Projects are a popular way of working in business now-a-days, though many projects are
unsuccessful. Knowing this, you start to wonder; what is going wrong, where are the
problems? One of the ideas developed by P2ontwikkeling is that a match between project
leader and project type is relevant. It is expected that when a project leader matches the
project type, the project will be more successful than without the match. To study
whether or not this idea is true, a research question is created: 'Is there a relevant
match between project leader and project type and, based on that relationship, what
project leader characteristics should be matched to what project type?' The research
setting in which the question is studied includes the two project types fixed deliverable
and experimental projects. The projects with a fixed deliverable have the requirement
that the deliverable of the project is clear and fixed; only the road to go there can be
determined by the project team. Experimental projects do not yet have a fixed
deliverable. The team might have a deliverable in mind, but the project research and
application studies will determine the final deliverable. The projects studied are still
ongoing and found with the help of P2ontwikkeling.
The study started by looking at previous studies about the subject. It showed that four
studies reviewed the subject in the last couple of years. All these studies showed that the
project leader influences success and that the project leader characteristics leading to
project success differ per project type. The next section shows the main results of the
studies. McDonough III (1990) states that new technology projects are positively
influenced by the bisociative problem solving style and the academic degree of the
project leader. Minor modification projects are positively influenced by years in the
present position and age. Dvir et al. (2006) conclude that high-tech projects need a high
level of perceiving, a low level of openness to experiences, and a low level of rebellious
dreamer. Derivative projects need a low level of perceiving, a high level of openness to
experience, and a high level of rebellious dreamer. The study of Storm and Vuijk (2008)
shows that fire projects are in need of diplomatic, self-aware, independent, and
autonomous leaders and earth projects are in need of pragmatic, realistic, steady, and
organizing project leaders. Muller and Turner (2007a) present that EQ (emotional
competencies) is almost always contributing to project success, MQ (managerial
competencies) sometimes, and IQ (intellectual competencies) almost never. More
specifically, they state that from EQ conscientiousness and sensitivity are the main
contributors to project success. For renewal projects in particular self-awareness is
important.
Title: The match between project leader and project type
Master thesis - Daisy Busser - s0198102
3
In these four studies, no agreement is reached about which project leader characteristics
are important and how to categorize projects. Therefore, the methodologies are reviewed
and also other methods are investigated. With this information the final research model
is created. This shows that the relation between project leader and project type is studied
looking at the level of progress of the project. The type of project leader is determined
with the help of the 16 personality factor (16PF) questionnaire. The type of project is
controlled with the help of several attributes of the model of Crawford et al. (2005/2006)
and a list of statements created by a practitioner involved in the study. The project's
progress is established with the help of twelve critical success factors and the opinion
about the progress of participants in the project.
The data is collected with the help of the 16PF questionnaire, questionnaires about the
project type and progress, and interviews about progress and project leader
characteristics. The analysis of the data is done with the help of SPSS. Several statistical
tests are used to analyze the dataset. The main conclusions resulted from the t-tests of
the 16PF and the project type. These conclusions are that for fixed deliverable projects a
project leader needs a low level of reasoning (B) and dominance (E), a medium level of
warmth (A), and a high level of rule-consciousness (G) and self-control. For experimental
projects on the other hand, the project leader needs an extremely low level of
warmth (A) and rule-consciousness (G), a low level of self-control, and a high level of
reasoning (B) and dominance (E). T-tests between the 16PF and the level of progress
show that the project leader characteristics necessary for a project to progress well are
an extremely low level of tension (Q4), a low level of anxiety, a high level of
reasoning (B) and emotional stability (C), and an extremely high level of openness to
change (Q1).
Most of these necessary project leader characteristics seem logical, though some of them
seem illogical. For experimental projects, the level of warmth (A) should be low. This
means that a project leader should be reserved, impersonal, and distant. This does not
seem logical for experimental projects. Here you would expect a project leader who is
warm-hearted, caring, and attentive to others.
Also, the level of dominance (E) for fixed deliverable as well as experimental projects
seems to be odd. The results show that for fixed deliverable projects a project leader
should have a low level of dominance, meaning that the project leader is deferential,
cooperative, and avoids conflict. For experimental projects the project leader should have
a high level of dominance, meaning being dominant, forceful, and assertive. For this
personality factor it could be expected that it would be the other way around.
Title: The match between project leader and project type
Master thesis - Daisy Busser - s0198102
4
Additionally, self-reliance (Q2) could be expected to be lower (more group-oriented) for
experimental projects than for fixed deliverable. The results suggest it to be the other
way around.
Moreover, the results suggest that for both project types reasoning (B) should be high to
gain good progress. The results for fixed deliverable projects on the other hand show
that project leaders should have a low level of reasoning (B) to gain good progress on
their projects. This is in disagreement with each other.
It is possible that the illogicality of these results is caused by other project leader
characteristics not investigated in this study. Expertise of the project leader for example
may be more important for a good progress of the project than a specific level of one of
the 16 personality factors.
The study provided an answer to the research question. This answer is that there is a
relevant match between project leader and project type and that specific personality
factors relate to the two project types. These personality factors are warmth (A),
reasoning (B), dominance (E), rule-consciousness (G), abstractedness (M), selfreliance
(Q2), and self-control. Furthermore, some personality factors relate to all good
progress projects, these are: reasoning (B), emotional stability (C), openness to
change (Q1), tension (Q4), and anxiety.


Objective Sexuality is an important aspect of human identity and contributes significantly to the quality of life in women as well as in men. Impairment in sexual health after vaginal delivery is a major concern for many women. We aimed to examine the association between degree of perineal tear and sexual function 12 months postpartum. Design A prospective cohort study Setting Four Danish hospitals between July 2015 and January 2019 Participants A total of 554 primiparous women: 191 with no/labia/first-degree tears, 189 with second-degree tears and 174 with third-degree/fourth-degree tears. Baseline data were obtained 2 weeks postpartum by a questionnaire and a clinical examination. Sexual function was evaluated 12 months postpartum by an electronic questionnaire (Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire (PISQ-12)) and a clinical examination. Primary outcome measures Total PISQ-12 score and dyspareunia Results Episiotomy was performed in 54 cases and 95 women had an operative vaginal delivery. The proportion of women with dyspareunia was 25%, 38% and 53% of women with no/labia/first-degree, second-degree or third-degree/fourth-degree tears, respectively. Compared with women with no/labia/first-degree tears, women with second-degree or third-degree/fourth-degree tears had a higher risk of dyspareunia (adjusted relative risk (aRR) 2.05; 95% CI 1.51 to 2.78 and aRR 2.09; 95% CI 1.55 to 2.81, respectively). Women with third-degree/fourth-degree tears had a higher mean PISQ-12 score (12.2) than women with no/labia/first-degree tears (10.4). Conclusions Impairment of sexual health is common among primiparous women after vaginal delivery. At 12 months postpartum, more than half of the women with a third-degree/fourth-degree tear experienced dyspareunia. Women delivering with no/labia/first-degree tears reported the best outcomes overall. Thus, it is important to minimise the extent of perineal trauma and to counsel about sexuality during and after pregnancy.


Wildcard identity-based encryption (IBE) provides an effective means of communicating among groups which do not have a well-defined membership or hierarchy pre-established, as may frequently be the case in dynamic coalition operations. The protection of group communication against compromised nodes is, however, expensive in that it typically requires frequent re-keying in the case of attribute-based IBE or voting-based revocation mechanisms, which can be problematic in multi-hop ad-hoc networks. In this paper we investigate the use of asymmetric communication links such as may be provided by unmanned aerial vehicles to provide efficient revocation mechanisms for small ad-hoc networks. Such link characteristics allow the efficient maintenance and propagation of blacklists as proposed by Saxena et al. and also enable the development of probability and plausibility metrics for revocation requests. We therefore propose a scheme for the distribution of group keys that requires nodes of the group to collaborate in order to obtain the group secret key. Consequently, untrusted nodes are hindered from communicating with other groups. This isolation from untrusted nodes allows to avoid or at least to postpone expensive node revocations which require the rekeying of the whole group.


ABSTRACT While the threat from terrorism has gained widespread acknowledgment over the last decade, the infiltration of organizations by "terrorist" insiders has not, and the potential dangers these individuals present has not been fully explored. There is a need to understand the wider aspects of insider threats, including motivations and attack methodologies, and to be able to demonstrate the potential devastation that could be caused. Organizations can attempt to mitigate the potential for insider infiltration by both terrorist and other hostile actors, and if such individuals were within an organization, there are procedures and strategies that can be employed to prevent exploitation of existing organizational vulnerabilities and detection of insiders. This article provides an informed and new approach to the connection between insider threat and terrorism.


Developing environments responsive to the aspirations and needs of older people has become a major concern for social and public policy. This article aims to provide a critical perspective on what has been termed 'age-friendly cities' by shifting the focus from questions such as 'What is an ideal city for older people?' to the question of 'How age-friendly are cities?' This approach, it is argued, might be more suited to deal with the complexities of cities as sites of interlocking and conflicting commercial, social, and political interests. This theme is developed by examining: first, the main factors driving the age-friendly debate; second, constraints and opportunities for older people living in urban environments; third, options for a critical social policy; and, fourth, examples of involving older people in the development of age-friendly environments. The article concludes with a brief summary of current tensions and contradictions in the age-friendly debate.


