The COVID-19 pandemic has evolved rapidly and affected almost all the world's countries, creating unprecedented chaos on human lives, physical health, mental wellbeing, and the world economy. During this time, digital space has become an indispensable global means of communication, entertainment, and social interaction. However, high reliance on digital tools increases the risk of being prey to cyberattacks. In order to explore the cybercrime threat landscape, empirical research was conducted to examine the shared experiences related to cybercrime threats during the enforcement of the Movement Control Order in Malaysia. Data was collected using an online survey among 332 respondents across Malaysia. The finding stipulated that most of the respondents comprised females aged between 18 and 28 years old. The result also indicated that majority of female became victims of online phishing/malware distribution [(M = 0.58, SD = 0.13); t (113) = 2.24, p = 0.02] and online sexual harassment [(M = 0.56, SD = 0.11); t (107) = 2.38, p = 0.01]. The understanding of cybercrime experiences faced by the public during MCO is essential to help law enforcement agencies to stay vigilant on issues related to public safety and security during unprecedented conditions.


Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type II B (MEN II B) includes thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis and marfanoid habitus. Its short-term prognosis is determined by the tumour of the adrenal gland, whereas long-term prognosis is determined by the thyroid carcinoma. Often the well-defined but rare syndrome is diagnosed late. The MEN II B's therapy consists of thyroidectomy and adrenalectomy uni- or bilateral. The 5 year-rate of survival is 75%. Own observations are reported.


Investments in energy sector are usually long term processes both in construction and exploitation phase, and therefore require many conditions to be satisfied, mostly from legislative and technical sector. While the legislative can change in accordance with economy activities in the country, technical data (on-site measurements) which are the main base for energy facility design, need to be reliable as much as possible. Wind energy has a significant global potential which exceeds the world's electrical energy consumptions. This paper presents the estimation of wind energy potentials in Montenegro, based on all previous available studies in this field. The wind energy potential in Montenegro is based on a combination of 3-D numerical simulations of wind fields on the entire territory, and comprehensive on-site measurements. The preliminary studies show that there is a potential of areas with high and mean values of a capacity factor about 400 MW, and annual production of 900 GWh of electric energy. The share of wind parks in the total installed power in Montenegro is planned to be about 8%, while an adequate ratio of wind parks in an annual production from renewable sources (large hydro power plants are included here) is estimated to be 11.4%. The paper presents the current state of art in the field of building of wind parks in Montenegro. A particular attention was paid to the legislation framework and strategic documents in the energy area in Montenegro.


Nowadays the number of dispersed generators (DG) is growing rapidly. This change will greatly influence the power system dynamics. A distribution network, where DG are connected to the grid, cannot be considered as passive anymore. So in future it will not be possible to use simple equivalents of distribution networks for power system dynamic modeling as it was done before. In dynamic studies the whole power system cannot be represented in a detailed manner because of huge system dimension. Therefore special techniques have to be applied for aggregation and order-reduction of distribution networks with DG. In this paper brief review of existing techniques has been given, and after that dynamic reduction using Krylov methods is performed for a distribution network consisting of DG of different types.


The purpose of this paper is to consider the meaning of the 14th Amendment as it applies to women in the United States through the perspective of the women's rights litigants, advocates, and their allies in the 1860s and 1870s. Originalism as a method for constitutional interpretation can take many forms, including giving weight to the original intent of the drafters of the Constitution or its amendments, or deferring to the understandings of the ratifiers in state conventions and legislatures, or perhaps giving weight to the "public meaning" or "public understanding" of the documents by considering newspaper editorials, pamphlets, and dictionary definitions in use at the times of their ratifications. This paper is an originalist approach to understanding the 14th Amendment by turning to a group of people who were particularly active in the earliest debates on its meaning. Modern interpretations as well as those from contemporaneous statesmen and jurists will be considered as well to provide some orientation and comparison.

To map this argument broadly, modern scholars argue that the 14th Amendment protects some or all categories of individuals within the jurisdiction of the United States, and they variously claim that Section 1 protects substantive or procedural civil, political, natural, fundamental, or common law rights, or even social equality. Adding to this the variety of definitions of rights or "equality," there is a wide spectrum of scholarly thought on what the 14th Amendment protects, and to whom it applies. Part II be divided between political efforts and legal efforts. It will focus first on the political efforts and the accompanying interpretations of the 14th Amendment from some of the most prominent activists during the 1860s and 1870s. It will then explore the legal arguments of women's rights activists and their attorneys engaged in litigation from three notable cases in the earliest days of the 14th Amendment.


Drug Design, Development and Therapy is an international, peerreviewed open-access journal that spans the spectrum of drug design and development through to clinical applications. Clinical outcomes, patient safety, and programs for the development and effective, safe, and sustained use of medicines are a feature of the journal, which has also been accepted for indexing on PubMed Central. The manuscript management system is completely online and includes a very quick and fair peer-review system, which is all easy to use. Visit http://www. dovepress.com/testimonials.php to read real quotes from published authors.


The efficiency of optical brightening agents (OBAs), also known as fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), has long been of interest in the production of uncoated fine paper, particularly in uncoated fine paper grades containing high-yield pulp (HYP). The increasing levels of whiteness and also the increasing HYP substitution in fine papers has made OBA efficiency an important issue. This paper summarizes recent research findings in understanding and enhancing OBA efficiency in fine papers containing HYP, with focus on the main factors affecting OBA efficiency in both wet end and size press application. These factors include the base sheet brightness and whiteness of the pulp, UV competitors, OBA retention, quenching effects, and OBA migration at the size press. Some new technologies to improve OBA efficiency are discussed.


The Constitution is a broad charter of governance. It establishes the institutions of government and places limits on their exercise of power. For the most part, the Constitution speaks in broad generalities, and over the last several hundred years many principles have been developed to give specific content to these generalities. Some of these principles, like the one requiring separation of powers, are inferred from the general structure of the Constitution. Others, like antidiscrimination or its alternative, the antisubordination principle, are rooted in some specific provision such as the Equal Protection Clause, and are meant to give further content to those provisions. Both types of principles are supposed to guide government officials in discharging their duties and, if required, they can be enforced against these officials by the judiciary. These principles are as endowed with the authority of the Constitution as are the words on the parchment. However, they present themselves to us as an interpretation of those words and can be criticized and, if need be, reformulated in ways that, short of an amendment, the words on the parchment cannot. One such principle I refer to it as the principle of freedom has been violated by the Bush administration and now by the Obama administration in their fight against terrorism. This principle denies the government the power to imprison anyone without charging that individual with a specific crime and swiftly bringing him to trial. The principle of freedom is implicit in the provision of the Constitution that limits the power of Congress to suspend the writ of habeas corpus the means by which the legality of imprisonment can be tested.I More importantly, it should be seen as a gloss on the Fifth Amendment of the Bill of Rights, which denies government the power to deny anyone of "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." 2 At its core, the principle of freedom denies the government the power to deprive an individual of his liberty without charging the individual with a specific crime and producing evidence of guilt in open court. It also requires the government to give the accused an opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses who testify against him and to


Consumer attitudes towards genetically modified foods (GMFs) play a crucial role in the development of the technology. Both government and food manufacturers of agricultural products in the US and China are optimistic about the potential market for these foods. This paper compares two national consumer surveys conducted in the US and China. To determine if influential factors are driving consumers' attitudes towards GM plant and animal products in both countries a binary logic model is used. Findings suggest that for the majority of American and Chinese consumers while their overall knowledge of GM food is low, their attitudes toward the technology are generally supportive. Consumers in both countries are more accepting of GM plant products then GM animal products. Interestingly, gender, living place, and awareness of GM foods have similar significant effects for both countries.


In this paper, I provide an account for the so-called Blansitt's generalisation (Blansitt 1988). The generalisation says that in the linear sequence DATIVE—ALLATIVE—LOCATIVE, only adjacent functions may be marked the same. In previous work (Bobaljik 2012; Starke 2009; Caha 2009), analogous *ABA patterns have been encoded by the so-called feature cumulation. Feature cumulation means that the amount of features characteristic for individual categories monotonically grows in the order given in any such sequence. However, Blansitt observes that in the case of datives, allatives and locatives, the allative (which is in the middle) tends to be composed of the dative and the locative, so the account based on cumulation does not work. The present paper thus argues for a different representation of the underlying categories, namely as containing (abstractly) the features A, AB and B respectively (following in part Bobaljik & Sauerland 2017). I refer to this as the "overlapping" decomposition. When such a decomposition is combined with the Superset Principle (Starke 2009), it yields both the *ABA restriction and the observed syncretism and containment patterns. I further argue that this is a non-trivial result, since traditional underspecification approaches face significant challenges in deriving the *ABA pattern on the basis of the overlapping decomposition. This article is part of the Special Collection: *ABA


In 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada struck down the laws criminalizing medical assistance in dying (MAID) in Carter v. Canada (Attorney General) . In this article, the authors discuss the historical prohibition on MAID in Canada, the important change in the law represented by Carter, and Bill C-14, the federal government's legislative response to the Supreme Court's verdict. The authors explain the new MAID regime created by Bill C-14 and discuss the various issues raised by the new legislation, including the possibly unconstitutional exclusion of patients not suffering from terminal conditions, problems of certainty in determining when death is "reasonably foreseeable," problems related to patients' mental capacity, and the need for effective data collection.


