Activating mutations in RAS are often found in different human cancers. The expression of an oncogene is called a driver mutation because it provides the bases for tumour initiation, but it still requires additional mutations to achieve tumour progression. 90% of invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) present activating KRAS mutation, in conjunction with inactivation of various tumour suppressor genes such as BRCA1, TP53, SMAD4 and CDKN2A. The most important effectors of RAS are PI3K and its downstream kinases. These function as mediators of RAS-induced cell survival and proliferation. Interestingly, concurrent mutations of RAS and PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway have been described in the same human tumour types. Endometrial cancer, thyroid cancer and acute lymphoblastic leukemia have all been shown to harbor the simultaneous mutation of RAS gene and those encoding various members of the PI3K signalling pathway. Published data suggest that 25% of human colon cancers contain mutations in both K‐RAS and PI3K-associated genes. Moreover, 60% of human PDAC show PTEN loss, due to deletions, mutations or epigenetic silencing. Despite this prevalence, the molecular mechanism for the cooperation between RAS and PI3K pathway in tumourigenesis is poorly understood.
A fundamental barrier for tumourigenesis is senescence. The activation of an oncogene such as RAS in a primary cell line drives cells into unscheduled DNA synthesis, resulting in a high frequency of stalled replication forks and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). A DSB is one of the most deleterious lesions if unrepaired, and it is the primary trigger of oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). DSBs activate the ATM/ATR signalling pathway and senescence-associated cell cycle arrest. However, various oncogenes differ in their ability to induce senescence, for example activated Akt is a weak inducer of senescence compared to RAS. Previous work from our lab and others has suggested that the co-activation of these two oncogenes may serve to bypass certain aspects of the senescence program, but the precise mechanism by which this is achieved remains unclear.
Surprisingly, detailed cell cycle analyses in this study demonstrate that the simultaneous activation of Akt in primary fibroblasts expressing oncogenic RAS reinforces RAS-induced senescence. This correlates with an increased accumulation of unrepaired damage, which is known to directly contribute to establishment of senescence. Interestingly, the expression of activated Akt in these cells correlates with reduced expression of MRN complex components, which in presence of RAS-induced damage impairs the activation of the checkpoint kinases. The inhibition of Mre11, the nuclease component of the MRN complex, in RAS expressing cells recapitulates the phenotype of RAS/Akt cells. Thus, Akt downregulates Mre11 to exacerbate RAS-induced DNA damage and induce a qualitatively stronger senescence.
Multiple studies have previously reported the negative regulation of DDR by Akt, however a mechanism for this has not been described. Experiments on two colon cancer lines, HCT116 and DLD1, have revealed that inactivation of PTEN/activation of Akt suppresses DDR via a reduction in MRN complex expression and activity. In these cells, the components of the MRN complex display low protein stability and are rapidly degraded by an unknown mechanism. MRN complex is central in the DNA damage response to DSBs. Its suppression impairs the activation of the two checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2, which mediates the G2/M arrest, and also impairs HR repair. The inhibition of these two events severely affects cell survival in presence of DSBs, and the surviving fraction present high levels of genome instability. The use of specific inhibitors targeting S6K1 activity rescues the levels of MRN complex in these cells, suggesting a role of this kinase in DDR suppression.
Thus, the enhanced RAS-induced senescence in cells caused by Akt can be ascribed to the high levels of unrepaired damage due to the suppression of MRN complex. Despite compounding senescence, the simultaneous mutation of RAS and Akt allow the cells to acquire genome instability, which in vivo significantly contributes to bypassing senescence and promotes tumour progression.


The genus Euclea (Lepidoptera: Limacoididae) is newly recorded from South India by using DNA barcoding analysis. The larvae of Euclea were collected from nearby paddy field at Viralimalai, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu. The genomic DNA was isolated from the larval heamolymph and the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene and was successfully amplified. The amplified PCR product was visualized by Agarose gel electrophoresis and the size was found to be approximately 500 bp. Further, the amplified product of the COI gene was purified and sequenced. The sequence analysis revealed that the Euclea larvae collected from the study site are closely related to Euclea norba. The phylogenetic analysis provides the data to understand the distribution of this species in India and reveals the phylogeny of this genus Euclea.


This paper examines the household wealth construct as measured in NIDS Wave 4 (2014-2015). Questionnaire design changes in the wealth module between NIDS Waves 2 and 4 include the addition of questions on household possessions assets and the inclusion of a variable for private property versus communal property rights. For derived household net worth, the inclusion of household possessions assets reduces estimates of household inequality in Wave 4 compared to Wave 2, and alters the portfolio composition of household assets most markedly for low income households. A unique feature of NIDS Wave 4 is that it now allows for accurate identification of South Africa's dual land tenure system. In Tribal Authority Areas (TAAs), households rarely have to finance the acquisition of a home partly because of communal property rights. This results in a very different portfolio of household liabilities than in other areas in the country, where real estate debt dominates the liability portfolio. When comparing NIDS aggregated national totals for estimates of household assets, liabilities and net worth with South African Reserve Bank (SARB) totals that use the national accounts, the NIDS Wave 4 data differs from the SARB data most significantly for financial assets, which are severely under-estimated in NIDS. This is likely a result of disproportionately high attrition among high-income households in the sample over time that cannot be compensated for sufficiently with survey weights. This suggests that it is urgent that the NIDS sample be refreshed, with an oversampling of high-income households necessary.


........................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .........................................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER


Sante De Sanctis (1862–1935), a pioneer of psychology in Rome at the end of the 19th century, applied methods from the expanding field of experimental psychology to the study of dreams, which was considered one of the leading ways to gain an understanding of normal and pathological psychic life. The multi-faceted methodology that he adopted for the study of an, until then, marginal phenomenon of the 'new' psychology, represented an element of originality that also included the elaboration of a psycho- physiological theory of dreams. Although the Italian psychologist's work on dreams was characterized by these important methodological changes, it disappeared from the references of those who contributed to the foundation of modern dreaming psychology after the Second World War.


In this paper, we present an automation technique that yields high-performance, low-cost optoelectronic alignment and packaging through the use of intelligent control theory and system-level modeling. The control loop design is based on model-based control, previously popularized in process and other control industries. The approach is to build an a priori knowledge model, specific to the assembled package's optical power propagation characteristics, and use this to set the initial "feed-forward" conditions of the automation system. In addition to this feed-forward model, the controller is designed with feedback components, along with the inclusion of a built in optical power sensor. The optical modeling is performed with the rigorous scalar Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formulation, efficiently solved online using an angular spectrum technique. One of the benefits of using a knowledge-based control technique is that the efficiency of the automation process can be increased, as the number of alignment steps can be greatly reduced. An additional benefit of this technique is that it can reduce the possibility that attachment between optical components will occur at local power maximums, instead of the global maximum of the power distribution. Therefore, the technique improves system performance, while reducing the overall cost of the automation process.


I begin this work with a simple question. Why is it impossible to imagine, much less write, a work like Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish within Asian area studies? The impossibility I am referring to is not of content but of form. It is not just about writing such a text but about having it read as something more than a description; having it read for its theoretical significance more generally. That is to say, it is about the impossibility of writing a work that is principally of a theoretical nature but that is empirically and geographically grounded in Asia rather than in Europe or America. Why is it that, when it comes to Asian area studies, whenever "theory" is invoked, it is invariably understood to mean "applied theory" and assumed to be of value only insofar as it helps tell the story of the "real" in a more compelling way? To some extent, what follows is an attempt to explain historically how Western area studies on Asia came to appreciate theory in this limited and limiting way. At the same time, as I began to investigate the history and prehistory of this diaphanous field, I began to recognize the possibilities of a very different form of area studies that could have emerged had different sets of pressures pushed it in a slightly different direction. This essay is therefore an attempt to recuperate these now forgotten possibilities and to build on them in order to produce a different way of seeing, writing, and theorizing Asian area studies.


The 0-1 knapsack problem is typical problem in computer science and its solution is a hot spot in algorithms design and verification. Because it is very hard to solve, it is very important in the research on cryptosystem and number theory. In this paper, the 0-1 knapsack problem and its algorithm is analyzed firstly. And then this paper presents two kinds of expand form, and proposes two efficient algorithms based on dynamic programming and greedy algorithm to solve the proposed problems. Simulation results show it is effective.


The goal of this study was to provide a qualitative look at the factors associated with the academic engagement and success of Black male student-athletes in high school. The research team employed a thematic analysis to examine semi-structured interviews conducted with two successful Black male student-athletes, along with their principal, teachers, parents, and coaches. The results suggest that a consistent, collaborative approach laden with cultural competence is necessary to facilitate such outcomes. The study is viewed through the lens of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, and implications for the results are discussed for several education stakeholders. Suggestions for future research and practice are provided.


