Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines providing updates and additional information related to cold-mold arc melting and casting. Abstract: "This bulletin reviews the historical background of the cold-mold arc-melting technology, with specific references to the development that led to homogeneous zirconium ingots. Descriptions are given of modern production arc-furnaces for vacuum melting of both exotic and conventional metals. Besides zirconium, specific data are given for production of chromium, thorium, and copper. The development of the skull-casting technique for titanium is detailed, and the application of the technique to such refractory metals as molybdenum and tungsten is described. Factors of operation of the apparatus and furnace design are considered" (p. 1).


Herein an overview of reductive catalytic enantioselective desymmetrisation of achiral or meso compounds is provided. The most efficient reductive desymmetrisations described in the literature, which involve the reduction of C=O, C=N, C=C and C-halogen bonds, or reductive ring-opening, are summarised. The structural diversity of the valuable highly enantioenriched intermediates prepared by reductive desymmetrisation is highlighted.


IN A contactor servo, the controlling elements determine only the instants of time at which the contactor operates. In between these moments the controlled system is left alone to follow its own equations of motion and is not in any way affected by the error and the time derivatives of the error. This is also true for continuous control systems with saturable elements in response to a large reference input. For optimum operation of a second-order system of this nature, Hopkin1 and McDonald2 showed that the switching criterion can be expressed as a nonlinear relationship between the error and its first time derivative. Their analyses were in terms of the phaseplane technique and the optimum switching boundary was shown to be a trajectory on the phase plane. Bogner and Kazda3 generalized the phase-plane criteria for second-order contactor servos1,2 to a phase-space criteria for higher order contactor servos. An implicit but basic assumption of their analysis is that in an n-order contactor servo the error and its derivatives up to the n-1 order are continuous at the moment of switching. What does this assumption imply physically?


The 2008 Farm Act introduced a wholly new type of commodity program intended to protect producers against price and yield variability through a market-oriented revenue guarantee. Expectations were high in 2009 that many producers would choose the new Alternative Crop Revenue Election (ACRE) program, but that did not happen. We analyze this unexpected outcome by using newly available farm-level administrative data to examine a range of characteristics of individual farms and multi-farm operations that enrolled and did not enroll in ACRE. We both confirm some previous survey and county-level findings and identify some additional characteristics associated with the decision. Using a logit model, we examine the probability that non-enrollment might be linked to the number of stakeholders on a farm, since enrollment required unanimous agreement. Unexpectedly, we find that the number of signatories on a base contract did not seem to affect the ACRE decision; if anything, there was a very slight probability that increasing the number of signatories might positively affect the ACRE decision. We also find that on multi-farm operations with some ACRE enrollment, those farms not enrolled in ACRE are distinctly different from the ACRE-enrolled farms and average farms in their regions, a finding we believe warrants additional investigation.


This study extends the current state of literature on academic dishonesty, modeling the likelihood to engage in this practice in a private university in Mexico. Ten in-depth interviews with professors and college students were applied as a qualitative phase of the research in order to understand habits, expe- riences and perceptions about academic dishonesty. A survey with two hundred college students indicate that the number of incidents of cheating is significantly higher than standard estimations in the United States; the quality of students' so- cial networks is the most important factor explaining chea- ting and honor codes, whose perceived enforcement does not deter cheating.


Structural health monitoring for carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon fiber/epoxy composite was verified by the measurement of electrical resistivity. This study has focused on the preparation of carbon nanotube composite sensors and their application for structural health monitoring. The change of the electrical resistance was measured by a digital multimeter under tensile loads. Although a carbon fiber was broken, the electrical connection was still kept by distributed CNT particles in the model composites. As the number of carbon fiber breakages increased, electrical resistivity was stepwise increased. The CNT composites were well responded with fiber damages during the electro-micromechnical test. Carbon nanotube composites can be useful sensors for structural health monitoring to diagnose a structural safety and to prevent a collapse.


The article dwells on the general issues of orthostatic tolerance and new impedance methods of orthostatic test evaluation in spaceflight and simulated microgravity. The results imply that OT requires adequate body hydration and functioning of volume-regulating hormones. New pharmacological compensators of orthostatic intolerance were tested in modeling experiments. It was shown that desmopressin and water-salt supplements retain body liquid and electrolytes during bed rest and improve tolerance of the orthostatic test Therefore, simultaneous control of the hydration status and OT can be best provided through physiologically reasonable prescription of synthetic ADH analogs.


Vegetation plays major roles in carbon storage and ecosystem functioning by modifying the rate of carbon fluxes thereby mitigating climate change. However, the focus of assessing the potentials for different vegetation on climate change mitigation has for so long been conducted outside cities, towns and municipalities. This study was conducted in Wilolesi and Ikonongo hills located in Iringa as representative of the Municipality forested hills in Tanzania to assess vegetation structure and their potential for climate change mitigation. Random sampling technique was employed to establish 20 rectangular plots of 20 m x 40 m (0.08 ha) in each hill to determine plant species composition, richness, diversity, vegetation structure and above ground carbon (AGC). Rstatistical software was used to compute Shannon-Wiener diversity indices, species richness and the above ground carbon. Results indicated high species diversity ranging from 3.5 to 4.1 for Ikonongo and Willolesi hills, respectively based on Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'). We recorded 255 plant species (114 tree species, 51 shrub species, 2 sedge species, 66 herb species, 15 grass species and 7 climbers) in 60 families. Based on Important Value Index (IVI), Brachystegia spiciformis Benth (10.435) and Julbernardia globiflora Benth (4.555) were important species in Wilolesi and Ikonongo forested hills. There was a significant difference on the AGC between Ikonongo (3.12 t/ha) and Wilolesi (8.33 t/ha) (t = 1.83, p = < 0.004). Results have an implication for dedicating more efforts on the management of forest landscapes for biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation and provision of other ecosystem services. It is recommended that there should be detailed study for all forested hills in Iringa Municipality for proper forest management


Our study aimed to analyze movement control strategies using predefined criteria for amplitude and differences in these strategies between children with and without DCD. Children with (n1⁄4 28) and without DCD (n1⁄4 15) were included. A video-observation-tool was used to score the moving body parts during a Wii Fit slalom task over multiple time points. Two-step cluster analysis was used to extract distinct movement strategies. Two different movement strategies were identified that were independently validated by a measure of task performance and a subjective mark of quality of the movement. Initial differences between groups and changes over time toward the more successful strategy were found in both groups, albeit in a different percentage. This study shows that the more efficient movement strategy is seen in the majority of the TD children and only in a small number of children with DCD, even after practice.


Introduction : Post-term pregnancy is a prolonged pregnancy period till 42 weeks or more that can be caused by varied factors such as hormonal and genetic. Although the incident rate is considerably small, it can bring negative impacts to mother and her baby. Thus, it is important to manage the post-term pregnancy by applying effective approaches such as Need for help Nursing Theory to ensure rapid and precise assessment, observation and immediate intervention carried out during delivery process. In addition, The Theory of Unpleasant symptoms can also be applied to minimize unpleasant symptoms either physically or psychologically and situational discomfort during the labor. Method : The five study cases revealed that the mothers experienced unpleasant symptoms that affected each other and required immediate treatment. Result : After termination with labor induction were conducted, different results were found among the cases. Case two to five after be indiuced, they gave birth trough vaginal birth, while   case one ended with caesarean section because`of fetal distress. Conclusion : Mothers who experienced postterm pregnancy had different respond. Nurse role especially maternity nursing specialist is imperative during the gravidity termination period in performing nursing care to overcome problems experienced by mother with post-term pregnancy.


The formation of fibrous tissue is part of the natural healing response following a laminectomy. Severe scar tissue adhesion, known as epidural fibrosis, is a common cause of failed back surgery syndrome. In this study, by combining the advantages of drug treatment with a physical barrier, an ibuprofen-conjugated crosslinkable polygalacturonic acid and hyaluronic acid hydrogel was developed for epidural fibrosis prevention. Conjugation was confirmed and measured by 1D 1H NMR spectroscopy. In vitro analysis showed that the ibuprofen-conjugated polygalacturonic acid–hyaluronic acid hydrogel showed low cytotoxicity. In addition, the conjugated ibuprofen decreased prostaglandin E2 production of the lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. Histological data in in vivo studies indicated that the scar tissue adhesion of laminectomized male adult rats was reduced by the application of our ibuprofen-conjugated polygalacturonic acid-hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Its use also reduced the population of giant cells and collagen deposition of scar tissue without inducing extensive cell recruitment. The results of this study therefore suggest that the local delivery of ibuprofen via a polygalacturonic acid-hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel reduces the possibility of epidural fibrosis.


 Abstract —The objective of this work is to evaluate the results of solar radiation projections between 2006 and 2013 for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The projections are provided by the General Circulation Models (MCGs) belonging to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 5 (CMIP5). In all, the results of the simulation of six models are evaluated, compared to monthly data, measured by a network of thirteen meteorological stations of the National Meteorological Institute (INMET). The performance of the models is evaluated by the Nash coefficient and the Bias. The results are presented in the form of tables, graphs and spatialization maps. The ACCESS1-0 RCP 4.5 model presented the best results for the solar radiation simulations, for the most optimistic scenario, in much of the state. The efficiency coefficients (CEF) were between 0.95 and 0.98. In the most pessimistic scenario, HADGen2-AO RCP 8.5 had the best accuracy among the analyzed models, presenting coefficients of efficiency between 0.94 and 0.98. From this validation, solar radiation projection maps were elaborated, indicating a seasonal increase of this climatic variable in some regions of the Brazilian territory, mainly in the spring.


