The key feature of this book is its clinicalor symptombased approach, as opposed to the system-based layout of most textbooks. The layout is on the basis of symptom complexes and as such is easier to follow, as patients do not present with a diagnosis. However, it is not a substitute for the traditional textbooks in the specialty. I believe that the chapter on Iatrogenic breakthrough bleeding is a valuable inclusion, as a significant proportion of gynaecological patients present with this symptom. Virally transmitted infections as well as HIV infection are important chapters because, being rare diagnoses in routine practice, clinicians feel difficulty in dealing with these. Finally, the chapter on Gynaecological cancer is useful to gynaecologists who are not involved routinely in oncology. This, together with the chapter on Palliative care are useful to those embarking on a career in gynaecology. There is an important quote in this chapter, which says: 'Absence of evidence does not mean that something is not effective, but it means we do not know'. It is all too easy to ignore this basic principle in relentless pursuit of evidence-based medicine. There have been considerable developments in the management of gynaecological conditions and a major shift from a surgical-based specialty to an office-based specialty. I feel that this book is a valuable – and perhaps essential – item on the gynaecologist's desk and in the library.


A single mode optical fiber probe employing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as the transducing mechanism is described. The fiber has one end polished at an angle relative to the longitudinal axis and coated with a thin gold film. Diffraction of the guided mode out of the fiber core, after interaction with the metallized fiber tip enables visual observation of a spatial SPR, the latter arising as a dark strip within the light distribution of the diffracted beam pattern. Modifications induced on the SPR due to variations in material properties of the gaseous environment next to the fiber probe indicated a detection sensitivity for changes in refractive index down to 10/sup -5/. A theoretical model that accounts for the observed diffracted light under SPR as well as the spectral dependence of light reflected back to the fiber input, allows obtaining design parameters for the construction of highly sensitive fiber probes for use in gas sensing applications.


This paper analysed 11 years of daily mean wind-speed data, measured at Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, using Weibull and Rayleigh distribution functions. While both distributions showed good agreements in extreme-value estimation patterns, investigation of their wind-speed characteristics modelling criteria, using goodness-of-fit statistics, revealed that the wind data followed the Weibull more than Rayleigh. Monthly wind-speed of Akure city ranged from 1.41 to 4.24 m/s by the Weibull fittings and from 1.40 to 4.16 m/s by the Rayleigh fittings. Overall results, of 2.71 m/s (Weibull) or 2.70 m/s (Rayleigh) mean wind-speed and 18.51 W/m2 (Weibull) or 22.26 W/m2 (Rayleigh) mean power density, indicated Akure a low wind-speed site, requiring low wind-speed turbine for generating wind energy. Econometric analyses of power output simulations using such turbine system resulted in affordable wind energy cost. These bear policy implications for sustainable wind energy usage in this and similar regions of the world.


We describe the signal processing logic, firmware, and software for a frequency-domain multiplexed biasing and demodulation system that reads out transition-edge-sensor bolometer arrays for millimeter-wavelength cosmology telescopes. This system replaces a mixed-signal readout back end with a much smaller and more power-efficient system relying on field-programmable gate arrays for control, computation, and signal processing. The new system is sufficiently robust, automated, and power efficient to be flown on stratospheric balloon-borne telescopes and is being developed further for satellite applications.


Artificial intelligence conceived either as an attempt to provide models of human cognition or as the development of programs able to perform intelligent tasks, is primarily interested in the uses of language. This paper is not related to any specific research but it covers the problem solving and various AI techniques. Knowledge based systems proved to be much successful that earlier, more general problem solving systems. This paper also focuses on all aspects of knowledge: its representation, organization and manipulation. If anything in this world has advantage it has its disadvantage to. By covering it all in this paper concluded with the future prospects of Artificial intelligence by making man a machine and machine a man.


A nonlinear, numerical model of a compressible atmosphere is used to simulate the hydrostatic and geostrophic adjustment to a localized prescribed heating applied over five minutes with a size characteristic of an isolated, deep, cumulus cloud. This thermal forcing generates both buoyancy waves and a horizontally propagating Lamb wave packet as well as a steady state rich in potential vorticity. The adjustments in three model atmospheres (an isothermal, a constant lapse rate, and one with a stratosphere) are studied. The Lamb wave packet and the two lowest-order buoyancy waves are relatively unaffected by nonlinearities but the higher-order modes and the steady state are. The heating generates a vertically stacked dipole of potential vorticity with a cyclonic perturbation below an anticyclonic perturbation. In contrast to the linear results, the nonlinear dipole is severely distorted by vertical and horizontal advections. In addition, the Lamb wave packet contains some weak positive perturbation potential vorticity. The energetics is examined using traditional and Eulerian available energetics. Traditional energetics consists of kinetic, internal, and potential energies. It is shown that the Lamb wave packet contains more total traditional energy than that input to the atmosphere by the heating. The traditional energy in the packet resides primarily in the form of internal energy and only secondarily in the form of potential energy. The passage of the Lamb wave packet produces an atmosphere that, overall, is cooler, less dense, and with less total traditional energy than the initial atmosphere. Eulerian available energetics consists of kinetic, available potential, and available elastic energies. The heating generates both available elastic and potential energy that is then converted into kinetic energy. Most of the available elastic energy projects onto the Lamb packet, while almost all of the available potential energy is associated with the buoyancy waves and the steady state. The effects of varying the spatial and temporal scale of the heating, while keeping the net heating the same, are examined. As the duration of the heating decreases, the amount of energy projected onto the waves increases. Increasing the size of the heating decreases the amount of energy projected onto the waves. The adjustment is kinetically more vigorous in the nonisothermal atmospheres because of the reduction in the base-state static stability. The presence of a stratosphere produces large anomalies at and above the tropopause that are linked to the vertical motions of the buoyancy wave field.


— Rahner's idea of the "anonymous Christian" is the best known, most controversial and most often misunderstood aspect of his theology. It is important to re-visit the idea because it is not an "optional extra" in his work but rather represents the entire dynamic of his thought. The idea of the "anonymous Christian" is located in two contexts: wider theological discourse, and Rahner's own theology of grace. In response to criticism that the idea relativises and erodes the significance of the historical Christ event it is argued that Rahner re-locates, rather than relativises the incarnation and cross within the totality of God's plan of salvation. Accusations that the idea of the "anonymous Christian" adversely affected the Church's missionary activity, and that the terminology is inappropriate, are also considered. While it is accepted that the terminology is best jettisoned, it is argued that the substance of the idea is found in the teaching of the Second Vatican Council, teaching Rahner himself influenced. It is argued that Rahner's unpacking of the absolute nature of God's salvific will serves as an important corrective both to contemporary Church documents and to theologies, which, in an effort to underscore the uniqueness and indispensable nature of the Church's role in God's plan of salvation, tend to underplay the presence of divine grace in other religions and in the lives of nonChristians. At the same time, Rahner's idea is a challenge to a culture marked by indifference, a position which according to Rahner's theology, cannot be considered salvific.


Waste water could contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) up to concentrations of 30mg/l. Due to their carcinogenic nature, long term persistent, and high mobility in the environment PAHs are considered primary pollutants. Removal of these organic contaminants is highly desirable.Lignin has so far not been commercially utilized as adsorbent. A low surface area and detectable water solubility are considered as the main drawbacks hindering its direct application as an efficient adsorbent for environmentally hazardous organic molecules present in contaminated water.In this project softwood kraft lignin have been modified using different modification methods for the purpose of adsorption of PAH. The modification techniques were physical and chemical. The properties of the treated lignins were evaluated with respect to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurement, water solubility and ability to adsorb naphthalene from water solutions.The physical modification involved thermal treatments of lignin. The effect of three different heating rates and different target temperatures were evaluated. It was shown that slower heating rates rendered in higher BET surface area of the thermally treated lignin. It was found that the total BET surface area was smaller than commercially activated carbon (650m2/g). However, the thermally treated softwood kraft lignins had a higher micro-pore area (around 300m2/g). BET surface area of up to 430 m2/g has been achieved. This is a remarkable increment for a normal untreated lignin which can be considered non porous to undergo to a surface area increments well enough comparable as that of commercially available activated carbon (650m2/g). The thermal treatments did not involve activation of lignin only heating up to the carbonization temperature.The chemical modification involved cross linking of lignin, using paraformaldehyde under alkaline condition at elevated temperature followed by thermal treatment.Naphthalene, which is water soluble PAH, was used as a representative model compound for evaluation of the adsorbing efficiency of the modified lignin adsorbents. The results of the adsorption efficiencies of modified lignins were compared with the adsorption efficiency of commercially activated carbon. The cross-linked lignin showed better adsorption efficiency than thermally treated lignins for naphthalene.


In 1947, a Foreign Office report chaired by Lord Scarbrough claimed that British universities should 'build an academic tradition' in Oriental Studies akin to that which existed in the traditional humanities. This thesis analyses the limitations to this ambition through an historical study of the well-reputed School of Oriental Studies (1950-1989) and its successor, the Department of East Asian Studies (1989-2007), both of which existed at Durham University.

It considers the underlying forces which led to the establishment and closure of these academic departments within the wider context of UK government policies and university politics. Close attention is also paid to the significance of specific individuals who contributed to the growth or closure of these departments at Durham.