To mitigate against the effects of climate change, the UK has legislated to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 (Climate Change Act 2008). Domestic consumers currently contribute over 25% of total UK carbon emissions (The UK Low Carbon Transition Plan). Significant variations in domestic energy use have been shown to be due to the behavioral differences of householders. The role product design plays in energy consuming behavior was explored with reference to Norman (2004)'s model of the affective system. This papers argues the need for designers to carefully consider the type, magnitude and interaction of affect, at each level of the affective system, when designing energy consuming devices. This paper illustrates through the analogy of a 'pivot scale' how an optimal balance between the benefit offered by the device to the user, and the amount of energy consumed, may be achieved


Accurate propagation of signals through stochastic biochemical networks involves significant expenditure of cellular resources. The same is true for regulatory mechanisms that suppress fluctuations in biomolecular populations. Wiener-Kolmogorov (WK) optimal noise filter theory, originally developed for engineering problems, has recently emerged as a valuable tool to estimate the maximum performance achievable in such biological systems for a given metabolic cost. However, WK theory has one assumption that potentially limits its applicability: it relies on a linear, continuum description of the reaction dynamics. Despite this, up to now no explicit test of the theory in nonlinear signaling systems with discrete molecular populations has ever seen performance beyond the WK bound. Here we report the first direct evidence the bound being broken. To accomplish this, we develop a theoretical framework for multi-level signaling cascades, including the possibility of feedback interactions between input and output. In the absence of feedback, we introduce an analytical approach that allows us to calculate exact moments of the stationary distribution for a nonlinear system. With feedback, we rely on numerical solutions of the system's master equation. The results show WK violations in two common network motifs: a two-level signaling cascade and a negative feedback loop. However the magnitude of the violation is biologically negligible, particularly in the parameter regime where signaling is most effective. The results demonstrate that while WK theory does not provide strict bounds, its predictions for performance limits are excellent approximations, even for nonlinear systems.


Introduction: In case of newly emerging pathogens, convalescent plasma (CP) is often the only early available treatment option. It has been shown that different IgG subclasses contribute differently to CP neutralizing activity. As CP donors often have a risk profile like first-time donors, especially with respect to window-period viral transmission, pathogen reduction (PR) could mitigate that risk. The aim of our study, especially in the light of potential future pandemics, was to evaluate the impact of commercially available PR technologies on total IgG and IgG subclasses quantity and distribution in CP using COVID-19 CP (CCP) as surrogate for CP in a side-by-side comparison approach. Methods: 36 apheresis CCP donations were allocated to three study groups and a side-by-side assessment of the potential impact of amotosalen (AS)/UVA treatment compared to a riboflavin (RB)/UVB treatment, AS against methylene blue (MB) treatment, and RB against MB treatment on the quantity of IgG and IgG subclasses with a nephelometric analyzer was performed. Results: IgG subclass distributions were not significantly changed post PR treatment with all three technologies. There was also no significant difference in the median loss of concentration for IgG1 and IgG2 between the three technologies. We recognized a non-significant trend of a higher IgG4 median loss post RB treatment compared to post AS and MB treatment, respectively. Conclusion: Although the three commercially available PR systems do not significantly alter the distribution of IgG subclasses, we detected a non-significant trend of higher IgG4 loss after RB treatment. The potential impact of that finding needs further investigation.


Unit tests are widely used to check source code quality, but they can be too coarse-grained or ill-suited for testing individual program statements. We introduce inline tests to make it easier to check for faults in statements. We motivate inline tests through several language features and a common testing scenario in which inline tests could be beneficial. For example, inline tests can allow a developer to test a regular expression in place. We also define language-agnostic requirements for inline testing frameworks. Lastly, we implement I-Test, the first inline testing framework. I-Test works for Python and Java, and it satisfies most of the requirements. We evaluate I-Test on open-source projects by using it to test 144 statements in 31 Python programs and 37 Java programs. We also perform a user study. All nine user study participants say that inline tests are easy to write and that inline testing is beneficial. The cost of running inline tests is negligible, at 0.007x–0.014x, and our inline tests helped find two faults that have been fixed by the developers.


We analyzed the acceleration time histories recorded by the K-NET and KiK-net stations of the Mw 9 Tohoku Earthquake in order to investigate site response issues related to near-source effects. Time-frequency analysis of K-NET stations in the Miyagi prefecture, closest to the rupture area, show that sites having a Vs30 < 400 m/s present a combination of deamplification at frequencies higher than 5 to 10 Hz and cyclic mobility (high acceleration peaks riding over a low frequency carrier). This suggests strong nonlinear site response at these stations. Furthermore, using KiK-net data we are able to compute borehole transfer functions from the mainshock and events having small PGA values from the local dataset. The ratio between weak-motion and strong-motion borehole transfer functions constitutes an indicator of nonlinear site response. This ratio reveals strong dependence on Vs30 and shows that widespread nonlinear behavior took place during this large earthquake.


Within equestrian sports, training is commonly based on historic and an- ecdotal good practice. Telemetric surface electromyography (sEMG) systems facilitate assessment of muscle recruitment including mean motor unit action potential (mM- UAP). Mean EMG frequency (mEMGF) provides an objective measure of fitness levels while a shift in the median EMG frequency (MeEMGF) over time can illustrate fatigue. Aim: This study aimed to investigate if sEMG could be used in the field to evaluate muscle activity of the Gluteus superficialis in a cohort of National Hunt racehorses during one canter interval training session. Method: Sensors were secured bilaterally to horses' Gluteal superficialis prior to exercise and data were collected over a standardised 10 metre interval. A re- peated measure ANOVA assessed differences in mEMGF between runs across the cohort and between runs for individual horses. A Pearson's correlation identified if mEMGF was related to perceived fitness level as assessed by the trainer. mEMGF and MeEMGF for individual horses were plotted over time (0.25 second intervals) to assess fitness and fatigue. Results: Individual horses exhibited a wide variety of mMUAP values. No differences were found between runs for the overall cohort (p>0.05) however significant differenc - es were found between runs within some individual horses (p 0.05), mEMGF varied throughout runs and MeEMGF for most horses remained consistent indicative of a lack of fatigue. Conclusion: The results suggest that this technology exhibits potential to be used to aid analysis of efficacy of training programmes for individual horses.


Modern sequencing and genome assembly technologies have provided a wealth of data, which will soon require an analysis by comparison for discovery. Sequence alignment, a fundamental task in bioinformatics research, may be used but with some caveats. Seminal techniques and methods from dynamic programming are proving ineffective for this work owing to their inherent computational expense when processing large amounts of sequence data. These methods are prone to giving misleading information because of genetic recombination, genetic shuffling and other inherent biological events. New approaches from information theory, frequency analysis and data compression are available and provide powerful alternatives to dynamic programming. These new methods are often preferred, as their algorithms are simpler and are not affected by synteny-related problems. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of computational tools, which stem from alignment-free methods based on statistical analysis from word frequencies. We provide several clear examples to demonstrate applications and the interpretations over several different areas of alignment-free analysis such as base-base correlations, feature frequency profiles, compositional vectors, an improved string composition and the D2 statistic metric. Additionally, we provide detailed discussion and an example of analysis by Lempel-Ziv techniques from data compression.


The progress in agricultural yields resulting from the introduction of agricultural chemicals has not come without cost for human health and the environment. While the pesticide requirements of sugarcane crop are relatively modest compared to other similar cash crops, agrochemicals continue to generate harmful impacts especially in the major sugarcane producing developing countries. Institutional weaknesses as well as the lack of financial and human resources often prevent e ective chemicals regulation and the implementation of good pesticide application practices. This document reviews some of the key problems and challenges associated with agrochemical use in sugarcane production, and examines possible solutions. The report focuses on the negative impacts of inappropriate agrochemical use, and therefore addresses neither the many positive impacts of pesticide use, nor the other potential social and environmental problems associated with sugarcane cultivation. Apart from the intergovernmental treaties in the area of chemicals regulation in general (e.g. the Rotterdam and Stockholm conventions) many international initiatives specific to sugarcane seek to foster better use of agrochemicals and alternative management practices such as Integrated Pest Management and organic farming. Such initiatives include multistakeholder e orts to promote better production practices (e.g. Better Sugarcane Initiative, Roundtable of Sustainable Biofuels), international codes of practice, and sustainability certification schemes. The governments and chemicals industry in the developed world should redouble their e orts to provide technical assistance and capacity building to developing countries in the areas of chemicals regulation, including implementation and enforcement. As part of their corporate social responsibility, the chemicals companies should collaborate with governments, pesticide users and farmers in fostering the adoption of alternative pest management practices, providing training and information to chemical users, and implementing adequate risk assessment and chemicals regulation procedures.


Did Mitt Romney's religion—Mormonism—help or hurt him in his campaigns for the presidency? While Romney's religious affiliation was generally viewed as an electoral liability, Americans' ambivalence about Mormons presented the possibility that, depending on framing, it could be neutralized or could perhaps even become a political asset. Survey experiments during both Romney's 2008 and 2012 campaigns suggest that although Romney's religion was a detriment when he ran the first time, it had largely ceased to be an issue in 2012. Although Mormonism did not have much effect on Romney's performance at the polls in the general election of 2012, however, Romney's candidacy has had an effect on perceptions of Mormonism. In the wake of his campaign, attitudes toward Mormons have become politically polarized, with Republicans holding a far more positive view of them than Democrats, with Independents in the middle.