For the past several decades, Harry Martin Trebing has been one of the most influential thinkers addressing the topic of public utilities deregulation. In this volume, 16 contributions from economists and other scholars examine Trebing's theories. Topics include, for example, the historical origins of utility regulation, the political economy of information and communication, and the regulation of retail telecommunications rates.


PURPOSE
For dosimetry and for work in optimization of x-ray imaging of the breast, it is commonly assumed that the breast is composed of 50% fibroglandular tissue and 50% fat. The purpose of this study was to assess whether this assumption was realistic.

METHODS
First, data obtained from an experimental breast CT scanner were used to validate an algorithm that measures breast density from digitized film mammograms. Density results obtained from a total of 2831 women, including 191 women receiving CT and from mammograms of 2640 women from three other groups, were then used to estimate breast compositions.

RESULTS
Mean compositions, expressed as percent fibroglandular tissue (including the skin), varied from 13.7% to 25.6% among the groups with an overall mean of 19.3%. The mean compressed breast thickness for the mammograms was 5.9 cm (sigma = 1.6 cm). 80% of the women in our study had volumetric breast density less than 27% and 95% were below 45%.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained from the four groups of women in our study, the "50-50" breast is not a representative model of the breast composition.


This study looks at the nature of the children's engagement in the dramatic activities. It identifies seven stages of engagement in the dramatic presentation of experience. These stages have a conceptual as well as an empirical basis. In order to provide a conceptual basis for the stages the study examines the processes by which the children manage to make meaning in everyday contexts. It relates the ways in which the everyday contexts are created and presented to the ways in which the dramatic contexts are created and presented and shows that they differ only in the way they are treated by people. It also examines the nature of the engagement in the dramatic activity and draws upon the connection between drama and theatre art, and drama and play. It shows that engagement in the drama has its basis in the children's play and in the art form of drama (in the application of dramatic form). It also shows that the learning opportunities that the dramatic engagement opens up for the children are related to the teacher's role in the drama and also to the children's play. The empirical basis for the stages is defined through the analysis of the teachers' and the children's engagement in drama situations and through dramatic activities in which the teacher and the children routinely engage when they do drama. Finally, the study looks at the implications of the stages and the way these can be used to help the teachers develop their knowledge and confidence about drama, plan their work with the children and provide a framework for the evaluation of dramatic engagements.


The transformation of U.S. foreign intelligence in recent years has led to increasing privacy concerns. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) traditionally regulated foreign intelligence surveillance by authorizing warrant-based searches of U.S. and non-U.S. persons. Individualized court orders under traditional FISA were intended to protect U.S. persons and limit the scope of intelligence collection. In a post-9/11 world, however, the intelligence community cited concerns regarding the speed and efficiency of collection under traditional methods. The intelligence and law enforcement communities recognized the "wall" preventing information sharing between the communities as a central failure leading to the 9/11 attacks. In response, the scope and authorizations of foreign intelligence collection were expanded with numerous statutory measures, culminating in the passage of Section 702. Under Section 702, only non-U.S. persons located abroad may be surveillance targets, but no warrant is required for the intelligence collection. Since its passage, the intelligence community and privacy advocates have intensely debated the implications of incidental collection of U.S. person communications, including the use of U.S. person queries. Despite the significant expansion of surveillance authorized in the shift from traditional FISA to Section 702, minimization and targeting procedures regulated by the new statute are designed to protect U.S. persons and balance national security and privacy interests. This Comment addresses the uncomfortable question of whether the U.S. Constitution permits the minor intrusion of a few to protect national security and argues that Section 702 queries are searches under the Fourth Amendment that require a justification independent from the overall surveillance to be constitutional. Nonetheless, the Fourth Amendment protects against only unreasonable searches or seizures by the government, and U.S. person queries are reasonable searches characterized by critical foreign intelligence interests and robust safeguards that outweigh limited impacts on privacy. While the Fourth Amendment does require probable cause warrants for U.S. person queries conducted for criminal investigative purposes, such queries are rare. Striking the proper balance between privacy and security, particularly in the modern technological era, is a complex and challenging legal question. In this context, considerations must include policy and value-laden choices that weigh the statute's own regulatory measures against the rights protected by the Fourth Amendment. Such an approach renders U.S. person queries reasonable Fourth Amendment searches, albeit subject to more stringent requirements than courts and the government have previously found. * J.D. Candidate, University of Washington School of Law, Class of 2019. Special thanks to David Kris for his guidance on the topic and invaluable insights on earlier drafts of this Comment. I would also like to thank the staff of Washington Law Review for their thoughtful suggestions and editorial work. 13 Adams.docx (Do Not Delete) 3/25/2019 8:40 PM 402 WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW [Vol. 94:401


Background: Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) is shown to predict response to the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi). Recently, the FDA granted an accelerated approval for the use of pembrolizumab in any solid tumor and nivolumab in metastatic colorectal cancer in patients with MSI-H. However, the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) exhibit a unique heterogeneous spectrum than conventional chemotherapy adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Underestimating the irAEs could be potentially lethal. Objectives: To evaluate the irAEs; their management, and outcome in MSI-H patients treated with ICPi at the National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR) in Qatar. Methods: All patients with MSI-H and treated with ICPi at the NCCCR between January 2015 and June 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Radiologic assessment of irAEs and Naranjo score were used to estimate and confirm the probability of ADRs. Patient demographics, immunotherapy treatment, reported irAEs, and their management were collected. Results: Of the total cohort of patients receiving ICPIs; 9 patients with MSI-H were identified; all received pembrolizumab. 45% (n=4) of the patients were still actively on treatment; 22% (n=2) received only 1 dose then passed away; 22 % (n=2) discontinued because of disease progression; and 11% (n=1) of the patients received 2 cycles as neoadjuvant treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the biggest cohort of cancer patients with MSI-H in the Middle East. Calculated Naranjo score was 7 in 45% of the patients (n=4) and 5 in 22 % of patient (n=2), which indicates a probable ADR. 34% of the patients (n=3) did not experience ADRs till the date of data cutoff. 8 irAEs were seen in 67% (n=6) of the patients (Table 1). Based on laboratory or radiologic confirmation, 87.5% (n=7) were irAEs and 12.5% (n=1) was not related to pembrolizumab. Laboratory findings confirmed 25% of the ADRs and radiologic findings confirmed 75% of the ADRs. Of those who developed irARs, 3 patients required a hold of treatment, 1 needed monitoring, and 2 required pharmacologic interventions. There was one patient who received empirical pharmacologic intervention at which evaluation showed no relation to immunotherapy. Conclusion: irAEs can sometimes be unpredictable, rare, and often missed. Frequent monitoring and early management of these suspected or confirmed adverse effects is life saving and should be done in a multidisciplinary approach.


The theme that connects Giovanni Gentile and Emanuele Severino is the knowledge/participation in the Truth, which, in its characterization as absolute, can be the only way to salvation as a true liberation. Thus at the beginning of the twentieth century, Gentile presents the eternity of the transcendental ego in the dialectic of becoming, which is a constant evolution. In this way he assures in ethics always constituting the nonephemeral meaning of life and salvation in history. In the second half of the twentieth century Severino, after having identified in the actualism the definitive outcome of the philosophy of becoming, reaffirms the eternity of what is, not being existing but an appearance of an eternal. And yet – and it is the hypothesis of the contribution – the two "messages" of salvation, even in their distance, speak a language that is complemented each other. And they speak it for their being a "recovery" of the eternal or rather the "revelation" of the same.


Monetary crisis that later developed wide become economic crisis at the end of 1997 had cripled the government capacity in providing material resources for the people. Politically, the crisis had made people's support decline and created low trust over the government. In order to protect the existence, the government demanded support of the international finance institution especially IMF. Consequently, weak bargaining position of the government made the government could'nt avoid political intervention of IMF and other international finance institution which were so dominant in forcing the government to change economy policy radically. One of policy change was done through liberalization of petroleum sector as a sector which had been regulated strickly by the government for a long time. Lesson learn that could be taken were: firstly, situation of crisis created pressure to change policy radically; secondly, need of capital injection in large number from abroad had made policy change be domined by international capitalist.


and Implications Previous reports indicate that swine can be experimentally infected with Asian isolates of human hepatitis E virus (HEV), which supports epidemiological data indicating that domestic swine can serve as a reservoir for the virus in parts of Asia and as such have the potential to transmit the virus to humans by the fecal-oral route or through contact with pork products. The increasing incidence of human HEV infections in the western hemisphere raises the question of whether or not pigs can play a role in the transmission of this virus in the Americas. Accordingly the susceptibility of swine to a New World isolate of the human hepatitis E virus, Mexico 14, was evaluated. No evidence of infection was detected in experimental pigs. However a high herd and individual prevalence rate for seroreactivity to recombinant HEV antigen was detected in Iowa swine during the selection of experimental pigs. These observations suggests that swine vary in their susceptibility to human HEV isolates. Whether or not swine are susceptible to other New World isolates of HEV and can serve as a reservoir for human infection remains to be determined. The significance of the high rate of seroreactivity of swine to recombinant antigen with respect to human and swine health is not known. An epidemiological study currently in progress should help answer this important question.