Acetic acid is an important carboxylic acid widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, food and other industries. The growing importance of biological production (fermentation) expressed with new routes and increasing production rates, leads to look for technologies of downstream processing for product separation. The reactive extraction can be used for the recovery of an acetic acid from aqueous solution.The reactive extraction with specific extractant and a proper combination of extractant and diluents provides the higher capacity and selectivity of an acetic acid. The recovery of acetic acid by reactive extraction is studied using an organic solvent such as toluene, petroleum ether and n-hexane. The feed concentration of acetic acid in the aqueous solution ranges in between 0.1 to 0.4 gmol/l. The extraction of acetic acid from aqueous solution (feed concentration 0.4 gmol/lit) with organic solvent gives the distribution coefficient (KD) in toluene, petroleum ether and N-Hexane solvents equal to 1.29, 0.79 and 0.6 respectively. Further, the reactive extraction is carried out with the mixtures of extractant–diluents. The tri-iso-octylamine is used as an extractant. The extraction of acetic acid with 40% of tri-iso-octylamine in an organic solvent shows the highest distribution coefficient for toluene, petroleum ether and n-hexane. These are 3.65, 2.70 and 2.63 respectively. By comparing results, it can be concluded that using the mixtures of extractant–diluents, the extraction is significantly improved.


The granting and promotion of Geographic Indicators has become an important component of European Union agricultural policy. The granting of exclusive rights enforced by law, however, is a controversial policy. It is controversial both within the EU and with the EU's trading partners. The protection of geographical indications has thus become a major issue in international law and trade policy, and the widespread use of geographical indications is subject to ongoing discussion. The paper provides an introduction to the Special Section of the Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, which deals with the legal and economic controversies surrounding the EU's policies on Geographic Indicators. A brief summary of each of the papers in the Special Section is provided.


Background: The high power output necessary for insect flight has driven the
evolution of muscles with large myofibrils (primary energy consumers) and
abundant mitochondria (primary energy suppliers). The intricate functional interrelationship
between these two organelles remains largely unknown despite its fundamental
importance in understanding insect flight bioenergetics. Unlike vertebrate
muscle that relies on a phosphagen (creatine phosphate/creatine kinase) system
to regulate high energy phosphate flux, insect flight muscle has been reported
to lack mitochondrial arginine kinase (analogous to creatine kinase), a key
enzyme that enables intracellular energy transport. Creatine kinase is known to
interact with mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) in the
transfer of ADP and ATP into and out of the mitochondria. Results: Here, we use quantitative immunogold
transmission electron microscopy to show that in Drosophila melanogaster indirect flight muscles (IFM), ANT is present in the mitochondria as well as
throughout the myofibril. To confirm this unexpected result, we created a
transgenic line that expresses a chimeric GFP-ANT protein and used an anti-GFP
antibody to determine the intracellular distribution of the fusion protein in
the IFM. Similar to results obtained with anti-ANT, the fusion GFP-ANT protein
is detected in myofibrils and mitochondria. We confirmed the absence of
arginine kinase from IFM mitochondria and show that its sarcomeric (i.e., intramyofibrillar) distribution is
similar to that of ANT. Conclusions: These results raise the possibility that
direct channeling of nucleotides between mitochondria and myofibrils is
assisted by an ANT protein thereby circumventing the need for a phosphagen
shuttle in the IFM. The myofibrillar ANT may represent a unique adaptation in
the muscles that require efficient exchange of nucleotides between mitochondria
and myofibrils.


Abstract Despite theoretical predictions of the existence of many submillimeter masers, and some pioneering observational discoveries over the past few decades, these lines have remained relatively unstudied due to (i) challenges associated with observing at shorter wavelength; and, (ii) the lack of possibility of high (< 14″ at 345 GHz) angular resolution observations. With the advent of the SMA, the first submillimeter imaging array capable of sub-arcsecond resolution, APEX, and the promise of ALMA, opportunities are opening for performing new science with millimeter/submillmeter masers. In this talk, I will review recent work in the field - including extragalactic H2O millimeter masers, hydrogen recombination masers, submillimeter masers in star-forming regions, and in the envelopes of evolved stars - and discuss prospects for the future.


The knowledge of Arctic Sea ice coverage is of particular importance in studies of climate change. This study develops a new sea ice classification approach based on machine learning (ML) classifiers through analyzing spaceborne GNSS-R features derived from the TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) data collected over open water (OW), first-year ice (FYI), and multi-year ice (MYI). A total of eight features extracted from GNSS-R observables collected in five months are applied to classify OW, FYI, and MYI using the ML classifiers of random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) in a two-step strategy. Firstly, randomly selected 30% of samples of the whole dataset are used as a training set to build classifiers for discriminating OW from sea ice. The performance is evaluated using the remaining 70% of samples through validating with the sea ice type from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) data provided by the Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSISAF). The overall accuracy of RF and SVM classifiers are 98.83% and 98.60% respectively for distinguishing OW from sea ice. Then, samples of sea ice, including FYI and MYI, are randomly split into training and test dataset. The features of the training set are used as input variables to train the FYI-MYI classifiers, which achieve an overall accuracy of 84.82% and 71.71% respectively by RF and SVM classifiers. Finally, the features in every month are used as training and testing set in turn to cross-validate the performance of the proposed classifier. The results indicate the strong sensitivity of GNSS signals to sea ice types and the great potential of ML classifiers for GNSS-R applications.


: We invented a stereoscopic localization apparatus for early diagnosis of lung cancer, facilitating fine needle aspiration biopsy especially for the deep-situated small lesion of the lung. Under X-ray, the stereoscopic localization of the three dimensions, posteroanterior sagittal and frontal plane, and transverse section of the body with small lesions can be soon established accurately with the apparatus. 227 percutaneous aspiration biopsies of lung lesions were performed by using the apparatus from 1985 to 1989. Of the 206 patients, 180 had lung lesions less than 3cm in size, and in 89.6% of the patients positive diagnosis was obtained by the first puncture biopsy. Satisfactory specimens were obtained in 96.6% of the biopsies. 26 malignant lesions about 1cm in diameter were localized, punctured and diagnosed accurately. They were subsequently confirmed surgically and pathologically. Mild pneumothorax occurred in 19 patients, and it subsided spontaneously.


In the worldwide medical literature, only one case of inlet patch shows a kissing pattern on endoscopy. This article describes a 69-year-old female patient who came to the gastroenterology clinic, Rohani hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences (Iran) for an examination for indigestion. Endoscopy showed two polyps in the background of a maroon patch just below the upper esophageal sphincter, oppositely positioned in view of the kissing pattern, and extending into muscular mucosa and regional lymph nodes. There was no A polyp biopsy was performed and, on histological evaluation, there was heterotopic cardiac gastric mucosa. Since heterotopic gastric mucosa can be found anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, careful examination of the proximal esophagus increases the likelihood of detecting an inlet patch.


SARS‐CoV‐2 is the etiological agent of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Antibody‐based therapeutics targeting the spike protein, specifically the S1 subunit or the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS‐CoV‐2, have gained attention due to their clinical efficacy in treating patients diagnosed with COVID‐19. An alternative to conventional antibody therapeutics is the use of shark new antigen variable receptor domain (VNAR) antibodies. VNARs are small (<15 kDa) and can reach deep into the pockets or grooves of the target antigen. Here, we have isolated 53 VNARs that bind to the S2 subunit by phage panning from a naïve nurse shark VNAR phage display library constructed in our laboratory. Among those binders, S2A9 showed the best neutralization activity against the original pseudotyped SARS‐CoV‐2 virus. Several binders, including S2A9, showed cross‐reactivity against S2 subunits from other β coronaviruses. Furthermore, S2A9 showed neutralization activity against all variants of concern (VOCs) from alpha to omicron (including BA1, BA2, BA4, and BA5) in both pseudovirus and live virus neutralization assays. Our findings suggest that S2A9 could be a promising lead molecule for the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 and emerging variants. The nurse shark VNAR phage library offers a novel platform that can be used to rapidly isolate single‐domain antibodies against emerging viral pathogens.


The sustainability of agriculture is dependent on the characterization of project participants. The study investigated selected characteristics of participants in youth agriculture projects and constraints faced and proposed strategies for increased project productivity. Three in four (74%) of the projects were male owned and half (50%) of the owners only had primary education. As for project members, 53.8% were females with 59.3% of them in mixed vegetable and field crop projects. The project members were youthful with 84.4% aged 18-35 (25.3% were 18-25 years old, 25.3% were 26-30 and 33.8% were 31-35). Four in five (78.2%) project members were permanently employed. The projects had constraints that reduced their productivity, and those were mainly: (1) weak relationships with other stakeholders resulting in limited access to information, (2) lack of access to funding, and (3) poor land tenure. To improve productivity: (a) youth projects should be encouraged to form (or be part of) cooperatives, (b) initiatives such as NYDA and Mafisa should be strengthened to be more effective in servicing the youth projects, and (c) traditional authorities should establish committees with clear mandate and guidelines for improved land allocation. Strategies to improve productivity of youth projects should consider the described characteristics of participants in terms of gender, age, education and employment status.


