This paper shows that the Dutch disease can be more formally characterised as low economic complexity using ECI-type indicators; there is a solid and robust inverse relationship between exports concentrating on natural resources and economic complexity as measured by complexity indicators for a database of 122 countries from 1963 to 2013. In a large majority of cases, oil answers for shares in excess of 50% of exports. In addition to empirical panel analysis, we address case studies concerned with Indonesia and Nigeria and introduce a brief review of the theoretical literature on the topic. Indonesia is considered in the literature as a good example in avoiding the negative effects of the Dutch disease, whereas Nigeria is taken as a bad example in terms of institutions and policies adopted during the seventies and eighties. The empirical results show that complexity analysis and Big Data may offer significant contributions to the still-current debate surrounding the Dutch disease.


Scholars debate whether musical and linguistic abilities are associated or independent. In the present study, we examined whether musical rhythm skills predict receptive grammar proficiency in childhood. In Experiment 1, 7to 17-year-old children (N = 68) were tested on their grammar and rhythm abilities. In the grammar-comprehension task, children heard short sentences with subject-relative (e.g., "Boys that help girls are nice") or object-relative (e.g., "Boys that girls help are nice") clauses, and determined the gender of the individual performing the action. In the rhythm-discrimination test, children heard two short rhythmic sequences on each trial and decided if they were the same or different. Children with better performance on the rhythm task exhibited higher scores on the grammar test, even after holding constant age, music training, and maternal education. In Experiment 2, we replicated this finding with another group of same-age children (N = 96) while further controlling for working memory. Our data reveal, for the first time, an association between receptive grammar and rhythm perception in typically developing children. This finding is consistent with the view that music and language share neural resources for rule-based temporal processing.


This thesis investigates the problem of similarity search in multimedia databases. A key application domain of the proposed work is pattern classification, with emphasis on classification of gestures, handshapes, faces, and time series. A secondary application of the proposed work is efficient similarity search in large biological databases of protein sequences.
More specifically, the thesis makes contributions both by defining novel similarity measures, that are used to identify the best database matches, and by proposing methods to improve efficiency. On the topic of similarity measures, the thesis contributes a method for measuring similarity in a database of videos from American Sign Language (ASL). This method produces promising results towards enabling useful educational applications for the ASL community. A second contribution of the thesis is on the theoretical problem of how to define a useful metric distance measure for time series data. The thesis proposes a novel metric, called MSM (abbreviation for Move-Split-Merge), which has both attractive theoretical properties and competitive classification accuracy on actual data.
With respect to the problem of improving the efficiency of similarity search, the thesis contributes a novel method for recognition of a large number of classes. While many researchers have worked on the topic of how to train good classifiers for this task, the thesis proposes a new perspective by explicitly addressing efficiency. In particular, the thesis shows that, under some conditions, multiclass recognition becomes theoretically equivalent to similarity search, and in that case we can use off-the-shelf similarity indexing methods to significantly speed up multiclass recognition. The thesis also proposes a dimensionality reduction method specifically designed for speeding up similarity search in large string databases. While dimensionality reduction methods are commonly used in vector spaces, our method allows similar techniques to be used for spaces of strings under the edit distance measure.
Thorough experimental evaluation on a variety of datasets demonstrates state-of-the-art performance for the methods that constitute the contributions of the thesis.


The prevention of surgical site infections is a priority within the objectives of the National Health System. The negative consequences of postoperative infections (morbidity, duration of hospitalization, mortality) are particularly serious events for the individual patient and for the community, given both the welfare resources needed to treat them, and the continued growth of the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. In a global health context in which evidence-based medicine has established itself, all medical interventions must be reconsidered in the light of what can be inferred from the literature evaluated according to strict methodological criteria, all the more so when the evidence is available and unanimously shared. The future objective will be to introduce in the national guidelines a protocol involving the use of ozone therapy alongside antibiotic therapy, both in the prevention and treatment of infections, to avoid the emergence of antibiotic resistance and thus reduce the expenditure of the national health system.


Low tensile strength and high brittleness are the inherent defects of cement-based composites. So improving the toughness effectively is an urgent need for developing high-performance cement materials. The aim of this study is to study the toughening effect by mixing CaCO3 whiskers and polypropylene fibers in cement mortar. The results showed that CaCO3 whiskers could increase the split tensile strength of cement mortar of 28d age by 26.2% at maximum with the whisker content of 10wt.%; when CaCO3 whiskers content was 10wt.% and polypropylene fibers content was 0.20vol.%, the split tensile strength of cement mortar was increased by 21.1% at 28d age; when the fiber length was 19mm, the composite toughening effect of whiskers and fibers was more effective. The toughening mechanisms of CaCO3 whiskers and polypropylene fibers in cement mortar were also discussed.


This article analyzes the effect of external heat transfer on the thermal performance of counterflow microchannel heat exchangers. Equations for predicting the axial temperature and the effectiveness of both fluids as well as the heat transferred between the fluids, while operating under external heating or cooling conditions, are provided in this article. External heating may decrease and increase the effectiveness of the hot and cold fluids, respectively. External cooling may improve and degrade the effectiveness of the hot and cold fluids, respectively. For unbalanced flows, the thermal performance of the microchannel heat exchanger subjected to external heat transfer depends on the fluid with the lowest heat capacity. At a particular number of transfer units (NTU), the effectiveness of both the fluids increased with decrease in heat capacity ratio when the hot fluid had the lowest heat capacity. When the cold fluid had the lowest heat capacity, the effectiveness of both fluids increased with decrease in heat capacity ratio at low values of NTU but at high values of NTU the effectiveness increased with increase in heat capacity ratio. A term called the "performance factor" has been introduced in this article to assess the relative change in effectiveness due to external heat transfer.


The British Crime Survey (BCS) and police statistics are used to analyse problems
and trends in Stop and Search on a national, regional and local level. The thesis
presents the first analysis of the BCS relating to Stop and Search covering a twenty-five
year period. Qualitative information is also presented in support of the statistical
findings. The information is from the researcher's contacts and experience with
practitioners.
The BCS was analysed with the intention of commenting on: the patterns and trends
in the police tactic over time; the demographic variables of Stop and Search suspects;
and the extent to which the same suspects are involved in repeated Stop incidents
(repeat suspects). Police statistics from a Southern County are analysed and
compared to the BCS at the regional level. This is in addition to offering an analysis
on: the distribution of Stop and Search activity over three years at the regional level;
and looking at the policy implications of extended police Stop and Search powers
under Part One of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 in a selected Southern English
Town.
This research identifies a number of substantive and methodological findings.
Methodological changes made to the BCS have impacted upon the number of Stops
and Searches over time. The Survey also shows that age and gender discrimination in
the application of the police tactic is more consistent over time than racial
discrimination. Repeat Stops have become increasingly concentrated upon the same
suspects (repeat Stops). Here, a majority of repeat Stops were experienced by a small
number of Blacks and Asians.
The comparative analysis of police records and the BCS highlighted the vacuum that
existed between the two data sources. The research identifies the limitations in using
to the BCS.to look at the distribution of Stops and Searches by police service area.
The use of the police tactic in a Southern English Police Service Area shows its
inequitable implementation against certain groups. Looking at the specific cultural
background of persons Stopped and Searched does not show a clear pattern of
discrimination. That, is until the persons broad ethnic background is considered.
The legislative impact of the CJA 2003 led to an increase in the number of encounters
between the police and the public. Its crime reductive effect was through increasing
arrests for criminal damage offences.
The research has a number of implications for policing policy at the national scale.
Suggestions for police strategies and management at the regional and local levels are
also presented.


A preparation method of modifier with low molecular weight and high reactivity is presented. This modifier (called KFK in lab)can impregnate into polar wood along trachea from the ends with pressurized impregnation method. In the following heating and pressing processes of the polar wood, the KFK polymerizes, and it enhances stability and strength of the wood. It showed that the favorable conditions for synthetic reaction of the KFK are: molar ratio of U and F, 1:1; reaction temperature, 20°C; reaction time, 3 hours; dosage of ignition primer A: 5%. Results from test showed the degree of crystallinity tested by XRD were 30%, 32% in different dosage of the modifier. Utilizing a combination of low molecular weight resin impregnation and pressing resulted in a density increase of KFK resin-treated wood from 0.214 to 0.268g/cm3. At the same time, the Young's modulus and bending strength increased from 1.407GPa to 1.759GPa and 64MPa to 74.5MPa, respectively. It can be concluded that the effective utilization of KFK resin impregnated in polar wood is a promising technique for the production of high-strength in the drying and pressing processing.


The study of broken-triangles is becoming increasingly ambitious, by both solving constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) in polynomial time and reducing search space size through value merging or variable elimination. Considerable progress has been made in extending this important concept, such as dual broken-triangle and weakly broken-triangle, in order to maximize the number of captured tractable CSP instances and/or the number of merged values. Specifically, m-wBTP allows to merge more values than BTP. k-BTP, WBTP and m-BTP permit to capture more tractable instances than BTP. Here, we introduce a new weaker form of BTP, which will be called m-fBTP for flexible broken-triangle property. m-fBTP allows on the one hand to eliminate more variables than BTP while preserving satisfiability and on the other to define new bigger tractable class for which arc consistency is a decision procedure. Likewise, m-fBTP permits to merge more values than BTP but less than m-wBTP.


