In recent years, many international studies such as the PISA study have dealt with the educational achievements of students. Also, many scholars have dealt with the comparison of educational outcomes of migrant students in several developed countries; these scientific articles show that the educational achievements of migrant students in most countries are lower compared non-migrant students. Besides, most articles found out that the socio-economic positon of migrant parents tends to be crucial for the educational achievements of their children. Thus, the educational achievements of migrant students in Austria and Germany will be compared by the research question:
What is the role of the socio-economic position of parents for migrant children's educational achievements in Austria and Germany?
This research question will be answered as follows: First of all, a selection of related sub-questions is provided as a guideline for answering this research question. Furthermore, a quantitative cross-sectional study is conducted which is built up with the tables containing data from the most recent 2012 PISA study results in order to answer the research question. The outcomes of the tables and the sub-questions are helpful in order to provide a conclusion for this bachelor thesis: It can be said that in both Austria and Germany, migrant students have lower educational achievements than non-migrant students.
The socio-economic status of migrant parents is crucial for the educational achievements of their children. If parents have a relatively low status in the society, then there is a high probability that migrant children have worse educational outcomes than other children at the same age. As migrant children in Austria tend to have better educational outcomes compared to their counterparts in Germany, it can be hypothesized that the migrant students in Austria have better educational achievements due to a better socio-economic position of their parents within the native society. This can be partly explained by the distribution of the major immigrant groups in both states. While the largest immigrant group in Germany is from Turkish descent, most immigrants living in Austria have German roots. Thus, migrants in Austria less likely need to adapt into a new society or language and this may be beneficial for the school performance.
This topic can be regarded as highly important because due to the demographic changes both states will have to face in the near future, a good education of migrants will be important because of the labor market situation and for the economies in both states. Thus, both states cannot afford that migrants are already educationally disadvantaged. This study shall also show that both governments need to react in order to ensure better educational opportunities for migrant children.


Furnace is the most common and important part in metal industries. The useful concept of energy and exergy utilization is analyzed to investigate the energy and exergy efficiency, exergy losses, energy savings and cost benefit of an annealing furnace. The exergy efficiency of the combustor is found to be 47.05 %. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the annealing chamber are found to be 17.74 % and 12.86 % respectively. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the furnace are found to be 16.86 % and 7.30 % respectively. The annealing chamber is the major contributor for exergy destruction about 57 % of the annealing furnace. By using a heat recovery system from flue gas, about 8.11% of fuel can be saved within the payback period of less than 2 months.


The fast-growing traffic of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) applications, most notably BitTorrent (BT), is putting unprecedented pressure to Internet Service Providers (ISPs). P2P locality has, therefore, been widely suggested to mitigate the costly inter-ISP traffic. In this paper, we for the first time examine the existence and distribution of the locality through a large-scale hybrid PlanetLab-Internet measurement. We find that even in the most popular Autonomous Systems (ASes), very few individual torrents are able to form large enough local clusters of peers, making state-of-the-art locality mechanisms for individual torrents quite inefficient. Inspired by peers' multiple torrent behavior, we develop a novel framework that traces and recovers the available contents at peers across multiple torrents, and thus effectively amplifies the possibilities of local sharing. We address the key design issues in this framework, in particular, the detection of peer migration across the torrents. We develop a smart detection mechanism with shared trackers, which achieves 45 percent success rate without any tracker-level communication overhead. We further demonstrate strong evidence that the migrations are not random, but follow certain patterns with correlations. This leads to torrent clustering, a practical enhancement that can increase the detection rate to 75 percent, thus greatly facilitating locality across multiple torrents. The simulation results indicate that our framework can successfully reduce the cross-ISP traffic and minimize the possible degradation of peers' downloading experiences.


During the last fifty years more than 2700 twin studies have been published, examining the etiology of a high number of traits. Twin studies enable investigation of both genetic and environmental effects, and thereby also examination of causal factors involved in human traits and disorders. The beauty of twin studies resides in the potential of studying the unobserved by the logic of a design. The aim of this article is to outline central theoretical foundations and possible limitations, and to review selected key findings. We describe the inherent fundamentals of the classic and extended twin designs. The logic of the main analytic approaches is outlined, and the principles of univariate biometric modelling described. Next, we review different multivariate models, including the Cholesky, correlated factors, common factor, common pathway and phenotypic causality models. Additionally, the cotwin-control approach, representing a natural experimental design, and mimicking a counterfactual situation, is outlined. Central assumptions, threats and limitations of the twin design are discussed. In particular, we address the issue of missing heritability, non-random mating, the equal environment assumption and gene-environment correlations. Finally, we review some selected findings from the field of behavior genetics and twin studies.


Abstract To elucidate the taxonomic status of Ruppia drepanensis Tineo ex Guss. (Alismatales, Ruppiaceae), we performed morphological analysis and DNA barcoding of historical materials (including the lectotype) and fresh samples (including those from a recently discovered population near the locus classicus in Sicily, Italy). We conclude that R. drepanensis is a separate species, closely related to R. spiralis L. ex Dumort., that occurs in temporary inland waters from the western to central sectors of the Mediterranean region. We also highlight the importance of vouchers and the need to link molecular investigations to field, ecological, and morphological investigations.


This paper presents the methodological challenges and the specific constraints and opportunities for the conduct of an inquiry into the politics of Filipino everyday-and-ordinary lives. This will be done by giving particular attention to the context of the current dominant discourse and practice in "studying" Philippine society by using Political Science as the disciplinal anchor. Consequently, the current methodological assumptions in Political Science will be interrogated for their enabling and/or disenabling presence relative to how the political is teased out from ordinary and everyday experiences of citizens.


A number of bacterial species have been surveyed for serological activities with antiserum to Escherichia coli B deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase I (EC 126.96.36.199.). The degree of serological cross-reaction is taken as a measure of relatedness of both the enzyme molecules from various species and the bacterial species themselves. Extracts were assayed by complement fixation only after treatment with deoxyribonuclease, since DNA bound to DNA polymerase alters the serological activity of the enzyme. Antiserum to E. coli DNA polymerase I did not react with either purified E. coli DNA polymerase II or the phage T4-induced DNA polymerase.


Background The use of the subcutaneous route is well established in Palliative Care. It is the most commonly used parenteral route for administering drugs when the oral route is not suitable. Based on 'clinical experience', it is often taught that subcutaneous injections are less painful; however, there is a paucity of evidence. Aim The aim of this survey was to evaluate the incidence of pain from subcutaneous injections and explore the factors likely to influence pain. Method A prospective survey was carried out at St Benedict's Hospice, Sunderland, UK in 2010 over a 1 month period. Data were collected for 50 consecutive injections, either given singly or via a subcutaneous cannula. Results 76% of injections were not painful, 18% caused discomfort and 6% caused pain. 100% of injections causing pain were given singly. 45% of injections which were not painful were through subcutaneous cannulas. The insertion of subcutaneous cannulas did not cause pain. Limitations Pain from subcutaneous injections is influenced by various concomitant factors and as our sample size was small, it was difficult to evaluate the specific role of individual factors. Moreover, all commonly prescribed drugs in Palliative care were not used. Discussion: This survey shows that most patients do not experience pain from subcutaneous injections. There was also a lower incidence of pain when a subcutaneous cannula was used for injections. There are currently no guidelines on the insertion of such cannulas. From our data, patients who need repeated injections will benefit from them early on. Conclusion Our survey has shown that the majority of patients do not experience pain from subcutaneous injections. Further multicentre studies are needed to clarify the role of individual factors which may cause pain.


NOx, as the main air pollutant in the atmosphere, its elimination has attracted wide attention. Several technologies for eliminating NOx have been investigated by some researchers, and the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with hydrocarbons has been proven to be an efficacious denitrification technology. Studies have suggested that excellent catalytic performances at low temperatures can be obtained over copper-based zeolite catalysts for HC-SCR. This review summarized the development of copper-based zeolite catalysts for HC-SCR and elaborated the synthesis methods, low-temperature catalytic performance, and reaction mechanism of the catalysts with different compositions and structures. The purpose of this review is to highlight (1) the structure–activity relationship of copper-based zeolite catalysts; (2) the main factors affecting the low-temperature catalytic activity; (3) the HC-SCR reaction mechanism of the copper-based zeolite catalysts; and (4) the design strategies for the copper-based zeolite catalysts with excellent low-temperature catalytic activity for HC-SCR.


The American Petroleum Institute (API) is continuing to develop technical reports, guidelines and standards for the construction of high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) equipment for offshore oil and gas exploration and production. HPHT is considered to be equipment with a pressure rating greater than 103 MPa (15,000 psi) and/or a temperature rating greater than 177°C (350°F). One alternative in the evolving API standards is to use the analysis methodology in ASME Section VIII, Division 3, including fracture mechanics, for determination of the static pressure rating and the design fatigue life. However, detailed requirements for finite element analysis (FEA) parameters such as element type and mesh density are not specified. In addition, specific requirements for fracture mechanics analysis are not provided. This paper explores the effect of variations in those parameters on the calculated static pressure rating and the design fatigue life and gives recommendations for optimizing the parameters of the design itself (e.g. blend radii at transitions) and the analysis considering the required accuracy of the result, analysis time and cost.