The purpose of this very specific case study is to engage – via recent historical example – with the challenges facing Oriental Studies as a valid academic subject and its continuing relevance in British Universities. It therefore includes an introductory discussion about the nature of Oriental Studies as a subject, the meaning of the term 'the Orient', and a brief history of Oriental scholarship in Britain since medieval times.


This paper introduces a dual-regularized ADMM approach to distributed, time-varying optimization. The proposed algorithm is designed in a prediction-correction framework, in which the computing nodes predict the future local costs based on past observations, and exploit this information to solve the time-varying problem more effectively. In order to guarantee linear convergence of the algorithm, a regularization is applied to the dual, yielding a dual-regularized ADMM. We analyze the convergence properties of the time-varying algorithm, as well as the regularization error of the dual-regularized ADMM. Numerical results show that in time-varying settings, despite the regularization error, the performance of the dual-regularized ADMM can outperform inexact gradient-based methods, as well as exact dual decomposition techniques, in terms of asymptotical error and consensus constraint violation.


Conventional definitions of the characteristic impedance, such as the voltage-current, power-current, and power-voltage methods, which have been commonly used for standard nonleaky transmission lines, become invalid when power leakage occurs. In this paper, we present a new theory of the characteristic impedance for printed transmission lines, applicable under the general conditions with or without power leakage. The theory is founded on dual field and circuit theories of transmission lines, formulated in the spectral domain, and uses a new approach called "the wavenumber perturbation approach." In order to correctly compute the complex characteristic impedance under leakage conditions, the new theory requires to carefully "extract out" the surface-wave or parallel plate-wave poles on the complex k-plane. In obvious difference to this, it is well known that the poles must be "included" for a correct solution of the complex propagation constant of the leaky line. Incidentally, unlike the conventional methods, the new theory derives the complex characteristic impedance together with the solution of the phase and attenuation constants, in a single unified procedure. This avoids additional efforts in computational or analytical/formulational complexity. Results for selected cases of interest are presented, which demonstrate the validity and simplicity/elegance of the new theory.


Entomological postage stamps are unique means of communication of science with the public and have been suggested as effective teaching tools in primary and secondary education. A survey of the taxonomic and other information contained on insectand arachnid-themed stamps issued globally from 1891 to 2020 reveals that 30% of these stamps contain various errors and are scientifically unreliable. In addition, representations of insects are highly biased towards only two orders (Lepidoptera and Odonata), while other mega-diverse orders (e.g. Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera) are poorly represented or not represented at all. This phenomenon can negatively affect public perception of priorities in biodiversity and conservation. Standardization of taxonomic information on entomological stamps and implementation of rigorous quality control measures are encouraged to assure dissemination of accurate scientific information.


Capsule Networks, as alternatives to Convolutional Neural Networks, have been proposed to recognize objects from images. The current literature demonstrates many advantages of CapsNets over CNNs. However, how to create explanations for individual classifications of CapsNets has not been well explored. The widely used saliency methods are mainly proposed for explaining CNN-based classifications; they create saliency map explanations by combining activation values and the corresponding gradients, e.g., Grad-CAM. These saliency methods require a specific architecture of the underlying classifiers and cannot be trivially applied to CapsNets due to the iterative routing mechanism therein. To overcome the lack of interpretability, we can either propose new post-hoc interpretation methods for CapsNets or modifying the model to have build-in explanations. In this work, we explore the latter. Specifically, we propose interpretable Graph Capsule Networks (GraCapsNets), where we replace the routing part with a multi-head attention-based Graph Pooling approach. In the proposed model, individual classification explanations can be created effectively and efficiently. Our model also demonstrates some unexpected benefits, even though it replaces the fundamental part of CapsNets. Our GraCapsNets achieve better classification performance with fewer parameters and better adversarial robustness, when compared to CapsNets. Besides, GraCapsNets also keep other advantages of CapsNets, namely, disentangled representations and affine transformation robustness.


Fifty patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) were treated with immunosuppressive regimens consisting of high-dose 6-methylprednisolone (HD-6MPr) followed by or given in combination with anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG). Eighteen of 50 patients given one course of immunosuppression (IS) showed a response, as defined by self-sustaining peripheral blood counts, with no further need for transfusions; 8 of 27 and 2 of 7 patients given, respectively, two or three courses of IS responded. The overall response rate was 28 of 50 (56%). Seventeen patients died, 5 are alive but pancytopenic. The actuarial six-year survival is currently 65%. The following prognostic factors on admission were significantly associated with response to IS: 1) age over 30 years (P = .005), 2) a short interval from diagnosis to treatment (P = .03), 3) a small number of transfusions before treatment (P = .004). The sex of the patient, the number of transfusions before treatment, and the number of CFU-c from unfractionated as well as from T-depleted bone marrow had no significant influence on response to IS. After one month from IS, however, patients responding to IS had a significantly (P = .01) higher number of CFU-c on T-depleted marrow cells, compared with nonresponders. The present study confirms that over 50% of patients with SAA can be successfully treated with IS. Older patients, with a short interval from diagnosis to treatment and with rapid recovery of CFU-c growth on T-depleted marrow, have the best chance for autologous hematopoietic reconstitution.


: This study proposes an investigation of a novel thermal image enhancement based on bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD) and applies this method for rotating machinery fault diagnosis system. In this work, thermal images of machine conditions are firstly decomposed into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) by utilizing BEMD. At each decomposition level, the IMF is expanded and fused with the residue by using gray-scale transformation and principal component analysis fusion technique, respectively. Finally, the enhanced image is rebuilt from the improved IMFs in reconstruction process. In order to diagnose the machine faults, histogram features are extracted from enhanced image. This results in high dimensionality of feature set which causes difficulties for data storage and decreases the accuracy in fault diagnosis. The high dimensionality is surmounted by employing the generalized discriminant analysis (GDA), which is one of the feature extraction methods. The features obtained from GDA are subsequently utilized for fault diagnosis system in which support vector machine is used as classifier. The results show that the proposed enhancement method is capable of improving the accuracy of classification and efficiently assisting in rotating machinery fault diagnosis


Electronic cigarettes (i.e. e-cigarettes) are battery-powered devices that deliver nicotine and other additives such as flavoring in an aerosolized form to an individual. Although originally developed as a smoking cessation device, e-cigarettes are currently marketed as an alternative to tobacco use. There has been a sharp increase nationwide in the use of e-cigarettes in recent years—particularly among adolescents. This is of particular concern because of the adverse health effects of nicotine on adolescent development. Currently, forty of the fifty states prohibit the sales of e-cigarettes to minors. Pennsylvania is one of the ten states that do not restrict youth access to e-cigarettes.
The purpose of this master's essay is to present an argument for the regulation of e-cigarettes in Pennsylvania. In order to achieve this goal, I reviewed the current literature on: the health consequences of e-cigarette use, attitudes and intentions of youth toward e-cigarette use and the policy issues related to the regulation of this product. As a result of this review, I have proposed a strategy for the development of an e-cigarette policy for Pennsylvania. The first step in this strategy involves gathering information from policy makers in order to determine their knowledge of: e-cigarettes, current regulations governing e-cigarettes and their thoughts on the need for future policy in this domain. It is necessary for policy makers to have accurate knowledge and an in-depth understanding of e-cigarette issues in order to inform the development of policies that will protect the health of Pennsylvania residents. This is the public health significance of this study.


A key sticking point of Bayesian analysis is the choice of prior distribution, and there is a vast literature on potential defaults including uniform priors, Jeffreys' priors, reference priors, maximum entropy priors, and weakly informative priors. These methods, however, often manifest a key conceptual tension in prior modeling: a model encoding true prior information should be chosen without reference to the model of the measurement process, but almost all common prior modeling techniques are implicitly motivated by a reference likelihood. In this paper we resolve this apparent paradox by placing the choice of prior into the context of the entire Bayesian analysis, from inference to prediction to model evaluation.


These three poems re-present the findings from a research project that took place in 2013 (Kidd et al. 2018, Kidd et al. 2014). The research explored what health literacy meant for Māori patients and whānau when they accessed palliative care. Through face-to-face interviews and focus groups we engaged with 81 people including patients, whānau, bereaved loved ones, support workers and health professionals. The poems are composite, written to bring some of our themes to life.
The first poem is titled Aue. This is a Māori lament that aligns to English words such as 'oh no', or 'arrgh', or 'awww'. Each stanza of the poem re-presents some of the stories we heard throughout the research.
The second poem is called Tikanga. This is a Māori concept that encompasses customs, traditions and protocols. There are tikanga rituals and processes that guide all aspects of life, death, and relationships. This poem was inspired by an elderly man who explained that he would avoid seeking help from a hospice because 'they leave tikanga at the door at those places'. His choice was to bear his pain bravely, with pride, within his cultural identity.
The third poem is called 'People Like Me'. This is an autoethnographical reflection of what I experienced as a researcher which draws on the work of scholars such as bell hooks (1984), Laurel Richardson (1997) and Ruth Behar (1996). These and many other authors encourage researchers to use frustration and anger to inform our writing; to use our tears to fuel our need to publish our research.