The "medical" approach to the treatment of "behavioural problems is first considered, and dismissed as being an inappropriate conceptual framework for applications in education. Behaviour modification is presented as a more appropriate approach to intervention, and the advantages that pertain to the classroom teacher are discussed. Controversial issues are summarily reviewed, and include a discussion of the ethics of behavioural intervention and the polemics of behaviour therapy. Further discussion of the literature is mainly concerned with the procedural aspects of implementing behavioural programmes, and includes reference to methodology, functional analysis, and techniques of accelerating/facilitating and eliminating behaviours in the classroom. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of token economies to improve social and academic behaviours. The research report describes how a token economy was implemented in a classroom of six disruptive children. An intra-subject, reversal design was used within a phenomenal/ behavioural framework. Points were given contingent upon appropriate targeted classroom behaviour, and these could be exchanged for back-up reinforcers at a later time. Inappropriate target behaviours decreased significantly during the token phases but increased again during reversal phases. Assignment and on-task behaviours increased significantly during the token phases. Data suggests that some generalization occurred from morning to afternoon sessions for assignment behaviour, and from target behaviour to non-target behaviours. There was no evidence of generalization from token phases to non-token phases. Anecdotal evidence suggested that the students became very intransigent when the token system was removed; they "enjoyed" school more during the token phases. In the discussion a number of methodological and procedural aspects of the study are explored, and alternative strategies presented. The study shows that it is possible to effectively implement a phenomenal/behavioural programme in a classroom of disruptive students for minimal cost and time, with maximal benefits accruing to both teachers and students.


The various theories of thin elastic shells which have hitherto been proposed have been discussed by Mr. Love in a recent memoir, and it appears that most, it not all of them, depend upon the assumption that the three stresses which are usually denoted by R, S, T are zero; but, as I have recently pointed out, a very cursory examination of the subject is sufficient to show that this assumption cannot be rigorously true. It can, however, be proved that, when the external surfaces of a plane plate are not subjected to pressure or tangential stress, these stresses depend upon quantities proportional to the square of the thickness, and whenever this is the case they may be treated as zero in calculating the expression for the potential energy due to strain, because they give rise to terms proportional to the fifth power of the thickness, which may be neglected, since it is usually unnecessary to retain powers of the thickness higher than the cube. It will also, in the present paper, be shown by an indirect method that a similar proposition is true in the case of cylindrical and spherical shells, and, therefore, the fundamental hypothesis upon which Mr. Love has based his theory, although unsatisfactory as an assumption, leads to correct results. A general expression for the potential energy due to strain in curvilinear coordinates has also been obtained by Mr. Love, and the equations of motion and the boundary conditions have been, deduced therefrom by means of the Principle of Virtual Work, and if this expression and the equations to which it leads were correct, it would be unnecessary to propose a fresh theory of thin shells ; but although those portions of Mr. Love's results which depend upon the thickness of the shell are undoubtedly correct, yet, for reasons which will be more fully stated hereafter, I am of opinion that the terms which depend upon the cube of thickness are not strictly accurate, inasmuch as he has omitted to take into account several terms of this order, both in the expression for the potential energy and elsewhere. His preliminary analysis is also of an exceedingly complicated character. Throughout the present paper the notation of Thomson and Tait's "Natural Philosophy " will be employed for stresses and elastic constants, but, for the purpose of facilitating comparison, Mr. Love's notation will be employed for strains and directions. It will also be convenient to denote the values of the various quantities involved, at a point P on the middle surface of the shell by unaccented letters; and the values of the same quantities at a point P' on the normal at P, whose distance from P is h ' by accented letters. The radius of the shell will also be a denoted by and its thickness by 2 h .


A theoretical study of resonant tunneling is carried out for an inverse parabolic double-barrier structure subjected to an external electric field. Tunneling transmission coefficient and density of states are analyzed by using the non-equilibrium Green's function approach based on the finite difference method. It is found that the resonant peak of the transmission coefficient, being unity for a symmetrical case, reduces under the applied electric field and depends strongly on the variation of the structure parameters.


Few would argue that there is not substantial room for an improvement in breast cancer practice. It has to be borne in mind that the United Kingdom experience in the 1980s was a 50:50 survival to death ratio in the 10 years after diagnosis. Preliminary analysis of the effects of mammographic screening suggests that there will be a real but small fall in overall mortality. Existing practice involves three stages: first, the 'earliest' detection of a lump by palpation or imaging; second, diagnosis by histopathology; and third, treatment by surgery, etc. Evidence is given that the limited success of existing practice could be due, in part, to a failure to recognize the precancerous state of the mammary tissue as a whole in cancer cases; and a failure to exploit this state for earlier diagnosis. In support of these contentions, comparative data from the microscopy of cancer-associated breasts and age-matched normal breast are given. There is a gross excess of focal hyperplasia in premenopausal cancer-associated breast tissue. Further, epidemiological data are consistent in that the tissue is subject to a sixfold increase in the risk of further primary carcinogenesis. A method is presented for detecting the cancer-associated breast. It exploits the breast menstrual cycle, a subject which is reviewed in extenso. Physiologically the premenopausal mammary tissue goes into a monthly pregnancy rehearsal with glandular proliferation and increased blood supply. The latter effects a luteal heat cycle, which can be measured readily by an electronic thermometric bra as increased breast surface temperature (1 degree C). Data are presented in terms of 50 normal breasts and 41 cancer-associated breasts studied daily (with progesterone assays) for one menstrual cycle. The cancer-associated breasts exhibit an absent or altered response to endogenous progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The abnormality in the luteal heat cycle is maximal during the few days just after ovulation. Our data indicate that a 1-h clinical test at this time achieves a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 80% for "clinically normal' yet cancer-associated breast tissue. Such patients would be candidates for increased surveillance and chemoprevention.


After the excavation of abutment slope, the stress redistributed and the rock mass quality degradation damaged. According to fore-and-aft change of stresses for excavation, the authors divided excavation area and chose suitable mechanical parameters of rock mass for different excavation area. We used theory and methods of unloading rock mass mechanics and used elastic-plastic viscous damage mechanics model to give 2-D finite element analysis of stress and strain for typical profiles. And then we analyzed the changes of stress and deformation of the slope at nature and unloading conditions, analyzed deformation and stability at different reinforcement areas of the slope to choose reasonable reinforcement area. Strengthening plans of rock mass are analyzed and compared to choose reasonable reinforcement plan. The research results herein can offer beneficial reference for the design and the construction engineers.


Strategies for optimizing fitness in a dilute, competitive, and changing environment are thought to underlie cell size evolution in phytoplankton. Support for cell size as an adaptive trait comes from observed shifts in cell size distributions in response to environmental cues at geologic time scales and across environmental gradients. Physicochemical differences between marine and freshwater environments are thought to drive diatom cell size evolution in opposite directions, with larger sizes conferring benefits in marine habitats and small sizes in freshwater habitats. We tested this hypothesis in one lineage of diatoms, the Thalassiosirales, which spans marine and freshwater habitats, has a well‐supported phylogeny, and whose members are relatively homogenous with respect to cell shape, growth habit, and habitat preference. A comparison of adaptive models for cell size evolution supports the hypothesis for different cell size optima between marine and freshwater habitats. The data are best explained by a model with separate selective regimes for marine and freshwater lineages. However, a scenario of stabilizing selection towards a single global cell size optimum irrespective of habitat cannot be completely discounted. Understanding of the processes that shape cell size evolution in phytoplankton would benefit from models that incorporate phylogeny, intrinsic properties of species (e.g., cell shape, colony formation, and motility), and more specific habitat characterization, as well as genetic and genomic properties of different phytoplankton groups.


Sleep is thought to participate in the consolidation of recent memory traces. We tested this hypothesis in humans by using functional neuroimaging (functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography). First, following the training procedural visuo-motor learning task (pursuit task), total sleep deprivation on the first post-training night significantly deteriorates the gain in performance, which is usually observed after one complete night of sleep. In parallel, sleep deprivation hampers the changes in functional segregation and connectivity, which underpin the gain in performance usually observed in subjects allowed to sleep on the first post-training night. Second, following the training on an implicit memory task (probabilistic serial reaction time task), some brain areas are reactivated during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep on the first post-training night. The reactivation was shown to be related to the processing of high-level material and to be modulated by the amount of learning achieved during the training session. These changes in activity do not involve isolated brain areas but entire macroscopic cortico-subcortical networks. Taken together, the results suggest an off-line processing of recent memory traces during sleep.


This publication aims to further raise awareness about the value of transboundary conservation, highlighting the many benefits transboundary cooperation generates, while not neglecting the challenges and problems parties encounter when they engage in transboundary initiatives. IUCN partnered with its World Commission on Protected Areas -- Transboundary Conservation Specialist Group in developing this publication, in the hopes that it will be useful to a wide range of policy makers and practitioners involved in transboundary conservation, in particular in the trilateral zone of Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia


Suitable route determination for linear engineering structures is a fundamental problem in engineering geology. Rapid evaluation of alternative routes is essential, and novel approaches are indispensable. This study aims to integrate various InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) techniques for sinkhole susceptibility mapping in the Kirikkale-Delice Region of Turkey, in which sinkhole formations have been observed in evaporitic units and a high-speed train railway route has been planned. Nine months (2019–2020) of ground deformations were determined using data from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Sentinel-1A/1B satellites. A sinkhole inventory was prepared manually using satellite optical imagery and employed in an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model with topographic conditioning factors derived from InSAR digital elevation models (DEMs) and morphological lineaments. The results indicate that high deformation areas on the vertical displacement map and sinkhole-prone areas on the sinkhole susceptibility map (SSM) almost coincide. InSAR techniques are useful for long-term deformation monitoring and can be successfully associated in sinkhole susceptibility mapping using an ANN. Continuous monitoring is recommended for existing sinkholes and highly susceptible areas, and SSMs should be updated with new results. Up-to-date SSMs are crucial for the route selection, planning, and construction of important transportation elements, as well as settlement site selection, in such regions.