Integration fishery management Policy drivers for integrating environmental and fishery management in Europe have never been so strong. Scientists calling for better integration now have the opportunity to help deliver it. The main challenge is providing relevant evidence on short time-scales using existing knowledge. Policies, scientists, and society largely agree that management targets should be linked to achieving sustainability, but research often fails to show when fishing impacts 'matter' in relation to sustainability criteria. If targets for ecosystem functions or processes are to complement more tractable targets for species and habitats, scientists will need to show why impacts 'matter' and when they become unsustainable. For now, and to meet ambitious and pressing policy timetables, priority should be given to developing credible targets for impacts with a high risk of compromising sustainability, rather than dissipating research and advisory effort to achieve broader coverage of state, function, and process. Impacts on sensitive species and habitats often compromise sustainability; thus, setting targets for them is a priority. Meeting these targets will often require management measures that are expected to dimin-ish risks of other unsustainable impacts. Fast and significant progress towards integration could be achieved by incorporating measures to meet environmental targets for sensitive species and habitats into fishery management plans.


Built in Germany in the aftermath of World War II, Kanaan is the retreat center of the Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary. They opened their Promised Land to outsiders in order to facilitate their collective witness. For the founders of the Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary, Kanaan was a miracle and a refuge. For their spiritual daughters, it served as a reminder of Christ and of heaven. Yet former members of the group have seen the place as a prison, and guests might perceive it as anything from a source of spiritual sustenance to an evangelistic gimmick. Kanaan's architecture and artistic representations of the Holy Land are provocative; whether they are persuasive is a matter for individuals to discern, as this reception analysis will demonstrate.


Orientation: The effective and timely bankruptcy prediction is crucial to the survival of companies. In order to attain a desired result an effective bankruptcy prediction tool needs to be applied within a South African context. Research purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether bankruptcy could have been predicted within the 5 years prior to failure for the study period between 2016 and 2018. Motivation for the study: Most of the bankruptcy prediction studies in South Africa are industry- or sector-based, not many studies are found to be generic, easy to use and apply, and thus one model is applied for different industries or sectors. Research approach/design and method: From the population, the total sample consists of five companies within four different sectors, such as industrial, construction, retail, and personal and household sectors. Financial indicators (financial ratios) were obtained for both the BPIA and EMS from the INET (a South African supplier of quality financial data) McGregor BFA database, a JSE portal. A mixed-method research approach was applied by making use of a qualitative and quantitative methodology. Main findings: The findings revealed that the BPIA is an effective and reliable analytical tool to predict or detect the bankruptcy of South African companies. Practical/managerial implications: Based on the finding of the study companies within diverse industries should apply the BPIA regularly and take remedial action significantly to improve their financial well-being. Contribution/value add: The study has identified the BPIA has a better prediction accuracy than the renowned EMS model in South African context.


ABSTRACT Based on 372 specimens examined, we integrated information from two mitochondrial and four nuclear gene sequences, morphological comparisons and morphometric analyses, as well as distributional patterns and ecological occurrences to revise the Eliurus tanala species group (Nesomyinae), a rodent complex endemic to Madagascar's forests. These evidentiary sources generally proved concordant, supporting description of a new species, E. tsingimbato, indigenous to western dry deciduous forest, mostly associated with limestone karst (tsingy); the two other members of this species group, E. ellermani and E. tanala, are restricted to eastern montane humid forest. Phylogenetic relationships among the three species were poorly resolved, suggesting that their speciation was both recent and rapid. We encountered one instance of conflict between mitochondrial DNA and all other data sources, which we interpret as incomplete lineage sorting involving a population of the new western species. Attention was focused on molecular and morphometric discrimination of the E. tanala and E. antsingy groups where their species distributions overlap in limestone-associated forests of western and northern Madagascar. Phyletic divisions demonstrated within the E. tanala species group are discussed apropos of current models of speciation identified for Malagasy forest-dwelling organisms.


Mobile computing devices such as smartphones and tablets have become tightly integrated with many people's life, both at work and at home. Users spend large amounts of time interacting with their mobile device and demand an excellent user experience in terms of responsiveness, whilst simultaneously expecting a long battery life between charging cycles. Frequency governors, responsible for increasing or decreasing the Cpu clock frequency depending on the current workload and external events, try to balance the two contrasting goals of high performance and low energy consumption. However, despite their critical role in providing energy efficiency it is difficult to measure the effectiveness of frequency governors in an interactive environment. In this paper we develop a novel methodology for creating repeatable, fully automated, realistic, workloads that can accurately measure time lag in interactive applications resulting from non-optimally selected operating frequencies. We also introduce a new metric capturing the user experience for different Android frequency governors. We evaluate interactive workloads to demonstrate how our approach enables us to automatically record and replay sequences of user interactions for different system configurations. We demonstrate that none of the available Android frequency governors performs particularly well, but leave substantial room for improvement. We show that energy savings of up to 27% are possible, whilst delivering a user experience that is better than that provided by the standard Android frequency governor. We also show that it is possible to save 47% energy with performance that is indistinguishable from permanently running the Cpu at the highest frequency.


BACKGROUND: In patients with duodenal ulcer cure of Helicobacter pylori infection resulted in a pronounced decrease in intragastric pH during treatment with omeprazole. AIM: To test the hypothesis that treatment of H pylori adversely affects the pH response to ranitidine. PATIENTS: Eighteen patients with duodenal ulcer who were infected with H pylori were studied. METHODS: Twenty four hour pH recordings were performed during treatment with ranitidine (300 mg) at night before and four to six weeks after cure of H pylori infection. Presence of H pylori was assessed by a rapid urease test, culture, histology, and a 13C urea breath test. Also, the fasting gastrin concentrations were measured before and after treatment for H pylori infection. RESULTS: Cure of H pylori infection resulted in a considerable improvement in both antral and corpus gastritis and a decrease in fasting gastrin concentrations. As a result of the cure the night time intragastric pH during treatment with ranitidine decreased (median pH 6.8 v 5.4; p = 0.007), whereas the acidity during the daytime was not affected. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with duodenal ulcer the intragastric pH during treatment with ranitidine depends on H pylori. However, the loss of effectiveness in altering pH seems to be less pronounced than previously found with omeprazole.


Hadley, S., & Yancy, G. (Eds.). (2012). Therapeutic uses of rap and hip-hop. New York, NY: Routledge, 427 pages. ISBN-10: 978-0-415-88474-7. $34.95. ISBN-13: 9780415-88473-0 $135.00.Therapeutic Uses of Rap and Hip-Hop, edited by Susan Hadley and George Yancy, advocates for the use of this genre in therapy. By providing an in-depth history and exploration of many case examples and programs, the authors explain not only how hip-hop can be extremely beneficial to clients, but how neglecting or excluding its use can be harmful to clients by sending negative messages about who they are as people and as members or their communities. With the current movement towards person-centered and culturally competent treatment, it is imperative for music therapists and other health care professionals to engage clients in the music and culture they identify with. The authors challenge barriers to using rap and hip-hop in therapy such as misconceived generalizations about negative lyrics and therapist's personal unease related to unfamiliarity. This book addresses a significant gap in the literature and in music therapy training programs. It is a starting point for practitioners who want to incorporate hiphop in their practices, and a wonderful resource for those who already do and want to further understand and develop their work. There is some incongruence between chapters in the meaning of terms, which is discussed and attributed to the lack of literature on the subject. Generally, "hip-hop" includes music, dance, art, poetry, fashion, and all aspects of the culture, while "rap" refers specifically to music.The book is divided into three major sections. The first provides a comprehensive history of the genre including its development, starting in the South Bronx in the 1970s as well as its West African roots. It also explores various theoretical perspectives connecting hip-hop and treatment. Section 2 provides case examples and descriptions of programs with atrisk youth in which various receptive, recreative, and improvisatory methods are explored. Though the focus is on music-based interventions, there are examples of other creative arts modalities including dance, poetry, and art. The last section provides a similar review of clinical case examples, studies, and programs, focusing on specific settings. The settings include outpatient mental health, a children's hospital, inpatient addictions treatment, oncology, and inpatient forensics. Every chapter in this book not only advocates for the use of rap and hip-hop in treatment, but also helps legitimize it. Arguments against using rap and hip-hop are outlined and challenged by providing historical and social contexts, describing many examples of its benefits through research and case examples, and offering detailed explanations of why and how hip-hop's musical and cultural intricacies facilitate clients in attaining greater health.The history and theory section starts with a chapter by Andrea Frisch Hara, who provides a history of hip-hop to describe how its musical, social, and cultural attributes are beneficial to adolescents in therapy. The plentiful web links to traditional African music, R&B, blues, and old school and modern rap are excellent in illustrating the development of rap and its roots, and again its significance to adolescent development. In the second chapter, Don Elligan describes the different of types of rap, such as "gansta" and "political," and explains how each type lends itself to psychotherapy with adolescents.Chapters 3, 4, and 5 offer different theoretical lenses through which to explore rap in music therapy. Aaron Lightstone applies a music-centered approach to the therapeutic use of rap, where the focus is on active music making. Significant aesthetic, thematic, cultural, and historical aspects of rap are discussed, related to their importance in meeting client needs, and related to music therapist's responsibilities to develop knowledge and musical skills. …


