Microwave circuits generally include a number of junctions and discontinuities at the interconnection of the various circuit limits and the resulting parasitic reactances can have a major effect on the circuit operation.The designer of waveguide and coaxial circuits has had available, for many years, a wealth of information on the parasitic reactances associated with the circuit elements and discontinuities, such as bends, T-junctions, transitions. Many elements can be evaluated theoretically and very accurate measurement techniques have also been devised in both media. Furthermore, small adjustments to the final circuits may easily be made using tuning screws, movable short-circuits, etc. In microwave integrated circuits the theoretical evaluation of circuit elements and discontinuities is difficult, experimental measurement is of limited accuracy and adjustment of the final printed circuit not easy to achieve.This paper will review the available theoretical and experimental methods for evaluating such discontinuities and present the available range of results. The equivalent capacitances can be obtained theoretically using fairly well known techniques but the inductance calculations are more difficult, although some progress has been made in this area recently. Theoretical data are important as accurate experimental measurements require considerable effort and there are a large range of configurations in use. To illustrate the effect of discontinuities on practical design the case of a microwave f.e.t. amplifier will be taken. Significant design errors can be shown to occur if the discontinuities are not allowed for. However, by using the data we now have available on the parasitics, fairly simple modifications can be introduced in the initial design to enable the desired performance to be more directly obtained.


WHEN IT comes to the management of women with abnormal Papanicolau (Pap) smears, clinicians are likely to respond to questions about ASCUS—atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance—with a simple but telling phrase: "Don't ask us." While the term 'ASCUS' is used to define Pap smears containing squamous cells of abnormal appearance that do not meet the criteria for defined epithelial abnormalities, on a practical level the diagnosis represents an "I-don't-know" category, noted Ralph M. Richart, MD, in a presentation at the annual meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Consequently, an ASCUS diagnosis presents vexing problems for cytopathologists, obstetricians, and gynecologists. The ASCUS category is filled with a variety of patients: those with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high-grade squamous epithelial lesions, and hidden invasive cancers. "ASCUS has become kind of a wastebasket, like Class 2 smears were years ago," says Raymond H. Kaufman, MD, a professor in


Coral bleaching results from the dissociation of Symbiodinium and is primarily related to sea surface temperatures above mean yearly maximums. The numbers of live, dead, and mitotic Symbiodinium cells lost from three scleractinian corals from three different families (Acropora hyacinthus, Favites complanata, and Porites solida), which have not been studied previously in central Queensland (Australia), were compared at 28, 30, 32, and 34 ◦ C. Specific expulsion rates, growth rates, and mitotic indices were compared for each host at each temperature. Porites solida was the most robust coral, A. hyacinthus bleached more readily at low temperatures and F. complanata showed levels of intermediate bleaching tolerance to elevated temperatures. However, the timing of Symbiodinium cell loss was similar between all corals tested. Mitotic indices and specific growth rates were found to be positively associated with increasing temperature; thus, symbiont reproduction increased despite elevated losses of Symbiodinium from the host. Because all corals in the present study were symbiotic with Symbiodinium from clade C, different levels of stress tolerance to temperature suggests that bleaching resistance is an attribute associated with the coral host and, to a lesser degree, the symbiont.


EMT induces an E- to N-cadherin switch that causes neural crest cells to move away from one another upon contact. Whereas migrating epithelial cells establish and maintain cell-cell contacts when they touch one another, migrating fibroblasts establish only transient cell-cell contacts before repolarizing and moving away from one another, a phenomenon called contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL; see Priya and Yap). CIL is required for proper migration of neural crest (NC) cells in vertebrate embryos, and loss of CIL has been implicated in tumor cell invasiveness. NC cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrate from the neural plate to the periphery. Scarpa et al. found that most premigratory NC cells isolated from Xenopus laevis embryos behaved like epithelial cells, establishing stable cell junctions when they came into contact with each other. In contrast, most migratory NC cells formed cell junctions only transiently after contacting one another and formed lamellipodia that were oriented away from sites of cell-cell contact. During EMT, cells switch from producing the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin to producing N-cadherin. Overexpression of E-cadherin, but not N-cadherin, in NC cells reduced their migration in vivo and prevented CIL in vitro. Premigratory NC cells explanted from embryos injected with a morpholinoligonucleotide that targets E-cadherin showed increased CIL. In premigratory NC cells and in migratory NC cells overexpressing E-cadherin, Rac1 activity was high at sites of cell-cell contact and low at the free edges. Conversely, Rac1 activity was low at cell-cell contacts and high at the free edges in migratory NC cells. Redistribution of Rac1 activity in migratory NC cells depended on p120-catenin, which is a cadherin-associated component of cell junctions that stimulates Rac1 activity. Experiments using photoactivatable wild-type and dominant-negative forms of Rac1 demonstrated that redistribution of Rac1 activity to the free edges induced repolarization and separation of NC cells. Traction force microscopy revealed that traction forces in premigratory NCs were randomly distributed, whereas traction forces in migratory NCs were directed away from cell-cell contacts. Thus, prior to EMT, E-cadherin mediates the formation of stable junctions, and Rac1 activity is concentrated at sites of cell-cell contact, keeping NC cells together. After the loss of E-cadherin during EMT, cell contact causes Rac1 activity to relocalize to free edges away from cell-cell contacts, which initiates the formation of lamellipodia that generate traction forces to drive cell separation. E. Scarpa, A. Szabó, A. Bibonne, E. Theveneau, M. Parsons, R. Mayor, Cadherin switch during EMT in neural crest cells leads to contact inhibition of locomotion via repolarization of forces. Dev. Cell 34, 421–434 (2015). [PubMed] R. Priya, A. S. Yap, Making a choice: How cadherin switching controls cell migration. Dev. Cell 34, 383–384 (2015). [PubMed]


s S455 during the study period. The proportions of non-AA patients with PSC who underwent OLT within 1 year, 1–2 years, 2–3 years, and > 3 years of being added to the waiting list were: 33.5% (640/1911), 11.5% (220/1911), 4.7% (89/1911) and 4.9% (93/1911). 869/1911 (45.5) non-AA patients with PSC did not undergo OLT during this period. Except for the period < 1 year from the time of OLT listing, the proportion of AA patients with PSC undergoing OLT was significantly greater than the porportion of non-AA patients with PSC who underwent OLT (P = 0.026). Conclusion: These outcomes for AA patients with PSC suggest that their disease course may be more agressive, given that patients underwent OLT sooner from the time of listing than did non-AA patients. An alternative explanation is that AA patients with PSC were simply sicker than non-AA patients at the time of listing for OLT.


We are presently developing a tool to help field experts to design the series of steps they need in order to be able to recognize the linguistic instances of a set of concepts in texts relative to their field. This involves several challenging steps, from cleaning to concept tagging. Our approach relies on two basic principles. One is that only a field expert can develop tools able to solve these problems. It follows that the computer scientist should develop user-friendly tools enabling the expert to transfer the expertise to the programs. The second is that inductive tools must also be provided, otherwise the workload is so high that nothing substantial can ever be achieved. The difficulty is that induction has to take place from data that is both incomplete and very noisy; this is a well-known cause of failure in most of the existing inductive programs. In this paper, we shall describe the way we ask the expert and inductive techniques to cooperate in order to solve three of the crucial steps of knowledge extraction, namely the step of Part-of-Speech tagging, the step of 'terminology' and the step of coreference resolution.


Abstract The proliferation of social media platforms for sharing and posting photos is radically changing the experiences of foodies and food tourists, and businesses are becoming increasingly dependent on them. This article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the modifications of the motivations of foodies and food tourists caused by the intensive use of Instagram, who are referred to using the moniker foodstagrammers. We used ethnography to explore, over the course of six months, the motivations of foodstagrammer tourists visiting the city of Barcelona, a very popular food-tourist destination. We performed observations and completed immersion experiences in six food tours with 48 participants, most of whom were using Instagram. The data collected were analysed and interpreted regarding the actions, people, and activities, both live and online. Our data suggest that motivations usually associated with foodies and food tourists become secondary in the case of foodstagrammer tourists, for whom the primary motivations are related to information sharing and taking photos. It offers new insights into the effects of social media on the tourist experience that are relevant for managers interested in marketing food-related business and destinations, since the momentum for experience-socialisation platforms is widely expected to continue expanding.


The effects of field emission cycles applied on the screen printed carbon nanotube (CNT) cold cathode were studied. CNT emitters were vertically well aligned and the emission images were visibly improved after the field treatment. The mechanism of the treatment was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanism may involve the erasion of hot spot and alignment of CNT


A "standing waves" model is presented which is based on the idea that an energy impulse accumulated from the spring bloom outburst of phytoplankton moves along a food chains. When its "echo" comes back, it generates a new bloom outburst, and a next cycle occurs. It is supposed that the resonance of self-supporting oscillations in populations with periodic solar influences led to standing waves, which provide for biosystem stability and cyclic recurrence of phytoplankton bloom. To test the model, an analysis of the interannual dynamics (from 1941 to 1998) of the pelagic phytoplankton in the southern basin of the lake Baikal was carried out. The discovered 11-year cycles with 3 2/3-year cycles within them conform well to the model, which made it possible to explain not only the cyclic recurrence but also a number of other obscure aspects of phytoplankton life in the lake Baikal. The next bloom burst is predicted to take place in 2001.


