiretroviral therapy. It is, therefore, necessary to examine the association between perceived stigma and adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) among Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in our local setting. Objective: To determine the relationship between perceived stigma and Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) adherence among PLWHA attending HAART clinic at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 302 participants attending the HAART Clinic at UPTH. Systematic random sampling technique was employed. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, stigma and adherence to drug regimen were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Data were presented as tables and charts. Chi-square and Pearson's correlation statistical tests were performed with p-value set at 0.05. Results: This study comprised of 200 (66.2%) females and 102 (33.8%) males. The mean age of study subjects were 38.9±9.8years. The prevalence of perceived stigma was 59.9% ( n=181 ). A total of 215 (71.2%) of the subjects had good HAART adherence. A lower proportion of good adherence was reported among those with perceived stigma (68%) in comparison to those without perceived stigma (76%). There was no significant correlation between HAART adherence scores and perceived stigma scores (r=0.027 ; p=0.639 ). Conclusion: Perceived stigma is not related to adherence to HAART among patients in this facility. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of stigma among PLWHA necessitates measures targeted at reducing stigma among this group of patients. Keywords: Drug adherence, High prevalence, Nigeria, Prognosis, Quality of Life


The term "SDN" represents a significant evolution in networking technology and draws attention and support from network operators, vendors, researchers and industry regulators. Contrary to popular belief that SDN is a recent invention, or is related only to IP technologies, the concept of network programmability and control/data plane separation has its roots in the 1960s and 1970s when the telephone network started its transition to digital. Many iterations followed, leading to applications in packet networks and today's Internet. In this article, we review a number of early works on network programmability that illustrate how several features of SDN emerged progressively over several decades. Our review starts from the early concepts of network control in the telephone network and continues to examine a prolific period of research advancements in the 1990s and early 2000s that led to a number of startup companies that followed, IEEE's own efforts in standardizing network programmability, and finally the arrival of the OpenFlow standard. We study the importance of this architectural transformation and its influences on modern cloud computing and next-generation networking.


This research investigated the relationship between career progression and employee turnover intention in food and Beverage Industry in Nigeria. Various Literature on career progression revealed that turnover intention is an inevitable outcome when career progression is treated with levity by management of organizations. Employees should be allowed to progress within their chosen career otherwise they will opt out of the organization. Employees should be given opportunity for career prospect. Workers will intend to leave when their ambition to move up the managerial hierarchy through hard work and display of intelligence is frustrated. Survey research method was used to collect primary data from 355 staff of sampled firm in Nigeria. The data for the study was analysed using simple regression and Pearson correlation. Simple regression and Pearson correlation was use to test the hypothesis. The empirical result from simple regression analysis showed that negative and significant relationship exist between career progression and turnover intention at 5% level of significance. Pearson correlation result for career progression and turnover intention (r= 0.395 < 0.05) indicated that negative association exists between career progression and turnover intentions. The negative coefficient means that decrease in career progression would lead to increase in turnover intention. The study recommend that management should encourage career progression of employees in organizations to enable them to be committed and loyal. Committed and loyal employee hardly leave the organization.


Training using positive reinforcement is increasingly recognised as a valuable tool for the humane and effective management and use of laboratory-housed non-human primates. We utilised a mixed-mode questionnaire to survey use of training and other learning processes (socialisation, habituation and desensitisation) in over half of UK establishments using and breeding primates. The survey demonstrated that there is widespread awareness of training as a refinement technique and appreciation of its diverse benefits, but training is not used as widely or as fully as it might be. This is due to real constraints (principally staff and time and a lack of confidence in ability to train), and perceived constraints (such as a supposed lack of published information on how to train and assessment of the benefits, and an overestimation of the time investment needed). There is also considerable variation between establishments in the purposes of training and techniques used, with a reliance on negative reinforcement in some. We conclude that there is opportunity for refinement of common scientific, veterinary and husbandry procedures (such as blood and urine collection, injection, capture from the group and weighing) through use of positive reinforcement training, especially when combined with appropriate socialisation, habituation and desensitisation. We end this paper with recommendations on best practice, training techniques and staff education.


Hip fracture is one of the most common health care problems among elderly people. Literature shows that high self-efficacy expectations and positive affect are some of the key issues in functional recovery after hip fracture. The present investigation tested whether self-narration of such life-breaking event influences self-efficacy and depression during the process of rehabilitation. We designed a Self-Narration Journey (SNJ) to be administered during the in-hospital rehabilitation. In Study 1, we investigated the influence of SNJ on depression and perceived self-efficacy. Study 2 aimed to explore the effect of SNJ, depression, and self-efficacy on functional recovery of independence to perform daily activities during the rehabilitation process. The data showed that the Self-Narration Journey proved effective in increasing the perceived self-efficacy and in lowering the level of depression. The present work highlights a significant effect of the SNJ on the functional recovery process.


In this study, we explore whether sector distinguishes what we know about performance appraisals. We were particularly interested in two important aspects of the appraisal process: evaluation of inrole/task and extrarole/citizenship behaviors. We utilized a mixed experimental design with three within-subjects factors (task behavior and two types of extrarole behavior), each manipulated at two levels (high and low performance), and a between-subjects factor measuring sector of the respondent (private and public/nonprofit). We find that sector does matter in a common managerial task like performance appraisals. Public sector managers placed greater weight on task behaviors in making their appraisals than did private sector managers. Results regarding sector and extrarole behaviors were mixed. Implications and future research directions are discussed.