Discussion and Summary
The foregoing experiments would seem to show definitely that the virus of yellow fever, at least when it is present in sufficient amount in the circulating blood of experimentally infected animals, can penetrate the intact skin and produce infection in rhesus monkeys. The successful experiments were made on the abdomen of monkeys where the skin is delicate and apparently highly permeable to the virus. Whether the virus is capable of penetrating the normal and uninjured human skin is not determined by these tests. With regard to the possibility of laboratory infections in man, the hands are of course most likely to come in contact with infectious material. While the skin of the hands is thicker and of denser texture than that of other parts of the body, it is also more subject to injuries and abrasions than other parts. These abrasions, frequently insignificant, often forgotten or even unknown to the person, may therefore serve as portals of entry of this highly active virus in a manner similar to the experiments upon shaven and scarified skin of the monkey. Infection through an injury of this kind possibly took place in the case referred to in the introduction to this paper.
Judging from the results of our experiments with the blood of monkeys nos. 394 and 434 (experiment 2), the danger of infection through the skin would seem to depend largely upon the amount of the virus present in the infectious material.
The virus, at the beginning of the disease, seems to be more concentrated in the blood of experimentally infected animals, as indicated by the following: The amount of blood ingested by a mosquito is undoubtedly very small, and yet in our experience, practically every mosquito that has been fed upon a monkey at the beginning of fever, has become a carrier of the virus. Likewise, in our experiments, infection was produced by smearing only a small drop of blood which in this way came in contact with the skin, must have been exceedingly small, as much of it clung to the hair and was ineffective. On one occasion we titrated the blood of an infected monkey at the beginning of fever, and found that a subcutaneous injection of 0.0001 cc. produced infection and death, the pathology being typical of experimental yellow fever. Smaller amounts have not been tested.
During the course of the disease, the virus decreases apparently in the blood and may even disappear altogether from the blood stream before death. This happening is suggested by a recent case of yellow fever in a European studied. Two lots of normal A. aegypti were allowed to feed upon the patient twelve and thirty-six hours, respectively, after the onset of the illness. Practically all the twelve-hour mosquitoes became carriers of the virus, while the second lot, which had been fed thirty-six hours after the onset of the illness did not become infective. And yet the virus was still present in the blood thirty-six hours after the onset since 5 cc. injected into a monkey induced fatal experimental yellow fever.
One test was made with the blood and organs of a monkey which had died of experimental yellow fever. Other rhesus monkeys were inoculated with heart blood, liver, kidney, spleen and inguinal lymph nodes taken at the necropsy. The monkeys inoculated with liver, spleen and kidney emulsions died, while those inoculated with heart's blood and lymph node remained well. The latter animals (two) when later given 1 cc. of virulent blood from another infected monkey proved immune.
In a recent paper (loc. cit.) it was stated that serum from recovered cases of yellow fever, taken during the period of convalescence possesses power to protect monkeys against experimental virus infection. Hence it seems highly advisable to have a liberal quantity of convalescent serum on hand in the laboratory so that should an accident occur the serum may be administered. One of the writers (J. H. B.) had two accidents in which this measure was applied; in one instance, while taking blood from a native yellow fever patient, his finger was accidentally punctured by the needle used in bleeding, and at another time, he was bitten by a presumably infected mosquito during experimentation. In each case, 5 cc. of convalescent serum was given subcutaneously and no infection occurred. It seems probable that protection was afforded by the convalescent serum.
In performing necropsies on experimentally infected animals, it seems likely that one is handling infectious tissues, and if the animals is killed early in the disease the infectiousness of the material is probably considerable. In the course of over 150 necropsies on experimentally infected monkeys, the other writer (N.P.H.) experienced two accidents. Once a rubber glove broke, and at another time several drops of blood spattered on the forearm and face. In each instance a subcutaneous injection of convalescent serum was given and no ill consequences arose. Because of the rapid deterioration of rubber gloves in the tropics it is the custom to wear two pairs, a precaution justified by finding in several instances a break in one glove and not in the other. Further protection is afforded by the use of rubber sleeves in addition to the usual large rubber apron. Rubber gloves are also worn for bleeding and inoculating animals.


The 2015 announcement of the Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) galvanized and energized efforts to reconsider medical practice through tailoring of prevention and treatment recommendations based on genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Numerous disciplines contributed white papers identifying challenges associated with PMI and calling for discipline-specific research that might provide solutions to such challenges. Throughout these white papers, the prominence of communication in achieving the PMI's goals is obviously apparent. In this article, we highlight opportunities for communication scholars' contributions to the PMI based on challenges identified in white papers from other disciplines and work already conducted by research teams in the field of communication.


Known as one spectrum agile transceiver technology in the cognitive radio (CR) contexts, the transform domain communication system (TDCS) has the characteristic of low probability of intercept (LPI) and the capability of multiple access (MA). In this paper, The primary work is to give a detailed description of the FFT-Based channel estimation (CE) in TDCS receiver, which is applied in receiving symbol demodulation, where the CE-based demodulation algorithm is given. In matlab, simulation results indicate that the FFT-Based CE of TDCS is realizable and available, and the performance of CE-based demodulation algorithm is better than the one of RAKE receiver algorithm in both the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and the multi-path fading channels.


Background Empathy is essential for high quality care but is difficult to define and measure. The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) is a validated instrument "to measure empathetic qualities". We designed a learning intervention to promote empathy using a "patient narrative" approach and measured empathy in final year students using the JSE in a cross sectional study 2 months before graduation. AIM To measure empathy in final year students and to evaluate the effectiveness of a patient centered "Care Seminar" on this using the JSE METHOD The seminar was designed by a multidisciplinary educational team as a 3-hour patient centered discussion of experiences of care with student interaction. All students in final year were asked to complete an online version of the JSE (Student version). Statistical comparison of scores investigated the role of various factors on JSE scores. Other evaluation included detailed follow up feedback. Statistical comparisons were made using the method of Bonferroni (SPPS) for the following variables i. UEM 5, UEM6 and GEM Programmes ii. Gender iii. Previous healthcare work iv. Care seminar attendance v. Age vi. GPA Results 92 of 180 final year students completed the questionnaire which has a maximum score of 140. 53 had attended a Care Seminar at the time of completion, 39 had not. Empathy scores were normally distributed [mean 113, sd=10], lower than reported scores in other populations. No statistical difference in JSE scores was found for any variable tested. Score analysis from the subscale "perspective taking" revealed an unexpected fall in scores for attenders. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS This study is a cross sectional observational study and this instrument does not uncover any association between JSE measured empathy and any variable studied, at odds with accepted gender variation (women score more highly than men). This finding has prompted a full validation study of the JSE in the UCD medical student population. We consider that we are thus are unable to draw conclusions about the efficacy of the "Care Seminar" measured by the JSE, but note that feedback via other methods was strongly positive from participants. Falls (ns) in scores on 'perspective taking' questions in seminar attenders may indicate that these offered "too much perspective" or may reflect the instrument itself. We acknowledge that the JSE was neither designed or validated for subscale analysis of this sort and conclude that measuring the educational effectiveness of a 'patient narrative" intervention to engender empathy may require a more nuanced instrument responsive to a greater awareness and deepening understanding of the patient's perspective irrespective of how 'difficult' that perspective taking might be, as reported on the JSE.


We study stochastic projection-free methods for constrained optimization of smooth functions on Riemannian manifolds, i.e., with additional constraints beyond the parameter domain being a manifold. Specifically, we introduce stochastic Riemannian Frank-Wolfe methods for nonconvex and geodesically convex problems. We present algorithms for both purely stochastic optimization and finite-sum problems. For the latter, we develop variance-reduced methods, including a Riemannian adaptation of the recently proposed Spider technique. For all settings, we recover convergence rates that are comparable to the best-known rates for their Euclidean counterparts. Finally, we discuss applications to two classic tasks: The computation of the Karcher mean of positive definite matrices and Wasserstein barycenters for multivariate normal distributions. For both tasks, stochastic Fw methods yield state-of-the-art empirical performance.


: The structure of the strongly bound complex of the globular myosin head and F-actin is a key for understanding some important details of the mechanism of the actin-myosin motor. Current knowledge about the structure is based on the docking of known atomic structures of actin and myosin heads into low-resolution EM electron density maps. To refine the structure, we suggested a new approach based on energy minimization using the ICM-Pro software. The minimization includes rigid-body movement of protein backbone and side chain optimization on the protein interface. Our best model structure is similar to that obtained from EM. It also provides the highest calculated interaction energy and agrees with a number of mutagenesis experiments. Using the structure, we suggest molecular explanations for actin activation of product release from myosin and actin-induced myosin dissociation.


The geological features of the Baix Emporda Plain are mainly related to the sedimentary processes that took place during the Holocen, when a stable sea level was reached at the end of the Versilian transgression. In this paper, all the sedimentary environments which have given rise to the present morphology are described: alluvial, coastal and palustrine environments as well as colluvial and aeolian deposits. We conclude with a scheme in which the geological evolution of the Plain is shown


Abstract The objective of this study is to examine the level of awareness of and interest in the Health Insurance Marketplace in West Virginia. Primary survey data were collected in July/August 2013 from a stratified sampling of West Virginians. A mailed survey was completed by respondents in a cross-sectional study. Key variables included general awareness of the Health Insurance Marketplace and the availability of subsidies, the individual mandate, interest in using the Marketplace, and perceptions of respondents' ability to qualify for financial assistance. A total of 6000 surveys were mailed containing a 9-page questionnaire; 1198 completed surveys were returned. Two months prior to launch, awareness of the Health Insurance Marketplace was low in West Virginia, yet interest in the Marketplace was higher among those most likely to benefit—the uninsured and residents likely to qualify for financial subsidies. West Virginians reported being familiar with the individual mandate. Efforts should be increase...


Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) for academic buildings is one of the key characteristics of a sustainable campus. The low conditions of IEQ performance can contribute to the sick building syndrome and cause discomfort to the building users. Furthermore, good performance of IEQ can contribute to a comfort and conducive learning and working environment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss on the IEQ performance measurement of academic buildings for public universities in Malaysia. This research involved scientific measurement of academic buildings for public universities in Malaysia. The performance measurement focuses on the six key elements of IEQ; thermal comfort, humidity, noise comfort, air movement, lighting and thickness of CO2. The results were compared to the Malaysian Standard (MS 1525:2007) and UNESCO guideline. The findings showed that most universities are in the standard set, while some universities under the standards set and still in need of improvement. This study is useful for facilities managers in public universities in order to improve the IEQ on academic buildings in achieving sustainable campus. Keywords: Sustainable development, Sustainable environment, Sustainable campus, Indoor Environmental Quality, Malaysian public universities.


A method for separating neutral lipids from plant material, in particular, intact algal cells, using an amphipathic solvent set and a hydrophobic solvent set. Some embodiments include dewatering intact algal cells and then extracting neutral lipids from the algal cells. The methods provide for single and multistep extraction processes which allow for efficient separation of algal neutral lipids from a wet algal biomass while avoiding emulsification of extraction mixtures. The neutral lipids are removed after first removing a polar lipid fraction and a protein fraction. These neutral lipids can be used to generate renewable fuels as well as food products and supplements.


Security administration is an uphill task to implement in an enterprise network providing secured corporate services. With the slew of patches being released by Microsoft, HP and other vendors, system administrators require a barrage of tools for analyzing the risk due to these vulnerabilities. In addition to this, criticalities in patching some end hosts (e.g., in hospitals) raises serious security issues about the network to which the end hosts are connected. In this context, it would be imperative to know the risk level of all critical resources (e.g., Oracle Server in HR department) keeping in view the everyday emerging new vulnerabilities. We hypothesize that sequence of network actions by an attacker depends on the social behavior (e.g., skill level, tenacity, financial ability). By verifying our hypothesis on hacker email communications, we extended this methodology and calculated risk level for a small network. Towards this goal, we formulated a mechanism to estimate the risk level of critical resources that may be compromised based on attacker behavior. This estimation is accomplished using behavior based attack graphs. These graphs represent all the possible attack paths to all the critical resources. Based on these graphs, we calculate the risk level of a critical resource using Bayesian methodology and periodically update the subjective beliefs about the occurrence of an attack. Such a calculated risk level would be a measure of the vulnerability of the resource and it forms an effective basis for a system administrator to perform suitable changes to network configuration. Thus suitable vulnerability analysis and risk management strategies can be formulated to efficiently curtail the risk from different types of attacker (script kiddies, hackers, criminals and insiders).


Market discipline is usually studied in the retail or the corporate deposit markets, while the interbank loan market is disregarded. Banks' abilities to exert market discipline are taken for granted, as they are expected to have the expertise to assess correctly the riskiness of other banks. However, the "crises of trust" (as one in 2004 in Russia) create some doubts as to whether efficient peer monitoring and peer discipline exist: the interbank loan market may be frozen in response to external information which is unrelated to the banks' current reliability. This seems to be one of the reasons for the interbank loan markets being extremely fragile during periods of financial instability, undermining the smooth functioning of the whole banking system, as banks are tightly interconnected. We provide some evidence for market discipline in the Russian interbank market. We show that the only disciplinary mechanism that functions is a price-based one: more reliable banks enjoy lower interest rates. The quantitative discipline functions only for the largest borrowers. In general, decisions on credit limits are based not on changes in another bank's riskiness but on other information like reputation, soft information or public announcements that may be even unrelated to a particular bank.


Boiling heat transfer has been a subject of extensive investigation during the last decades. Since the subprocesses in nucleate boiling, involve quite complex physics, the development of comprehensive correlations and/or models has not been possible so far. However, more recently, numerical simulations of the boiling process have proven to be capable of reliably predicting bubble dynamics and heat transfer characteristics. In the present paper, heat transfer and phase-change are coupled with a previously improved and validated Volume Of Fluid (VOF) model for adiabatic bubble dynamics. The model is initially verified with an existing analytical solution for cases of evaporating bubble growth in a superheated liquid domain. Moreover, the predictions of the proposed model regarding the bubble detachment characteristics are also validated against available experimental data on pool boiling of refrigerants. The validated and optimised version of the model is further applied for the conduction of a wide range of parametric numerical simulations, identifying the effects of the initial thermal boundary layer thickness, the contact angle between the liquid/vapour interface and the heated plate, as well as the plate superheat, on the bubble detachment characteristics. It is found that the bubble growth and detachment characteristics are highly sensitive to the initially developed thermal boundary layer thickness, following a linear relationship. This has a strong implication on the experimental activities, since in many cases it is not clear at which time the initial measurements of the pool boiling characteristics have been carried out with respect to the time scale to reach the quasi steady-state condition of the thermal boundary layer, linked to the natural convection. As for the imposed contact angle effect, a threshold value is identified below which, the effect on the bubble detachment characteristics is minimal while above this value the influence is quite significant. Moreover, the bubble detachment characteristics follow an exponential increase with the corresponding increase in the superheat of the heated plate.


Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are activated by mutation and overexpressed in bladder cancers (BCs), and FGFR inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials in BC patients. However, BC cells display marked heterogeneity in their responses to FGFR inhibitors, and the biological mechanisms underlying this heterogeneity are not well defined. Here we used a novel inhibitor of FGFRs 1–3 and RNAi to determine the effects of inhibiting FGFR1 or FGFR3 in a panel of human BC cell lines. We observed that FGFR1 was expressed in BC cells that also expressed the "mesenchymal" markers ZEB1 and vimentin, whereas FGFR3 expression was restricted to the E-cadherin- and p63-positive "epithelial" subset. Sensitivity to the growth-inhibitory effects of BGJ-398 was also restricted to the "epithelial" BC cells and it correlated directly with FGFR3 mRNA levels but not with the presence of activating FGFR3 mutations. In contrast, BGJ-398 did not strongly inhibit proliferation but did block invasion in the "mesenchymal" BC cells in vitro. Similarly, BGJ-398 did not inhibit primary tumor growth but blocked the production of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the formation of lymph node and distant metastases in mice bearing orthotopically implanted "mesenchymal" UM-UC3 cells. Together, our data demonstrate that FGFR1 and FGFR3 have largely non-overlapping roles in regulating invasion/metastasis and proliferation in distinct "mesenchymal" and "epithelial" subsets of human BC cells. The results suggest that the tumor EMT phenotype will be an important determinant of the biological effects of FGFR inhibitors in patients.


This research has the general objective of analyzing the influence of experiential marketing on consumer engagement online in the fashion sector of the City of Aguascalientes. The most relevant aspects found in the review of the theoretical-empirical literature are presented, to later propose the possible direct and positive relationship between the variables: Experiential Marketing and online engagement, through the design of a theoretical model that presents the causal relationship between them. The type of research that was carried out was non-experimental, cross-sectional and with a correlational-causal scope, which leads to the development of an empirical study through the application of a questionnaire to young people between 20 and 34 years old, allowing to obtain quantitative data that was analyzed with the SPSS software and modeled using the structural equation technique to test and contrast the research hypotheses. JEL classification numbers: L67, L81, M15, M31.


Resistance theorists in education urge educators to evaluate the moral and political potential of opposition in schools. The scholarship of resistance calls us to examine oppositional acts of students in school settings as moral and political expressions of oppression. Resistance theorizing over the past several decades has not, however, adequately explored the idea that resistance is communication; that is, a means of signaling and constructing new meanings, and of building a discourse around particular problems of exclusion or inequality. In this paper, I use pragmatist theories of inquiry and communication to interpret and critique resistance theories in education. Using Dewey and Bentley's notion of transactionalism (1946), I present a theoretical framework for future inquiry into school opposition. Interpreting resistance theory through a pragmatist lens leads to a more relational reading of resistance, and can promote school-based inquiry (rather than simple avoidance or punishment) directed toward acts of resistance in schools.


ABSTRACT In the present study, we investigated the effect of plant growth regulators and explant type on callus induction, cell suspension culture growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, and accumulation of rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol in M. azedarach L. cell cultures. Our studies showed that the inflorescence and petiole explants had a high percentage of callus induction compared to the leaf explants, whereas the highest callus growth was obtained from the leaf explants cultured on the MS medium containing 5 mg l−1 NAA and 5 mg l−1 BAP and 5 mg l−1 NAA and 3 mg l−1 kinetin Kin. Furthermore, the highest cell growth was obtained from the leaf and inflorescence calli transferred to liquid MS medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)+1 mg l−1 Kin/BAP. The highest activity of antioxidant enzymes and the lowest protein content was related to the leaf cell suspension cultures in liquid MS medium containing 3 mg l−1 NAA and 3 mg l−1 BAP. The inflorescence cell suspension cultures in the MS medium containing 3 mg l−1 NAA+1 mg l−1 BAP exhibited the highest rutin accumulation (47.536 mg g−1 FW). However, the highest amount of quercetin (8.570 mg g−1 FW) and kaempferol (5.420 mg g−1 FW) accumulation were obtained from the petiole cell suspension cultures in the MS medium with 1 mg l−1 2,4-D +1 mg l−1 Kin.


