Locating fire source position is a significant aspect of automatic fire detection since it plays an important role in extinguishing fire in large space building in a short time. On the basis of previous literatures of visible fire location detection through analyzing the features of fire images, binocular vision based fire source spatial location is proposed in accordance with the computer vision principle in this paper. The binocular vision location algorithm is employed to identify the fire source position. To reach this, three typical spatial positions of fire source are measured in terms of camera scanning firstly; Secondly, confidence coefficients are added into the measured data to obtain the accurate position of fire source. Finally, the amount of water in cannon is adjusted to the right direction to put out the fire.


Crohn's disease is notoriously difficult to treat and this patient was no exception. Patients are typically treated with a wide range of drugs, most of which have significant side effects, and surgery. This is a case study of a 63-yr old male, who was first diagnosed with Crohn's disease in 1988. Over the past thirty years, he experienced persistent pain, chronic diarrhea and chronic fatigue. Extraintestinal manifestations included aphthous stomatitis, arthralgia especially in the knees and hips, eczema and uveitis. His comorbidities included shingles, exacerbated by immunosuppression, severe post herpetic neuralgia, and noise-induced hearing loss of both ears. The patient also has benign prostatic hypertrophy and diverticulosis. Despite the full range of treatment, the patient remained with very significant symptoms, medication side effects and poor quality of life. In May 2017, the patient chose to go on a plant-based diet. Within two months, significant improvements in symptoms resulted. After three months, the patient was able to discontinue all immunosuppressant drugs. After one year, the patient reports no symptoms requiring medications other than ranitidine 150mg 2x/day and loperamide 10mg/day needed for post op management of resections. Fatigue, pain, diarrhea and all extraintestinal manifestations have virtually been eliminated. The patient reports a very large improvement in quality of life.


Sea-ice algae are a paramount feature of polar marine ecosystems and ice algal standing stocks are characterized by a high spatio-temporal variability. Traditional sampling techniques, e.g., ice coring, are labor intensive, spatially limited and invasive, thereby limiting our understanding of ice algal biomass variability patterns. This has consequences for quantifying ice-associated algal biomass distribution, primary production, and detecting responses to changing environmental conditions. Close-range under-ice optical remote sensing techniques have emerged as a capable alternative providing non-invasive estimates of ice algal biomass and its spatial variability. In this review we first summarize observational studies, using both classical and new methods that aim to capture biomass variability at multiple spatial scales and identify the environmental drivers. We introduce the complex multi-disciplinary nature of under-ice spectral radiation profiling techniques and discuss relevant concepts of sea-ice radiative transfer and bio-optics. In addition, we tabulate and discuss advances and limitations of different statistical approaches used to correlate biomass and under-ice light spectral composition. We also explore theoretical and technical aspects of using Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV), and Hyperspectral Imaging (HI) technology in an under-ice remote sensing context. The review concludes with an outlook and way forward to combine platforms and optical sensors to quantify ice algal spatial variability and establish relationships with its environmental drivers.


Abstract Regardless of the actual views on the art of embellished speech of the author(s) presented by the collection of essays known as Hánfēizǐ, the work is well known for its formal intricacy and refinement. The composition of several chapters appears unique against the background of other transmitted texts of the Warring States period, and the same is true of some textual strategies serving to convey the presented ideas with intensified rhetorical appeal. In this study, I aim to identify one of these strategies, showing, on the basis of thorough textual analysis, how the sections in which it is employed are structured and how the given devices contribute to the construction of meaning. Relevant parts of the chapters 45 ("Guǐshǐ" 詭使), 46 ("Liùfǎn" 六反) and 47 ("Bāshuō" 八說) are analyzed here both with regard to their formal features, such as various arrangements of basic building blocks or transformations of metalinguistic formulae, and to their semantics, including the systematic lexical-semantic relationships of synonymy and antonymy. It is argued that not only overt interventions by the author in favour of "correct" definitions of selected terms, but also the very inventory of the terms itself and their deeper structural relationships and tensions reveal much about the author's intentions and opinions.


We describe the design process we have used to develop a minimal, twenty vibration motor Tactile Vision Sensory Substitution (TVSS) system which enables blind-folded subjects to successfully track and bat a rolling ball and thereby experience 'skin vision'. We have employed a low-fi rapid prototyping approach to build this system and argue that this methodology is particularly effective for building embedded interactive systems. We support this argument in two ways. First, by drawing on theoretical insights from robotics, a discipline that also has to deal with the challenge of building complex embedded systems that interact with their environments; second, by using the development of our TVSS as a case study: describing the series of prototypes that led to our successful design and highlighting what we learnt at each stage.


New Zealand Black mice (NZB) are widely used as a model for presenile dementia, because an autoimmune disease induces early senescence in these animals. Since some of the behavioral properties of NZB might also be related to normal, nonpathologic variations in brain morphology, NZB of different age groups were tested in a number of hippocampus‐dependent tasks. As control strain we used the non‐autoimmune strain C57BL/6. In addition to behavioral testing, we measured the sizes of the hippocampal regio inferior (CA3 + CA4) and the intra‐ and infrapyramidal mossy fiber terminal fields. NZB mice were inferior to C57BL/6 in active one‐way avoidance and performed poorly in a radial maze. For learning scores in other behavioral paradigms NZB mice showed performance levels comparable to other fair‐ to well‐performing strains. Slight age‐related declines in NZB, but not in C57BL/6, mice could be observed in most learning tasks. The hippocampal regio inferior is larger in NZB than in C57BL/6, whereas the latter mice have much larger infrapyramidal mossy fiber (iip‐MF) terminal fields. From this and from previous data it appears that at least some of the behavioral differences between NZB and C57BL/6 may reflect an influence of a factor related to the iip‐MF projection. The inclusion of strain DBA/2 in future studies is suggested.


This paper deals with technology and its applications for an ageing population. It aims at discussing the issues raised by such a relationship and highlights healthcare-related designs. It questions the notion of product acceptance and points out some challenges that need to be met by designers and engineers. The overall experience provided by owning and using a product must be designed in a holistic way, placing the human, his or her needs and feelings, as central guiding factors. These issues are further explained with the presentation of a design project made by Audrey Dodo and Teresa Georgallis, within the frame of a competition at the Royal College of Art in London: a self-monitoring health service, a toothbrush that assesses the user's health state through his or her mobile phone.


The tyrosine kinase receptor MET promotes squamous cell carcinoma by stimulating signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor. Abstract This Podcast features an interview with Stuart Yuspa, senior author of a Research Article that appears in the 21 June 2016 issue of Science Signaling, about how activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET stimulates the formation of squamous cell carcinoma in the skin. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is produced by mesenchymal cells and stimulates MET, which is present on the surface of epithelial cells. HGF-MET signaling directs the proliferation and migration of epithelial cells during the development of various organs and is important during wound healing. Aberrant MET activation has been implicated in several types of cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma. Using a model in which mice overexpressing HGF develop spontaneous squamous cell carcinomas in the skin, Cataisson et al. found that MET promoted the development of squamous tumors by stimulating the synthesis and release of ligands that activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This mechanism was similar to that through which oncogenic RAS promotes skin tumors. Blocking EGFR signaling caused HGF-induced squamous tumors to regress, suggesting that EGFR inhibitors might be useful for treating squamous cell carcinomas. Listen to Podcast


ABSTRACT Generalised Joint Hypermobility (GJH) is a heritable disorder of the connective tissue that manifests as extreme range of motion in the joints; it is considered both an asset and health risk to the dancer. Recently, links between GJH, anxiety, emotional and mental wellbeing have been established. The experiences of GJH in professional dance artists (five male, four female; mean age = 32.3 yrs; range = 25–40 yrs) and Ballet masters (3 female & 1 male, mean experience 30.8 yrs.) were exploredthrough semi-structured interviews (45-60 min). A biopsychosocial filter and qualitative reflective thematic approach were appliedto the analysis. Emerging themes include; hypermobile aesthetic, professional values and preconceptions, choreographic trends, company strategies, intellectual curiosity, pedagogy and leadership. Participants agreed dancers with GJH characteristics met the direction and desired aesthetic for today's dance companies and choreographers. They showed a good understanding of the strengths and challenges of GJH but did not directly associate any psychosocial traits . The findings demonstrate that whilst commonly exploited for choreographic gains, the health risks and experience of GJH are not understood in the professional dance environment. Finally, we translate the practical implications of our findings for teaching dance in developmental environments.


Introduction: Bad oral habit is an intraoral abnormal habit, if it continues until school-age children, it needs more attention because of its effects on craniofacial growth. It can be caused by pathological conditions, anxiety, or psychological disorder. The school-age period is a new environment. Children adjust to some conditions that may cause problems but if they cannot, resulting in psychological tension. Girls have a higher level of anxiety than boys. The boys tend to against the advice of their parents, including stopping doing bad oral habits. Purpose : This study aimed to determine whether there was a correlation between age, gender, and bad oral habit of 7-9-year-old children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study has been done in Karangjati elementary school. The 107 children were examined their oral cavity to observe clinical symptoms that might be lead to bad oral habits. Their parents were asked to fill out the questionnaire to determine whether there were bad oral habits. The data were analyzed by the chi-square. Result: Oral habits were present in 67 from107 children (62.62%) and mostly in 8 years old group (26.17%); more occurred in males (36.45%) than females (26.17%). The highest prevalence was nail-biting (28.97%), followed by lip sucking (23.36%), lip biting (23.36%), thumb/finger sucking (20.5%), bruxism (13.08%) and mouth breathing (8.41%). Chi-square test showed that p-value=0,037 and 0.038 for the correlation between age, gender, and bad oral habit, respectively. Conclusion: There were correlations between age, gender, and bad oral habits of 7-9-year-old children.