A new classification of lens dislocations is proposed, differing from the previous ones by inclusion of all clinico-anatomic changes taking place in lens dislocation, all possible complications and associated pathology. The classification takes into consideration clinical symptoms in lens dislocation, the degree of transparency of the lens and the vitreous body, the state of intraocular pressure, changes in the iris and the eye fundus. On the basis of the suggested classification the diagnosis is easily codified, the data can be subjected to a machine working up.


Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate how consumer's socialization could shed light on social commerce apps behavioral intention (SCABI). Social commerce communication, virtual community trust, post-usage usefulness, perceived enjoyment, subjective norm, attitude toward the apps, and behavioral control are proposed as the several antecedents of behavioral intention of social commerce purchase decisions. Drawn from the Theory of Planned Behavior and social exchange paradigm, a theoretical model was developed and a list of (17) hypotheses was tested empirically. The sample included 230 respondents; structured equation modeling (SEM) was employed for measurement and structural evaluation. Prior to the evaluation of the measurement model and structural relationships, the indices for evaluation of goodness of model fit were obtained and the results show satisfactory values. The statistical results imply a reliable and valid measurement scale and the direct relationships were mostly supported. However, the virtual community trust → post usage usefulness, perceived enjoyment → SCABI, social commerce communication → attitude, attitude → SCABI, and subjective norm → attitude relationships were not supported. Therefore, social media, which is a highly social-related communication platform, plays a pivotal role in consumer decision making for online product purchases. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.


Although Brazil is considered the country of soccer, athletics might be the modality which better represents sports in the country. Athletics was the modality holding the larger amount of Olympic medals, up to the Beijing Olympic Games. At that time, all the Brazilian medal winners were African descent, migrants and poor. Joaquim Cruz is part of this group and stands out not just because he is a medalist, but because he is an athlete and postathlete, concerned with social matters. The current article discusses the transformations in Joaquin's identity: a migrant - as well as a member of a poor community in Brasilia - who moved to the U.S.A, in order to study and practice. He got married, had kids and became a renowned and respected coach in the USA. However he did not abandon his poor community behind. He states a heroic status that just a few athletes are able to keep, after finishing their sport's career.


In consensually non-monogamous relationships there is an open agreement that one, both, or all individuals involved in a romantic relationship may also have other sexual and/or romantic partners. Research concerning consensual non-monogamy has grown recently but has just begun to determine how relationships amongst partners in consensually non-monogamous arrangements may vary. The current research examines this issue within one type of consensual non-monogamy, specifically polyamory, using a convenience sample of 1,308 self-identified polyamorous individuals who provided responses to various indices of relationship evaluation (e.g. acceptance, secrecy, investment size, satisfaction level, commitment level, relationship communication, and sexual frequency). Measures were compared between perceptions of two concurrent partners within each polyamorous relationship (i.e., primary and secondary partners). Participants reported less stigma as well as more investment, satisfaction, commitment and greater communication about the relationship with primary compared to secondary relationships, but a greater proportion of time on sexual activity with secondary compared to primary relationships. We discuss how these results inform our understanding of the unique costs and rewards of primary-secondary relationships in polyamory and suggest future directions based on these findings.


A recent book by jazz musician Randall Sandke strongly criticizes jazz writers and scholars for presenting a biased and misleading picture of jazz history. His basic thesis is that, because of ideology, the standard jazz texts exaggerate the importance of African American culture in the development of jazz, thereby creating a mythology of jazz. This article examines one aspect of Sandke's thesis: his assertion that the myths created by earlier jazz writers are being perpetuated by present day writers. A content analysis of jazz history books published since 1990 indicates that Sandke's assertion is largely false. Only one of seven myths that he identified appears with any regularity in the current jazz history books.  The six other myths are rarely if ever found in the literature. After describing these findings, the article draws some conclusions.


Therapeutic angiogenesis has received much attention for its potential benefits in ischemic vascular disorders. Recently, the clinical application of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) for therapeutic angiogenesis has become well known. Statins have also been reported to promote angiogenesis and ameliorate ischemic conditions. In the present study, we examined the effects of fluvastatin on HGF-induced angiogenesis using a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)/normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) co-culture system. The HGF-induced angiogenesis was augmented by fluvastatin at low dose, but it was decreased at high dose. Although fluvastatin increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression in NHDFs, it was observed only at a high dose. Low-dose fluvastatin decreased the HGF-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation (Thr-180/Tyr-182) and HUVEC apoptosis in the presence of HGF. SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, ameliorated anisomycin (a p38 MAPK activator)-induced angiogenesis suppression in the presence of HGF. Moreover, the augmentation of the HGF-induced angiogenesis by fluvastatin was abrogated by the p38 MAPK inhibitors, SB203580, SB202190, and FR167653. High-dose fluvastatin decreased Akt phosphorylation (Ser-473) and HUVEC proliferation, and it increased p27kip1 in HUVECs. Interestingly, fluvastatin decreased the mRNA expression of integrins and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in HUVECs. Our data therefore indicate that the stimulatory effects of low-dose fluvastatin on the HGF-induced angiogenesis are mediated by its inhibitory effects on p38 MAPK phosphorylation induced by HGF, which may result in the suppression of EC apoptosis. High-dose fluvastatin inhibits Akt phosphorylation and HUVEC proliferation, and it increases p27kip1, which may result in its inhibitory effects on angiogenesis. In addition, integrins and TIMPs are candidates for angiogenesis regulation by fluvastatin.


We model the evolution of eukaryotic protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. In our model, PPI networks evolve by two known biological mechanisms: (1) Gene duplication, which is followed by rapid diversification of duplicate interactions. (2) Neofunctionalization, in which a mutation leads to a new interaction with some other protein. Since many interactions are due to simple surface compatibility, we hypothesize there is an increased likelihood of interacting with other proteins in the target protein's neighborhood. We find good agreement of the model on 10 different network properties compared to high-confidence experimental PPI networks in yeast, fruit flies, and humans. Key findings are: (1) PPI networks evolve modular structures, with no need to invoke particular selection pressures. (2) Proteins in cells have on average about 6 degrees of separation, similar to some social networks, such as human-communication and actor networks. (3) Unlike social networks, which have a shrinking diameter (degree of maximum separation) over time, PPI networks are predicted to grow in diameter. (4) The model indicates that evolutionarily old proteins should have higher connectivities and be more centrally embedded in their networks. This suggests a way in which present-day proteomics data could provide insights into biological evolution.


Markets run on information. Buyers make decisions by relying on information about the products available, and sellers decide what to produce based on information about what buyers want. But the ways in which this market information is acquired has changed, as consumers increasingly turn to sources that act as intermediaries for information — companies like Yelp and Google. In addition, various sorts of informational standards and certifications are playing a greater role in determining what goods sellers produce; the LIBOR benchmark interest rate, for example, can be seen as such a standard.
Antitrust Law in the New Economy considers a range of competition problems that involve information in the marketplace. Sellers sometimes have the ability and motivation to distort the truth about their products when they make data available to intermediaries like Google and Yelp. The intermediaries themselves, in turn, may have their own incentives to skew the information they provide to buyers, both to benefit advertisers and to gain advantages over their competition. And sellers that agree on product standards may do so in circumstances in which the standards merely eliminate competition or may adopt standard-setting processes that do not prevent manipulation by individual sellers.
Broadly speaking, competitive harm in these instances arises primarily from the production of low-quality information. Yet consumer protection law is poorly suited to addressing the issues because the relevant information is often neither advertising nor "false" or "misleading." Instead, the problems are better characterized as forms of exclusion or collusion in information markets. Those forms of conduct are normally addressed by antitrust law, though antitrust law has not traditionally focused on such conduct in these informational contexts. However, by treating information markets — markets for Google search results, Yelp reviews, and LIBOR rates — as markets that are themselves proper subjects of antitrust scrutiny, antitrust law can be adapted to these problems.
The book discusses a range of ways in which antitrust can be applied to the manipulation of information for competitive advantage and the exploitation of consumers, and it considers related informational issues such as "confusopoly" and sellers' use of consumers' personal information. It also addresses how intellectual property law and legal protections for freedom of speech can limit the application of antitrust law. The goal of the book is to show that just as antitrust law serves to prevent anticompetitive conduct that results in supracompetitive prices, it can also prevent competitive harm from low-quality information.


Hyperspectral imagery (HSI) has spatial and detailed spectral information. Therefore, it has been used in many different areas for anomaly and target detection or classification problems. Because it consists large amount of data, effective, accurate and fast computational methods have become critical issue in machine learning. The support vector data description (SVDD) is one of the powerful methods as a one-class classifier for classification problems in machine learning area. It is a non-parametric boundary method that tries to enclose the target objects in a minimum hypersphere as much as possible. Using kernel function is one of its advantages. The kernelization makes SVDD more efficient algorithms, when the objective data is not spherically distributed. Apart from using kernel function, ensemble methods can be also used to improve classification performance of the SVDD. Giving proper weight to each classifier before combination is one of the important part of ensemble methods. In this paper, we have offered Mutual Information (MI) between each classifier in order to use as coefficients to weighted combinators. KeywordsBagging; Classification; Hyperspectral imagery; Machine learning; Mutual Information; Support vector data description.