Above the alpine tree line, bryophytes cover much of the tundra soil surface in dense, often monospecific carpets. Therefore, when climate warming enables tree seedling establishment above the tree line, interaction with the bryophyte layer is inevitable. Bryophytes are known to modify their environment in various ways. However, little is known about to which extent and by which mechanisms bryophytes affect the response of tree seedlings to climate warming. We aimed to assess and understand the importance of bryophyte species identity and traits for tree seedling performance at tree line temperatures and their response to warmer conditions. Seedlings of two common, tree line‐forming tree species (Betula pubescens and Pinus sylvestris) were planted into intact cushions of eight common tundra bryophyte species and bryophyte‐free soil and grown for 18 weeks at current (7·0 °C) and near‐future (30–50 years; 9·2 °C) tree line average growing‐season temperatures. Seedling performance (biomass increase and N‐uptake) was measured and related to bryophyte species identity and traits indicative of their impact on the environment. Tree seedlings performed equally well or better in the presence of bryophytes than in bryophyte‐free soil, which contrasts to their usually negative effects in milder climates. In addition, seedling performance and their response to higher temperatures depended on bryophyte species and seedlings of both species grew largest in the pan‐boreal and subarctic bryophyte Hylocomium splendens. However, B. pubescens seedlings showed much stronger responses to higher temperatures when grown in bryophytes than in bryophyte‐free soil, while the opposite was true for P. sylvestris seedlings. For B. pubescens, but not for P. sylvestris, available organic nitrogen of the bryophyte species was the trait that best predicted seedling responses to higher temperatures, likely because these seedlings had increased N‐demands. Synthesis. Climatically driven changes in bryophyte species distribution may not only have knock‐on effects on vascular plant establishment, but temperature effects on seedling performance are themselves moderated by bryophytes in a species‐specific way. Bryophyte traits can serve as a useful tool for understanding and predicting these complex interactions.


A new method has been developed for the determination of rare earth elements (REEs) (Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) in water samples based on preconcentration with a mini-column packed with 6-(2-thienyl)-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde functionalized Amberlite XAD-4 resin prior to their determination using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The optimum experimental parameters for preconcentration of REEs, such as pH of the sample, sample and eluent flow rates and sample volume, were investigated. The optimum pH values for quantitative (90-110%) sorption of the REE ions were between 6.0 and 8.0. The elution process was carried out using 2 mL of 1.0 mol L(-1) HNO3 solution. Under the optimum conditions, detection limits between 0.032 and 0.963 μg L(-1) for a 10 mL sample volume and 0.006 and 0.193 μg L(-1) for a 50 mL sample volume were determined. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of REEs in water samples with recoveries in the range of 90.1-110.5%.


This paper deals with problems concerning variable impedance of power lines in the measurement of insertion loss of EMI filters. A circuit which represents variable power line impedance was designed and was added into the normal measuring structure of EMI filters. This was applied to an asymmetrical and a non-symmetrical measurement technique. The design, structure of measurement and results obtained are explained in this paper


PURPOSE: In a crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, employees play a key role in the ability to survive and achieve both sufficient and outstanding performance in the organization. Therefore, both the characteristics of people in the organization and the possibility of influencing the improvement of their performance at work, have become the focus of attention of scientists and practitioners. In this context, the purpose of this article is to analyze the role of e-trust in strengthening the influence of employees' dynamic capabilities on the job performance of employees among organizations operating under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY: An empirical study was performed based on the Employees' Dynamic Capabilities model. In order to verify the potential relations, empirical studies were conducted in 1200 organizations located in Poland, Italy and USA. The companies were selected on the basis of the purposive manner. The structured questionnaire was prepared and the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) method was used in this research. The reliability of the scales used in the survey was tested and afterwards a multigroup path analysis was performed using IBM SPSS AMOS. The model was verified, confirming the presumed relationships between the variables. FINDINGS: It has been proven that the higher the level of e-trust is, the stronger the influence of EDC is on job performance of organizations operating under a crisis caused by a Black Swan event mediated by P-J fit, work motivation, job satisfaction and work engagement. IMPLICATIONS: This study contributes to the current knowledge of management, in particular human resource management. In the theoretical area, the relationships between the factors influencing job performance in the difficult conditions of the crisis caused by the Black Swan event were described. On the other hand, from a practical point of view, indications on how to shape leadership behavior during remote work, with particular emphasis on the e-trust aspect, seem to be important. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: This research enriches the considerations regarding the existing Employees' Dynamic Capabilities model. The role of the e-trust factor, which is an important part of e-leadership, in the context of the impact on this model was indicated and discussed. The conclusions are a solid step in the development of knowledge about managing employees during remote work, which not only became a solution for the time of the crisis, but was also permanently introduced to the current work organization.


The present study was designed to investigate antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from the skin, wound and anterior vagina of sheep, goats and dogs and their susceptibility to graded concentrations of Penicillin and Streptomycin combination (Penstrep®) in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A total of 70 female animals (31 ewes, 24 does and 15 bitches) were sampled. Six bacteria types (Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacteria spp) were obtained from 179 isolates with no significant differences (p>0.05) between the proportion of these bacteria isolates amongst the animals studied. Eighty-seven bacterial isolates from skin and wound comprising of 7 bacteria types (Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacteria spp, Pseudomonas aeroginosa) were also found. The proportion of these bacteria isolates among the ewes, does and bitches were also not significantly different (p>0.05). All the bacteria were sensitive to Gentamycin and Ofloxacin. In addition, all the bacteria except Corynebacterium spp were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. However, the bacteria were resistant to Cefuroxine, Ampicillin, Amoxycillin and Floxapen. It was found that B. subtilis was sensitive to Penstrep® at concentrations of 10 mg/ml. Moreso, E. coli, S. aureus, Proteus spp, P. aeruginosa, S. pyogenes and Corynebacterium spp were also sensitive to Penstrep®. However, S. pyogenes and Corynebacterium spp were not sensitive to Penstrep® at 10 mg/ml and the zone of inhibition at 20 mg/ml was least among the bacteria isolated. It was concluded that multi-drug resistant bacteria were resident on the skin, wounds and anterior vagina of the domestic animals studied and there is a need to sensitize animal health professionals in the region of their presence.


Residential heating accounts for almost one-fifth of Germany's final energy consumption. This report evaluates an extensive database of heating bills for buildings with two or more apartments, representing more than two-thirds of the total housing stock in Germany. Despite commitments to pressing climate targets, the rate of thermal upgrades of the existing housing stock has remained low since the turn of the 21st century, while heating energy demanded per square meter by private households has been on an upward trend since 2015. This is an alarming development with respect to the 2050 climate goals for the buildings sector. An additional set of policies are therefore necessary to achieve the yet-unrealized reductions in energy consumption in the building sector. These include, for example, tax incentives for top-end retrofits that have been discussed for more than a decade and policies targeting household behavior such as providing consumers with more frequent and timely information.


Several types of transient well testing in Norne field are presented in this thesis. One production well from each segment in Norne field was participated in different type of test. The well test data of all cases were generated from reservoir simulation. It allows flexibility in modifying reservoir model condition to understand different behavior of pressure response. The tests were first started by producing the well at a constant rate for 10 days, and then shutting-in the well for at least 24 hours. The importance of reservoir model grid refinement, determination of reservoir communication across the fault, and the complexity of horizontal well test analysis are the three main discussions in this thesis work. Series of buildup tests at well D-1H in C-Segment were performed to recognize the significance level of Local Grid Refinement (LGR) near the wellbore. There are two sensitivities performed in the reservoir model, extension of LGR area and increase of LGR factor. Based on pressure responses, wider area of LGR affected permeability estimation, while increase of LGR factor impacted the storage capacity calculation. In the next discussions, LGR near the wellbore becomes a standard procedure in generating well test data. The next type of transient well testing performed in Norne field is interference test. This test was executed at well E-3H as an observation well in E-Segment; while well E-1H and E-2H acted as interfering wells in D- and E-Segments respectively. According to pressure and production trends, it can be ensured both interfering wells are located in different segments. A reservoir communication across segments was identified through pressure drop analysis at well E-3H; hence presence of a major fault between segments is not fully sealed. Transient well testing in horizontal well gives a special and more complex analysis compare to vertical well analysis. A buildup test was examined at horizontal well E-4AH in G-Segment to determine vertical and horizontal permeability. Two flow regimes existed during the test, early-time radial flow and intermediate-time linear flow. They were discovered from pressure versus time plot and pressure derivative analysis. Interpretation results from both flow regimes show a very low kv/kh ratio in the segment around the well. All data tests were interpreted manually using practical equations after doing comprehensive literature studies. The data were also evaluated quantitatively using F.A.S.T WelltestTM – engineering software of pressure transient analysis from Fekete reservoir engineering software and services. Reservoir properties obtained from pressure transient analysis have similar results with the original data on the reservoir model. To simplify the study, production rate which was used in build-up and interference tests are only from oil production basis. In addition, no injections in Norne field were included during the tests to have the same comparison in all analysis. As the future work, any other types of tests are strongly recommended, both in single-well and multiple-well testing, also in vertical and horizontal wells.