In the inductive learning, if example bank has noise, it is hard to obtain decision trees with high precision, that is, it is hard to obtain knowledge with high credibility. So, this paper puts forward C-ID3 algorithm, by which we compute confidence level of example bank firstly, and further get a kind of decision tree on the basis of traditional ID3 and the credibility obtained. All the theory analysis and simulation indicate that this method posses interesting feature of strong operability, and it also can improve the reliability of knowledge obtained.


Estuaries hidrofisis characteristic can be based on the moon changes phases as the earth's major satellite, distribution of physical variable position, flow rate, bed material transport, and weather condition in Indonesia (dry and wet season). Physical characteristic of flow rate and the change of bed material transport sliding as bed load along the estuaries is spatially functioned by an expert to study water flow characteristic. Analysis of velocity pattern as well as the moon phases and seasons becomes the determiner of spreading pattern of bed load that is important to perform later. Analysis of flow rate variable and bed load is especially based on the phases of the moon and seasons. Their change along the river estuary can show the characteristic of erosion change and sediment deposition in the estuary. Measurement in the rainy season was done during full moon and first quarter moon, as well as in the dry season of full moon when sea level rises and downs. Identification of estuaries flow shows six measurement segments and seventeen measurement positions which becomes the basic analysis of hidrofisis variable change along the estuaries. The measured variable during high tide includes water flow around the riverbed surface, bed load concentration, material diameter of riverbed, water flow of river bed surface during high tide, and bed load concentration. Analysis of hidrofisis characteristic of estuaries will refer to two things, firstly, profile of water flow parameter and load change of basic material. Secondly, modeling and data interpolation stated in absolute mean deviation and bias in data of modeling result as well as interpolation towards data of measurement result. Water flow characteristic during low tide in rainy season of full moon shows higher price compared to the first quarter of rainy season. It becomes different in the rainy season of full moon and is much lower with the decrease of gradient, that happens during high tide. While estuary hidrofisis characteristic, bed material transport of dry season during high tide of full moon is larger than rainy season during high tide of full moon and first quarter moon. Water discharge improvement is always accompanied by flow rate increase (in the rainy season). During wet season, change of bed material transport is much more than dry season. Bed material transport curves sand in the Ranoyapo estuary is slightly small to be  transported by flow velocity. It causes considerable high conveyance of bed material transport, even bed material load is not settled on river estuary but continued by stream into beach. Dry season of full moon with lower flow velocity compared to the rainy season of full moon and first quarter phase is evidently enough to settle bed material transport along the river estuary.   Key Words: Bed Material Transport, Estuaries ups and downs, Moon Phases, Stream


Some 1,2-diarylimidoyl radicals were generated in the gas-phase by intramolecular radical translocation from ortho-imino-aryloxyl radicals, in turn generated under flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) conditions. The imidoyls reacted with XR ortho'-substituents in the N-aryl group to give (in most cases) modest yields of cyclisation products. Depending on the nature of the bridging atom (X), the formation of these products was initiated either by a further hydrogen atom translocation (X = CH(2)), or by ipso-attack onto the aryl group (R = Ph), or by direct substitution at the heteroatom (X = S). With XR = N(Me)Ph, the major reaction product was probably the result of a competing pathway not involving the corresponding imidoyl.


"Open Access" has emerged in recent years as a major development in the world of scholarly communication. It may have the potential to greatly alter the university publishing environment and change the ways in which everyone accesses research material, particularly scholarly journals. This article will take a look at the basics of Open Access (or OA) as well as some direct and indirect benefits of OA inside and outside of academe.


The experience of being a carer of a person with dementia at the end of life is expressed in these 12 accounts. This is a synthesis of the concerns and challenges for carers at the end of life. These accounts are often insightful and provide several views of carers' and professionals' experience. Having a close relationship as a carer gives a unique and poignant view. What emerges from this review is a range of perspectives that provide contrasting views of the heterogeneity of carers and professionals. This may be helpful for professionals and policy makers to consider when planning end-of-life care strategies for people with dementia and insights drawn from hearing directly from carers may be powerful learning tools.


A convenient method to prepare radioiodinated tetrazines was developed, such that a bioorthogonal inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction can be used to label biomolecules with iodine-125 for in vitro screening and in vivo biodistribution studies. The tetrazine was prepared by employing a high-yielding oxidative halo destannylation reaction that concomitantly oxidized the dihydrotetrazine precursor. The product reacts quickly and efficiently with trans-cyclooctene derivatives. Utility was demonstrated through antibody and hormone labeling experiments and by evaluating products using standard analytical methods, in vitro assays, and quantitative biodistribution studies where the latter was performed in direct comparison to Bolton-Hunter and direct iodination methods. The approach described provides a convenient and advantageous alternative to conventional protein iodination methods that can expedite preclinical development and evaluation of biotherapeutics.


Background: Smoking has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for nonunion of scaphoid fractures, but it is unclear if chewing tobacco confers similar risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate rates of bone-related complications after nonsurgical management of scaphoid fractures in smokeless tobacco users compared with matched control subjects and compared with smokers. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the PearlDiver database. For patients who underwent nonsurgical management of scaphoid fractures, 212 smokeless tobacco users and 6,048 smokers were matched 1:4 with control subjects (n = 848 and 24,192, respectively) and 212 smokeless tobacco users were matched 1:4 with 848 smokers. Rates of bone-related complications within 2 years of initial injury were compared using multivariable logistic regression. Results: From weeks 12 through 104 after initial injury, compared with control subjects who do not use tobacco, the smokeless tobacco cohort demonstrated markedly higher rates of nonunion (5.7% vs 2.7%, OR: 2.07). Compared with control subjects who do not use tobacco, the smoking cohort demonstrated markedly higher rates of nonunion (4.3% vs 2.6%, OR: 1.91), repair of nonunion (1.5% vs 0.9%, OR: 1.87), and four corner fusion and proximal row carpectomy (0.3% vs 0.1%, OR: 3.17). Smokeless tobacco use was markedly underdiagnosed in the adult male cohort of unilateral scaphoid fractures with 2 years of follow-up found in the database (372 of 25,704, 1.45%) relative to Centers for Disease Control estimates for adult male smokeless tobacco use (4.5%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Given the higher rates of nonunion diagnoses after nonsurgical management in this cohort, surgeons should consider asking all patients with scaphoid fractures if they use smokeless tobacco or smoke and consider adding this to the patient's intake history to further identify patients at risk for nonunions. Tobacco cessation counseling is indicated for all tobacco users, including smokeless with scaphoid fractures.


T-type Ca(2+) channels encoded by voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel (Ca(v)) 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 genes play important physiological roles and serve as therapeutic targets for neurological and cardiovascular disorders. Currently there is no selective T-channel blocker. To screen for such a blocker, we developed three stable cell lines expressing human recombinant Ca(v)3.1, 3.2, or 3.3 channels and then examined their usefulness in high throughput screens. All three cell lines displayed an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) in response to changes in extracellular Ca(2+) as detected with Ca(2+)-sensitive dyes using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR [Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA] or FlexStation [Molecular Devices]). The signal-to-noise ratio was 2-4. Co-expression of Ca(v)3.2 with a mouse leak K(+) channel, which by virtue of being open at rest hyperpolarizes the cell membrane, blocked the fluorescent signal. Co-addition of KCl to these cells induced a Ca(2+) signal that was similar to that observed in the cell line expressing Ca(v)3.2 alone. These results confirm that the detection of intracellular Ca(2+) increase in cells expressing Ca(v)3.2 alone results from Ca(2+) entry through channels that are open at the resting membrane potential of each cell line (i.e., window currents). Testing known drugs on Ca(v)3 channels showed that block could be reliably detected using the FlexStation assay, FLIPR assay, or voltage clamp recordings using the IonWorks HT system (Molecular Devices). These results support the use of the FLIPR window current assay for primary drug screening and high throughput patch recordings for secondary screening of novel T-channel blockers.


The only surface primitives that are supported by common graphics hardware are triangles and more complex shapes have to be triangulated before being sent to the rasterizer. Even quadrilaterals, which are frequently used in many applications, are rendered as a pair of triangles after splitting them along either diagonal. This creates an undesirable C1 -discontinuity that is visible in the shading or texture signal. We propose a new method that overcomes this drawback and is designed to be implemented in hardware as a new rasterizer. It processes a potentially non-planar quadrilateral directly without any splitting and interpolates attributes smoothly inside the quadrilateral. This interpolation is based on a recent generalization of barycentric coordinates that we adapted to handle perspective correction and situations in which a quadrilateral is partially behind the point of view.


In the face of climate change and peak oil, a concept of "natural limits" to societal development seems to be necessary for an appropriate understanding of the ecological crisis. Eco-Marxist approaches, like the ones of James O'Connor, Elmar Altvater and Ted Benton, have significantly contributed to develop such a concept. Particularly, they have contributed to dissolving respective discussions from their Malthusian roots and to defining natural limits as related to the capitalist mode of production. However, the eco-Marxist focus on the structural contradictions of capitalism affects its ability to understand the variety of societal relationships with nature which is possible within capitalism, and thus the modes through which the ecological contradictions of capitalism may be regulated. Furthermore, it neglects the various forms of the production of nature which do not necessary lead to natural limits but are nevertheless an issue of socio-ecological power and domination. In order to grasp the ecological crisis in a more comprehensive manner the eco-Marxist view thus has to be complemented by other approaches like critical political ecology and the concept of societal relationships with nature.