This article presents the preliminary results of a study concerning the relationships between weathering and instances of vertical deformation of the west European lithosphere in France during the post-Paleozoic period. The continental alterites and associated continental sediments, which developed horizontally along planation surfaces, are considered here to constitute a continuous series, ranging from a subtractive "negative" pole (laterites in the broad sense) to an additive "positive" pole (siliceous crusts, and calcretes, along with lacustrine limestone and evaporites). During the weathering period, the alterite facies often shift from one pole to the other, enabling weathering sequences to be defined. Comparison between the weathering sequences and the timing of vertical deformation of the lithosphere in the Alpine foreland shows that, in spatiotemporal terms, negative weathering coincides with upwarping of the lithosphere (domes), while positive weathering coincides with downwarping of the lithosphere (depressions). Two major periods clearly demonstrate these relationships: (i) the Early Cretaceous, when lateritic profiles developed on the shoulder of the North Biscay rift on the one hand, and on a dome forming part of the southern edge of the North Sea on the other hand; (ii) the Tertiary, when lateritic weathering occurred along the "peri-Alpine ridge" resulting from lithospheric buckling during the compressional phases experienced by the Pyrenees (Palaeocene to Middle Eocene) and the Alps (Late Miocene to present day), while continental carbonates developed from the Late Eocene until the Early Miocene over a depressed surface area near sea level.


A hypabyssal kimberlite dike in southwestern Pennsylvania (USA), emplaced through Proterozoic basement and Phanerozic cover, contains a xenocryst and xenolith assemblage typical of material sampled within the subcontinental lithosphere, including xenocrysts of Cr-rich pyrope, magnesiochromite, Cr-rich diopside, and peridotite xenoliths. Temperatures and depths of equilibration of the clinopyroxene (840 oC and 130 km to 1350 oC and 170 km) indicate some sampling in the field of diamond stability. Diamonds have not been reported, however, and the chemistry of the garnet (lherzolite, Cr-poor megacryst, and Group II eclogite) and spinel (<56.0 wt.% Cr2O3) are consistent with diamond absence and the off-craton tectonic setting of the kimberlite. An unusual feature of this suite is that, unlike most mantle xenolith/xenocryst spinel, some of those from Masontown have an unusually high silica content (to 0.59 wt.% SiO2). The significance of the high silica content is unclear, but may be related to an ultrahigh-pressure precursor chromite polymorph with a calcium ferrite structure, which can accommodate Si in solid solution.


Focusing on the particularly volatile period between the Israel-Hezbollah war (July–August 2006) and the prolonged struggle over Nahr al-Bared refugee camp (March–October 2007), this article outlines and historicizes the complex and altering landscape of discursive constructions of the Palestinian refugee presence in Lebanon. Examining some of the more prominent discursive strands that emerge in relation to Palestinian refugee presence in Lebanon, the article argues that although the recent problematization of Hezbollah initially dwarfed the Palestinian "problem," Palestinian presence in Lebanon was quickly reproblematized in the context of the protracted struggle over Nahr al-Bared and the increasing instability in and around Ain al-Hilweh refugee camp. Yet while past discursive strands have reemerged, a discursive shift is also apparent, tending in the direction of the establishment of a more conciliatory relationship between Palestinian refugees and the Lebanese state and the latter's interest in a partial regularization of Palestinian refugee presence.


This article argues that the massive increase in transatlantic British and Irish emigration after 1840 was enabled by declining fares and ocean travel costs. New series of transatlantic steerage fares drawn from the unique Cope Line records at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (HSP) show westward fares fell rapidly from 1830. Adjusted for British and US manual wages, westward travel costs, including provisions, almost halved between 1847 and 1851–3, when Irish migration peaked. Hence although the Irish had to leave Ireland, they might not otherwise have gone so extensively to North America. Eastward travel costs also fell after 1830, encouraging an unexpectedly large return migration to Britain in the late1850s, and maybe earlier.


Salinity is the primary driver of osmoregulatory evolution in decapods, and may have influenced their diversification into different osmotic niches. In semi-terrestrial crabs, hyper-osmoregulatory ability favors sojourns into burrows and dilute media, and provides a safeguard against hemolymph dilution; hypo-osmoregulatory ability underlies emersion capability and a life more removed from water sources. However, most comparative studies have neglected the roles of the phylogenetic and environmental components of inter-specific physiological variation, hindering evaluation of phylogenetic patterns and the adaptive nature of osmoregulatory evolution. Semi-terrestrial fiddler crabs (Uca) inhabit fresh to hyper-saline waters, with species from the Americas occupying higher intertidal habitats than Indo-west Pacific species mainly found in the low intertidal zone. Here, we characterize numerous osmoregulatory traits in all ten fiddler crabs found along the Atlantic coast of Brazil, and we employ phylogenetic comparative methods using 24 species to test for: (i) similarities of osmoregulatory ability among closely related species; (ii) salinity as a driver of osmoregulatory evolution; (iii) correlation between salt uptake and secretion; and (iv) adaptive peaks in osmoregulatory ability in the high intertidal American lineages. Our findings reveal that osmoregulation in Uca exhibits strong phylogenetic patterns in salt uptake traits. Salinity does not correlate with hyper/hypo-regulatory abilities, but drives hemolymph osmolality at ambient salinities. Osmoregulatory traits have evolved towards three adaptive peaks, revealing a significant contribution of hyper/hypo-regulatory ability in the American clades. Thus, during the evolutionary history of fiddler crabs, salinity has driven some of the osmoregulatory transformations that underpin habitat diversification, although others are apparently constrained phylogenetically.


Assessment of performance and achievement in the work place is integral to pre-registration midwifery programmes. The value of hands-on clinical care is so essential to midwifery practice that the professional regulatory body, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), stated that practice should be graded and contribute to the final award (NMC, 2009). The NMC confirmed the importance of work based learning by stating that a minimum of fifty per cent of a full time course must be situated within the practice environment compared with a minimum of forty per cent in theory (NMC, 2008). Assessment of student performance will be a key component of any programme that has a large work based element (Wilson & Scammell, 2011). The grading of practice in midwifery at this institution contributes to half of the final grade and thus the overall degree classification (NMC, 2009). Assessment in healthcare education is becoming increasingly important for public accountability and safety (Holomboe et al , 2010). As educators, we must therefore seek to reassure ourselves, students, professional regulators and the public that the assessment processes we use are valid and reliable.


This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of fungicide application on grain rot in commercial maize hybrids and the relation between grain rot and the expression of lipoxygenase enzyme in grain in conventional row spacing of 0.70 m and reduced row spacing of 0.45 m. Treatments were made in a 3 x 8 factorial scheme, using three forms of management with fungicide (Trifloxystrobin + Prothioconazole) and eight maize hybrids divided into two groups (tolerant and susceptible) with three repetitions, totaling 72 plots in each environment (conventional and reduced spacing) in the 2013/2014 crop. The following characteristics were evaluated: grain rot percentage and lipoxygenase enzyme expression (LOX) in the grain. The hybrid and the fungicide utilized influenced the grain rot percentage. Grain rot percentage was reduced by the use of the fungicide, and the highest reduction was in susceptible hybrids with two applications, V8 and V8+VT. There was higher expression of LOX enzyme in maize hybrids that belong to the group tolerant of fungi that cause grain rot .The use of the fungicide in two applications, V8 (eight leaves) and VT (tasseling), increased the intensity of the LOX enzyme, which was more evident for the reduced spacing.


Candida albicans RCH1 (regulator of Ca(2+) homoeostasis 1) encodes a protein of ten TM (transmembrane) domains, homologous with human SLC10A7 (solute carrier family 10 member 7), and Rch1p localizes in the plasma membrane. Deletion of RCH1 confers hypersensitivity to high concentrations of extracellular Ca(2+) and tolerance to azoles and Li(+), which phenocopies the deletion of CaPMC1 (C. albicans PMC1) encoding the vacuolar Ca(2+) pump. Additive to CaPMC1 mutation, lack of RCH1 alone shows an increase in Ca(2+) sensitivity, Ca(2+) uptake and cytosolic Ca(2+) level. The Ca(2+) hypersensitivity is abolished by cyclosporin A and magnesium. In addition, deletion of RCH1 elevates the expression of CaUTR2 (C. albicans UTR2), a downstream target of the Ca(2+)/calcineurin signalling. Mutational and functional analysis indicates that the Rch1p TM8 domain, but not the TM9 and TM10 domains, are required for its protein stability, cellular functions and subcellular localization. Therefore Rch1p is a novel regulator of cytosolic Ca(2+) homoeostasis, which expands the functional spectrum of the vertebrate SLC10 family.