Type X collagen is a short chain collagen specifically expressed by hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification. We report here the functional analysis of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) collagen Xalpha1 gene (colXalpha1) promoter with the identification of a region responsive to two isoforms of the runt domain transcription factor runx2. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the presence of dual promoter usage in zebrafish, a finding that should be important to further understanding of the regulation of its restricted tissue distribution and spatial-temporal expression during early development. The zebrafish colXalpha1 gene structure is comparable to that recently identified by comparative genomics in takifugu and shows homology with corresponding mammalian genes, indicating that its general architecture has been maintained throughout vertebrate evolution. Our data suggest that, as in mammals, runx2 plays a role in the development of the osteogenic lineage, supporting zebrafish as a model for studies of bone and cartilage development.


PURPOSE This study examined the effects of a physical activity promoting program based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model on physical activity and health outcomes among obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS This study utilized a randomized controlled trial with a convenience sample of 75 obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis in a university hospital. The older adults in the intervention group participated in a 12-week program involving weekly group sessions and monitoring calls with education booklets and video clips for exercise dances, while those in the control group received an usual care. Outcomes were measured using self-report questionnaires, anthropometrics, and blood analyses. The intervention effects were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and ANCOVA. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 74.9 years with 84.0% women. The intervention group at 12 weeks showed significantly greater improvements in self-efficacy for physical activity (F=81.92, p<.001), physical activity amounts (Z=-2.21, p=.044), knee joint function (F=15.88, p<.001), and health-related quality of life (F=14.89, p<.001) compared to the control group. Among obese-metabolic outcomes, the intervention group at 12 weeks showed a significant decrease in visceral fat mass (F=7.57, p=.008) and improvement in high-density level cholesterol (F=9.51, p=.003) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Study findings support the need for an IMB based physical activity program for promoting physical activity, knee function and health outcomes in obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm the persistence of obese-metabolic effects in clinical settings.


This study investigated the seasonal dynamics of two populations of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex Bornet & Flahault var. flos-aquae and four populations of A. flos-aquae var. klebahnii Elenkin in eutrophic water bodies over 1 year from February 2006 to January 2007. The growth of A. flos-aquae var. flos-aquae was promoted at high temperatures even if in one case the biomass development was very low when other co-occurring cyanoprokaryotes (Anabaena spp. and Microcystis spp.) were abundant. In contrast, the highest density of the other population of A. flos-aquae var. flos-aquae was observed in August when the population density of M. aeruginosa (Kutzing) Kutzing reached an annual peak. A. flos-aquae var. flos-aquae usually bloomed in summer but could also tolerate low temperatures in the winter, and was present in relatively high densities. The populations of A. flos-aquae var. klebahnii observed in this study can be divided into three groups based on preferred temperature; three populations increased in winter, and the other increased in summer. Large biomasses of the low-temperature-adapted A. flos-aquae were observed mainly during winter when population densities of co-occurring cyanoprokaryotes (Anabaena spp., Microcystis spp. and Planktothrix raciborskii (Woloszynska) Anagnostidis & Komarek) were relatively low or almost absent. The increase in or existence of cooccurring cyanoprokaryotes during the summer resulted in a decrease of the A. flos-aquae population density. It was revealed that high temperatures (20-25 °C) are suitable for maintaining A. flos-aquae var. klebahnii strains isolated from the study ponds, implying that low-temperature-adapted A. flos-aquae can grow over a wide range of water temperatures. The high-temperatureadapted A. flos-aquae var. klebahnii co-existed with M. aeruginosa during summer; however, its peak population density was significantly lower than those in previous years when M. aeruginosa was absent. Overall, analytical results imply a possible adverse impact of the existence of other cyanoprokaryotes, such as Anabaena and Microcystis, on both varieties of A. flos-aquae; however, its mechanism remains unknown. Nutrient concentrations and pH had no clear impact on the population density of A. flos-aquae. Based on these observations, progress of eutrophication and absence of other cyanoprokaryotes are likely the key factors determining the future expansion of A. flos-aquae.


This paper derives appropriate decisions for load transfer among distribution feeders by switching operations to improve system operating performance by combining the load characteristics and the variations among customers as a result of temperature increases using a switching operation decision inference mechanism based on a colored Petri net (CPN) approach. A practical distribution system with 19 feeders, daily load profiles, and corresponding data on temperature sensitivity (TS) is used to perform computer simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. It is concluded that the proposed CPN inference mechanism can enhance the system operating performance with the proper switching operation by considering the TS of customer power consumption served in each service zone of distribution feeders


Mesoderm formation results from an inducing process that requires maternal and zygotic FGF/MAPK and TGFbeta activities, while maternal activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway determines the anterior-dorsal axis. Here, we show a new role of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in mesoderm induction. We find that maternal beta-catenin signaling is not only active dorsally but also all around the equatorial region, coinciding with the prospective mesoderm. Maternal beta-catenin function is required both for expression of dorsal genes and for activation of MAPK and the mesodermal markers Xbra and eomesodermin. beta-catenin acts in a non- cell-autonomous manner upstream of zygotic FGF and nodal signals. The Wnt/beta-catenin activity in the equatorial region of the early embryo is the first example of a maternally provided mesoderm inducer restricted to the prospective mesoderm.


Integrating complex business networks in Tourism is a wicked problem. Many different business owners have various goals and management approaches. A tourist network is often managed through coordination and partnerships because the sheer complexity of trying to be competitive makes little sense when so many businesses have a common goal. In this paper we explore how thinking in network terms in tourist business networks actually sheds light on how to manage wicked problems in general. In particular, we focus on how the network approach to managing complex networks in business may produce leverage points for synthesising managerial tension points between partners and thereby facilitate innovation systems. We argue that the network approach may shed light on how to build platforms for gaining traction and synthesis in wicked problems. We conclude with suggestions for future research.


Performance of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) is advancing rapidly with simple digital logic circuits demonstrated. Typical Schottky barrier (SB)-mode operation of CNFETs, however, results in ambipolar conduction and a minimum leakage current exponentially increasing with the CNT diameter and power supply voltage when the transistor size is reduced. Ambipolar conduction imposes constraints on conventional CMOS applications. In this paper, we have studied the applicability of ambipolar SB CNFETs in conventional CMOS circuit design. The choice of CNT diameter and optimal supply voltage corresponding to the diameter has been discussed.


Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) potentially is an attractive treatment for radiosensitive early-stage solid tumors and as an adjuvant to cytoreductive surgery. Topical administration of RIT may improve the efficacy because higher local concentrations are achieved. We reviewed the results of locally applied radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of solid tumors. Intracavitary RIT in patients with ovarian cancer and glioma showed improved targeting after local administration, as compared to the intravenous administration. In addition, various studies showed the feasibility of locally applied RIT in these patients. In studies that included patients with small-volume disease, adjuvant RIT in ovarian cancer and glioma showed to be at least as effective as standard therapy. The information about RIT for peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin is scarce, while results from preclinical data are promising. RIT may be applied for other, relatively unexplored indications. Studies on the application of radiolabeled antibodies in early urothelial cell cancer have been performed, showing that intracavitary RIT may hold a promise. Moreover, in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma or malignant pleural effusion, RIT may play a role in the palliative treatment. Intracavitary RIT limits toxicity and improves tumor targeting. RIT is more effective in patients with small-volume disease of solid cancers. RIT may have potential for palliation in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma or malignant pleural effusion. The future of RIT may, therefore, not only be in the inclusion in contemporary multimodality treatment, but also in the expansion to palliative treatment.


This study investigated the quality of undergraduate computing curricula at Kenyan universities, how they compare locally and regionally with equivalent programs and how closely they meet the ICT sector needs. It was guided by four objectives i.e. to undertake an ontological mapping of computing curricula, to identify appropriate benchmarking criteria, to develop and test a benchmarking tool, and to investigate the alignment of these curricula to computing skills requirement. The study was deemed important by the plethora of academic computing programs of varying degrees of utility and credibility, which are a product of the escalating demand for computing education in Kenya given the development of Vision 2030 and the rapid growth of the ICT industry. To achieve its objectives, the study adopted a quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional descriptive survey of computing curricula offered locally (in Kenya) and regionally (from best practicing countries, USA and India). A sample of 70.3% was drawn from the target population for ontological mapping. Two research instruments, i.e. a questionnaire and a document analysis framework that were administered to a cross-section of 11 public/private universities. The study established that there are 24 undergraduate computing programs under 6 titles, viz. BSc., BCom., BTech., BB., BEd. and BEng. The two most populous programs are BSc. Computer Science (CS) and BSc. Information Technology (IT), which were selected to help identify two benchmarking criteria: Percent weight allocation of core hours within ACM knowledge areas and Relative performance capabilities of computing graduates . Using these criteria a benchmarking tool was developed and tested, which depicted disparities among the respondents in the percent weight allocation of core hours in CS programs. Similarly, it portrayed overlaps in the relative performance capabilities of CS and IT graduates, an outcome that queried the uniqueness of these programs. As such, its results indicate that the quality of the two computing programs is relatively insufficient. However, it further establishes that the computing curricula are aligned to meet the top 3 highly demanded computing skills i.e. Networking, Software development and Internet skills albeit insufficient percent weight allocation of core hours in Software development. It therefore recommends further testing and refining of the established benchmarking tool, the need to re-focus the computing programs and supports the call to institute a regulatory body and qualifications framework for computing education and skills.