For effective social interactions with other people, information about the physical environment must be integrated with information about the interaction partner. In order to achieve this, processing of social information is guided by two components: a bottom-up mechanism reflexively triggered by stimulus-related information in the social scene and a top-down mechanism activated by task-related context information. In the present study, we investigated whether these components interact during attentional orienting to gaze direction. In particular, we examined whether the spatial specificity of gaze cueing is modulated by expectations about the reliability of gaze behavior. Expectations were either induced by instruction or could be derived from experience with displayed gaze behavior. Spatially specific cueing effects were observed with highly predictive gaze cues, but also when participants merely believed that actually non-predictive cues were highly predictive. Conversely, cueing effects for the whole gazed-at hemifield were observed with non-predictive gaze cues, and spatially specific cueing effects were attenuated when actually predictive gaze cues were believed to be non-predictive. This pattern indicates that (i) information about cue predictivity gained from sampling gaze behavior across social episodes can be incorporated in the attentional orienting to social cues, and that (ii) beliefs about gaze behavior modulate attentional orienting to gaze direction even when they contradict information available from social episodes.


Reorder buffers are often needed in multi-path routing networks-on-chips (NoCs) to guarantee in-order packet delivery. However, the buffer sizes are usually over-dimensioned, due to lack of worst-case analysis, leading to unnecessary larger area overhead. Based on network calculus, we propose an analysis framework for the worst-case reorder buffer size in multi-path minimal routing NoCs. Experiments with synthetic traffic and an industry case show that our method can effectively explore the traffic splitting space, as well as the mapping effects in terms of reorder buffer size with a maximum improvement of 36.50%.


An attractor network model of cortical associative memory functions has been constructed and simulated. By replacing the single cell as the functional unit by multiple cells in cortical columns connected by long-range fibers, the model is improved in terms of correspondence with cortical connectivity. The connectivity is improved, since the original dense and symmetric connectivity of a standard recurrent network becomes sparse and asymmetric at the cell-to-cell level. Our simulations show that this kind of network, with model neurons of the Hodgkin-Huxley type arranged in columns, can operate as an associative memory in much the same way as previous models having simpler connectivity. The network shows attractor-like behaviour and performs the standard assembly operations despite differences in the dynamics introduced by the more detailed cell model and network structure. Furthermore, the model has become sufficiently detailed to allow evaluation against electrophysiological and anatomical observations. For instance, cell activities comply with experimental findings and reaction times are within biological and psychological ranges. By introducing a scaling model we demonstrate that a network approaching experimentally reported neuron numbers and synaptic distributions also could work like the model studied here.


Activated carbons were prepared from Palm kernel shells. Carbonization temperature was 6000C, at a residence time of 5 min for each process. Chemical activation was done by heating a mixture of carbonized material and the activating agents at a temperature of 70 0 C to form a paste, followed by subsequent cooling and using the active carbon to purify effluents from a Bottling Company. NaCl, KOH, H2SO4 and H3PO4 were used as the activating agents at 1M and 2M and 710 μm particle size. The activated carbon samples produced were found to posses properties within the limits of commercial activated carbons. Bottlimg company effluent was purified and the results showed that carbonized materials activated with 2M H2SO4 had the best adsorption characteristics. These properties include 1.12% moisture content, 2.50 % ash content, 57.00 % yield of activated carbon, 93.65 % fixed carbon, 2.73 % volatile content, 0.97 g/cm3 bulk density and 0.69 cm3 pore volume. Keywords: Active carbon, Palm kernel shell, Effluent, Purification Nigerian Journal of Technological Research


Deep transfer learning using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has shown strong predictive power in characterization of breast lesions. However, pretrained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) require 2D inputs, limiting the ability to exploit the rich 4D (volumetric and temporal) image information inherent in DCE-MRI that is clinically valuable for lesion assessment. Training 3D CNNs from scratch, a common method to utilize high-dimensional information in medical images, is computationally expensive and is not best suited for moderately sized healthcare datasets. Therefore, we propose a novel approach using transfer learning that incorporates the 4D information from DCE-MRI, where volumetric information is collapsed at feature level by max pooling along the projection perpendicular to the transverse slices and the temporal information is contained either in second-post contrast subtraction images. Our methodology yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.89+/-0.01 on a dataset of 1161 breast lesions, significantly outperforming a previous approach that incorporates the 4D information in DCE-MRI by the use of maximum intensity projection (MIP) images.


This paper presents experimental results of Particle-in-Cell plasma simulation on a hybrid system with CPUs and Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors. We consider simulation of two relevant laserdriven particle acceleration regimes using the Particle-in-Cell code PICADOR. On a node of a cluster with 2 CPUs and 2 Xeon Phi coprocessors the hybrid CPU + Xeon Phi configuration allows to fully utilize the computational resources of the node. It outperforms both CPU-only and Xeon Phi-only configurations with the speedups between 1.36 x and 1.68 x.


As seen on The Daily Show, July 24 State secrets, warrantless investigations and wiretaps, signing statements, executive privilege-the executive branch wields many tools for secrecy. Since the middle of the twentieth century, presidents have used myriad tactics to expand and maintain a level of executive branch power unprecedented in this nation's history. Most people believe that some degree of governmental secrecy is necessary. But how much is too much? At what point does withholding information from Congress, the courts, and citizens abuse the public trust? How does the nation reclaim rights that have been controlled by one branch of government? With Presidential Secrecy and the Law, Robert M. Pallitto and William G. Weaver attempt to answer these questions by examining the history of executive branch efforts to consolidate power through information control. They find the nation's democracy damaged and its Constitution corrupted by staunch information suppression, a process accelerated when "black sites," "enemy combatants," and "ghost detainees" were added to the vernacular following the September 11, 2001, terror strikes. Tracing the current constitutional dilemma from the days of the imperial presidency to the unitary executive embraced by the administration of George W. Bush, Pallitto and Weaver reveal an alarming erosion of the balance of power. Presidential Secrecy and the Law will be the standard in presidential powers studies for years to come.


This paper is written in continuation of 3 earlier papers published by the JCR on the Skagen Spit in Jutland, Denmark. The first paper, JCR 9(4), 1993, addressed the geological development, as a result of glacial moraines generated by glaciers from 3 different directions. The second paper, JCR 9(4), described the advance northward of the spit from about 6,000 years BP and up to now in relation to the relative rise of the land due to glacial rebound in relation to the rise of the sea level. The Skagen Spit model built in 1995 is mentioned in JCR 14(1), which gives details on the development of the spit modeled in scale 1 in 5,000 and presented from a platform driving in imitated elevation 15,000 meters. This (fourth) paper attempts to predict the development of the spit up to year 2,100 including the erosion of the west and east sides and the large accumulations on the tip of the spit, Grenen (The Branch). Coastal protection efforts by groups of groins have, as it could be expected, not been very successful and nourishment has so far been minor in scale. Huge accumulations of the order of 1 million cubic meters per year take place at the Grenen. The present rate of shoreline movement, which is about 6-8 meters per year, can be expected to increase to 8-10 meters per year as a result of a worsening of the weather climate increasing the erosion. The spit, therefore, is becoming "slimmer" and only major artificial nourishments will be able to protect the spit.


After more than half a century, the reflections of Albert O. Hirschman on development assistance, the role of consultant 'experts' in providing policy advice and the 'visiting economist's syndrome' are still very current. In as much as Hirschman argued against all-encompassing policy frameworks, overall development plans and universal models, 'one-size-fits-all' models abstracting from the local, historical, geographic and institutional conditions have remained the prevailing modus operandi of international development agencies and governments in development assistance. In spite of Paul Krugman's criticism of Hirschman's lack of a mathematically-consistent approach in favor of an ad hoc pragmatism, Hirschman's avoidance of assuming a toy model to deal with practical issues and the specificities of development problems in different countries – while still using rigorous and detailed analysis– appears to be a promising attitude of enormous relevance even today. If the rejection of large-scale models of the hey days of development theory was due to the neoliberal policy wave that led to the 'Washington consensus' – more market and less State –, development assistance has remained firmly entrenched in the principles of balanced growth, all-encompassing liberalizing policy reforms and diffused marketization with an increasingly limited role for the State. Development assistance approaches have maintained a standard list of prescriptions, policy-reform recipes for all sectors, social, institutional and even political objectives, under the justification that 'everything depends on everything'. In this paper, I briefly review the evidence regarding the active pursuit of a paradigm that, sidelining Hirschman's unorthodox approach, has confirmed that we have 'forgotten nothing and learned nothing', as Hirschman once said. While Hirschmanian concepts like 'linkages' and 'leading sectors' and some of his famous parables – like the 'tunnel effect' on inequality – have left an enduring mark on economists' perspectives, his 'unbalanced-growth' has been dismissed on ineffectual grounds, while his 'empirical lantern' has been derided and abandoned. The lessons of Hirschman's consultant experience in the tropics have left a legacy that goes beyond his prescriptions: it is a philosophy, a conception of the world, a guiding sets of principles that survives time. From that wilderness where Hirschman led his followers, it is only by re-igniting that lantern that we can wisely contribute to the 'development' of others as savvy and informed 'experts'.