Gene therapy utilizes genetic material in order to cure patients either by DNA vaccines or by replacement of a defective gene with a normal one. For successful gene therapy certain elements are required: gene delivery systems with low toxicity and immunity, with efficient gene transfer and high gene expression in the targeted cells or tissue at a functional level and, preferably, in a controllable manner.
Based on the type of gene delivery vehicle, a distinction in gene therapy strategies can be made between viral and non-viral delivery systems.
Viral vectors are derived from viruses where genetic elements of the virus are replaced by therapeutic genes. Non-viral gene therapy offers a saver alternative for viral gene therapy. Non-viral gene therapy is based on the introduction of plasmid DNA into the cell by physical methods and cationic carriers.
This thesis deals with the intracellular trafficking of complexes consisting of cationic carriers, like polymers and liposomes, and plasmid DNA, designed for gene delivery. Different aspects of the cellular processing of these polymers have been assessed, like cellular binding and internalization, intracellular trafficking and nuclear import.
In COS-7 cells uptake of PEI- and pDMAEMA-based polyplexes was via both the clathrin- and caveolae-mediated route. However, only the latter route was important for expression of the reporter gene.
In an attempt to improve the efficiency of cationic polymers, cells were transfected with linear or plasmid DNA equipped with an NLS peptide. Both a classical and a non-classical NLS-peptide attached directly to the DNA did not improve the transfection efficiency of the complexes of DNA and cationic polymers. However, when the NLS peptides were coupled to the cationic polymer poly-L-lysine (PLL) prior to complexation of the DNA in small particles, the transfection efficiency of lipopolyplexes, consisting of plasmid DNA, NLS-PLL and cationic liposomes, was enhanced.
Taken together, these results show that successful import of DNA into the nucleus of non-dividing cells can be achieved by complexation of the DNA into small, i.e. smaller than 39 nm, particles and coupling of an NLS peptide to the polymer surface rather than direct attachment to the DNA.
In conclusion, the ultimate gene delivery system combines the efficiency advantage of viral gene therapy with the safety advantage of non-viral gene therapy.


We present an analysis of UBVRI data from the selected area SA 141. By applying recalibrated methods of measuring ultraviolet excess (UVX), we approximate abundances and absolute magnitudes for 368 stars over 1.3 deg 2 out to distances over 10 kpc. With the density distribution constrained from our previous photometric parallax investigations and with sufficient accounting for the metallicity bias in the UVX method, we are able to compare the vertical abundance distribution to those measured in previous studies. We find that the abundance distribution has an underlying uniform component consistent with previous spectroscopic results that posit a monometallic thick disc and halo with abundances of [Fe/H] = -0.8 and -1.4, respectively. However, there are a number of outlying data points that may indicate contamination by more metal-rich halo streams. The absence of vertical abundance gradients in the Galactic stellar populations and the possible presence of interloping halo streams would be consistent with expectations from merger models of Galaxy formation. We find that our UVX method has limited sensitivity in exploring the metallicity distribution of the distant Galactic halo, owing to the poor constraint on the UBV properties of very metal-poor stars. The derivation of metallicities from broad-band UBV photometry remains fundamentally sound for the exploration of the halo but is in need of both improved calibration and superior data.


Identifying multiple emotions in a sentence is an important research topic. Existing methods usually model the problem as multi-label classification task. However, previous methods have two issues, limiting the performance of the task. First, these models do not consider prior emotion distribution in a sentence. Second, they fail to effectively capture the context information closely related to the corresponding emotion. In this paper, we propose a Latent Emotion Memory network (LEM) for multi-label emotion classification. The proposed model can learn the latent emotion distribution without external knowledge, and can effectively leverage it into the classification network. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets show that the proposed model outperforms strong baselines, achieving the state-of-the-art performance.


In this work we explore recent advances in instruction-tuning language models on a range of open instruction-following datasets. Despite recent claims that open models can be on par with state-of-the-art proprietary models, these claims are often accompanied by limited evaluation, making it difficult to compare models across the board and determine the utility of various resources. We provide a large set of instruction-tuned models from 6.7B to 65B parameters in size, trained on 12 instruction datasets ranging from manually curated (e.g., OpenAssistant) to synthetic and distilled (e.g., Alpaca) and systematically evaluate them on their factual knowledge, reasoning, multilinguality, coding, and open-ended instruction following abilities through a collection of automatic, model-based, and human-based metrics. We further introduce T\"ulu, our best performing instruction-tuned model suite finetuned on a combination of high-quality open resources. Our experiments show that different instruction-tuning datasets can uncover or enhance specific skills, while no single dataset (or combination) provides the best performance across all evaluations. Interestingly, we find that model and human preference-based evaluations fail to reflect differences in model capabilities exposed by benchmark-based evaluations, suggesting the need for the type of systemic evaluation performed in this work. Our evaluations show that the best model in any given evaluation reaches on average 87% of ChatGPT performance, and 73% of GPT-4 performance, suggesting that further investment in building better base models and instruction-tuning data is required to close the gap. We release our instruction-tuned models, including a fully finetuned 65B T\"ulu, along with our code, data, and evaluation framework at https://github.com/allenai/open-instruct to facilitate future research.


Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR-M) can detect small molecular changes in cells and therefore was previously applied for the identification of different biological samples. In the present study, FTIR spectroscopy was used for the identification and discrimination of Vero cells infected with herpes viruses or contaminated with bacteria or fungi in cell culture. Vero cells in culture were infected herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or contaminated with E. coli bacteria or Candida albicans fungi and analyzed by FTIR microscopy at 24 h postinfection/contamination. Specific different spectral changes were observed according to the infecting or contaminating agent. For instance, both pure fungi and cell culture contaminated with this fungi showed specific peaks at 1030 cm−1 and at 1373 cm−1 regions, while pure E. coli and cell culture contaminated with this bacteria showed a specific and unique peak at 1657 cm−1. These results support the potential of developing FTIR microspectroscopy as a simple, reagent free method for identification and discrimination between different tissue infection or contamination with various pathogens.


Abstract. Annually averaged precipitation in the form of snow, the dominant term of the Antarctic Ice Sheet surface mass balance, displays large spatial and temporal variability. Here we present an analysis of spatial patterns of regional Antarctic precipitation variability and their impact on integrated Antarctic surface mass balance variability simulated as part of a preindustrial 1800-year global, fully coupled Community Earth System Model simulation. Correlation and composite analyses based on this output allow for a robust exploration of Antarctic precipitation variability. We identify statistically significant relationships between precipitation patterns across Antarctica that are corroborated by climate reanalyses, regional modeling and ice core records. These patterns are driven by variability in large-scale atmospheric moisture transport, which itself is characterized by decadal- to centennial-scale oscillations around the long-term mean. We suggest that this heterogeneity in Antarctic precipitation variability has a dampening effect on overall Antarctic surface mass balance variability, with implications for regulation of Antarctic-sourced sea level variability, detection of an emergent anthropogenic signal in Antarctic mass trends and identification of Antarctic mass loss accelerations.


We give detailed exposition of modern differential geometry from global coordinate independent point of view as well as local coordinate description suited for actual computations. In introduction, we consider Euclidean spaces and different structures on it; rotational, Lorentz, and Poincare groups; special relativity. The main body of the manuscript includes manifolds, tensor fields, differential forms, integration, Riemannian and Lorentzian metrics, connection on vector and frame fiber bundles, affine geometry, Lie groups, transformation groups, homotopy and fundamental group, coverings, principal and associated fiber bundles, connections on fiber bundles, Killing vector fields, geodesics and extremals, symplectic and Poisson manifolds, Clifford algebras, principle of least action, canonical formalism for constrained systems. Applications of differential geometry in quantum theory (adiabatic theorem, Berry phase, Aharonov-Bohm effect), general relativity and geometric theory of defects are described. We give introduction to general relativity and its Hamiltonian formulation; describe scalar, spinor, electromagnetic and Yang-Mills fields. Riemannian and Lorentzian surfaces with one Killing vector field are discussed in detail, and their global structure is described using conformal block method. We also classified all global vacuum solutions of the Einstein equations, which have the form of warped product metrics of two surfaces. The manuscript is not a textbook, and intended for efficient reader.


INTRODUCTION
Haemodynamic monitoring is an essential element in the management of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, there have been increasing concerns about the clinical utility and safety profile of the invasive pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). Oesophageal Doppler (ED) monitoring has emerged recently as a safer and less invasive tool which can be used by the intensivist to estimate cardiac output in the critically ill patient. Validation studies have thus far only been performed in surgical patients perioperatively and in mixed surgical/medical ICU patients. Currently, minimal data are available in any sizeable Asian population or in patients with severe sepsis. The assumption that these normograms and data hold true for our local medical ICU patients may not be valid due to differences in body habitus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our primary aim is to validate the oesophageal Doppler as a reliable measure of cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and preload in our local Asian population of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in the medical ICU. This was a prospective pilot study on 12 consecutive mechanically ventilated patients in our medical ICU with the diagnosis of septic shock as defined by SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis definitions Conference-Critical Care Medicine 2003 and required PAC haemodynamic monitoring as indicated by Medical Intensive Care Unit attending.

RESULTS
Ninety-seven paired cardiac output measurements were made. Cardiac output ranged from 2.87 to 11.0 L/ min (calculated cardiac index ranging from 1.73 to 6.36 L/min/m2) when measured using the PAC with thermodilution technique and from 2.0 to 12.1 L/min (calculated cardiac index of 1.2 to 7.2 L/min/m2) using the trans-oesophageal Doppler. There was moderately good correlation between CIpac and CIed (correlation coefficient, r = 0.762 with PCA = 58%). The mean bias was 0.26 L/min/m2 (P <0.07), while the limit of agreement was +/- 1.44 L/min/m2.

CONCLUSION
ED has good correlation with PAC in measuring cardiac index in Asians with septic shock but is an unreliable measure of both pre-load and SVR.


We analysed four subcellular compartments in rat exocrine pancreas cells, zymogen granules, cytoplasm surrounding the zymogen granules, mitochondria and cytoplasm in the basal part of the cells for sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium and calcium content, using ultrathin frozen-dried cryosections. The highest concentrations of calcium were measured in the zymogen granules and the surrounding apical part of the cell containing Golgi apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and condensing vacuoles. Calcium concentrations in the basal part of the cells (mostly rough endoplasmic reticulum) were 60% lower than in the apical part of the cells. The lowest calcium concentrations were measured in mitochondria. The results suggest that other subcellular compartments than the rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria might be involved in the intracellular Ca2+ regulation.