Abstract. Extreme precipitation events and flooding that cause losses to human lives and infrastructure have increased under the warming climate. In August 2018, the state of Kerala (India) witnessed large-scale flooding, which affected millions of people and caused 400 or more deaths. Here, we examine the return period of extreme rainfall and the potential role of reservoirs in the recent flooding in Kerala. We show that Kerala experienced 53 % above normal rainfall during the monsoon season (till August 21st) of 2018. Moreover, 1, 2, and 3-day extreme rainfall in Kerala during August 2018 had return periods of 75, 200, and 100 years. Six out of seven major reservoirs were at more than 90 % of their full capacity on August 8, 2018, before extreme rainfall in Kerala. Extreme rainfall at 1–15 days durations in August 2018 in the catchments upstream of the three major reservoirs (Idukki, Kakki, and Periyar) had the return period of more than 500 years. Extreme rainfall and almost full reservoirs resulted in a significant release of water in a short-span of time. Therefore, above normal seasonal rainfall (before August 8, 2018), high reservoir storage, and unprecedented extreme rainfall in the catchments where reservoirs are located worsened the flooding in Kerala. Reservoir operations need be improved using a skillful forecast of extreme rainfall at the longer lead time (4–7 days).


The Yukawa interaction between nucleon and antinucleon is investigated in the intermediate energy range (50 to 200 Mev) where it is shown that the details of the shortrange forces are unimportant; that is, cross sections are primarily determined by the pion exchange potential for distances greater than 10/ sup -13/ cm. Numerical calculations by the WKB method, using two possible forms of the potential, give nucleon-antinucleon cross sections several times larger than the nucleon-nucleon cross sections at corresponding energies. This large difference is due to systematic cancellation effects in the nucleon-nucleon interaction which are removed in the nucleon-antinucleon system. It is shown that irregularities in the annihilation cross section as a function of energy are to be expected as a result of the sudden onset of individual partial waves. (auth)


Abstract:  The major effect of Na/Ca exchange (NCX) on the systolic Ca transient is secondary to its effect on the Ca content of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). SR Ca content is controlled by a mechanism in which an increase of SR Ca produces an increase in the amplitude of the systolic Ca transient. This, in turn, increases Ca efflux on NCX as well as decreasing entry on the L‐type current resulting in a decrease of both cell and SR Ca content. This control mechanism also changes the response to other maneuvers that affect excitation–contraction coupling. For example, potentiating the opening of the SR Ca release channel (ryanodine receptor, RyR) with caffeine produces an immediate increase in the amplitude of the systolic Ca transient. However, this increases efflux of Ca from the cell on NCX and then decreases SR Ca content until a new steady state is reached. Changing the activity of NCX (by decreasing external Na) changes the level of SR Ca reached by this mechanism. If the cell and SR are overloaded with Ca then Ca waves appear during diastole. These waves activate the electrogenic NCX and thereby produce arrhythmogenic‐delayed afterdepolarizations. A major challenge is how to remove this arrhythmogenic Ca release without compromising the normal systolic release. We have found that application of tetracaine to decrease RyR opening can abolish diastolic release while simultaneously potentiating the systolic release.


The practice of lifestyle medicine is different than typical medical practices. Reimbursement systems are strong drivers of practice models. Lifestyle Medicine Solutions (LMS) has developed a primary care lifestyle medicine practice that implements: 1) a new clinical care model, and 2) innovative reimbursement strategies. The key assumptions, care model, reimbursement model and financial partners used by LMS are discussed. To achieve the promise that lifestyle medicine brings for decreasing both the chronic disease burden and rising health care costs, new lifestyle medicine delivery models must continue to be explored and implemented. The goal is for the lifestyle medicine choice to be available to each patient and each provider.


We are reporting a rare case of partial molar pregnancy coexisting with live fetus termed as sad fetus syndrome. Our case was a 20 years old primi with 18 weeks of gestational age showing partial molar pregnancy coexisting with anomalous fetus with low lying placenta presented with complaints of abdominal pain and per vaginal bleeding. Initially we tried to conserve the pregnancy but she continued on per vaginal bleeding. On the basis of maternal health and fetal prognosis, we decided to terminate the pregnancy with their consent. All the preoperative evaluations were done along with physician and anesthesiologist fitness and she had underwent operative procedure such as hysterotomy. Her post operative course in the hospital was uneventful. We had done post op abdomen with pelvis ultrasound sonography and chest X ray reported as normal. Later she was discharged with contraceptive and advised for monthly regular follow up with beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels (β-hCG).


Background: Increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) are related to poor prognosis and treatment failure in prostate cancer. The effect of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF), generally emitted from electronic devices on HIF-1α in cancer cells and, specifically, in prostate cancer is not well described. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ELF-MF on HIF- 1α protein expression and HIF-1 transcriptional activity in prostate cancer cells.

Methods: Prostate cancer cells were irradiated with ELF-MF by means of a frequency generator at 875 MHz with an intensity of 0.07 mW/cm2 at various time periods and with an exposure system housed in a tissue culture incubator. The expression of HIF-1α protein and HIF-1 transcriptional activity at the different conditions were evaluated.

Results: HIF-1α expression in different prostate cancer cells was higher after one hour of exposure to ELF-MF. All exposed cells also demonstrated a significant 50% increase in HIF-1 transcriptional activity as measured by an HRE-dependent reporter gene assay after ELF-MF irradiation. Cells exposed to ELF-MF exhibited 3-fold longer HIF-1α half-life compared to non-exposed control cells, while its mRNA levels were not affected. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed nuclear HIF-1α accumulation following exposure to ELF-MF. Cell proliferation was increased following ELF-MF exposure and significantly reduced when HIF-1α was silenced even after exposure to ELF-MF.

Conclusions: Exposure of prostate cancer cells to ELF-MF increases HIF-1α protein stability and upregulates HIF-1 transcriptional activity. These findings provide new insights into the effects of ELF-MF on the hypoxic pathway which are important for guiding future implications.