This research investigates management practices that have the potential to enhance productivity in building projects by focusing on construction methods. In phase 1 of the study, face-to-face interviews with nineteen experts were conducted to identify the best management practices for construction methods. The qualitative data analysis reached saturation and resulted in a list of best practices for construction methods that are relevant to the local industry. The second phase used an industry-wide survey to prioritize the best practices. Accordingly, project start-up plan, traffic control plan, machinery positioning strategy, project completion plan, and dynamic site layout plan were shown to be the top five best practices for construction methods. The study also revealed that high levels of implementation of best practices are associated with low levels of project delays. The use of best practices also varied according to the project costs. There were no discernible differences between the top five best practices. The authors suggest that they should be implemented jointly to improve productivity in building projects. Contractors could use the logistic regression model developed, to predict the probability of exceeding a baseline productivity factor and, on that basis, implement corrective actions to achieve the desired level of productivity.


A complex-valued gradient based algorithm for training nonlinear complex-valued finite impulse response (FIR) filters is derived. The proposed complex error-adaptive normalised nonlinear gradient descent (CEANNGD) and smoothed CEANNGD (SCEANNGD) algorithms are an improvement on the complex nonlinear gradient descent (CNGD) and the complex normalised nonlinear gradient descent (CNNGD) algorithm by including an adaptive term in the normalised learning rate of the CNNGD. This is achieved by performing a minimisation of the complex-valued instantaneous output error that has been approximated via a Taylor series expansion, which makes it suitable for the processing of nonlinear and nonstationary signals. Experiments on complex-valued coloured and nonlinear signals show that the CEANNGD and SCEANNGD algorithms outperform the standard CNNGD and CNGD algorithms.


The current noise control methods are not sufficient for covering the ratings of different kinds of noise. They are mainly based on experiments with stationary and artificial test signals. New judgment models have to be developed to account for the time fluctuations of environmental sounds. During the last decade algorithms emerged in connectionism that not only find optimal mappings within stationary data (for example the backpropagation algorithm) but also within time series. One architecture for this task is called finite impulse response (FIR) neural network. Due to the architecture the networks include preceding time steps for the calculation of the current output. This contribution presents FIR neural networks to model sound quality judgments on environmental sounds. A listening test has been conducted for collecting training samples for the network and for testing its generalization abilities. The sound patterns and the subjects answers are pre‐processed using factor analysis. The analysis of the s...


The objective of this research is to develop reliable numerical methods to predict the deformation of an incompressible Newtonian viscous fluid region (Stokes flow) driven by the surface tension. In particular this mathematical model describes the physical processes that appear when a compact of glassy particles is heated to such a high temperature that the glass becomes a viscous creeping fluid. As a result the particles are joining together so that the cohesion of the compact is increasing with time. This phenomenon is usually called viscous sintering and appears, e.g . in the production of high-quality glasses. From the methods developed, theoretical insights can be obtained about the densification kinetics of such a compact. Therefore, a numerical simulation program is developed which calculates the deformation of a representative two-dimensional or an axisymmetric unit cell of the compact. A boundary element method is applied to solve the integral equations arising frorn the Stokes problem and the time integration is carried out by a variable-step, variable-order backward differences formulae method.


Data from a nationally representative sample of 13,470 children aged 4-11 years were used to study contextual influences on children's mental health and school performance, the moderating effects of family immigrant status and underlying family processes that might explain these relationships. Despite greater socioeconomic disadvantage, children living in recent immigrant families had lower levels of emotional-behavioral problems and higher levels of school performance. Living in a neighborhood characterized with higher concentration of immigrants was associated with lower levels of emotional-behavioral problems among children living in immigrant families; the reverse was true for children living in nonimmigrant families. These differences are partially explained by family process variables. The implications of these findings for future research and policy are discussed.


ABSTRACT EspZ and Tir are essential virulence effectors of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). EspZ, the second translocated effector, has been suggested to antagonize host cell death induced by the first translocated effector, Tir (translocated intimin receptor). Another characteristic of EspZ is its localization to host mitochondria. However, studies that explored the mitochondrial localization of EspZ have examined the ectopically expressed effector and not the more physiologically relevant translocated effector. Here, we confirmed the membrane topology of translocated EspZ at infection sites and the involvement of Tir in confining its localization to these sites. Unlike the ectopically expressed EspZ, the translocated EspZ did not colocalize with mitochondrial markers. Moreover, no correlation has been found between the capacity of ectopically expressed EspZ to target mitochondria and the ability of translocated EspZ to protect against cell death. Translocated EspZ may have to some extent diminished F-actin pedestal formation induced by Tir but has a marked effect on protecting against host cell death and on promoting host colonization by the bacteria. Taken together, our results suggest that EspZ plays an essential role in facilitating bacterial colonization, likely by antagonizing cell death mediated by Tir at the onset of bacterial infection. This activity of EspZ, which occurs by targeting host membrane components at infection sites, and not mitochondria, may contribute to successful bacterial colonization of the infected intestine. IMPORTANCE EPEC is an important human pathogen that causes acute infantile diarrhea. EspZ is an essential virulence effector protein translocated from the bacterium into the host cells. Detailed knowledge of its mechanisms of action is, therefore, critical for better understanding the EPEC disease. We show that Tir, the first translocated effector, confines the localization of EspZ, the second translocated effector, to infection sites. This activity is important for antagonizing the pro-cell death activity conferred by Tir. Moreover, we show that translocated EspZ leads to effective bacterial colonization of the host. Hence, our data suggest that translocated EspZ is essential because it confers host cell survival to allow bacterial colonization at an early stage of bacterial infection. It performs these activities by targeting host membrane components at infection sites. Identifying these targets is critical for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the EspZ activity and the EPEC disease. EPEC is an important human pathogen that causes acute infantile diarrhea. EspZ is an essential virulence effector protein translocated from the bacterium into the host cells. Detailed knowledge of its mechanisms of action is, therefore, critical for better understanding the EPEC disease. We show that Tir, the first translocated effector, confines the localization of EspZ, the second translocated effector, to infection sites. This activity is important for antagonizing the pro-cell death activity conferred by Tir. Moreover, we show that translocated EspZ leads to effective bacterial colonization of the host. Hence, our data suggest that translocated EspZ is essential because it confers host cell survival to allow bacterial colonization at an early stage of bacterial infection. It performs these activities by targeting host membrane components at infection sites. Identifying these targets is critical for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the EspZ activity and the EPEC disease.


Iridium clusters nominally composed of 15, 30 or 60 atoms were size-selectively synthesized within OH-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers of generation 6. Spectroscopic characterization revealed that the Ir clusters were partially oxidized. All the Ir clusters efficiently converted 2-nitrobenzaldehyde to anthranil and 2-aminobenzaldehyde under atmospheric hydrogen at room temperature in toluene via selective hydrogenation of the NO2 group. The selectivity toward 2-aminobenzaldehyde over anthranil was improved with the reduction of the cluster size. The improved selectivity is ascribed to more efficient reduction than intramolecular heterocyclization of a hydroxylamine intermediate on smaller clusters that have a higher Ir(0)-phase population on the surface.


This paper presents the application of nonlinear finite element models in the analysis of dapped-ends pre-stressed reinforced concrete girders under static loading by using ANSYS software. The girder dimensions are (4.90 m span, 0.40 m depth, 0.20 m width, 0.20 m nib depth, and 0.10 m nib length) and the parameters considered in this research are the pre-stress effect, and strand profile (straight and draped).
    The numerical results are compared with the experimental results of the same girders. The comparisons are carried out in terms of initial prestress effect, load- deflection curve, and failure load. Good agreement was obtained between the analytical and experimental results. Even that, the numerical model was stiffer than the experimental, but; there were a good agreements in both trends and values.  The difference varies in the range (5-12)% for the deflection. Results have shown that the pre-stress force has increased the static ultimate load capacity by (35%) in case of straight strand and by (97%) in case of draped strand


As a growing number of companies reject intellectual property (IP) monopoly-based business models to embrace libre product development of free and open source hardware and software, there is an urgent need to refurbish the instruments of university-corporate research partnerships. These partnerships generally use a proprietary standard research agreement (PSRA), which for historical reasons contains significant IP monopoly language and restrictions for both the company and the university. Such standard research agreements thus create an artificial barrier to innovation as both companies using a libre model and universities they wish to collaborate with must invest significantly to restructure the contracts. To solve this problem, this article provides a new Sponsored Libre Research Agreement (SLRA). The differences between the agreements are detailed. The advantages of using an SLRA are provided for any type of company and include: (1) minimizing research investments on reporting requirements; (2) reducing delays related to confidentiality and publication embargos; and (3) reducing both transaction and legal costs as well as research time losses associated with IP. Moving to libre agreements both speeds up and reduces costs for setting up collaborative research. Under the SLRA, university researchers can spend more time innovating for the same investment.


The increasing number of elderly population, especially in West Java, indicates the level of community welfare. But on the other hand, the risk factors for Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) are increasing in the elderly, even during this pandemic, the elderly are the most susceptible to infection. The mortality rate for elderly people infected with Covid-19 is higher than young people because it is more likely to develop into a more severe disease. So that educational efforts are needed for the elderly to maintain health, especially during this pandemic, so that NCD is well controlled and prevents transmission of Covid-19 in these elderly. This activity aims to create a model for strengthening the role of Posbindu in Bandung regency in monitoring the health of the elderly. Activities are carried out using offline and online methods in providing education on health protocols and counseling on Non-Communicable Diseases monitoring. This activity was attended by elderly men and women as an initial activity during the pandemic. The activity was successfully carried out as a trigger to train Posbindu administrators in basic health examination skills for the elderly and was followed by the elderly in socializing health protocols for the prevention of Covid19.