In recent years, there has been a shift of interest towards the field of biometric authentication, which proves the identity of the user using their biological characteristics. We explore a novel biometric based on the electrical activity of the human heart in the form of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. In order to explore the stability of ECG as a biometric, we collect data from 55 participants over two sessions with a period of 4 months in between. We also use a consumer-grade ECG monitor that is more affordable and usable than a medical-grade counterpart. Using a standard approach to evaluate our classifier, we obtain error rates of 2.4% for data collected within one session and 9.7% for data collected across two sessions. The experimental results suggest that ECG signals collected using a consumer-grade monitor can be successfully used for user authentication.


One of the major shifts in our social structure over the last 50 years has been a switch in the relative well-being positions of young and old. This is reflected in their suicide rates where, in contrast to the gradual decline in the propensity of older populations to take their own lives, that of the young has risen dramatically. Not confined to New Zealand, this 'generational switch' raises important questions about the changing relative distribution of incentives and rewards for living across the age domain. The purpose of my thesis is to document this change and explore its implications. I do so by analysing the current distribution of subjective well-being across contemporary age groups including differences between men and women and Māori and non-Māori. Of particular interest is the link between suicide, subjective well-being and social capital – the levels of social connectedness that prevail in the lives of the young adults relative to their parents' generation. As a geographer I'm particularly concerned with the role of local capital (community connectedness and trust) in nurturing well-being, and hence the variation that well-being exhibits across places within a country. While thoroughly investigated between nations, relatively few studies document geographical variations in subjective well-being within countries, particularly in terms of how these statistics differ by age. I find that not only does dissatisfaction with life (unhappiness and other measures of subjective well-being) rise as teenagers approach adulthood, but that it peaks in the 30s and declines slowly thereafter in a pattern reflective of the prevailing pattern of suicide. Moreover I find that, in addition to partnership, income, employment status and housing tenure, satisfaction with life among young adults in particular also varies across local communities, and cities. As such, the young exhibit a heightened sensitivity to place in ways that raise important questions about the nature of communities in which children are raised. It is this new information which I bring to a discussion of current initiatives dealing with mental health and the prevailing strategies advocated in New Zealand.


The collector for separating diasporic bauxite serves as a type of flotation reagent by adsorbing selectively on diaspore to make it hydrophobic enough to separate it from the aluminosilicates. Although the flotation process is considered economical in the desilication of Chinese diasporic bauxite, the existing collectors fail to separate these ores because of their poor adsorption selectivity over other minerals. The present study was an attempt to seek a collector for selective flotation of diaspore over aluminosilicates. A novel carboxyl hydroxamic acid compound, 2,2-bis(hydroxycarbamoyl) decanoic acid (BHDA), was designed and synthesized, and the flotation behavior of diaspore, kaolinite, and illite was investigated by flotation tests with BHDA. The interactions between the BHDA and the minerals were also explored by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta-potential measurement, and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Using BHDA as the collector, the pulp pH value affected the floatability of diaspore significantly while the floatability of kaolinite or illite was unaffected or only slightly affected. The dosage of BHDA had little effect on the floatability of the three minerals. The greatest difference in floatability between diaspore and aluminosilicates occurred at mid-range pulp pH (7). Large shifts in characteristic absorption peaks and new absorption peaks were observed for BHDA-treated diaspore but were absent from BHDA-treated aluminosilicates. The change in the negative zeta potential of diaspore was also greater than those of aluminosilicates in the presence of BHDA. The O atoms in the carboxyl and hydroxycarbamoyl of BHDA have highly negative charges, and favorable stereo conditions existed to form five- or six-membered rings, resulting in their coordination with the Al atoms of diaspore, leading to chemisorption in chelate rings; the adsorption of BHDA on kaolinite or illite, on the other hand, was mainly physical in nature. The BHDA was, therefore, highly selective in the flotation between diaspore and aluminosilicates and possibly suitable for the separation of diasporic bauxite.


In this paper, a variable inertance and variable damping (VIVD) vibration control system with an electric circuit is proposed and analysed. By connecting a VD device and an inerter in series, a VI device can be composed, which can vary its equivalent inertance by controlling the damping of the VD device. A single degree of freedom suspension with the VI and VD capabilities are analysed in the frequency domain. The result shows that the VIVD semi-active system can have much better vibration control performance than the conventional VD system. The VIVD system is complicated to implement with mechanical networks. Hence, based on the mechanical-electrical analogies, the mechanical energy is transferred to electrical energy with an electromagnetic damper, and then an electric circuit is designed to simulate the VIVD device. The frequency and time domain analyses both validate the correction of design. The VIVD vibration control system can significantly improve the semi-active system's performance.


Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Hypertension, a major risk factor for these diseases, remains difficult to treat despite numerous drugs being available. In this issue of the JCI, Failer et al. show that the endogenous antiinflammatory agent developmental endothelial locus-1 (DEL-1) decreased blood pressure and cardiac and aortic hypertrophy in mouse models of hypertension through reduction in αvβ3 integrin–dependent metalloproteinase activity and immune cell recruitment, leading to reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines in cardiovascular tissues. This study offers an alternative in the treatment of hypertension-mediated organ damage through the immunomodulatory effect of DEL-1.


Introduction-Telenutrition with digital health platforms is the future step towards improving patient care in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD). Additionally, it offers an advantage of conducting multicenter longitudinal dietary intervention studies. Aim-To develop and validate a digital health platform for patients with IBD to provide nutrition care and record longitudinal diet data on a large-scale basis.

 Methods-The development of the digital health platform was done from October, 2019 -June, 2021 by gastroenterologists and dieticians. For validation, patients with IBD at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi recorded, 7 days diet in the App. 24-hours diet recall for, 3 days at random during the same week was also done. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, cereals, fruits, vegetables, grain, legumes, milk products were compared between two methods.

 Results-An Android and iOS-based digital health platform, 'IBDNutriCare' was developed in English and, 7 Indian languages. This user-friendly interface can be downloaded by the patients free of cost from Google store and App store. This platform provides a recording of diet variables based on, 600 Indian food recipes, patient parameters like subjective global assessment, medications, and clinical activity scores. It also provides a graphical representation of nutrient analysis, with web applications generating comprehensive reports to enable large-scale data analysis. Forty-nine patients with IBD were enrolled in a validation study comparing 'IBDNutricare' based analysis with dietary recall method. The mean intake of all food groups and macronutrients was comparable between the two methods. There was a significant interclass correlation [excellent for macronutrients and all food groups except vegetables (moderate, 0.79] and Bland-Altman plot analysis showed good agreement between the two methods.

 Conclusion- This study developed and validated a digital health platform for telenutrition in patients with IBD. This app helps in real-time tracking of dietary details and recording the data on a large scale.


A case of long-standing, undetected urinary tract malformation is presented. Over a period of 15 years the patient had gone for regular examinations by a gynecologist because of paravaginal tumor and urinary incontinence. Operation revealed urinary calculi in an ectopic ureter. Despite of life-long continuous urinary incontinence, an i.v. pyelography was never offered. Embryology, symptoms and an investigation program concerning ectopic ureter are presented.


LAURA HARRISON OCCURRENCE OF APOPTOSIS IN LYMPHOID TISSUES FROM CHICKENS ACUTELY INFECTED WITH STRAINS OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE OF VARYING VIRULENCE (Under the Direction of DR. CORRIE BROWN) Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) poses many threats to the poultry industry. Virulence of different strains varies widely and creates a wide range of disease manifestations. Low virulence strains often circulate with minimal disease, while high virulence strains can rapidly sicken and kill an entire house of chickens. Presence of highly virulent viruses within our country will seriously damage our abilities to export chicken meat or live birds. Because apoptosis, or programmed cell death, serves as a key defense mechanism during viral infections, increased knowledge concerning apoptosis is essential in understanding host-pathogen interactions. Additionally, comparing apoptosis among strains of varying virulence generates better understanding of clinical consequences from infection with different viral strains. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for active caspase-3, a key enzyme in apoptosis, was done on formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded sections from chickens infected with various strains of NDV. Apoptotic activity was examined in the spleen, thymus, bursa, and intestine. All tissues were harvested at two days post-infection. To confirm virus presence, IHC was done for NDV nucleoprotein. Active caspase-3 expression in lymphoid tissue infected with virulent strains was significantly increased when compared to tissue infected with milder strains. Heightened apoptosis in the virulent strains may be a key component of the severe disease manifestations seen. Because severe disease manifestation results in losses to the poultry industry, generating greater understanding of apoptosis in response to NDV infection exists as an important research initiative. INDEX WORDS: Apoptosis, Immunohistochemistry, Caspase OCCURRENCE OF APOPTOSIS IN LYMPHOID TISSUES FROM CHICKENS ACUTELY INFECTED WITH STRAINS OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE OF VARYING VIRULENCE


Since environmental issues are becoming an integral part of business performances, policymakers and managers have started recognizing the importance of green innovation towards sustainable business performances. The role of the automotive parts industry is crucial in minimizing environmental degradation and promoting sustainable development. Yet few studies have focused on the connection between green entrepreneurial orientation and green innovation that may affect small and medium enterprise (SME) business performance. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the influence of green entrepreneurial orientation on green innovations, and its effects on sustainable business performances in the automotive parts industry in Thailand. The sample consists of 226 SMEs in the automotive parts industry in Thailand. The partial least square method (PLS-SEM) has been used for the analysis of data. The results of the study show that green innovations have the strongest influence on economic and environmental performances. This study contributes to resource-based view theory by incorporating green innovation as a strategic competency of SMEs' performance. Further, green entrepreneurial orientation and green innovation can assist SME managers in understanding the factors leading to sustainable performance of businesses.