Abstract: This chapter is an overview of the current state of scholarly journals, not (just) as an activity to be described in terms of its changing business processes but more fundamentally as the pivot point in a broader knowledge system that is itself in a process of transformation. After locating journals in what we characterize as a process of knowledge design, the chapter goes on to discuss some of the deeply disruptive aspects of the contemporary moment. These not only portend potential transformations in the form of the journal, but possibly also in the knowledge systems that the journal in its heritage form has supported. These disruptive forces are represented by changing technological, economic, distributional, geographic, interdisciplinary and social relations to knowledge. The chapter goes on to examine three specific breaking points. The first breaking point is in business models – the unsustainable costs and inefficiencies of traditional commercial publishing, the rise of open access and the challenge of developing sustainable publishing models. The second potential breaking point is the credibility of the peer-review system: its accountability, its textual practices, the validity of its measures and its exclusionary network effects. The third breaking point is post-publication evaluation, centred primarily on citation analysis as a proxy for impact. We argue that the prevailing system of impact analysis is deeply flawed. Its validity as a measure of knowledge is questionable, as is the reliability of the data used as evidence. The chapter ends with suggestions intended to contribute to discussion about the transformation of the academic journal and the creation of new knowledge systems: sustainable publishing models, frameworks for guardianship of intellectual property, criterion-referenced peer review, greater reflexivity in the review process, incremental knowledge refinement, more widely distributed sites of knowledge production and inclusive knowledge cultures, new types of scholarly text, and more reliable impact metrics.


Context. Observations show that solar flares are often caused by the emergence of new magnetic flux from subphotospheric layers and by the interaction of the rising field lines with the ambient magnetic field. In this framework, recent theoretical models of magnetic flux emergence have investigated the effectiveness of magnetic reconnection as a function of the old and new flux system relative orientations. Aims. We aim to compare phenomena that occurred in an active region, before and during a small flare, with the effects of magnetic reconnection between nearly parallel magnetic field lines, foreseen by these models. Methods. We analyzed high resolution photospheric and chromospheric data acquired during a coordinated observational campaign performed with the THEMIS telescope in IPM mode, as well as MDI magnetograms and TRACE 1600 and 171 A images, to investigate the dynamics and the magnetic configuration of the active region hosting the flare. Results. An emerging arch filament system (AFS) was observed in the area between the two main sunspots: it showed typical upward motion at the arch tops and plasma downward motion at the footpoints. A C-level flare, characterized by a factor of 3 peak enhancement in the GOES X-ray emission with respect to the pre-event background, occurred in this zone, where the configuration of the emerging magnetic field lines showed a small ( ∼ $12^{\circ}$) relative inclination with respect to the old flux system. Conclusions. In an active region (age ≥ 6 days) a new magnetic flux bundle emerged between the two main polarity spots. It gave rise to the formation of pores in the photosphere and to an AFS in the chromosphere. The interaction between the new and the pre-existing field lines, characterized by a small relative inclination, might have caused a weak reconnection process and given rise to the C-level flare. This result is in broad agreement with numerical simulations predicting very limited reconnection when the two flux systems have an almost parallel orientation.


This paper presents incentive schemes in the framework of a collaborative purchasing cost reduction process with a supplier implementing a continuous improvement plan. Using a stochastic decision process formulation, we analyze the structure of the optimal policy and characterize its numerical robustness through numerical applications solved by dynamic programming. Then, we analyze two purchaser incentive schemes observed in practice. First, we describe some theoretical properties of the policies associated with these two schemes (schemes I and II) and show that these policies exhibit nonoptimal structures. Second, we estimate the quantitative loss for typical parameter values and, in particular, we show that for certain businesses this loss is significant. Then, we propose two easy-to-implement improvements (schemes III and IV), which result in near-optimal solutions and a significant impact on purchasing cost performances.


Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in old dogs is a pathology from which dogs will more easily suffer, and whose symptoms dogs' owners will have to learn to recognize because dogs' average life is increasing more and more thanks to the considerable improvements in terms of nutrition and of lifestyle. Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome is a multi-factorial pathology: genetic, environmental and food causes play a determinant role in creating the conditions for the onset of the symptoms; in fact, prevention passes through the improvement of these aspects. Different brain areas are affected and the mechanisms with which the brain tissue is damaged are several. Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome is characterized by the fact that it is similar to Alzheimer's disease in man, both for what concerns the causes, the pathogenic mechanisms, the affected brain areas and prevention, so much to be used as respective study model.


Advances in inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) imaging have enabled improved volumetric imaging of gray matter. We performed a cortical surface-based analysis of the ihMT ratio (ihMTR) and the inverse ihMT ratio (ihMTRinv) to investigate the distribution of myelin in cortical gray matter. IhMT MRI, and especially ihMTRinv, displayed regional differences in cortical myelination, in agreement with postmortem studies. These findings support the myelin sensitivity and specificity of ihMTRinv and its use for gray matter characterization.


Understanding the ways in which practitioners can identify and manage undernutrition is important within developing world countries. There is still much uncertainty when it comes to understanding which measures of undernutrition are the most effective predictors of adverse outcomes. This thesis explores how children grow and applies statistical methodology to three longitudinal growth datasets with frequent measurements in the first two years, seeking new insights into how measures of undernutrition can be used to predict future adverse outcomes. The three datasets are diverse - from Malawi, South Africa and Pakistan, the latter of which contains 4 subsets of different socioeconomic groups. The large number of children within the sets made it possible to test several different hypotheses.

Growth charts (or reference charts) are charts which allow practitioners to compare a given infant's anthropometric measurements with a reference population. We developed growth charts from the available datasets using Generalised Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS), a method which allows users to flexibly model distributions of measurements over time.
The reference charts we developed describe the growth of samples of children, many of whom will not have grown at a healthy rate. It is preferable to compare children with healthy infants from a composite external standard. The World Health Organization (WHO) growth standard was developed from a variety of populations from across the globe which describes the growth of a 'healthy' population. This suggests an aspirational model, as opposed to a reference, which describes how a sample of children actually grow. In this thesis GAMLSS was used to determine whether real populations of pre-school children from the developing world fit this international standard. We found that relatively affluent populations fit the standard well, or even outperform it, while more deprived populations fall away to varying degrees, then mainly track parallel to the WHO mean beyond 6 months. This suggests that after the first 6 months children from the developing world have rates of weight gain roughly on par with the standard, although the children are much lighter.