From October 1985 to February 1992 we performed 80 percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in 76 patients with coarctation of the aorta (CoAo). Sixteen of them with ages ranging from 12 to 62 years (mean = 21.1). We describe the experience in these cases. Fifteen with native and one with post-surgical coarctation. The gradient decreased from 72 +/- 33 to 18 +/- 17 mmHg immediately after dilation, in the follow-up (1 to 69 months m = 25) was 23 +/- 20 mmHg. In one patient we performed simultaneously angioplasty of CoAo and mitral valvuloplasty with excellent results in both lesions. We redilated two cases for residual gradient successfully. We had one failure in a patient with long coarctation. He needed surgery. In the initial experience we had one severe complication (cerebral stroke). No deaths or aneurysms. In conclusion we believe that PTA is an adequate alternative in adolescents and adults with native or post-surgical coarctation of the aorta with minimum incidence of complications.


Preemptive kidney transplant (PKTx) and kidney transplant (KTx) within 1 year of dialysis initiation have been associated with superior outcomes. Wait times should be minimal for transplants with living donors; however, there is lack of literature studying utilization of timely KTx in this population. We designed this retrospective study using data from United Network for Organ Sharing Standard Transplant Analysis and Research files from 2000 to 2012 to assess the trends in utilization of PKTx and Early KTx (combination of PKTx or transplant within 1 year of dialysis initiation) in recipients of living donor KTx. Only 32.6% transplants were PKTx, and 61.9% were Early KTx. A significant improvement in proportion of PKTx was seen from 27.5% in 2000 to 35.4% in 2006, with no change since. Similarly, the proportion of Early KTx increased from 61.4% in 2000 to 63.6% in 2006, with no increase since. Similar results were seen after adjusted analysis and were independent of living donor type. Although there was some improvement in utilization of timely transplants in the early part of the last decade, there has been no improvement since. Considering the benefits of timely kidney transplant, it is important to understand the reasons behind the same and to improve utilization.


Abstract Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of genetic skeletal disorders, with a prevalence of 1 in 15,000–20,000 births. OI type V has been described in approximately 150 cases and all patients carry the variant (c.-14C> T) in the IFITM5 gene. However, two other variants, p.S40L and p.N48S have been reported in this gene, leading to clinical phenotypes different from OI type V. Here we described a patient with multiple bone fractures, scoliosis, skull alteration (plagiocephaly), bone deformation, bone rickets, and intramedullary epithelioid osteosarcoma that bears the recently reported heterozygous variant c.143A>G (p.N48S) in the IFITM5 gene. This case supports the pathogenicity of this new variant in the IFITM5 gene and adds information regarding its clinical phenotype.


The image occupied a large part of the history of mankind, starting from the drawings of the caves and the illustrated languages and through the circles of the nineteenth century, and we live in a culture of mediation: the press, cinema, radio, television, so our present time is the time of the image and our world and its media are the image in a way that human history has not seen before. The world is based on reading words but on reading pictures..The fact that graphic design is the creation, selection, and arrangement of marks on a surface for the purpose of conveying an idea (Hollis, 2001, p.7) .The aim of advertising since humanity has known it is to inform any product or service and its design is depicted on the image as an ideal "remodeling" for life. With academic development, increased awareness of products, marketing sciences, and promotion, advertising goals have become a tool for influencing and persuading mass communication and creating the required changes in target market behaviors. Like how images work alone and integrate with other elements and read them to create an argument designed for the audience. Since Scott (1994) called for the role of visual rhetoric in making an argument and evidence, it is seen that image advertising is the most important rhetorical method, which increases its effectiveness and works to engage in metaphorical and abstract thinking to understand the visuals. This makes the external advertisement a graphic field that flies with signs and arguments, contributing to the communication process and facilitating persuasion. For this purpose, advertisers and designers try to use different persuasive methods, one of which is to create a rhetorical language for creating and reading pictures or what is known as Visual rhetoric. The second is visual thinking, which is an attempt to understand the world through the language of form and image.  Therefore, the study aims to explore the descriptive language of advertising through the state of public speaking and visual rhetoric. Statement Of Problem: What are the most important graphic considerations for designing an external advertisement that encourage the recipient to respond to the design of the advertisement?  To what extent does visual rhetoric and visual thinking contribute to realizing the external advertisement? Research Objectives: Signify the impact of visual thinking on external advertising and achieve a design effectiveness between the recipient and the external advertisement in a manner that ensures ease of reading and interacting with it and then responding to its content in addition to Emphasizing the awareness of the designer and his understanding of the process of visual thinking and theories of interpretation of visual perception, which affects the quality of the use of foundations and elements and external advertising. Research Methodology: The research takes the descriptive approach.


When people share a workspace, they naturally create visual structures which organize resources, communicate interpretations, and coordinate activities. To support this mode of communication and coordination we have built the Visual Knowledge Builder (VKB.) VKB supports the incremental visual interpretation of information. Through the emergence and evolution of visual languages, communication between VKB users sharing a workspace grows over time. VKB has been used for two years in note taking, writing, curriculum development, project management, and conference organization. These tasks include short-and long-term synchronous and asynchronous activities. Features such as the recognition of implicit spatial structure and navigable history facilitate the authoring and comprehension of shared visual information spaces. VKB has also been used in a more controlled setting by pairs of people writing a poem with a constrained vocabulary. This use of VKB has been compared to the same task using Magnetic Poetry sets to better understand how the characteristics of the tools and information space impact collaborative practice.


Internal pilot designs involve conducting interim power analysis (without interim data analysis) to modify the final sample size. Recently developed techniques have been described to avoid the type I error rate inflation inherent to unadjusted hypothesis tests, while still providing the advantages of an internal pilot design. We present GLUMIP 2.0, the latest version of our free SAS/IML software for planning internal pilot studies in the general linear univariate model (GLUM) framework. The new analytic forms incorporated into the updated software solve many problems inherent to current internal pilot techniques for linear models with Gaussian errors. Hence, the GLUMIP 2.0 software makes it easy to perform exact power analysis for internal pilots under the GLUM framework with independent Gaussian errors and fixed predictors.


The decade of the 1960s was a time of passionate politics and resounding rhetoric. The "resounding rhetoric", from Kennedy's celebrated inaugural address, to the outlandish antics of the Yippies, is the focus of this book. The importance of this volume is its consideration of both people in power (presidents) and people out of power (protesters), and its delineation of the different rhetorical bases that each had to work from in participating in the politics of the 1960s. This work places rhetorical acts within their specific political contexts, changing the direction of previous rhetorical studies from the sociological to the historical-political. Above all, this is an intellectual history of the 1960s as seen through the rhetoric of the participants, which ultimately shows that the major participants utilized every form of political discourse available and, consequently, exhausted not only themselves but the rhetorical forms as well.


OBJECTIVE
1) To assess the correlation between urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and 24-hour urine albumin excretion in women with pre-eclampsia, 2) to study the influence of potential confounders on this correlation and 3) to assess the variability of ACR between voids during a 24-hour period.

DESIGN
Prospective study.

SETTING
Fetal maternity ward, university hospital.

POPULATION
Women with pre-eclampsia scheduled for quantitative albumin measurement with a 24-hour urine collection.

METHODS
Random urine samples were obtained for analysis of ACRs during the time of 24-hour urine collections in 31 women. ACRs were also measured from the complete 24-hour collections. In five additional women, serial urine samples were obtained during the 24-hour collection.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Correlation between ACRs and albumin amount in 24-hour urine samples. Variability of the ACRs during a 24-hour collection.

RESULTS
The random ACR was poorly correlated to 24-hour excretion of urine albumin (R(2)= 0.42). Adjustment for maternal age and nifedipine medication significantly (P= 0.044 and P= 0.023, respectively) improved the correlation (R(2)= 0.60). The mean variability (highest/lowest) of ACR during a 24-hour period was 222%. The ACR from the 24-hour collection had an excellent correlation to 24-hour excretion of urine albumin (R(2)= 0.96).

CONCLUSIONS
In women with pre-eclampsia, random ACR is not stable during the day and cannot predict 24-hour urine protein excretion accurately. ACR from the 24-hour collection is an accurate predictor of total albumin amount and can be used to minimise errors from incomplete collections.


With the increasing of urbanization, water distribution networks play an important role in human life and the effective use of water resources. Therefore, studies have been made for the optimization of water distribution networks in some fields such as pressure management and leakage control. In this context, the discharge coefficient, which is one of the components of the hydraulic calculations, is a very significant parameter in calculating the losses. In this study, a new equation has been proposed to calculate the discharge coefficient. Computer simulations were done by using ANSYS Fluent and discharge coefficient values were determined for round holes. Firstly, the model validated with theoretical Toricelli (orifice) equation and then, the model was run for number of scenarios according to various internal pressure and hole areas. The model results were formulated by means of regression equations. To satisfy the dimensional homogeneity, the ratio of the hole area to the pipe cross-sectional area, area ratio (r), and the ratio of the internal pressure to the external pressure, pressure ratio (p), were used. In this study, easy to use discharge coefficient equation was proposed to calculate the leakage losses in water distribution networks. With the help of this equation, the discharge coefficient can be calculated precisely for different pressure values and leakage areas rather thantaken as a constant value. Thus, the calculation of the leakage flow rate will be more accurate. Furthermore, it is concluded that the dicharge coefficient varies between 0.65 and 0.72. There is also inverse realtionship between discharge coefficient and pressure and discharge coefficient and leakage area.


Intruder is someone who intrudes on the privacy or property of another without permission. The objective of the intruder is to gain access to a system or to increase the range of privileges accessible on a system. Intrusion detection enables the collection of information about intrusion techniques that can be used to strengthen the intrusion prevention facility. Recent innovation in intrusion detection technology is the honey pot. The front line of defense against intruders is the password system. Virtually all multiuser systems require that a user provide not only a name or identifier (ID) but also a password. The password serves to authenticate the ID of the individual logging on to the system The ID determines whether the user is authorized to gain access to a system.