This study focused on the development of an undershot open cross-flow turbine that is applicable in extremely low head hydropower conditions, especially in rapid and shallow streams such as agricultural waterways in mountain areas. A model of the cross-flow turbine was constructed and examined experimentally. The authors evaluated the effect of the flow conditions on undershot wheel power performance. The effect of the number of blades and the blade thickness on runner performance was also investigated. It was found that the power coefficient changed drastically with varying impinging flow thickness and runner installation height. Power could be generated when the impinging flow thickness was less than 28% of the runner diameter. The maximum power coefficient, CPmax, increased as the impinging flow thickness was decreased. Furthermore, a higher CPmax was obtained as the runner installation height was lowered. This was because the water flow was inclined between the runner and the bottom wall of the channel. In this study, the highest CPmax obtained was 0.401.


Suicide and suicide attempts are significant and costly public health problems. In order to prevent suicidal and other self-injurious behavior, research on the multiple factors involved in these behaviors with comprehensive and user-friendly instruments is necessary. The aim of the current study was to construct a self-report instrument with emphasis on the items which describe suicide-related behavior itself rather than strongly related clinical features on the basis of a general population study. Twelve items comprising a new scale were applied to 734 subjects from the general population (40.6% males and 59.4% females) aged 40.8 +/- 11.5, along with the STAI and the CES-D. The scoring method was developed on the basis of frequency table of responses to the individual scale items. The factor analysis returned 3 factors explaining 59.19% of total variance (Intention, Life, and History). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.85 for the Intention, 0.69 for the Life and 0.52 for the History subscale. The RASS is a reliable and valid instrument which might prove valuable in the assessment of suicidal risk in the general population as well as in mental patients.


In response to an unprecedented crisis that has been called "the World Cup of Fraud," the Federation Internationale de Football Associations, or "FIFA," has undertaken a series of reform measures in the last several years. Most of these reforms have focused on attempting to break the cycle of corruption among football insiders by bringing in more outsiders, including independent chairs of several oversight committees, as well as individuals to serve in executive positions who had not previously been involved in the sport at any level. Such an outsider-focused reform strategy takes a page from the U.S. corporate governance playbook, which has increasingly come to rely upon independent directors as a way to keep management insiders aligned with shareholders.
This Article argues that rather than focusing on bringing in more outsiders, FIFA should harness the power of insiders. Although one of the most prominent witnesses in the indictment of over forty individuals and organizations became an informant only after being caught himself, many others at the international, regional, and national level voluntarily came forward. These so-called "whistleblowers" had better access to information and were more dedicated to FIFA's mission to foster the development and growth of the sport than any outsider would be, but they often did so at great personal and professional sacrifice to themselves. By adopting a comprehensive whistleblower program, FIFA may be better able to incentivize others to step forward while providing an internal form of accountability that is currently lacking in an organization with only self-interested member associations and little government oversight.


Different types of numerical data can be collected in a scientific investigation and the choice of statistical analysis will often depend on the distribution of the data. A basic distinction between variables is whether they are 'parametric' or 'non-parametric'. When a variable is parametric, the data come from a symmetrically shaped distribution known as the 'Gaussian' or 'normal distribution' whereas non-parametric variables may have a distribution which deviates markedly in shape from normal. This article describes several aspects of the problem of non-normality including: (1) how to test for two common types of deviation from a normal distribution, viz., 'skew' and 'kurtosis', (2) how to fit the normal distribution to a sample of data, (3) the transformation of non-normally distributed data and scores, and (4) commonly used 'non-parametric' statistics which can be used in a variety of circumstances.


Abstract This paper presents analytical and experimental study of electrocapillarity in dielectrics under the frame work of parallel plates using palm oil.. First, Mathematical approach was used to derive an expression relating capillary ascent with the applied field. The results obtained from the experiment and that of the analytical results were compared with the expected results from the equation relating the liquid ascent and the applied field obtained from Lippmann equation, where it was observed that there is no evidence of linear relation between the height of the capillary rise of oil in the tube and the applied field.


In this article I use the critical tools of Slovenian philosopher and cultural theorist Slavoj Žižek to probe the homelessness of Jesus via a close inspection of Mt 8: 18-22. My analysis is limited to the Jesus simulacrum in the Gospel of Matthew, whose experience of homelessness is perhaps the most complicated of any of the gospels. Matthew's Jesus experiences multiple displacements and rejection from home place (see esp. 2: 13-23; 4: 12; 13: 53-58), but is uniquely connected to a house and/or household (οἰκος/οἰκια) in Capernaum (cf. 9: 10, 28; 12: 46; 13: 1, 36; 17: 25), a detail absent from Mark, Luke, and John. In briefest outline, the article begins with a discussion of the problem of ideology, biblical scholarship, and Jesus' apparent homelessness, using Žižek's sublime object to probe some of the ideological cracks, before turning to a closer inspection of Mt 8: 18-22, as the issue of homelessness protrudes behind, within, and in front of the text.


In patients with COPD, the degree of functional impairment appears to differ between the upper and lower limbs. Significant dyspnea and fatigue have been reported by these patients when performing tasks with unsupported upper limbs and two mechanisms have been proposed to explain this fact: neuromechanical dysfunction of respiratory muscles; and changes in lung volume during such activities. The neuromechanical dysfunction seen in COPD patients during this type of exercise is related to changes in the breathing pattern, as well as to the simultaneity of afferent and efferent muscle stimuli, resulting in respiratory muscle asynchrony. In addition, the increased ventilation during upper limb exercise in patients with COPD leads to dynamic hyperinflation at different workloads. During lower limb exercises, the strength and endurance of the quadriceps muscle is lower in COPD patients than in healthy subjects. This could by explained by abnormal muscle metabolism (decreased aerobic capacity), dependence on glycolytic metabolism, and rapid accumulation of lactate during exercise. In comparison with lower limb exercises, upper limb exercises result in higher metabolic and ventilatory demands, as well as in a more intense sensation of dyspnea and greater fatigue. Because there are differences between the upper and lower limb muscles in terms of the morphological and functional adaptations in COPD patients, specific protocols for strength training and endurance should be developed and tested for the corresponding muscle groups.


Since the divergence between the processor speed and the memory access rate is progressively increasing, an efficient partition of the main memory into multibanks is useful to improve the overall system performance. The effectiveness of the multibank partition can be degraded by memory conflicts, that occur when there are many references to the same memory bank while accessing the same memory pattern. Therefore, mapping schemes are needed to distribute data in such a way that data can be retrieved via regular patterns without conflicts. In this paper, the problem of conflict-free access of arbitrary paths in bidimensional arrays, circular lists and complete trees is considered for the first time and reduced to variants of graph-coloring problems. Balanced and fast mappings are proposed which require an optimal number of colors (i.e., memory banks). The solution for bidimensional arrays is based on a particular Latin Square. The functions that map an array node or a circular list node to a memory bank can be calculated in constant time. As for complete trees, the mapping of a tree node to a memory bank takes time that grows logarithmically with the number of nodes of the tree. The problem solved here has further application in minimizing the number of frequencies assigned to the stations of a wireless network so as to avoid interference.


High-speed railways are becoming increasingly common in Europe. In the Netherlands soon the HSL-South will be opened. This high-speed railway line connects the Randstad to Brussels and Paris. A prominent aim of this new railway is to improve international competitiveness of the Netherlands. As a side effect it has also consequences for the distribution of offices within the Netherlands. Especially because also domestic high-speed train services will make use of the new infrastructure. Still, little research has addressed this issue of regional distributive effects. This thesis focuses on the topic how high-speed railway accessibility influences location attractiveness for offices within the Randstad. Telephone inquiries were hold among 297 decision makers of offices. Respondents were also asked to make hypothetical choices between fictitious locations (so-called 'stated choices'). An analysis of the actual locations of offices in combination with stated choices yielded a model to determine location attractiveness. Within this model the concept of accessibility is central. A new high-speed railway, such as the HSL-South, can drastically reduce travel times between cities, at the expense of higher train fares. If the travel time advantage from an origin to a potential destination exceeds the fare supplement then these locations' accessibility is improved. A higher accessibility makes a location more attractive. But other, more subjective factors are relevant as well. Regardless of travel times, proximity to a HST station can lead to the perception of a good accessibility. And also, evidence has been found that the availability of high-speed train services at a station can improve the image of this station and its immediate surroundings. But high-speed rail is not equally relevant to all offices. Spatial orientation is a determining factor: offices that have its business contacts distributed nationally or internationally are most influenced by high-speed rail. High-speed train accessibility is, however, rarely a decisive location factor for locating office establishments. Application of the model to different scenarios for the Randstad reveals that Rotterdam and especially Amsterdam (including Schiphol) benefit from the HSL-South. This comes at the cost of other cities in the Randstad. Particularly Utrecht suffers from the new line, because its urban region is traditionally strong in attracting the nationally oriented offices that are also sensitive to high-speed rail. Scenarios for the Zuiderzeelijn have little impact additional to the HSL-South. A specific focus on the Amsterdam urban region illustrates the dependence of the urban development on the specific outline of the high-speed train services. The choice between the South axis and the central station for HSL-South services influences the development potentials of these sites. The results confirm the usefulness of the policy of the Dutch government to support the urban redevelopment projects ('new key projects') around high-speed train stations. However, it is argued that policy makers should not have too high expectations for the impact of high-speed on economic development. New offices at a high-speed train station area come predominantly at the expense of a decline of office employment in other cities.