A p-n heterojunction made of MgO and Ga4Se3S single crystal has been successfully produced. The current- voltage curve analysis has shown that the current conduction mechanism is mostly governed by the Richardson-Schottky mechanism. The width of the effective interface region of the p-n junction was found to be 3.72 × 10-5cm. The work function and the electron affinity of the Ga4Se3S crystals were also determined as 4.32 and 3.96 eV, respectively. On the other hand, the capacitance-voltage curve analysis, which was carried out in the power range that extends from Bluetooth to WLAN power outputs, reflected a built-in voltage of 0.48 eV and density of noncompensated carriers of 8.2 × 1016cm-3. The device is observed to exhibit a wide range of negative resistance associated with the tunneling of charged particles at reverse biasing down to ~1.28 V. At that voltage, when exposed to a He-Ne laser beam of ~3 mW, the device reflected a responsivity of ~80. The charge storability increased and the I-V characteristics are significantly shifted. These properties are promising because it indicates the applicability of these tunneling devices in optoelectronics.


Two validation cases of the Navier-Stokes VOF (Volume-Of-Fluid) model THETIS are presented in this study: uplift pressures on a rubble mound due to wave impacts and flip-through impacts on a vertical wall. The first validation case demonstrates the ability of the model to reproduce uplift pressure overall variations due to wave impacts inside a porous rubble mound. The presence of a marked pressure peak in the porous medium is also stressed. Then, the flip-through phenomenon is modeled using the THETIS model. These results are compared with other numerical data computed with a potential model. The Navier-Stokes simulations which take into account water and air, underestimate pressures along the wall. The wave interface is modified by the presence of air, which is not considered in the potential model, and this seems to be enough to generate such pressure differences. A better agreement between the two models is obtained while lowering the surrounding gas density to almost zero.


This paper evaluates attempts to defend established concepts of expertise and clinical judgement against the incursions of evidence-based practice. Two related arguments are considered. The first suggests that standard accounts of evidence-based practice imply an overly narrow view of 'evidence', and that a more inclusive concept, incorporating 'patterns of knowing' not recognised by the familiar evidence hierarchies, should be adopted. The second suggests that statistical generalisations cannot be applied non-problematically to individual patients in specific contexts, and points out that this is why we need clinical judgement. In evaluating the first argument, I propose a criterion for what counts as evidence. It is a minimalist criterion but the 'patterns of knowing', referred to in the literature, still fail to meet it. In evaluating the second argument, I will outline the powerful empirical reasons we have for thinking that decisions based on research evidence are usually better than decisions based on clinical judgement; and show that current efforts to rehabilitate clinical judgement seriously underestimate the strength of these reasons. By way of conclusion, I will sketch the ways in which the concept of expertise will have to be modified if we accept evidence-based practice as a template for health-care.


BACKGROUND
Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) has been used as an adjunct in periodontal treatment because of its matrix metalloproteinase inhibition properties. Although the benefits of SDD therapy, such as improvement in the parameters of periodontal probing depth and clinical attachment level, have been proven in multiple clinical studies, the comprehension of other biologic mechanisms of action on periodontitis remains poorly investigated. Therefore, this animal-model study evaluated the effects of SDD monotherapy on the expressions of the following key proinflammatory genes: proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-1β.

METHODS
Male Wistar rats were assigned randomly to the following: 1) control group: no ligature-induced periodontitis and no treatment; 2) ligature group: ligature-induced periodontitis and placebo treatment; and 3) ligature + doxycycline group: ligature-induced periodontitis and SDD treatment. After the experimental time, animals were sacrificed, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, and PAR2 in gingival tissue samples. Histologic analyses were performed on the furcation region and mesial gingiva of mandibular first molars to measure periodontal bone loss and collagen content.

RESULTS
SDD administration significantly downregulated PAR2, IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA expressions (P <0.05). In addition, SDD treatment was accompanied by lower rates of alveolar bone loss (P <0.05) and maintenance of the amount of gingival collagen fibers.

CONCLUSION
These findings reveal new perspectives regarding SDD efficacy because it can be partially related to proinflammatory gene expression modulation, even considering PAR2 and IL-17, which has not been investigated thus far.


Quantifying measurement error and precision may be the most difficult step of shoreline recession rate calculations. Calculation of long-term shoreline recession rates based on aerial photograph analysis reflect only the shoreline positions at the time of photography. Conventional methods of long-term recession rate calculation were combined with beach profiling techniques in order to quantify potential errors that can be produced by short -term variations in shoreline position. Monthly beach profiling of a typical northeastern/mid -Atlantic microtidal and wave dominated shoreline demonstrated short-term shoreline position changes of up to 20m over a one year period. Average long-term shoreline recession rates in this area were 1.2 m/yr ±  1.0 m/yr. Short-term shore line position changes were the largest source of error in the long-term recession rate measurements. This emphasizes that photographed shorelines do not necessarily represent the seasonal mean shore line position, particularly in locations where shorelines characteristically exhibit relatively large short-term variations in shoreline position.


Automatic Speech Recognition has penetrated deeply into our life. For well-resourced language, it can be considered as solved, but that's not the case for under-resourced language like Bahasa. Although it's the 7th most spoken language in the world, the research of speech recognition for Bahasa was still extremely limited, with setting still inconvenient for the real world and industry. This research is an attempt to make a speech recognition model that has applicability to the real world and industry, specifically that supports sentence level input with variable character length with end-to-end training. We built the model using the deep learning approach, specifically utilizing the residual networks and Bi-Directional Gated Recurrent Unit (Bi-GRU). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Indonesian ASR model that can be trained in an end-to-end manner. Our model surpassed the baseline model on all metrics and achieve competitiveness with the current best result, which used the visual modal, for the dataset even with a more difficult and prone to noise modality like sound.


: 22 adolescent and adult female patients - 15 to 37 years old - with the Congenital Adrenogenital Syndrome (AGS) were examined. In only 7 cases the disease was diagnosed immediately after birth. Among 16 patients, which had already undergone a reconstructive operation of the external genitalia, only 5 were satisfied with its cosmetic and functional results. 11 women could not do a sexual intercourse due to the malformed external genitalia. Menarche occurred spontaneously in only 10 cases under cortisone-therapy. At the time of investigation only 4 patients had regular menstrual-cycles. Adolescents suffering from AGS should be referred to a pediatric-gynecologist not later than puberty to assure an individual guidance relating to menstruation, surgical intervention, sexual-life and fertility.


Background : Urinary stones are quite frequent problems of urinary system that encompass different metabolic disorders. The present study was conducted on patients referring to Naghavi hospital in Kashan during 2000-2001 with urinary stone to find out their different metabolic disorders. Materials and methods : For this descriptive study, all candidates aged 15 or more were included. Urinary stones were diagnosed using sonography and /or IVP. Meanwhile, the level of Ca, uric acid, creatinine, Na, K, 24-hour urine analysis, and patients' demographic characteristics were detemined. Results : The study population included 55 males and 24 females. The most common disorders were oliguria (78.4%), hypercalciuria (27.8%), hyperuricosuria (11.3%), hyperuricemia (8.8%, and hypercalcemia (2.5%). Conclusion : Oliguria is by far the most common problem that occur due to excessive heat, excessive sweating, and loss of liquid intake. Necessary educative programs can be helpful.


Clearance experiments were carried out in fetal, young, and adult pigs undergoing salt loading. Kidney sections were histologically examined and the proximal tubular length, glomerular volume, and number of glomeruli were estimated. Between days 48 and 55 of gestation, the significant increase in glomerular filtration rate was proportionately higher than the concentration increase in water, total solutes, and sodium reabsorption. During this period, neither the proximal tubular length nor the glomerular volume of the juxtamedullary nephrons changed significantly. The main morphologic change took place in the superficial cortex, where new glomeruli attached to very short tubules differentiated. From day 55 to birth, the increase in water, total solutes, and sodium filtered loads was proportionately smaller than the concomitant increase in tubular reabsorption. During this phase, the major morphologic change was the significant lengthening of the proximal tubules of the juxtamedullary and superficial nephrons. These findings suggest that for water, sodium, and total solutes the maturation of superficial nephrons is accompanied by a phase of functional glomerular preponderance. Despite the differentiation of the superficial nephrons, renal handling of normally filtered glucose did not change significantly. Functional glomerulotubular coupling for water, sodium, and total solutes took place soon after birth.


It appears that your BlackBerry is safe. After more than four years of litigation and a threatened shutdown, a settlement was reached between Research in Motion (RIM)–the manufacturer of the BlackBerry–and NTP the holder of several patents that RIM had allegedly infringed.There were a number of questions underlying this lawsuit. However, the core question that emerged in the final stages of the suit, when a shutdown was considered imminent, was whether the patents that NTP held were valid. Even though a federal court established in 2002 that RIM had infringed the patents, a review of the patents by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in 2005 and 2006 had declared at least some of the patents to be invalid. While RIM and NTP were in court dealing with a possible shutdown, and conducting behind-the-scenes settlement negotiations, a possibility existed that the entire exercise might be irrelevant.