AIM AND OBJECTIVES:
The disease "Azhal Keel Vayu" is a major ailment of the elderly. This
produces pain and discomfort to the patients. The purpose of author's work is
to elucidate a good medicine from ancient Siddha literatures and to create hope
and faith in their treatment. Their being a preliminary endeavour by the author,
as if it would be a helping hand to the sufferers. With this view this
dissertation subject was undertaken.
1. To prove the efficacy of our Siddha Medicine to the world.
2. To study the clinical cause of the disease "Azhal Keel Vayu"
with keen observation on the Aetiology, Pathology, Diagnosis,
Prognosis, Complications and the Treatment by making use of
Siddha aspect.
3. To expose the unique diagnostic methods mentioned by Siddhars,
to know the disease "Azhal Keel Vayu" alters the normal
condition under the topic Mukkutram, Poripulangal, Ezhu Udal
Kattukkal and Envagai thervugal.
4. To know the extent of correlation of Aetiology, Classification,
Signs and Symptoms of Azhal Keel Vayu in Siddha aspect with
Osteo arthritis in Modern medicine.
5. To have an idea about the incidence of the disease with age, sex,
socio-economic status and climatic conditions.
6. To have a detailed clinical investigations.
7. To have a clinical trial on Azhal Keel Vayu tha author has given
the drug named Keelvathathuku Choornam as internal
medicine and Keelvathathuku thylam as external medicine.
8. To evaluate the Bio-chemical and Pharmacological effects of trial
medicine.
9. To use modern parameters to confirm the diagnosis and prognosis
of the disease.
10. To insist Thokkanam (Massage) and Asanas along with
medicines to achieve the good results.
SUMMARY:
1. Sixty four cases with Azhal Keelvayu, diagnosed clinically. Out of
them thirty two cases were admitted in the in-patient PG Sirappu
Maruthuvam Ward, Govt. Siddha Medical College Hospital,
Palayamkottai were observed for clinical diagnosis, lab diagnosis and
treatment by the trial medicines. Out of them twenty cases were
selected for study. Thirty two cases were treated as out patients.
2. Clinical diagnosis of Azhal Keel vayu was done on the basis of clinical
features described in the siddha text books.
3. Laboratory diagnosis of Azhal Keelvayu was done by modern methods
of examination in the Govt. Siddha Medical College Hospital,
Palayamkottai.
4. The various siddha aspects of examination of the disease were carried
out and recorded in a proforma.
5. The trial medicines chosen for both internal and external treatment and
the management of Azhal Keelavayu
• Keelvathathuku chooranam as per the severity of the complaints, the
dosage were given 2 gm two times a day with milk for twenty days
and above.
• Keelvathathuku thylam (Externally).
6. Before starting the treatment, careful detailed history was carried out
and recorded from the twenty selected patients.
7. During the period of treatment, all the patients were put under strict
pathiyam-a specific dietary regimen.
8. The observation made during the clinical study shows that the main drug
Keelvathathuku chooranam (Internally) is clinically effective . It has
moderate analgesic action and significant anti inflammatory action.
9. The action of Keelvathathuku thylam (Externally) over the affected
joint was also clinically effective.It has Significant anti inflammatory
action.
10. A periodical laboratory investigation were made for all the case for
blood, urine and motion test etc., along with radiological reports.
11. Since Azhal Keel vayu is a chronic disease, it required minimum
treatment for twenty days, treated both internally and externally to
minimize the severe pain, tenderness and Swelling, but also slight
disappearance of the crepitation.
CONCLUSION:
All the twenty patients Selected for this Study were treated with
Keelvathathuku chooranam (Internal 2gm bd with milk) and
Keelvathathuku thylam (Externally).
Clinical results show improvement in large number of the cases that is
60%. During the meantime of treatment, under admission all the Azhal Keel
vayu patients were instructed and guided to follow the following asanas.
a) Komugaasana - The Cow head Posture
b) Padmasana - The Lotus Posture
It was sure that no one had any remission up to 6 months.
If any further recurrence or no satisfied improvement, the individuals
were instructed to follow up treatment both internally and externally. It is very
pleasurable to say here, the author highlights the trial medicines are found
effective just relieved from pain and tenderness, severe morning stiffness,
severe crepitation, arresting of marked swelling and so on.
It was noted that the internal drug Keelvathathuku Chooranam was free from adverse side effects, i.e. no cases were reported either nausea or
vomiting and the external application Keelvathathuku thylam was not irritant,
i.e. no cases were reported itching or inflammation or eruption wherever
massaged.


David Merrett's academic career as an economic historian began in the 1960s as a teaching fellow and master of economics candidate at Monash University. The social sciences were experiencing their postwar expansion (Macintyre, 2010); economic history was as an important component of this growth with an array of subjects offered, new appointments made, and a recently established (1967) specialist journal, the Australian Economic History Review. This was an exciting time to commence a career as an economic historian in Australia. Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Law Publication Details Ville, S. (2018). Firm Performance and Market Behaviour: The Scholarship of David Merrett. Australian Economic History Review: an Asia-Pacific journal of economic, business and social history, 58 (3), 222-232. This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/3730 Firm Performance and Market Behaviour: the Scholarship of David Merrett


Olivine that has well-developed parting similar to cleavage, i.e., so-called "cleavable olivine", occurs in peridotites at many localities of orogenic belts and the seafloor. Some conflicting hypotheses for the genesis of the parting have been proposed but not yet fully proved or disproved. We present new data of structural, petrological and mineralogical analyses of cleavable olivine and host ultramafic rocks in the Oeyama ophiolitic complexes, SW Japan. The following are our key findings to understand the genesis of cleavable olivine. 1) Cleavable olivine is distributed in the ultramafic complexes regardless of metamorphic grade of contact aureoles. 2) Cleavable olivine from contact aureoles has variable chemical compositions by the effect of thermal metamorphism. 3) Cleavable olivine commonly occurs in or near serpentinite mylonites. 4) Antigorite blades commonly occur along the parting planes of olivine, and the parting planes along with antigorite blades are locally bent to the direction of foliation. 5) Poles of the parting planes of olivine tend to be distributed around a plane vertical to the foliation of host serpentinite mylonite. From these facts we conclude that cleavable olivine was produced during a sequence of localized plastic deformation and alteration of peridotites at temperatures around 600 °C or lower. The parting is likely to have derived from dislocation arrangement by recovery processes after plastic deformation of hydrous peridotites and have been brought into prominence during syntectonic serpentinization. The preferred orientation of the parting planes suggests that cleavable olivine is a potential indicator of regional tectonics of the upper mantle at supra-subduction zones.


Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the paleoecological and paleoenvironmental significance of the trace fossil Macaronichnus segregatis by examining its extant counterpart, feeding burrows of the opheliid polychaete Euzonus, which was periodically sampled on a wave-dominated sandy beach on the Pacific coast of Japan from June to December 2006. The distributions of Euzonus and its feeding burrows normal to the shoreline ranged from 5 m to 40 m. The vertical thickness distributions ranged from 32 cm to 123 cm (Euzonus) and from 34 cm to 126 cm (burrows). These parameters increase with decreasing beach-face gradient. The midpoints (median levels) of the vertical distributions invariably occurred near the midforeshore (corresponding to high-tide level). Foreshore width and vertical thickness also increase with decreasing beach-face gradient. These findings suggest that changes in the distributions of Euzonus and its burrows in the midforeshore environment vary with beach morphodynamics. The vertical thickness of M. segregatis–bearing beds may be a behavioral response to—and, hence, be indicative of—ancient beach morphodynamics. In addition, the consistent occurrence of the midpoint of trace-bearing beds suggests that beds containing M. segregatis might prove useful as an index of midforeshore level.


Purpose As health systems evolve, the education community is seeking to reimagine student roles that combine learning with meaningful contributions to patient care. The authors sought to identify potential stakeholders regarding the value of student work, and roles and tasks students could perform to add value to the health system, including key barriers and associated strategies to promote value-added roles in undergraduate medical education. Method In 2016, 32 U.S. medical schools in the American Medical Association's (AMA's) Accelerating Change in Education Consortium met for a two-day national meeting to explore value-added medical education; 121 educators, systems leaders, clinical mentors, AMA staff leadership and advisory board members, and medical students were included. A thematic qualitative analysis of workshop discussions and written responses was performed, which extracted key themes. Results In current clinical roles, students can enhance value by performing detailed patient histories to identify social determinants of health and care barriers, providing evidence-based medicine contributions at the point-of-care, and undertaking health system research projects. Novel value-added roles include students serving as patient navigators/health coaches, care transition facilitators, population health managers, and quality improvement team extenders. Six priority areas for advancing value-added roles are student engagement, skills, and assessments; balance of service versus learning; resources, logistics, and supervision; productivity/billing pressures; current health systems design and culture; and faculty factors. Conclusions These findings provide a starting point for collaborative work to positively impact clinical care and medical education through the enhanced integration of value-added medical student roles into care delivery systems.