Sweet Freedom's Song is a celebration and critical exploration of the complicated musical, cultural and political roles played by the song 'America' over the 250 years. Popularly known as 'My Country Tis of Thee' - and as 'God Save the King/Queen' before that - this song is arguably the most important political song in our national history. Branham and Hartnett chronicle the song's appropriation and adaption by colonial Americans, Southern slaveowners, abolitionalists, temperance campaigners and civil rights leaders. Because the song has been invoked by nearly every grassroots movement in our nation's history, the story of 'America' offers important insights on the story of democracy in the United States.


Gut microbiota typically occupy habitats with definable limits/borders that are comparable to oceanic islands. The gut therefore can be regarded as an 'island' for the assembly of microbial communities within the 'sea' of surrounding environments. This study aims to reveal the ecological mechanisms that govern microbiota in the fish gut 'island' ecosystem. Taxonomic compositions, phylogenetic diversity, and community turnover across host development were analyzed via the high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results indicate that the Shannon diversity of gut microbiota in the three examined freshwater fish species all significantly decreased with host development, and the dominant bacterial taxa also changed significantly during host development. Null model and phylogenetic-based mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) analyses suggest that host gut environmental filtering led to the assembly of microbial communities in the fish gut 'island'. However, the phylogenetic clustering of local communities and deterministic processes that governed community turnover became less distinct as the fish developed. The observed mechanisms that shaped fish gut microbiota seemed to be mainly shaped by the gut environment and by some other selective changes accompanying the host development process. These findings greatly enhance our understanding of stage-specific community assembly patterns in the fish gut ecosystem.


This document briefly describes a new social accounting matrix (SAM) for Vietnam, constructed to be consistent with 2005 macroeconomic structure and with the sectoring scheme of the GTAP Data Base. This table was estimated by the author from a combination of official and third-party data resources. As such, it does not represent official information or any governmental or other institutional decisions or actions based on component data.


A strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium (strain CC-SAMT-1(T)) showing gliding motility was isolated from coastal seawater of China Sea, Taiwan. Strain CC-SAMT-1(T) synthesizes all-trans-zeaxanthin (6.5 ± 0.5 mg g(-1) dry biomass) as a predominant xanthophyll carotenoid. As determined by 16S rRNA gene analysis, strain CC-SAMT-1(T) shared very high sequence similarity to the members of the genera Mariniflexile (96.1-95.3%) and Gaetbulibacter (96.0-95.9%); however, it formed a distinct phyletic lineage distantly associated with Mariniflexile species. Polar lipid profile constitutes phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified aminolipids, four unidentified lipids, and an unidentified glycolipid. Strain CC-SAMT-1(T) contains excessive unidentified aminolipid lipid (AL2-4) and glycolipid contents, and therefore clearly distinct from Mariniflexile species. Major fatty acids (> 5% of total fatty acids) were iso-C(15:0) (14.8%), iso-C(17:0) 3-OH (11.8%), iso-C(15:1) G (10.6%), anteiso-C(15:0) (9.7%), C(16:0) (8.1%), iso-C(16:0) 3-OH (7.9%), iso-C(15:0) 3-OH (7.5%), and summed feature 3 (containing C(16:1) ω6c and/or C(16:1) ω7c) (7.5%). Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was major respiratory quinone. DNA G+C content was 33.7 mol%. Based on polyphasic taxonomy, strain CC-SAMT-1(T) represents a novel genus and species in the family Flavobacteriaceae for which the name Siansivirga zeaxanthinifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-SAMT-1(T) (= BCRC 80315(T) = JCM 17682(T)).


There are many joint problems between applied mathematics and mechanical engineering. Such problems are very important for development of both experimental and theoretical studies. For example, Fluid flow problems such as boundary layer flow, bio-fluids and turbulent flow are important for various engineering applications. Such problems are studied by many ways such as analytical or numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation. Dealing with the large data that obtained by the numerical simulations needs to be filtered and analyzed by different filtering techniques. Now, Filtering techniques that are used in image processing problems are considered as efficient techniques for several fluid flow problems. Many research efforts for extraction and filtering of the flow fields are carried out and the results show high ability to extract important characteristics of the flow fields. However, more efforts are required to achieve better understanding for the universal characteristics of the fluid flow problems. Also, analytical solutions to continuum mechanics and elasticity problems are very important as well as their numerical solutions. Investigation of those studies with their applications to real world life problem help in understanding and developing theoretical as well as empirical techniques. Specific topics of interest include (but are not limited to): 1. Turbulent and boundary layer flow problems. 2. Analytical and numerical solutions to the Navier-Stokes and Boltzmann equations. 3. Fourier decomposition and wavelet filtering. 4. Partial differential equations filtering methods. 5. Harmonic filtering methods. 6. New filtering methods. 7. Visualization techniques for signal processing and turbulent flow. 8. Reduce the time consuming for filtering and enhancement processes. 9. Connection between image processing and fluids flow problems via filtering techniques. 10. Numerical solutions to elasticity and continuum mechanics problems. 11. New analytical techniques to solve continuum mechanics and elasticity equations. This special issue is organized by:


The impact of parental child-rearing practices on child outcomes has been the subject of much research and debate for many years. Studies carried out within a variety of disciplines and across a number of different countries in the world have indicated that parents tend to use a different pattern of rearing their sons than their daughters, and that child-rearing practices are related to the gender of the parent, as well as to the age and developmental stage of the child. However, there has been little research in Northern Ireland on child-rearing behaviours. In order to address this shortfall, this paper presents an analysis of parents' perceptions of their interactions with their children. Data from Wave 3 of the Northern Ireland Household Panel Survey were analysed to explore aspects of "negative" parenting practices (arguing, yelling and use of physical punishment) as well as "positive" parenting practices (talking, praising and hugging). The participants were all parents (aged 16 years and over) with children under the age of 16 years living in the same household. Each parent reported his/her interaction with each child (up to a maximum of six children), and in total 1,629 responses were recorded. The results of the research supported previous findings from the United Kingdom and elsewhere, and indicated that the parenting styles of respondents in Northern Ireland were indeed related to the gender and age of the children and to the gender of the parents. The survey found that parents in Northern Ireland tend to have a harsher, more negative style of parenting boys than girls and that children in their teenage years have fewer positive interactions with their parents than younger children. The same parents and children will be followed up in 2007 in order to provide a longitudinal analysis of parent/child relationships in Northern Ireland.


In 2011/12, JET started operation with its new ITER-Like Wall (ILW) made of a tungsten (W) divertor and a beryllium (Be) main chamber wall. The impact of the new wall materials on the JET Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency (ICRF) operation is assessed and some important properties of JET plasmas heated with ICRF are highlighted. A ∼ 20% reduction of the antenna coupling resistance is observed with the ILW as compared with the JET carbon (JET-C) wall. Heat-fluxes on the protecting limiters close the antennas, quantified using Infra-Red thermography (maximum 4.5 MW/m2 in current drive phasing), are within the wall power load handling capabilities. A simple RF sheath rectification model using the antenna near-fields calculated with the TOPICA code can reproduce the heat-flux pattern around the antennas. ICRF heating results in larger tungsten and nickel (Ni) contents in the plasma and in a larger core radiation when compared to Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) heating. The location of the tungsten ICRF specific source could not be identified but some experimental observations indicate that main-chamber W components could be an important impurity source: for example, the divertor W influx deduced from spectroscopy is comparable when using RF or NBI at same power and comparable divertor conditions, and Be evaporation in the main chamber results in a strong reduction of the impurity level. In L-mode plasmas, the ICRF specific high-Z impurity content decreased when operating at higher plasma density and when increasing the hydrogen concentration from 5% to 15%. Despite the higher plasma bulk radiation, ICRF exhibited overall good plasma heating performance; the power is typically deposited at the plasma centre while the radiation is mainly from the outer part of the plasma bulk. Application of ICRF heating in H-mode plasmas has started, and the beneficial effect of ICRF central electron heating to prevent W accumulation in the plasma core has been observed.


We demonstrate compact multimode interference (MMI) couplers on silicon-on-insulator that exhibit both high performance and relaxed tolerances. The devices are fabricated with a single shallow etch step on 1.5-mum-thick silicon, and have a footprint of 12.8 mum times 456 mum, including 100-mum-long tapers at input and output. In a Mach-Zehnder configuration, we achieve an extinction ratio larger than 22 dB for transverse-electric polarization and larger than 20 dB for transverse-magnetic polarization. This extinction ratio is maintained in the full 1520- to 1580-nm band and for MMI width variations in a range of 0.45 mu m. We also show appreciable tolerance differences between paired and general excitation MMIs.


This paper analyses the asymmetric price transmission and non-linear adjustment at the farm and retail levels in the Iran's mutton market. We applied a multivariate threshold error correction mechanism for monthly price data. We tested the non-linear adjustment using sup-LR, sup-LM and sup-Wald tests. The results confirm the presence of non-linear cointegration relationship between the retail and farm prices. In short-run, the price transmission behavior reveals that reactions of both the retail and farm prices to positive and negative deviations from the long-run price spread are asymmetric. More specially, the retailers show more strong responses to the both positive and negative shocks imposed to the farmers.