The present article from Cullen et al 1 investigates the important question whether sex-specific cut-offs should be applied for prognostic purposes using high sensitivity cardiac troponin (cTn) assays. The article specifically addresses the effect of sex-specific cut-offs using the Architect high sensitivity troponin I assay (Abbott Diagnostics). The study enrolled 2841 patients from Australia, New Zealand and UK measuring hsTnI from frozen blood samples collected at presentation. The study applied the overall 99th centile value of a healthy reference population (26 ng/L) and sex-specific cut-offs for women (16 ng/L) and men (34 ng/L) as recommended by the manufacturer.2 A key finding of this study was that a sex-specific cut-off improved identification of women but not men at risk for myocardial infarction (MI), emergency coronary revascularisation or death within 1 year.1 In contrast, the effect of sex-specific cut-offs for more accurate diagnostic classification of suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) was not in the scope of this study and was found to minimally change the proportion of patients with hsTnI elevations from 9.29% with the overall cut-off to 9.15% by the use of sex-specific cut-offs. There was no significant overall net gain (NRI=−1.5%) in classification nor a net reclassification improvement for outcomes for the entire cohort for those with (NRI=−1.5%) or without major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 1 year (NRI=−0.04%). Therefore, …


We have characterized the dissolution state of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in aqueous tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, TBAH(aq), at different concentrations of TBAH, by means of turbidity and small-angle X-ray scattering. The solubility of cellulose increases with increasing TBAH concentration, which is consistent with solubilization driven by neutralization. When comparing the two polymorphs, the solubility of cellulose I is higher than that of cellulose II. This has the consequence that the dissolution of MCC (cellulose I) may create a supersaturated solution with respect to cellulose II. As for the dissolution state of cellulose, we identify three different regimes. (i) In the stable regime, corresponding to concentrations below the solubility of cellulose II, cellulose is molecularly dissolved and the solutions are thermodynamically stable. (ii) In the metastable regime, corresponding to lower supersaturations with respect to cellulose II, a minor aggregation of cellulose occurs and the solutions are kinetically stable. (iii) In the unstable regime, corresponding to larger supersaturations, there is macroscopic precipitation of cellulose II from solution. Finally, we also discuss strong alkali solvents in general and compare TBAH(aq) with the classical NaOH(aq) solvent.


This study was undertaken with an aim to understand whether the effective use of the blackboard, one of the teaching aids utilized by Anadolu University's distance learning program in the e-television Open Classroom, has a positive effect on focus and concentration. Gagne's Theory of Instruction was utilized during this research. Knowledge of the efficient use of the blackboard and the efficient viewing on the television screen is required. The results of the research show that the frequency of use of blackboards in the Open Classroom is low. It has been determined that information that could be written on the board is instead spoken by the television teacher. The 3-8 seconds of silence required for thought while writing on the blackboard is to a large extent achieved. The information written on the blackboard was found to be partially legible. This shows that the blackboard is not being efficiently utilized during teaching. When it comes to whether off-topic writing on the board is the cause of a distraction, it was found that a distraction was caused even though the information on the board was not used. When the board was erased to continue with another subject, it was found that the board was generally not erased entirely. The legibility of the writing written over the partially erased board was found to be insufficient and therefore showed that the blackboard was not being used efficiently.


No consensus exists about which medical testing is indicated for youth with new-onset psychotic symptoms. We conducted a chart review of youths aged 7-21 years who were medically hospitalized for workup of new-onset psychotic symptoms from January 2017 through September 2020 in a free-standing children's hospital. The sample included 131 patients. At discharge, 129 (98.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 94.5-99.8) were diagnosed with a primary psychiatric condition, 1 was diagnosed with levetiracetam-induced psychosis, and 1 with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis. Notably, 33 (25.2%; 95% CI: 18.0-33.5) had incidental findings unrelated to psychosis, 14 (10.7%; 95% CI: 6.0-17.3) had findings that required medical intervention but did not explain the psychosis, 12 (9.2%; 95% CI: 4.8-15.5) had a positive urine drug screen, and 4 (3.1%; 95% CI: 0.8-7.6) had a neurological exam consistent with conversion disorder. In conclusion, extensive medical testing in the acute setting for psychosis had a low yield for identifying medical etiologies of new-onset psychotic symptoms.


Three elements of attention in computer vision are described. These are related to familiar aspects of eye movement control in human vision: foveation, to examine selected regions of the visual world at high resolution; tracking, to stabilize the images of moving objects within the eye; and high-level interpretation, to anticipate where salient information will occur in a scene. Attention mechanisms allow the system to function in a data-rich world by directing system sensing and analysis resources to only that information critical to the system's current visual task. It is concluded that attention therefore includes mechanisms for directing the allocation of processing and mechanisms for rapidly interpreting the information as it is gathered.<<ETX>>


The hold-up problem has played a central role in the study of firm boundaries that originated with the pathbreaking essay by Coase (1937). This paper studies a previously unexplored mechanism through which integration could resolve the hold-up problem. Based on Tajfel and Turner's (1979) social identification theory, we conjecture that team membership increases the degree of altruism towards another team member, and this in turn helps resolving the hold-up problem. We test this conjecture in a laboratory experiment. Our subjects are randomly divided into two teams and given their respective team uniforms to wear. In Task 1 they answer two trivia questions and can use a chat program to help their team members. In Task 2 the subjects play a standard hold-up game with a member of their own team (representing integration) or with a member of the other team (non-integration). We find that team membership significantly increases the investment rate as well as the share of the surplus offered back to the investor and thus mitigates the hold-up problem.


1 Participation-based Student Final Performance Prediction Model through Interpretable 1 Genetic Programming: Integrating Learning Analytics, Educational Data Mining and 2 Theory 3 4 5 ABSTRACT 6 Building a student performance prediction model that is both practical and understandable for users is a 7 challenging task fraught with confounding factors to collect and measure. Traditionally, most prediction 8 models are difficult for teachers without a significant background in probability to interpret. This poses 9 significant problems for model use (e.g. personalizing education and intervention) as well as model 10 evaluation. In this paper, we synthesize learning analytics approaches, educational data mining (EDM) and 11 HCI theory to explore the development of more usable prediction models and prediction model 12 representations using data from a collaborative geometry problem solving environment: Virtual Math 13 Teams with Geogebra (VMTwG). First, based on theory proposed by Hrastinski (2009) establishing online 14 learning as online participation, we operationalized activity theory to holistically quantify students' 15 participation in the CSCL (Computer-supported Collaborative Learning) course. As a result, 6 variables, 16 Subject, Rules, Tools, Division of Labor, Community, and Object, are constructed. Unlike some traditional 17 blunt instruments (feature selection, Ad-hoc guesswork etc.), this step diminishes data dimensionality and 18 systematically contextualizes data in a semantic background. Secondly, an advanced modeling technique, 19 Genetic Programming (GP), is coded to develop the prediction model. We demonstrate how connecting the 20 structure of VMTwG trace data to a theoretical framework and processing that data using the GP 21 algorithmic approach outperforms traditional models in prediction rate and interpretability. Theoretical and 22 practical implications are then discussed. 23 24


OBJECTIVES
to estimate the burden of disease attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (wsh) by age group for South Africa in 2000.

DESIGN
World Health Organization comparative risk assessment methodology was used to estimate the disease burden attributable to an exposure by comparing the observed risk factor distribution with a theoretical lowest possible population distribution. A scenario-based approach was applied for estimating diarrhoeal disease burden from unsafe WSH. Six exposure scenarios were defined based on the type of water and sanitation infrastructure and environmental faecal-oral pathogen load. For 'intestinal parasites' and schistosomiasis, the burden was assumed to be 100% attributable to exposure to unsafe WSH.

SETTING
South Africa.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Disease burden from diarrhoeal diseases, intestinal parasites and schistosomiasis, measured by deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

RESULTS
13,434 deaths were attributable to unsafe WSH accounting for 2.6% (95% uncertainty interval 2.4 - 2.7%) of all deaths in South Africa in 2000. The burden was especially high in children under 5 years, accounting for 9.3% of total deaths in this age group and 7.4% of burden of disease. Overall, the burden due to unsafe WSH was equivalent to 2.6% (95% uncertainty interval 2.5 - 2.7%) of the total disease burden for South Africa, ranking this risk factor seventh for the country.

CONCLUSIONS
Unsafe WSH remains an important risk factor for disease in South Africa, especially in children under 5. High priority needs to be given to the provision of safe and sustainable sanitation and water facilities and to promoting safe hygiene behaviours, particularly among children.


In this definitive work for our generation, Donald Low brings together, for the first time, the words and tunes of all Burns' known songs, both 'polite' and bawdy. The Songs of Robert Burns were, in their author's eyes, the crown of his achievement as a poet. After years of study and investigation, many hours spent listening to old airs, as he recalled the living, daily, song-life of the people of Scotland, and through the creation of some of the finest lyric poetry produced in the British Isles, Burns' success is beyond doubt.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate how consulting physicians attempt to modify perioperative cardiac risk for patients who undergo noncardiac surgery by comparing the preoperative cardiac recommendations of consulting physicians in 2 university centres.

DESIGN
Retrospective cross-sectional analysis.

SETTING
Five hospitals affiliated with 2 Canadian universities.

PATIENTS
Three hundred and eight preoperative consultations were evaluated in 297 patients who were 40 years of age or older and scheduled for noncardiac surgery.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Cardiac drug recommendations at the preoperative consultation [corrected]; overall recommendations and practice variation between the 2 centres.