A lower dietary omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) fatty acid ratio (<4) has been shown to be beneficial in preventing a number of chronic illnesses. Interest exists in developing more rapid and sensitive analytical methods for profiling fatty acid levels in foods. An aqueous CE method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 15 n-3 and n-6 relevant fatty acids. The effect of pH and concentration of buffer, type and concentration of organic modifier, and additive on the separation was investigated in order to determine the best conditions for the analysis. Baseline separations of the 15 fatty acids were achieved using 40 mM borate buffer at pH 9.50 containing 50 mM SDS, 10 mM β-cyclodextrin, and 10% acetonitrile. The developed CE method has LODs of <5 mg/L and good linearity (R(2) > 0.980) for all fatty acids studied. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in flax seed, Udo® oils and a selection of grass-fed and grain-fed beef muscle samples.


This report investigates female sizes, egg sizes and egg hatching rates in relation to temperature for the near-shore calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa cultured at 6, 9, 14 and 24°C for several generations to achieve acclimatization. Inverse size relationships of eggs and females were revealed with increasing temperature. Eggs produced at 6°C were 85 ± 4 μm in diameter, but decreased to 80 ± 3 μm at 24°C. Female cephalothorax length was 840 ± 52 and 692 ± 39 μm at 9 and 24°C, respectively Parallel hatching experiments were performed between non-acclimatized and acclimatized cultures across a range of temperatures reflecting natural conditions in Danish waters. A greater fraction of eggs enter quiescence as temperature declines. Eggs were able to hatch at temperatures as low as 1.5°C. Final egg hatching success increased with temperature. Acclimatization of the copepods resulted in a lower maximum hatching rate, but a higher final hatching success at 9 and 6°C compared with egg hatching from non-acclimatized copepods. Eggs develop significantly better at low temperatures when compared with females in culture. This adaptation suggests that the observed annual population fluctuations in, for example, Danish waters can be explained as follows: the population of copepods in the pelagic virtually die out during the autumn―winter months; the population the following year emerges from resting eggs from the sediment and is produced by the pelagic copepods the previous year(s).


ABSTRACT Tan spot of wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, provided a model system for testing disease forecasts based on an artificial neural network. Infection periods for P. tritici-repentis on susceptible wheat cultivars were identified from a bioassay system that correlated tan spot incidence with crop growth stage and 24-h summaries of environmental data, including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, precipitation, and flat-plate resistance-type wetness sensors. The resulting data set consisted of 97 discrete periods, of which 32 were reserved for validation analysis. Neural networks with zero to nine processing elements were evaluated 20 times each to identify the model that most accurately predicted an infection event. The 200 models averaged 74 to 77% accuracy, depending on the number of processing elements and random initialization of coefficients. The most accurate model had five processing elements and correctly predicted 87% of the infection periods in the validation set. In comparison, stepwise logistic regression correctly predicted 69% of the validation cases, and multivariate discriminant analysis distinguished 50% of the validation cases. When wetness-sensor inputs were withheld from the models, both the neural network and logistic regression models declined 6% in prediction accuracy. Thus, neural networks were more accurate than statistical procedures, both with and without wetness-sensor inputs. These results demonstrate the applicability of neural networks to plant disease forecasting.


The TOTEM (TOTal cross section, Elastic scattering and diffraction dissociation Measurement at the LHC) experiment, located at the interaction point 5 of the LHC, has measured the total, elastic and inelastic proton-proton cross-sections, using a luminosity independent method, based on the optical theorem, in a center-of-mass energy range from 2.76 to 13 TeV. The elastic scattering was investigated in a wide range of the squared four-momentum transfer | t | allowing study of the Coulomb-nuclear interference region down to | t | ∼ 8 × 10 − 4 GeV 2 . This made possible the first measurement of the ρ parameter at √ s = 13 TeV, ρ being the ratio between the real and the imaginary part of the nuclear elastic scattering amplitude at t = 0. This measurement, combined with the total cross-section results, led to the exclusion of all the models classified and published by the COMPETE Collaboration. The results obtained by TOTEM are indeed compatible with predictions of a colourless 3-gluon bound state exchange in the t-channel of proton-proton elastic scattering, as postulated by alternative theoretical models both in the Regge-like framework and in the modern QCD framework. In this contribution the TOTEM experiment detectors and results will be described, along with the actual experiment status, the future physics program for the LHC Run 3.


Advances in technology and changes in reimbursement policies undoubtedly will prompt providers of private pay services to seek new services to provide. Before making any decisions, however, an agency must analyze its operation: does it encompass service delivery with low administrative costs or does it demand high costs and cash reserves? The new opportunities down the road are dictated by such factors.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the frequency and clinical, topographic, and etiologic patterns of acute multiple infarction involving the anterior circulation.

DESIGN
Data analysis from a prospective acute stroke registry in a community-based primary care center.

RESULTS
Among 751 patients with first ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation over a 4-year period, 40 patients (5%) had acute multiple infarcts involving the anterior circulation. On computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium enhancement, there were four topographic patterns of infarction: (1) superficial infarcts (11 patients [28%]); (2) superficial and deep infarcts (12 patients [30%]); (3) deep infarcts (three patients [8%]); and (4) infarcts involving the anterior and the posterior circulation (14 patients [35%]). Both cerebral hemispheres were involved in one fourth of the cases. A specific clinical picture was found in up to 20% of the patients. This included global aphasia with left hemianopia, hemisensory loss or hemiparesis (in right-handed patients), transcortical mixed aphasia with hemianopia, and acute pure cognitive impairment ("dementia"). Large-artery disease was found in 13 patients (33%); a cardiac source of embolism was found in 11 patients (28%); and both were found in three patients (8%). Bilateral infarcts were related to cardioembolism (four patients) and bilateral large-artery disease (three patients). One month after stroke, one fourth of the patients were independent, one third had some disability, and 40% were either dead or completely dependent.

CONCLUSIONS
Acute multiple infarcts involving the anterior circulation may be bilateral more frequently than is currently thought, and they are often associated with posterior circulation infarcts. They mainly involve the pial hemispheral territories, commonly being caused by cardioembolism or bilateral carotid atheroma. They may be associated with a specific neurologic-neuropsychological dysfunction pattern in up to one fifth of the patients, allowing diagnosis before brain imaging.


Families are the primary providers of caregiving services to individuals with disabilities in almost all countries and cultures of the world. This study examined the demands that are placed on caregiving families who support a family member with a disability and the resultant impact on the family. Governments in many countries have recognised the vital role that families play and have implemented various family support programs. A growing number of these programs offer families access to a .. case manager" who assists them to identify their needs and secure appropriate services to meet those needs. In addition, families have access to direct financial assistance to purchase needed services from either the public or the private sector.

This study examined a case management and individualised funding service (Local Area Co-ordination) that was established in the State of Western Australia in 1987 to support families caring for a person with an intellectual disability. In 1991 that service was expanded in country Western Australia to include an additional 500 people with physical and sensory disabilities, which required the appointment of an additional 1 1 local area coordinators. This study was launched to coincide with the expansion of the local area co-ordination service into the area of physical and sensory disabilities.

The research questions investigated included: how families responded to the local area co-ordination approach; how families utilised individualised funding; the resultant impact of local area co-ordination and individualised funding on families; how local area co-ordination and individualised funding varied in its implementation and impact across families caring for family members with various disabilities; and the total cost of delivering the services, including the individualised funding component.

A series of four studies was undertaken over a period of two years: Study One involved a series of case studies in which 10 newly registered families were followed over two years. Study Two comprised a survey of 112 families who had been using the local area co-ordination service for one or more years. Study Three involved an analysis of individualised funding in which the spending patterns of 704 families were tracked over a one year period. Study Four investigated the total annual costs of providing the local area co-ordination and individualised funding service to some 2,500 consumers around the State.

The results revealed that the expressed needs of families caring for a family member with a physical or sensory disability did not differ markedly from families caring for a family member with an intellectual disability.

In the case study phase of the research, families reported a wide array of concerns revolving around individual and family functioning, care demands, co-ordination of services, delivery of services, informal supports, housing, transport, equipment, education, employment. respite and therapy. A major finding of this study was that local area coordinators, with the aid of individualised funding, made significant progress in resolving these concerns. In most areas local area coordinators significantly exceeded the expectations of families.

Case study families saw the major strengths of local area co-ordination as being their accessibility and availability, good back-up and support, personal involvement with the family, and good information and advocacy. Few weaknesses were identified by families. As a result of the support they had received from their local area coordinator, most families reported that they felt more confident and optimistic about the future.