Abstract : This work provides an historic context for military training lands, written to satisfy a part of Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 as amended. Cultural resources personnel at the installation level and their contractors will use this historic context to determine whether military training resources are eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and whether an adverse effect will take place. This overall project covered five types of military training: small arms ranges, large arms ranges, training villages and sites, bivouac areas, and large-scale operation areas. This document provides an historic context of training villages, mock sites, and large scale operations areas on military training lands for the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Army Air Corps/U.S. Air Force, and the U.S. Marines, with a focus on the landscape outside the developed core of military installations. This work determined that military training lands are significant enough in our nation's history to be surveyed for eligibility to the NRHP. However, training lands must be viewed as a whole; individual buildings on a training range are rarely eligible for the NRHP; buildings in their larger context (and the integrity of that larger context) are important.


Vegetation carbon turnover processes in forest ecosystems and their dominant drivers are far from being understood at a broader scale. Many of these turnover processes act on long timescales and include a lateral dimension and thus can hardly be investigated by plot‐level studies alone. Making use of remote sensing‐based products of net primary production (NPP) and biomass, here we show that spatial gradients of carbon turnover rate (k) in Northern Hemisphere boreal and temperate forests are explained by different climate‐related processes depending on the ecosystem. k is related to frost damage effects and the trade‐off between growth and frost adaptation in boreal forests, while drought stress and climate effects on insects and pathogens can explain an elevated k in temperate forests. By identifying relevant processes underlying broadscale patterns in k, we provide the basis for a detailed exploration of these mechanisms in field studies, and ultimately the improvement of their representations in global vegetation models (GVMs).


Abstract This paper presents a different approach to tackle the Sound Source Localization (SSL) problem apply on a compact microphone array that can be mounted on top of a small moving robot in an indoor environment. Sound source localization approaches can be categorized into the three main categories; Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), high-resolution subspace-based methods, and steered beamformer-based methods. Each method has its limitations according to the search or application requirements. Steered beamformer-based method will be used in this paper because it has proven to be robust to ambient noise and reverberation to a certain extent. The most successful and used algorithm of this method is the SRP-PHAT algorithm. The main limitation of SRP-PHAT algorithm is the computational burden resulting from the search process, this limitation comes from searching among all possible candidate locations in the searching space for the location that maximizes a certain function. The aim of this paper is to develop a computationally viable approach to find the coordinate location of a sound source with acceptable accuracy. The proposed approach comprises two stages: the first stage contracts the search space by estimating the Direction of Arrival (DoA) vector from the time difference of arrival with an addition of reasonable error coefficient around the vector to make sure that the sound source locates inside the estimated region, the second stage is to apply the SRP-PHAT algorithm to search only in this contracted region for the source location. The AV16.3 corpus was used to evaluate the proposed approach, extensive experiments have been carried out to verify the reliability of the approach. The results showed that the proposed approach was successful in obtaining good results compared to the conventional SRP-PHAT algorithm.


Magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJs) are fabricated using CoFe-Ru-CoFe artificial antiferromagnet (AAF) sandwiches as a hard-magnetic reference layer and plasma-oxidized aluminum as a tunnel barrier. Tailoring the magnetic properties of the artificial antiferromagnet reference layer allows an on-chip magnetization (initialization) of individual junctions, which makes it possible to build monolithic bridges in a Wheatstone arrangement without multiple mask process steps or on-chip heating elements. The functionality of an angular field sensor based on this concept is demonstrated in detail. The thermal stability of such a sensor is investigated and the limitations of the concept are discussed.


BACKGROUND
Corrections to the chemical and x-ray structures of two forms of the antibiotic oligomycin A are presented: the original and best known, form (E), from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes, and a new form (C) from Streptomyces diastaticus.

METHOD
The crystal structures are isomorphous, crystallizing in space group P212121, with Z = 4[C45H73O11.CH3OH] per unit cell. Oligomycin A(E) refined with R1 = 0.0734, using Cu Kα x-radiation; and for Oligomycin A(C) R1 = 0.0651 using Mo Kα x-radiation.

CONCLUSION
Serious corrections to the previously published structure of oligomycin A(C) are discussed and implemented. As a supplementary study geometry optimization of side group R4 of oligomycin A(E) was undertaken and achieved by energy minimization. These additional results clearly confirm the delocalization in this region observed in both x-ray structures. This result is contrary to the generally accepted formulation. Knowledge of the correct structures is important to those involved in the study and applications of the pharmacological and biological properties of these materials.


A novel rapid HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of montelukast and doxofylline in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Development of an analytical method for simultaneous estimation of drugs requires a lot of efforts and of course it is a challenging task. The method was developed by using C18 ( 1 5 0 m m × 4 . 6 m m , 5  μm) column; mobile phase consisting of methanol and phosphate buffer at pH 4.5; the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. Both drugs were sufficiently resolved having retention time of 4.7 min and 1.9 min for montelukast and doxofylline, respectively. The method was validated as per ICH Guidelines for various parameters like precision, linearity, accuracy, ruggedness, and robustness. The validated method was applied to the commercially available pharmaceutical dosage form and obtained the desired result.


Few-shot learning (FSL) aims to recognize target classes by adapting the prior knowledge learned from source classes.
Such knowledge usually resides in a deep embedding model for a general matching purpose of the support and query image pairs.
The objective of this paper is to repurpose the contrastive learning for such matching to learn a few-shot embedding model.
We make the following contributions:
(i) We investigate the contrastive learning with Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) in a supervised manner for training a few-shot embedding model;
(ii) We propose a novel contrastive training scheme dubbed infoPatch, exploiting the patch-wise relationship to substantially improve the popular infoNCE;
(iii) We show that the embedding learned by the proposed infoPatch is more effective;
(iv) Our model is thoroughly evaluated on few-shot recognition task; and demonstrates state-of-the-art results on miniImageNet and appealing performance on tieredImageNet, Fewshot-CIFAR100 (FC-100).


This document specifies a mechanism to signal Media Access Control
(MAC) addresses move over a Network Virtualization Overlays over Layer
3 (NVO3) virtual tunnel. Such notification is useful in redundancy
scenarios when a Layer 2 service that was active on a Network
Virtualization Edge (NVE) fails over to a standby NVE. This
notification can be used only when data plane mac learning is enabled
over the NVO3 tunnels.


Imaging a single biomolecule at atomic resolution without averaging over different conformations is the ultimate goal in structural biology. We report recordings of a protein at nanometer resolution obtained from one individual ferritin by means of low-energy electron holography. One single protein could be imaged for an extended period of time without any sign of radiation damage. Since the fragile protein shell encloses a robust iron cluster, the holographic reconstructions could also be cross-validated against transmission electron microscopy images of the very same molecule by imaging its iron core.


Abstract. The concept of morphological moments of binary images is introduced. Morphological moments can be used as a shape descriptor combining an integral width description of an object with a description of its spatial distribution. The relationship between the proposed descriptor and the disc cover of the figure is discussed and an exact analytical method for descriptor calculation is proposed within the continuous morphology framework. The approach is based on the approximation of the shape by a polygonal figure and the extraction of its medial representation in the form of the continuous skeleton and the radial function. The proposed method for calculation of morphological moments achieves high accuracy and it is computationally efficient. Experimentations have been conducted. Obtained results indicate that the morphological moments are a more informative and rich shape descriptor than the area of the disc cover. Application of morphological moments to the font recognition task improves the recognition quality.


The demand for shorter product development time has resulted in the introduction of a new paradigm called Additive Manufacturing (AM). Due to its significant advantages in terms of cost effective, lesser build time, elimination of expensive tooling, design flexibility AM is finding applications in many diverse fields of the industry today. One of the recent applications of this technology is for fabrication of cellular structures. Cellular structures are designed to have material where it is needed for specific applications. Compared to solid materials, these structures can provide high strength-to-weight ratio, good energy absorption characteristics and good thermal and acoustic insulation properties to aerospace, medical and engineering products. However, due to inclusion of too many design variables, the design process of these structures is a challenge task. Furthermore, polymer additive manufacturing techniques, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) process which shows the great capability to fabricate these structures, are still facing certain process limitations in terms of support structure requirement for certain category of cellular structures. Therefore, in this research, a computer-aided design (CAD) based method is proposed to design and develop hexagonal honeycomb structure (self-supporting periodic cellular structure) for FDM process. This novel methodology is found to have potential to create honeycomb cellular structures with different volume fractions successfully without any part distortion. Once designing process is complete, mechanical and microstructure properties of these structures are characterized to investigate effect of volume fraction on compressive strength of the part. Volume fraction can be defined as the volume percentage of the solid material inside the cellular structure and it is varied in this thesis by changing the cell size and wall thickness of honeycombs. Compression strength of the honeycomb structure is observed to increase with the increase in the volume fraction and this behavior is compared with an existing Wierzbicki expression, developed for predicting compression properties. Some differences are noticed in between experimentally tested and Wierzbicki model estimated compressive strength. These differences may be attributed to layer by layer deposition strategy and the residual stress inherent to the FDM-manufacturing process.
Finally, as a design case study, resin transfer molding (RTM) mold internally filled with honeycomb is designed and tested instead of the regular FDM mold. Results show that our proposed methodology has the ability to generate honeycomb structures efficiently while reducing the expensive build material (Mold) consumption to near about 50%. However, due to complex geometry of the honeycomb pattern the build time increased about 65% compare to solid FDM mould. In this regard, FDM tool-path can be optimized in future, so that overall product cost will be minimized.
As per the author's knowledge, this design methodology will have a greatest contribution towards creating sustainable and green product development. Using this, in future, expensive build material and production time can also be minimized for some hydroforming and injection molding applications.