Plotting measurements on growth charts identifies those whose weight Z score or centile is falling relative to the reference. However, children initially at the extremes tend to regress toward the mean. Conditional weight gain (CWG) takes this expected movement into account, but can only be used within the population in which the child originates, due to certain statistical assumptions. We developed a generalised measure of CWG for use with the WHO external standard. This measure requires the correlation between pairs of groups of measurements at different time points, as the amount of regression to the mean is synonymous with this correlation.
If data are not available at these time points, they can be interpolated by firstly computing correlations between all available data, then modelling the resulting matrix. We found that these correlation matrices are heterogeneous within the developing world. Therefore, constructing a generalised correlation model was not possible. This makes the use of the new generalised measure of CWG impractical without access to correlation models computed from local data. However, the measure may be useful within the developed world, where correlation matrices may be less variable.

The analysis then explored the ways that children move between different nutritional states, defined as healthy, thin (wasted) and/or short (stunted), over 3-6 month (m), 6-9m and 9-12m timeframes, and the probability these states will lead to death. We used stochastic models to explore the probability of moving state conditional on previous state, exploring the pathways children take through different states over time.

Within all timeframes, children who were wasted as well as stunted were more likely to die than wasted children, who were in turn more likely to die than stunted children. Furthermore, as children age, the conditional risk of death in the next time period decreases. However, relative to healthy children, all children were less vulnerable within the middle period (6-9m) regardless of state.

Children who were wasted were at significantly higher risk than healthy children of later wasting, or becoming stunted as well as wasted, over all timeframes. However, wasting alone significantly increased the risk of later stunting only in the 3-6m timeframe.

Across the 3-6-9m timeframes children were much more likely to move from either healthy to healthy to stunted, or healthy to stunted to stunted, than from healthy to wasted to stunted. This indicates children are more likely to move directly into a stunted state than from healthy to stunted via wasted.

Change in weight (growth) has been shown to be a predictor of mortality in populations of children, but it is not clear if this measure is more predictive than the latest weight (size). Using weighted Cox proportional hazards models, we determined which of these measures is the most valuable predictor of mortality for the majority of children within each individual dataset, conducting analyses using variable levels of weightings for children at the extremes. We included weight-for-age and height-for-age as predictors within our models to determine what combination of predictors best predict mortality.
In all unweighted analyses, size was the best predictor of time until death. However, as the weighting increased, growth entered as the best predictor in populations with low rates of undernutrition. In contrast, size always remained the strongest predictor within populations with high rates of undernutrition, since in these populations, such a high proportion of children fall away from within the centre of the normal range, making growth pattern non-discriminating.

This programme of work applied statistical techniques to three diverse longitudinal datasets, gaining insights into how children grow between different socio-economic backgrounds. We investigated measures of size and measures of growth, utilising methods that control for the inevitable fact that healthy children at the centre of the population distribution tend to dominate analyses. Furthermore, these methods were both multidimensional and time dependant, providing us with a useful framework to assess child growth while controlling for influential factors. The results should improve understanding of both the aetiology of undernutrition and its clinical management.


We describe a video compression methodology that exploits the structure of the data formation process, whereby the "source'' is the scene, and the ``channel'' includes scaling and occlusion phenomena that are critical elements of image formation. Thus our scheme involves occlusion detection, optical flow computation, texture/structure partition, and a notion of proper sampling. We show preliminary but promising results that exceed baseline compression performance, albeit at an increased computational cost.


The migraine mechanism; the release of inflammatory neuropeptides, nuclear factor (NF-kB) and proinflammatory proteins leads to increase blood vessel permeability, tissue edema and pain sensitization. From 1989 to 2013 in a single blind randomized clinical trial conducted in Shiraz central hospital, 700 cases (460 females and 240 males) with the diagnosis of moderate to severe pain intensity migraine were enrolled. The cases (n=350) were put on vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 25 mg in a capsule mixed in a cup of tea (100 ml) containing about 20 mg caffeine (Migracorb), to drink three times per day with sugar. The controls (n=350) drank three times per day with sugar. 22 % of the female cases and 7.5 % of the male cases had abortive response to Migracorb from 10 min to 3 h. 53 % of the female cases and 39 % of the male cases were cured by taking Migracorb after 6 months. Only 0.5 % of the female control group cases were cured after 6 months. The combination of vitamin C as antioxidant and caffeine as anti-inflammation cured a significant number of patients with migraine headache.


A total of 206 adult specimens of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were collected from the Guarapiranga Reservoir, Sao Paulo, from August 1996 to April 1998, to relate their health condition with parasite infestation. Hematocrits and the differential leukocyte counts were analyzed. Scrapings of skin and gills were performed and this last removed and fixed for the identification of monogeneans. In the gills, Trichodina , Ichthyophtirius multifiliis , Cryptobia , amoebas and monogeneans ( Cichlidogyrus sp.) were found, and in the skin, Trichodina , Cryptobia and Henneguya . The prevalence of some parasites seemed to be associated with water temperature and the level of dissolved oxygen. The hematocrit and leukocyte cells percentage showed little variation during the sampling period. Only basophils demonstrated a significant difference between monthly mean values. The eosinophil percentage was higher in fish parasitized with I. multifiliis and Cichlidogyrus sp. and in non-parasitized animals. There was no detection of fish mortality. It could be concluded that the fish were in good health even though the condition of the Reservoir water was not ideal.


Description
The book explores the disciplines of art therapy, music therapy, dramatherapy and dance movement therapy. It is the first book to offer a comprehensive mapping of the field of arts therapies including common and unique features of practice. It incorporates both qualitative and quantitative results presented in tables, diagrams and clinical vignettes.

Key Features
Written in a style which is relevant to readers from a variety of backgrounds
Illustrated with clinical vignettes and practical examples to show how the therapies work in practice
Tables and diagrams are used to present some simple descriptive statistics about the field
Offers research-based descriptions of theory and practice that will be relevant to health professionals, academics and researchers interested in solid evidence about the character of arts therapies
Addresses the needs of those studying for general courses in the practice of arts therapies and suitable as an introductory textbook for the specialists courses in specific therapies


Operation of fighter and trainer aircraft at low altitude in hot weather often involves significant heat stress on aircrews. Guidance for control of this stress and its adverse consequences has not heretofore been available. The Fighter Index of Thermal Stress (FITS) was derived from the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) using recent in-flight data on cockpit environments and assuming a fixed contribution from solar heating. The FITS table is entered with ground dry bulb temperature and dewpoint temperature, and yields an estimate of cockpit thermal stress. Caution and Danger Zones are designated on the table, based upon typical aircrew clothing, metabolic rate, and physiological status. Appropriate protective measures are recommended, including awareness of heat stress, limitations on ground operations, allowance of adequate recovery intervals, provision for fluid intake, and cancellation of flights under severe conditions. Possible applications of FITS are discussed together with its potential impact on flight operations at 30 USAF bases.