"Markup is said to be standoff, or external, when the markup data is placed outside of the text it is meant to tag" ( ). One of the most widely recognized limitations of inline XML markup is its inability to cope with element overlap; standoff has been considered as a possible solution to this problem. However, as P. Banski (2010) points out, overlap and discontinuity are inherent in our theoretical constructs of texts, thus we need to embrace them rather than outwit them. On a theoretical level, inline markup embeds disparate interpretations of the text into an already interpretative transcription; standoff markup clearly separates these layers of interpretation. On a very practical level, standoff reduces distractions while encoding. It also facilitates further enrichment of existing digital texts thanks to a modular, decentralized method of introducing and storing the markup. While several attempts have already been made to overcome the problem of overlap, either by introducing standoff markup in XML (such as JITM) or by using other, non-XML markup schemes (such as LMNL), our intention is to concentrate on a TEI based solution. Though there are, within the wider TEI ecosystem, isolated projects applying standoff markup for particular needs (e.g. the Shakespeare Folger Digital Texts), attempts to model standoff markup more generally  (e.g Pose-Lopez-Romary 2014) have lacked appropriate toolkits and broader user adoption. We consider the preliminary notation we propose here a point of departure for further developments, and are designing it alongside packages for online publishing, querying and visualization. Our light notation moves the bulk of markup into a separate element, grouping "layers" of related textual features encoded via existing TEI elements (eg. or ), into individual elements, and proposes a schema for referencing the transcription using xml:id's. Our transformation package aims to work directly on the standoff markup, without the necessity of reducing it back to inline TEI for parsing or querying.


Wageningen UR Library has developed a tool based upon co-citation analysis to recommend alternative journals to researchers for a journal they look up in the tool. The journal recommendations can be tuned in such a way to include citation preferences for each of the five science groups that comprise Wageningen UR. For the development of the tool we have looked at the reference lists of 18,490 research articles published in 2006-2013 by Wageningen UR staff in 2,530 peer reviewed journals covered by Web of Science. The total collected reference lists contains 795,585 references, of which 700,115 have been identified to articles in 10,712 unique journal titles. For the 700,115 references to these articles we have made an inventory of the co-occurrence (co-citation) of journals. The abundance of co-citations for these journals is calculated. We have included the results of the co-citation analysis of journals in a database that can function as a journal recommendation tool. With the tool, we can retrieve a list with frequencies of co-cited journals based on any journal that has been cited in Wageningen UR research articles. We surmise that frequently co-cited journals are more similar in topic(s) and research field(s) because these journals together have been cited in the same article dealing with a particular topic within a certain research field. This list of co-cited journals provides suggestions on related journals that share topic(s) and research field(s). The tool presented in this paper is set up in an interactive way since it is based upon articles published by the researchers themselves. In case new articles will refer to other journals (because other topics and research fields are dealt with in new published articles) this will influence the co-citation analysis and result in recommendation of other journals.


Jammu & Kashmir is an agri-horticulture state (in India) where a large population is economically dependent to agriculture and horticulture, directly or indirectly for livelihood, food and nutritional security. Rice, the staple food of majority population, is cultivated in diverse agro-ecological situations extending from subtropical area (<1000 m amsl) of Jammu, through temperate valley to cold high altitudes regions (1650–2400 m amsl) of Kashmir, and therefore rice biodiversity is rich. Some of the landraces fall into indica type and thrive well in temperate regions of valley, while others fall into japonica type and are prevalent in hilly areas. Cold tolerance is a special feature in most of these peculiar landraces, which are different from rest of the country. However, with the advent of High Yielding Varieties the local biodiversity got neglected and remained confined to seed banks. With new emerging challenges like climate change, population explosion, limited land and water resources, demand for organic products, local landraces have assumed tremendous importance, either for direct exploitation or indirect use. In this chapter, we attempt to bring out information about these landraces in a comprehensive manner and discuss the issues pertaining to their conservation, utilization, cultivation and revival through approaches like participatory plant breeding, participatory varietal selection or plant biotechnology.


Introduction: Childhood obesity is an important risk factor for the early cardiovascular disease. Studies show conflicting results on whether it is the diet or physical inactivity that play the most important role in treating childhood obesity and possible health consequences.Objectives: The aim of the study was to measure the cardiac function before and after three months intervention including only diet, continuous moderate exercise (CME) and high intensity aerobic interval training (AIT) in obese children/adolescents; to compare the cardiac function among exercise (CME+AIT) combined diet intervention with diet intervention only.Method: A randomized controlled trial study was performed. In total 29 obese (ISO-BMI ≥30 kg/m2) children (16 girls, 13 boys) with mean age 11.3 ± 2.4 years and ISO-BMI 32.9 ± 3.3 kg/m2 were randomized to either of three months intervention groups: Diet (32.8 ± 3.1 kg/m2), CME (34.8 ± 4.3 kg/m2) and AIT (31.2 .± 2.2 kg/m2) respectively. The CME performed training at 70% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) for 47 minutes and the AIT performed 4×4 minutes training at 85-95% of HRmax with 3 minutes active interval (60% HRmax) in between. Both intervention groups performed the training session twice in the lab and once at home in each week for consecutive 12 weeks. Diet intervention together with AIT and CME were counseled together with their caregiver for healthy food choices for every second weeks for consecutive three months of intervention period. Anthropometric measurement with body composition, maximal oxygen uptake and resting echocardiography were done before and after intervention program. Mean ± standard deviation was calculated. Paired t-test and one way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean differences within and between the groups from baseline to three months test. The statistical significance of p< 0.05 was set.Result: In total 21 subjects completed the three months intervention. BMI tended to reduce in all three groups. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface area (LVEDVI) increased almost significantly in the CME group by 24.5% (p=0.09) and AIT group by 30.5% (p=0.2) respectively. Ejection fraction increased significantly in the AIT by 16.3% (p=0.05). The CME improved lean body mass (LBM) (p=0.04) significantly as well as AIT improved LBM almost significantly (p=0.07). The resting heart rate significantly reduced by 10 BPM (p=0.05) and the upright blood pressure had a tendency towards reduction by 6 mmHg (p=0.21). Maximal oxygen uptake did not improve after intervention. When exercise (CME+AIT) combined diet intervention was compared with diet intervention only, exercise combined diet intervention improved LVEDV by 24.6% (p=0.02) and LVEDVI by 26.9% (p=0.03) and almost significantly shortened IVRT (p=0.08); diet intervention reduced IVRT (p=0.006) after intervention. LBM significantly improved among exercise combined diet intervention by 1.7% (p= 0.003). The other variables remained unchanged in both groups after intervention.Conclusion: Aerobic interval training combined with diet advice improved cardiac function more than moderate exercise and only diet intervention. The exercise intervention (CME+AIT) improved more variables than the diet intervention alone.Limitation and strength: Significant difference was not achieved in several parameters due to small sample size. However the safe, well-controlled and highly defined exercise intensity intervention regimen is a strength of this study.


Formative assessment has the potential to incite co-regulatory activities that foster student's development of self-regulatory skills. Teacher often intend to use formative assessment to foster self-regulation. However, this requires purposeful interaction between students and teachers. To improve co-regulatory formative assessment implementation, research and professional development needs to pay attention to what co-regulatory formative assessment look like. This participatory study explores if and how the process of formative assessment–described in five phases of the formative assessment cycle –facilitates teachers to explicate concrete student and teacher behavior in their formative classroom that intends to stimulate self-regulated learning. Teachers of a longitudinal formative assessment professional development project participated in three activities in which a variety of data was collected. The results show that using the five phases of the formative assessment cycle helps to concretize co-regulatory formative assessment behavior that relates to various phases of regulation. They also show that starting from a student perspective, explicating expected student behavior and using this to explicate related teacher behavior, challenges teacher's formative assessment intentions and implementations. The activities make teachers realize the importance of purposefully designing co-regulatory formative assessments. Teachers explicated examples describe actual student-teacher co-regulatory interactions in the formative classroom and they are found to differ in the extent to which they are teacher-directed or student-directed. This challenges our thinking on the co-regulation processes incited by formative assessments and how this can stimulate students to develop self-regulatory skills.


The H-mode, an improved confinement regime, was attained recently in JIPP T-IIU high power heating experiments, in a limiter configuration without any shaping of the plasma cross-section. This H-mode is unusual because it was obtained with heating in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). It was also attained with combined ICRF and neutral beam injection (NBI) heating. The threshold power level obtained with ICRF alone is similar to or less than that obtained in the combined heating case. The dependence of the power threshold of the H-mode on various plasma parameters has been studied. It increases with the plasma current and is insensitive to the plasma density, and there is an optimum value of the toroidal field intensity. The power deposition profile for ICRF heating has been analysed with a ray tracing code and used to explain the observed dependence on the toroidal magnetic field. The paper also discusses a class of discharges with improved confinement observed in the same series of experiments. These discharges had a power level close to the H-mode threshold power and exhibited a marked improvement of confinement. They were, however, different from H-mode discharges in the time evolution of the profiles.