The survey of 112 families in Study Two corroborated the findings of the case studies, with no significant differences in responses across disability types. Survey families reported that, as a result of their local area coordinator's general support and procurement of needed services, they felt much more involved in decisions, able to exercise real choice, and more in control of services they received. A a consequence, they reported feeling much more secure, supported, self-sufficient, satisfied and optimistic about the future.

Individualised funding was found to have played an important adjunctive role. The individualised funding analysis in Study Three revealed that families consumed an average of AUS$1,626 (range, AUS$12 - AUS$20,780) in the funding analysis year. The majority of funds (59%) were paid directly to the families: 22% in advance and 37% as a rebate. The remaining funds (41%) were paid directly to a service provider by the local area coordinator on the instructions of the family. The analysis revealed that between them, families purchased 33 different types of support which could be categorised under 10 major support categories: respite, domestic, caregiver, personal, professional, employment, education, leisure, accommodation and equipment. An important finding of this study was that only 20% of all eligible families (n=2,524) sought recourse to individualised funding to assist in meeting their needs. The absence of any funding ceilings on individual consumers coupled with virtually no restrictions on what goods or services could be purchased and its ready availability was highly valued by families.

The cost analysis of local area co-ordination, undertaken in Study Four, revealed it to be a more effective and efficient program than traditional disability support services operating in the State. The individualised funding component was also shown to be cost effective against comparable funding programs operating in Australia or overseas.

By the end of the study period (June, 1995) the number of local area coordinators operating around the State of Western Australia had grown to 53. A total of 2,524 people with disabilities and their families were using the service and the cost of delivering the program (including the individualised funding component which represented 39% of total program expenditures) was AUS$5.56 million. In May 1996, the State Government of Western Australia announced an AUS$6.04 million increase in funding to the local area co-ordination program. This will enable local area co-ordination to be extended throughout the State and serve an estimated 4,500 people with disabilities and their families.

Further research needs to be undertaken to ascertain how the local area co-ordination and individualised funding approach operates in metropolitan settings and its subsequent impact on caregiving families. The mixed methods, longitudinal research design adopted in this study could be replicated in metropolitan settings, thereby permitting a differential analysis of the operation and impact of local area coordination across geographic localities.

The literature has noted a lack of longitudinal studies and quantitative measures in previous research into case management and individualised funding approaches. An opportunity exists to revisit case study and survey families from this study at a later date to extend the longitudinal findings and to ascertain the longer term effects of local area coordination and individualised funding.

As part of this follow-up quantitative data should be sought as to the impact of local area co-ordination and individualised funding on out-of-home placement of people with disabilities and the resultant savings to government. Establishing that family support programs deliver social cost-benefits to governments, the community and consumers alike will ensure that caregiving families are adequately supported and resourced into the future.


In this paper, we propose a semiparametric varying-coefficient categorical panel data model in which covariates (variables affecting the coefficients) are purely categorical. This model has two features: first, fixed effects are included to allow for correlation between individual unobserved heterogeneity and the regressors; second, it allows for cross-sectional dependence through a general spatial error dependence structure. We derive a semiparametric estimator for our model by using a modified within transformation, and then show the asymptotic and finite properties for this estimator under large N and T. The Monte Carlo study shows that our methodology works well for both large N and T, and large N and small T cases. Finally, we illustrate our model by analyzing the effects of state-level banking regulations on the returns to scale of commercial banks in the US. Our empirical results suggest that returns to scale is higher in more regulated states than in less regulated states.


There were several objectives associated with the following three-study dissertation. The initial study was designed to replicate and extend previous research on the partial assignment completion effect (PAC), effort, and students' assignment choice behavior. Our focus was to determine if individual differences, specifically work ethic, may explain why some students chose to continue to work on a partially-completed assignment as opposed to completing a different, lower-effort assignment. Our experimental and correlational results extended research on PAC and effort by suggesting that individual differences in work ethic may influence students to choose to finish what they started, even when it requires them to do more work. Additionally, by demonstrating that scores on the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile (MWEP) accounted for a significant amount of variance in academic assignment choice behavior we extended research on the MWEP across contexts (i.e., academic assignment as opposed to work). The significant findings from Study I influenced us to pursue Study II which focused on the development and initial validation of an academically focused work ethic scale. The MWEP was used as a model to develop the 84 preliminary items. These items along with the MWEP were administered to college students. Five factors emerged with each dimension being reduced to 5 items. Significant correlations between our five academic work ethic factors and similar MWEP factors supported the validity of the Academic Work Ethic-Student (AWE-S) measure. The AWE-S items were written at a fifth-grade reading level so that the measure could be completed by middle and high school students. With Study III we replicated iii Study I by using similar assignment choice procedures with younger students (grades five-eight) and assessing working ethic using the newly created AWE-S. Next, we analyzed student choice data to determine if AWE-S scores could account for student choice (i.e., choosing to complete either a partially completed assignment or a new assignment that would require approximately 10% less effort to complete). Students also completed a 35-item scale designed to measure perfectionism. Findings suggest that specific AWE-S factors explain some student choice variance within the sample; yet psychometric findings suggest that additional work on the AWE-S scale is needed to enhance the internal consistency of the instrument.


We introduce a geometric approach for investigating the power of threshold circuits. Viewing n-variable boolean functions as vectors in R2n, we invoke tools from linear algebra and linear programming to derive new results on the realizability of boolean functions using threshold gates.

Using this approach, one can obtain: (1) upper-bounds on the number of spurious memories in Hopfield networks, and on the number of functions implementable by a depth-d threshold circuit; (2) a lower bound on the number of orthogonal input functions required to implement a threshold function; (3) a necessary condition for an arbitrary set of input functions to implement a threshold function; (4) a lower bound on the error introduced in approximating boolean functions using sparse polynomials; (5) a limit on the effectiveness of the only known lower-bound technique (based on computing correlations among boolean functions) for the depth of threshold circuits implementing boolean functions, and (6) a constructive proof that every boolean function f of n input variables is a threshold function of polynomially many input functions, none of which is significantly correlated with f. Some of these results lead to generalizations of key results concerning threshold circuit complexity, particularly those that are based on the so-called spectral or Harmonic analysis approach. Moreover, our geometric approach yields simple proofs, based on elementary results from linear algebra, for many of these earlier results.


The article views the opportunities of forming the competency in the sphere of informationalcommunicational technologies (further − ICT competency) of future pedagogues under informational-educational environment at university. The stages of forming the ICT competency are substantiated, as well as tasks and content for each stage, methods and forms used. Special attention is paid to preparing the future pedagogues to organization of the educational process, based on activity approach and use of information-communicational technologies. When forming the ICT competency of future pedagogues, the great role belongs to the informational-educational environment at university, faculty, department and discipline, where the educational process takes place. The university professors must comprehend the need and efficiency of using modern information and pedagogical technologies in educational process, as well as the specificity of organizational forms of working with electronic educational resources. As an example of forming the ICT competency of future pedagogues, the article presents the experience of projecting the content of a discipline "Informational technologies in education" for Bachelors majoring in "Pedagogical education" and a discipline "Informational technologies in professional activity" for the future Masters of Pedagogy. The content of these disciplines was designed by the authors for the students of Nizhniy Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin. Keywords : ICT competency of a pedagogue, informational-educational environment, professional standard of a pedagogue, project activity


To determine the seroprevalence of Anaplasma in Minnesota cattle, the database of the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), University of Minnesota was searched over a 10 year period (2001 to July 2010). A total of 438,407 bovine serum samples were tested by complement fixation test (CFT) and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent test (cELISA). The positive rate of seroprevalence by CFT was 2.4% out of 211,484 samples, with a 0.13% anticomplementary result. The VDL at the University of Minnesota started using cELISA after 2002, and CFT application was suspended as diagnostic test for anaplasmosis after 2005 due to its complexity. With cELISA, positive seroprevalence was 6.8% out of 226,923 samples. The results suggest that the cELISA test was more rapid and less complex than the CFT.


Humans are able to use knowledge of previous events to estimate the probability of future actions. Consequently, an unexpected event will elicit a prediction error as the prepared action has to be replaced by an unprepared option in a process known as "action reprogramming" (AR). Here we show that people with Parkinson's disease (PD) have a dopamine-sensitive deficit in AR that is proportional to the size of the prediction error. Participants performed a probabilistic reaction time (RT) task in the context of either a predictable or unpredictable environment. For an overall predictable sequence, PD patients, on and off dopamine medication, and healthy controls showed similar improvements in RT. However, in the context of a generally predictable sequence, PD patients off medication were impaired in reacting to unexpected events that elicit large prediction errors and require AR. Critically, this deficit in AR was modulated by the prediction error associated with the upcoming event. The prolongation of RT was not observed during an overall unpredictable sequence, in which relatively unexpected events evoke little prediction error and the requirement for AR should be minimal, given the context. The data are compatible with recent theoretical accounts suggesting that levels of dopamine encode the reliability, i.e., precision, of sensory information. In this scheme, PD patients off medication have low dopamine levels and may therefore be less confident about incoming sensory information and more reliant on top-down predictions. Consequently, when these internal predictions are incorrect, PD patients take longer to respond appropriately to unexpected sensory information.