There is worldwide concern over the decline in physical activity (PA) levels among
school children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the (PA) levels and PA
patterns of thirteen to fifteen year old boys from different race groups in the North-
West Province and to determine to what degree this physical activity profile as well
as age and race contribute to low PA levels. The sample consisted of 266 randomly
selected boys from 16 schools between the ages of thirteen and fifteen (M= 14.04,
SD= 0.82) who live in the North West Province in South Africa (51 whites, 183
blacks, 11 coloureds and 21 Indians). The Previous Day Physical Activity Recall
questionnaire (PDPAR) was used to obtain information with regard to the PA of the
previous day of the week as well as a weekend day. Results analysed by means of the
Statistica and the SAS statistical programs indicated low levels of activity in the
group and that sedentary activities such as watching TV greatly contributed to this.
The results further revealed that the metabolic values of between 85% and 89% of the
activities that the boys took part in, represents a value lower than 3 metabolic
equivalents. The fifteen year old boys in the group were the most active during the
week, while the thirteen years olds were the most active during the weekend. The
white and Indian boys exhibited the lowest PA levels during the week and the
weekend. An increase in age did not add to a decline in PA levels during the week,
but on the weekend. The different racial groups indicated different sport preferences
and it was concluded from the choice of activities that culture does play a role in the
boys\' activity patterns and activity levels. Keywords : Physical activity; Activity patterns; Race; Boys; Adolescents;
North West Province. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation Vol. 29 (2) 2007: pp. 41-58


In this paper we describe a new selforganizing decomposition technique for learning high-dimensional mappings. Problem decomposition is performed in an error-driven manner, such that the resulting subtasks (patches) are equally well approximated. Our method combines an unsupervised learning scheme (Feature Maps Koh84]) with a nonlinear approximator (Backpropagation RHW86]). The resulting learning system is more stable and eeective in changing environments than plain backpropagation and much more powerful than extended feature maps as proposed by RS88, RMS89]. Extensions of our method give rise to active exploration strategies for autonomous agents facing unknown environments. The appropriateness of our general purpose method will be demonstrated with an example from mathematical function approximation.


I survey several mathematical techniques and results that are useful in the context of stochastic simulation. The concepts are introduced through the study of a simple model of ambulance operation to ensure clarity, concreteness and cohesion.


A 27-yr-old woman with lifelong severe exercise intolerance manifested by muscle fatigue, lactic acidosis, and prominent symptoms of dyspnea and tachycardia induced by trivial exercise was found to have a skeletal muscle respiratory chain defect characterized by low levels of reducible cytochromes a + a3 and b in muscle mitochondria and marked deficiency of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) as assessed biochemically and immunologically. Investigation of the pathophysiology of the exercise response in the patient revealed low maximal oxygen uptake (1/3 that of normal sedentary women) in cycle exercise and impaired muscle oxygen extraction as indicated by profoundly low maximal systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference (5.8 ml/dl; controls = 15.4 +/- 1.4, mean +/- SD). The increases in cardiac output and ventilation during exercise, normally closely coupled to muscle metabolic rate, were markedly exaggerated (more than two- to threefold normal) relative to oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production accounting for prominent tachycardia and dyspnea at low workloads. Symptoms in our patient are similar to those reported in other human skeletal muscle respiratory chain defects involving complexes I and III, and the exaggerated circulatory response resembles that seen during experimental inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. These results suggest that impaired oxidative phosphorylation in working muscle disrupts the normal regulation of cardiac output and ventilation relative to muscle metabolic rate in exercise.


Cooperative transmission has been shown to be able to greatly improve system performance by exploring the broadcasting nature of wireless channels and cooperation among users. This paper proposes a cooperation strategy among rational nodes in a wireless cooperative relaying network as an effort to solve two basic problems, i.e., when to cooperate and how to cooperate. First, a symmetric system model comprising two transmitter nodes (TN) and one destination node (DN) is presented. In this model, each TN plays an equal role and acts as a source as well as a potential relay and has the right to decide the amount of power it should contribute for cooperation. Second, referring to the evolutionary game algorithm (EGA), the above problems are formulated as an optimal problem under certain constraints. Then, a cooperative strategy based on the EGA is proposed, in which TNs will cooperatively work and each will share a certain fraction of its power for relaying. With the moving of nodes, the EGA can adjust the power allocation parameters adaptively. Simulation results demonstrate that when cooperation takes place, the overall system transmission rate will benefit from the proposed strategy and those nodes with good channels will spend more power to cooperate with others.


We discuss the inspiral of a small body around a Kerr black hole. When the time scale of the radiation reaction is sufficiently longer than its orbital period, the leading order orbital evolution is described only by the knowledge of the averaged evolution of the constants of motion, i.e., the energy, azimuthal angular momentum and the Carter constant. Although there is no conserved current composed of the perturbation field corresponding to the Carter constant, it has been shown that the averaged rate of change of the Carter constant can be given by a simple formula, when there exists a simultaneous turning point of the radial and polar oscillations. However, an inspiralling orbit may cross a "resonance" point, where the frequencies of the radial and polar orbital oscillations are in a rational ratio. At the resonance point, one cannot find a simultaneous turning point in general. Hence, even for the averaged rate of change of the Carter constant, a direct computation of the 'self-force", which is still challenging especially in the case of the Kerr background, seems to be necessary. In this paper, we present a method of computing the averaged rate of change of the Carter constant in a relatively simple manner at the "resonance" point.