Some forages release allelopathic substances into the environment, and may prevent consortium with arboreal species in pastures. The objective of this work was to evaluate photosynthetic characteristics of pequizeiro plants (hereafter pequi) influenced by concentrations of residues of the forage species Urocholoa decumbens, Melinis minutiflora and Paspalum notatum. The treatments consisted of pequi cultivation under aerial residues of the three forage species mixed to the substrate in four concentrations (1, 2, 3 and 4% mass/mass), plus an additional treatment (comparative control) with pequi cultivated on the substrate without waste. The following parameters were evaluated: photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, relationship between internal and external CO2 concentration (Ci/Ca), maximum quantum yield, effective quantum yield of FS II, electron transport rate, nonchemical quenching and chlorophyll index, concerning the content of chlorophyll a, b and total in pequi plants at 50 and 100 days after transplanting (DAT), and the relative production of dry matter at 100 DAT. At 50 DAT, the following photosynthetic variables were affected in pequi plants: A, gs, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll when cultivated in the presence of forage residues. At 100 DAT, the following photosynthetic variables were affected in pequi plants: A, Fv/Fm, ETR, NPQ, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, when cultivated in the presence of forage residues. Pequi plants had reduced relative dry matter yield when grown in the presence of U. decumbens. This variable was also affected when pequi was grown in increasing concentrations of residues of the species U. decumbens, M. minutiflora and P. notatum.


We consider solidification of hot fluid flowing through a rigid-wall channel of infinite extent. The calculated thermal arrest lengths are used to investigate the role of magma freezing in limiting the propagation distance of lateral dike intrusions. Our results demonstrate that for reasonable parameters the propagation distances of meter-wide dikes do not exceed the wavelength of crustal thickness variations or transform fault spacing along slow spreading ridges. This suggests that thermal controls on the crustal melt delivery system could be an important factor in modulating these variations. Unlike published results for a finite channel, which predict unlimited meltback of the channel walls if the prefreezing fluid velocity exceeds some critical value, any flow into an infinite channel will eventually freeze, provided that shear heating in the magma is negligible. The thermal arrest distances depend strongly on the average dike thickness h ( h 4 for dikes driven by an along-strike topographic slope and h 2 for dikes driven by an excess source pressure). Thermal erosion of the country rocks associated with lateral dike intrusions is likely to be confined to a very small region near the magma source. Substantial correlations between the along-strike bathymetry and geochemistry of the erupted lavas along individual ridge segments may be consistent with high-level basalt fractionation in the laterally propagating dikes.


Earthquakes pose serious threats to life and infrastructure in Afghanistan especially in vulnerable densely populated cities such as Kabul. Active plate boundaries surround Afghanistan on the west, south, and east causing strong ground shakings in many parts of the country. These strong earthquakes often claim lives and cause social and economic losses to the nation. In order to reduce the extent of damage and loss of life during earthquake catastrophes, the effects of earthquake must be properly considered in design and construction of infrastructure including buildings, towers, bridges, dams, tunnels and other engineering structures that are constructed or will be constructed in regions of high seismicity in the country. In addition, parts of the country especially western Afghanistan are seismically inactive. In such regions, design and construction of infrastructure for large earthquakes will result in economic losses and inefficient use of resources. This paper evaluates the reliability and certainty of current practice of seismic design and incorporation of earthquake engineering principles in construction of civil engineering structures in seismically prone parts of Afghanistan. Factors influencing earthquake engineering practice such as This paper concluded that the current practice of earth quake engineering in Afghanistan is not adequately reliable and therefore building and other infrastructures are either under-designed or over-designed where both result in sub-standard infrastructure.Under- designed structures threaten lives and cause economic losses during strong earthquakes, while over-designed structures are not economical and have wasted resources. At the end, recommendations are made to enhance the reliability of earthquake engineering practice in the country for producing earthquake tolerant infrastructure that will results in greatly reduced loss of lives and property.


Metal injection moulding was performed with gas atomized 316L stainless steel powders. Feedstocks were prepared using a paraffin wax/polyethylene/stearic acid binder system and subsequently molded into tensile bar specimens. Solvent extraction done at 80○C has shortened the debinding process to 30 minute. Single step of thermal binder debinding and sintering was done in a vacuum furnace. Sintering at 1380○C has reduced the porosity and associated with grain growth that result in an increase in ultimate tensile strength to 444 MPa while the elongation increased to 29% before fracture.


Abstract:This essay reconsiders William Dean Howells and his realist novel A Hazard of New Fortunes in light of the recent speculative turn in philosophy. Drawing on developments in thing theory and speculative realism, the essay uses Howells's novel as a case study to reflect on the fortunes and hazards of speculative realism as a contemporary influence on literary criticism. While skeptical of its break with language and consciousness, it finds in speculative realism a fresh approach to dramatizing how the thingness of literary works often exceeds representation and gives form to speculative thought more hospitable to things and their involvements. Inspired by the speculative turn, the essay works to navigate the contemporary hazards of thinking things, while still preserving what William James once celebrated as the "active element in all consciousness."


This thesis presents an analysis of Dutch familiy policies regarding support for parents. Since 1979 successive Dutch governments have argued for public involvement with parental child rearing, by stating that a healthy family life in the process of child rearing is in the interest of society as a whole. At the same time public involvement requires justification by the government, as raising a family is considered a primarily private matter. Consequently, policies supporting parents in child rearing are characterised by a tension between restraint and involvement. This thesis attempts to reveal the influence this tension exerts on ideas about good care and the distribution of responsibility in child rearing, as it can be traced in 'policy stories' about supporting parents. I argue that, during the eighties and nineties, four policy stories were developed: the story of development, the story of equality, the story of prevention, and the story of control. The last three stories are dominant and they focus on the child's perspective and the needs of society. They present failures of child rearing as the cause of future child problems, such as educational lacks, behavioural problems and criminal behaviour. These problems in their turn entail high expenses for society in the future. The dominant discourses in which these stories are formulated focus on the development of children. Two themes deserve further attention. Firstly, child rearing plays a crucial role in the causal story lines of the four policy stories but ideas about the practice of upbringing are marginal. Secondly, the voice of parents is missing. It is argued that ideas about parenthood, child rearing and support can be revised from the perspective of an ethic of care by introducing the perspective of parents. The government expects that parents will raise their children to become good citizens. I call this educational citizenship. Nevertheless, their voice is lacking in the policy debate. It is the government who is making judgements about parents. Some parents will have inferior pedagogical skills, and because of support in child rearing they will be able to learn how to educate properly. It is assumed that to most other parents - the largest group - education comes naturally. This implicit expectation of parents as self-educating in the area of child rearing offers a discursive space for care ethics. New impulses in thinking about governmental involvement in raising children are possible, if policy makers take the experiences of parents as the starting point of their policy. A child rearing discourse in which parents are engaged in a learning process, trying to become 'good enough'-educators is introduced. Parents learn to bring up their children in daily practice by trial and error, and by 'muddling through'. Their learning process can stagnate for longer periods. I call this 'uprooted parenting'. On the basis of literature research I distinguish four types of stagnation which might hinder the parental learning process and which require differentiated forms of support for parents.


Five hundred patients to whom definitive cardiac pacemakers were implanted from June, 1978 to June, 1992 were studied. A predominance of males and the age group of 61-80 years was observed. The most frequent reason for seeking medical care was syncope, and III grade atrioventricular block is the most frequent cause requiring this kind of treatment whose etiology was associated with the sclerodegenerative disease of the conduction system. The right cephalic vein was the most used via of approach; among the complications recorded only 2 resulted in death of the patient (perforation of the left ventricle and traumatic pneumotorax.)


External Adaptability is an outcomes measure of organizational effectiveness reflecting proficiency levels in responding to external change. Many higher education institutions are interested in reshaping their goals to better meet the needs of a growing global market. To analyze External Adaptability, 52 higher education faculty and administrators from institutions in more than 16 countries were surveyed using the Human Synergistics International Organizational Effectiveness Inventory® (OEI®) Survey. Results revealed that External Adaptability scores fell below both the Historical Average (50 th percentile) and the Constructive Benchmark. Subgroup analysis revealed that scores were below the Historical Average for faculty, administrators, males, females, and private- and public not-for-profits. By contrast, scores approached the Historical Average (50 th percentile) in private for-profits, and exceeded the Constructive Benchmark in public for-profits. Trends for slightly higher scores were noted for administrators and males as compared to faculty and females respectively. To improve agility in higher education institutions, further diagnostic analysis of organizational decision making is warranted. The Performance Triangle diagnostic model is discussed and the use of the Agilityinsights Diagnostic™ Survey from Sphere Advisors AG is recommended. Attaining high External Adaptability is critical for the future of higher education.


Dual FiXed-point (DFX) is a new data representation which is an efficient compromise between fixed-point and floating-point representations. DFX has an implementation complexity similar to that of a fixed-point system with the improved dynamic range capability of a floating-point system. Automating the process of DFX scaling optimisation requires the knowledge of its truncation/rounding noise properties. This paper presents truncation and rounding error models for DFX arithmetic as traditional error models do not apply to DFX. The models were tested on a 159-tap FIR filter and the benefits of using DFX over floating-point are demonstrated with implementations on a Xilinx Virtex II Pro.


In this article, we discuss practical and pastoral theology in relation to Swedish theological education for future ordained clergy in the Church of Sweden. We look at how pastoral theology is understood in the Church of Sweden today and its relation to Practical Theology as an academic subject. We problematize the split between "academic" and "pastoral" theology and argue that pastoral theology should be understood as a part of the academic discipline Practical Theology. Practical Theology today is heavily theoretical and methodological, not least in the United States, the origin of much literature used in the Swedish context. Interesting as this may be from a research perspective, the discipline runs the risk of losing some of its relevance for undergraduate theological education. Here we discuss different aspects of pastoral and practical theology, and how they may feed into each other. We highlight the potential problems with a practical theology distancing itself from what has been called "the clerical paradigm" (in Sweden: pastoral theology), but also point to the importance of Practical Theology as an academic field in relation to ordination training. In Sweden, academic theology is still understood as supposedly "neutral", which complicates the relationship between "academic" and "pastoral" theology, as this obscures the influences from explicit normative and constructive practical theology on Swedish theological education. Drawing on practical theologians such as Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore and Mary McClintock Fulkerson, we discuss the normative and constructive ambitions in some practical theological schools of thought today. A changing understanding of Practical Theology may contribute to pastoral theology as a part of the ordination training in the Church of Sweden, but the normative assumptions need to be made explicit.