The tribology of lubricated sliding vanes in the rotary compressor was investigated to replace the HFC refrigerants by the carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is a natural refrigerant and very favorable to environment. Because new compressors with the carbon dioxide are going to be operated under the high pressure, the tribology of sliding surfaces in the compressor becomes very important. To develop new compressors, especially rotary type, the friction and wear characteristics of sliding surfaces between a vane and a roller in the rotary compressor were evaluated in this paper. Several hard coatings, such as TiN, CrN, WC/C and two types of nitridings, were applied on vane surfaces in order to improve the tribological characteristics, and their performances were evaluated experimentally. The vane-on-disk type sliding tests were carried out under the various sliding speeds, normal loads, and carbon dioxide pressures with an exclusive high pressure wear tester. From the tests wear volume of vane surfaces applied various coatings were compared. During the tests coefficients of friction and surface temperatures were monitored. Test results showed that WC/C coatings showed good tribological properties. TiN and CrN coated vanes showed good wear resistance properties but produced high friction.


Although a minor population of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)-type blood cells is often detected in patients with aplastic anemia (AA) and refractory anemia (RA), the significance of such cells in the pathophysiology of bone marrow (BM) failure remains obscure. We therefore examined clonality in peripheral blood granulocytes from 118 female patients with AA or myelodysplastic syndrome using the X chromosome inactivation pattern. Clonality, defined as a clonal population accounting for 35% or more of total granulocytes, was confirmed in 22 of 68 (32.4%) AA patients, in 13 of 44 (29.5%) RA patients, in all 4 RA with excess blasts (RAEB) patients, and in 4 patients with PNH. When the frequency of patients with granulocyte clonality was compared with respect to the presence of increased PNH-type cells, the frequency was significantly lower in AA patients with (PNH+; 21.2%) than without (PNH-; 42.9%) increased numbers of PNH-type cells (P =.049). Clonality was absent in granulocytes from the 15 PNH+ RA patients but present in 13 of 29 (44.8%) PNH- RA patients (P =.0013). The absence of clonality in AA and RA patients before treatment was strongly associated with positive response to immunosuppressive therapy (without clonality, 74.4%; with clonality, 33.3%; P =.0031) in all patients as well as in PNH+ patients (without clonality, 96.2%; with clonality, 66.6%, P =.026). These results suggest that AA and RA with a minor population of PNH-type cells are benign types of BM failure with immune pathophysiology that have little relationship to clonal disorders such as RAEB or acute myeloid leukemia.


A review of tractor-trailer impacts into rigid barrier systems was conducted in order to study the dynamic lateral vehicular loads imparted into common barrier systems. For a selected number of crash tests, researchers performed two linear regression analyses on the estimated lateral peak load versus impact severity. This analytical investigation resulted in a peak lateral design load ranging between 681 to 689 N (153 to 155 kips) and 1,081 to 1,103 N (243 to 248 kips) for the AASHTO PL-3 and NCHRP 350 TL-5 impact conditions, respectively. Researchers then determined the redirective capacities of four existing barrier designs using the standard yield-line analytical procedures. It was determined that the standard yield-line analytical procedures likely underestimate the redirected capacity of solid, reinforced concrete parapets, since other factors likely contribute to the redirective capacity of reinforced and nonreinforced concrete barrier systems. Since a modified yield-line analysis procedure is currently unavailable, the standard yield-line analysis procedure was used but in combinations with a scaled-down design impact load. The new barrier systems were developed using a peak design impact load ranging between 939 N (211 kips) to 996 N (224 kips) or based on an average design impact load of approximately 965 N (217 kips). Two single-faced, F-shape concrete barrier systems were designed to meet the TL-5 impact safety standards using the existing yield-line analysis procedures and for 1,067 mm (42-in) and the 1,295 mm (51-in) top-mounting heights. Attachment options were provided for anchoring the barriers to generic reinforced concrete slabs and a median foundation. The barrier and foundation systems were based on a conservative design approach where full-scale vehicle crash testing would not be required. Three research projects were recommended that would advance the state-of-the-art for concrete barrier designs and provide new, more economical and innovative barrier and anchorage support systems.


Double-stranded cDNA sequences were prepared from Xenopus laevis ovary poly A(+) RNA with AMV reverse transcriptase and nuclease SI. They were inserted into the plasmid pBR 322 after ligation with a Hind III linker and were cloned in E. coli strain 1776. Plasmid pools containing a cDNA insert were identified iy Hind II restriction and hybridization of the DNA fragments with radiolabelled pBR 322 DNA. Hybridization of the positive pools with ovary RNA labelled in vitro led to the identification of cloned cDNA sequences which represent RNA species of high to intermediate abundance in the ovary. Positive clones were further challenged with in vitro labelled mitochondrial DNA and RNA from different developmental stages. One clone of mitochondrial origin has been detected. The hybridization characteristics of the cDNA sequences with the RNA probes from later developmental stages is discussed.


The paper describes FlowSpy, an environment that employs a sequence mining technique to discover and analyze actual process execution paths from business processes, for both process comparison and process discovery. FlowSpy focuses on exploratory analysis of the different execution flows, enabling a detailed analysis of business behavior, quantification of different execution flows, and abstraction mechanisms (log pre-processing and visualization abstraction) that deal with process complexity and different process views. Log pre-processing aims at improving the data mining phase, with a more restricted aggregate tree. Visualization abstraction facilitates pattern interpretation by producing trees that represent the obtained patterns.


The "social visibility" now required of members of "particular social groups" seeking asylum has led to a deepening circuit split, en banc consideration by the Ninth Circuit, and proposed legislation in Congress. This Comment identifies the root of the controversy: slippage in administrative and appellate opinions between the cognitive and sensory meanings of terms used to define social visibility — words like "recognize," "see," identify," and "perceive." Understood properly — which is to say, cognitively — social visibility refers to the way a society thinks of itself as being carved up into certain groups. The social visibility requirement, thus understood, becomes a check on ad hoc or invented group definitions, not a requirement that group members look a certain way. Those working to overturn the new social visibility requirement in asylum law would do better to help courts properly understand it.


Objective: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) is a viral disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2). The high mutation propensity of the SARS CoV-2 genome is one of the biggest threats to the long-term validity of treatment options. Helicases are anti-viral targets because of the vital role they play in the viral life cycle. In this study, changes in the protein structure caused by SARS CoV-2 nsp13 mutations were investigated to contribute to the development of effective antiviral drugs. Materials and Methods: Genome data of 298 individuals located in the China location were examined. The mutant model was built using deep learning algorithms. Model quality assessment was done with QMEAN. Protein stability analyses were performed with DynaMut2 and Cutoff Scanning Matrix stability. Changes in substrate affinity were performed with Haddock v2.4. Results: In this study, twenty-eight mutations in nsp13 were identified (23 sense, 5 missense). The changes in protein structure caused by the five missense mutations (Leu14Phe, Arg15Ser, Arg21Ser, Leu235Phe, Ala454Thr) were modeled. The mutations caused a decrease in the stability of SARS CoV-2 helicase (-0.99, -1.66, -1.15, -0.54, and -0.73 for Leu14Phe, Arg15Ser, Arg21Ser, Leu235Phe, Ala454Thr, respectively). The mutations reduced the helicase's affinity to the substrate. The docking scores for wild-type and mutant helicase were -84.4±1.4 kcal.mol-1 and -71.1±6.7 kcal.mol-1, respectively. Conclusion: Helicase mutations caused a decrease in the protein stability and nucleic acid affinity of the SARS CoV-2 helicase. The results provide important data on the development of potential antivirals and the effect of mutation on the functions of viral proteins. © European Journal of Biology.All rights reserved.


Original Citation – Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale . Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983 Jun;67(6):361-70. View in PubMed Contact Information – No information found Price & Availability – Available from instrument website along with user's manual (complete set) £65.00. Manual only, £22.50. Record Forms only £45.00. Also published in original citation. Brief Description of Instrument – Self-report questionnaire which measures depression and generalised anxiety. Useful in hospital, out-patient and community settings. Various translations available, please see instrument website for details. Administration time – Instrument website reports 2 to 5 minutes. Scale Format – 4-point Likert rating scale. Response options vary. Administration Technique – Self-administered questionnaire. Scoring and Interpretation – See user's manual for details. Reverse coding required. Cut-off scores given for degrees of depression (non case, doubtful care, case). Factors and Norms – Anxiety and depression subscales. Normative data provided in user's manual. Internal Consistency – Calculated Spearman correlations between each item and the total


Al-Rustamiyah plant is the oldest and biggest sewage treatment plant in Iraq; it locates in the south of Baghdad city. The plant suffers from serious problems associated with overflow and low capacity. The present work aims to upgrade the heart of biological treatment process through suggesting the use of membrane bioreactor; (MBR). In this work, fouling of membrane during sewage treatment has been analyzed experimentally and theoretically by fouling mechanisms. Aeration has been applied in order to control fouling through producing effective diameters of air bubbles close to the membrane walls. Effect of air flow rate on flux decline was investigated. Hermia's models were used to investigate the fouling mechanisms. The results showed that cake formation is the best fitted model (R2≥0.98) followed by intermediate blocking occurred with 9 L/min aeration rate. Cake layer formation is the best fit mechanism in all aeration rates (1-9 L/min) in presence of microalgae. SEM images of the membrane surface before and after filtration showed high density pores membrane surface proved a cake fouling occurring. It was found that aeration represents the most effective technique for fouling domination in addition to its important economic aspects for algae growth and propagation. An enhancement of 70.8% in flux at 9 L/min air flow has been revealed. MBR proved to be more efficient and more convenient than activated sludge since it eliminates the needing of sedimentation tanks and upgrading Al-Rustamiyah plant that has low available space for expansion.