This research develops and validates a novel experimental methodology for measurements of laminar flame speed of metal-air aerosols. The methodology is based on a recently developed laminar, lifted flame aerosol burner (LLFAB) using electrostatic fluidization to produce metal aerosol between the electrodes of a plate capacitor. An aerosol jet directed vertically up, and decelerating in a stagnant gas environment is produced. The jet is ignited, and the position of the propagating downward flame is stabilized at a location where the flame speed becomes equal to the jet velocity with the opposite sign. Therefore, the flame speed determines the vertical location of the lifted flame. Aerosol flame speed measurements using LLFAB are compared vs earlier measurements using Bunsen burner and flame tube in microgravity. The developed technique was used to compare the flame speed for pure aluminum and magnesium powders vs flame speed for a set of aluminum-based mechanical alloys using Mg, Ti, Zr, Li, MgH 2 , or C as alloying elements. It was observed that the flame speeds for all of the tested alloys, except the one with carbon, are higher than that of the pure aluminum aerosol.


The move toward "corporate social responsibility" (CSR) is spreading out to South countries. It is often presented as a social innovation in the sense that, by means of "voluntary" initiatives changing the productive organization or the governance of a firm, business would take in charge social and ecological issues raised by its activities. This paper offers methodological tools to conduct comprehensive assessments, up to the societal level, of CSR managerial devices, after it has explained the limits of some popular methods of impact assessment. To do this, we draw upon the IAD-SES methodological institutionalism: firstly we explain the framework and our contribution to make it work in non-cooperative situations. Then we show our results from a field work on the case of the export-banana agro-industry in Cameroon, taken into account the rules in use and the double-effects, particularly to assess the impact of CSR managerial devices on the social structuration of land use management. Our results support the hypothesis that CSR would have conservative rather than innovative effects on the concerned social system.


In this paper, we address the problem of computing the dimension of data space in phase retrieval problem. Starting from the quadratic formulation of the phase retrieval, the analysis is performed in two steps. First, we exploit the lifting technique to obtain a linear representation of the data. Later, we evaluate the dimension of data space by computing analytically the number of relevant singular values of the linear operator that represents the data. The study is done with reference to a 2D scalar geometry consisting of an electric current strip whose square amplitude of the electric radiated field is observed on a two-dimensional extended domain in Fresnel zone.


Bone marrow stem cells develop into hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages but have not been known to participate in production of hepatocytes, biliary cells, or oval cells during liver regeneration. Cross-sex or cross-strain bone marrow and whole liver transplantation were used to trace the origin of the repopulating liver cells. Transplanted rats were treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene, to block hepatocyte proliferation, and then hepatic injury, to induce oval cell proliferation. Markers for Y chromosome, dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme, and L21-6 antigen were used to identify liver cells of bone marrow origin. From these cells, a proportion of the regenerated hepatic cells were shown to be donor-derived. Thus, a stem cell associated with the bone marrow has epithelial cell lineage capability.


Longitudinal valleys form first order topographic features in many mountain belts. They are commonly located along faults that separate tectonic zones with varying uplift histories. The Indus Valley of Ladakh, northern India, runs northwestwards following the boundary between the relatively undeformed Ladakh Batholith to the north–east and the folded and thrusted Zanskar mountains to the south–west. In this region the Shyok Valley, on the northern side of the batholith, approximately parallels the course of the Indus. This study investigates geomorphic variations in transverse catchments that drain the Ladakh Batholith, into the Indus and Shyok rivers. The batholith has been divided into three zones based on varying structural characteristics of its northeastern and southwestern boundaries. Morphometric analysis of 62 catchments that drain into the Indus and Shyok valleys was carried out using three digital datasets, and supported by field observations. Morphometric asymmetry is evident in the central zone where the Shyok valley is considered tectonically inactive, but the Indus Valley is bound by the northeastwardly thrusting Indus Molasse and the batholith. In this zone the catchments that drain into the Indus Valley are more numerous, shorter, thinner and have lower hypsometric integrals than those that drain into the Shyok. By linking these observations with the regional geology and thermochronological data it is proposed that high sediment discharge from the deformed Indus Molasse Indus Valley has progressively raised base levels in the Indus Valley and resulted in sediment blanketing of the opposing tectonically quiescent catchments that drain southwestwards off the batholith. The Indus Molasse thrust front has propagated at least 36 km towards the Ladakh Batholith over the last 20 Ma. Hence it is proposed that this long term asymmetric structural deformation and exhumation has forced the Indus longitudinal valley laterally into the Ladakh Batholith resulting in the morphometric asymmetry of its transverse catchments. D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


The Duke Law Journal's Forty-Sixth Annual Administrative Law Symposium addresses the timely and important topic of patent exceptionalism. Administrative law exceptionalism — the misperception that a particular regulatory field is so different from the rest of the regulatory state that general administrative law principles do not apply — is by no means unique to patent law. Scholars, attorneys, and agency officials in various regulatory fields ranging from immigration to tax have sought, contrary to the Supreme Court's general guidance, "to carve out an approach to administrative review good for [the regulatory field's] law only." This Essay focuses on one of the main debates from the Symposium: whether courts should apply Chevron deference to interpretations of substantive patent law advanced by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). Part I frames the debate about whether Chevron deference should apply, contrasting the positions taken by Stuart Benjamin and Arti Rai on the one hand, and John Golden on the other. After agreeing with Professors Benjamin and Rai that certain PTO interpretations of substantive patent law are probably eligible for Chevron deference, Part II outlines how a stronger case could be made for why it is worth the PTO's time and energy to seek Chevron deference from the Supreme Court. Among other reasons, the PTO and its U.S. Department of Justice lawyers should request such deference to weaken the Federal Circuit's control over substantive patent law and reverse an era of patent stare decisis. The Essay concludes by urging patent law scholars to play a more active role in urging courts to abandon patent exceptionalism.