Background Interest in the use of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased following outcomes in patients with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). While research exploring clinician awareness and attitude towards the use of FMT in CDI has been carried out, data for IBD are currently lacking. Objective To assess the perceptions of gastroenterologists and current practice relating to FMT as a treatment for IBD in the UK. Design A web-based survey (Snap Survey software) was distributed through the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition e-newsletters, and at the BSG Conference in June 2017. Results 61 respondents completed the survey including presubspecialty trainees, gastroenterology specialists, associate specialists and consultants. Most (95%; n=58) respondents stated that they had heard of FMT being used as a treatment for IBD prior to participating in the survey. Based on current evidence, 34% (n=21) of respondents would consider using FMT in patients with IBD, 26% (n=16) would not and 39% (n=24) were undecided. When asked to rank routes of delivery in terms of preference, nasogastric tube was the least preferred route (39%; n=24) and oral capsule was the most preferred route (34%; n=21). Conclusions A clear majority of UK gastroenterologists recognise FMT as a potential treatment for IBD; however, uptake is limited. A proportion of clinicians would consider FMT in IBD and the majority would consider entering patients into clinical trials. Future work should explore the utility and efficacy of oral FMT capsules in IBD.


Results of the URSEIS '95 integrated seismic experiment document the lithospheric structure of an intact Paleozoic collisional orogen in the Ural Mountains. Hybrid-source seismic reflection and refraction data provide images of a crustal-scale collisional fabric and a pronounced crustal root preserved since Paleozoic time. Mantle reflections are observed at depths of more than 150 kilometers, possibly representing the base of the lithosphere. The Urals do not conform to existing models of postorogenic evolution involving large-scale extension, which may be a consequence of an incomplete or arrested collisional process that has led to the preservation of the largest continental landmass.


The key to an accurate understanding of terrain is to extract the informative features from the multi-modal data obtained from different devices. Sensors, such as RGB cameras, depth sensors, vibration sensors, and microphones, are used as the multi-modal data. Many studies have explored ways to use them, especially in the robotics field. Some papers have successfully introduced single-modal or multi-modal methods. However, in practice, robots can be faced with extreme conditions; microphones do not work well in crowded scenes, and an RGB camera cannot capture terrains well in the dark. In this paper, we present a novel framework using the multimodal variational autoencoder and the Gaussian mixture model clustering algorithm on image data and audio data for terrain type clustering. Our method enables the terrain type clustering even if one of the modalities (either image or audio) is missing at the test-time. We evaluated the clustering accuracy with a conventional multi-modal terrain type clustering method and we conducted ablation studies to show the effectiveness of our approach.


2013 News Literacyeracy Leaders Conference Photos (Hi-Resolution Photographs) 640 x 4801/15 sec / 2.86 mm ISO 500 Canon PowerShot SX110 IS


Objective: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most common complication after cardiac surgery, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate a novel drug delivery system for local release of amiodarone. Methods: In the current prospective study, 9 goats underwent attachment of right atrial (RA) epicardial electrodes. Alginate-based glue with amiodarone was applied to the RA of the treatment groups. Rapid atrial response (RAR) to burst pacing was assessed before application and in the third postoperative day (POD3). Average RAR frequency was defined as the average percentage of inductions resulting in RAR per animal. Myocardial and extracardiac tissue amiodarone concentrations were analyzed. Results: Differences in RAR proportions between baseline and POD3 were greater in the treatment group versus the control group (P = .034). Average RAR frequency was reduced by 34% in the treatment group (baseline: 65%; POD3: 31%), while it was increased by 11.3% in the control (baseline:43.8%; POD3: 55%). The treatment group demonstrated a greater proportion of animals meeting the success criterion of net percentage reduction in RAR frequency greater than 25% (P = .047). The average amount of total amiodarone detected in the RA was 104.4 ± 28.9 µg; the transmural concentration was linearly distributed (P < .0001). Extracardiac tissue concentrations were below the detection level. Conclusions: Local alginate-based amiodarone delivery demonstrated an RAR frequency reduction of clinical importance in response to burst pacing. The electrophysiological response was achieved while maintaining below-detection systemic drug levels. Current findings may point to the system's future applicability in reducing POAF risk in humans.


Abstract In this article, we investigate the extent to which housing conditions are associated with school results for children living in Norway. We link individual exam results of students from three national exams in the 5th, 8th and 10th grades for all children living in Norway in the years 2015–2017, to a number of official national datasets including a novel housing register that has information on key housing characteristics for all households in Norway. We also use a newly released noise register, which estimates noise exposure for every address in Norway. Our results show that living in a crowded home, in rented accommodation, being exposed to high levels of noise and residential mobility is associated with poorer exam results. This negative correlation is stronger for older children. However, further testing suggests that we can no longer rule out that the negative association between renting and overcrowding is driven by unobserved cofounders. Residential mobility and noise pollution, on the other hand, remain negative even after controlling for omitted variable bias.


Statement of Problem:The use of Morse taper connections is increasing, but little is known about the biomechanical use of abutments and their use in fixed prostheses. Purpose:This study evaluated the transmission of load on the bone implant–supported dentures, varying the type of prosthetic connection and abutment. Material and Methods:Using 4 polyurethane models, 3 implants were inserted into each block, establishing the following groups: (a) external hexagon and Micro-Unit abutments; (b) external hexagon and UCLA abutment; (c) Morse taper and Micro-Unit abutments; and (d) Morse taper and UCLA abutments. The prosthetic structures were cast, and in a universal testing machine, load was applied midway between the implants, with cantilever intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Friedman, and Kruskal-Wallis tests (P < 0.05). Results:Regarding the prosthetic connection, there was no difference in the use of hexagonal or Morse taper, but the use of Micro-Unit abutment showed lower deformation values than UCLA for the 2 connections. Conclusions:The use of intermediate abutments affects the distribution of masticatory loads: the greater the length of the cantilever, the greater the surface deformation of the bone around the distal implant.


Intrusion detection in wireless networks has become an indispensable component of any useful wireless network security systems, and has recently gained attention in both research and industry communities due to widespread use of wireless local area networks (WLANs). This paper focuses on detecting intrusions or anomalous behaviors in WLANs with data clustering techniques. We first explore the security vulnerabilities of 802.11 or Wi-Fi networks and summarize the network traffic metrics that are important to model the security of wireless networks. Based on the metrics studied we propose a clustering-based intrusion detection approach and evaluate it on a real-world large wireless network traffic dataset. The evaluation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed intrusion detection approach for wireless networks


Despite the voluminous literature on the 'normalisation of protest', the protest arena is seen as a bastion of left-wing mobilisation. While citizens on the left readily turn to the streets, citizens on the right only settle for it as a 'second best option'. However, most studies are based on aggregated cross-national comparisons or only include Northwestern Europe. We contend the aggregate-level perspective hides different dynamics of protest across Europe. Based on individual-level data from the European Social Survey (2002–2016), we investigate the relationship between ideology and protest as a key component of the normalisation of protest. Using hierarchical logistic regression models, we show that while protest is becoming more common, citizens with different ideological views are not equal in their protest participation across the three European regions. Instead of a general left predominance, we find that in Eastern European countries, right-wing citizens are more likely to protest than those on the left. In Northwestern and Southern European countries, we find the reverse relationship, left-wing citizens are more likely to protest than their right-wing counterparts. Lessons drawn from the protest experience in Northwestern Europe characterised by historical mobilisation by the New Left are of limited use for explaining the ideological composition of protest in the Southern and Eastern European countries. We identify historical and contemporary regime access as the mechanism underlying regional patterns: citizens with ideological views that were historically in opposition are more likely to protest. In terms of contemporary regime access, we find that partisanship enhances the effect of ideology, while ideological distance from the government has a different effect in the three regions. As protest gains in importance as a form of participation, the paper contributes to our understanding of regional divergence in the extent to which citizens with varying ideological views use this tool.


School Counseling Program Implementation Survey and psychometric results including reliability and factor structure. An exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor model that accounted for 54% of the variance of the intercorrelation matrix and a twofactor model that accounted for 47% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha reliability estimates for subscales ranged from .79 to .87. Subscales of the instrument may be used to assess ASCA National Model program implementation, programmatic orientation, school counseling services, and school counselors' use of computer software.


The shape is an important factor to form the garment style and manifest its beauty. It is affected not only by the style and design but also by the fabric properties. A systematic experiment was carried out by selecting twenty commonly used suit fabrics and making use of KES fabrics instrument. The main indexes were drawn by Principal Components Analysis (PCA), which mainly influenced the men's suits shape. The obtained results will surely help to make the selection of fabric easier, provide the reference to the men's suit design and manufacture, and thus produce high-quality men's suits.


Best control of chaparral shrubs on range-land at Hopland Field Station has been achieved with the use of herbicides. In both grazed and ungrazed areas, chemical control reduced the brush to less than 1% of the plant cover within four years and maintained a very low level for the 14-year period of the experiment. Grazing without other controls had little influence on the results, except for a re-occurrence of poison oak in ungrazed areas. Fire reduced the composition of brush for the first two years, but peaked out in the sixth year with a gradual decline thereafter.