Psittacosis (parrot fever) is underdiagnosed in Sweden, possibly due to lack of awareness, and the fact that only five out of 24 clinical microbiology laboratories routinely perform the PCR test for Chlamydia psittaci. The test has shown 100% sensitivity and 100% sensitivity for the pathogen in samples from the lower part of the respiratory tract which caters for a high predictive value in patients with symptoms and signs of community-acquired atypical pneumonias, provided optimal patient selection. Knowledge and awareness of treatable rare diseases amongst healthcare personnel combined with conveniently available cost-effective diagnostic techniques is essential for improvements in the handling of rare diseases.


The evolution from a Goods-dominant logic (GD-logic) into a Service-dominant logic (SD-logic) is marked by fundamental changes in how we leverage resources for innovation. The current paper offers a review of SD-logic resources within the field of Information Systems (IS). It uses a scoping review method of papers from the senior scholars' basket of journals and the two flagship IS conferences: ECIS and ICIS. The review is focused on examining the theoretical and empirical applications of SD-logic in order to develop a basic conceptual classification of resources within IS that contributes into understanding service innovation. Four main conceptualizations of resources were identified in the reviewed papers of which only two embrace resources as conceptualized in SD-logic. Also, the review suggests that the field of IS does not seem to have yet maturely embraced SD-logic and has not sufficiently made its way into dominant journals and conferences with the field. (Less)


This is a report on the Product Impact Tool being placed in a framework for Responsible Innovation, for which a
workshop has been developed. The Product Impact Tool is a method developed from several theories in Philosophy
of Technology and is concerned with impacts of technology on humans and society. The tool exists of a model
and an accompanying workshop session. Responsible Innovation is concerned with improving innovations and
the innovation processes for societal desirability. The workshop that is developed in this assignment is meant for
start-ups that innovate in sustainable agriculture.
The assignment can be divided in a part of theoretical research and one of practical research and workshop
development. The theoretical research consists of an exploration of the Product Impact Tool and the theory of
Responsible Innovation. Based on this examination both the theories are connected. The connection can be
brought into practice using guiding questions while discussing the effects of the Product Impact Tool, pointing
the discussion towards Responsible Innovation. During the theoretical research three practice workshops were
organized. These workshops served as reference points for the workshop development. The practice workshops
did not include any outcomes of the theoretical connection, but were organized for start-ups in sustainable agriculture.
The workshops were interesting, providing many points of improvement.
Using the theoretical connection and the reference workshops the practical research was conducted. A workshop
was developed and tested during four sessions with different participants. Every workshop was evaluated and
the workshop design was improved for the next one. Several problems did come op. For instance the connection
between both theories cannot be too implicit, since this will decrease the attention for some parts of the workshop.
A lot of attention was focused at the framing of the workshop, making sure that the participants understand
the aim and methods of the workshop.
The final result of this assignment is a workshop which aims at finding new insights, perspectives or ethical or
societal problems, and possible solutions. The workshop facilitates this goal by analyzing the innovation of the
participant using the Product Impact Tool, emphasizing responsibility. Next the issues found are investigated
further and possible solutions are explored within a framework of Responsible Innovation. The theoretical connection
is represented in the workshop through guiding questions during the Product Impact Tool and a focus on
improving responsibility while exploring solutions to the problems found.
The workshop proves that the connection between the Product Impact Tool and Responsible Innovation works
well and can lead to valuable results. The workshop can be developed further, emphasizing either side of this
connection.


ABSTRACT Physicians often prescribe vasopressors to correct pathological vasodilation and improve tissue perfusion in patients with septic shock, but the evidence to inform practice on vasopressor dosing is weak. We undertook a systematic review of clinical studies evaluating different blood pressure targets for the dosing of vasopressors in septic shock. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL (to November 2013), reference lists from included articles, and trial registries for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational and crossover intervention studies comparing different blood pressure targets for vasopressor therapy in septic shock. Two reviewers independently selected eligible studies and extracted data on standardized forms. We identified 2 RCTs and 10 crossover trials but no observational studies meeting our criteria. Only one RCT measured clinical outcomes after comparing mean arterial pressure targets of 80 to 85 mmHg versus 65 to 70 mmHg. There was no effect on 28-day mortality, but confidence intervals were wide (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.84 – 1.38). In contrast, this intervention was associated with a greater risk of atrial fibrillation (relative risk, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.18 – 4.72) and a lower risk of renal replacement therapy in hypertensive patients (relative risk, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57 – 1.0). Crossover trials suggest that achieving higher blood pressure targets by increasing vasopressor doses increases heart rate and cardiac index with no effect on serum lactate. Our findings underscore the paucity of clinical evidence to guide the administration of vasopressors in critically ill patients with septic shock. Further rigorous research is needed to establish an evidence base for vasopressor administration in this population.


Estonia's success in averting a potential conflict over its Russian-speaking minority is often attributed to the intervention of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Indeed, the Estonian case is one of the most satisfactory encounters in the period of Max van der Stoel's impressive diplomatic engagement. However, deeper, structural factors were also important over the longer term. In particular, the voting system that Estonia adopted, based on the single transferable vote system of proportional representation, turned out to be important in encouraging political moderation. This article argues that a decisive factor in ethnic accommodation was the way the political system channelled the activities of the Russian-speaking groups into Estonian parties. Other contributory factors were the weakness of ethnic identity among the Russian-speakers and international constraints on Russian foreign policy. This analysis highlights the crucial role of domestic institutions in conflict prevention.


OBJECTIVE
To retrospectively analyze the results of a consecutive series of 100 ALL patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in our center.

METHODS
Of the 100 ALL patients, 69 were male and 31 female, with a median age of 29.5 (4 - 47) years. Sixty-nine cases were in the first complete remission (CR(1)), 13 in more than CR(1) and 18 in relapse before transplant. Allo-HSCT from HLA identical siblings was performed for 86 patients, of whom 64 received bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and 22 peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). HLA matched unrelated BMT was performed for 8 patients, cord-blood transplantation from unrelated donor for 6 patients. Forty-five patients underwent allo-HSCT with conditioning regimen of Cy/TBI, 55 with BUCY. Prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) included long-term MTX regimen (4 cases) and CsA + MTX regimen (96 cases). The average follow-up was 38.1 months.

RESULTS
The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of the 100 cases of ALL was 53.4% and 50.5%. The 5-year OS and DFS were significantly longer for patients in CR(1) than in >CR(1) and relapse patients before allo-HSCT (P < 0.001). The outcome of PBSCT seemed superior to that of BMT, but there was no difference between them. Multivariate analysis showed the most significant factor associated with long post allo-HSCT survival was that the patient underwent transplantation in CR(1). There was no significant difference in 5-year OS, DFS, cumulative incidences of relapse rate and treatment related mortality between the two cohorts prepared with TBI or BUCY.

CONCLUSIONS
Allo-HSCT can cure a significant proportion of ALL patients, especially for those in CR(1). There was no significant difference in OS, DFS between the two different conditioning regimens and the different transplant choices.


The purpose of this qualitative, interpretive, study is to help us better understand how a small group of Hmong immigrant adolescents conceptualize their political and civic citizenship in the United States. Three focus groups including a total of 18 Hmong middle/junior high school adolescents were carried out in order to garner data. Upon data analysis and interpretation, it was determined that study participants consider rights and responsibilities important to citizenship in a democracy and participate in various social, political, academic, and environmental activities. Study participants emphasize the community good over personal self-interests. As Hmong culture tends to be more collectivist in nature, this value orientation may be incompatible with the curriculum, instruction, and philosophy that students experience in public schools: Hmong youth may experience educational disadvantage. Adolescents in this study are developing their conceptions of citizenship within a racialized, hierarchical society and they explained their experiences with racialization and how they understand white privilege.


The lack of adequate resources for many women and their households can leads to significant economic difficulties, often resulting in an inability to acquire essential goods and services. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the female condition of poverty distinguishing by different characteristics and degrees of distress, also taking into account the role of women in the household. The measures of deprivation, absolute poverty and extreme poverty allow to draw a picture of the economically vulnerable population and its composition in different groups. Identifying different groups means also identifying policy targets and tailoring interventions to different paths of exclusion, that can be more or less dependent on labour market participation, income sources, health conditions or social networks reliability.


E.M.S. Namboodiripad, the prolific and prominent dialectician in India deserves special attention. He ranks among the top Indian political leaders. Namboodiripad , the Namboodiri Brahmin who became Kerala's First Chief Minister and India's leading Left communist led his party to power by promising Kerala's impoverished and landless electorate that he would do something to them. E.M.S. Namboodiripad was the first top congress leader from Kerala who played an important role in nurturing the national moment at the national level. He mobilized the normal people and led them through the path of scientific socialism. He was a role model to all revolutionaries. He played an integral part towards the growth of communist movement in the country.Namboodiripad led a life of hardships and sufferings , ignoring the barriers of caste and religion. In 1957 he was elected as the first Chief Minister of Kerala and then again in 1967.