During intratubal development of the brain the reduction delay of the fetal ventricular system is marked as persistence of the physiological hydrocephalus (PPH). PPH was revealed in 26.9%, 30.3% and 21.9% observations of premature and mature infants. The criteria of PPH are the extending of the posterior cornua of lateral ventricle and the absence of the interthalamus commissure in normal indexes of mass and anatomically formed brain. In pathogenesis of PPH the influence of teratogenic factors which enables to put it down to the minimal brain dysplasia is possible. PPH, though it is not of a clinical importance itself, can be favourable background for the developing of the hydrocephalus, but in the majority of the cases during postnatal period it liquidates.


Contemporary analysis of Pacific Islands regionalism is commonly focused on the institutional realm and examines how frameworks of regional governance have evolved and been strengthened. This article, by contrast, provides insight into the less well understood political content of more informal modes of Pacific Islands regional integration. In particular, it examines Pacific women's regional peacebuilding collaborations since the 1960s and 1970s. It demonstrates the political impact of Pacific women's collective responses to conflict in the region during the past forty years while also discussing the varying nature of this activity over time. Consideration is therefore given both to Pacific women's differing conceptual approaches to peacebuilding and to the differing geopolitical scope of their regional peacebuilding networks. The significance of this discussion is two-fold. First, this research provides insight into the history of "bottom-up" forms of regional engagement in the Pacific, a realm of political activity that might, if more broadly recognized, positively complement existing programs that aim to secure future security in the Pacific through regional institutional consolidation. Second, it challenges conventional perspectives on women and peacebuilding that tend to suggest that women respond to conflict in ways that are singular, homogenous, and marginal to the political mainstream.


This specification defines a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) event
package for session-specific policies. This event package enables user
agents (UAs) to subscribe to session policies for a SIP session and to
receive notifications if these policies change. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


In March 2021, Turkey withdrew from The Istanbul Convention, a human-rights treaty that addresses violence against women, citing issues with the convention's implicit recognition of sexual and gender minorities. In this work, we trace disinformation campaigns related to the Istanbul Convention and its associated Turkish law that circulate on divorced men's rights Facebook groups. We find that these groups adjusted the narrative and focus of the campaigns to appeal to a larger audience, which we refer to as"tactical reframing."Initially, the men organized in a grass-roots manner to campaign against the Turkish law that was passed to codify the convention, focusing on one-sided custody of children and indefinite alimony. Later, they reframed their campaign and began attacking the Istanbul Convention, highlighting its acknowledgment of homosexuality. This case study highlights how disinformation campaigns can be used to weaponize homophobia in order to limit the rights of women. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case study that analyzes a narrative reframing in the context of a disinformation campaign on social media.


Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin condition, which has been reclassified as a chronic disease. The spectrum of topical acne treatments has expanded substantially in recent years and various topical medications including topical dapsone are available. Dapsone has special physicochemical properties that make its topical formulation challenging. The aim of this study was preparing a hydrogelthickened microemulsion as a topical delivery system for dapsone. The microemulsions composed of dapsone (5%), isopropyl myristate, tween 80, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethanol and water were prepared. The optimum microemulsion was modified with carbomer 940. Droplet size, pH, refractive index, conductivity, rheology of the optimized formulation, and skin permeation of dapsone through rat skin were evaluated. The optimized formulation significantly increased the skin permeation of dapsone in comparison to that of control gel. Although incorporation of menthol increased the particle size, the flux of microemulgel consisting of menthol (5%) was 2.51 times higher than that of the control. However, the skin absorption of the drug was less than 3%. Six month accelerated studies proved the physicochemical stability of microemulgels. The results of this research indicate that menthol based hydrogelthickened microemulsion system could be a promising vehicle for topical delivery of dapsone.


Epstein-Barr (EB) virus-immortalized B lymphocytes coexpress the EB viral latent gene products (EB viral nuclear antigens 1 to 6, the latent membrane protein and the terminal protein gene products) and the cellular activation antigen CD23. Immortalized B cells can be separated from those which are infected but not immortalized on the basis of CD23 expression as early as 2 days after in vitro infection. In the present report we have confirmed these data, but show that if left in culture for 7 days after infection before separation the CD23-negative cells show a donor-related ability to become CD23-positive and immortalize. CD23-negative cells separated 2 days after infection can be induced to immortalize by the addition of low Mr B cell growth factor but not by the addition of recombinant interleukin 1, 4 or soluble CD23. At 2 to 3 days after infection the EB viral nuclear antigens 1, 2 and the high Mr species 3, 4 and 6, as well as the latent membrane protein can be detected in the CD23-positive fraction. In contrast at this time only nuclear antigens 1 and 2 could be detected in the CD23-negative fraction. This difference in gene expression may account for the inability of the CD23-negative fraction to immortalize. In the light of these observations the mechanism of viral persistence in vivo is discussed.


We give foundational results that explain the efficacy of heuristics used for dealing with quantified formulas and recursive definitions. We develop a framework for first order logic (FOL) over an uninterpreted combination of background theories. Our central technical result is that systematic term instantiation is complete for a fragment of FOL that we call safe. Coupled with the fact that unfolding recursive definitions is essentially term instantiation and with the observation that heap verification engines generate verification conditions in the safe fragment explains the efficacy of verification engines like natural proofs that resort to such heuristics. Furthermore, we study recursive definitions with least fixpoint semantics and show that though they are not amenable to complete procedures, we can systematically introduce induction principles that in practice bridge the divide between FOL and FOL with recursive definitions.


Jacobson argues that our statement that "many climate models may overestimate warming by BC" has not been demonstrated. Jacobson challenges our results on the basis that we have misinterpreted some model results, omitted optical focusing under high relative humidity conditions and by involatile components, and because our measurements consist of only two locations over short atmospheric time periods. We address each of these arguments, acknowledging important issues and clarifying some misconceptions, and stand by our observations. We acknowledge that Jacobson identified one detail in our experimental technique that places an additional constraint on the interpretation of our observations and reduces somewhat the potential consequences of the stated implications.


The bulk of the chapters deal with practical management of the continuum of kidney cancer ranging from the small renal mass to the metastatic patient. Different treatment approaches are discussed within the context of each of these clinical scenarios, and surgical and therapeutic advances are highlighted. In addition, special populations such as patients requiring palliative care, those with brain or bone metastasis and those with inherited renal cell carcinoma are discussed.


MPEG is traditionally committed to the coding and compression of audio-visual data from natural sources. However, the emerging MPEG-4 standard aims not only at encoding the multiple natural audio-visual objects composing the scene, but also synthetic audio and video to be integrated with the natural objects. It also allows more interaction with both synthetic and natural objects. Networked collaborative virtual environments (NCVEs) have a wide range of different networking requirements. This paper analyzes how these requirements could potentially be met by MPEG-4 and shows that MPEG-4 tools could be extremely useful for the development of such environments.


What is a trustee and how should we understand her duties? The existing literature typically identifies the trustee in the role of agent, partner or contracting party. This Article re-envisions the trustee in the role of the legal system's most trusted type of decision-maker: the common law judge. Rather than argue for a top-down recreation of the trustee's role, this Article contends that valuable lessons can be learned by reconceptualizing how trustees, settlors, and beneficiaries view themselves and each other. Using traditional literature about great judging as a touchstone, the Article argues that those qualities essential to principled adjudication — including candor, competence, integrity, and impartiality — offer fresh insights for trust creation and administration and shed light on certain internal trust governance dilemmas. The Article's normative claim is that analogizing trustees to judicial surrogates — arbiters, interpreters, problem-solvers, mediators, and communicators — will provide a way to build greater confidence in what might be called a trust community that originates with the settlor but is perpetuated by the trustee and beneficiaries as they function in the lived world.


The forecast for the first quarter of this century is that the issue of teaching science in the language to which the learner is most familiar will receive more attention in our quest to win more students for science. Over two-thirds of countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe have developed policies on the use of the mother tongue for teaching science in the lower levels of their education system. In spite of this policy thrust, the educational system of many of these countries has not responded fully to the demands of such a policy. Because studies which mapped the dynamics of communication in science classrooms taught using the mother tongue are scant, we remain in the dark as to how best to structure such classrooms. The study was conducted in 12 primary schools and it involved 36 teachers in urban and rural locations of Lagos State, Nigeria. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from primary science classrooms where the mother tongue is expected to be used as a medium of instruction. Mismatch between policy and practice was found especially in urban science classrooms. Among other things, it was found that on the average, science lessons delivered in primary 1 in rural settings, were found to be 93.6% in the mother tongue (L1). In primary 2 this fell to 91.1% and in primary 3–84.6%. In contrast, in the urban schools, mother tongue content was found to be 61.8% in primary 1, 49.2% in primary 2 and 26.6% in primary 3. The geo-spatial communication between and among pupils in urban and rural science classes also showed interesting findings, that is, English served as a mediating language. The implications of the findings for future policy considerations and future research to inform policy are drawn. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50:62–81, 2013


CONTEXT
The relative contribution of genes vs environment in idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) is controversial. Although genetic studies have identified 2 genes in which mutations cause rare single-gene variants of PD and observational studies have suggested a genetic component, twin studies have suggested that little genetic contribution exists in the common forms of PD.

OBJECTIVE
To identify genetic risk factors for idiopathic PD.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Genetic linkage study conducted 1995-2000 in which a complete genomic screen (n = 344 markers) was performed in 174 families with multiple individuals diagnosed as having idiopathic PD, identified through probands in 13 clinic populations in the continental United States and Australia. A total of 870 family members were studied: 378 diagnosed as having PD, 379 unaffected by PD, and 113 with unclear status.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Logarithm of odds (lod) scores generated from parametric and nonparametric genetic linkage analysis.