Based on the analysis of the PLA/Tencel knitted fabric structure parameters, this paper, with the double screening stepwise regression analysis method, analyzes the influential PLA/ Tencel knitting fabric moisture absorption of quick dry, eliminates the insignificant factors and keep the distinctive factors. In terms of the quick dry effect of moisture absorption in different time, this thesis set up four optimal regression models. The analysis shows that the knitted fabric properties of moisture absorption and quick dry can be forecasted with the regression models, which use the correlation index of fabric specification structure parameter as input parameter: the wet transmission of PLA/tencel knitted fabric was corelated with the PLA content, weft density, warp density, yarn diameter, but the relationship with the fabric thickness is not obvious. The drying rate of 30 min and 60 min are related with the tencel content and weft density, the 30 min drying rate is bound up with the thickness of the fabric and the 60 min drying rate was related with square meters grams and linear modulus of stitch. Meanwhile, the correlation coefficient of predicting model after the adjustment is high and the maximum fitting error of predicted values and measured values of the maximum fitting error is small.


SUMMARY
Hirayama disease is an uncommon and rarely seen lower motor neuron disease. It is usually seen during periods of rapid growth (15-25 years). Distal upper extremities characteristically show weakness and atrophy. The disease has an insidious onset with slow progression in the first 2-5 years, then progresses more rapidly at approximately 5 years after onset. In this paper a case is presented of this rare, and difficult to diagnose disease, not previously reported in this age group, and the findings are discussed in the light of information of earlier cases in Turkey.
A 53-year old male patient presented at Inonu University Neurology Polyclinic with complaints of motion tremor and atrophy in the left arm, which had been ongoing for 4 years. Clinical examination revealed low amplitude in the left musculocutaneus and axillary nerves. After electromyography, the deltoid, biceps, triceps, extensor digitorum communis, abductor pollicis brevis and abduction digiti minimi muscles were identified in the upper left limb and further neurological motor unit potential tests were applied. Subsequently, cervical cord atrophy, asymmetric cord flattening, parenchymal signal changes in the lower cervical cord, and abnormal cervical curvature were observed on magnetic resonance imaging. A diagnosis of Hirayama disease was made from the anamnesis and clinical / radiological findings. Hirayama disease is a motor neuron disease that can be difficult to diagnose. It is important to know the differential diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in respect of the prognosis of the patient. This case report presents information about the differential diagnosis, detailed symptoms and treatment methods of a Hirayama patient applying for physical therapy.


Overview A decade ago, the U.S. military and its allies had a close call with biological weapons (BW) in the war to expel Iraq from Kuwait. Iraqi BW could have inflicted horrific casualties on coalition forces, but the war stopped short of the contingency for which Iraq had prepared, predeployed, and preauthorized the use of such weapons: a march on Baghdad to remove the regime. A decade later, the United States is again poised for war against Iraq--this time for the explicit purpose of regime removal. Moreover, it is engaged in a war on terrorism against adversaries who evidently are strongly interested in BW. But the close call of a decade ago, and the concern it generated among senior Gulf War military leaders, do not appear to have translated into substantial improvements to the operational capability of current U.S. military forces to project power and prevail against BW-armed adversaries. Despite the efforts of many committed individuals, large vulnerabilities in the U.S. BW defense posture remain. Technology remains in the pipeline and not on the battlefield. Operational concepts seem founded on the assumption that an adversary would not dare use these weapons or, if he did, that U.S. forces could simply operate around them, as if they were chemical weapons. The present scare seems to have generated even broader high-level concern than did the potential exposure to Iraqi BW 10 years ago. How can this concern be translated into an action agenda that will succeed at reducing present and future threats? How should we understand the risks of BW while the Al Qaeda leadership and anthrax mailer remain at large--and as the prospect of another war against Saddam Husayn looms on the horizon? Our focus here is on the threat of biological weapons to military forces and operations; where appropriate, we sketch out some connections to the BW homeland security challenge. Why So Little Progress? The chronic gap between requirements and preparedness apparently is rooted in a set of myths, widely held among U.S. defense planners, about biological weapons (BW). Myth One: States Lack Interest in Biological Weapons Conventional wisdom holds that biological weapons historically have been of hardly any interest to nations. Defense planners commonly hold that because BW have never been used, they should focus their time, energy, and resources on more evident problems. What is wrong with this view? The record of BW use appears to be fairly slim, although allegations of use are in fact quite numerous. Most incidents remain subjects of dispute, not least because the evidence to prove that such weapons have been used is extremely unlikely to fall into the hands of investigators. These difficult-to-prove allegations include the Yellow Rain attacks by the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. Also, many in Asia believe that the United States used biological weapons in the 1950s in Korea and China--allegations that are unproven and for which considerable contrary evidence exists. However slim the record of actual use, the record of interest in and work on biological warfare by states is significant. In World War II, all major powers undertook BW preparations. Those who were defeated were compelled to abandon their BW ambitions, but the victors continued their efforts. During the Cold War, East and West pursued BW techniques. In the 1960s, Britain and France, and then the United States, unilaterally renounced biological warfare and destroyed stockpiles of weapons. The U.S. arsenal at the time consisted of weaponized anthrax and a substantial quantity of nonlethal agents, primarily for the attack of agricultural targets in the Soviet Union and China. The Nixon administration abandoned offensive BW in part to sustain the momentum of detente and asked the Soviet Union to follow suit. The bilateral U.S.-Soviet agreement fostered the multilateral Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, which entered into force in 1975. …


Transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2), the type 3 hemochromatosis gene, is an activator of the iron hormone hepcidin in the liver and a partner of erythropoietin (EPO) receptor in erythroid cells. The loss of bone marrow (BM) Tfr2 increases erythroblast EPO sensitivity inducing erythrocytosis in mice (Nai et al, Blood 2015). We explored whether deletion of BM Tfr2 improves anemia and ineffective erythropoiesis in β-thalassemias, iron-loading anemias due to recessive β-globin gene mutations. We generated thalassemic mice (Hbbth3/+) with selective BM inactivation of Tfr2 (Tfr2BMKO/Hbbth3/+) through BM transplantation (BMT). Deletion of BM Tfr2 ameliorates RBC morphology with consistent and persistent increase of RBC count and Hb levels in thalassemic mice, accompanied by reduced iron accumulation. Around 22 weeks after BMT the improvement fades in double mutantanimals: Hb levels return comparable to those of Hbbth3/+mice, while RBC count persists higher. Anemia improvement in double mutant mice reduces serum EPO levels and improves erythropoiesis, in particular 22 weeks after BMT. Overall these data prove that the loss of the beneficial effect of deleting Tfr2 is not accounted for by erythropoiesis failure, but likely by exhaustion of splenic iron consumed by the enhanced erythropoiesis.
 In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the phenotype improvement, we investigated whether the EPO-EPOR signaling pathway is overactive, as occurs in Tfr2 null erythroid cells (Nai et al, Blood 2015). Taking into account that Tfr2BMKO/Hbbth3/+ mice have lower serum EPO than Hbbth3/+, the expression levels of target genes of the EPOR-JAK2-STAT5 (Erfe and Bcl-xl) and of EPOR-PI3K-AKT pathway (Fasl, Epor and Ccng2) is consistent with the signaling being inappropriately active in double mutant mice.
 To start unraveling the global molecular/cellular processes underlying the remarkable phenotype amelioration, we performed RNAseq analysis on spleen samples from double mutant and Hbbth3/+ control mice at the time point of maximal erythropoiesis improvement (22 weeks post BMT). Spleens are enlarged in both genotypes with about 80% Ter119+ (erythroid) cells in both. In total we identified 2796 genes (1997 protein coding) differentially regulated between the two genotypes. The analysis of iron-related genes reveals a strong reduction of the expression of the iron exporter Fpn, Hmox1 and Alas2, suggestive of decreased hemolysis and/or of free heme accumulation in double mutants. Gene ontology analysis reveals enrichment of genes involved in cell cycle and proliferation, mitochondrial function, as well as proteasome activity and of most of the antioxidant targets (Sod1, Sod2, Fth1, Txn1, Txn2, Gstpi) of the canonical NF-kB pathway. Underrepresented genes are those involved in lipid handling, leukocyte/lymphocyte differentiation and coagulation.
 In summary, the RNAseq patterns indicate an increased spleen erythroid commitment and a mitochondrial metabolic shift, similar to the shift occurring during hematopoietic development to sustain erythroid proliferation and differentiation. We speculate that this effect is mediated by the enhanced EPO sensitivity. Interestingly EPO directly stimulates mitochondrial genes expression in adipocytes. Also the increased proteasome activity may significantly contribute to the improved erythropoiesis, since proteasomal degradation is required in the process of erythroblast enucleation. Finally, the activation of the NF-kB antioxidant response may contrast ROS increase and limit ineffective erythropoiesis.
 In conclusion, targeting erythroid TFR2 might become a novel erythropoiesis stimulating approach, worth to be tested in other forms of anemia.

 Muckenthaler: Novartis: Research Funding. Camaschella:vifor Pharma: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.


OBJECTIVE
In children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), resective, ablative, and disconnective surgery may not be feasible or may fail. Neuromodulation in the form of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) may be viable treatment options, however evidence for their efficacies in children is currently limited. This systematic review aimed to summarize the literature on DBS and RNS for the treatment of DRE in the pediatric population. Specifically, the authors focused on currently available data for reported indications, neuromodulation targets, clinical efficacy, and safety outcomes.