The fibrinolytic system includes a broad spectrum of proteolytic enzymes with physiological and pathophysiological functions in several processes, such as haemostatic balance, tissue remodeling, tumor invasion, angiogenesis and reproduction. The main enzyme of the plasminogen activator system is plasmin, which is responsible for the degradation of fibrin into soluble degradation products. The activation of plasminogen into plasmin is mediated by two types of activators, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). The activity of both is regulated by specific plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs). There are 3 types of PAIs described so far but the most important fibrinolytic inhibitor in vivo is PAI type 1 (PAI-1). Among others, the presence of metabolic syndrome and the -675 4G/5G promoter polymorphism are known to be modulators of PAI-1 levels. Besides their fibrinolytic profile, plasmin and plasminogen activators are implicated in tissue proliferation and cellular adhesion, as they can proteolytically degrade the extracellular matrix and regulate the activation of both growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases. By all these means, the fibrinolytic system is also involved in physiological processes, and in pathological situations such as thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, endometriosis and cancer. PAI 1 has been studied in different settings with thrombotic pathophysiology, such as coronary artery disease and ischaemic stroke. Controversial results have been published and concerns about study designs or presence of confounders have been claimed to be responsible of them. Recently, its involvement in adverse thrombotic events related to the modern drug-eluting coronary stents has renewed the interest of its study. PAI-1 also plays an important role in signal transduction, cell adherence, and migration. Indeed, studies of several types of cancers, including breast cancer, have shown that increased uPA and PAI-1 levels are associated with aggressive tumor behavior and poor prognosis. Endometriosis is defined by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus with marked ability to attach and invade the peritoneum. It is one of the most frequent benign gynecological diseases that affect women with pelvic pain or infertility during their reproductive age. Immune system disorders, genetic predisposition, altered peritoneal environment and endometrial alterations are believed to increase the susceptibility to endometriosis. The plasminogen activator system may be involved in this process, where local extracellular proteolysis plays a crucial role. Altered expression of several components of the fibrinolytic system in both eutopic and ectopic endometrium and peritoneal fluid of women with the disease has been implicated not only in the onset, but also in the progression of the endometriotic lesions.


Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is complex to manage, especially when a substitutive treatment has to be implemented. Strict medical follow-up is mandatory but not sufficient to provide optimal care to the CKD patients. Educational intervention gives more skills to the patients to cope with this chronic disease. In this approach, physicians and nurses help patients to have a greater acceptance of their illness and make their treatment their own. Therapeutic education is part of this patient-centred approach. Peer counselling is also used in our program as well as an educative journal.


Dosidicus gigas (Humboldt or jumbo squid) (Orbigny, 1835) is the largest ommastrephid squid, reaching up to 1.2m mantle length and 65kg in weight. This pelagic squid is endemic to the eastern Pacific Ocean and is particularly abundant in the highly productive waters of the California and Humboldt Current systems, and the Costa Rica Dome upwelling region.
The intra-specific population structure of D. gigas is complex, since this species quickly responds to environmental variability driven by El Nino and LaNina events in both current systems by rapidly changing its biological characteristics, such as somatic and reproductive investment. Oocyte development is asynchronous and the potential fecundity averages around 18–21 million oocytes; the maximum value estimated (32 million oocytes) is the largest ever recorded for any cephalopod so far. Hatching occurs between 6 to 9 days after fertilization at 18°C, but temperatures below 15°C and above 25°C do not allow complete embryonic development. D. gigas passes through a post-hatching paralarval stage called the rhynchoteuthion and during this stage the two tentacles are fused into a well-developed proboscis. During the paralarval and subsequent juvenile stages Humboldt squid have a monthly growth rate of up to 80 mm in mantle length, and grow up 60 mm per month in the later stages. This is the highest growth rate reported for any cephalopod species, and enables this species to reach the reported maximum mantle lengths in a short lifespan (12 to 24 months). Although the lack of population structure across its large range suggests a high level of gene flow and substantial horizontal migration, specific migratory pathways in the Pacific Ocean have not yet been demonstrated. Long-distance migration is an important element in the life-history of Humboldt squid and may be associated with differential growth rates and size and at full maturity.
The recent poleward range expansion of D. gigasis likely associated with warmer periods following El Nino/La Nina events, an ongoing expansion of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Eastern Pacific, and changing ecosystem interactions including food availability, competition and predation. Humboldt squid feed primarily on small mesopelagic (midwater) fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods as well as commercially important coastal fishes and squid in the recently expanded range. Typical daily behavior involves vertical migrations from near-surface waters at nighttime to mesopelagic depths above or within the OMZ during the daytime. Whereas the OMZ restricts the depth distribution of many competing vertebrate predators to the upper surface layers due to limited hypoxia tolerance, D. gigas circumvents similar restrictions via metabolic suppression. In addition to its critical role both as prey and predator in the eastern Pacific, D. gigas is an economically important species and the target of what has recently become the world's largest invertebrate fishery.


In 2016, the FDA approved several new drugs for use in primary care. These drugs include amphetamine extended-release orally disintegrating tablets (Adzenys XR-ODT), elbasvir and grazoprevir (Zepatier), emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide (Descovy), glycopyrrolate and formoterol (Bevespi Aerosphere), insulin degludec injection (Tresiba), and ixekizumab (Taltz).


The inhibitory activity of isoferulic acid (IFA) on fructose- and glucose-mediated protein glycation and oxidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated. Our data showed that IFA (1.25–5 mM) inhibited the formation of fluorescent advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and non-fluorescent AGE [Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine: CML], as well as the level of fructosamine. IFA also prevented protein oxidation of BSA indicated by decreasing protein carbonyl formation and protein thiol modification. Furthermore, IFA suppressed the formation of β-cross amyloid structures of BSA. Therefore, IFA might be a new promising anti-glycation agent for the prevention of diabetic complications via inhibition of AGEs formation and oxidation-dependent protein damage.


Copyright © 2013, Kowsar Corp.; Published by Kowsar Corp. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dear Editor, The last issue of this journal addressed an important topic – undergraduate students' knowledge of research methodology. Jamali et al. (1) reported from a study suggesting that extracurricular workshops in combination with research experience improved students' knowledge of principles in research methodology. The authors acknowledge the value of research for the development and well-being of societies. Living in the small country of Sweden, which has developed tremendously as a result of technical and scientific innovations, I have to agree. Now, each era, and each society has its own needs for research outcomes. In hindsight it is easy to conclude that Sweden's economic growth and well-being was associated with an innovative climate and the pioneering spirit of entrepreneurship. The needs of tomorrow's society are however more difficult to foresee. Combining the knowledge of the past with the energy and spirit of new generations, should put any society in a good position to tailor research needs to society's well-being. And so, the new generation needs thorough knowledge of research methodology. This knowledge, as suggested by Jamali et al. (1), is promoted by workshops in research methodology. Similar ideas are implemented at the medical programme in the Swedish medical university of Karolinska Institutet (KI) in Stockholm, Sweden, in order to inspire and form future scientists. The KI approach is to integrate research methodology into the medical programme consisting of 5 weeks of study over 10 semesters that ends with a project report (2). Scientific inquiry differs from simple inquiry in its mechanisms for safeguarding against error and bias. In order to validate new knowledge, students need foundations in sound research methodology. Four categories of establishing knowledge were presented by Peirce (3). The different ways to establish knowledge is ranked from the method of tenacity (the lowest degree of certainty) to the method of science (the highest degree of certainty). The philosopher Gadamer states that "all understanding inevitably involves some prejudice" (4) (p. 272). Threats from prejudice and error need to be dealt with. The historical Enlightenment movement brought mechanisms to discover prejudice from a) human authority and; b) over hastiness in ourselves (4). Knowledge of research methodology may help acknowledge prejudice and offers us the tools to interpret findings in relation to our own culture. However, scientific progress also needs growth of ideas to flourish. Enquiry starts with curiosity and ideas need to be cultivated under favourable conditions. Tornqvist, who investigated the creativity in the environments of Nobel laureates argues that "Individuals with unique skills and creative capacities are the main prerequisite for invention and thorough renewal" (5). Furthermore, he acknowledged how innovations develop into societal benefits. A dialectic relationship between new ideas and interaction with society is needed in addition to methods of asserting secure knowledge. Consequently, in addition to research methodologies, a supporting climate can also benefit innovations to develop into productive outcomes -improved health for people and societal well-being.


Following advances and extensive use of information and communication technology (ICT) in
education and the current tech savvy generation of learners in higher institutions of learning, blended
learning is gaining popularity as it is adjudged effective in improving both teaching and learning
process in higher institutions of learning. It has the potential to expand access to quality education and
break learning barriers in developing countries. Blended learning has created a paradigm shift in
library services, however, not all academic libraries in developing countries have understood their
roles in blended learning environment. Academic library can play significant roles in collaboration with
faculty. The paper examined innovative strategies that academic libraries can adopt to make effective
use of blended. The paper examined the state of academic libraries in developing countries with
emphasis on their ability to participate in an embedded learning environment, it revealed that
traditional learning methods is still prevalent in many developing countries, the paper considered
factors that enhance and hinder academic libraries intervention in a blended learning environment.
Competencies and skills required by academic librarians to be relevant in an embedded learning
environment were discussed. The paper proffered workable recommendation for implementing a
blended learning environment. In conclusion, the paper recommends that librarians in developing
countries must be intentional about skills acquisition so as to be well equipped to join their
counterparts in other developed climes to play a significant and principal role in the ever dynamic
sophisticated learning environment.