RESULTS
Two-point parametric maximum parametric lod score (MLOD) and multipoint nonparametric lod score (LOD) linkage analysis detected significant evidence for linkage to 5 distinct chromosomal regions: chromosome 6 in the parkin gene (MLOD = 5.07; LOD = 5.47) in families with at least 1 individual with PD onset at younger than 40 years, chromosomes 17q (MLOD = 2.28; LOD = 2.62), 8p (MLOD = 2.01; LOD = 2.22), and 5q (MLOD = 2.39; LOD = 1.50) overall and in families with late-onset PD, and chromosome 9q (MLOD = 1.52; LOD = 2.59) in families with both levodopa-responsive and levodopa-nonresponsive patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that the parkin gene is important in early-onset PD and that multiple genetic factors may be important in the development of idiopathic late-onset PD.


There is increasing evidence for communication among pituitary cells. Hormone-producing pituitary cells may communicate with each other and with folliculostellate cells. The latter cells surround pituitary hormone–producing cells and are connected by tight junctions to form a network that allows for their coordinated function. Folliculostellate cells are targets of cytokines, peptides, and steroid hormones, and produce growth factors and cytokines, including follistatin, the dynamic regulator of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production that binds activin, and limits activin signaling. Pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating peptide (PACAP) and its receptor are found in folliculostellate cells in which they stimulate transcription of the follistatin gene through cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. When PACAP increases, follistatin levels increase, and FSH-b mRNA is reduced. PACAP also activates gonadotrophs to stimulate transcription of the gonadotropin a -subunit gene and lengthen the LH-b mRNA, presumably to prolong it half-life, and increases responsiveness to GnRH. Accord-ingly, PACAP differentially regulates FSH and LH, and may prove to be a key player in reproduction through a novel paracrine mechanism.


An immunotoxin has been made by coupling anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope antibody 907 to ricin A chain (907-RAC). 907 recognizes an epitope within the immunodominant PB-1 loop of gp120. Variant cells were selected by cloning persistently infected H9/human T lymphocyte virus IIIB cells in the presence of the immunotoxin. Clones resistant to 907-RAC arose at a frequency of 0.1-1.0%. Seven clones were selected for intensive analysis. When studied, these clones fell into two distinct groups, members of which appeared to be identical, suggesting that the variation arose before the selection process. In contrast to the parent cells, none of the cloned variants produced infectious HIV. The first set of clones, designated the "E" variants, expressed decreased levels of the HIV envelope on the cell surface. However, levels of intracellular HIV antigens and reverse transcriptase were equal to or greater than that of the parental cell line. Radioimmunoprecipitation demonstrated that the gp160 was truncated to 145 kD (gp120 was normal length), capable of binding to CD4, and, unlike normal gp160, was released in its unprocessed form into the cellular supernatant. Sequence analysis demonstrated that a deletion at codon 687 of the envelope gene resulted in the production of this truncated protein. Ultrastructural analysis of E variants demonstrated some budding forms of virus, but also large numbers of HIV within intracellular vesicles. The second set of variants, the "F" series, produced no HIV antigens, reverse transcriptase, nor was there ultrastructural evidence of virus. However, proviral DNA was present. Virus could not be induced with agents known to activate latent HIV. These cells also lacked cell surface CD4 and could not be infected with HIV. These studies demonstrate that variation in HIV can affect the phenotype of the cells carrying the altered virus, allowing for escape from immunologic destruction. The E variants may serve as prototypes for attenuated HIV, which could be used as a vaccine. We have reconstructed the mutation found in the E variants within the infectious HIV clone HXB-2 and demonstrated that the resulting virus retains its noninfectious phenotype.


Fifteenth century Scotland relied upon matrimonial diplomacy to create ties with mainland Europe and further solidify their alliances with the French and Burgundian courts. Studies of matrimonial diplomacy often solely focus on the political lead-up to the marital alliances, rather on the fates of the individual women who were thrust into foreign courts to sink or swim. Focusing on six key examples of Scottish royal women of the fifteenth century in comparison with the feminine ideals of Christine de Pizan's The Treasure of the City of the Ladies and the popular memory of St. Margaret, this paper attempts to address how the Scottish royal women of the fifteenth century worked within societal expectations to solidify their powerbase and create a role for themselves at court.


During the lifetime of a building, the highest risk is in the construction phase. The collapse of scaffolding systems occurs quite often with considerable accidents reported. This paper studies the major flaws or imperfections sequences that lead more easily to the collapse of a scaffolding system. The study has been focused in three different types of steel scaffolding systems: joint tubes, multidirectional and prefabricated systems, which are the most commonly used in construction. Diverse load tests on these different types of steel scaffolding systems have been made with commercially available software. The analysis has considered building imperfections, diverse base boundary conditions, effects of lateral restraint arrangement and different load distributions. Finally, the study propose an empirical formula to determine the critical load of a steel scaffolding system using the typology of the scaffolding system, the number of story levels and the different boundary conditions.


Relationships among representatives of the five major Hawaiian Drosophila species groups were examined using data from eight different gene regions. A simultaneous analysis of these data resulted in a single most-parsimonious tree that (1) places the adiastola picture-winged subgroup as sister taxon to the other picture-winged subgroups, (2) unites the modified-tarsus species group with flies from the Antopocerus species group, and (3) places the white-tip scutellum species group as the most basal taxon. Because of the different gene sources used in this study, numerous process partitions can be erected within this data set. We examined the incongruence among these various partitions and the ramifications of these data for the taxonomic consensus, prior agreement, and simultaneous analysis approaches to phylogenetic reconstruction. Separate analyses and taxonomic consensus appear to be inadequate methods for dealing with the partitions in this study. Although detection of incongruence is possible and helps elucidate particular areas of disagreement among data sets, separation of partitions on the basis of incongruence is problematic for many reasons. First, analyzing all genes separately and then either presenting them all as possible hypotheses or taking their consensus provides virtually no information concerning the relationships among these flies. Second, despite some evidence of incongruence, there are no clear delineations among the various gene partitions that separate only heterogeneous data. Third, to the extent that problematic genes can be identified, these genes have nearly the same information content, within a combined analysis framework, as the remaining nonproblematic genes. Our data suggest that significant incongruence among data partitions may be isolated to specific relationships and the "false" signal creating this incongruence is most likely to be overcome by a simultaneous analysis. We present a new method, partitioned Bremer support, for examining the contribution of a particular data partition to the topological support of the simultaneous analysis tree.


Antigen-antibody systems (antigens: histone, Sm, Ro, La) are described. Aspects of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and monitoring in SLE are especially considered. Their relevance in view of SLE-subclassification is discussed. Antibodies directed against histone and Sm, and--with some restriction--against Ro/La also are valuable tools in immunological characterization of SLE. Antibodies against La have only in association with anti-Ro-antibodies prognostic importance.


INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains an important risk factor for chronic lung disease (CLD) in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA), but our understanding of the nature of post-TB lung damage, its evolution over time, and the associated morbidity remains limited. This information is needed to inform clinical care and health system approaches to the management of those surviving PTB disease.

METHODS: A general review of the literature on CLDs in sSA, TB disease and epidemiology, and post-TB lung damage and its associated morbidity were completed, followed by a systematic review of the prevalence and pattern of post-TB structural lung pathology. Primary data presented in this thesis were drawn from two studies based in urban Blantyre, Malawi.
The first was a cross-sectional survey of respiratory abnormalities amongst adults in the community which was completed as part of the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) initiative. The second was a prospective cohort study of HIV-positive and negative adults completing treatment for PTB which aimed to describe a) the prevalence of respiratory pathology at TB treatment completion using symptoms, quality of life scores, spirometry and high-resolution CT imaging, and b) the relationships between post-TB lung damage at treatment completion and adverse outcomes over 1-year of followup.

RESULTS: The systematic review identified 39 studies of variable quality describing post-TB structural lung damage. A lack of prospective data, and data from sSA and HIV-positive groups was noted. Few studies related structural damage to symptoms, spirometry, or morbidity. The BOLD data estimated a high burden of respiratory symptoms and abnormal spirometry amongst adults aged ≥18 years in urban Blantyre: 11.8% reported ≥1 symptom, and 4.8% had airway obstruction. The prevalence of the low-FVC pattern of abnormal spirometry varied according to the reference range used for standardisation, from 9.0% (local reference range) to 38.6% (NHANES III reference range). A considerable burden of residual lung pathology was seen amongst 405 adults completing treatment for PTB in Blantyre: 60.7% had ongoing weekly/monthly respiratory symptoms, and 34.2% of participants had abnormal spirometry at PTB treatment completion. Participants had a median of 1.4 lobes of abnormal parenchyma on CT imaging. Moderate-severe bronchiectasis was seen in 44%, and 9.6% had ≥1 'destroyed' lobe. The burden of pathology was lower in HIV-positive vs. HIV-negative adults, but patterns of abnormality were similar. The odds of ongoing respiratory symptoms or an impaired quality of life at 1-year were over three-fold higher amongst those with both extensive structural damage and abnormal spirometry at PTB treatment completion.