METHODS
PRISMA guidelines were followed throughout this systematic review (PROSPERO no. CRD42020180669). Electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, OpenGrey, and CINAHL Plus, were searched from their inception to February 19, 2021. Inclusion criteria were 1) studies with at least 1 pediatric patient (age < 19 years) who underwent DBS and/or RNS for DRE; and 2) retrospective, prospective, randomized, or nonrandomized controlled studies, case series, and case reports. Exclusion criteria were 1) letters, commentaries, conference abstracts, and reviews; and 2) studies without full text available. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane ROBINS-I (Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions) tool.

RESULTS
A total of 35 studies were selected that identified 72 and 46 patients who underwent DBS and RNS, respectively (age range 4-18 years). Various epilepsy etiologies and seizure types were described in both cohorts. Overall, 75% of patients had seizure reduction > 50% after DBS (among whom 6 were seizure free) at a median (range) follow-up of 14 (1-100) months. In an exploratory univariate analysis of factors associated with favorable response, the follow-up duration was shorter in those patients with a favorable response (18 vs 33 months, p < 0.05). In the RNS cohort, 73.2% of patients had seizure reduction > 50% after RNS at a median (range) follow-up of 22 (5-39) months. On closer inspection, 83.3% of patients who had > 50% reduction in seizures actually had > 75% reduction, with 4 patients being seizure free.

CONCLUSIONS
Overall, both DBS and RNS showed favorable response rates, indicating that both techniques should be considered for pediatric patients with DRE. However, serious risks of overall bias were found in all included studies. Many research needs in this area would be addressed by conducting high-quality clinical trials and establishing an international registry of patients who have undergone pediatric neuromodulation, thereby ensuring robust prospective collection of predictive variables and outcomes.


Several surveys over the past 20 years have observed that traceability information is often poorly recorded. In previous work we have argued that this is a result of many requirements traceability systems failing to provide any direct benefit to the development process. In this paper we describe an application of traceability by a company, with a resulting increase in profitability as well as other benefits for the development engineer, project management and customer


During the wrapping of web interfaces ontological know-ledge is important in order to support an automated interpretation of information. The development of ontologies is a time consuming issue and not realistic in global contexts. On the other hand, the web provides a huge amount of knowledge, which can be used instead of ontologies. Three common classes of web knowledge sources are: Web Thesauri, search engines and Web encyclopedias. The paper investigates how Web knowledge can be utilized to solve the three semantic problems Parameter Finding for Query Interfaces, Labeling of Values and Relabeling after interface evolution. For the solution of the parameter finding problem an algorithm has been implemented using the web encyclopedia WikiPedia for the initial identification of parameter value candidates and the search engine Google for a validation of label-value relationships. The approach has been integrated into a wrapper definition framework.


: Several investigators have demonstrated experimentally that ball-rebound velocity after an eccentric impact against a tennis racket remains unchanged for two extreme conditions of grip firmness, i.e., when the grip is firmly clamped and when it is allowed to stand freely on its butt. The present study utilized a simple mathematical model from classical impact theory to provide analytical support for their experimental findings. It was shown that the functional relationship between the approach and rebound velocity of the ball is dependent on five dimensionless numbers: 1) the ratio of the ball to racket mass; 2) the ratio of the radius of gyration about the racket pivot to the distance of the geometric center of the racket head to the pivot; 3) the coefficient of restitution between the ball and the racket string ensemble; 4) the ratio of the distances of the center of mass and the center of the strings to the pivot; and 5) the ratio of the grip length to the distance from the pivot to the center of the strings. Because the mass and length ratios are very small numbers for tennis, the rebound-to-approach velocity of the ball is principally a function of the coefficient of restitution, which is practically independent of the conditions of grip firmness. Using published data generated from other experiments, analytical estimates were obtained for the values of the coefficient of restitution between a tennis ball and a racket strung to typical tensions for various rebound-to-approach velocity ratios. These estimates were validated directly by an independent experiment.


Globalisation and technology effects appear to have spurred smaller firms around the world to embrace e‐business practices. However, there is considerable variability in adoption and usage from country to country. Drawing on existing research on e‐business and conventional business and marketing in the smaller firm, this paper formulates a conceptual framework of reasons behind adoption and non‐adoption in the smaller firm. Macro dimensions, industry sector and firm‐level factors are analysed, together with owner/manager motivations and attitudes towards e‐business adoption. A conceptual framework is constructed and research propositions are then developed in order to focus attention on sets of internal and external factors which impact on smaller firm e‐business usage. Recommendations for future theory development are presented, together with implications for industry bodies involved in supporting the SME sector.


Although recent empirical studies indicate that the renminbi is undervalued, few people discuss how to adjust it effectively. The essential objective behind this paper is to explore the effect of the alternative adjustment of China's real exchange rate. Different with the previous simulation designs, this paper considers the formation mechanism of the real exchange rate. By assuming the same change of factor's price during different time periods and using the recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model, the two different scenarios are simulated against the baseline, one is to adjust the macro-structural imbalance by decreasing the gross national saving rate in China and the other is to adjust the micro-structural imbalance by increasing the real wage rate of Chinese labor. It can be seen that, first, the external imbalance will be improved by both the internal structural adjustments in the long-term; second, the effect of macro-adjustment is more significant than the micro-adjustment; third, a real appreciation would be sufficient for China to improve its terms of trade and change the export-oriented model of development into demand-oriented model of development in the next decade.


The notion of a locally conformal Kaehler manifold (an l.c.K-manifold) in a Hermitian manifold has been introduced by I. Vaisman in 1976. In [2], K. Matsumoto introduced some results with the tensor $P_{ij}$ is hybrid. In this work, we give a generalisation about the results  of an l.c.K-space form with the tensor $P_{ij}$ is not hybrid. Moreover, the Sato's form of the holomorphic  curvature tensor in almost Hermitian manifolds and  l.c.K-manifolds are  presented.


In medical practice, hypoxemia is a situation that most clinicians attempt to avoid; however, other persons voluntarily subject themselves to hypoxia of a greater degree than would be tolerated by most clinicians. When a New York City resident with normal pulmonary gas exchange arrives via airplane in La Paz, Bolivia (altitude 12,730 ft, 3,883 m), shortly after leaving the aircraft his arterial partial pressure of oxygen (P, will be close to 50 mmHg. Oxyhemoglobin saturation will be near 80% and will drift even lower during sleep. Surprisingly, hypoxemia of this degree has few detrimental effects, at least initially. Physiological compensation is capable of offsetting the reduction in arterial oxygen content by an increase in blood flow, allowing tissue oxygen delivery to be maintained at rest or during light exercise. Within a few hours, the majority of visitors to such high altitudes will experience symptoms of acute mountain sickness, including nausea, vomiting, headache, and lethargy. Some will experience the more deadly forms of high-altitude pulmonary edema @APE) and cerebral edema (HACE). If acute mountain illness is not severe enough to warrant descent to lower altitudes, the symptoms usually resolve and physical performance improves. Nearly 40 million people live comfortably at altitudes greater than 8,000 feet (2,440 m), and more than 1 million people live in La Paz. After several months or years at high altitude, only a few persons have altitude-related problems, particularly a syndrome of dyspnea, impaired mental function, and pulmonary hypertension known as chronic mountain sickness. In this condition, polycythemia is usually extreme, with hematocrit often approaching 90%. Large numbers of hikers and skiers willingly subject themselves to mild hypoxemia, and mountain climbers experience severe hypoxemia during climbs to the summits of Mount Everest and other peaks where the Po, in the ambient air and arterial blood are only 55 and 30 mmHg, respectively. Physiological investigations of human performance at high altitude have been driven by interest in how people can survive in such seemingly adverse conditions. These studies of humans at altitude have provided a wonderful window into the mechanisms of compensation for and adaptation to hypoxia. High-altitude physiology is beautifully described in this book, which provides an exhaustive review of altitude-related conditions and their management. There are chapters concerning respiration, the systemic and pulmonary circulations, red cell and plasma volume regulation, the central nervous system, endocrine system, nutrition, water, electrolyte and acidbase balance, sleep, exercise, and acclimatization to altitude. Especially well-done is the section about HAPE, an area in which Hultgren performed some of the first systematic clinical observations. A separate chapter is devoted to physiological and clinical conditions experienced at altitude in women. Clinical chapters include acute and chronic mountain sickness, systemic edema, thromboembolism, headache, pulmonary hypertension, retinal hemorrhage, and syncope, along with information of the effects of altitude on patients with pulmonary disease, congenital and valvular heart disease, hypertension, sickle cell disease, obesity, diabetes, epilepsy, and pregnancy. The effects of age on altitude performance are also discussed. It appears that elderly populations are more likely to experience subclinical pulmonary edema; however, the exploits of some elderly persons have been astounding, e.g., Mount Fuji, with an altitude of 12,395 ft (5,460 m), has been climbed by a centenarian! Hultgren's writing style makes this book an easy read even for those whose interest in the subject is only casual. Numerous graphs, tables, and photographs provide ample illustration. To Hultgren's credit, the book is heavily referenced and has a detailed index. For the clinician who practices at altitude or who advises high-altitude travelers, and for anyone interested in learning the gamut of altitude physiology, this book is indispensable-and a steal at $59.95.