Anglers have become increasingly interested in pursuing trophy largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), but creating and maintaining such fisheries are often challenging. We used a low-density stocking of female-only largemouth bass in combination with forage species stocking and a catch-and-release regulation to create a trophy fishery in a 43-ha Georgia impoundment. Initial stocking of age-1 female largemouth bass occurred in spring 2005, and the population was dominated by fish ≥457 mm total length (TL) within four years. A total of 180 largemouth bass were collected in 2012; 34.4 % exceeded 3.6 kg and 8.8 % exceeded 4.5 kg. Both angling and electrofishing caught individuals ≥457 mm TL, but electrofishing collected a broader size range of bass including fish ≤237 mm TL. Size structure of largemouth bass was larger in angling than electrofishing samples in spring, but was similar between gears for bass > 457 mm TL. Angler catch rates of trophy largemouth bass were high, taking an average of only 7.35 angler-h to catch a 3.6-kg fish. Growth was fast, as female largemouth bass reached 457 and 508 mm TL in 2.59 and 3.69 years, respectively. Mean relative weight across all size groups was 119. By the end of the study, density of trophy (> 3.6 kg) largemouth bass in the impoundment was estimated to be 1 fish 0.69 ha –1. Also, females still outnumbered males 6.9:1 at the conclusion of this study, despite incidental male introductions through time. Thus, a program designed to stock females exclusively appeared to be a viable option to keep largemouth bass densities low and produce a high number of trophy bass. This strategy accommodates anglers that have a high voluntary release ethic, producing a largemouth bass population with low recruitment and fast growth without requiring high harvest.


Objective: Renal denervation (RDN) has been demonstrated to reduce blood pressure durably, but its efficacy and safety is still unclear with standard radiofrequency ablation catheters, and related predictive factors remain unknown for its efficacy. Methods: Sixty patients with refractory hypertension were enrolled to undergo RDN procedure or drug therapy. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Eight of them excluded, forty-two patients underwent RDN treatment while the other ten served as controls. Results: The patients in RDN group and controls both had a high blood pressure (166.5/99.8 ± 12.6/12.2 vs. 170.4/102.5 ± 17.8/16.2 mmHg, Pi¼ž0.05) in spite of the use of 3.8 ± 1.0 or 4.3 ± 1.2 types of anti-hypertensive drugs. Mean blood pressure was significantly decreased after RDN (153.0/99.8 ± 16.8/12.2 vs. 166.5/90.5 ± 12.6/11.5 mmHg, Pi¼œ0.001), while no significant reduction of blood pressure was observed in controls. There were no severe adverse cardiovascular events in RDN group. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that impedance reduction, sex was related to the decrease of SBP (Pi¼œ0.05), while impedance reduction, BMI and eGFR were correlated to the decrease of DBP (Pi¼œ0.05). Conclusion: RDN with standard ablation catheters could safely reduce blood pressure in Chinese patients with refractory hypertension. The effectiveness of RDN appears to be associated with impedance change, sex, BMI and eGFR.


The application of empirically determined surrogate models provides a standard solution to expensive optimization problems. Over the last decades several variants based on DACE (design and analysis of computer experiments) have provided excellent optimization results in cases where only a few evaluations could be made. In this paper these approaches are revisited with respect to their applicability in the optimization of production processes, which are in general multiobjective and allow no exact evaluations. The comparison to standard methods of experimental design shows significant improvements with respect to prediction quality and accuracy in detecting the optimum even if the experimental outcomes are highly distorted by noise. The universally assumed sensitivity of DACE models to nondeterministic data can therefore be refuted. Additionally, a practical example points out the potential of applying EC-methods to production processes by means of these models.


Sridhar Venkatapuram argues that every human being has a human right to the capability to be healthy. In this talk, he takes us through the first principles required for health to be a human right: a shift to thinking about health as a capability and a recognition that health and health inequalities are questions of social justice.


This document provides the Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) Version 1.1 implementation details developed for the manufacturing environment. The "Manufacturing Profile" of the CSF can be used as a roadmap for reducing cybersecurity risk for manufacturers that is aligned with manufacturing sector goals and industry best practices. This Manufacturing Profile provides a voluntary, risk-based approach for managing cybersecurity activities and reducing cyber risk to manufacturing systems. The Manufacturing Profile is meant to enhance but not replace current cybersecurity standards and industry guidelines that the manufacturer is embracing.


Before 1870 a system of voluntary schools had been established in Rossendale. The Elementary Education Act 1870 caused j other voluntary schools to be set up and made efficient so that school boards would not be. necessary. There was a deficiency of public elementary school accommodation at Sharneyford, at the extreme eastern part of the township of Newchurch-in-Rossendale. A school board was set up for this township. A school board was also formed for the township of Tottington .Higher End when the managers of the Primitive Methodist school at Townsendfold intimated that they could no longer continue to maintain the school. The townships of Rossendale eventually became three Municipal Boroughs, and school boards were formed for Bacup and Rawtenstall. Parts of Rossendale which did not previously have school boards were, thus brought under school board administration. Each borough in Rossendale had a different form of administration under the Elementary Education Acts. Bacup had a school board. Rawtenstall had a school board, but parts of the borough were exempt from education rates. Haslingden had a school attendance committee. New church School Board provided one school under section 18 of the 1870 Act. Bacup and Rawtenstall School Boards took over several voluntary schools. Some of these were replaced by new buildings. The three municipal boroughs administered technical education under the Technical Instruction Act 1889 Lancashire County Council distributed the "Whisky Money" and required the municipal] boroughs to submit plans of their schemes of technical instructic for approval. Bacup and Rawtenstall carried out their Technical instruction in very inefficient premises. Haslingden built a new technical school in 1903.Under the 1902 Education Act, the three municipal boroughs became Part III authorities for elementary education. Lancashire County Council became the Part II authority for secondary education. The municipal borough education-committees assumed responsibility for secular education and there were several disputes with the vaduntary schools. In Bacup and Rawtenstall, schools taken over were improved where possible and some new schools were built. Haslingden would not take over any voluntary schools, but provided new buildings. Haslingden Technical school became a secondary school. A gupil Teachers Centre at Waterfoot and Newchurch Grammar school were amalgamated to become the Bacup and Rawtenstall Secondary and Technical school.


Calcium entry plays a major role in the induction of several forms of synaptic plasticity in different areas of the central nervous system. The spatiotemporal aspects of these calcium signals can determine the type of synaptic plasticity induced, e.g. LTP (long-term potentiation) or LTD (long-term depression). A vast amount of research has been conducted to identify the molecular and cellular signalling pathways underlying LTP and LTD, but many components remain to be identified. Calcium sensor proteins are thought to play an essential role in regulating the initial part of synaptic plasticity signalling pathways. However, there is still a significant gap in knowledge, and it is only recently that evidence for the importance of members of the NCS (neuronal calcium sensor) protein family has started to emerge. The present minireview aims to bring together evidence supporting a role for NCS proteins in plasticity, focusing on emerging roles of NCS-1 and hippocalcin.


Empirical regression discontinuity (RD) studies often use covariates to increase the precision of their estimates. In this paper, we propose a novel class of estimators that use such covariate information more efficiently than the linear adjustment estimators that are currently used widely in practice. Our approach can accommodate a possibly large number of either discrete or continuous covariates. It involves running a standard RD analysis with an appropriately modified outcome variable, which takes the form of the difference between the original outcome and a function of the covariates. We characterize the function that leads to the estimator with the smallest asymptotic variance, and show how it can be estimated via modern machine learning, nonparametric regression, or classical parametric methods. The resulting estimator is easy to implement, as tuning parameters can be chosen as in a conventional RD analysis. An extensive simulation study illustrates the performance of our approach.


The majority of studies on Chinese urbanization have been focused on coastal areas, with little attention given to urban centers in the west. Western provinces, however, will unquestionably undergo significant urban change in the future as a result of the 'Go West' policy initiated in the 1990s. In this paper the authors examine the relationship between drivers of urban growth and land-use outcomes in Chengdu, capital of the western province of Sichuan, China. In the first part of this research, remotely sensed data are used to map changes in land cover in the greater Chengdu area and to investigate the spatial distribution of development with use of landscape metrics along seven urban-to-rural transects identified as key corridors of growth. Results indicate that the urbanized area increased by more than 350% between 1978 and 2002 in three distinct spatial trends: (a) near the urban fringe in all directions prior to 1990, (b) along transportation corridors, ring roads, and near satellite cities after 1990, and, finally, (c) infilling in southern and western areas (connecting satellite cities to the urban core) in the late 1990s. In the second part of this paper the authors connect patterns of growth with economic, land, and housing market reforms, which are explored in the context of urban planning initiatives. The results reveal that, physically, Chengdu is following trends witnessed in coastal cities of China, although the importance of various land-use drivers differs from that in the east (for example, in the low level of foreign direct investment to date). The information provided by the land-use analysis ultimately helped tailor policies and plans for better land management and reduced fragmentation of new development in the municipality.