RESULTS
The greatest changes in drug management suggested by consultants were the initiation of nitrates in 13% of the patients and a decrease in acetylsalicylic acid administration from 27% to 17%. Centre A physicians recommended adding an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor 11% of the time, whereas centre B physicians recommended such an inhibitor in only 1% of the patients (p = 0.001). In patients taking acetylsalicylic acid at the preoperative consultation, Centres A and B physicians recommended withholding the drug 47% and 22% of the time, respectively (p = 0.03). These differences persisted between the 2 centres after controlling for physician estimates of risk.

CONCLUSIONS
Consultants frequently recommended perioperative changes in the use of cardiac medications, and there were differences in practice patterns between the 2 centres. These differences may be affecting patient outcomes and highlight the need for randomized clinical trials to determine the impact of perioperative drug administration on bleeding, myocardial infarction and death.


Variety of service integration concepts have emerged during the last few years. Most of these aim at the concept of integrating telecommunication and the data communication technologies. One form of such a system is Unified Messaging. Unified Messaging enables users to manage their messages independent of location, communication device or communication medium. Most of the existing systems provide centralized message-store based access to messages but lack services like user personalization, message notification and are non-pervasive. In this paper, we define UMS as a user-centric system that provides messaging services based on user demands and preferences. We have proposed a decentralized Unified Messaging System (DUMS) that is pervasive and context-aware. Based on our proposed architecture, we successfully implemented and demonstrated a messaging system called i- UMS that ensures a user receives almost instantly all messages such as emails, instant messages and so on in an intelligent and most appropriate manner.


In order to establish the genetic variability of Aedes aegypti determined by the analysis of the MT-ND4 gene, in eleven endemic regions for dengue in Peru, 51 samples of Ae. Aegypti were tested. The genetic variability was determined through the amplification and sequencing of a fragment of 336 base-pairs of MT ND4, the analysis of intra-specific phylogeny was conducted with the Network Ver. 4.6.10 program; and the phylogenetic analysis, with the Neighbor Joining distance method. The presence of five haplotypes of Ae. Aegypti grouped in two lineages was identified: the first one includes haplotypes 1, 3 and 5, and the second one comprises haplotypes 2 and 4. The geographic distribution of each of the haplotypes found is also shown. It is concluded that this variability is caused by the active migration of this vector and the human activity-mediated passive migration.


Trust between the vendor and client has been identified as a critical success factor in IT outsourcing, and thus, building a trusting relationship is often strived for. However, academics request more research on the effect of different trust building mechanisms. Moreover, IT security has received increasing attention in IT outsourcing, and practitioners question how IT security can affect the level of trust between the parties. Still, empirical research on the connection between IT security and trust has not been conducted before. Hence, this study aims to contribute to the research by addressing two questions. First, how do practitioners from the Norwegian IT outsourcing market experience and explain the effect of trust building mechanisms implemented between client and vendor. Second, how do practitioners argue that IT security can affect trust between vendor and client. This paper is a continuation of the author's pre-diploma thesis which, based on a literature review, put forward the model of trust building in IT outsourcing (Austad and Lossius, 2014). The first research question of this paper aims to support and/or revise this model. Moreover, the pre-diploma thesis further proposed that IT security could be argued to affect trust. The second research question aims to empirically evaluate this proposition. A multiple case study investigation of ten Norwegian IT outsourcing relationships through 18 semi-structured interviews forms the basis for analysis and discussion. The findings from each case was analyzed separately to look for arguments supporting or contradicting the model of trust building in IT outsourcing, and the proposed link between IT security and trust. Then, the arguments and explanations were combined in a cross case analysis, which represents the primary focus of the paper. The cross case analysis entailed looking for patterns in supporting or contradictory arguments, which were further linked and compared with the theory in the conceptual background. Overall, this study reveals multiple contributions to theory and practitioners. Firstly, it provides academics and practitioners with a revised model of trust building in IT outsourcing. A majority of the mechanisms and dynamics in the original model were supported by the findings, thus strengthening the trust building effects suggested by extant literature upon which the model was built. Furthermore, this study resulted in certain revisions to the model. These comprise of adding investments as a trust building mechanism, and adding delivery and removing control as trust building dynamics. All the types of trust in the model were found to be supported. Also, the findings suggest that how the mechanisms are implemented is of great importance for its resulting effect on trust. As such, the dynamics provides explanations of how the mechanisms should be implemented to build trust. Overall, the revised model represents an empirically supported and improved explanation of trust building in IT outsourcing. Secondly, an emergent finding of the study was the model of the dynamics' role in trust building in IT outsourcing. The model illustrates how delivery builds a foundation of trust, based on receiving expected gains and meeting expectations of abilities. However, to build higher levels of trust, other dynamics must be facilitated. Lastly, this study is the first, to the authors' knowledge, to establish a connection between IT security and trust based on an empirical investigation. Specifically, it suggest that the extent to which IT security can affect trust, depends upon the perceived importance of this component, relative to other parts of the delivery.


The United Nations (UN) is a strong defender of the cooperative global order. The promotion of diplomatic and consular exchanges between its member states suits this purpose. Throughout the years, lawmaking by treaty has been the preferred way for the UN to advance legal rules that facilitate such diplomatic and consular interactions. Tremendous achievements (the 1961 and 1963 Conventions on permanent diplomatic and consular missions and the 1973 Convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against internationally protected persons) have been followed by a worthwhile lawmaking exercise (the 1969 Convention on special missions), but also by an attempt at harmonization that failed to attain its goals (the 1975 Convention on permanent representations to international organizations). This chapter zooms in on legal discussions that took place in the course of two decades of diplomatic and consular treaty-making under the auspices of the UN, as well as at the treaties' implementation track and their present-day impact. The chapter takes a close look at the structure and content of the five UN Conventions in the diplomatic and consular field, and identifies particular contributions of the International Law Commission, the UN General Assembly, the UN Security Council, and specially convened diplomatic conferences in Vienna and New York. In a final section, the chapter highlights remaining challenges for the UN in dealing with this subject area.


Two approaches are presented and compared for segmenting motion data from on-body Orient wireless motion capture system for mobile gait analysis. The first is a basic, model-based algorithm which operates directly on the joint angles computed by the Orient sensor devices. The second is a model-free, Latent Space algorithm, which first aggregates all the sensor data, and then embeds them in a low-dimensional manifold to perform segmentation. The two approaches are compared for segmenting four different styles of walking, and then applied in a hospital-based clinical study for analysing the motion of elderly patients recovering from a fall.


Genetic associations with biopsychosocial phenotypes are often interpreted as evidence that the genome codes for fixed end-states. Instead, a given genotype might regulate a dynamic range of phenotypes in response to environmental change. We collected hair cortisol (n = 1,104), salivary cortisol in reaction to an in-laboratory stressor (n = 537), and diurnal salivary cortisol (n = 488) from twins aged 8-15 years in the Texas Twin Project. Baseline genetic variation in both salivary and hair cortisol was not simply magnified after stressor exposure or after waking. Rather, novel genetic influences on cortisol arose over time. Thus, environmental change can reveal genetic variation that would not otherwise be observed in static cortisol levels. These findings are in line with the notion that the genome regulates individuals' reactions to the environment that differ across environments.


The dietary habits of tadpoles of the Nepalese anurans have not been well studied. Here, we present an opportunistic observation of tadpoles of the Terai tree frog, Polypedates teraiensis feeding on rotten pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata). We suggest further detailed study on the feeding habits of tadpoles in the changing climate in Nepal as they could be used as model organisms to understand their trophic roles and to predict the ecological consequences of their potential loss.


In this study, an analytical realization of end-milling system was introduced using recursive parametric modeling analysis. Also, the numerical mode analysis of end-milling system with different conditions was performed systematically. In this regard, a recursive least square (RLS) modeling algorithm and the natural mode for real part and imaginary one were discussed. This recursive approach (recursive least square method : RLSM) can be adopted for the on-line system identification and monitoring of an end-milling for this purpose. After experimental practice of the end-milling, the end-milling force was obtained and it was used for the calculation of FRF (Frequency response function) and mode analysis. Also the FRF was analyzed for the prediction of an end-milling system.


Scholars are increasingly utilizing online workforces to encode latent political concepts embedded in written or spoken records. In this letter, we build on past efforts by developing and validating a crowdsourced pairwise comparison framework for encoding political texts that combines the human ability to understand natural language with the ability of computers to aggregate data into reliable measures while ameliorating concerns about the biases and unreliability of non-expert human coders. We validate the method with advertisements for U.S. Senate candidates and with State Department reports on human rights. The framework we present is very general, and we provide free software to help applied researchers interact easily with online workforces to extract meaningful measures from texts.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of acetabular cup temperature and duration of cement pressurization on porosity of the acetabular cement mantel.

STUDY DESIGN
In vitro study.

METHODS
Twenty-four polyurethane foam blocks prepared for acetabular prosthetic implantation were implanted with polyethylene acetabular cups using four combinations and variations of temperature and pressure: (1) high temperature/short-term pressurization; (2) high temperature/long-term pressurization; (3) low temperature/long-term pressurization; and (4) low temperature short-term pressurization. Five 1-mm-thick slices were taken from the center of each block using a tissue processing system. The slices were scanned into a personal computer using a photo slide scanner. Imaging software was used to determine cement surface area and size, number, and distribution of pores. The quality of the cement-implant interface was subjectively evaluated. Statistical analysis of relative cement porosity was performed by a Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance comparing the four groups individually and combining the short-term pressurization groups versus the long-term pressurization groups.