In this study, the hot forging process of spline hub was simulated using the finite volume method. The proposed simulation model was compared with experimental samples and approved. Then, stress analysis of the rigid die was undertaken using the finite element method. On the basis of proposed model, the full factorial design of experiments was performed for investigating the influence of forging temperature and flash thickness on the die fatigue life. Results show that the increase in forging temperature and flash thickness, both cause the increase in the fatigue life. It is also shown that the effect of forging temperature on the fatigue life is greater than that of flash thickness. In drop-hammer forging, when number of blows decreases, the die fatigue life increases considerably.


Interaction of microbes with human living in the nature are able to seen from their capabilities improving the environmental by composting waste of agriculture to become organic fertilizer. In the contrary, the epidemic and infectious phatogens are also its contribution. In agriculture sector, the living of microbes has been explored to keep the soil fertile, and to improve growth and plant production. The symbiosis of Rhizobium bacteria with the specific host plant from legumes is able to run because of both side giving a signal, where host plant give an organic molecoles called inducer. From the bacteria side, also give an organic materials called nod factor. The step of nitrogen fixation mechanism can be described from infection of root legume as the first step, followed by the nitrogen fixation by the bacteroid and synthesis of the nitrogen organic by host plant as the last step. These natural processes inspire finding and development of the ecologically organic fertilizer technology.


Abstract Using a minor case study of the local fitness culture scene in Tokyo, Japan, this exploratory and qualitative article aims to discuss and analyse the consequences of globalisation of fitness culture. The article focuses particularly on how fitness culture is negotiated in Japanese society – at a national, local and subjective level, and in relation to attempts to uniformly rationalise and standardise gym and fitness culture. The results indicate that the fitness geography is changing, and through the establishment of a globalised fitness culture, Japanese youth are following in the footsteps of many other countries. However, this does not mean that we are witnessing a homogenisation process, or a completely McDonaldised version of fitness culture in Japan. Instead, this cultural phenomenon is shaped and formed in particular ways, pointing towards certain strong national sentiments concerning body ideals, views on gender and exercise and relaxation. For example, the cuteness ideal has a strong influence on the way young women talk about and perceive body ideals and corporeal performances in Japan.


The use of shadow IT (information technology systems not sanctioned or monitored by a company's IT department) may be seen as either a form of organizational misbehavior or proactive and creative problem-solving. We examine whether these differing possible perceptions have implications for the subjective evaluation of subordinate performance. In our experiment, participants choose whether to award a bonus to an employee when different IT systems are used (normal vs. shadow IT) across different outcome levels (high vs. low outcomes). We find that employees using shadow IT are less likely to receive the bonus in both high and low outcome conditions relative to employees using the normal IT system. Our results suggest that shadow IT usage is more likely to be viewed as organizational misbehavior and to cast a negative light on employee performance.


In patients with neurocardiogenic syncope, head-up tilt often evokes acute loss of consciousness accompanied by vasodilatation, increased plasma adrenaline and systemic hypotension. Since hypotension increases adrenaline levels and adrenaline can produce skeletal muscle vasodilatation by activating beta2 receptors, adrenaline might induce a positive feedback loop precipitating circulatory collapse. We hypothesized that propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker, would prevent adrenaline-induced vasodilatation and thereby prevent syncope. Eight subjects with recurrent neurocardiogenic syncope and previously documented tilt-induced syncope with elevated plasma adrenaline levels participated in the present study. Subjects underwent tilt table testing after receiving oral propranolol or placebo in a double-blind randomized crossover fashion. Haemodynamic and neurochemical variables were measured using intra-arterial monitoring, impedance cardiography, arterial blood sampling and tracer kinetics of simultaneously infused [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]adrenaline. The occurrence of tilt-induced neurally mediated hypotension and syncope, duration of tilt tolerance, extent of the decrease in SVRI (systemic vascular resistance index) and magnitude of plasma adrenaline increases did not differ between the propranolol and placebo treatment phases. SVRI was inversely associated with fractional increase in plasma adrenaline during both phases. One subject did not faint when on propranolol; this subject's response is discussed in the context of central effects of propranolol. In this small, but tightly controlled, study, propranolol did not prevent tilt-induced vasodilatation, syncope or elevated plasma adrenaline.


In this paper, a disaster surveillance video transmission system by wireless ballooned network is proposed to promptly observe and grasp the information around the disaster area form sky on the occurrence of disaster. A combination of both omni-directional camera and pan-tile-zoomed control camera so called PTZ camera is used to widely capture images with 360 degree direction by omni-directional camera while the specified point in the omni-directional camera image is panned, tilted and zoomed using PTZ camera. Using ballooned surveillance video system, video image in the large area in the disaster place where human being cannot approach is covered from sky. A prototype system is constructed to evaluate its function and performance through omni-directional video surveillance system. As we result, we verified the usefulness of the proposed surveillance video transmission system.


It is becoming increasingly important to understand the uncertainties of nuclear mass model calculations and their limitations when extrapolating to driplines. In this paper we evaluate the parameter uncertainties the Duflo-Zuker (DZ) shell model mass formulae by fitting to the latest experimental mass compilation AME2012 and analyze the propagation of the uncertainties in binding energy calculations when extrapolated to driplines. The parameter uncertainties and uncertain propagations are evaluated with the help of the covariance matrix thus derived. Large deviations from the extrapolations of AME2012 are seen in superheavy nuclei. A simplified version of the DZ model (DZ19) with much smaller uncertainties than that of DZ33 is proposed. Calculations are compared with results from other mass formulae. Systematics on the uncertainty propagation as well as the positions of the driplines are also presented. The DZ mass formulae are shown to be well defined with good extrapolation properties and rather small uncertainties, even though some of the parameters of the full DZ33 model cannot be fully determined by fitting to available experimental data.


Acute, isolated, sphenoid sinusitis is unusual, especially in children. Its incidence is about 2.7% of all sinus infections and is even rarer in children under the age of six years. It is frequently misdiagnosed because of its atypical presentation and it can cause serious complications because of the sphenoid sinus' anatomical relations with many intracranial structures. We report a case of a previously healthy 4 year old boy, whose sole symptom at presentation was drowsiness. Physical examination and initial laboratory investigations were normal. Diagnosis was made after computed tomography of the head revealed left sphenoiditis. Although under treatment, the child manifested meningism during the first day of hospitalization, which subsided the next day. He was treated with ceftriaxone plus clindamycin and had a good outcome, without compli- cations or neurological sequelae.


The focus of this thesis research is the vibrational Feshbach resonance (VFR) mechanism for positron annihilation on molecules below the threshold for positronium formation. This process results in resonances in the positron-molecule annihilation rate when the incident positron has energy [epsilon]=[omega]v - [epsilon]b, where [omega]v is the energy of a molecular vibration and [epsilon]b is the positron-molecule binding energy. To understand this process, annihilation rates are measured as a function of positron energy for a variety of molecular species. These experiments provide new insight into the VFR process. In small molecules, the annihilation spectrum can be described well by a recent theory, which was brought to fruition with the assistance of data presented here. It is shown that the magnitudes of the VFR resonances in these molecules depend only on a simple scaling factor g = [sqroot][epsilon]b/[epsilon]. This theory fails in larger molecules, where the magnitudes of annihilation resonances rise rapidly with molecular size. However in hydrocarbons, when the scaling factor g is normalized out, the resonance due to the C-H stretch mode follows a universal scaling with the number of vibrational degrees of freedom. This is interpreted as evidence that the VFR are being enhanced by intramolecular vibrational relaxation (IVR). To date, only fluoroalkane molecules deviate from this trend, exhibiting a suppression of annihilation above a certain energy threshold. It is demonstrated that a resonant inelastic process involving the C-F stretch mode is responsible for this behavior. Data are presented for a number of deeply bound species and compared to molecules of similar size. The relationship between binding energy and various physical parameters is explored. A number of other phenomena are discussed, including the observation of combination-mode VFR, providing added insight into the annihilation process


The Inkerman Shear Zone represents a characteristic structurally anomalous series of lineaments with a west - southwest trend. Low outcropping ridges of amphibolites, calcsilicates and granitic gneiss that form an older metamorphic unit represent these lineaments. Permo-Carboniferous dykes of various compositions form a dominant structural trend at right angles to these ridges. It is strictly not a shear zone of Permo-Carboniferous age, but represents a high strain zone of amphibolite facies metamorphics and granitoids (Inkerman Metamorphics).

The metamorphic rocks have undergone different metasomabc changes including the skarn development within the lithologies of the study area. Amphibolite found in the area generally is strongly foliated hornblende-plagioclase-quartz rock with accessory magnetite and titanite. Various calcsilicate rocks are common and are usually medium to coarse grained. In composition they vary from wollastonite-garnet rocks to various layered gneisses composed of gamet, clinopyroxene, hornblende, plagioclase and quartz.

The most common foliation fabric that can be found in the Inkerman Metamorphics has been named S₂. This fabric has developed during the second deformation event D₂ that was marked by intrusion of abundant granitic veins. A large body of monzogranite found in the southern part of the study area have a weak steeply dipping S₂ or S₄ foliation. Therefore, the granitoids of the study area are intruded pre D₄ or altematively intruded late in D₂.