Abstract:Job loss can be difficult to navigate for individuals and their families. However, we know very little about the relationship between parental status and job loss. Drawing on rich data from Statistics Canada's Workplace and Employee Survey, we analyse differences across gender and parental status groups in both risks of job loss and its consequences: re-employment, unemployment, and quality of new jobs relative to those that were lost. We find that parenthood reduces the probability of job loss for prime-age men with young children, but only when employer discretion is involved. This advantage is not shared by otherwise similar mothers or fathers of school-aged children, suggesting that employers are particularly sympathetic to risks to men's breadwinning role in the early years of fatherhood. Despite similar risks of job loss relative to other groups, mothers of young children are the least likely to be re-employed in the subsequent year, mainly because of their higher levels of labour market withdrawal rather than unemployment. Holding out for "family friendly" work arrangements does not seem to account for this pattern. Overall, our results show that the risks and consequences of job loss strengthen connection to employment for fathers of young children while weakening connection for mothers. Job loss dynamics thus not only reflect but also reinforce asymmetrical breadwinning and caring roles for mothers and fathers of preschool-aged children.


Lyotropic liquid crystal synthesized by sodium dodecyl sulfonate in the mixed solvent of distilled water through make the different concentration. Using Polarized optical microscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectrometer and theoretical simulation, we have studied the relation between the samples concentration and light scattering. Our results have demonstrated that natural light scattering increased with the samples concentration increased. The results we have gotten now are almost equal to our theoretical simulation.


This research work explores the connection of machining parameters, i.e. peak current (Ip), pulse on-time (Ton), pulse off-time (Toff), tool material (copper, copper-chromium, graphite) and powder particles (tungsten carbide, cobalt, boron carbide) on surface roughness (SR) for Inconel-800 superalloy in powder mixed electrical discharge machining process (PMEDM). The Box–Behnken design had been applied to design the experiments, and response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to cultivate the empirical models. Forty-six experiments were conducted as per Box-Behnken method of RSM. The results indicated that when current increases from 4 to 12 A, SR increases from 4.23 to 12.57 μm, while with the increase of Toff from 30 to 60 μs, SR decreased from 9.23 to 7.10 μm. Results also indicated that copper as a tool electrode and boron carbide as a powder additive has significantly effect on SR. The predicted results based on developed models are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results reasonably well with the coefficient of determination 0.96 for surface roughness. Furthermore, certain machined specimens were analyzed using energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques.


This slim book consisting of 20 short chapters deals with a very important topic and will undoubtedly be of some value to criminalist and investigator alike. The author, a retired tire tread designer with several years of experience in helping investigators locate candidate tires capable of making certain tracks and in interpreting casework exhibits, could be expected to contribute the definitive work on the subject. The latter this book is not. There is not a great deal presented that experienced forensic scientists have not learned from casework experience, readings scattered among diverse sources, and, perhaps visits to tire manufacturing facilities. There seems to be no question that Mr. McDonald knows much of forensic science relevance that he could teach us about tires. One would have hoped that some of this expertise could be made available to criminalists. Very little that is not already known to experienced criminalists is shared in this volume. This is probably not a book that will remain on the criminalist's bookshelf. Although it may provide some useful new information for many criminalists, this new information is likely to be mastered in one reading. This is not a reference work.


In two phase flow, differential pressures technique can be used to measure the volume fraction of the gas phase. In the
case where no restriction is available in the pipeline, the differential pressure technique can be used only in vertical or
inclined pipelines. Two phase air-water pressure drop across a Venturi meter may change its sign from positive to negative
due to change in the compressibility of the gas phase. In other words, the inlet of the venturi (upstream section) is not
always positive as in a single phase flow. A new model to predict the sign change of the two phase pressure drop across a
Venturi was developed and checked against data recently obtained from an air-water flow rig at the University of
Huddersfield. The predication of a two phase pressure drop through a vertical pipe was also investigated and compared with
experimental data. Four sets of data were investigated. In each set the water volumetric flow rate was fixed while the gas
volumetric flow rate was varied (see table-1). It was inferred from the model proposed in this paper and the experimental
data that the sign of the differential pressure drop across Venturi meter and parallel pipe for homogenous air-water flow
depends mainly on the parameters C1, C2, Uh and K. Therefore, if C1 > C2 then, the differential pressure drop across Venturi
tends to be negative and if Uh
2 > K then the differential pressure drop across a 1m long Perspex pipe will be negative.


Objective To understand belief in a specific scientific claim by studying the pattern of citations among papers stating it. Design A complete citation network was constructed from all PubMed indexed English literature papers addressing the belief that β amyloid, a protein accumulated in the brain in Alzheimer's disease, is produced by and injures skeletal muscle of patients with inclusion body myositis. Social network theory and graph theory were used to analyse this network. Main outcome measures Citation bias, amplification, and invention, and their effects on determining authority. Results The network contained 242 papers and 675 citations addressing the belief, with 220 553 citation paths supporting it. Unfounded authority was established by citation bias against papers that refuted or weakened the belief; amplification, the marked expansion of the belief system by papers presenting no data addressing it; and forms of invention such as the conversion of hypothesis into fact through citation alone. Extension of this network into text within grants funded by the National Institutes of Health and obtained through the Freedom of Information Act showed the same phenomena present and sometimes used to justify requests for funding. Conclusion Citation is both an impartial scholarly method and a powerful form of social communication. Through distortions in its social use that include bias, amplification, and invention, citation can be used to generate information cascades resulting in unfounded authority of claims. Construction and analysis of a claim specific citation network may clarify the nature of a published belief system and expose distorted methods of social citation.


This paper describes the theoretical principles of TRD operation based on thermal absorption of incident power of radiation. In the modelling procedures, the main parameters influencing on the detector features have been introduced. So the this model allow us to predict the behaviour of different types of thermal detectors. It is found that the temperature response of the detector against the frequency of incident radiation in logarithmic scale describes the TRD as a typical low pass filter characteristics. The cut off corner frequency is found to be at 1 Hz under which the temperature change attains a saturation value. In the sense that the thermal detector will detect all the incoming radiations of higher frequency.


Electrocardiographic analysis of the P waves occurring in a series of 113 normal subjects and 100 patients with specifically defined valvular lesions are reviewed. The former methods of analysis showed a marked lack of specificity. By dividing the P wave in lead V1 into initial and terminal portions, a measure designated as the P terminal force has been derived. This measure is of value in two respects: (1) it correctly separates normal subjects from those patients with left-sided valvular lesions in 92 per cent of this series and (2) once a given valve lesion is suspected clinically, this measure enables one to make an estimation of the severity of that lesion from the degree of abnormality of the P terminal force at V1. The P terminal force does not indicate the type of valvular disease present, nor does it correlate with any one specific hemodynamic measure. The abnormality does appear to be related, within each separate type of valve disease, to the specific hemodynamic abnormality of that type of val...


In this paper, iterative square ring fractal antenna is proposed, designed and developed for Wireless application. The functional characteristics of the antenna such as return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and gain are evaluated. Compact size and multi-band compatibility are the major design requirements of fractal antenna. The proposed antenna has the dimension of 20mm X 20mm and it supports dual band which is designed in FR4 substrate. It resonates at 5.9 GHz and 8.8 GHz with the return loss of -33dB, 16dB, respectively. Further, the performance of the antenna is analyzed by varying feed position, feed width and substrate thickness. By the analysis, we concluded that the proposed antenna have better performance at left feed position with 0.9mm of feed width at the substrate thickness of 3.2mm.


32 cases of a yolk sac tumour of the testis in children aged up to 5 years underwent retrospective morphological study. Foci of proliferation of activated gonocytes identical to the type A spermatogonia with clear nuclei and the type B spermatogonia characterized by a negative PAS-reaction and reaction to alpha-fetoprotein are observed in the seminiferous tubules surrounding a tumour. Besides this areas of the primordial germinogen cell generation are found among the cells lining the system of labyrinths and channels of the yolk sac tumour. A new hypothesis of the yolk sac tumour histogenesis in the child testis is put forward--namely, through the transformation of the activated gonocytes in the seminiferous tubules into their "somatic" phase, i.e. into the yolk sac elements from which they originate. Likewise, the scheme is suggested reflecting a cyclic character of the germinogenic cells in ontogenesis. This scheme allows visual representation of the process of the parthenogenetic development of germinogenic tumours.


Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanocomposites with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been prepared by a simple melt compounding method. With increasing concentration (0–3 wt %) of SWNTs, the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties improved, corresponding to effective reinforcement. Melt rheological characterization indicated the effective entanglements provided by SWNTs in the melt state as well. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested no influence of SWNTs on the thermal stability of PET. Electrical conductivity measurements on the composite films pointed out that the melt compounded SWNTs can result in electrical percolation albeit at concentrations exceeding 2 wt %. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007


Scholars have stated that humans have a fundamental need to belong, but less is known about whether individuals can use other resources to substitute for close relationships. In this study, 357 adults reported their level of affection deprivation, their weekly pornography consumption, their goals for using pornography (including life satisfaction and loneliness reduction), and indicators of their individual and relational wellness. We hypothesized that individuals might consume pornography as a coping mechanism (either adaptive or maladaptive) to deal with affection deprivation, with affection deprivation relating to the goals for using pornography and consumption potentially moderating the relationships between affection deprivation and the outcome measures. As predicted, affection deprivation and pornography consumption were inversely related to relational satisfaction and closeness, while being positively related to loneliness and depression. Affection deprivation was positively related with most stated goals for pornography use (although the relationship between affection deprivation and pornography consumption was nonsignificant). The moderation hypothesis, however, showed little evidence, yielding a moderating effect only on the relationship between affection deprivation and depression (with nonsignificant effects for relational satisfaction, closeness, and loneliness). Overall, there is some evidence that pornography consumption is used as a form of affection substitution (dealing with the perception of affection deprivation). However, there is no evidence of consumption being either adaptive or maladaptive when it comes to relationship satisfaction, closeness, and loneliness, although it is possibly maladaptive in terms of depression.