RESULTS
There were no significant differences in cement porosity between the four test groups (P =.11). There were no significant differences in porosity between the combined groups (P =.48).

CONCLUSIONS
There is no benefit in prewarming acetabular cups before implantation. There are no deleterious effects of short-term pressurization of the cement during implantation.


About 1 billion years ago, in a single-celled holozoan ancestor of all animals, a gene fusion of two tRNA synthetases formed the bifunctional enzyme, glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS). We propose here that a confluence of metabolic, biochemical, and environmental factors contributed to the specific fusion of glutamyl- (ERS) and prolyl- (PRS) tRNA synthetases. To test this idea, we developed a mathematical model that centers on the precursor–product relationship of glutamic acid and proline, as well as metabolic constraints on free glutamic acid availability near the time of the fusion event. Our findings indicate that proline content increased in the proteome during the emergence of animals, thereby increasing demand for free proline. Together, these constraints contributed to a marked cellular depletion of glutamic acid and its products, with potentially catastrophic consequences. In response, an ancient organism invented an elegant solution in which genes encoding ERS and PRS fused to form EPRS, forcing coexpression of the two enzymes and preventing lethal dysregulation. The substantial evolutionary advantage of this coregulatory mechanism is evidenced by the persistence of EPRS in nearly all extant animals.


ABSTRACTS
Aim- To analyze the morphological features of the septomarginal trabecular artery.
Methods- A total of 100 cadaveric human hearts were studied by dissection method. The artery supplying the septomarginal trabecula was dissected thoroughly from its origin till it pierced the septomarginal trabecula.
The course, diameter at the origin, length of this artery was noted. Presence of myocardial bridges in relation to the LAD and septomarginal trabecular artery was noted.
Results- The blood supply of septomarginal trabecula in all cases was derived from one of the interventricular septal branches of the LAD artery. Total 101 arteries were dissected since one of the trabeculae received a dual blood supply from two septal branches. It was predominantly i.e. in 61.4% of cases derived from the 2nd interventricular septal branch of the LAD artery.
Conclusion- The origin of the Septomarginal trabecular arteries was constant i.e from left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Usually one of the first four branches of the LAD serves as the artery to the septomarginal trabecula. The artery arises at an obtuse angle to the LAD. The caliber of this artery is proved to be sufficient for application of a stent. The presence of myocardial bridge may affect the artery functionally but less likely morphologically. Considering the development of new hemodynamic procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the knowledge regarding this small artery is necessary, particularly in view of recent proposals for the revascularization of this vessel and its visualization on the coronariography.


Dynamic MRR (material removal rate) modeling is constructed and optimum solution through Calculus of Variations in maximize the machining profit of an individual cutting tool under fixed tool life is introduced. The mathematical model is formulated by reverse experiments on an ECOCA PC-3807 CNC lathe, and the electronic circuit is developed using linear regression technique for virtual machining. The inaccuracy between actual and simulated voltage is assured to be within 2%. By introducing a real-world CNC (computerized numerical control) machining case from AirTAC into the virtual system, the simulated cutting forces are shown to promise the feasible applicability of the optimum MRR control. Additionally, the implementation of dynamic solution is experimentally performed on a proposed digital PC-based lathe system. The surface roughness of all machined work-pieces is found to not only stabilize as the tool consumed, but also accomplish the recognized standard for finish turning.


This paper is a comment on the relevance of using the Greenland ISMIP6 ensemble as a base for anticipation and mitigation of future sea level. The authors present four types of uncertainty (model, initial state, parameters, aleatoric) and explain that ISMIP6 does not account for most of them, and therefore likely underestimates the range of uncertainty on future sea level rise. They propose a path forward that consists of running more simulations to further sample uncertainty and conditioning ensemble predictions on observations. Then, they state that a volunteer effort such as ISMIP6 is under-resourced, e.g. compared to CMIP6. This short communication can be useful for the ISMIP community, but several aspects could be improved to make it more relevant (see details below). I therefore recommend this manuscript for publication after a major revision.


Family composition (e.g., the absence of a father) is associated with pubertal timing in women, although the socioendocrinology of the human primate is poorly understood. To better understand social influences on sexual maturation, retrospective data were collected on menarcheal age and family composition from a sample of approximately 1,938 participants from a college population. Absence of a biological father, the presence of half‐ and step‐brothers, and living in an urban environment were associated with earlier menarche. The presence of sisters in the household while growing up, especially older sisters, was associated with delayed menarche. Menarcheal age was not affected by number of brothers in the household, nor was there an effect of birth order. Body weight and race were also associated with menarche. The present findings advance the literature as they are suggestive of putative human pheromones that modulate sexual maturation to promote gene survival and prevent inbreeding, as occurs in rodents and nonhuman primates. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:481–491, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


A novel brain imager using whole brain Positron Emission is a portable unit which can be worn on a patient's head to provide a lightweight, low cost unit which conducts AM-PET (Ambulatory Microdose Positron Emission Tomography) scans in diverse locations and social situations. Such allows the subject to move their head and even walk, called Ambulatory Microdose PET (AMPET). This is also conducive to the testing of patients while performing selected activities that stimulate certain brain regions such as walking, playing a game, clapping and other such tasks; this unit is specifically intended for those with Alzheimer's, cancer, mental health, or any kind of brain injury to learn more about the nature of these conditions as a basis to identify a potential cure and treatment options. The need for this type of device has led to the design of a portable head held unit that currently uses twelve PET module sensors in specific locations around the head. Current PET scanners need a patient to remain still for several minutes, whereas with this novel unit you can see defined parts of the brain working as the patient moves their head comfortably, even while standing. This manuscript is focused on the engineering design aspects of the Am-PET project. The goal of this work is to further design this portable head unit to alleviate weight of the current head unit, improve comfort for the patient, and diversify its application amongst research activities. Specific gains include the design and manufacture of a system that reduces the relative movement of head and helmet significantly and does not restrict the user's head motion. The continuation of this work includes design review of the current model, design improvements based on the identified project requirements, and development of a working prototype. The success of this work will be measured by comparing the developed prototype to the original device and the newly developed metrics.


Application of SS 316 metal is commonly used as a building material in the chemical industry. This material is commonly used because it has good mechanical properties, corrosion resistant, but in reality, the SS 316 L metal can corrosive its acid environment, making it easy to solve the problem. corrosion. Therefore, this study is aimed to study SS316L corrosion level in H2SO4 acid by using weight loss method with 1 day, 3 days and 5 days immersion in H2SO4 environment with concentration 0,1 M, 0,3 M and 0,5 M The results showed that the corrosion rate increased with increasing concentration of H2SO4 and yield up to 5 days with average corrosion rate (CR) 2.729078 x 10-6 mpy. Morphological damage SS 316 L is demonstrated by SEM (Electron Microscope Scanning) there is a pitting corrosion on the metal surface


Abstract All climate models participating in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, as made available by the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3) archive, predict a significant surface warming of Antarctica by the end of the 21st century under a moderate (SRESA1B) greenhouse-gas scenario. All models but one predict a concurrent precipitation increase but with a large scatter of results. The models with finer horizontal resolution tend to predict a larger precipitation increase. Because modeled Antarctic surface mass balance is known to be sensitive to horizontal resolution, extrapolating predictions from the different models with respect to model resolution may provide simple yet better multi-model estimates of Antarctic precipitation change than mere averaging or even more complex approaches. Using such extrapolation, a conservative estimate of the predicted precipitation increase at the end of the 21st century is +30 kg m–2 a–1 on the grounded ice sheet, corresponding to a >1m ma–1 sea-level rise. About three-quarters of this rise originates from the marginal regions of the Antarctic ice sheet with surface elevation below 2250 m. This is where field programs are most urgently needed to better understand and monitor accumulation at the surface of Antarctica, and to improve and verify prediction models.


OBJECTIVES
The systemic and cognitive side effects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy may be incapacitating, necessitating dose reductions or abandonment of therapy. Oral cannabinoid-containing medications (OCs) ameliorate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, as well as AIDS wasting syndrome. The efficacy of OCs in managing HCV treatment-related side effects is unknown.

METHODS
All patients who initiated interferon-ribavirin therapy at The Ottawa Hospital Viral Hepatitis Clinic (Ottawa, Ontario) between August 2003 and January 2007 were identified using a computerized clinical database. The baseline characteristics of OC recipients were compared with those of nonrecipients. The treatment-related side effect response to OC was assessed by c2 analysis. The key therapeutic outcomes related to weight, interferon dose reduction and treatment outcomes were assessed by Student's t test and c2 analysis.

RESULTS
Twenty-five of 191 patients (13%) initiated OC use. Recipients had similar characteristics to nonrecipients, aside from prior marijuana smoking history (24% versus 10%, respectively; P=0.04). The median time to OC initiation was seven weeks. The most common indications for initiation of OC were anorexia (72%) and nausea (32%). Sixty-four per cent of all patients who received OC experienced subjective improvement in symptoms. The median weight loss before OC initiation was 4.5 kg. A trend toward greater median weight loss was noted at week 4 in patients eventually initiating OC use (-1.4 kg), compared with those who did not (-1.0 kg). Weight loss stabilized one month after OC initiation (median 0.5 kg additional loss). Interferon dose reductions were rare and did not differ by OC use (8% of OC recipients versus 5% of nonrecipients). The proportions of patients completing a full course of HCV therapy and achieving a sustained virological response were greater in OC recipients.