In India, poverty reduction is one of the major objectives of economic development programmes. Though, India was the first country in the world to define poverty as the total per capita expenditure of the lowest expenditure class, which is required to ascertain a minimum intake of 2400 kcal/day in rural and 2100 kcal/day in urban areas. The same is converted into financial terms and the poverty line is defined as a minimum level of income or expenditure, which is periodically updated. The latest updated poverty line is Rs.356.30 in rural areas and Rs.538.60 in urban areas in 2004-05 (Planning Commission, 2007). There exists a substantial interstate and urban rural differential in the cost of goods and services. One in three Indians lives below the poverty line according to the Tendulkar Committee report which used a measurement of goods and services, rather than calorie intake, to calculate poverty. The World Bank estimates that 80% of India's population lives on less than $2 a day which means a higher proportion of its population lives on less than $2 per day as compared with sub-Saharan Africa. Income based approaches to poverty can not tell more about other forms of deprivations poor go through. Poverty is basically a denial of a range of material needs such as nutritious food, safe drinking water, shelter, healthcare, education, etc. Therefore, multidimensional poverty measures provide better understanding of the nature of poverty-at local, regional, national, and world level. The present study attempts to track and explore some of the important causes of rural poverty in the state of Jharkhand. Socio-economic indicators provide a background to understanding the poverty scenario in a country. These indicators provide data on education, gender, poverty, housing, amenities, employment and other economic indicators. These indicators for the country as well as states will help in identifying the linkages between socio-economic indicators and achievement of health goals. It was found that the rate of decline in poverty is more in agricultural labour class households (27%) than that of farming households (1.9%). Analysis of household data of the sample villages also highlights a high incidence of rural poverty ranging from more than 20 percent in Dubaliya to about 76 percent in Durgapur. Incidence of poverty for four groups of households viz. labour, small, medium and large shows mixed pattern of incidence of poverty. Labour class households and large households were comparatively less poor in most of the villages than that of the other classes i.e., small and medium households. Among various determinants of poverty, obtained by estimating a probit model, considering poor as 1 and non-poor 0, it was found that length of education and number of earning members in family had significant poverty reducing effect, implying that for taking a poor household out of poverty promotion of education and creation of more employment opportunities to provide employment to a large number of household members are essential. It also emanates that big family size and increased dependency on agriculture would induce poverty and it is therefore imperative that family planning policies and alternative non-farm employment programme should receive due priority in any poverty alleviation programme in the state.


INTRODUCTION
Healthcare personnel is especially vulnerable to the risks derived from their job. The complexity that has the care of patients with Ebola justifies the study of the perception of risk of such professionals.

OBJECTIVE
To know the perception of risk in the nursing staff that takes care of patients suspected of suffering the Ebola virus.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Transversal study carried out in the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. 19 professionals of nursing staff that attended suspected Ebola patients were included in the study. The data was collected through a questionnaire of dimensional evaluation of the perceived risk along with sociodemographic variables and a subsequent statistics analysis.

RESULTS
A percentage of 68% of the nursing staff refereed having a high level of knowledge of the risk associated with the factor of this study. A percentage of 42% determined that there was a very high possibility of being harmed. A percentage of 63% considered that the most harmful consequences would appear in short term, and finally a percentage of 48% considered that there was a very high risk of accident or illness associated to the factor of this study, whereas a percentage of 5% considered the risk to be very low.

CONCLUSIONS
The answers obtained showed not only that nursing staff had a very high level of knowledge regarding the risk associated to the factor of this study, but also that the emotional fear was very high.


The goal of this paper is to establish how the term "a mainstream film" is used and understood, what meaning is assigned to it in contemporary discourse about cinema. Wide research was carried out, aimed at pinpointing its usage both on the Internet, among bloggers and film forum members, as well as in academic papers. It turns out that the term is widely used, but very scarcely defined. Moreover, it is understood in very different, often incompatible manners. At least six meanings were detected. A mainstream film can be a blockbuster, a film which propagates dominant ideologies, a realist film, a film which employs continuity editing, a film rooted in the tradition of classical Hollywood cinema, a film that is easy to comprehend. Until recently, all these meanings could be combined due to a relatively high degree of uniformity within film culture, but now, when Cinema is experiencing growing diversification in all spheres, it is probably better not to use it at all.


Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT) and adenosine phosphoribosyl-transferase (APRT) were examined from 11 individuals with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, 10 of their first-or second-degree relatives, and 3 normal controls. It has been suggested that in some self-mutilating Tourette patients, HGPRT shows a time-related loss of activity at 4°C, and an unusual isoelectrofocusing pattern. Although 3 patients experienced self-mutilation, no consistent abnormalities were found in the temperature-stability of their HGPRT at 4°C and 70°C, or in isoelectrofocusing of HGPRT purified by immunoprecipitation. An alteration of the purine metabolic pathway in Tourette syndrome has not been established.


A comprehensive history of the development of realist ideas in international relations throughout the last 500 years. Jonathan Haslam focuses on the emergence and relevance of realist (or statist) thought, showing how it has shaped political thinking and international events since Machiavelli's time. Haslam draws on an array of original texts in various European languages to illustrate the views of rulers and thinkers, to reveal how wars and other crises affected the thinking of those who experienced them, and to locate realist thinking squarely within the history of political and economic thought. The author explores four themes relating to international relations in the modern era: reasons of state; the balance of power; the balance of trade; and geopolitics. He contrasts realist ideas with universalist alternatives, both religious and secular, which were based on a more optimistic view of the nature of man or the nature of society. Realist thought never attained consistent predominance, Haslam demonstrates, and the struggle with universalist thought has remained an unresolved tension that can be traced throughout the evolution of international relations theory in the 20th century.


Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an abundant desmoplastic stroma. Interactions between cancer and stromal cells play a critical role in tumour invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. Therefore, we hypothesized that gene expression profile of the stromal components of pancreatic carcinoma is different from chronic pancreatitis and reflects the interaction with the tumour. We investigated the gene expression of eleven stromal tissues from PDAC, nine from chronic pancreatitis and cell lines of stromal origin using the Affymetrix U133 GeneChip set. The tissue samples were microdissected, the RNA was extracted, amplified and labelled using a repetitive in vitro transcription protocol. Differentially expressed genes were identified and validated using quantitative RT‐PCR and immuno‐histochemistry. We found 255 genes to be overexpressed and 61 genes to be underexpressed within the stroma of pancreatic carcinoma compared to the stroma of chronic pancreatitis. Analysis of the involved signal transduction pathways revealed a number of genes associated with the Wnt pathway of which the differential expression of SFRP1 and WNT5a was confirmed using immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we could demonstrate that WNT5a expression was induced in fibroblasts during cocultivation with a pancreatic carcinoma cell line. The identified differences in the expression profile of stroma cells derived from tumour compared to cells of inflammatory origin suggest a specific response of the tissue surrounding malignant cells. The overexpression of WNT5a, a gene involved in the non canonical Wnt signalling and chondrocyte development might contribute to the strong desmoplastic reaction seen in pancreatic cancer.


This research aims to improve the practice of designing educational video games ("learning games"). This thesis aims to both validate and extend Shelton's theory of activity-goal alignment, which focuses on the relationship between a player's activity and the designer's intended learning goal in any learning game. The thesis develops and evaluates two novel tools. First, an autoethnographic account of a recent learning game project confirms Shelton's prior findings that activity-goal alignment theory meets an important need in learning game design practice and that Shelton's theory might be made more accessible to practising designers. The AGA Scoring Tool is developed, and both it and Shelton's theory are evaluated through analytic discussions of designs of several existing learning games: activity-goal alignment theory is found useful, and scoring activity-goal alignment is argued to be clearer than Shelton's narrative-based approach. Secondly, this thesis argues that there is need for improved tools for assessment of learning games. A critical review of existing assessment tools yields a list of criteria for any learning game assessment tool. A basis for a new learning game assessment tool is developed from three theories: Higher Order Learning theory, Gee's principles of Deep Learning, and Shelton's activity-goal alignment. These three theories are argued to comprise an important, prevailing position within the learning game design literature. A new tool, the AGA-Based Assessment Tool, is proposed and exercised in critical discussions of several learning games. Important gaps between learning game design practice and theory are revealed using the tool. The thesis concludes that scoring activity-goal alignment is useful to the learning game designer because it makes an important theoretical position from the learning game design literature clear and simpler to apply in practice. 5-Dec-13 Page 4 of 219


Clock Drawing Test performance was examined alongside other neuropsychological tests in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We tested the hypothesis that clock-drawing errors are related to executive impairment. The current research examined 86 patients with MCI for whom, in prior research, cluster analysis was used to sort patients into dysexecutive (dMCI, n = 22), amnestic (aMCI, n = 13), and multidomain (mMCI, n = 51) subtypes. First, principal components analysis (PCA) and linear regression examined relations between clock-drawing errors and neuropsychological test performance independent of MCI subtype. Second, between-group differences were assessed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) where MCI subgroups were compared to normal controls (NC). PCA yielded a 3-group solution. Contrary to expectations, clock-drawing errors loaded with lower performance on naming/lexical retrieval, rather than with executive tests. Regression analyses found increasing clock-drawing errors to command were associated with worse performance only on naming/lexical retrieval tests. ANOVAs revealed no differences in clock-drawing errors between dMCI versus mMCI or aMCI versus NCs. Both the dMCI and mMCI groups generated more clock-drawing errors than the aMCI and NC groups in the command condition. In MCI, language-related skills contribute to clock-drawing impairment.