Although robotic technology aims to obviate some of the limitations of conventional laparoscopic surgery, the role of robotics in colorectal surgery is still largely undefined and different with respect to its application in abdominal versus pelvic surgery. This review aims to elucidate current developments in colorectal robotic surgery.In colon surgery, robotic techniques are associated with longer operative times and higher costs compared with laparoscopic surgery. However, robotics provides a stable camera platform and articulated instruments that are not subject to human tremors. Because of these advantages, robotic systems can play a role in complex procedures such as the dissection of lymph nodes around major vessels. In addition robot-assisted hand-sewn intracorporeal anastomoses can be easily performed by the surgeon, without a substantial need for a competent assistant. At present, although the short-term outcomes and oncological adequacy of robotic colon resection have been observed to be acceptable, the long-term outcomes of robotic colon resection remain unknown.In rectal surgery, robotic-assisted surgery for rectal cancer can be carried out safely and in accordance with current oncological principles. However, to date, the impact of robotic rectal surgery on the long-term oncological outcomes of minimally invasive total mesorectal excision remains undetermined. Robotic total mesorectal excision may allow for better preservation of urinary and sexual functions, and robotic surgery may attenuate the learning curve for laparoscopic rectal resection. However, a major drawback to robotic rectal surgery is the high cost involved.Large-scale prospective randomized clinical trials such as the international randomized trial ROLARR are required to establish the benefits of robotic rectal surgery.


A carbon nanotube transistor array was used to detect DNA hybridization. A new approach to ensure specific adsorption of DNA to the nanotubes was developed. The polymer poly (methylmethacrylate(0.6)-co-poly(ethyleneglycol)methacrylate(0.15)-co-N-succinimidyl methacrylate(0.25)) was synthesized and bonded noncovalently to the nanotube. Aminated single-strand DNA was then attached covalently to the polymer. After hybridization, statistically significant changes were observed in key transistor parameters. Hybridized DNA traps both electrons and holes, possibly caused by the charge-trapping nature of the base pairs.


Abstract— Crystallization of a magma ocean on a large terrestrial planet that is significantly melted by the energy of accretion may lead to an unstable cumulate density stratification, which may overturn to a stable configuration. Overturn of the initially unstable stratification may produce an early basaltic crust and differentiated mantle reservoirs. Such a stable compositional stratification can have important implications for the planet's subsequent evolution by delaying or suppressing thermal convection and by influencing the distribution of radiogenic heat sources. We use simple models for fractional crystallization of a martian magma ocean, and calculate the densities of the resulting cumulates. While the simple models presented do not include all relevant physical processes, they are able to describe to first order a number of aspects of martian evolution. The models describe the creation of magma source regions that differentiated early in the history of Mars, and present the possibility of an early, brief magnetic field initiated by cold overturned cumulates falling to the coremantle boundary. In a model that includes the density inversion at about 7.5 GPa, where olivine and pyroxene float in the remaining magma ocean liquids while garnet sinks, cumulate overturn sequesters alumina in the deep martian interior. The ages and compositions of source regions are consistent with SNC meteorite data.


It is critical to understand the responses of tropical tree species to ongoing anthropogenic disturbances. Given the longevity of large trees and the scarcity of appropriately long-term demographic data, standing size distributions are a potential tool for predicting species' responses to disturbances and resultant changes in population structure. Here we test the utility of several different measures of size distribution for predicting subsequent population changes at the intraspecific level using demographic records from two subsampled 50-ha tree plots in Malaysia (Pasoh and Lambir). Most measures of size distribution failed to successfully predict population change better than random; however, the 'coefficient of skewness' (a measure of the relative proportion of small vs. large stems in a population) was able to correctly predict the direction of population change for approximately three-quarters of species at both sites. At Pasoh, the magnitude of this relationship decreased with adult stature and rate of turnover, but was unrelated to sapling growth rates at either site. Finally, using data for species common at both forests, we found that size distributions were generally uninformative of subsequent differences in population change between sites (only median dbh correctly predicted the direction of change for more species than random). Based on these results we conclude that some measures of intraspecific differences in size distribution are potentially informative of population trends within forests but have limited utility across broader spatial scales.


From the Book:
Along with many other managers and software designers, I am painfully aware of the problems software engineering is facing today. This book presents design and coding techniques which can lead to an improvement in both productivity and quality of the resulting software, especially on larger projects. The book deals with the basic questions of class design and interaction, and it should be of interest to students and experts alike. Numerous examples demonstrate the ideas, with emphasis on complex problems which occur in real-life applications. You should have at least some knowledge of the C++ language before you start to read; this is not a C++ textbook.

This text evolved through several stages before it took on the form presented here. Starting from my observation that a number of negative experiences with early C++ projects were caused by poor class organization, I originally planned to focus the book on C++ and large projects. The idea was to discuss code organization issues that do not show up in small examples usually published in books. Later on, I decided to include a discussion of data persistence, because most larger projects need this difficult-to-implement feature and there is a close connection between pointer-based data structures and persistent data.

During the initial planning of the book, my friend Craig Hubley suggested that several case studies describing technical details of large application projects would be of interest to many readers, and would complement the text well. Three coauthors willing to contribute large case studies on interesting commercial projects joined the project: Jim Coplien (AT&T prototypeswitching system), Rob Bartel (Mentor Graphics CAD database), and Bill Welch (Wall Street financial application). However after the first drafts were in we discovered that we were emphasizing entirely different issues—from the organization of C++ code to the organization of human groups—and we abandoned the idea of collaborating.

The discussions with the three would-be coauthors greatly improved my original text and caused me to add entire chapters, and many examples, and to more thoroughly explain many other parts. Thanks to these discussions I was motivated to collect six shorter application studies which would demonstrate the use of programming techniques described in the book. These short case studies eventually became Chapter 9. The text was also enhanced by the comparison of two different library styles, including an example coded by Keith Gorlen (now Section 6.3). The title gradually evolved to C++, Large Projects, and Persistent Data.

The final stage began with an observation from Marjan Bace of Manning Publications that there may be similarities between what I was calling data organization and the concept of design patterns recently discussed at the OOPSLA conferences and in a couple of soon-to-be-published books. It turned out that he was right. The two concepts that are soon to be published are very close, though not identical. However, I could not find in the literature anything equivalent to what I originally called hyper-class: a special class which represents an entire pattern. This lead to further research and private discussions with Ralph Johnson, Erich Gamma, Bruce Anderson, Craig Hubley, and many others. Thanks to their generous input, I was led to the final form in which to present pattern classes (Section 2.5 and 2.6) as well as to the final title.

A discussion with Trygve Reenskaug of Taskon in Norway, centered on the differences in approaches to programming in C++ and in Smalltalk. From this comparison, we hoped to discover possible ways to improve the C++ coding style. The idea sounded interesting, and with Trygve's and Craig's help, we added Section 6.4, including a full Smalltalk example.

The main advantage of pattern classes is the de-coupling of application classes. In situations that traditionally lead to large clusters of mutually dependent classes (traditional frameworks), pattern classes allow you to test and compile most classes independently. Also, each pattern can be tested as an independent unit.

This book combines ideas from different software fields, and contains numerous nontrivial examples. You will discover several common denominators: Class organization and communication (patterns), class relations, and the management of pointers. Even though this book took more work than a volume of its length should take, it was fun to write. I hope you'll find it equally entertaining to read. I tried not to hide controversies where they exist, and to be honest about problems that have not yet been solved.

I would like to thank Marjan Bace for his patience, understanding, new ideas, continuous support, and guidance; Craig Hubley for his readiness to help with many technical problems; and Judy Melanson for her able text processing and formatting. I would also like to thank all three reviewers of the final manuscript, Delano C. Stevens (GTE), William E. Bulley (Ann Arbor Computer), and Ed Schiebel (AT&T Bell Laboratories) for their valuable comments, as well as Margaret Marynowski and Maryla Sikora for their fine work in copyediting the manuscript and typesetting the book. Some readers may not be aware that the production of most books involves entire teams of dedicated specialists who, often anonymously, contribute a great deal of experience and effort to the product which, in its final form, carries only the author's name. This book is no exception. This entire project would have been impossible without the support of my programming family. My son Martin edited both versions of the entire manuscript and, without a single complaint about my excessive working hours, my wife Hana helped me by discussing countless technical and conceptual issues that arose in the project. Addison-Wesley has provided an e-mail address for communication with the author, or if you would like to be placed on a mailing list. Please send mail to email@example.com. Code from this book is also available via ftp aw.com in the directory aw.computer.science.soukup, or on a diskette from Addison-Wesley.