CONCLUSIONS
The present retrospective cohort analysis found that OC use is often effective in managing HCV treatment-related symptoms that contribute to weight loss, and may stabilize weight decline once initiated.


PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia (PT. CPI) is one of the main operators of exploration and exploitation of oil and gas in the Central Sumatera Basin, Riau Province. One of the production field is Ghaitsa Field. Petroleum exploitation activities carried liquid waste, which the government requires PT. CPI to manage the liquid waste so as not to pollute the environment through the Oil and Gas Law No. 22 of 2001. Therefore, PT. CPI took the solution to diposal or injection wells for wastewater treatment. Research is underway to find the location of disposal wells in Ghaitsa Field. Foramations that are the focus of research is Menggala Formation because it has met the basic requirements of disposal locations. These requirements are unproductive formation of oil and is the deepest formation.
In completing this final project, the methodology is divided into two, namely the descriptive and analytical method, which consists of primary data and secondary data. The analytical method performed well log analysis is the qualitative and quantitative petrophysical and subsurface mapping with primary data used includes 16 well log data, while secondary data include 3D seismic data and velocity models.
Menggala Formation is composed by Sandstone dominated and shale inserts, the depositional environment based on GRN log electrofacies analysis is cylindrical patterns are interpreted as part of a braided fluvial (Kendall, 2003). Geological structures such as faults inversion develops in the southern part of the N-S direction, normal faults and shear faults in the central and northern parts of the N-S direction, and the anticline and a syncline with a NW-SE direction. Petrophysical analysis generate values average porosity is 23%, the value of the permeability of about 322 mD to obtain the value of the capacity of the reservoir volume 263,614,635.47 barrels of water with the recommended disposal wells are wells IW 1 is located at coordinates x: 195 and y: 570 at a depth of -2000 feet to -2300 feet.

Keywords: Wastewater, Disposal Well, Ghaitsa Field, Menggala Formation, Well log Analysis, Petrophysical, Braided Fluvial, IW 1 Well.


The fact that the arts haven't starred in this election and its media coverage is perhaps no big surprise. But it sends a disturbing signal about the place of the arts in our public discourse. When Arts Minister Tony Burke and shadow arts spokesperson George Brandis addressed an arts forum in Western Sydney last week it was one of the few moments when the arts got a focus in media reporting, but even then coverage was scant. A single story appeared in the Fairfax papers, The Australian followed up their debate story with a Brandis profile and this week the debate was recapped on the ABC's Arts Quarter with commentary from Griffith Review's Julianne Schultz.


The Mental Rotations Test (Vandenberg & Kuse, 1978) consistently produces large gender differences favoring males (Voyer, Voyer, & Bryden, 1995). This test requires participants to select two of four answer choices that are rotations of a probe stimulus. The incorrect choices (i.e., foils) are either mirror reflections of the probe or structurally different. Two experiments investigated the hypothesis that males notice structural differences more than females and a strategy of capitalizing on structural differences, accounts for the gender difference. Trials with structurally different foils showed higher accuracy and faster reaction times for both males and females. A significant male advantage was found for both foil trial types; however, an interaction between trial type and gender was not present. Moreover, males and females did not differ in reaction time. Thus, no evidence was found to suggest that strategy differences account for the large gender difference in mental rotation tasks.


An experimental protocol to evaluate the structured biomass model proposed by Lavallée (Lavallée, Lessard, and Vanrolleghem, J Environ Eng Sci 2005;4:517–532) is presented. The protocol was devised to induce transient behavior and characterize the evolution of several internal biomass components. The proposed model is based on biochemical principles, and was fitted to the collected data. In these experiments, it was observed that filling the storage capacity of cells leads to special transient behavior, including a temporarily reduced metabolic activity. The model‐based interpretation of the results showed that the observed transient behavior can be explained by cross‐regulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Hence, according to an extensive literature review, the cross‐regulation of carbon and nitrogen can be used to model some observed transient behaviors and regulation of the storage process in activated sludge. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011


: There is a gold mine of potential inventory reductions, expense reductions, and revenue increases in most hospitals that can be tapped by more intensive materiel management. The first step is incorporating the necessary ingredients for a strong materiel management effort--the right people and a state-of-the-art computer program. Reorganization may be necessary to establish a more unified, consolidated approach to materiel management. Second, conduct an audit of the entire hospital to identify opportunities for improvement and to establish baseline management data. Finally, push forward the process of system changes (which also establishes necessary controls) until results are accomplished--a process that usually requires one to three years. The alliance between the materiel manager and the CFO is definitely beneficial to the hospital and to the individuals involved.


The evolution of the technology standard alliance (TSA) is examined using complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Taking TSA as a dynamic CAS, an echo model is constructed to depict the mechanism of its evolution, and a model is simulated on the NetLogo platform. The echo model includes a basic model, an extended model, and a three-layer echo model. The adhesive aggregation of agents is explained, and the three evolutionary stages of agents' entry, migration, and exit are analyzed. Moreover, the adaptability of agents in TSA is quantified. The results of simulation show the evolution of the TSA in relation to the two aspects of agent adhesion aggregation and agent resource interaction, and they demonstrate the dynamic and complex hierarchical structure of the TSA system. It is proposed that greater matching ability, moderate behavior income, and lower behavior cost are more conducive to the evolution and development of TSA. Additionally, the echo model is reconstructed to expand the range of application of CAS theory.


Increasing the rate of renovation for the existing building stock is a crucial challenge for EU's energy policy. The Smart City Block (SCB) project proposes an innovative answer to this challenge. The underlying hypothesis is that introducing a collective dimension to renovation could result in increasing rates of renovation while also impacting positively the efficiency of the renovation and the social ties within urban areas. The collective dimension considered is the city block in Brussels.The first part of this paper describes the theoretical part of the project that was necessary to develop an adapted methodology. It describes the SCB offering, Brussels segmentation and some results of surveys.The SCB offering shows that many different options can be proposed to the city block dwellers, ranging from a collective insulation, efficient heating systems and shared photovoltaics to collective kitchen garden in the inner space of the block, shared vehicles or shared spaces. This is especially relevant for Brussels where city blocks often have an inner space that could be used. Besides, the segmentation of Brussels based on city block characteristics offers a typology that can be further used to target specific environmental or social deficit.However, the collective dimension introduced in the project is challenging for western individualistic minds. In order to evaluate the acceptance of households, a survey was conducted on 4 city blocks in Brussels, representing over 450 households. It shows a clear willingness to investigate the concept further but only if concrete proposals with estimations of energy and financial savings are provided. Sharing space, equipment and activities was more positively accepted than what we initially expected. Although the attitude-behaviour gap must not be underestimated, this opening can be viewed as an evolution of lifestyles in some segments of the population. Governance and institutional arrangements are expected to play a critical role in supporting this evolution.The second part of the paper relates to the practical part of the research.Our selection process aimed at locating two types of city blocks: a "fuel poor" city block - where the inhabitants face comfort and energy cost difficulties – and a so-called "early adopter" city block – where inhabitants have a positive attitude for the SCB concept.In the "early adopter" city block, located in Uccle, brainstorming meetings and coelaboration meetings were held as to elaborate an SCB model, with the inhabitants and in accordance with their aspirations and needs. Different solutions, including district heating, shared photovoltaics, shared vehicles and collective insulation were modelled both technically and economically. Financing solutions were also proposed.In the "fuel poor" city block, located in Saint-Josse, we conducted a survey on the needs of inhabitants, commercial activities and owners (occupants or landlords). The need for increased energy efficiency is clearly expressed but we also identified the important barriers related to the ownership structure of the block.Prior to the conclusions and proposal for further research on this topic, a section is dedicated to a discussion on the methodology and the hypotheses used during this research.


This paper applies neural network modeling approach to analyze the impact of passenger activities on bus dwell time and station-to-station travel time. Data used to develop the model was collected by onboard AVL/APC devices. Sensitivity analyses based on a trained neural network were performed to evaluate the relative significance of each passenger activity variable to variation of dwell time and/or station-to-station travel time. Transit providers can use these methods to identify the causes of schedule deviation and to develop improvement measures that are most effective to transit service.


This paper folio is divided into three sections. The first section will discuss what Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus is, its prevalence and incidence as well as diabetic complications and life style implications for people with IDDM. Relevant research with its implications for present and future care will be addressed. -- The second section will consist of a literature review of psycho educational and psychosocial research in relating to students with IDDM. This section will focus on learning patterns and cognitive functioning in these students as well as psychosocial issues such as coping strategies, family functioning, peer relationships and its inter-relationship with diabetes maintenance. -- The third section is directed towards school personnel who work with students with diabetes. Guidelines and suggestions will be given to classroom teachers, physical education teachers, counsellors and administrators to help them provide for the needs of students with diabetes. Legal implications for schools will also be addressed. The financial and emotional burden of IDDM will be discussed. Typical treatment plans for children with diabetes will be reviewed as well as the composition of a comprehensive team.