Two cDNAs encoding geranyl diphosphate:4-hy- droxybenzoate 3-geranyltransferase were isolated fromLithospermum erythrorhizon by nested PCR using the conserved amino acid sequences among polyprenyl- transferases for ubiquinone biosynthesis. They were functionally expressed in yeastCOQ2 disruptant and showed a strict substrate specificity for geranyl diphosphate as the prenyl donor, in contrast to ubiquinone biosynthetic enzymes, suggesting that they are involved in the biosynthesis of shikonin, a naphthoquinone secondary metabolite. Regulation of their expression by various culture conditions coincided with that of geranyltransferase activity and the secondary metabolites biosynthesized via this enzyme. This is the first established plant prenyltransferase that transfers the prenyl chain to an aromatic substrate.


Modern software product line development uses viewpoints to capture the needs of various stakeholders without resorting to a single complex model. Comparing and integrating different viewpoints help to gain insights into the product line and to derive products. Recent research has proposed conflict resolution rules for handling variability in the integration process. However, one benefit viewpoints bring is to tolerate inconsistency until the rationales about variability are better understood. In this paper, we propose a method for modeling variability when product line viewpoints are consolidated. Our method takes advantage of a lattice ordering to support late binding of variability and stakeholder traceability. We apply our method to viewpoints derived from the mobile phone domain, and show how delayed commitment can support product line evolution and product derivation.


Nascent strand capture and release (NSCR) is a method for isolation of short nascent strands to identify origins of DNA replication. The protocol provided involves isolation of total DNA, denaturation, size fractionation on a sucrose gradient, 5'-biotinylation of the appropriate size nucleic acids, binding to a streptavidin coated magnetic beads, intensive washing, and specific release of only the RNA-containing chimeric nascent strand DNA using ribonuclease I (RNase I). The method has been applied to mammalian cells derived from proliferative tissues and cell culture but could be used for any system where DNA replication is primed by a small RNA resulting in chimeric RNA-DNA molecules.


Raucous audience applause–cheering, laughter, and even booing by a passionately involved electorate marked the 2016 presidential debates from the start of the primary season. While the presence and intensity of these observable audience responses (OARs) can be expected from partisan primary debates, the amount of not just laughter, but also applause–cheering and booing during the first general election debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump was unprecedented. Such norm-violating audience behavior raises questions concerning not just the presence, strength, and timing of these OAR, but also their influence on those watching on television, streaming video, or listening to radio. This report presents findings from three interconnected studies. Study 1 provides a baseline for analysis by systematically coding the studio audience response in terms of utterance type (laughter, applause–cheering, booing, and mixtures), when and how intensely it occurred, and in response to which candidate. Study 2 uses observational analysis of 362 undergraduate students at a large state university in the southern United States who watched the debate on seven different news networks in separate rooms and evaluated the candidates' performance. Study 2 considered co-occurrence of OAR in the studio audience and in the field study rooms, finding laughter predominated and was more likely to co-occur than other OAR types. When standardized cumulative strength of room OAR was compared, findings suggest co-occurring OAR was stronger than that occurring solely in the field study rooms. Analysis of truncated data allowing for consideration of studio audience OAR intensity found that OAR intensity was not related to OAR type occurring in the field study rooms, but had a small effect on standardized cumulative strength. Study 3 considers the results of a continuous response measure (CRM) dial study in which 34 West Texas community members watched and rated the candidates during the first debate. Findings suggest that applause–cheering significantly influenced liking of the speaking candidate, whereas laughter did not. Further, response to applause–cheering was mediated by party identity, although not for laughter. Conclusions from these studies suggest laughter as being more stereotypic and likely to be mimicked whereas applause–cheering may be more socially contagious.


In the last few years, both companies and financial institutions have greatly expanded the sphere and the content of the financial communication in order to meet the increasingly demanding audience and the higher legal requirements. The international financial crisis has increased the market's sensitivity to the communication strategies of firms and central banks and has given entirely new coordinates to the financial communication. The capital has never been more global and neither the competition between companies has ever been stronger. In this context, many companies are redefining the limits of communication with investors and analysts in order to reduce the risks associated with unfavourable conjunctures and lack of confidence. The central banks understand that an efficient communication is more than necessary in times of increased uncertainty, when the public is faced with a lack of confidence in both economy and in those that create and implement the economic policies.


Vijaya diary is one of the most premium milk products in Andhra Pradesh It has complete wide range of milk products from milk to sweets. Which has a sophisticated distribution channel networks all over Andhra Pradesh? The objective of the study is to evaluate the channel structure and satisfaction of the Vijaya diary distributors in Vijayawada. Distributors play a vital role as a link between the producer and its consumers. The success of failure of a Company significantly depends on its distributor'sperformance. Therefore, an important responsibility of a manufacturer is strongly support to its distributors in Vijaya Diary firm of Andhra Pradesh. Data was collected via structured questionnaire and analysed using SPSS. distributor trust, distributor attitude, distributor Commitment, Co-operative norms and distributor loyalty are considered as independent variables or predictors and distributor satisfaction selected as dependent variable, relationships among the constructs was examined. The results provide evidence that the firm formulating strategies to satisfy its distributors by developing long-term and profitable relations.


Objective:
The aims were to characterize spermatic cord torsion (SCT), to compare it with other causes of acute scrotum during the first year of life and to describe the distinctive features of each causative group.
Material and Methods:
Ninety-one consecutive neonates (44) and infants (47) were operated on for acute scrotum and the definitive diagnoses for the testicles thus confirmed. The duration of the symptoms and the physical findings were recorded. The histopathology of the removed testicles was studied and bacterial cultures were obtained from patients with epididymitis (ED).
Results:
Thirty-five boys (39%) had SCT, and incarcerated inguinal hernia (IH) and epididymitis were found in 22 (24%) and 21 (23%) cases, respectively. Torsion of the testicular appendage (TAT) was only seen once. A dark, hard testicle was observed in 91% of the SCT patients, but erythema and tenderness were infrequent. 30 out of 39 (77%) patients had SCT during the neonatal period, including 15 cases in which torsion had occurred prenatally. Only four testicles (11.4%) with SCT were salvaged.
Conclusions:
The cause of acute scrotum during the first month of life was mostly SCT, while ED was seen more frequently between the ages of 3 and 6 months. A dark, hard testicle was a common finding in the SCT patients, while swelling and erythema were typical of ED. Neonatal SCT has a poor prognosis.


The impact of domestic support on trade is likely to become an increasingly important issue in the WTO negotiations on agriculture. Domestic support expenditures are increasing and existing disciplines on forms and levels of support are weak. While a shift from market price support to output subsidies should be less trade distorting, such support may not be minimally distorting as required under the so-called green-box criteria. Proposals submitted by WTO members could further expand permissible support measures and weaken disciplines on their use. In some cases, most notably support provided in pursuit of environmental objectives, there may be a contradiction between the aims of support measures and the requirement that these should be minimally trade distorting. Clearer policy criteria and stronger disciplines are needed in order to avoid future trade disputes on agricultural support.


Haematophagy is perhaps one of the common and of advantageous mode of feeding as far as horse fly fauna are concerned. Taxonomic studies of this haematophagous and veterinary important fly revealed a total of nine tabanid species namely Chrysops dispar (Fabricius, 1798); Atylotus virgo (Wiedemann, 1824); Tabanus dorsiger Wiedemann, 1821; Tabanus (Tabanus) rubidus Wiedemann, 1821; Tabanus (Tabanus) striatus Fabricius, 1787; Tabanus (Tabanus) tenens Walker, 1850; Haematopota javana Wiedemann, 1821; Haematopota marginata Ricardo, 1911; Hippocentrodes desmotes Philip, 1961 under four genera viz. Atylotus Osten Sacken, 1876; Tabanus Linnaeus, 1758; Haematopota Meigen, 1803; Hippocentrodes Philip, 1961 and two subfamilies i.e. Chrysopsinae and Tabaninae from study sites of Sonamukhi dry deciduous protected forest habitat across arid zone of West Bengal. Among these nine tabanid species, one species namely Tabanus dorsiger Wiedemann, 1821 are recorded for the first time from this zone of the state. Diversity analyses of tabanid species comparatively throughout the three season revealed that most of the diversity and evenness indices of tabanid species yielded maximum value during post monsoon, whereas dominance indices recorded maximum value during pre-monsoon and post monsoon respectively. Margalef's species richness index and Chao-1 index of tabanid species yielded maximum value during monsoon. Rank abundance model of tabanid species revealed best suited with log series model (bootstrap value: 9999; p<0.05). Mau-Tau's sample rarefaction analyses revealed that present sampling of tabanids almost approached towards the asymptote and sampling of tabanid species throughout the three season is well within the acceptable range significantly (95% confidence level; p<0.05). Moreover abundance based indices yielded maximum value during monsoon, and diversity based indices yielded maximum value during post monsoon. This results might indicate a clear correlationship of abundance with relative humidity and and diversity with temperature parameters. This will need to be confirmed through more rigorous and long term monitoring of environmental parameters in future.