Jiri Soukup


Abstract Our world is transitioning into a new generation of governance with much greater emphasis on targeted actions and mission mode programmes to achieve global sustainable goals (SDG). India with its Twenty-point programme which directly maps national and state programmes to global SDGs has been pacing up for 2030 targets. One of the major programmes that has been the prime focus is Integrated Child Development Services Scheme. India ranked 103rd among 119 countries on global hunger index, 2018. Significant reduction in malnutrition was seen among children below 6 years but the pace of reduction has been slow over the past decade. The path of malnutrition reduction of central belt states (tribal population dominant) deviates from rest of the country. Our analysis of National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS) found that 42% of tribal children are underweight (i.e. 1.5 times higher than non-tribal children), over 50% of prevalence of malnutrition is in tribal population. 100% Mother & Child Protection registration do not reciprocate to 100% all Anti-Natal Care visits showing faults in monitoring system indicating that the investment by government in all fronts, economic development has not translated into desired reduction in malnutrition. Their 8.6% population accounts to 30% cases of malaria translating to 50% malarial deaths indicative of higher disease burden. Malnutrition crisis among tribals begins way early manifesting in higher rates of Low Birth Weight deliveries (LBW) which is 3–4% higher compared to non-tribal population. This is due to low nutrient diet, laborious work during gestational period and high disease burden. The focus of Maternal nutrition enhancement projects by Tribal Welfare Depts in these states should include nutrition sensitive along with nutrition specific interventions targeting the population under risk as well as entering risk. Now with district level data (NFHS) available every 4 years can aid in district level planning, shifting focus from population based to prevalence and exclusive planning for tribals. Our study involves developing a robust framework to enhance maternal nutrition through strong community mobilization and partnership. It also addresses the convergence issue being faced in the current system and paves a way forward for convergence among inter departmental schemes for larger participation by people and greater coverage of the scheme and its benefits.


I. WHAT ABOUT ME? A. Personality Insights 1. What's My Basic Personality? 2. What's My Jungian 16-Type Personality? 3. Am I a Type-A? 4. How Well Do I Handle Ambiguity? 5. How Creative Am I? B. Values and Attitude Insights 1. What Do I Value? 2. How Involved Am I In My Job?* 3. How Satisfied Am I With My Job?* 4. What Are My Attitudes Toward Workplace Diversity? C. Motivation Insights 1. What Motivates Me? 2. What are My Dominant Needs? 3. What Rewards Do I Value Most?* 4. What's My View on the Nature of People? 5. What are My Course Performance Goals? 6. How Confident Am I In My Abilities to Succeed? 7. What's My Attitude Toward Achievement? 8. How Sensitive Am I to Equity Differences? 9. What's My Job's Motivating Potential?* 10. Do I Want an Enriched Job? D. Decision Making Insights 1. What's My Decision-Making Style? 2. Am I a Procrastinator? 3. How Do My Ethics Rate? E. Other 1. What's My Emotional Intelligence Score? 2. What Time of Day Am I Most Productive? 3. How Good Am I at Personal Planning? 4. Am I Likely to Become an Entrepreneur? II. WORKING WITH OTHERS A. Communication Skills 1. What's My Face-to-Face Communication Style? 2. How Good Are My Listening Skills? B. Leadership and Team Skills 1. What's My Leadership Style? 2. How Charismatic Am I? 3. Do I Trust Others? 4. Do Others See Me as Trusting? 5. How Good Am I at Disciplining Others? 6. How Good Am I at Building and Leading a Team? C. Power and Conflict Skills 1. How Power-Oriented Am I? 2. What's My Preferred Type of Power? 3. How Good Am I at Playing Politics?* 4. How Well Do I Manage Impressions?* 5. What's My Preferred Conflict-Handling Style? 6. What's My Negotiating Style? III. LIFE IN ORGANIZATIONS A. Organization Structure 1. What Type of Organization Structure Do I Prefer? 2. How Willing Am I to Delegate?* 3. How Good Am I at Giving Performance Feedback?* B. Careers 1. What's the Right Organizational Culture For Me? 2. How Committed Am I to My Organization?* 3. Am I Experiencing Work/Family Conflict?* 4. How Motivated Am I To Manage? 5. Am I Well-Suited for a Career as a Global Manager? C. Change and Stress 1. How Well Do I Respond to Turbulent Change? 2. How Stressful Is My Life? 3. Am I Burned Out? IV. NEW ASSESSMENTS A. Personality Insights 1. Am I a Narcissist? 2. Am I a Deliberate Decision Maker? 3. How Confident am I in my Abilities to Succeed? 4. How Spiritual am I? B. Motivation Insights 1. Am I Engaged? C. Values and Attitudes Insights 1. What's are my Attitudes Toward Older People? 2. What are my Gender Role Perceptions? D. Mood and Emotion Insights 1. How are you Feeling Right Now? 2. What's my Affect Intensity? E. Leadership and Team Skills 1. What's my Attitude Toward Working in Groups? 2. What is my Team Efficacy? 3. Am I a Gossip? 4. Am I an Ethical Leader? 5. What is my LPC Score? F. Organization Structure 1. Is my Workplace Political? 2. Do I Like Bureaucracy? G. Other 1. How Much do I Know about Organizational Behavior? 2. How Much do I Know About HRM? *Instruments identified with this asterisk presume that the student completing the test is currently working. These can be omitted for students who are not presently employed.


Because hospital alarms alert clinicians to deviations from a defined normal state, these auditory and visual signals are designed to improve patient safety. Contemporary alarms are diverse, ranging from devices that monitor heart rate to those that sound when patients try to leave their beds. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine modern health care without these electronic sentinels of safety.
Despite their benefits, alarms may also increase the possibility of harm. In a sentinel event alert, the Joint Commission called medical alarms a "frequent and persistent" patient safety problem and designated them 2014 National Patient Safety Goal No. 6 following reports of several alarm-associated deaths.1 Since 2010, the nonprofit ECRI Institute has also rated alarm problems among the top 10 health technology hazards, recently calling them "the number one medical hazard of 2014."2 Notably, because alarm-associated adverse events are voluntarily reported, the true magnitude of this problem might exceed published estimates. Why may this technology have resulted in adverse outcomes?


In this paper, we address the design of an autopilot for autonomous landing of a helicopter on a rocking ship, due to rough sea. A tether is used for landing and securing a helicopter to the deck of the ship in rough weather. A detailed nonlinear dynamic model for the helicopter is used. This model is underactuated, where the rotational motion couples into the translation. This property is used to design controllers which separate the time scales of rotation and translation. It is shown that the tether tension can be used to couple the translation of the helicopter to the rotation. Two controllers are proposed in this paper. In the first, the rotation time scale is chosen much shorter than the translation, and the rotation reference signals are created to achieve a desired controlled behavior of the translation. In the second, due to coupling of the translation of the helicopter to the rotation through the tether, the translation reference rates are created to achieve a desired controlled behavior of the attitude and altitude. Controller A is proposed for use when the helicopter is far away from the goal, while Controller B is for the case when the helicopter is close to the ship. The proposed control schemes are proved to be robust to the tracking error of its internal loop and results in local exponential stability. The performance of the control system is demonstrated by computer simulations. Currently, work is in progress to implement the algorithm using an instrumented model of a helicopter with a tether.


While the recent theory of compressed sensing provides an opportunity to overcome the Nyquist limit in recovering sparse signals, a solution approach usually takes the form of an inverse problem of an unknown signal, which is crucially dependent on specific signal representation. In this paper, we propose a drastically different two-step Fourier compressive sampling framework in a continuous domain that can be implemented via measurement domain interpolation, after which signal reconstruction can be done using classical analytic reconstruction methods. The main idea originates from the fundamental duality between the sparsity in the primary space and the low-rankness of a structured matrix in the spectral domain, showing that a low-rank interpolator in the spectral domain can enjoy all of the benefits of sparse recovery with performance guarantees. Most notably, the proposed low-rank interpolation approach can be regarded as a generalization of recent spectral compressed sensing to recover large classes of finite rate of innovations (FRI) signals at a near-optimal sampling rate. Moreover, for the case of cardinal representation, we can show that the proposed low-rank interpolation scheme will benefit from inherent regularization and an optimal incoherence parameter. Using a powerful dual certificate and the golfing scheme, we show that the new framework still achieves a near-optimal sampling rate for a general class of FRI signal recovery, while the sampling rate can be further reduced for a class of cardinal splines. Numerical results using various types of FRI signals confirm that the proposed low-rank interpolation approach offers significantly better phase transitions than conventional compressive sampling approaches.


Introduction: Aim of the study was to know the prevalence and association of microalbuminurea with microvascular complication among type II diabetic patients attending tertiary health care. Materials and Methods: Retrospective chart analysis of 375 Type 2 diabetic patients coming to the endocrine clinic at Amrita institute of medical science and research centre Cochin from 2007 to 2012 was done. Randomly selected diabetic patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were selected. Subjects were considered to have microalbuminuria, if the ACR was between 30 and 300, and macroalbuminuria at more than 300. All patients underwent the specific tests for retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Result: The prevalence of microalbuminuria in the study subjects was 55.2%. Individuals with microalbuminuria in comparison to normo and macroalbuminurics showed a greater prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed retinopathy as a significant independent risk for microalbuminuria. The average ACR was significantly high in patients with diabetic complications. Conclusion: The estimation of urine albumin to creatinine ratio is an easy method for screening of microalbuminuria that is suggested for all diabetic patients.