CONCLUSION: Post-TB lung damage is a common but neglected form of CLD amongst both HIV-positive and negative adults in Malawi, and occurs against a high background prevalence of respiratory symptoms and abnormal spirometry in the community. Severe forms are associated with considerable ongoing morbidity including persistent symptoms and reduced quality of life. Further work is required to understand the range of patterns of post-TB lung damage, and their relationship with long-term outcomes such as respiratory exacerbations and mortality. However, this is a neglected population and interventions to maximise their health following PTB treatment completion are required.


The U.S financial crisis started in October 2005. The level of new home starts would have replaced the total owner occupied housing stock in 37 years. Much faster than desirable. Mortgage interest rates also went up in same month. In 2006 mortgage lending went on unabated, but housing values did not keep pace. Securitisation led to the well known liquidity crisis in 2008.The impression was given that investors could get out of mortgage risks on a daily basis. Banking crisis, economic crisis and government deficit funding crisis followed. The paper sets out why the crises were foreseeable, avoidable but are also solvable in the short term.


There is a growing body of studies on applying deep learning to biometrics analysis. Certain circumstances, however, could impair the objective measures and accuracy of the proposed biometric data analysis methods. For instance, people with chronic pain (CP) unconsciously adapt specific body movements to protect themselves from injury or additional pain. Because there is no dedicated benchmark database to analyse this correlation, we considered one of the specific circumstances that potentially influence a person's biometrics during daily activities in this study and classified pain level and pain-related behaviour in the EmoPain database. To achieve this, we proposed a sparsely-connected recurrent neural networks (s-RNNs) ensemble with the gated recurrent unit (GRU) that incorporates multiple autoencoders using a shared training framework. This architecture is fed by multidimensional data collected from inertial measurement unit (IMU) and surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors. Furthermore, to compensate for variations in the temporal dimension that may not be perfectly represented in the latent space of s-RNNs, we fused hand-crafted features derived from information-theoretic approaches with represented features in the shared hidden state. We conducted several experiments which indicate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in classifying both pain level and pain-related behaviour.


: The 1981 New Zealand census has shown that since 1976 the proportion of cigarette smokers has fallen from 40% to 35% in men and from 32% to 29% in women. In men, there has been a reduction in smoking in every age group, but in women smoking has increased in those aged 20-24 and 70-74 years. More girls aged 15-19 years are smokers than boys. Maori rates of smoking are much higher than other ethnic groups but since 1976 there has been a considerable reduction in the proportion of Maori men and women who smoke. The important exception is that smoking by Maori women aged 20-24 years has increased to very high levels (70%). Almost half the men and a third of the women who smoke consume 20 or more cigarettes a day. The average number of cigarettes smoked per day has fallen since the 1976 census to 18 for men and 14 for women. From 1976 to 1981, the prevalence of smoking in New Zealand has shown a considerable reduction in non-Maori and Maori men and women of most ages, except for younger women.


Five chrysopetalid species are reported from samples collected at bathyal depths in three NE Atlantic regions: the Bay of Biscay, the Horseshoe Abyssal Plain and the Gulf of Cadiz. Arichlidon reyssi (Katzmann et al., 1974), Dysponetus caecus (Langerhans, 1880) and D. profundus Böggemann, 2009 are free-living forms found mainly on biogenic substrates (e.g., coral and sunken wood). A brief description and taxonomical remarks are given for each of these species and their geographical distributions and habitat records were updated accordingly. Natsushima bifurcata Miura & Laubier, 1990 and Craseoschema thyasiricola gen. et sp. nov. are symbionts inhabiting the mantle cavity of chemosynthesis-based bivalves known from four mud volcanoes from the Gulf of Cadiz. Craseoschema thyasiricola gen. et sp. nov. was found inside a thyasirid bivalve and presents mixed morphological characteristics of free-living and symbiotic forms within Calamyzinae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971. A full description of the new species is given together with DNA sequences of the genes COI, 16S and H3 that were used in a phylogenetic analysis to indicate the position of the new genus within the family.


We have used a smooth muscle cell line isolated from rabbit carotid artery (RCA) as a model system with which to study the ligand-mediated regulation of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptor. RCA cells bind rat alpha-ANP-(1-28) semi-irreversibly at 4 degrees C, apparently to a single class of high-affinity binding sites (Kd approximately equal to 5 pM). In contrast, ANP initially bound to RCA cells at 37 degrees C is fully reversible after the cells have been cooled to 4 degrees C. Although the measured dissociation constant for binding rat alpha-ANP-(1-28) is 10-fold lower at 4 degrees C than at 37 degrees C, the maximum amount of specifically bound radioligand is equivalent at both temperatures. We infer this to be suggestive of ANP receptor recycling occurring at 37 degrees C. This hypothesis is substantiated by experiments demonstrating the rapid disappearance of ANP receptors (measured at 4 degrees C) after exposure of RCA cells to ANP at 37 degrees C. We believe this reflects a loss of cell-surface receptors that is reversible on removal of ANP from the incubation medium at 37 degrees C. The concentration dependence and rank order of potency of ANP in eliciting receptor redistribution resembles that for binding to the ANP receptor and not for eliciting cyclic GMP formation. In contrast to this striking loss of presumed cell-surface receptors, incubation of RCA cells with ANP elicits only limited desensitization of the cyclic GMP response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


DNA single-strand breaks are caused by aqueous extracts of cigarette tar, due to the reduction of oxygen to superoxide by tar and the subsequent production of hydroxyl radicals. The action of DNA metabolism enzymes on these single-strand breaks has been studied to probe the consequences of these lesions for DNA repair. Our results demonstrate that cigarette tar-induced nicks are blocked at the 3' terminus since they are totally incapable of activating DNA for DNA synthesis by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. The 3' termini of these tar-induced nicks are activated, however, for DNA synthesis by E. coli exonuclease III or by the 3' phosphatase activity of T4 polynucleotide kinase. Because of the inability of tar-induced lesions to support DNA synthesis, they probably require a multi-step process for repair in vivo. As a consequence, the overall likelihood of mutation is increased due to the possibility for error at each step of the repair process.


These abstracts are brief summaries of articles which have appeared in recent issues of phytotherapy journals, most of which are held in the NHAA library.


: Purpose: This study's main objective is to identify and analyze the main determinants of youth unemployment in Jordan. Design/Approach/Methodology: The study employs a Multinomial logistic regression model (MLM) to analyze the determinants of youth unemployment in Jordan using data based on the Jordan labor market panel survey (JLMPS) in 2016, which was conducted by the Department of Statistics (DOS). Findings: The study finds that youth employment in Jordan is influenced by gender, educational level, geographical location, and marital status. According to the youths covered by this study, male youth stand a better chance of being employed than the female counterpart. Therefore, special attention must be paid to integrating the youth and particularly females better into the labor market for increasing the prospect of their employment. Practical Implication: The results can be used to mitigate the problems of youth unemployment, especially female youth unemployment, in Jordan and other Arab countries. Policymakers must focus on certain constraints, such as mobility and cultural factors, as roadblocks that may cause relatively higher youth female unemployment. Originality/Value : This is one of the latest attempts to identify, investigate, and analyze the causes of youth unemployment in Jordan. The study adds to scholarly debate on youth unemployment's main determinants by giving evidence from a developing country. However, this study unveils a unique feature of youth unemployment in Jordan; this study will bridge the literature gap, especially for Jordan, and help improve overall youth unemployment .


:
Janine R Wedel is contributing editor of "Research on Policy," the AAA Interest Group for the Anthropology of Public Policy column in Anthropology News.


REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY
There is little information available to define conformational changes with age using an objective but practical method of recording specific body measurements.

OBJECTIVE
To analyse conformation objectively in a population of racing Thoroughbreds and describe the changes from weanling to age 3 years.

METHODS
Annual photographs were taken over 4 years and conformation measurements made from photographs using specific reference points marked on the horses.

RESULTS
Correlation analysis revealed highly significant, moderate to strong relationships between long bone lengths and wither height for all ages. All long bone lengths showed moderate to strong relationships with each other for all ages. The front and rear pastern angles were significantly correlated with the angle of the dorsal surface of the front and rear hooves, respectively, for all. Wither height, croup height and length of neck topline, neck bottomline, scapula, humerus, radius and femur increased significantly from age 0-1 year and age 1-2 years. Hoof lengths (medial and lateral, right and left) grew significantly between the ages of 0 and 1 and 1 and 2 years, but decreased in length between age 2 and 3 years. Horses became more offset in the right limb between weanling and age 3 years, but the offset ratios did not change with age on the left limb. The angle of the scapula (I), shoulder and radiometacarpus significantly increased between all age groups (became more upright). The angle of the dorsal surface of the hooves (both front and hind) decreased significantly from ages 0 to 1 and 1 to 2 years, but showed no significant difference between ages 2 and 3 years.

CONCLUSIONS
A strong relationship between long bone lengths and wither height for all ages supports the theory that horses are proportional. Longitudinal bone growth in the distal limb increased only 5-7% from weanling to age 3 years and is presumably completed prior to the yearling year. Several growth measures increased from ages 0 to 1 and 1 to 2 years, but did not increase from age 2-3 years; indicating that growth rate either slowed or reached a plateau at this time.