Abstract False positive findings in science are inevitable, but are they particularly common in psychology and psychiatry? The evidence that we review suggests that while not restricted to our field, the problem is acute. We describe the concept of researcher 'degrees-of-freedom' to explain how many false-positive findings arise, and how the various strategies of registration, pre-specification, and reporting standards that are being adopted both reduce and make these visible. We review possible benefits and harms of proposed statistical solutions, from tougher requirements for significance, to Bayesian and machine learning approaches to analysis. Finally we consider the organisation and methods for replication and systematic review in psychology and psychiatry.


A consensus of available information is used to produce a working table of conversion for the most commonly used drugs to chlorpromazine equivalents. A user-friendly computer program has also been developed from this information. The use of the concept in the clinical setting and for research purposes is briefly discussed.


We studied the effect of the immune system on two differentially aggressive melanomas developing in mice on conditional deletion of the INK4A/ARF tumor suppressor gene, with concomitant expression of oncogene H-Ras(G12V) and a natural cancer-germline tumor antigen (TA). "Slow progressor" melanomas contained no activated T lymphocytes (TL). In contrast, "aggressive" melanomas were infiltrated by activated TLs lacking effector molecules and expressing high levels of PD-1, indicating an exhausted phenotype. Aggressive melanomas were also infiltrated by immature myeloid cells (IMC). Infiltration was associated with local inflammation and systemic Th2/Th17-oriented chronic inflammation that seemed to impair further activation of TLs, as tumor-specific T cells adoptively transferred into mice bearing aggressive melanomas were poorly activated and failed to infiltrate the melanoma. This immunosuppression also led to the incapacity of these mice to reject inoculated TA-positive tumors, in contrast to slow-progressing melanoma-bearing mice, which were responsive. To test the role of adaptive immunity in tumor progression, we induced melanomas in immunodeficient RagKO compound mice. These mice developed aggressive but not slow-progressing melanomas at a higher frequency and with a shorter latency than immunocompetent mice. Immunodeficient mice also developed abnormal inflammation and infiltration of IMCs in a manner similar to immunocompetent mice, indicating that this phenotype was not dependent on adaptive immunity. Therefore, tumor-intrinsic factors distinguishing the two melanoma types control the initiation of inflammation, which was independent of adaptive immunity. The latter delayed development of aggressive melanomas but was overridden by inflammation.


In the present work, technique of plasma polymerization was used to generate amido (- NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) on titanium surface for immobilizing bovine serum albumin (BSA). After plasma polymerization of allylamine and crylic acid, the contact angle with respect to double distilled water significantly increased. Surface components were detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that BSA was successfully immobilized on the titanium surface and the amounts of BSA on specimens were relied on the properties of thin film deposited through plasma polymerization, which was corresponding to the ultraviolet spectrophotometer result.


Largely overlooked in the theoretical and empirical literature on the crime decline is a long tradition of research in criminology and urban sociology that considers how violence is regulated through informal sources of social control arising from residents and organizations internal to communities. In this article, we incorporate the "systemic" model of community life into debates on the U.S. crime drop, and we focus on the role that local nonprofit organizations played in the national decline of violence from the 1990s to the 2010s. Using longitudinal data and a strategy to account for the endogeneity of nonprofit formation, we estimate the causal effect on violent crime of nonprofits focused on reducing violence and building stronger communities. Drawing on a panel of 264 cities spanning more than 20 years, we estimate that every 10 additional organizations focusing on crime and community life in a city with 100,000 residents leads to a 9 percent reduction in the murder rate, a 6 percent reduction in the violent crime rate, and a 4 percent reduction in the property crime rate.


The article is devoted to one of the most urgent and complex problems of education teacher development process to ensure children´s individuality. The author of this publication draws attention to the complex form of organization of the educational process as an adequate and effective means of educating individual pupils. The urgency of articles related to the fact that the problem of the modern use of complex form in the upbringing of the younger generation is not thoroughly studied and requires theoretical and methodological research. The article describes the theoretical propositions about the nature and structure of the complex forms of organization of educational process, the possibilities of its use in the education of individual pupils. Also, it presents a theoretical model of the complex form of organization of individuality oriented educational process in the classroom community, the stages of modeling of complex forms of pupils' individuality education. The author lists the main pedagogical conditions of formation and implementation of model representations of the complex form of child education


A case is described where a cranium from an unknown individual is identified by comparison of antemortem and postmortem computerized tomographic (CT) images of the bony structure of the skull. While on at least one occasion CT scans of individual cranial landmarks have been used to identify unknown remains, this study is remarkable because positive identification of a deceased individual was accomplished by performing a CT scan on an unidentified cranium and comparing multiple landmarks and images with corresponding features in an antemortem CT scan of a missing man. Bony details of the frontal and sphenoid sinuses, ethmoid and mastoid air cells, sagittal cranial suture, and the torcula (the internal occipital protuberance) were exactly the same on both CT scans, confirming them as the same person.


The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between organizational justice, organizational commitment and motivation. In accordance with this purpose; organizational justice, organizational commitment and motivation levels are investigated in a public institute. Research data has been obtained from 361 officers in 5 counties of Istanbul by surveys. Survey partipicants are determined by convenience sampling model. Organizational justice, organizational commitment and motivation scales are used in the survey. The research is based on relational screening model. Data obtained in this research are analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 21.0. Descriptive statistical methods ( number, percentage, average and standard deviation) are used to evaluate the data. To compare quantitative data t test is used, to compare the groups more than two one-way ANOVA test is used and Tukey Post Hoc test is used to determine the difference. The relation between the dependent and independent parameters of the research is tested with Pearson correlation and the effect is tested with regression analysis. Organizational Justice, organizational commitment and motivation are found at medium level. It is found that there is a significant but weak relationship between organizational justice and organizational commitment and organizational justice has a positive effect on organizational commitment and motivation. Thus it is concluded that organizational commitment and motivation levels of the employees can be enhanced by improving organizational justice implementations.