This study considered the limiting response of Nigeria cassava expansion initiative to climate changes, economic growth and some policy instruments. The presidential initiative to make cassava a foreign exchange earner as well as ensuring that national demand are satisfied has made cassava a significant economic crop and resource input of industrial and international status. Currently, its derivatives such as animal feed, starch, ethanol, cassava chip, cassava flour, cassava liquor etc are in high demand. Having gained international recognition some factors need be examined to ascertain the limiting response of this economic crop some exogenous factors. The specific objectives of interest were to ascertain the response of cassava output expansion to rainfall, temperature, imports, exports, credit allocation to agribusiness, exchange rate, nominal interest rate, inflation and GDP from 1970 – 2012. Also, it examined the short and long run effects of these variables to cassava output so as to know how much adjustment it makes to reach the equilibrium. Secondary data were used for this research work. The technique of data analysis was autoregressive modeling regression. To capture the long run and short run dynamics of cassava output behavior, the error correction model (ECM) using the Engle-Granger methodology was adopted. The result revealed a very high rate of adjustment to long run equilibrium and the variables are correlated which means that impact of each variable on cassava output behavior in the economy is inseparable. The Error correction coefficient of -0.975 measures the speed of adjustment towards long run equilibrium earned the expected negative sign and is statistically significant at 1% risk level. Thus, this study recommends that the emerging cassava economy of Nigeria would be adequately empowered for efficient productivity if the Government stipulate policies that will encourage domestic output expansion to meet the national and foreign demands while avoiding increase in inflation, importation of goods and services and proper checks and balances of the increase and decrease of temperature and rainfall using effective and efficient metrological centre.


Over the last 12 months, we have witnessed an acceleration of change within the traditional workplace. Digital disruption has only been exacerbated by Covid-19, displacement is rife, and the skills gap is widening exponentially. This report explores the concept of career adaptability, it's origin and development but also how it can form the backbone of the response to overcoming workplace trauma. Exploring a ground-breaking, human-centered response that will enable mentoring and employment support, at scale. Keywords—Career adaptability, workplace trauma, videobot technology, skills assessment diagnostic


This thesis is based on data from a large glaucoma screening, comprising 32, 918 elderly citizens of Malmo and data from retrospective analysis of glaucoma patients' charts from the Eye Department of Malmo University Hospital. The definition of glaucoma was based on reproducible visual field defects and/or glaucomatous optic nerve head damage in both groups.

In paper I, including screened individuals only, we found that the prevalence of glaucoma was strikingly dependent on refraction and markedly over-represented in myopic eyes, thus confirming myopia as an important risk factor for glaucoma. A new and interesting finding was that the relationship between glaucoma and myopia was stronger in eyes with low intraocular pressure (IOP), weaker in the group with intermediate pressure readings, and disappeared in eyes with higher pressures.

In paper II, based on screening participants, we found a significant association between the use of platelet aggregation inhibitors and optic disc hemorrhages (ODH) and a non-significant tendency towards an overrepresentation of ODH in individuals who were taking anti-hypertensive medication and cholesterol-lowering agents. This could indicate an association between optic disc hemorrhages and generalized vascular disease, alternatively that individuals on platelet aggregation inhibitors are predisposed to optic disc hemorrhages, or at least prolonged or more recurrent episodes of such hemorrhages.

In paper III, we compared the glaucoma patients identified through screening with self-selected patients from the Eye Department of Malmo University Hospital. Normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) was much more commonly found through population screening as compared to routine clinical examinations and mean IOP was significantly lower in patients identified through screening than in self-selected patients. Pseudoexfoliation and bilateral disease was, on the other hand, more common in the self-selected group. Visual field damage in the self-selected patients was significantly greater than in patients detected through population screening, but both groups had considerable mean visual field defects.

Paper IV compares mortality in glaucoma patients and controls from the screening as well as in the glaucoma patients diagnosed at the Eye Department. The results of this study strongly suggest that the life expectancy of glaucoma patients is the same as that of normal controls. Initiation of treatment did not appear to affect the survival curves of previously untreated patients.


Hepatitis B has a complex natural history and causes a wide spectrum of disease. There is a large reservoir of carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the human population. Low (less than 2% of the population), intermediate (2–8%), and high prevalence regions (more than 8%) are recognised. Population movements and immigration are changing the prevalence of the disease in several non-endemic countries in Europe and elsewhere. Treatment is indicated for chronic, progressive disease, although there is a role for rapidly acting nucleoside analogues in fulminant acute hepatitis or subacute hepatic necrosis. Substantial health care resources will be required for the worldwide burden of disease. In endemic areas the direct costs can total 3.2% of the national health care expenditure.1 2

Several difficulties remain in formulating treatments for HBV infection and thus areas of disagreement on the management of chronic hepatitis B exist. Choices of treatment depend on a number of factors predictive of treatment response, clinical circumstances and stage of disease, potency of different agents, the likelihood and consequences of resistance to treatment, as well as the personal choice of the patient and physician.3 Current guidelines are not always constant or agreed and will require rapid adjustment as new treatments become available.4–6 Thus this review summarises an overall view of treatment and points to areas of controversy.

Key steps in the replication of HBV have been defined. After entry into the cell, the virus is uncoated, and translocated to the nucleus. Relaxed circular HBV DNA is converted into supercoiled, or covalently closed (cccDNA) from which a pregenomic RNA is transcribed. HBV replicates through transcription of HBV RNA to DNA. The crucial steps include encapsidation, minus strand (−) DNA strand synthesis, plus strand (+) DNA synthesis, and maturation and release of viral particles. cccDNA is …


Algal blooms sporadically occur in atoll lagoons of the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia). The present study was conducted in the lagoon of Takapoto Atoll to investigate the roles of N. P and Fe in controlling the biomass and production of algae. Addition of P alone had no significant eifect on phytoplankton. The NP wnichments resulted in the highest increases of < 3 and > 3 pm chlorophyll a (chl a), algal carbon production, algal abundance (especially the pennate diatom Proboscla alata), and protozoan carbon production. Addition of N alone also enhanced chl a and algal carbon production, but was less effective than when N was combined with P. Dinoflagellates, which were dominated by Gymnodinium spp., showed the greatest response to the +N treatment. In one experiment, Fe addition (with EDTA) significantly enhanced chl a in the >3 pm size fraction, and the net rates of algal and protozoan carbon production. The +Fe treatment especially enhanced the abundance of the coccolithophore Acanthoica sp. These results indicate that N followed by P limited the biomass and production of small and large algae, and that Fe may have been at times in short supply and hmited the large algae. A sudden supply of these nutrients to the lagoon, by natural phenomena, may trigger a phytoplankton outburst and change the taxonomic composition of the algal community. Production and grazing of protozoa may have been indirectly regulated by the availability of N, P and Fe, since the quantity of their algal food was controlled by these nutrients.


Nanzan University This study examines the way in which Tokyo has exploited the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as a symbolic means of inducing post-war Japanese collective identity. To consider an effort on Tokyo's part to integrate A-bomb memories into the country's victim consciousness rather than to overcome the past, the study compares the A-bombed cities written with different Japanese forms, the peace parks, and the peace memorials. It also analyses the news coverage by two national daily papers on the A-bomb memorial days. By doing so, the study shows how the nation has been guided in its memory by the government.


OBJECTIVE. We examined the effectiveness of modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) in treating infants with hemiplegic cerebral palsy and compared therapy outcomes with a nonconstraining bimanual therapy (BIM) of equal intensity. METHOD. In a single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 33 infants with hemiplegia (mean corrected age = 11.1 mo, standard deviation = 2.2) received either mCIMT (n = 17) or BIM (n = 16). Both interventions included home programs encouraging the use of the affected hand during daily 1-hr play sessions for 8 wk. Outcome measures were administered pre- and posttreatment and included the Mini-Assisting Hand Assessment for babies and the Functional Inventory. At baseline, parents also filled out the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire. RESULTS. Both groups demonstrated a significantly large and equal improvement in hand and gross motor function posttreatment (p < .001) and high treatment compliance. CONCLUSION. mCIMT and BIM are equally effective methods for treating infants with hemiplegia.


My hcmf 2017 started with Montreal's Quatuor Bozzini and pianist Philip Thomas performing three pieces by one of the festival's featured composers, Linda Catlin Smith. Smith's profile has been significantly raised in this country since the release of a portrait CD on Another Timbre, and she featured at Glasgow's Tectonics in May. Her compositional voice is distinct, one that avoids the grand statement in favour of half-familiar nooks and crannies, shading from folkish keening to an elusive chromatic space where Chopin meets Boulez and Feldman. Though each of the pieces, a Piano Quintet and two string quartets, Folkestone and Gondola, shared several aspects in their harmony and gesture, the larger picture as the music unfurled was quite different from piece to piece: the Piano Quintet explored quasi-independence between the bowed and keyed strings, while Folkestone proceeded in short fragments continually beginning again.


Modern power systems are complex and non-linear and their operating conditions can vary over a wide range. In this work, the power system (PS) transient terminal voltage and frequency stability enhancement have been well investigated and studied through the following efforts. • Enhancing the responses of the transient stability by adopting conventional PID controllers as an additional voltage controller with the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) in the excitation system for terminal voltage, and in the governing system for frequency deviation response. • ANN (NARMA-L2) system is proposed as an effective controller model to achieve the desired enhancement. This model after training can be called as (Identifier). This identifier follows the system behavior even in situation of high disturbances. There are enhancement progress in terminal voltage V t , and frequency deviation ∆ω through the investigation for the three cases (without controller, with PID controller, and with NN controller) for single machine infinite bus using MATLAB – Simulink software.