The peak metamorphic conditions were obtained at 4.5 kbar, at temperatures up to 650°C and at low XC0₂ conditions. Inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts in Ink2 indicate several growth stages, with S₂ developed in the matrix only, so the earlier metamorphic growth stages occurred under static conditions. This
was calculated using a pressure determined from Hornblende on a granodioritevein and a phase diagram calculated using "Thermocalc" for assemblages in sample Ink2.

Because of local meatasomatism, many granitic veins contain clinopyroxene and anorthite rich plagioclase, up to An₉₀, it is postulated that the metasomatic conditions resulted in the conversion of granitic veins to endoskarn. This metasomatic process involved addition of Ca and probable removal of alkalies (Na and K). Consequently, most of the endoskarn veins are composed of Ca rich plagioclase and with very little or no K-feldspar. These pegmatitic veins are probably late D₂ to post D₂. Small pods of andradite-rich garnet formed earlier were boudinaged during D₂.

Ages of the deforrnation events related to the formation of the Inkerrnan Metamorphics are uncertain. Correla.tives may be found in metamorphic rocks of Argentine and Running River Metamorphics and are likely to be Proterozoic to Lower Palaeozoic. The peak metamorphisrn of the Harvey's Range rocks was syn-D₃ Foliation S₃ (Edison, 1995.) that corresponds to this event is of similar orientation to S₂ foliation found in the Inkerrnan Metarnorphics.


Our research is focused on foliar fertilizers and their impacts on plant grow. These experiments are realized in agarose hydrogels (blank agarose hydrogels and agarose hydrogel with addition of potassium lignohumate). Used materials (hydrogels and isolated plant cuticles) were characterized by basic physical chemical instrumentations (rheology, scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry and stereomicroscopy). Mentioned methods are able to characterize behavior of hydrogels. Rheology enables to determine the mechanical properties of hydrogels. Hydrogel materials must be modified for some trials; otherwise it wouldn't possible to measure it. Lyophilisation was used for modification of hydrogel, because dry hydrogels (xerogels) are more appropriate for aforementioned instruments. Scanning electron microscopy and stereomicroscopy were used to determine the surface of hydrogels. Mercury intrusion porosimetry was used for determination of hydrogels pores for both types. It was considered, from obtained experimental data, that this material doesn't significantly affect the diffusion processes.


Snow removal is an important problem in certain countries. It is also difficult, especially in urban areas. The main questions are which vehicle shall do what task, when shall the tasks be done and how shall the vehicles travel. In this paper we describe the problem in detail and formulate a detailed mathematical time-indexed model that contains all practical complications we have encountered, for example different vehicles and switching times between tasks. We investigate the solvability of the model, and present a number of alternate formulations, relaxations and simplifications, yielding several different models of different sizes and different strength. We can either solve very small problems exactly or larger problems more approximately. Our main goal is to find good lower bounds on the optimal objective function value in a limited time, and we present extensive computational tests comparing the obtained bounds and the times needed for the different models. As a result we find some rather efficient models, in the sense that they yield rather good lower bounds in rather short time. With these models, we find lower bounds for several real life instances in the form of small local cities.


Abstract Many enterprises are operating in complex and competitive environments, and changes in the internal and external environment have prompted them to engage in better ways of doing business. In order to respond to these changes, and survive in today's volatile business environment, enterprises need to change their strategies. Human Resource departments are under pressure to keep operating costs low whilst also ensuring they are attracting, recruiting, and retaining talent within the enterprise. To achieve this, an increasing number of enterprises have adopted social networking into their recruitment strategy. This research aims to critically analyze the implementation of social networking as an e-recruitment tool within a Security Enterprise. The research key objective is to examine the importance of attracting Generation Y through the use of social networking sites and also to develop an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of using social networking as an e-recruitment tool. The research also looks at contemporary examples of enterprises that have implemented social networking into their recruitment strategy. A further objective of the research is to gain an understanding of the attitudes and perceptions of the use of social networking as an e-recruitment tool. To achieve this, the research has taken a mixed-methods approach whilst focusing on an interpretivist stance. Data was gathered through an interview with the HR Manager at the Security Enterprise and a questionnaire was distributed to 22 employees within the enterprise and 84 respondents on social networking sites. The overall attitudes and perceptions of respondents showed that social networking can be effectively used as an e-recruitment tool as long as a traditional recruitment method is also used.


This paper describes a design and feasibility study for a large-scale automatic directory information system with a scalable architecture. The current demonstrator, called PADIS-XL, operates in realtime and handles a database of a medium-size German city with 130,000 listings. The system uses a new technique of taking a combined decision on the joint probability over multiple dialogue turns, and a dialogue strategy that strives to restrict the search space more and more with every dialogue turn. During the course of the dialogue, the last name of the desired subscriber must be spelled out. The spelling recognizer permits continuous spelling and uses a context-free grammar to parse common spelling expressions. This paper describes the system architecture, our maximum a-posteriori (MAP) decision rule, the spelling grammar, and the dialogue strategy. We give results on the SPEECHDAT and SIETILL databases on recognition of first names by spelling and on jointly deciding on the spelled and the spoken name. In a 35,000-names setup, the joint decision reduced name-recognition errors by 31%.


In order to find out more about bilingual children's narrative discourse acquisition, this paper analyses and compares the oral narrative discourse of bilingual and monolingual five-ten-year-olds in two ways. It uses (a) Labov's taxonomy to measure evaluation, and (b) schema theory to do an episodic analysis of elicited narratives and it argues that these frameworks serve to describe the expository/argumentative discourse and 'essay-text' literacy characteristics of an oral narrative. It was found that monolingual children have narratives that are more highly evaluated and more episodically structured than bilingual children's narratives, particularly for the seven and eight-year-old age group. Moreover, the nature of the partial 'catching up' of nine- and ten-year-old bilingual children with their monolingual peers was found to reveal relative progress in the less sophisticated narrative features. As the features of narrative discourse that bilingual children lack (relative to their monolingual peers) are partly constituitive of academic literacy events and discourses, these findings can be seen to reveal part of the academic gap, theorised by Cummins, that bilingual children still have to cross in order to perform well in school. This interpretation of the data marks one possible starting point of an endeavour to learn about ways that narrative skills of bilingual learners can be developed.


Growth charts are widely used in pediatric care for assessing childhood body size measurements (e.g., height or weight). The existing growth charts screen one body size at a single given age. However, when a child has multiple measures over time and exhibits a growth path, how to assess those measures jointly in a rigorous and quantitative way remains largely undeveloped in the literature. In this paper, we develop a new method to construct growth charts for growth paths. A new estimation algorithm using alternating regressions is developed to obtain principal component representations of growth paths (sparse functional data). The new algorithm does not rely on strong distribution assumptions and is computationally robust and easily incorporates subject level covariates, such as parental information. Simulation studies are conducted to investigate the performance of our proposed method, including comparisons to existing methods. When the proposed method is applied to monitor the puberty growth among a group of Finnish teens, it yields interesting insights.


Two-dimensional rhombic silicene (named r-silicene) bonded on the diamond (111) surface with a (1 × 1) configuration is predicted by density functional theory. The planar structure of r-silicene has P6/mmm symmetry, and it is dynamically and thermodynamically stable on the diamond surface. r-Silicene has a metallic character, which is different to both bulk cubic Si and hexagonal silicene. The hybrid structure of r-silicene/diamond consists of a metallic surface and a wide band gap semiconductor diamond substrate, providing a novel low-dimensional composite based on silicon-diamond to realize high performance nanodevices. Moreover, a similar rhombic configuration of monolayer germanene has been theoretically constructed on the diamond (111) substrate.


Spectrophotometrically dissociation constant (pKa) of the indicator acid, 2,4-Dinitrophenol in 5,10,20,30 and 40 wt. % 1-propanol – water mixtures at 24.5±0.5oC were determined. The experimental values of ÐA'"In- potassium salt of indicator acid and the derived values of intercept of ÐA'"In- values using Ion-pair intermediate model equation shows a good consistency ,suggesting the ion-pair intermediate model is applicable in the present instance. The maximum drop in pka was found to occur around 20 wt. % 1-propanol- water mixtures. This has been explained as due to increase in solvation energy for anion of the acid by London- dispersion force mechanism. The drastic increase in pka values above 20 wt% propanol has been assumed to be due to decrease in dielectric constant of the medium. This method is suitable for determination of dissociation constant for weak acid and this method will be helpful for determination of dissociation constant for drugs are weak acid in nature.


It is generally considered that colonial invertebrates living on the surfaces of macro- algae have a negative influence on the growth rates and survivorship of their substratum. To date no evidence has been provided from natural macroalgal/epifaunal associations to support this view. We investigated the influence of colonial bryozoans and hydrozoans on the growth rate and nitrogen physiology of their substratum, the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, and the impact of seasonal changes of light and the seawater nitrogen concentration on this relationship. Throughout this study there was no evidence of any negative impact of colonization by either epifaunal group on the growth of M. pyrifera. During a period of low concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in seawater, the growth of M. pyrifera fronds heavily colonized by hydroid colonies was higher than less heavily colonized individuals. During this time hydroids could provide on average between 71 and 122% of the nitro- gen required for uptake by tagged M. pyrifera fronds at ambient seawater nitrogen concentrations. Evidence suggests that enhanced growth was caused by the provision of ammonium excreted by the hydroid colonies. Evolutionary pressure to limit the impact of colonization by sessile animals on macroalgae is likely to be exerted on both the algal substratum and the attached animal. We suggest that due to their close relationship this pressure may ultimately result in the development of mutualistic partnerships between algae and specialized sessile seaweed-dwelling fauna in natural associations.