POTENTIAL RELEVANCE
This study provides objective information regarding conformation and skeletal growth in the Thoroughbred which can be utilised for selection and recognition of significant conformational abnormalities.


We present an optimum diversity receiver called blind ratio combining (BRC) that minimizes the average symbol error probability or maximizes the average output SNR, where the channels' time delays and the random phases are known, while the fading amplitudes are unknown. In contrast to previous works, where efforts were made to find a posteriori probabilities at the receiver, the BRC simply calculates the optimum weights, which depend on the channel's statistics, avoiding continuous channel estimation, and thus, it significantly reduces the system's complexity. In nonidentical multipath fading channels with power delay profile (PDP), the BRC receiver performs between maximal ratio combining (MRC) and equal gain combining (EGC), and keeps its performance comparable - and in some cases superior - to that of generalized selection combining, while for large values of the decay factor, it approaches MRC. Moreover, in the important practical case of exponential PDP - common in RAKE receivers modeling and adopted for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System spatial channel modeling by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute-3GPP - the optimum weights can be accurately approximated by simple elementary functions. Furthermore, it is proved that the utilization of these weights ensures an error performance improvement over EGC for arbitrary PDPs. The proposed BRC receiver can be efficiently applied in wireless wideband communication systems, where a large number of diversity branches exists, due to the strong multipath effects.


Most archaeologists agree that public outreach is an important part of archaeological practice. Communication of fresh results from excavations and new research creates both legitimacy and greater understanding of our activities. In Norway, large scale archaeological excavations are often funded by the public sector, and public outreach is considered an important way of giving something back to society. Still, reaching out to the public is often downgraded during stressful fieldwork and considered as something you do when (or if) you have some spare time. This is unfortunate, because fieldwork is what most people associate with archaeology and has a huge potential when it comes to public outreach. In 2017-2019 the University of Bergen carried out a large excavation project, Sotrasambandet. While excavating 12 sites, we wanted to reach the public as well, to present fresh findings, introduce them to our methods, tell stories from the excavation and of course of what Stone Age life in Western Norway could have been like. In total, we produced 56 films and several different texts, and used social media as well as "open day" (evt. public day?), talks and small exhibitions to reach people. The films got great feedback, and were appreciated by schoolchildren, politicians and journalists alike.


In the article "Information war and it's possibility in criminal intelligence" unexamined theme is being investigated. In the world the concept of information war is usually connected with military conflicts. The aim of this article is to reveal the possibility of information war in criminal intelligence. In the article analyse not only theory questions but in practical activity realistically applicable thoughts and some tactical aspects are given. That is done in the context of fight against organized crime. At the same time it is tried to encourage scientific and practical workers to comprehensive information war studies.


We have recently shown that the operator expectation values for the quantum dynamical systems of singular Hamiltonians, cannot be expanded into temporal Maclaurin series. Depending on the nature of the system under consideration and the relevant operator, either a finite number of terms can exist while the others become infinite or the series can convergence only at the beginning of the evolution even if the coefficients of the series all exist. This however happens when the initial wave packet has some features leading us to nonintegrabilities in certain expectation values. The reason why this happens underlies beneath the fact that the certain images of the initial wave packet under certain natural number powers of the Hamiltonian become nonintegrable. This negativity can be bypassed by using certain weight functions in the expectation value definition and corresponds to working on an extended space constructed from the Hilbert space in which the initial and any time wave function lay. We have used a two parameter weight function in our most recent publication. Here, in this work, we extend the weight function to multiparameter structures where the number of parameters is more than two and may climb even up to infinity.


This study outlines the estimation of entropy generation of a stored liquid-vapour combination. A salient feature of the present study is the incorporation of a separated flow model for the calculation of entropy generated by a diabatic two phase system. Equations of state corresponding to different thermodynamic equilibria are used for these calculations. Two distinct expressions are proposed for the determination of the total entropy generated by the diabatic saturated two phase system that comprise liquid and ullage regions. The dissipative energy losses in various liquid-ullage systems is quantified through the derived mathematical relations obtained for the overall entropy generated by the system. These developed expressions form the basis of an experimental determination of the entropy generation rate. A parametric study on temperature influencing entropy generation has been performed in the context of different thermal transport mechanisms. The influence of fill levels on entropy generation was also analysed by considering a low and an intermediate filling ratio. The study concluded the influence of central zone of thermodynamic equilibrium with maximum wall convection and minimum concentration gradient on the overall entropy generated by the system.

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This paper presents an analysis of the effect of CO2 laser processing parameters on the surface modification and heat treatment of steels. The CO2 laser and sample movement process parameters are presented. The controlled operation of these in conjunction with each other is required to obtain better surface hardness and structure. H13 tool steel samples were rotated at high speeds to keep exposure times below 0.3s. Laser processed samples were analysed using EDX spectroscopy, optical microscopy, Vickers and Martens micro-hardness testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results show how the hardness profile through the surface is related to the laser treatment and resultant microstructures. Increased surface hardness was noted due to a complete microstructural transformation to an amorphous state in the glazed samples. The usefulness of such coatings on tool steels, in conjunction with other thermal barriers, for the forming of semi-solid steel alloys is presented.


We have been exploring whether multi voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) of functional magnet resonance imaging (fMRI) data can be used to infer the mental states of students learning mathematics. This approach has shown considerable success in tracking static mental states such as whether a person is thinking about a location or an animal. Applying this to our case involves significant challenges not faced in many MVPA applications because it is necessary to track changing student states over time. The paths of states that students take in solving problems can be quite variable. Nevertheless, we have achieved relatively high accuracy in determining what step a student is on when solving a sequence of problems and whether that step is being performed correctly. Hidden Markov models can then be used to combine behavioral and brain-imaging data from an intelligent tutoring system to track mental states during student's problem-solving episodes.


Methanogenic archaea use a [NiFe]-hydrogenase, Frh, for oxidation/reduction of F420, an important hydride carrier in the methanogenesis pathway from H2 and CO2. Frh accounts for about 1% of the cytoplasmic protein and forms a huge complex consisting of FrhABG heterotrimers with each a [NiFe] center, four Fe-S clusters and an FAD. Here, we report the structure determined by near-atomic resolution cryo-EM of Frh with and without bound substrate F420. The polypeptide chains of FrhB, for which there was no homolog, was traced de novo from the EM map. The 1.2-MDa complex contains 12 copies of the heterotrimer, which unexpectedly form a spherical protein shell with a hollow core. The cryo-EM map reveals strong electron density of the chains of metal clusters running parallel to the protein shell, and the F420-binding site is located at the end of the chain near the outside of the spherical structure. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00218.001


Elementary carbon in solid state might exist in variety of allotropic forms including graphite, diamond and amorphous carbon. Among them, graphite is in the stable form with chemical carbon activity a(C) = 1 whereas diamond is in meta-stable state and amorphous carbon is in un-stable state with a(C) higher than 1. Experimental evidences showed that carbide and carbo-nitride being in equilibrium with carbon possessing a(C) higher than 1 was with higher C content than the corresponding ones in equilibrium with graphite. In case of gaseous ammonia NH 3, higher nitrogen activity a(N)and higher hydrogen activity a(H) than the ones corresponding to the equilibrium partial pressure levels, p(N 2) and p(H 2), might be gained by suppressing its dissociation to a level away from the equilibrium state for the given temperature T by flowing. Thus, under flowing NH 3 gas, nitride or carbo-nitride with N content higher than that in equilibrium with N 2 gas at p(N 2) anticipated from the dissociation equilibrium at the given T might be obtained. Chronological development of this line of work started by Prof. Masahiro Katsura in early seventies at Osaka University is reviewed in this paper as I was one of collaborators involved in this very exciting research work from the early stage of its development.


Based on technology of multi-resolution wavelet analysis, a simulating method for velocity signals of blasting seismic waves was put forward. The simulation signals not only represent main characteristic parameters of blasting seismic waves, but also consider action of several dominant frequencies of sub-bands with large energy proportion. It is indicated by comparing structural dynamic response to simulation signals and measured signals that the method for simulating blasting seismic signals based on technology of wavelet analysis has great practical value and feasibility.


Within the context of service inquiries, and the specialized inferential logic associated with the particularized activities (Levinson 1992) there is a gap in the orientations of customers and service representatives. Specifically, one problem that arises in customer service encounters is that customers and service representatives appear to arrive at different understandings of what constitutes a relevant response to a service inquiry. By examining one type of customer service context, calls to an electronic repair facility, this article offers a conversation analytic account of how customers use formulations to collaboratively achieve a mutually agreed upon answer to their service inquiry and close the gap in the underlying logics that emerge in these calls.


We investigate photon emission at the hadronization stage of high-energy heavy-ion collisions. According to coalescence/recombination models for hadronization from a quark-gluon plasma (QGP), quarks and antiquarks closely locating in the phase space are assumed to suddenly form a hadron. Transition from free quark/antiquark states to hadrons (bound states of quarks or antiquarks) is, however, an energy violating process, and should be accompanied by emission of other particles to compensate the energy difference between the initial and final states.We consider the case where the additional particle is a photon, which is an analog of the "radiative recombination," a well-known process in plasma physics. The radiative recombination, such as e− + p →H + γ, occurs when an electromagnetic plasma goes back to an atomic gas. When a QGP hadronizes, we expect similar processes, such as q+q̄ →π +γ, to take place. As a simplest and phenomenological realization of the radiative recombination for hadronization, we modify the recombination model so that the energy is conserved by the introduction of photon emission. Our "radiative hadronization" picture which is realized by this simple model has the following properties: (i) it brings about enhancement of the photon yield, (ii) radiated photons flow similarly as hadrons, and (iii) the pT distribution of emitted photons mimics thermal distribution whose effective temperature is given by blue-shifted quark's temperature. We also present numerical results combined with a hydrodynamic model on the pT spectrum and elliptic flow parameter of the photon at RHIC and LHC energies.