This review summarizes recent data on the two specific mechanisms of p-adrenergic relaxation of airway smooth muscle. B2-adrenergic receptor stimulation results in the opening of largeconductance, calcium-activated potassium channels, and an attendant hyperpolarization of the myocyte. Coupling between receptor and channel occurs by phosphorylationdependent and phosphorylationindependent mechanisms. Inhibition of channel opening by specific peptidyl toxins results in a shift in the dosedependent relaxation of this tissue by p-adrenergic hormones. There is also evidence that &adrenergic hormones can decrease the calcium sensitivity of contractile elements. This desensitization does not result from the phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase but may be associated with the activation of a myosin light chain phosphatase.


Introduction: The Mini-CEX (clinical evaluation exercise) is an objective assessment tool which is reliable and valid in the clinical setting as, the traditional tools of assessment are time consuming and neither assess communication skills nor provide feedback to the students. Aim: To introduce Mini Clinical evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) for assessing preventive procedure 1.23% acidulated phosphate Fluoride (APF) gel application by final year dental students. Methodology: Thirteen final year dental students posted in the department of Public Health Dentistry were assessed by two assessors, on two different occasions using the standardized Mini-CEX rating profroma. Immediate structured feedback was then provided to the students. Experience regarding the Mini-CEX exercise of both students and assessors, was recorded using questionnaires consisting of 8 and 6 question respectively, on a 5-point Likert scale. Results: Overall clinical performance of students showed both statistically significant and clinically appreciable improvement from borderline to 'meets expectation'. Of the 7 areas assessed by the Mini-CEX exercise, students demonstrated an improvement in 4 areas – history taking, communication skills, clinical judgment and professionalism on comparison of average scores between the two encounters. Although, physical examination skills and organization efficiency scores were found to be statistically significant between the two encounters, the improvement was not clinically appreciable – category remained unchanged – 'borderline'. Both students and assessors were positive regarding the MiniCEX exercise, as it boosted their confidence in performance during examination and assessment respectively. Conclusions: Mini-CEX was found to be a useful alternative to traditional methods of assessments currently available in dental clinics.


Sexual precocity in girls is defined as the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 7½ years or menstruation before 8 years of age. In this issue of the AJDC , Kosloske et al 1 have reported two cases of isosexual precocity associated with small (9 and 11 mm in diameter), unilateral ovarian cysts. Both patients had a one-month history of breast tenderness and development of 1- to 2-cm breast buds; sexual hair was not present in either case. From this limited experience, Kosloske and colleagues 1 suggest that if pelvic ultrasonography identifies an ovarian mass, either solid or cystic, and a serum estrogen level is increased, an exploratory laparotomy should be performed. Their aggressive, and we believe questionable, conclusion should challenge each of us to make every reasonable attempt to define the specific cause of the sexual precocity; otherwise, their recommendation would require surgical exploration of all patients who


In all applications which are based on Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks, node mobility has a significant impact on the performance of routing protocols; consequently affect the usefulness of these applications. This paper presents an investigation and analysis of the performance of different routing protocols (AODV, DSR and OLSR) under freeway mobility pattern in motorway surveillance system based on Ad hoc camera network as a case study. The evaluation and analysis were performed for several different performance metrics and under varying network conditions. It has been shown from the results that under various mobility speeds and different traffic loads, AODV outperforms DSR and OLSR protocols, with respect to network throughput and protocol overhead. The conclusions of this study are important to provide a qualitative assessment of the applicability of these protocols to realworld motorway surveillance systems, and also as a basis for developing new ways to improve routing performance under different freeway mobility pattern conditions.


The switching autoregressive model is a flexible model for signals generated by non-stationary processes. Unfortunately, evaluation of the exact posterior distributions of the latent variables for a switching autoregressive model is analytically intractable, and this limits the applicability of switching autoregressive models in practical signal processing tasks. In this paper we present a message passing-based approach for computing approximate posterior distributions in the switching autoregressive model. Our solution tracks approximate posterior distributions in a modular way and easily extends to more complicated model variations. The proposed message passing algorithm is verified and validated on synthetic and acoustic data sets respectively.


Mainstreaming gender and engendering development has now become a part of feminist and development discourse. This paper is a case study of the mv Foundation, which has implemented its programme of "Empowering Women through Collective Action" in the Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh. It shows how this foundation had consciously and concretely incorporated aspects that have the potential to mainstream gender as well as engender development. It also describes how the foundation identified the most marginalised among the rural population, apprised them of the existing rural and land-based programmes of the government and acted as a catalyst to source these programmes.


Manipulating natural objects of irregular shapes, such as rocks, is an essential capability of robots operating in outdoor environments. Physics-based simulators are commonly used to plan stable grasps for man-made objects. However, planning is an expensive process that is based on simulating hand and object trajectories in different configurations, and evaluating the outcome of each trajectory. This problem is particularly concerning when the objects are irregular or cluttered, because the space of feasible grasps is significantly smaller, and more configurations need to be evaluated before finding a good one. In this paper, we first present a learning technique for fast detection of an initial set of potentially stable grasps in a cluttered scene. The best detected grasps are further optimized by fine-tuning the configuration of the hand in simulation. To reduce the computational burden of this last operation, we model the outcomes of the grasps as a Gaussian Process, and use an entropy-search method in order to focus the optimization on regions where the best grasp is most likely to be. This approach is tested on the task of clearing piles of real, unknown, rock debris with an autonomous robot. Empirical results show a clear advantage of the proposed approach when the time window for decision is short.


A large number of research works on networked control systems (NCSs) are from the time delay system (TDS) perspective, however, it is noticed that the description of the network-induced delay is too general to represent the practical reality. By recognising this fact, a novel TDS model for NCSs is thus obtained by depicting the network-induced delay more specifically. Based on this model, stability (robust stability) and stabilisation results are obtained using delay-dependent analysis approach, which are less conservative compared with conventional models because of the specific description of the network-induced delay in the new model. A numerical example illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


Environmental and regulatory pressures have prompted original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to explore highly boosted internal combustion (IC) engines as a means to minimize toxic air pollutants and meet strict legislative targets. The exhaust gas turbocharger is a key technology used to achieve the boost pressures necessary for advanced engines of the future. Centrifugal compressors with vaneless diffusers have been widely implemented in turbochargers for IC engines, particularly passenger vehicles, mainly due to their compact size and ability to deliver high pressure ratios over a wide range of flow rates. Methods to improve compressor efficiency near surge without reducing the surge margin have received considerable interest in the past. In many situations, changes to the impeller blade design and/or diffuser are limited by the need to meet the strict engine rated power target. Such competing demands have encouraged designers to develop variable geometry compressors with the aim of improving near surge performance without sacrificing rated power performance.
 The on/off type vaned diffuser is a variable geometry compressor capable of delivering a pressure ratio benefit near surge by utilizing a vaned diffuser rather than a vaneless diffuser. The vanes are retracted prior to the diffuser choking at higher engine speeds to form a vaneless diffuser in order to reach the rated power condition. Diffuser vane shaped clearances in the hub or the shroud end wall, termed side clearances, enable axial sliding variability of the vanes into and out of the diffuser passage. Unfortunately, the clearances manifest themselves as a discontinuity in the flow field which gives rise to an efficiency penalty. It is not yet clear how the side clearance geometry and position affect the compressor performance i.e., efficiency and stability. Hence, a numerical and experimental investigation was carried out to determine the impact of side clearance geometry and end wall position on compressor performance. It was found that a side clearance positioned at the shroud end wall reduced the surge margin of the investigated compressor for both types of clearance geometry considered. In contrast to this, a clearance positioned at the hub end wall improved the compressor surge margin but had the lowest efficiency benefit near surge. An experimentally validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was used to inspect the flow field and to elucidate the reasons behind the changes in compressor performance.


This paper argues that econometric analysis of housing price indexes before 2006 generated forecasts of future long-term price growth and low estimated probabilities of extreme price decreases. These forecasts of future increases in home-loan collateral values may have affected both the demand and the supply of mortgages. Standard time series models using repeat-sales indexes suggest that positive trends had a long half-life. Expectations based on such models could lead to an asset bubble. Analysis of data from the HMDA loan database and LoanPerformance.com at the MSA level and at the loan level substantiates the effects of past price trends on the demand and supply of subprime mortgages. On the demand side, at the MSA level, past home price increases are associated with more subprime applications, higher loan to income ratios and lower loan to value ratios of applications for both prime and subprime mortgages. This is consistent with the notion that households not only borrowed more but also invested more in home equity conditional on greater past house price increases. On the supply side, past home price appreciation had a significantly greater impact on the approval rate of subprime applications than the approval rate of prime applications. Loan level analysis indicates that past home price appreciation increased the approval rate of subprime applications but did not affect the approval rate of prime applications. Further, approved HMDA subprime loans had higher loan to income ratios in MSAs with greater past house price trends.


The purpose of this study is to identify the information channels used by the Karpagam University faculty members, information sources preferred by them, methods employed for getting the needed information and their library use pattern. A questionnaire was distributed to 160 faculty members and 132 filled questionnaires were returned, giving an overall response rate of 82.5%. Results show that most of the respondents seek information for preparing lectures. It is revealed that most of the faculty members used textbooks. Books were ranked as the most important source for teaching and research purposes. The internet had been almost universally adopted; they trace materials from the library via the internet. On the whole, respondents perceived Karpagam University library collections, services and facilities as adequate to meet their information needs effectively.