Rivaroxaban (Xarelto®) is a member of a new class of oral, direct (antithrombinindependent) factor Xa inhibitors, which restrict thrombin generation both in vitro and in vivo. After oral administration the absorption is near 100%, the bioavailability is near 80%, and the elimination half-life is 5–9 hours with mixed excretion via the renal and fecal/biliary routes. The pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban are predictable and consistent with a rapid onset of antithrombotic action within 2 hours after administration. Phase II clinical studies have been carried out in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and a dose of 10 mg once daily for thromboprophylaxis was selected for further clinical development. The results of the phase III studies showed a significantly better antithrombotic efficacy of rivaroxaban compared with enoxaparin both in the short term (10–14 days) in TKA patients and long term (35 ± 4 days) in THA patients with a comparable safety. Symptomatic thromboembolic events were also significantly reduced with rivaroxaban. Liver enzyme elevation was seen in patients treated with rivaroxaban, but there was no indication of an increased risk of liver toxicity compared with enoxaparin. In conclusion, rivaroxaban is a potent and safe new compound for antithrombotic prophylaxis in orthopedic surgery.


The paper assesses the flexicurity index for disabled people in Italy using regional data, over the period 2006-2011. In particular, we develop a multidimensional indicator of flexicurity based on the Mazziotta-Pareto Index. The results of the investigation show that regions in northern Italy show a higher degree of flexicurity than in southern Italy ones. The low level of flexicurity in south Italy is a consequence of the high concentration of civilian disability pensions among those in working age in this macro-area (passive measure). In addition, the strong link between the flexicurity index and matching rate of people with disabilities undoubtedly leans towards a better balance of active and passive policies, giving more prominence to active measures especially due to their ability to improve social and economic integration of people with disabilities.


Manufacturing Process R&D activities are one of the target areas of Irish industrial development agencies in their quest towards embedding pharmaceutical companies in Ireland. This paper analyses the changing role of Ireland in the global process R&D networks of the pharmaceutical companies. The paper is based on data collected in an email survey of all pharmaceutical establishments in Ireland and face-to-face interviews with 13 companies. The article outlines the various stages of the process R&D cycle and assesses the involvement of the Irish establishments at each stage. Far from a uniform undifferentiated activity, process R&D comprises a range of activities. The results show that although Irish plants are increasing their involvement in process R&D, this involvement tends to be concentrated in the last stages of the cycle.


Mysid species are routinely used in many regions temperate for toxicological assessment of chemicals and industrial and municipal effluents. Metamysidopsis insularis has recently been used in Trinidad and Tobago for toxicity tests, however, not much is known about its life cycle. Newly hatched juveniles were maintained under laboratory conditions and sampled daily for a period of 26 days. The mean body length was determined and used to generate a growth curve for M. insularis . It was found that for M. insularis , the maximum growth phase occurred during the first sixteen days and organisms attained sexual maturity between 12 - 15 days. Eight moults in five growth phases were identified for this species. The main stages identified were, early juveniles (0 - 2 days), juveniles (3 - 6 days), late juveniles (7 - 12 days), early adults (13 - 15 days) and adults (>16 days). These growth phases (early juvenile, juvenile, late juvenile, early adult and adult) were similar to those identified for Americamysis bahia , however, the days at which these stages occurred were different from M. insularis.


: The data on the antimicrobial in vitro action of a complex of natural cytokins (CNC)--the substance and the preparation "Superlymph"--on virulent museum and clinical macrolid-resistant group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, are presented. CNC suppressed the growth of museum test culture of streptococci in the concentration dependent manner. Moreover, the preparation "Superlymph" proved to be an effective antistreptococcal remedy in its action on erythromycin-resistant group A streptococcal (GAS) strains. The substance of the preparation induced the lysis of GAS cells, grown on lawn plates and in the system of spectrophotometric analysis. The effect thus established could be caused by cationic antimicrobial peptides (protegrins), contained in "Superlymph".


A few years ago, the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood of patients with cancer was defined by the term "real-time liquid biopsy." Blood samples can be obtained and analyzed at the time of diagnosis and repeatedly during the systemic treatment. The analysis of the liquid biopsy has provided new insights into the biology of metastasis with important implications for the clinical management of cancer patients. In this review, we updated all technical strategies developed to improve enrichment, detection, and characterization of CTCs. We also focused on their biological properties as well as on their clinical relevance in different cancer types. At the end, we opened the discussion to all the other circulating biomarkers used as liquid biopsy .


ABSTRACT After Hong Kong's return to Chinese Sovereignty in 1997, the terms 'mainlander' and 'Hongkonger' have been widely used by English-language media in Hong Kong to differentiate between people from the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong. This study examines representations of Chinese mainlanders and Hongkongers in a 17.4-million-token corpus containing 30,279 articles published between 1998 and 2019 by the South China Morning Post, a leading English-language newspaper in Hong Kong. By comparing the collocational behaviour of the noun lemmas mainlander and Hongkonger, the study identifies the topoi, or stereotypical characterizations, associated with the two groups. The analysis demonstrates the way in which the 'othering' of or sometimes discrimination against mainland migrants/visitors has served as part of the process through which the distinctive 'Hongkongers' identity' is pronounced after the 1997-handover in Hong Kong's English language newspaper of record.


In the event that terrorists use air, water, or food to deliver destructive agents to civilian populations, some groups and populations may be disproportionately at risk and have unique communications needs. Bioterrorism represents an even greater national public health threat if the nation's preparedness and readiness plans do not address the needs and perspectives of, for example, low-income residents, racially and ethnically diverse communities, and other "special populations". The objective of this study was to develop communications strategies to reach special populations in North Dakota before, during, and after a bioterrorism attack or other crisis. To achieve the study objectives, the investigators used telephone interviews and telephone focus groups with organizations that represented special populations. Areas of inquiry included attitudes and concerns about crises, sources of information used and those identified as most credible, methods to reach people during a crisis event, and awareness of and attitudes about the agencies and organizations that affect risk communications.


In a 5-yr (1979-84) study of 6 species of fruit pigeon in lowland (dry) and upland (wet) subtropical rain forests in the Jimna and Conondale Ranges, the effects of forest phenology on pigeon abundance were investigated. The pigeons utilized 89 species of plants from 39 families of trees, palms and vines. The seasonal availability of fruit was similar in each forest type: most plant species bore crops during the wet season (Dec.-Mar.) and held crops into the early dry season (April-May); the late dry season (June-Oct.) was a time of general fruit shortage. More than 60% of the species of food plants present in upland forest were rare or absent in lowland forest. In general, each species of pigeon utilized a distinct suite of plant species in each forest type. Certain species of fig (Ficus spp.) fruited asynchronously and were the most important food for sedentary wompoo fruit-doves (Ptilinopus magnificus magnificus) in both forest types. These and other species of fig were the most important food for topknot pigeons (Lopholaimus antarcticus) and rose-crowned fruit-doves (P. regina regina) in lowland forest. An influx of flocks of up to 200 topknot pigeons into upland forest occurred each year in response to the fruiting of Archontophoenix cunninghamiana. The foraging habits of rose-crowned fruit-doves were largely opportunistic in upland forest, utilizing whatever fruit was available at particular times. White-headed pigeons (Columba leucomela) foraged solely in Olea paniculata during irregular visits to lowland forest. A regular summer influx into upland forest occurred in response to the fruiting of a vine, Piper novae-hollandiae. In each forest type, brown cuckoo-doves (Macropygia amboinensis) had a distinct foraging preference for plant species characteristic of disturbed forests; important plant families were the Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Araliaceae. Superb fruit-doves (P. superbus) were seldom found in either forest type.


Metal oxynitride (VxON, CrxON) thin film has been fabricated by reactive dc sputtering method and annealing process. Its electrochemical properties are investigated in a MxON/Li cell. The reversible specific capacities are around 830 mAh g-1 for VxON and 730 mAh g-1 for CrxON. By using selected-area electron diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, New electrochemical reaction mechanism is uncovered, which should be responsible for its good electrochemical performance.


Our specific aim was to assess severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis that occurred when postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) or tamoxifen had been given by their physicians to women with preexisting, usually covert, primary familial hypertriglyceridemia. We retrospectively studied 31 women referred for diagnosis and therapy of hypertriglyceridemia over 2.75 years whose initial visit fasting plasma triglyceride levels were > 750 mg/dl. Of the 31 women with hypertriglyceridemia, 12 (39%) had been given exogenous estrogen by their physicians (11 ERT, one tamoxifen). Ten of the 12 women, while undergoing ERT, had triglyceride levels > 1200 mg/dl. In triglyceride referral categories 750 to 1000, 1000-1500, and > 1500 mg/dl, 17% (2 of 12), 33% (3 of 9), and 70% (7 of 10), respectively, of the 31 women with hypertriglyceridemia were receiving ERT. The higher the triglycerides were at referral, the greater was the likelihood that women were taking ERT (x2 = 6.6, p = 0.035). Four of the seven women with triglyceride levels > 1500 mg/dl while undergoing ERT were hospitalized with severe acute pancreatitis; another two had severe abdominal pain thought to be pancreatic in origin. To quickly lower dangerously high triglyceride levels, ERT was stopped in all 12 women. Lopid (1.2 to 1.5 gm/day) was given to the seven women not already taking it, and four were also given omega-3 fatty acids (4 to 15 gm/day). Median plasma triglyceride level at the initial visit in the 12 women undergoing ERT was 1665 mg/dl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


A small group of patients with manifest Huntington's disease (HD) were followed longitudinally to assess cognitive decline in relation to time from disease diagnosis. This article looks at performance on a range of computerised and pencil and paper cognitive tasks in patients 5 years post diagnosis, who were assessed annually for a 5 year follow up period. The almost universal cognitive decline reported in other longitudinal studies of HD was not replicated in this study. It was proposed that longitudinal follow up in HD is complicated by the varying degree to which different tasks are able to withstand repeated administration; a finding which would have significant implications on study design in future trials of cognitive enhansing interventions.