Industry competition forced efficiency in all production process. Engineeringis one relevant area to increase of efficiency,  using Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) for designing new product arebeleving as ultimate choice. The aim of this research is to buildan efficiency and more quality of bus structure frame.3D model of this bus structure frame is using commercial application software CAD, and for simulating virtual loading in thisbus structure frame is using commercial application software CAE. The Benefit of using CAD software is to build more robust,precision, efficient design, and reduce error in manufacture process.Simulation of static load, e.q. structure, seat, interior equipment, walling, passengers, and baggage weight on bus structure frame, are conducted using application commercial software CAE. The bus structure frame design result, consist of 450 part, all integrated using welding joint, and simulation resultby commercial application CAE software shows that, maximum Von Misses stress is 6,290E02, and maximum displacement is 0.04444mm. Keywords: Design, CAD,CAE, Structure, Otomotive car,Bus


The Fe61Co7Zr9.5Mo5W2B15.5 bulk metallic glass (BMG) has the best glass forming-ability (GFA), high thermal stability, and the highest strength (the compressive strength sigma = 3800 MPa) among known Fe-based alloys. Unfortunately, this BMG does not have the same good soft magnetic properties as other Fe-based BMGs do. We report here that a small amount of Ni addition (microalloying) can significantly enhance the soft magnetic properties of the alloy without deteriorating its high GFA. The saturation magnetization is increased threefold, while the coercivity is decreased about 40-fold, with only 3 at.% Ni addition. The improvement is interpreted to result from the enhancement of the magnetic exchange interaction as the Ni content increases. The results indicate that it is possible to adjust the magnetic properties of Fe-based BMGs by a minor change in the content of some component. BMGs with good soft magnetic property, ultrahigh mechanical strength, good GFA and high thermal stability show some promise for future applications.


Aim: This study was aimed at standardizing the "In-House fatty meal" methodology in cholescintigraphy and to determine gall bladder ejection fraction (GBEF) with this standardized meal. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective case–control study where 61 patients having right upper quadrant pain and postprandial bloating and 59 healthy volunteers were included. They underwent 99mTc-mebrofenin fatty meal cholescintigraphy following a standard protocol. Dynamic acquisitions over 120 min were done, with a fatty meal being given between 45- and 60-min. Gallbladder emptying kinetics was studied by assessing the time activity curves and calculation of GBEFs were made at 30-min, 45-min, and at 60-min and assessed. Results: The GBEF at 30-min was 74.42% ± 8.26% (mean ± standard deviation), at 45-min was 82.61% ± 6.5%, and at 60-min was 89.37% ± 4.48% in the volunteer group. The lower limit of GBEF in volunteers at 30-min was 58%, 45-min was 69%, and at 60-min was 81%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that 30-min GBEF provided the best separation between healthy and diseased subjects with an area under curve of 0.952 (95% confidence interval = 0.914–0.989). The lower limit of GBEF at 30-min was 58%. Conclusions: An in-House standard fatty meal could be a reproducible alternative to cholecystokinin as it is well-tolerated. Based on ROC curve analysis, we propose that 30-min GBEF provides good separation between healthy and diseased people with this in-House fatty meal. Hence, dynamic acquisitions beyond 30-min postingestion of the fatty meal may not be warranted.


The study presents the comparative analysis of scabies and STI incidence in different groups of population in Saratov region from 1991 till 2010. Principal causes and factors supporting epidemic process of infectious diseases in this region on an extent of 2 decades are revealed. It is established that if the basic group patients with scabies were children, teenagers and people at the age from 20 to 29 years, so, in the group with STI there were patients aged from 18 to 29 years. Besides, it was proved that over the last years early and late latent forms of syphilis and neurosyphilis prevail among patients in age group from 40 to 60 years. It leads to disability, and sometimes invalidism quite often.


Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) is a determinant part of surface solar irradiance used by the plants
in the process of photosynthesis. This latter promotes the growth of the plants contributing significantly to the
production of biomass that can be used itself for energy production. MINES ParisTech is being developing a new
approach to estimate the PAR irradiance in clear sky conditions. Its concept is based on the k-distribution method
and correlated-k approximation of Kato et al. (1999) which allows fast and still accurate computations. It provides
the spectral distribution of solar irradiance in 32 discrete wavelength intervals between 240 nm and 4606 nm
including the PAR band. The innovation in this approach is the use of only twelve spectral calculations from the
32 correlated-k results instead of about three hundred calculations when detailed spectral calculations are made.
The PAR derived by this new method is compared to detailed calculations made with the radiative transfer model
libRadtran on the direct and global PAR radiation. The relative bias and the relative RMSE are close to 0.5%. The
RMSE for the PAR irradiance respectively for the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density is close to 0.5 W/m2 and
2.5 mol/m2 s. The correlation coefficient is 0.99. It is also shown that this method provides better results than
two state-of-the-art empirical methods. This work demonstrates that this new method is able to assess the PAR
radiation in clear sky conditions with high accuracy.


Author(s): Bush, HH; Eisenhower, AS; Cohen, SR; Blacher, J | Abstract: © Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities. Among typically developing children, many characteristics have been associated with parents' expectations for their children's adjustment to school and academic progress. Despite the history of increased parental involvement in the education of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) relative to parents of children without ASD, there is little research on the educational expectations that parents hold for their young children with ASD and how they are formed. In the current study, we addressed this gap by using a mixed methods design to examine the association between parents' expectations for the level of success their children would achieve during the current school year, and multiple child-, parent/family-, and teacher/school-level factors, among parents of 4 to 7 year olds with ASD (N 121). When these different factors were considered simultaneously, children's externalizing behaviors, parents' educational level, and parents' employment status were found to be significantly associated with parents' expectations of schooling.


This article presents case studies of efforts to control pollution from two small-scale industries notorious for their pollution in Mexico: leather tanneries and brick kilns. The case studies demonstrate that although there are considerable obstacles to regulating small enterprises, innovative pollution control policies can be effective. The article distils lessons regarding the necessity of political accommodation, the drivers of clean technological change, the critical role of trade associations and neighbourhood organizations, the promise of private-sector led initiatives, the practicality (or otherwise) of boycotting dirty small firms, and the importance of developing policies that are location-specific.


There are different methodological strategies for monitoring and evaluation of the participants in a MOOC. This article elaborates and justifies a proposal for the MOOC basic algebra, "Algebra Decoding", aimed at preparing students for future mathematics of scientific-technical college. The presence of the teacher is in the form of videos where he outlined the course content and provides additional resources and learning activities. The process includes automatic feedback questionnaires, which help the students to continue their learning process regularly. This approach involves an individual participant activity and minimal interaction with the tutor and other colleagues. For the evolution of the existing methodological proposal takes into account several factors: the results of the experience in the first course; the fact that this is a conversion to a mathematical thinking; expectations, attitude and strategy of the participant; successful experiences with automatic feedback in online learning contexts; peer review and open access. The main novelty lies in the development of an exercise at the end of course you should be peer reviewed through a purpose-built section.


This paper presents a novel statistical-based approach to Worst-Case Response-Time (WCRT) analysis of complex real-time system models. These system models have been tailored to capture intricate execution dependencies between tasks, inspired by real industrial control systems. The proposed WCRT estimation algorithm is based on Extreme Value Theory (EVT) and produces both WCRT estimates together with a probability of being exceeded. By using the tools developed, an evaluation is presented using three different simulation models, and four other methods as reference: Monte Carlo simulation, MABERA, HCRR and traditional Response-Time Analysis (basic RTA). Empirical results demonstrate that the benefit of the proposed approach, in terms of 1) reduced pessimism when compared to basic RTA and 2) validated guarantee of never being less than the actual response time values. The proposed approach also needs much fewer simulations compared to other three simulation-based methods.


This paper focuses on the structural formation of the Sustainability Analysis Framework (SAF), which has proved to be an effective knowledge communication tool in the largest state administration in Australia, the Government of New South Wales. The SAF, devised by the author, has been implemented across thirtyeight state agencies and demonstrates that a whole of government Sustainability perspective is achievable. The level of the NSW Government's commitment to this process is evidenced by the fact that it was coordinated at the highest levels of the administration and engaged high-level input from a comprehensive portfolio of its agencies. The SAF's successful deployment across this significant bureaucracy shows that the generally applicable mechanism is effective in data collation, information sharing, knowledge organisation and the communication of Sustainability practice and wisdom. At the heart of the paper is the author's contention that one of the key problems which jeopardises our common future on Earth is the lack of effective tools to communicate Sustainability thinking and practice. In the course of the project, upon which this paper is based, the author identified the need for a visually and conceptually accessible mechanism to accelerate the uptake of Sustainability practice in a whole of organization context. In designing the SAF, which has successfully bridged this knowledge communication gap, the author employed two of humanity's fundamental learning tools – the diagram and the story.


CMV, a ubiquitous herpesvirus, elicits an extraordinarily large T cell response that is sustained or increases over time, a phenomenon termed 'memory inflation.' Remarkably, even latent, non-productive infection can drive memory inflation. Despite intense research on this phenomenon, the infected cell type(s) involved are unknown. To identify the responsible cell type(s), we designed a Cre-lox murine CMV (MCMV) system, where a spread-deficient (ΔgL) virus expresses recombinant SIINFEKL only in Cre+ host cells. We found that latent infection of endothelial cells (ECs), but not dendritic cells (DCs) or hepatocytes, was sufficient to drive CD8 T cell memory inflation. Infection of Lyve-1-Cre and Prox1-CreERT2 mice revealed that amongst EC subsets, infection of lymphatic ECs was sufficient. Genetic ablation of β2m on lymphatic ECs did not prevent inflation, suggesting another unidentified cell type can also present antigen to CD8 T cells during latency. This novel system definitively shows that antigen presentation by lymphatic ECs drives robust CD8 T cell memory inflation.