According to current astrophysical models of the sun, solar luminosity has increased with time at a rate depending on the nature of the model and the "zero-age" of the sun. The determination of the earliest occurrence of running water on the earth9s surface may establish a calibration point on the luminosity curve. Our investigation of the nature and age of the oldest rocks suggests that erosion by running water occurred at least 4 billion years (b.y.) ago. Calculation of the evolution of terrestrial surface temperatures based on the most favorable solar model and current estimates of the composition of the early atmosphere indicate that either some revision of the model is necessary or that the earth and sun must be older than 4.5 and 5 b.y., respectively. The rate of weathering of bedrock and resulting erosion vary directly with temperature, atmospheric moisture content, and organic acids from vegetation. Since these all increased with geologic time, it is suggested that the rate of bedrock erosion, which would have been slow initially, must also have accelerated. If the presumption of an interaction between sedimentary load and geologic activity is correct, the duration of geosynclinal cycles should have decreased with time. The oldest rocks dated so far (about 3.5 b.y.) are pegmatites, granites, and granite gneiss complexes, all of which represent terminal processes in respective geologic cycles, the beginnings of which are inferred at about 4 b.y. ago. The presence of a substantial sialic crust at this time is indicated by the compositions of both igneous rocks and meta-sedimentary rocks. The origin of the continents is examined in the light of these geologic data and inferences, and on the assumption of an accumulation of the earth by accretion from cold, solid objects, probably in the form of whiskerlike crystals. Theories of origin of continents by segregation from the mantle cannot be reconciled with the time scale provided by calculations from the thermal history of the earth and the currently accepted age of 4.5 b.y. An alternative hypothesis according to which the continents originated by impact of extra-terrestrial material with subsequent modification by geological processes and mantle admixture is reconsidered.


This commentary is being published in a forthcoming symposium issue on "The Properties of Carol Rose" by the Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities. It is a commentary on a paper presented by Professor James Salzman Thirst: A Short History of Drinking Water. The commentary addresses three related topics: (1) what I liked best about Professor Salzman's article; (2) how the article's narrow focus on one use (drinking) of one resource (water) undermines some of the article's conclusions by understating water's complexity; and (3) why the article made me think about dirt, and ultimately about mud, and the juxtaposition of water and dirt in natural resources law.


This case report describes the use of scalar field therapy in the mitigation of seizures in an autistic child. The patient is a 4-yr-10-mo-old girl with a 3 year history of seizure disorder and autism. She presents with a long history of a series of 6 to 8 tonic-clonic seizures on a daily basis, each lasting approximately 10 to 20 seconds long. After a series of treatments in the scalar field, her seizures were reduced to 4 to 5 partial seizures of just 1 to 2 seconds in duration. The reduction in number and duration of seizures in this case suggests that the use of scalar field therapy in the treatment of seizure disorder should be further explored. Of great importance is the potential for controlling seizures while minimizing the use of pharmaceuticals that are often debilitating and have numerous negative side effects. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jnr134w


Few addiction treatment options are available in Arctic Canada, leading many Inuit to seek treatment programs in southern cities. We conducted a case study to understand what contributes to a culturally safe experience for Inuit in a mainstream addiction rehabilitation centre in Southern Canada. We carried out more than 700 hours of participant observation, in addition to semi-structured interviews and member-checking activities with 20 Inuit residents, 18 staff and four managers. Data were analysed using an inductive interpretative process. Throughout their journey in the program, Inuit navigated through contrasting situations and feelings that we grouped under six broad themes: having Inuit peers, having limitations imposed on one's ways of being and doing, facing ignorance and misperceptions, having conversations and dialogue, facing language barriers and being in a supportive and caring environment. This study highlights how cultural safety varies according to people, context and time, and relates to developing trustful relationships.


Solvent extraction of lanthanides Ln(iii) (La, Eu and Yb) with resorcin[4]arene cavitand-triazole-DODGA (CR4-TZ-DODGA) and t-butylcalix[4]arene-triazole-DODGA (C4-TZ-DODGA) has been studied in a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), N-octyl-N-ethylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EOPip]NTf2). The two macrocyclic platforms were functionalized with four diglycolamide (DGA) moieties thanks to a click reaction and fully characterized by NMR and MS analysis. The effects of acidity as well as the concentration of the ligands were investigated on the extraction and separation properties. The parameters of the extraction processes were determined by the slope method and thermodynamic studies. For both ligands, the extraction efficiency changes along the lanthanoid series with selectivity toward Yb(iii) in regard to La(iii) and Eu(iii). The selective extraction and recovery of lanthanides from a simulated leaching solution of a Nd/Fe/B/Dy magnet has also been investigated.


In this paper, we consider efficient indexing methods for recursive conditioning algorithms. We compare two wellknown methods for indexing, a top-down method and a bottom-up method, and discuss the redundancy that each of these suffer from. We also present a new method for indexing that is a hybrid of these models. Using this new approach shows an improvement in the amount of indexing operations by 55% or more in our test networks, as well as a reduction in the cumulative time for inference by 33% or more.


Hamiltonian Monte Carlo has proven a remarkable empirical success, but only recently have we begun to develop a rigorous understanding of why it performs so well on difficult problems and how it is best applied in practice. Unfortunately, that understanding is confined within the mathematics of differential geometry which has limited its dissemination, especially to the applied communities for which it is particularly important. In this review I provide a comprehensive conceptual account of these theoretical foundations, focusing on developing a principled intuition behind the method and its optimal implementations rather of any exhaustive rigor. Whether a practitioner or a statistician, the dedicated reader will acquire a solid grasp of how Hamiltonian Monte Carlo works, when it succeeds, and, perhaps most importantly, when it fails.


The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of enalapril maleate, a nonsulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, are reviewed. Enalapril is rapidly converted by ester hydrolysis to enalaprilat, a potent ACE inhibitor; enalapril itself is only a weak ACE inhibitor. Enalapril lowers peripheral vascular resistance without causing an increase in heart rate. In patients with congestive heart failure, enalapril has beneficial hemodynamic effects based on reduction of both cardiac preload and afterload. Approximately 60% of a dose of enalapril is absorbed after oral administration. Excretion of enalaprilat is primarily renal. Accumulation of enalaprilat occurs in patients with creatinine clearances less than 30 mL/min. Enalapril 10-40 mg per day orally has shown efficacy comparable to that of captopril in treating patients with mild, moderate, and severe hypertension, hypertension caused by renal-artery stenosis, and in congestive heart failure resistant to digitalis and diuretics. When given alone for hypertension, enalapril has efficacy comparable to that of thiazide diuretics and beta blockers. Side effects observed with enalapril have generally been minor. Captopril-associated side effects such as skin rash, loss of taste, and proteinuria have been observed in a small number of patients receiving enalapril to date; neutropenia less than 300/mm3 has been noted with captopril but not enalapril. The incidence of these side effects has been noted to be greatly decreased in patients on low doses of captopril. Enalapril appears to be similar in efficacy to captopril for treating hypertension and congestive heart failure. Whether enalapril is safer than low-dose captopril in patients at high risk for captopril-associated side effects will require further investigation.


Fungi play an important role in biosorption of heavy metals in heavily contaminated soils. Five metals-tolerant fungal species were isolated from two different contaminated soils (soil 1 and soil 2). The number of fungal colonies isolated from the contaminated soil 2 was higher than that of soil 1. The most resistant fungal species for the toxic studied metals (Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn) was Rhizopus stolonifier followed by Macrophomina phaseolina. It was established that the metal toxicity was related to the contamination levels, the physico-chemical properties including pH, conductivity, organic matter, and carbonate contents of the soils. This study confirmed the good ability of different chemicals (CaCO3, MO, Zeolite and phosphate) and biological fungal substrates (M. phaseolina and R. stolonifier) in bioremediation of polluted soils and reducing different heavy metals levels compared to the control, especially for fungi. M. phaseolina amendment was superior in reducing the chemically available heavy metals in the studied soils.


A computational study was performed for the flow and heat transfer in coolant passages with two legs connected with a U-bend and with dimensionless flow conditions typical of those in the internal cooling passages of turbine blades. The first model had smooth surfaces on all walls. The second model had opposing ribs staggered and angled at 45° to the main flow direction on two walls of the legs, corresponding to the coolant passage surfaces adjacent to the pressure and suction surfaces of a turbine airfoil. For the ribbed model, the ratio of rib height to duct hydraulic diameter equaled 0.1, and the ratio of rib spacing to rib height equaled 10. Comparisons of calculations with previous measurements are made for a Reynolds number of 25,000. With these conditions, the predicted heat transfer is known to be strongly influenced by the turbulence and wall models. The k-e model, the low Reynolds number RNG k-e and the differential Reynolds-stress model (RSM) were used for the smooth wall model calculation. Based on the results with the smooth walls, the calculations for the ribbed walls were performed using the RSM and k-e turbulence models. The high secondary flow induced by the ribs leads to an increased heat transfer in both legs. However, the heat transfer was nearly unchanged between the smooth wall model and the ribbed model within the bend region. The agreement between the predicted segment-averaged and previously-measured Nusselt numbers was good for both cases.Copyright © 1996 by ASME