ABSTRACT Objective Type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk communication may help individuals better understand their risk and motivate behavioural changes. There is a wealth of research in health risk communication which suggest the effectiveness of message framing and tailored risk feedback; however, little is known about their potential utility when used concurrently and in high-risk population approaches to T2D prevention. Methods This study evaluated the effects of message framing and tailored risk feedback on T2D risk perception and behavioural intentions, and if these effects were varied by level of alcohol consumption. Three hundred and forty-seven online participants were stratified by levels of alcohol consumption and subsequently randomised to receive T2D information, risk estimates, and lifestyle recommendations that were subjected to four different message framing and tailoring manipulations. Results No significant differences were observed in T2D risk perceptions or behavioural intentions by study arm. However, T2D risk perception scores and accuracies, and behavioural intentions significantly increased post-intervention across all conditions. Conclusions Despite the lack of impact of message framing or message tailoring, this study suggests that a brief online T2D risk communication can help to correct risk perceptions and increase behavioural intentions. These preliminary findings are encouraging and support the continued development of online risk assessment and communication to help combat the current T2D epidemic. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Most individuals at risk of Type 2 diabetes do not engage in risk-reducing behaviours. (2) Risk communication may help to correct Type 2 diabetes risk perception and lead to healthy behavioural changes. (3) Message framing and tailored risk feedback have been shown to be effective ways of communication, though no studies have examined them in combination. What this topic adds: (1) Preliminary support for the brief online Type 2 diabetes risk communication intervention in correcting risk perceptions and increasing behavioural intentions. (2) Effectiveness of manipulation did not differ based on message manipulation. (3) Preliminary support for the use of the risk communication intervention in high-risk populations.


In the last few decades, educational research has largely demonstrated the effects of the socio-economic background on academic performance. Traditionally, researchers have used the so-called contextualised value-added (CVA) concept, implemented via multilevel statistical models, to assess variation in learning outcomes arising from schools and pupils. Depending on the stakeholders they intend to inform, two basic types of CVA models can be defined: models for school accountability and models for school choice. School accountability models can be further distinguished according to the ?recipient? of the information: internal models provide information for school authorities to improve their own practices, while external models provide information for government officials to assess school performance for policy-making purposes. Despite the evidence in favour of the use of more complex models for school accountability, government practice in Chile has been restricted to the use of raw school averages in standardised tests as indicators of effectiveness, which have been used indiscriminately for the purposes of school accountability and school choice.Using data from the Chilean National Pupil Database (SIMCE 2004-2006), this thesis demonstrates how the traditional CVA (2-level) models fall short in addressing the complex phenomenon of academic performance, especially in the context of a developing and highly unequal country, such as Chile. The novelty of the CVA modelling in this thesis is that it extends and improves the traditional models insofar as they explicitly assess the variation between pupils, classrooms, primary schools, secondary schools and local authorities, as well as the correlation between Mathematics and Spanish Language at all levels. This is done by implementing two univariate 4-level CVA models for progress in Mathematics and Spanish fitted separately via maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and a bivariate 5-level cross-classified CVA model for progress in both subjects fitted via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation.External school accountability measures were derived from the extended univariate and multivariate models and compared to measures derived from a model akin to the traditional approach. A number of key differences were found, leading to the conclusion that further adjustments to the traditional CVA models are not negligible. The univariate 4-level CVA models provide more insight into school accountability than the traditional approach in a straightforward fashion, while the bivariate 5-level model encompasses a more reliable and ultimately comprehensive view on school performance.With regard to internal school accountability, further models were specified with the purpose of analysing pupils' heterogeneity to inform school improvement processes. The concept of "cultural capital" (Bourdieu, 1977) was chosen to shed light on the matter. Since cultural capital is essentially immeasurable, a latent variable was constructed from a group of manifest variables related to access and use of reading materials. From a substantive point of view, this thesis shows how access to all sorts of reading materials and reading habits can have not only a relevant impact on pupils' progress in Language, but also in Mathematics. Finally, this thesis concludes around three main ideas: firstly, school value-added models for school accountability, either external or internal, need to take into account the complexity of influences affecting pupils' academic progress as thoroughly as possible, in order to make a fair assessment of schools' performance and/or to inform school improvement policies. Secondly, school effectiveness is not a unidimensional process, which implies that school value-added models should ideally (when there are available data) reflect upon the multidimensionality of the phenomenon and take into consideration the relationship between different subjects, as well as non-academic outcomes. Thirdly, CVA models can also be used to inform internal school accountability by analysing the effects of meaningful modifiable factors and potentially serve as drivers of school improvement policies.


Works by Blake's circle and followers had a stronger presence in the 2018 auction season than his own productions. Henry Fuseli's Vision of Orestes, offered by Christie's New York in January, was bid a few steps over its high estimate to achieve a hammer price of $175,000 ($218,750 including the buyer's premium). Another dramatic composition by Fuseli, The Faerie Queene Appears to Prince Arthur, fetched almost three times high estimate at Christie's London in July, thereby setting a record price for a drawing by the artist.


New economic geography focuses on the impact of falling transport costs on the spatial distribution of activities. However, it disregards the role of technological innovations, which are central to modern economic growth, as well as the role of migration costs, which are a strong impediment to moving. We show that this neglect is unwarranted. Regardless of the level of transport costs, rising labor productivity fosters the agglomeration of activities, whereas falling transport costs do not affect the location of activities. When labor is heterogeneous, the number of workers residing in the more productive region increases by decreasing order of productive efficiency when labor productivity rises.


Books that can be used to teach a specific reading or writing strategies or skills. The books listed can be found in the Woodbury Library. Voice


Introduction:A good work environment and good resources among district nurses' and general nurses' are important in the provision of good nursing care. For patient security it is also very important that resources and time are used in an appropriate way. A lot of time is spent on non-core activity, for example administration takes more and more time, which can result in feelings of stress.Aim:The aim was to describe how district nurses' and nurses' in primary care perceived their work environment, how their worktime content was distributed and if there was some connection between perceived work environment and the distribution of work time.Methods:A mapping of the content of the work was made in two parts. The first part was a survey where the respondents were asked about their perceived work environment, their work tasks and if they perceived stress. The second part was a time reporting, by self-reporting on a preprinted form.Results:Almost half of the district nurses' and general nurses' said that they seldom had to perform tasks which they wondered if were really necessary. More than 40 percent perceived that they sometimes had work tasks which placed demands beyond what could be expected of them. About 40 percent perceived that they often had enough time to do their work tasks and 30 percent perceived it sometimes. Stress was perceived some of the time by almost 40 percent. Most of the nurses' thought the quality of care was good. The proportion of direct patient care was approximately 45 percent and indirect patient work approximately 24 percent. The proportion of other work varied with the proportion of quantitative requirements: there was enough time.Conclusion:Nearly half of the district nurses' and the general nurses' perceived that they seldom had work tasks they felt doubtful about and that they sometimes had work tasks which required more than could be expected of them. About two thirds said that they often or sometimes had enough time to do their work tasks. Nearly half perceived stress a part of the working time. The proportion of direct patient care was barely half of the working time.


This book admirably fulfills the need for both clinicians and laboratory workers for a comprehensive text covering the microbiology, laboratory diagnosis, and clinical aspects of chlamydial infections of man. The subjects covered include psittacosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, trachoma, adult inclusion conjunctivitis, inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn, chlamydial pneumonia of infants, nongonococcal urethritis, postgonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, and Reiter's syndrome. In addition, there is a review of the microbiology of these organisms, and a detailed discussion of procedures in laboratory diagnosis. Some fine color photographs, 54 in all, show the clinical appearances of the eye and the cytological pictures seen by microscopy. Of particular value are the pictures of other types of inclusion bodies that may be confused microscopically with those of chlamydial infections, together with remarks on their distinguishing features. Discussion of the various clinical pictures includes historical and epidemiologic aspects, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, pathology, and immunity. The


The polypeptide composition of liver and Zajdela hepatoma mitochondria is compared. Polypeptides of mitochondria and submitochondrial fractions (the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes, the intermembrane and the matrix spaces of mitochondria) were separated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The percentage content of each polypeptide was evaluated after scanning gels using a differential spectrophotometer-densitometer. Significant changes of several proteins of the hepatoma mitochondria and submitochondrial fractions as compared with normal liver preparations have been found.