This family and alcohol research study was developed by NWAF Ltd in partnership with existing structures within the NW Regional Drugs Task Force area.

The findings of this research will provide valuable new evidence on the extent of the problem, establish baseline measures against which future activities can be measured and help inform the development of appropriate support family mechanisms in the North West area and also nationally.

Contents
1. North West Alcohol Forum Ltd
2. Aim of the research project p.1
2.1 Background
2.2 Aim of the research project
2.3 Conceptual base of study
3. Review of Literature p.3
4. Research Design p.5
4.1 Methodology
4.2 Data sources
4.3 Framework for analysis
5. Results p.9
5.1 Adults as role models- risky drinking patterns Ireland
5.2 Children's exposure to risk within families
5.3 Community awareness of risk to children
5.4 Children's experience of neglect and abuse
5.5 Child abuse and the involvement of alcohol
5.5.1 National Protection Data Results
5.5.2 RAISE data
5.5.3 Hospitalisations for child abuse in the North West
6. Views of frontline staff working in Family Support Services p.29
6.1 Binge Drinking - the drinking norm in Ireland
6.2 Youth doing what they see
6.3 Parental responsibility for youth drinking
6.4 Parental alcohol problems
6.5 Parental drinking - consequences for children
6.6 Intervention – when?
6.7 Ways of working with families
6.8 The meaning of Binge Drinking
7. Family support services p.33
7.1 Strengthening Families Programme - Donegal
7.2 Springboard Resource House Project - Sligo
8. Summary and Conclusions p.35
9. Recommendations p.40


Viviparity has evolved from oviparity in many vertebrate lineages, and species that contain both oviparous and viviparous populations offer the best opportunity for a detailed examination of the processes involved in this major life-history transition. However, although several such species have been reported, none have been the subject of detailed phylogenetic analyses. We examine such a case within the Australian scincid lizard bougainvillii. Data were obtained by sequencing a 314-bp segment of mitochondrial cytochrome b from 32 individuals from 17 populations of L. bougainvillii and two morphologically similar congeneric species (L. dorsalis L. microtus). Sequences were aligned and analyzed using parsimony and distance methods. The resultant matriarchal phylogeny resolved the populations of L. bougainvillii into three major groups: a population from NSW; a group predominantly from Eyre Peninsula; and a less well-defined group from the central part of the species range. The NSW and Eyre Peninsula groups are oviparous and are quite divergent from other L. bougainvillii populations and from each other. The central group contains both viviparous and oviparous populations, and seem to represent a more recent radiation within the species. Our results indicate that viviparity has evolved at least twice within the genus Lerista, because the viviparous L. microtus is not closely related to viviparous populations of L. bougainvillii. The lack of phylogenetic separation of mtDNAs from viviparous and oviparous populations within L. bougainvillii relative to strong geographic structure within the latter indicates that populations with different reproductive modes are indeed conspecific. Lerista bougainvillii is thus the first vertebrate species for which intraspecific bimodality in reproductive mode can be claimed with any certainty.


Our understanding of the spatial ecology of feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) and burros (E. asinus) in the United States is limited. Robust location data are needed to better understand the permeability of Bureau of Land Management Herd Management Area boundaries, relative to feral horse movement patterns and home ranges. To increase our understanding of feral horse movement, in February to March 2017, we deployed global positioning system (GPS) collars on 14 females ≥5 years old that were captured in the Adobe Town Herd Management Area (ATHMA) of southcentral Wyoming, USA. Herein, we report initial results from movement data collected during summer (May 15 to September 15) 2017 for 9 horses. We limited our focus to these 9 horses because we received at least 2 months of continuous GPS location data from them during summer 2017. Feral horse daily movement distances averaged 9.0 km (SE = 0.3), and mean summer total home range size was 40.4 km2 (SE = 6.7). Of GPS location fi xes obtained, 44.9% were outside ATHMA and 10.8% were on private land. Our results highlight the types of data that GPS collars can provide and illustrate the diffi culties of managing free-roaming species such as horses and burros on landscapes with heterogeneous sociopolitical patterns. Expanded use of such technology on feral horses and burros in the United States will yield greater insight on spatial complexities constraining management.


The poor performance of university students in the English language particularly in essay calls for the review of the approach to teaching writing. This research focuses on the effects of Process-Genre Approach on students' essay in English as a second language context at a College in Nigeria. This study used the quasi-experimental design involving a pre-test and post-test. The intervention took six weeks to examine the effectiveness of the Process Genre Approach in enhancing writing skills in terms of content, organization, expression, and mechanics. The materials used for the intervention were the English for tertiary Institutions textbook and the essay questions for the pre and post tests were taken from the West Africa Examination Council (WAEC). 80 undergraduate degree students and two English language teachers at the college participated in the study. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to test for statistically significant difference between the experimental group taught with Process-Genre Approach and the control group taught with the Product Approach. The findings indicated that no statistically significant difference between the pre-test scores of the control and the experimental groups showing homogeneity in their performance and language abilities prior to the interventions. The findings also indicated no difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the participants in the control group compared to the experimental group with a remarkable difference in the pre-test and post-test scores. These suggested that the Process-Genre Approach to writing in several drafts, considering the context and reader had effects on the students' performance in an essay in the content, organization, expression, and mechanics with overall mean scores of 38.62 to 17.99 for Product Approach group. The implementation of the Process-Genre Approach to teaching essay has a positive impact on social change and improvement in writing.


Author(s): Banwarth-Kuhn, Mikahl | Advisor(s): Alber, Mark | Abstract: The development of an organ or organism is a complex process that includes many interact- ing components. Scientific inquiries in developmental biology have motivated the creation of novel mathematical tools to better understand how distributions of cellular identities and phenotypes are attained through spatiotemporal regulation of cell behaviors and gene regulation. One of the central problems in animal and plant developmental biology is de- ciphering how chemical and mechanical signals interact within a tissue to produce organs of defined size, shape, and function. Plant development is much different from animals since the majority of organs are continually produced throughout the life of the plant and the presence of the cell wall imposes a unique constraint on cell behaviors. How exactly cell wall mechanical properties influence cell behaviors that lead to stem cell maintenance and correct organ formation is still largely unknown. To address this problem, a novel, subcellular element computational model of growth of stem cells within the multilayered shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis thaliana is developed and calibrated using experimental data. Novel features of the model include separate, detailed descriptions of cell wall extensibility and mechanical stiffness, deformation of the middle lamella, and in- crease in cytoplasmic pressure generating internal turgor pressure. The model is used to test novel hypothesized mechanisms of formation of the shape and structure of the growing, multilayered SAM based on WUS concentration of individual cells controlling cell growth rates and layer-dependent anisotropic mechanical properties of subcellular components of individual cells determining anisotropic cell expansion directions. Model simulations also provide a detailed prediction of distribution of stresses in the growing tissue which can be tested in future experiments.


This paper presents the process and initial results of a research through design project attempting to understand the poetic qualities of design objects. This exploration forms part of a PhD study addressing design artefacts as poetic objects - objects that both embed and conjure memory, association and imagination. The research examines the ways in which design objects can be poetic and how designers actively and knowingly use objects to poetic effect.

It is proposed that the poetic content of design artefacts can be located on a continuum ranging from the experiential - relating to how we perceive things - to the reflective and cultural. What unites these levels is the capacity of design objects to reveal and change our way of looking at things.

The practice uses the design of lighting as a vehicle for exploring the poetic meaning of designed objects more generally. Starting with the notion that lights do more than provide light, the current phase of practice examines the ways in which luminaires can mediate how we perceive and experience light and explores, in particular, the more nuanced and ephemeral qualities of light that escape conscious attention.


Mapping rural land cover features, such as trees and hedgerows, for ecological applications is a desirable component of the creation of cartographic maps by the Ordnance Survey. Based on the phenomenon of spatial dependence, sub‐pixel mapping can provide increased mapping accuracy of such features. A simple pixel‐swapping algorithm for sub‐pixel mapping was applied to soft classified fine spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery. Initially, QuickbirdTM satellite sensor imagery with a spatial resolution of 2.6 m was acquired of the Christchurch area of Dorset, UK, and three field sites chosen. The imagery was soft classified using a supervised fuzzy c‐means algorithm and then super‐resolved into sub‐pixels using a zoom factor of five. Sub‐pixels within pixels were then iteratively swapped until the spatial correlation between sub‐pixels for the entire image was maximized. Mathematical morphology was used to suppress error in the super‐resolved output, increasing overall accuracy. Field data, including detailed information on the features apparent in the field sites, were used to assess the accuracy of the resultant image. Overall RMSE was between 20 and 30%, resulting in the sub‐pixel mapping method producing reasonably accurate results overall of between 50 and 75%. Visual inspection of the super‐resolved output shows that the prediction of the position and dimensions of hedgerows was comparable with the original imagery.