A clinical scoring method was used to assess the severity of the presentation of acute asthma in children admitted to hospital over a 20 year period. A significant increase in severity was observed between 1975 and 1985, as well as an overall 29-fold increase in admission numbers between 1965 and 1985. Changes in drug treatment of acute asthma over this period are reported.


ABSTRACT Tuffaceous claystone with anomalously well-preserved radiolarian tests of Berriasian age was collected from the oceanward slope of the Mariana trench using the Japanese submersible Shinkai 6500. The rock is porous and light, slightly calcareous, and has experienced neither significant compaction nor deformation. Younger Cretaceous cherts are composed of recrystallized opal-CT and quartz silica phases, in which tests were destroyed, dissolved, and deformed. However, the oldest claystone still contains radiolarian tests of biogenic opal-A and dehydrated opal-A (opal-A), showing slight dissolution. This anomalous preservation of reactive biosilica required isolation from ordinary chemical and physical diagenetic conditions since deposition. The unusually weak diagenesis might occur from either avoidance of deep burial or unique chemical and physical microenvironments controlled by the clay-rich composition. The latter would include the effect of high pore-fluid pressure due to low permeability, which may favor the anomalous preservation found in this rock.


"All the Colors I am Inside" celebrates the spectrum of voices in youth literature as well as the transformative discoveries we can make through reading diversely. The theme for this display sprung from a partnership between the student organization, Students Expanding Austin Literacy (SEAL), and UT Libraries. SEAL reached out in search of educational materials and books that reflect the experiences of the K-12 students they serve in the Austin community. UT Libraries responded, adding a SEAL page to the Youth Literature research guide and creating a display which includes book recommendations from both Library staff and SEAL members. With this inaugural display highlighting the Perry-Castaneda Library's circulating materials, UT Libraries intends to continue encouraging patron engagement with its collections through rotating displays. "All the Colors I am Inside" is located on the third floor of PCL and will be on view through May 4, 2018.


Abstract. Anthropogenic nitrogen fluxes into surface freshwater bodies significantly impair water quality (WQ), pose serious health hazards, and create critical environmental threats. Quantification of the magnitude and impact of WQ issues requires identifying the key controls of nitrogen dynamics and assessing past and future patterns of global nitrogen flows. To achieve this, we adopted a data-driven, machine learning approach to build a space-time random forest model for simulating nitrogen concentration in 115 major river basins of the world. The proposed random forest-based WQ model regressed the monthly measured nitrogen concentration collected at 718 river stations across the globe for the period of 1992–2010 onto a set of 17 predictor variables with a spatial resolution of 0.5-degree. The resulting model was validated with data from river basins outside the training dataset, and was used to predict nitrogen concentrations in all river basins globally, including many with scarce or no observations. We predict that the regions with highest median nitrogen concentrations in their rivers (in 2010) were: United States, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, and most of Europe. Furthermore, our results showed that the rate of increase between 1990s and 2000s was greatest in rivers located in eastern China, eastern and central parts of Canada, Baltic states, southern Finland, Pakistan, parts of Russia, mainland southeast Asia, and south-eastern Australia. We found that, globally, the most influential predictors of nitrogen concentrations are temporal: month of the year and cumulative month count, reflecting the secular trend. Apart from temporal variables, cattle density, nitrogen fertilizer application, temperature, precipitation, and pig population are the most influential predictors of nitrogen pollution of the river systems. The proposed global WQ model will provide a new tool to explore agricultural and land management strategies designed to reduce nitrogen pollution in freshwater bodies at large spatial scales.


We examine how group-specific differences in reservation wage, arising due to asymmetries in social entitlements, impact on distribution via the joint determination of class conflict between workers and employers, and 'ethnic' conflict among workers. We model a two-dimensional contest, where two unions, representing different sections of workers, jointly but non-cooperatively invest resources against employers in enforcing an exogenously given rent, while also contesting one another. The rent arises from a 'living' wage, set above reservation wage rates via labour regulations. We show that high reservation wage workers gain, and employers lose, from better social entitlements for low reservation wage workers. The latter however benefit, with employers and against the former, from weak labour regulations. When minority/immigrant workers are marginalized both in the labour market and in non-wage entitlements, improving job access and expanding 'social support' has contradictory effects on class and ethnic conflicts. 'Trade unionism', i.e. political articulation of shared economic interests alone, appears insufficient to temper ethnic conflicts among workers.


Making Social Science Matter presents an exciting new approach to social science, including theoretical argument, methodological guidelines, and examples of practical application. Why has social science failed in attempts to emulate natural science and produce normal theory? Bent Flyvbjerg argues that the strength of social science is in its rich, reflexive analysis of values and power, essential to the social and economic development of any society. Richly informed, powerfully argued, and clearly written, this book provides essential reading for all those in the social and behavioral sciences.


Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L .) microtubers or field-grown tubers have a dormant apical bud (also called tuber dormancy). They do not readily sprout even if environmental conditions are favorable, including optimum temperature and humidity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the involvement of hydrogen peroxide (by direct or indirect application of thiourea, a catalase inhibitor) in dormancy release and sprouting of potato microtubers and tubers was evaluated using two complementary experiments. First, the kinetics of the sprouting (percentage of sprouted microtubers with time) was examined on microtubers planted in peat and cultivated in a glasshouse after exogenous application of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (20, 40 and 60 mM) and thiourea (250, 50 0 and 750 mM). Second, the sprouting kinetics was examined on field-grown tubers during storage, after application of hydrogen peroxide (20, 40, 60 and 80 mM) and thiourea (250, 500, 750 and 1000 mM). Their sprouting capacity was also evaluated. Then, kinetics of field emergence of treated and sprouted tubers was examined after planting them in a field. Direct application of hydrogen peroxide or application of catalase inhibition through thiourea application on the release of dormancy promote sprouting on potato microtubers and field-grown tubers. Results showed that hydrogen peroxide (20 mM) caused rapid and synchronous sprouting of microtubers; while higher concentrations (40 and 60 mM), caused asynchronous sprouting. Thiourea at a concentration of 250 mM was the most effective in reducing the dormancy period and increasing the number of sprouted microtubers. In field experiment, sprouting was optimal when tubers were treated with 60 mM of hydrogen peroxide; whereas at a lower concentration, sprouting was less stimulated. In addition, tubers treated with 250 mM thiourea had maximum sprouting and better sprouting  capacity. It is clear that both substances affect hormonal regulation and antioxidant enzymes, leading to dormancy release in both: microtubers and tubers. Keywords : Antioxidant enzymes, potato, Solanum tuberosum, thiourea


Introduction Banksia woodland is the characteristic mediterranean type vegetation of the sand plains of the Swan Coastal Plain in the Perth region of Western Australia. Once extensive in the past the woodlands are nowadays severely fragmented and threatened by a variety of perturbations including weeds, fire and seed predation. Conservation and management of the woodlands depends very much upon the knowledge of past land use, type of original vegetation, frequency and magnitude of significant disturbances and surrounding land-use.

The results of a long-term study in the Kings Park bushland, comparing vegetation differences between the 1939 and 1999, showed that there have been substantial changes in the composition and structure of the woodland. In term of tree species, the most significant trends have been a decrease in Banksia spp.

Aim The research reported in this thesis aims for an understanding of the features and different stages of Banksia spp. recruitment in an environment such as the Kings Park bushland urban remnant. The final objective of this study is to assess if recruitment of Banksia spp. is affected by the perturbations mentioned above, ultimately influencing bushland conservation.

Materials &Methods The study was conducted both in urban bushland and in suburban areas in the Perth region. Several of the experiments and investigations on some specific stages of recruitment also included other species dominant in the bushland. The stages of recruitment investigated are: seed production and dispersal, seed germination and seedling establishment, seed predation.

Results In the Perth region B. attenuata and B. menziesii have a small degree of serotiny, the two species release seeds at different times of the year - B. attenuata from Summer to Autumn and B. menziesii from Spring to Summer. In post- fire conditions seed release is more synchronised than for unburned trees but the amount of seed released depends on the timing of the fire. Fires in early Summer lead to mass release of B. menziesii seeds and destruction of immature seeds of B. attenuata. Later fires destroy B. menziesii seed that has been shed on to the soil but synchronises release of B. attenuata seed.

Of the investigated locations Kings Park, and Ridge State Forest, have higher level of pre-dispersal seed predation compared to other locations. The post-dispersal surveys and experiment, both in inter-fire and post-fire environment show that in Kings Park in Winter, approximately 75% of the banksia seeds were consumed. Moreover, Banksia seed predation is not related to the density of seeds. Presence of leaf litter, weeds and plant material in the experimental unit reduced predation values. Most of the germination occurred on sandy soil, while presence of weeds and of a thick layer of leaf litter reduced germination numbers for the Banksia species. In post-fire conditions seedlings are also associated with "burn residuals" (accumulation of burned litter and ash). Most of the seeds that were sown in the soil and had germinated died.