Background: In India, adolescent pregnancies are very common because of early marriages, lack of knowledge of
contraception, and increase in sexual activity among adolescents, together leading to early child bearing in the absence of
adequate and effective information and education on planning and spacing children.
Objectives: Comparative measurement of knowledge regarding contraception and population control, and to determine
the need of inclusion of sex education in curriculum.
Materials and Methods: Study was carried out in randomly selected four schools. Two were of central board (private) and
two of state board (government) of Ahmedabad, India. A total of 530 apparently healthy students, 265 from each of the two
school types aged between 14 and 16 years were recruited for the study. A descriptive study, using a pretested, selfadministered
questionnaire, was carried out to assess the knowledge and practice about contraception and population control.
Result: Majority of the subjects, 205 (77.35%) of private and 199 (75.04%) of government school, stated that uncontrolled
population growth has adverse effects. Only 60% private and 52.83% government school students knew the correct legal
age of marriage (p o 0.05). All the respondents were unanimous in their desire for a gap between the first and the second
child, but private school students, significantly more (84.90%) than the government school students (71.69%), preferred
a gap of more than 2 years between the children (p o 0.05). A significantly higher proportion of central board private
school students (90.94%) than state board government school students (72.75%) knew about condoms and contraceptive
pills (p o 0.05).
Conclusion: Students showed mixed performance regarding knowledge and practice of contraception and population
control. There are gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed by including population control and sex education in the
school curriculum. Government school students are far behind regarding knowledge of contraception and population
control as compared to central board private school students.


Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are systems of cooperating autonomous components which closely interact with and control the physical environment. Being distributed and typically based on periodic activities, CPS have to cope with the problem that data capturing a distributed state of the system and its environment are inherently inaccurate (they represent belief on the state). In particular, this poses a problem when dependability is being pursued. In this paper we address this issue by modeling belief at the architecture level. In particular, we enhance the architecture by models describing belief inaccuracy over time. We exploit these models to quantify at runtime the impact of belief staleness on its inaccuracy. We then use this quantification to drive architectural adaptation with the aim to increase dependability of the running CPS system.


Behavioral theories developed through research with mainstream, English-speaking populations have been applied to ethnically diverse and underserved communities in the effort to eliminate disparities in early breast cancer detection. This study tests the validity of the transtheoretical model (TTM) decisional balance measure and the application of the TTM stages of change in a multiethnic, multilingual sample. A random sample of 1,463 Filipino, Latino, African American, Chinese, and White women aged 40 to 74 completed a phone survey of mammography beliefs and practices. Consistent with the TTM and independent of ethnicity, decisional balance was associated with mammography stage in all five ethnic groups when controlling for socioeconomic and other factors. In addition, having private insurance and a regular physician and being a long-time resident in the United States were positively associated with mammography maintenance. The application of the TTM for mammography is supported in a multiethnic and multilingual sample.


An understanding of particle-particle interactions in filtration requires studying the detachment as well as the attachment of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles captured in a granular media filter can be released by changing the physicochemical factors. In this study, the detachment of captured silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in granular media filtration was examined under different ionic strengths, ion type, and the presence or absence of natural organic matter (NOM). Filtration velocity and ionic strength were chosen as the physical and chemical factors to cause the detachment. Increasing filtration velocity caused a negligible amount of AgNP detachment. On the other hand, lowering ionic strength showed different release amounts depending on the background ions, implying a population of loosely captured particles inside the filter bed. Overall detachment was affected by ionic strength and ion type, and to a lesser degree by NOM coating which resulted in slightly more detachment (in otherwise identical conditions) than in the absence of that coating, possibly by steric effects. The secondary energy minimum with Na ions was deeper and wider than with Ca ions, probably due to the lack of complexation with citrate and charge neutralization that would be caused by Ca ions. This result implies that the change in chemical force by reducing ionic strength of Na ions could significantly enhance the detachment compared to that caused by a change in physical force, due to a weak electrostatic deposition between nanoparticles and filter media. A modification of the 1-D filtration model to incorporate a detachment term showed good agreement with experimental data; estimating the detachment coefficients for that model suggested that the detachment rate could be similar regardless of the amount of previously captured AgNPs.


Admissions officers devote substantial resources to high school visits and other recruiting events. Economic theory indicates that the best measure of effectiveness is marginal productivity. Subjects in this study were applicants to a large, Catholic, urban university and all students who participated in recruiting programs in fall 2002. Researchers aggregated the records of 70,946 prospective students to provide data for 10,133 high schools. A regression model was used to estimate the marginal effects of four categories of recruiting activities on applications for admissions while controlling for high school characteristics. Each type of activity had positive effects. The regression model was then used to predict the marginal effects of prospective high school visits and to rank them accordingly. Certain characteristics of the high schools were positively related to applications, such as the number of applications received in the previous year. Marketing activities before senior year also had a positive effect on applications. The analysis suggests changes to the visit program that would yield an increase in applications. (Contains 2 tables and 10 references.) (Author/SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.


There has been a recent expansion in research into various markets and aspects of the sex industry. With investigation on the increase, this article takes a step back to consider the trials and tribulations of researching female sex work. First the article reviews the difficulties that can be posed by ethics committees and offers solutions to convince officials of the feasibility of the setting and method. Second, concentrating on the access phase, I explore the methodological nuances of researching the sensitive, sometimes hidden and often illicit world of commercial sex. Third, I analyse how inquiry into commercial sexual behaviour and the sexual fieldsite presents particular issues in terms of managing ethical dilemmas in the field; negotiating the researcher role; and both the pleasures and dangers of researching this aspect of social life where the main topics are sex and money. In the conclusion I draw links between the methods used to investigate the sex industry and the development of theoretical debates. These points will be made with reference to the literature and my own work over the past five years in the UK sex industry, including a 10-month ethnography of the indoor prostitution markets.


Posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation is a rare injury. It is usually sustained acutely in activities such as contact sports eg. rugby and motorcycle accidents. Plain radiography of the chest will often miss the diagnosis and confirmation is by CT scans. However CT scans are often reported to miss epiphyseal injuries. Management is by closed reduction and if the injury is unstable, by open reduction and stabilisation. A case is reported where palmaris longus tendon was used to stabilise the joint following open reduction.