The nausea and vomiting experienced by one in four cancer patients in anticipation of chemotherapy is probably a learned response to treatment. To determine whether behavioral approaches for altering learned responses might be useful treatments for these symptoms, we compared the effects of "systematic desensitization" (a behavioral treatment in which relaxation is learned as a response to situations in which patients have had anticipatory nausea and vomiting) with those of counseling and of no treatment. Sixty ambulatory cancer patients with anticipatory nausea and vomiting before their third and fourth chemotherapy treatments were randomized equally to the three groups. Significantly more patients receiving desensitization reported no anticipatory nausea before their fifth and sixth chemotherapy treatments than patients given counseling (P less than 0.05) or no treatment (P less than 0.01). Desensitized patients also reported significantly less severe anticipatory nausea (P less than 0.01) and vomiting (P less than 0.05) and a shorter duration of anticipatory nausea (P less than 0.01). We conclude that systematic desensitization appears to have an antiemetic effect in cancer patients who receive chemotherapy, and may be useful in the management of these problems.


Indonesia is a country with a high prevalence of liver disease. Liver is important for survival and plays a role in every metabolic function of the body. One of the causes of liver disorder is because of drugs. One of the drugs that cause liver damage is paracetamol. Glucomannan is a major component of the porang tuber that serves as a soluble fiber. Glucomannan is thought to have hepatotherapy effects as a potential antioxidant.. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of glucomannan porang tuber (Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain ex Hook. F.) with graded doses of the blood levels of SGPT and SGOT wistar male rats induced by paracetamol dose of 1,638 g/kg BB. This research was experimental study. The treatment in this study was porang glucomannan with a dose of 25 mg / kg, 50 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg. The Population of the study was white male of Wistar rats aged 3-4 months with a weight of 180g 250g, and healthy. The result of the analysis showed that glucomannan Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain ex Hook. F.) has an effect as hepatotherapy. Giving glucomannan porang at a dose of 50 mg / kg rat has an effect to decrease blood levels of SGPT and SGOT wistar male rats induced by paracetamol.


We consider a mathematical model which describes the equilibrium between a viscoelastic body in frictionless contact with an obstacle. The contact is modelled with normal compliance, associated with Signorini's conditions and adhesion. The adhesion is modelled with a surface variable, the bonding field, whose evolution is described by a first-order differential equation. We establish a variational formulation of the mechanical problem and prove the existence and uniqueness of the weak solution. The proof is based on arguments of evolution equations with multivalued maximal monotone operators, differential equations and the Banach fixed point theorem.


Novel, nonperipherally tetrasubstituted cationic metal-free and metallophthalocyanines (Zn, In) were synthesized in the present study. The binding constants, the disappearance of quenching effect of all cationic phthalocyanines on the fluorescence intensity of SYBR Green–disodium salt of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from calf thymus complex, and the changes in Tm of double helix DNA with thermal denaturation profile were investigated by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrophotometric methods. To investigate the spontaneity of the reactions between DNA and novel quaternized phthalocyanines in buffer, thermodynamic parameters were employed.


Hwang et al. showed that the Chien et al.'s partially blind signature scheme based on RSA public cryptosystem could not meet the untraceability property of a blind signature. Wen et al. and Wu et al. claimed that Hwang et al.'s attack is incorrect. Later, Fang et al. gave an improvement to against Hwang et al.'s method. In this paper, we pointed out some typographical errors in Wen et al. and Wu et al.'s article; and certained their claims are correction. Thus, the Fang et al. improved scheme may not becomes to be necessary. Chien et al.'s partially blind signature scheme is still satisfy the untraceability property.


This paper presents the extended and re-integrated JCSP library of CSP packages for Java. It integrates the differing advances made by Quickstone's JCSP Network Edition and the"core" library maintained at Kent. A more secure API for connecting networks and manipulating channels is provided, requiring significant internal re-structuring. This mirrors developments in the occam-pi language for mandated direction specifiers on channel-ends. For JCSP, promoting the concept of channel-ends to first-class entities has both semantic benefit (the same as for occampi) and increased safety. Major extensions include alting barriers (classes supporting external choice over multiple multi-way synchronisations), channel output guards (straightforward once we have the alting barriers), channel poisoning(for the safe and simple termination of networks or sub-networks) and extended rendezvous on channel communications (that simplify the capture of several useful synchronisation design patterns). Almost all CSP systems can now be directly captured with the new JCSP. The new library is available under the LGPL open source license.


Objectives: During the first trimester screening, NT measurement is one of the main components in calculating the risk for trisomies. Systematic error is common among accredited sonographers in audit trail. According to the Fetal Medicine Foundation criteria for NT measurement, the calipers should be placed at the thickest area of the subcutaneous translucency with the calipers' arm flush with the line. The objective of this study is to observe the effectiveness of an alignment exercise in improving the accuracy of individual sonographers in caliper placement. Methods: Twenty mid sagittal pictures suitable for NT measurement were selected. Each picture is duplicated into a set of 4 pictures with different caliper placements. (A total of 20 sets = 80 pictures). Fifteen FMF accredited sonographers from two of the teaching hospitals in Singapore took part in the exercise. Twenty MCQ questions were created with these 20 sets of pictures. One out of each set of 4 pictures has the ideal caliper placement. The results were assessed anonymously using an electronic voting system. The aggregate scores were disclosed after each question. The same procedure was repeated again after a 20 minute short revision lecture on criteria of NT measurement by a FMF accredited trainer. The results were saved and statistically analysed for the individual and group accuracy of measurement before and after the lecture. Results: The results are shown in Table 1. Conclusions: There is a statistically significant improvement in caliper placement for FMF accredited sonographers after a caliper placement exercise and lecture. The improvement happened for the sonographers in both the hospital. Continuing education and refresher courses for caliper placement should be conducted from time to time to standardize the caliper placement for FMF accredited sonographers.


Recent in-reactor tensile tests (IRTs) on pure copper have revealed a deformation behaviour which is significantly different from that observed in post-irradiation tensile tests (PITs). In IRTs, the material deforms uniformly and homogeneously without yield drop and plastic instability as commonly observed in PITs. An increase in the pre-yield dose results in an increase in the level of hardening over the whole test periods and a decrease in the uniform elongation suggesting that the materials "remember" the impact of the pre-yield damage level. These features are modelled in terms of the decoration of dislocations with glissile dislocation loops. During pre-yield irradiation, dislocation decoration is due to the one-dimensional (1D) diffusion of cascade induced self-interstitial (SIA) clusters and their trapping in the stress field of the static grown-in dislocations. During post-yield irradiation and deformation, moving dislocations are decorated by the sweeping of matrix loops. The interaction of dislocations with loops and between loops is discussed as a function of the relevant parameters. On this basis, the kinetics of decoration is treated in terms of fluxes of loops to and reactions with each other in a conceived 2D space of decoration. In this space, loop coalescence, alignment and mutual blocking reactions are characterised by appropriate reaction cross sections. In the kinetic equations for "dynamic decoration" under deformation, the evolution of the dislocation density is taken into account. Simple solutions of the kinetic equations are discussed. The apparent memory of the system for the pre-yield dose is identified as the result of simultaneous and closely parallel transient evolutions of the cascade damage and the dislocations up to the end of the IRTs. The contributions of dislocation decoration to yield and flow stresses are attributed to the interaction of dislocations with aligned loops temporarily or permanently immobilized by other loops or SFTs ("decoration enhanced obstacle hardening"). On this basis, the yield and flow stresses are discussed as a function of pre-yield dose, post-yield dose and strain. Assuming physically reasonable values for the parameters involved we are able to reproduce the general trends and the right orders of magnitude of the yield and flow stresses measured in the IRTs on Cu. ISSN 0106-2840 ISBN 978-87-550-3608-6 Contract no.: Underlying Technology Programme Group's own reg. no.: 1610003-00 Sponsorship: EU – Fusion Technology Programme


Introduction: Our aim was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ureteroscopy as a primary treatment for pregnant women with symptomatic ureteric stones who have failed conservative management. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature from January 1990 to June 2011 was performed, including all English language articles. Outcome measures were clinical efficacy, in terms of stone clearance and need for additional procedures, and safety in terms of complications. Results: A total of 239 abstracts were screened and 15 studies were identified reporting on 116 procedures. The surgical methods of stone management employed were stone extraction with basket only (n = 55, 47%), laser fragmentation (n = 27, 23%; holmium, n = 20, pulse dye, n = 7), impact lithotripsy (n = 21, 18%), ureteroscopic lithotripsy (n = 6, 5%) and a combination of methods (n = 6, 5%). A post-operative stent was inserted in 64 of 116 procedures (55%). Complete stone clearance was seen in 100 of the 116 procedures (86%). There were 2 major complications (1 ureteral perforation and 1 case of premature uterine contraction) and 7 minor complications (5 urinary tract infections and 2 cases of post-operative pain). Conclusion: This review suggests that stone clearance using ureteroscopy is a relatively safe option in pregnancy with a high success rate.


High-energy collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) provide valuable insights into open questions in particle physics. However, detector effects must be corrected before measurements can be compared to certain theoretical predictions or measurements from other detectors. Methods to solve this \textit{inverse problem} of mapping detector observations to theoretical quantities of the underlying collision are essential parts of many physics analyses at the LHC. We investigate and compare various generative deep learning methods to approximate this inverse mapping. We introduce a novel unified architecture, termed latent variation diffusion models, which combines the latent learning of cutting-edge generative art approaches with an end-to-end variational framework. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach for reconstructing global distributions of theoretical kinematic quantities, as well as for ensuring the adherence of the learned posterior distributions to known physics constraints. Our unified approach achieves a distribution-free distance to the truth of over 20 times less than non-latent state-of-the-art baseline and 3 times less than traditional latent diffusion models.