A simple two-step, shaking-assisted polydopamine (PDA) coating technique was used to impart polypropylene (PP) mesh with antimicrobial properties. In this modified method, a relatively large concentration of dopamine (20 mg ml−1) was first used to create a stable PDA primer layer, while the second step utilized a significantly lower concentration of dopamine (2 mg ml−1) to promote the formation and deposition of large aggregates of PDA nanoparticles. Gentle shaking (70 rpm) was employed to increase the deposition of PDA nanoparticle aggregates and the formation of a thicker PDA coating with nano-scaled surface roughness (RMS = 110 nm and Ra = 82 nm). Cyclic voltammetry experiment confirmed that the PDA coating remained redox active, despite extensive oxidative cross-linking. When the PDA-coated mesh was hydrated in phosphate saline buffer (pH 7.4), it was activated to generate 200 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for over 48 h. The sustained release of low doses of H2O2 was antibacterial against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. PDA coating achieved 100% reduction (LRV ~3.15) when incubated against E. coli and 98.9% reduction (LRV ~1.97) against S. epi in 24 h.


Factors affecting reaction rates in polystyrene beads used in solid phase organic synthesis have been studied. The role of diffusion and reagent partitioning has been examined theoretically and experimentally. Both of these factors have been found to influence the reaction kinetics of common solid phase organic synthesis reactions. A mathematical model to analyze a simple bimolecular reaction inside a bead has been developed and successfully applied to the experimental data to obtain quantitative information on the influence of diffusion and reagent partitioning on the reaction rates. The effects of diffusion generally increase with the size and decreased swelling of the beads. Under many common reaction conditions, however, these effects may not be very significant. General guidelines to identify these conditions have been developed. A water-soluble torsion balance to study noncovalent interactions in aqueous media has been synthesized. The folding energies of new balances were found to be higher in water than in organic solvents. This increase can be partially attributed to hydrophobic forces. Aggregation and micelle formation were found to increase folding in water, indicating differences between microscopic and mesoscopic hydrophobic effects. The experimental data have been analyzed in the context of the Lum, Chandler and Weeks theory of hydrophobicity and evidences in its favor have been found. The hydrophobic response of a fluoromethyl group was found to be similar to a methyl group in two complementary torsion balances.


Peroxidation of membrane phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids is considered a major mechanism of the damage occurring on reperfusion of the myocardium after a prolonged period of ischemia. The evidence in support of this mechanism of damage is based on tissue malondialdehyde quantitation by the thiobarbituric acid test (TBA test). In an attempt to verify this topic, we have subjected isolated and Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts to a period of 60 min of severe ischemia plus 30 min of reperfusion. At appropriate time points, malondialdehyde was determined in the tissue by means of TBA test and directly by reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). We have found no correlation between the two compared assays. During reperfusion, there was the formation of non-lipid-related, malondialdehyde-like, TBA-reactive substance that leads to overestimation of the extent of lipid peroxidation. On the contrary, by direct HPLC quantitation, there was a decrease of tissue malondialdehyde during ischemia and during the early phases of reperfusion. Our results demonstrate that TBA test is not a reliable index of lipid peroxidation in organ systems.


Compelled to articulate their positions, render themselves visible, and resist the decentering that they endured in a hegemonic discourse that sought to contain its racial Other, African-American writers found self-expression-a vital and necessary precursor to liberation-through the use of the pen. Writing propelled them into a realm that allowed for the previously denied development of artistic, creative, oppositional and expressionistic voice. Captivating readers with literary works evolving from marginalized discourses, these African-Americans managed to pique attention, offer unique positions rarely disclosed, and excite the unimaginable through their Otherness, thus creating a desire of the self for the Other. African-American writers increasingly found their way into American literary circles, and by the twentieth century, as they made their mark on American literature, they similarly gained the attention of motion picture producers. Eager to provide a glimpse of black life, African-Americans applied their writing skills to novels that could reproduce the power and impact of their world. Their stories that captured an aura unique to the African-American experience would obviously lend themselves to transformation on film, and the industry saw the chance to exploit "African-Americanism" as a valuable commodity in the cinema, particularly in view of the undeniable acting talent prevalent among African-Americans. But in the first half of the twentieth century, America was not yet ready to obliterate the barriers that stood between the races. While the cinematic contributions I of post- 1950 literary figures are well known, cinema history cries out for an examination of the cinematic contributions of those of the earlier period who paved the way. The African-American writer in the pre- 1950 era of cinema can best be read according to the following paradigm: (1) writers whose works independent filmmakers transformed on the screen; (2) writers Hollywood actually employed or considered for employment, or writers whose works Hollywood considered for production, but did not transform on the screen; and (3) writers whose novels Hollywood transformed on the screen but whose works either promoted a non-racial theme, experienced a reduction in quality, distortion in content, or alteration in narrative structure. This paradigm should demonstrate how AfricanAmerican writers struggled to become active recruits in the cinema industry and how Hollywood accepted or rejected them and their works, using and abusing them, exploiting the African-Americans' desperation to promote their works and obtain access to a wider market. While acknowledging that Hollywood's history, particularly in the pre-1950 period, is one of exploitation with all its writers, black and white, this essay contends that the relationship between black writers and the cinema industry, in the transformation of novel to film, was an especially disturbing one, positioning African-American writers so as virtually to deny them control over their own work and destiny. The dilemma of determining how much of their artistic talent the artists should compromise in an effort to have their novels accepted for film production was incredibly more problematic for the African-American writer than for the white writer. African-American writers' works have often grown out of a fragile historical existence, resistant discourse, and an agency that has sought to contain its black Other. By having to contend with the addition of a threat of further control onto the hegemonic discourse that shaped the development of their works, the African-American literary figure in the cinema world become even more vulnerable to the whims of the industry, the economic forces that propel the industry, and the demands imposed by the industry to produce works rendered palatable to a mainstream audience. However, despite the tenuous plight of the black writer in the cinema industry, these writers did succeed in contributing to American cinema in the pre-1950 period. …


Abstract Eight glasses with molar Mg/2Al ≈ 1 in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 have been studied by magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. Using triple quantum (3Q) NMR techniques we find evidence for significant concentrations of Al coordinated to five O atoms in all glasses, the proportion increasing with decreasing Mg/Al and decreasing silica content. In glasses with Mg/2Al = 1, up to 6% of the Al is estimated to be coordinated to five rather than four O atoms. Calculations of the polymerization state of these liquids made assuming that all aluminum is in tetrahedral coordination charge balanced by magnesium are thus seriously in error. Such errors may be of even greater importance at the high temperatures and pressures relevant to the Earth and materials sciences.


The aim of the present work is to use intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) to improve the corrosion resistance ability of the galvanic coupling of galvanized steel coupled with steel by coating it with polypyrrole (PPy). The potentiostatic technique was used for forming the PPy layer using a potentiostat (EG&G A-273 Potentiostat/Galvanostat). Many variables were investigated for their effect on the characteristics of the formed coat layer such as: applied potential, electrolyte concentration (sodium tartrate concentration), solution pH, and type of electrode. The formed coat layer was investigated using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) technique. Finally, the corrosion resistance ability of the galvanic coupling of PPy coated galvanized steel coupled with bare steel was investigated using electrochemical methods such as Tafel method. The results show that the galvanic coupling of PPy coated galvanized steel and bare steel has a corrosion current which is 31.8% less than the galvanic coupling of bare galvanized when coupled with steel.


Visual conditions are changing in several different ways. Some lakes are getting turbid due to eutrophication or erosion while others are getting browner due to brownification. These two types of visual degradation results in completely different optical properties of lakes. Turbid water scatter light which degrades image quality severely while brown coloured humic water mainly absorb light making the aquatic environment darker.

In juvenile fish, the effects seem to be similar between turbid and humic water where foraging of planktivorous life stages are largely unaffected. However, prey selectivity in juvenile fish may change as red carotenoid pigmentation in copepod zooplankton make them more conspicuous in turbid water while transparent copepods are selected by the fish in humic water. The pigments, that are usually used for UV-protection in clear water, may therefore make the pigmented copepod cryptic in humic water, explaining the presence of the pigments even in brown waters where UV-radiation is very low.

Piscivorous juvenile fish experience negative effects of visual degradation, including reduced reaction distance which reduces the search efficiency and encounter rate for the predator. Juvenile pike (Esox lucius) are able to counteract the reduced encounter rate with increased attack rate and thereby probably also higher foraging effort. This increase in foraging effort when foraging on fish prey may reduce the benefit of ontogenetic diet switches and thereby have consequences for growth and recruitment in fish populations.

Foraging in adult fish depend heavily on visual conditions. For adult fish, image quality is important, resulting in that prey size selectivity collapses completely in turbid water. In clear water pike consistently selects small prey to reduce handling time to a minimum. This selectivity for small prey are maintained in brown humic water. Lost selectivity in turbid water and thereby capture of larger prey than necessary, increases the handling time of prey, and thereby the exposure of pike to cannibalistic and cleptoparasitic conspecifics. However, the most pronounced foraging cycle effect of visual degradation is the reduced reaction distance that lowers the search efficiency of the predator and thereby possibly the encounter rate with prey. Decreased encounter rates was however not counteracted by increased search activity. The importance of the visual conditions for the encounter rate is also implied when growth rate of perch (Perca fluviatilis) was evaluated before and after biomanioulation in Lake Finjasjon. A 10-fold decrease in prey density after biomanipulation is completely counteracted by improved visual conditions where Secchi depth increased from 0.35 m before to 1.16 m after biomanipulaton. This resulted in increased growth in the predator, probably due to increased encounter rate, despite the 10-fold decrease in prey density.