Portable point-of care (POC) devices for in vitro diagnostics will be a milestone for the achievement of universal healthcare and environmental protection. The main goal is to reach a rapid, user-friendly and highly sensitive portable tool which can provide immediate results in any place at any time while having a competitive cost. Integrated optical (IO) waveguide based-biosensors are the most suitable candidates to achieve this ambitious objective. They are able to operate in real samples (such as blood, urine, wastewater…) affording relevant sensitivities even under a label-free scheme. In addition, arrays of IO sensors for multiplexed analysis can be integrated in lab-on-chip (LOC) platforms, providing a truly cost-effective fabrication and miniaturization. Among the different IO biosensors, interferometric ones have demonstrated the highest sensitivity for label-free detection ever reported. Although the first interferometric biosensors were developed in the early nineties, they focused mainly on preliminary proof-of-concept studies; only recently the resilient potential of interferometric biosensors as highly advanced POC devices has firmly emerged. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the art in photonic interferometric biosensors, their main biofunctionalisation routes and their integration in LOC platforms, while maintaining a special focus on the real analytical applications achieved so far.


Abstract The aim of this paper is to extend to Hom-algebra structures the theory of 1-parameter formal deformations of algebras which was introduced by Gerstenhaber for associative algebras and extended to Lie algebras by Nijenhuis and Richardson. In this paper, formal deformations of Hom-associative and Hom-Lie algebras are studied. The first groups of a deformation cohomology are constructed and several examples of deformations are given. We also provide families of Hom-Lie algebras deforming Lie algebra 𝔰𝔩2(𝕂) and describe as formal deformations the q-deformed Witt algebra and Jackson 𝔰𝔩2(𝕂).


Cross lingual projection of linguistic annotation suffers from many sources of bias and noise, leading to unreliable annotations that cannot be used directly. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to sequence tagging that learns to correct the errors from cross-lingual projection using an explicit debiasing layer. This is framed as joint learning over two corpora, one tagged with gold standard and the other with projected tags. We evaluated with only 1,000 tokens tagged with gold standard tags, along with more plentiful parallel data. Our system equals or exceeds the state-of-the-art on eight simulated low-resource settings, as well as two real low-resource languages, Malagasy and Kinyarwanda.


Legal scholars, economists, and political scientists are divided on whether voter initiatives and legislative referendums tend to produce outcomes that are more (or less) majoritarian, efficient, or solicitous of minority concerns than traditional legislation. Scholars also embrace opposing views on which lawmaking mechanism better promotes citizen engagement, registers preference intensities, encourages compromise, and prevents outcomes masking cycling voter preferences. Despite these disagreements, commentators generally assume that the voting mechanism itself renders plebiscites more democratic than legislative lawmaking. This assumption is mistaken. While it might seem unimaginable that a lawmaking process that directly engages voters possesses fundamentally anti-democratic features, this Article defends that very claim. To do so, this Article constructs a set of comparative analytical benchmarks based upon an assessment of the democratic features of representative legislatures and the anti-democratic features of appellate judiciaries, and employs those benchmarks to evaluate direct democracy. This analysis reveals two critical yet overlooked features of direct democracy: First, direct democracy incorporates many of the theoretical and practical difficulties associated with judicial review. Second, direct democracy risks outcomes that embed cycling preferences by eliminating voter choice over the policy making institution itself and over the range of policy matters combined for simultaneous negotiation. The core insight that emerges is not merely that common understandings about direct democracy are misguided; rather, it is that recognizing the anti-democratic features of direct democracy proves essential in determining the sorts of public policy questions that are, or are not, suitable to this form of policy making.


BACKGROUND
Reactive telephone helplines for smoking cessation (where all calls to counselors are smoker initiated) are increasingly used in the United States. However, limited data from randomized controlled trials are available on their effectiveness. The study objective was to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of reactive telephone counseling for smoking cessation using a randomized controlled trial study design.

METHODS
The study was implemented during a period from 2003 to 2006 to evaluate a reactive telephone helpline run by the American Lung Association chapter of Illinois-Iowa. The 990 new callers, all adult current smokers who called the helpline, were randomized on their first call into one of the two following groups: a control group that received only mailed self-help literature (n = 496); and a study group that received supplemental live reactive telephone counseling (n = 494). Telephone follow-up was completed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after study enrollment by interviewers blinded to group assignment. Seven-day point prevalence rates of self-reported abstinence at follow-up evaluations were compared between the two groups using an intent-to-treat design.

RESULTS
The two groups did not differ significantly in baseline demographics and smoking-related behavior. The abstinence rates (ranging between 0.09 and 0.15) were not significantly different between the two groups at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up evaluations. Post hoc subgroup analysis showed that black callers had lower abstinence rates at the 3- and 12-month follow-up evaluations as compared with white callers.

CONCLUSION
Supplemental live, reactive telephone counseling does not provide greater success in smoking cessation than self-help educational materials alone.


Materialism and environmentalism have emerged as megatrends in developed western societies. Prior research has suggested that these two values are incompatible. The current research shows that materialistic values can strengthen the positive relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental behaviors under certain conditions. The results suggest moral compensation as the underlying cause. Across four studies, this research uses experimental, survey, and secondary data to show that materialistic values can have a positive impact on indirect environmental behaviors when an individual possesses sufficient environmental knowledge. This effect is stronger in individuals who are highly self-conscious as well as those primed to be self-conscious, consistent with the moral compensation paradigm. In summary, the impact of environmental attitudes on environmental behaviors through environmental knowledge is most pronounced when one's materialistic values and self-consciousness are high. Conceptual, policy-making, and managerial implications are discussed.


In text classification (TC) and other tasks involving supervised learning, labelled data may be scarce or expensive to obtain. Semisupervised learning and active learning are two strategies whose aim is maximizing the effectiveness of the resulting classifiers for a given amount of training effort. Both strategies have been actively investigated for TC in recent years. Much less research has been devoted to a third such strategy, training label cleaning (TLC), which consists in devising ranking functions that sort the original training examples in terms of how likely it is that the human annotator has mislabelled them. This provides a convenient means for the human annotator to revise the training set so as to improve its quality. Working in the context of boosting-based learning methods for multilabel classification we present three different techniques for performing TLC and, on three widely used TC benchmarks, evaluate them by their capability of spotting training documents that, for experimental reasons only, we have purposefully mislabelled. We also evaluate the degradation in classification effectiveness that these mislabelled texts bring about, and to what extent training label cleaning can prevent this degradation.


The objective of the present study is to determine the major factors influencing consumers' attitudes towards two major types of mobile marketing activities: SMS advertising and mobile application advertising. It also discusses the potential differences in antecedents of attitude between the two types of advertisements. The study was carried out in Turkey among university students, who are commonly targeted in mobile marketing studies due to their high mobile phone ownership rates and familiarity with new technologies. A total of 489 valid questionnaires were obtained and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The findings indicate that overall attitudes towards both mobile advertisement types are negative, SMS marketing being the inferior type. Differences in perceptions of the antecedents of attitudes towards SMS and mobile app ads were detected. On the other hand, the way variables affect attitudes (paths) among the two wireless advertisements types were quite similar.


Article 19(4) of Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013 provides that business start-up aid for young farmers, non-agricultural activities in rural areas and the development of small farms shall be conditional on the submission of a business plan.Therefore, this tool, also known as Farm Development Plan (FDP), is mandatory to verify the economic improvement of an investment under sub-measures 6.1 "Business start up aid for young farmers", 4.1 "Investments in agricultural holdings" and operation 6.4.a "Investments in creation and development of non-agricultural activities" so that rural development resources can be directed towards those project ideas which are consistent with the objectives and purposes of the rural development strategy and, thanks to the support, have the highest probability of success. The article presents the lesson learned from the Sicilian experience of designing a web-based tool for FDP submission, namely "PSAWeb Sicilia". This device allowed the Managing Authority (MA) of RDP Sicily 2014-2020 to make available an FDP scheme to users in compliance with EU obligations, consistent with the objectives and purposes of the Programme, as well as with the implementing and procedural provisions of regional calls. The computerised management of the FDPs ensured better coordination between the offices responsible for verifying and evaluating the proposals, while processing and analysis of aggregated data from over 8,400 business plans provided an in-depth knowledge of the investment needs in Sicilian agriculture and a better capacity to forecast the RDP potential response as well as some aspects of specific interest to the regional agricultural system. Thanks to PSAWeb Sicilia, in fact, a large amount of data at farm, sectoral, territorial and type of investment level was collected providing information of inestimable value not available from other data sources. The assessment of access requirements in terms of farms' economic size, economic-financial viability and profitability was ensured by borrowing principles and procedures from the Italian FADN. The cooperation between the MA and CREA-PB achieved several results. Firstly, the data collected combined with the monitoring data have been made available for the evaluation activity and for the communication to the public of the RDP implementation. This information will also be very useful both for better targeting interventions in 2021-22 and for reprogramming them in the future cap. Finally, as a positive externality, the use of the application has contributed to increasing accounting knowledge among operators and technicians in the agricultural sector, so that it has become a teaching tool in some university courses.


In 2020, Tim Hwang, a writer, lawyer and technology policy researcher based in New York, published a short book entitled Subprime Attention Crisis: Advertising and the Time Bomb at the Heart of the Internet, which seeks to analyse the issues that are developing around the business model associated with the continued operation of the Internet, at least in its current manifestation, and the weaknesses and potential instability associated with that model. The book is of particular interest because the problems and possible next developments of the "time bomb" are set out in a plausible manner, together with some discussion on possible solutions. In particular, the author makes a credible comparison of the business model of the Internet with the subprime mortgage securities sector, the collapse of which contributed to the Global Financial Crisis in 2008.