ABSTRACT The year 2017 was an historic season for hurricanes devastating the United States. Related news coverage brought people close to the impacts of these natural disasters through evocative stories of people acting as heroes and villains, showing humanity at its best and worst. The current study experimentally tested the potential for these news stories of human responses to hurricanes to shape emotional and moral responses of viewers. The study also examined how hurricane news could subsequently influence other perceptions, including the implicit link between climate change and hurricane intensity and frequency. Results showed that news stories featuring the best and worst of humanity were both effective at evoking compassion, yet only stories featuring the worst of humanity evoked anger. Both emotions' relationships with moral conviction, policy attitudes, and behavioral intentions toward climate change were mediated by reflection, and further analyses revealed significant differences among conservative, moderate, and liberal audiences.


The fields of health and human rights and of tobacco control (TC) emerged in the early 1990s to focus the attention of academic and policy circles on urgent societal issues calling for new modes of analysis and advocacy. Their emergence coincides to a large extent with the launch of the journals Tobacco Control and Health and Human Rights in 1992 and 1994, respectively. Carolyn Dresler 's article exemplifies the intersection of these two relatively new fields. The challenge the authors address may be summarised as bridging the gap between two perfectly understandable zones of neglect: the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control briefly alludes to human rights but is essentially a convention for the management of complex public policy relating to the supply and demand of tobacco products without further concern for human rights; TC is notmentioned specifically in the core human rights treaties but emerges briefly in the most recent interpretations of health policy required by the right to health. The article dwells on one means of bridging this gap, namely, the use of non-governmental information to balance government reports on compliance with the obligations under article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (right to health) and stimulate an evidencebased discussion in the treaty-monitoring body on the shortcomings in realising the right to health. The Human Rights and Tobacco Control Network (HRTCN) is currently engaged in the first effort of this type regarding TC. Such 'shadow reports' are not the only means of making human rights treaties and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control mutually reinforcing. Other means include contributing to an interpretative document ('general comment') outlining preferred TC policies as part of the right to health, developing alliances among human rights and TC organisations at the national and local levels to lobby for TC, providing evidence for cases brought under regional human rights treaties, and preparing interventions with governments and parliaments using international human rights obligations to reinforce public health arguments for TC. Hopefully, this article will launch an ongoing reflection in this journal on these and similar strategies.


The laser-induced mass transfer in thin-film substrate /Cr/Cu/Ni system is studied by means of Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). For the laser-pulse energy values, E = 100-170mJ, the diffusion of Cu atoms into Ni layer and their accumulation within this layer are observed, whereas at E > 170mJ the same is true for Cr atoms. The observed phenomena are explained on the basis of calculated temperature distribution in the system at issue during lased action. Enhanced transfer of Cr atoms towards external surface is observed under the irradiation regimes leading to the melting of intermediate copper layer. Diffusion coefficients of copper and chromium calculated from their surface accumulation show an exponential dependence on the laser-pulse energy. Under laser heating, the diffusion processes are more manifested as compared with those under conventional thermal annealing. This is bound up with higher concentration of nonequilibrium defects generated within the irradiation zone.


Residual stress in green compact is an important factor to influence the quality of the compact and corresponding powder metallurgy product. To understand the residual stress, a finite element model is set up to simulate the single and double action pressing, unloading and ejecting of powder compacting process. Results show that compaction type has significant influence on the rule of residual stress state and the double action pressing is more helpful to reduce the risk of cracking than the single action pressing. Also better lubricant condition is beneficial to improve residual stress in the green compact.


Late 20th-century and early 21st-century social movement toward gender equality in society has been significant. Parents and educators commonly expect that all youngsters should have the same life opportunities regardless of gender. In education, girls and young women are excelling, often equaling and even surpassing boys and men in academic performance and in earning college degrees and graduate degrees. Further, women are more frequently assuming traditionally "masculine" professional roles (doctor, lawyer, manager, legislator, governor, and others) while men more frequently assume traditionally "feminine" roles, successfully taking on more child care and housework, and working in nursing and other traditionally "feminine" fields.
 At the same time, preferences for gender hierarchy are still strongly expressed in many areas of society. At the top of leading social institutions including government and business, men still possess far more political, economic, and intellectual leadership power and authority in comparison to women; and in reaction to political and economic power imbalances, women's rights activists sometimes express the idea of female superiority instead of arguing for gender equality. In the area of socialization, girls and women continue experiencing high levels of gender-specific pressure to conform to narrow ideals of physical beauty and emotional supportiveness, while boys and men continue experiencing pressure to avoid communicating about their vulnerabilities and emotions, possibly stunting their emotional development and impairing their mental health. In this context, gender equality emerges as a vital, early-21st-century educational imperative that is essential in actualizing what the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has designated the right of all people to an education for the "full development of the human personality." In the gender equality imperative's emergence in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the following elements are all interrelated: philosophical perspectives and sociopolitical developments indicating a need for gender equality, thinking and practices opposed to gender equality, and the development of pro-gender-equality educational understandings and practices.


Corrosion behavior of austenitic stainless steels 304L and 316L types in various concentrations of aqueous sodium chloride solutions were investigated related to its pitting corrosion resistance. Experimental testing was carried out by using cyclic polarization method at room temperature (27C) to evaluate the corrosion mechanism by considering breakdown potential (Eb) and protection potential (Ep). Aqueous sodium chloride solutions were prepared with various concentration i.e. 1%, 2%, 3.5%, 4% and 5% w/v. The testing results were represented by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization curves for both alloys which showed potentials that indicated the onset of potentials Eb and Ep respectively. The results were influenced by sodium chloride concentrations and the chemical composition of alloys. Rank of the values of Eb and Ep of 304L and 316L at various sodium chloride concentrations from the highest to the lowest were 1%, 2%, 5%, 4%, 3,5% w/v NaCl consecutively. It was observed that the lowest corrosion resistance of both alloys was at 3,5% w/v NaCl which was similar to typical seawater solution with maximum dissolved oxygen solubility. It was shown that 316L has more positive potentials for both Eb and Ep as well as its difference values compared to SS 304L at all concentrations of aqueous sodium chloride solution.


The particulate form of albumin has been regarded as a potential carrier of drugs for either site-specific localization or their local application into autonomically discrete sites. Various formulations of metronidazole loaded albumin microspheres were prepared by heat stabilization process and chemical stabilization process. Effect of stirring rate on size distribution, effect of albumin concentration, effect of cross linking agent on microspheres were the parameters investigated Angle of repose, drug content, in vitro and in vivo release rate studies were also carried out. In vitro release profile for formulations containing metronidazole-loaded albumin microspheres with cross linking agent shows slow sustained release up to 24 h.lt also obeys first order kinetics. The studies conducted in rabbits confirm sustained release. Hence albumin microspheres prepared by the heat stabilization process and chemical stabilization process could be used for the treatment of hepatic amoebiasis where the sustained action is needed.


Risk management is one of very important problems concerning investment analysis, because it is impossible to predict future events with certainty at the moment when investment decision has been made. It is especially typical for agricultural production which is significantly influenced by natural's factors. Such factors may cause various risks, thus it is necessary to pay special attention to investment evaluation in risky circumstances. Probability estimation for some future events depends on quality of available data, professional experience and applied methodology. Having that in mind, the goal of this paper is to comprehend possible risks in vineyard production and ways to deal with the risks. Moreover, objective of the paper is to analyze economic effectiveness of investments (using adequate methodology) as well as to make choice between different vineyard planting models in risky circumstances. Data needed for formation of investment models originate from concrete investment vineyard planting project as well as comprehensive professional literature on vineyard planting projecting.


As ever-increasing demand for lower size, weight, and power (SWaP) and small satellite platforms continues, it drives development in all sectors, including high-reliability and deep-space technologies. In order to meet these demands, JHU/APL is working to evolve its flight-proven, low-SWaP Frontier Radio (FR) [1] system into even smaller, more efficient, and yet more powerful designs. The Frontier Radio has already successfully flown an S-band version on NASA's Van Allen Probes (VAP) mission, and an X/Ka-band version will launch in summer 2018 on the NASA Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission [2]. Building on this platform, a streamlined design was recently developed with small satellite architectures in mind. This resulted in a single-board radio that offers nearly the functionality of the main Frontier Radio with significant improvements in SWaP as well as FPGA reprogrammability, called Frontier Radio Lite (FR Lite) [3]. An L-band version of this with GPS receive capability is planned to launch in 2018. Now nearing completion is the development of a full spacecraft avionics suite centered on one powerful processing board, the Single-Board Computer (SBC). This SBC replaces the processing functionality of several disparate subsystems, creating vast efficiency gains. For radio functionality, the SBC implements the baseband and intermediate frequency (IF) processing in its FGPA while also providing the digitization for a separate analog front end, the RF Card (RFC). The RFC comprises dual, independent receivers and a single transmit IF capable of in-situ switching between higher-frequency outputs configurable for UHF through X-band and either a low-power (20 mW) output or a higher-power (1 W) output. This single card provides the RF hardware functionality of four traditional Frontier Radio slices. An X-band version of this design is planned to fly on an APL cubesat mission and is being investigated for NASA's Europa Lander mission. This paper discusses the design and advantages of the RFC in its role as the analog front end in the Frontier Radio Virtual Radio (VR), which also includes the SBC component. The Frontier Radio VR, along with the heritage Frontier Radio and FR Lite, rounds out a family of Earth-orbiting and deep-space radios that meet the needs of a diverse set of missions [4].


Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a minimally invasive, specialized endoscopic technique that is useful in resecting superficial gastrointestinal lesions that are unable to be removed by standard polypectomy. This is typically accomplished using a submucosal injection that lifts the lesion away from the muscularis propria to allow for safe resection of the polyp, either via piecemeal or en bloc resection. Over the years, several techniques exist to perform EMR including conventional EMR or hot EMR, cold EMR and underwater EMR. Despite its established advantages and safety over conventional techniques such as surgery, the adoption of endoscopic resection (and thus the education and training of gastroenterology trainees) is lagging. The goal of this article is to offer a comprehensive review of the basic principles of colonic EMR. We review the concepts of optical diagnosis including the various polyp classification systems available to determine the polyp morphology and histology. We also discuss the technical aspects of performing colonic EMR. We also outline the common adverse events associated with EMR including bleeding, perforation, postpolypectomy syndrome, and residual or recurrent polyps, and discuss preventative measures that can be taken to mitigate adverse events. Lastly, we offer practical tips for trainees who want to undertake EMR in their clinical practice.


The paper presents the development and business of the chemical-pharmaceutical factory Rave PLC, founded in Zagreb in 1922. Based on archival and building documentation, professional and daily newspapers, and promotional material, the formation of the factory complex in the Zagreb industrial zone was reconstructed, its marketing strategy and its impact on the development of domestic drug production and hygiene and sanitary necessities were presented. As an important motive for its operations, the factory emphasized industrial independence, the national features of its business and the promotion of cooperation with young domestic industry. In accordance with the above-mentioned text, Rave PLC participates in the construction and development of domestic pharmaceutical production and market, encouraging the development of modern industry and struggle for more favourable conditions of its business. Its unprecedented history is an important segment of our pharmaceutical past, but also an indispensable element of knowing the industrial development of the wider region. This segment of the beginnings of pharmaceutical manufacturing is essential in knowing the origins of entrepreneurship in our region as a significant element in raising awareness of national production, development and identity.


Burns carries a high risk of mortality and morbidity. This with increased chances of drug-resistant infections makes the management complicated. Hence this study was conducted to find out the prevalence of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) in burns patients admitted to the intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital. A 2-year retrospective study was conducted where burn patients reporting MDRO were included. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 where a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of 97 patients, tissue cultures of 65 patients revealed the presence of MDRO in 27 (27.8%) patients. A male predominance (17, 63.0%) was noted with a mean age of 29.0-year-old. Fire burn (15, 55.6%) was reported to be the most common cause of burn with an average of 29.9% of Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) involved. MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the commonest organism reported in 12 (44%) patients. The average length of stay (LOS) was noted to be 11.3 days with a mortality rate of 48.1% (Overall, in all MDRO'S infections). Patients who reported MDRO showed a tendency for longer hospitalization with a higher risk of mortality as the TBSA increased. However, in presence of other factors in burns like higher TBSA, inhalation injury and lack of advanced skin substitute these mortality figures, and their association can be debated. Lastly, the implementation of control measures, as basic as hand hygiene, should be partaken to reduce the burden of MDR infections.


Purpose: Video has become a popular means for delivering "how to" information about a wide variety of software tasks. With video rapidly becoming a major instructional method, the question arises of their effectiveness for software training. This paper provides a set of eight guidelines for the construction of instructional videos for software training. Method: The guidelines present a concise view on how to design an instructional video for software training. They are based on a considerable body of research on how people process visual and verbal information and how to support these processes. Each guideline is described, illustrated, and supported with research findings from various disciplines. Results: The guidelines were tested in three consecutive empirical studies. In these studies a set of instructional videos for Word's formatting options were designed. The effects of the video instructions were compared with a paper tutorial (Van der Meij & Van der Meij, in preparation). We found that the video instructions yielded more favorable appraisals for motivation, higher skills proficiency immediately after training, and better skills retention after a one-week delay. Conclusions: The guidelines offer patterns that could further advance the theory and practice of the design of instructional videos for software training. A limitation of the study is that we concentrated on instructional video that serve a tutorial function. For video that function as a reference guide not all the guidelines are equally important, and also some new guidelines may be called for.


Have fears of "libel tourism" (see main text) kept a controversial psychology paper on psychopaths from seeing the light of day for more than 3 years after its acceptance by a journal? One of the authors believes that9s the case, citing a 2007 threat of a defamation lawsuit by forensic psychologist Robert Hare of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver. The disputed paper, which addresses Hare9s views on how to diagnose psychopathy and whether past criminal behavior is central to the condition, will be published in the June issue of Psychological Assessment, according to its publisher, the American Psychological Association. Hare argues that he wasn9t responsible for the extended delay, saying he agreed in 2008 to write a response for publication at the same time. Indeed, he9s "frustrated" because the original paper was widely circulated, and he hasn9t had an opportunity to correct what he considers major flaws and misrepresentations of his writings on the connections between criminality and psychopathy.


ABSTRACT
 Student recruitment is an increasingly important topic and a major challenge for engineering schools all over Europe, which have difficulties in attracting and enrolling gifted students. On the contrary, French graduate engineering schools attract the most talented students of the nation. What are the forces at play? The aim of this paper is to investigate the decision-making processes behind the students' choice of engineering school. We carried out 18 semi-directive interviews with engineering students of three French graduate engineering schools and completed content analysis of our data. Based on the findings, we identified various individual, social, economic and institutional factors influencing the students' choice of engineering school. The findings indicate that the pre-university model (preparatory classes) has a key influence on engineering schools' recruitment process for attracting talented students.


Refugees and other distinct migrant populations often travel together. The policy concept of 'mixed migration' arose to describe this migration phenomenon. There are, however, various meanings of the term. These can be divided into two categories: on the one hand are understandings that focus on the complex composition of migration flows; on the other are understandings that consider complexity and individuals' mixed motivations for moving. Because of this, 'mixed migration' has contributed less to thinking around, and humanitarian action in relation to, migration than it might otherwise have. This paper describes these diverse understandings and harnesses relevant legal principles drawn from refugee, human rights, humanitarian and transnational criminal law, as well as from the law of the sea in support of one understanding of the term. It argues that international law augers in favour of an understanding focused solely on complexity, because the legal principles applicable in mixed migration situations apply regardless of individual motivations. Including such motivations within the policy concept only serves to divorce 'mixed migration' from its legal underpinnings. Moreover, understanding 'mixed migration' in terms of varied individual motivations for moving might fuel populist anti-immigration sentiment. A complexity-focused understanding of mixed migration would enhance the concept's utility.


The aim of this study is to present data concerning hazardous waste management in the health area, with emphasis to the utilization of mercury in dentistry. The study was based on a bibliographic review regarding the use of mercury in dental fillings and its potential toxicological risks for patients and due to occupational exposure. The studies also take into consideration national and international recommendations on the use of mercury and its occupational exposure limits. The review of the literature reveals the potential toxic effects of mercury both on the environment and on human health. Given that the use of dental amalgam is still very frequent in dentistry, there is a need for safety regulations in order to minimize the risks posed by dental amalgam in dentistry proceedings based on technical guidelines for its use, discard and final disposal.


An explicit instruction is needed in performing a task. Instructions that focusing more on the coordination of the body is complex to be followed comparing to instruction focusing on equipments or effects of environment. Purpose of the study was to determine the outcome of specific instruction to novices of Uitm Shah Alams' Kesatria. A total of hundred thirty two participated the study which age ranged 20-25 years old. Participants were randomly divided to three different groups. Instruction referred to group A was internal focus instruction (body coordination) whilst group B received external focus instruction (the effect of environment or apparatus) and control group received no focus instruction .A North Carolina University Volleyball Battery Test was adopted for the assessment of serving score. Instruction was assessed by using overhand volleyball serve scoring. Total of 6 blocks of 5 trials were performed during acquisition phase and 1 block of 5 trials were performed on retention phase. A one way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted to determine the differences between internal and external focus instruction groups in relation to acquisition and retention phase. Result from Post Hoc with Bonferroni correction confirmed that external focus instruction group shown most significant difference (p<0.05) in instruction scoring. In serving scoring, external focus instruction was significant difference (p<.0.05). Data yielded significant difference on external group on the instruction and serving scoring in acquisition and retention phase with (p < 0.05). Findings, the result has made a significant on the effectiveness of specific instruction to the novices. The study shown that external focus instruction group performed better in acquisition and retention phase.


There are compelling reasons for choosing to develop the human as the highest-order experimental system in genetics: an obvious social context that stirs interest, wide medical observation of the population that permits identification of an abundance of genetic defects, and our ability to perceive in the human subtle or complex variations that may not be observable in other species. Various lines of genetic inquiry that are based on research in other systems--cytogenetic analysis, biochemical studies, mapping of defective loci by linkage analysis in affected families, and in vitro techniques such as the creation of transgenic organisms--complement and enrich each other. New phenomena that would not have been predicted from investigations in other organisms have been found in humans, such as the discovery of the "giant" Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene and the identification of recessive cancer genes. Genetic research is yielding insights into human biology that are raising new possibilities for therapy and prevention of disease, as well as challenges to society in the form of ethical decisions about the appropriate application of genetic information.