Conclusion This project confirmed and quantified the decrease of banksia individuals (which until now was only assumed) over time and lack of their recruitment. Seed predation, both before and after seed release greatly affects banksia seed availability in Kings Park. Furthermore unfavourable sites for germination such as a thick layer of leaf litter and weeds are a great obstacle for establishment of large seeded species such as Banksia. Other dominant species, such as Allocasuarina fraseriana, Acacia saligna and Dryandra sessilis1 on the contrary do not seem to reduce their recruitment potential as predation (or removal) is not conspicuous and the various substrata do not reduce the ratio between the number of germinants and seedlings that survive. In order to boost banksia recruitment a number of management actions could be taken. In particular weeds and thick layers of leaf litter must be removed and a sandy soil substratum should be arranged especially in the areas where, even in the presence of banksia trees, the number of seedlings is low. Predation must be reduced, in particular through removal of pests.


Epoxy resins are widely used for different commercial applications, particularly in the aerospace industry as matrix carbon fibre reinforced polymers composite. This is due to their excellent properties, i.e., ease of processing, low cost, superior mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. However, a pure epoxy system possesses some inherent shortcomings, such as brittleness and low elongation after cure, limiting performance of the composite. Several approaches to toughen epoxy systems have been explored, of which formation of the interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) has gained increasing attention. This methodology usually results in better mechanical properties (e.g., fracture toughness) of the modified epoxy system. Ideally, IPNs result in a synergistic combination of desirable properties of two different polymers, i.e., improved toughness comes from the toughener while thermosets are responsible for high service temperature. Three main parameters influence the mechanical response of IPN toughened systems: (i) the chemical structure of the constituents, (ii) the toughener content and finally and (iii) the type and scale of the resulting morphology. Various synthesis routes exist for the creation of IPN giving different means of control of the IPN structure and also offering different processing routes for making composites. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art on toughening of epoxy matrix system through formation of IPN structure, either by using thermoplastics or thermosets. Moreover, the potential of IPN based epoxy systems is explored for the formation of composites particularly for aerospace applications.


The state of California has recently mandated minimum nurse-staffing ratios, raising concerns about possible affects on hospital efficiency. In this study, we examine how market factors and quality were related to staffing levels in California hospitals in 1995 (prior to implementation of the new law). We are particularly interested in the affect of managed care penetration on this aspect of hospital efficiency because the call to legislative action was predicated on fears that hospitals were reducing staffing below optimal levels in response to managed care pressures. We derive a unique measure of excess staffing in hospitals based on a data envelopment analysis (DEA) production function model, which explicitly includes ancillary care among the inputs and outputs. This careful specification of production is important because ancillary care use has risen relative to daily hospital services, with the spread of managed care and advances in medical technology. We find that market share (adjusted for size) and market concentration are the major determinants of excess staffing while managed care penetration is insignificant. We also find that poor quality (outcomes worse than expected) is associated with less efficient staffing. These findings suggest that the larger, more efficient urban hospitals will be penalized more heavily under binding staffing ratios than smaller, less-urban hospitals.


The major function of this model is to access the UCI Wisconsin Breast Can- cer data-set[1] and classify the data items into two categories, which are normal and anomalous. This kind of classifi cation can be referred as anomaly detection, which discriminates anomalous behaviour from normal behaviour in computer systems. One popular solution for anomaly detection is Artifi cial Immune Sys- tems (AIS). AIS are adaptive systems inspired by theoretical immunology and observed immune functions, principles and models which are applied to prob- lem solving. The Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA)[2] is an AIS algorithm that is developed specifi cally for anomaly detection. It has been successfully applied to intrusion detection in computer security. It is believed that agent-based mod- elling is an ideal approach for implementing AIS, as intelligent agents could be the perfect representations of immune entities in AIS. This model evaluates the feasibility of re-implementing the DCA in an agent-based simulation environ- ment called AnyLogic, where the immune entities in the DCA are represented by intelligent agents. If this model can be successfully implemented, it makes it possible to implement more complicated and adaptive AIS models in the agent-based simulation environment.


In the previous issue of this journal, a series of best practices in ethics, management policies, disclosure and transparency, valuation policies and procedures, risk monitoring and marketing and communications was featured. This second part of the report covers regulation, compliance and documentation, fees, conflicts of interest and strategy change.


We have developed new type semi-solid injection process, that is, runner-less injection process which can obtain high material yield of about 90% for magnesium alloy. In this process, alloy billets are heated to the semi-solid temperature in the injection cylinder and are injected into a permanent mold. In order to investigate the effects of volume fraction solid and injection speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91D magnesium alloy injected into the permanent mold, semi-solid forming testing machine which has the same system as a runner-less injection machine, has been made on an experimental basis. The magnesium billet precisely controlled at given temperature has been injected into a permanent mold with two kinds (slow and high) of speed and plate-like specimens with each fraction solid have been fabricated. Microstructure has been observed by optical microscopy and X-ray computerized tomography (CT) scanner. Mechanical properties have been measured by tensile test. The effects of volume fraction solid of the alloy slurry and injection speed on mechanical properties have been clarified.


Ribonucleases (RNases) have proven to be excellent model systems for the study of protein structure, folding and stability, and enzyme catalysis, resulting in four Nobel Prize lectures in chemistry. Beside this 'academic' success, RNases are also relevant from a medical point of view. The RNA population in cells is controlled post-transcriptionally by ribonucleases (RNases) of varying specificity. Other therapeutic proteins like angiogenin, neurotoxins, and plant allergens have RNase activity or significant structural homology to known RNases. Also, RNase activity in serum and cell extracts is elevated in a variety of cancers and infectious diseases. To date, no clinical drugs are available that target this important class of enzymes. Small-molecule RNase inhibitors derived from mono- or dinucleotides, as well as pentavalent oxyvanadate transition state analogs are found to be rather marginal inhibitors. These compounds bind their target RNase with dissociation constants in the micromolar range, whereas transition state theory predicts picomolar values for genuine transition states. The rational design for new transition state analog inhibitors requires knowledge of the precise nature of the transition state and of the occurring intermolecular enzyme-substrate interactions. This review focuses on these chemical and structural features of RNase A and RNase T(1), the best characterized members of two separate classes of ribonucleases.


This present investigation describes the orientation and its influence factors of unidirectional C/C composites prepared by PAN-based carbon fiber and mesophase pitch (AR-MP) through hot pressure molding process. And the orientation of C/C composites was analyzed by POM and XRD. The experimental results indicated that the AR-MP dispersed in carbon fiber had a strong flow texture, showed a matrix preferentially oriented parallel to fiber surface. Under the pressure of 25MPa, the orientation of composites was better than under 50MPa. Moreover, the sample orientation varies in the two directions both perpendicular to the direction of carbon fiber. Better orientation was obtained in the testing direction which was perpendicular to the direction of carbon fiber and molding pressure.


The study aimed at determining the effects of Lycoperscon esculentum on the wound healing processes of wistar rats. Excisional wounds were inflicted on the upper dorsolateral trunk of 20 adult male wistar rats. The wounds were dressed every three days (experimental with methanol extract of Lycoperscon esculentum and control with saline). Wound dimensions along two perpendicular axes were taken prior to dressings for the purpose of estimation of wound contraction rates. Granulation tissues were excised from five animals in each group and scar tissues obtained from the remaining animals. Fibroplasia and angiogenesis were evaluated histologically. Matched wound contraction rates were higher in the experimental group. Duration of healing was shorter in the experimental group (19.80 ± 1.64 vs 28.80 ± 4.55 days). Fibroblast counts of granulation tissue were 35.20 ± 17.53 (experimental) and 24.00 ± 8.00; with respective angiogenesis counts of 12.60 ± 8.32 and 15.60 ± 5.77. Respective values for fibroblast and angiogenesis of the scar tissues in experimental and control groups were 18.40 ± 3.7 vs 20.80 ± 5.21; and 14.20 ± 1.92 vs 13.20 ± 1.64). Histological sections of the granulation and scar tissues revealed abundance of collagen and paucity of macrophages in the experimental group. Lycoperscon esculentum promotes wound healing via bactericidal activity, rapid initiation and acceleration of wound  contraction, increased fibroblast production and collagen synthesis. Key words : Wound healing, Lycoperscon esculentum , Wound contraction, fibroplasia, angiogenesis.


This paper explores the use of aggregation and curation of syndicated sources to support social media listening as a way of addressing the problem of information overload inherent in music discovery. Whereas Hodson & Wilkes looked at textual patterns and sentiment in discourse, the objective of my research is to apply their techniques within the context of identifying trends in electronic music discourse. I'll then determined whether a traditional model for understanding influence, such as Katz & Lazarsfeld's "Two--‐step flow theory," remains true in a digital ecosystem. I'll examine the music blog aggregator Hype Machine, which employs crowdsourcing and content curation to pre--‐filter a sample of top blog posts, with the objective of creating a dataset from which to identify correlations in both audio properties and blog influence. My research is driven by an exploration of technology and cultural change, as well as examinations of why and how audiences consume music.