PURPOSE
This study identified modifiable risks associated with incident functional dependence, compared their effects, and estimated the percent risk attributable to each factor, by ethnicity.

DESIGN AND METHODS
The prospective study cohort comprised 751 rural Hispanic and non-Hispanic White elders from southern Colorado who reported no dependence in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs and IADLs) at baseline. Logistic regression modeled the effects of physical inactivity, nutritional risk, smoking, and falls on incident disability 22 months later, with and without adjustment for baseline ADL and IADL difficulty. Population attributable risk percentages assessed these modifiable risks by ethnicity.

RESULTS
Each risk factor multiplied the likelihood of incident dependence by 1.4 or more, adjusted for covariates. Attributable risk percentages ranged from 8% to 32% depending on risk factor, ethnicity, and baseline ADL and IADL difficulty status. Attributable risk was generally greater among Hispanic elders, the result of higher prevalence of most of the risk factors.

IMPLICATIONS
Interventions targeted at inadequate nutrition, inactivity, smoking, and preventable falls offer opportunities to reduce incident functional disability, especially among Hispanic elders.


SIR,-As the result of twenty years of practical experience of the use of x-ray therapy in cases of osteo-arthritis I can fully endorse Dr. Hernaman-Johnson's advocacy of that method of treatment. In early cases the relief is generally almost instant, and, more important still, lasting. In cases which may be considered advanced the improvement is striking; in many cases in my own expenence patients who have been unable to walk without great effort, and then with the aid of sticks or crutches, have recgained free movement and have been able to walk without assistance. It is curious that surgical aid should be sought in preference to so simple a remedy.-I am, etc.,


Venomous snake bites in pregnant women can lead to poor survival rates in both the foetus and mother; early bites can precipitate teratogenesis, miscarriages, preterm delivery, foetal death and antepartum haemorrhage. The chicken embryo poses as a valuable research model for venom research due to its advantages such as ease of availability, economic feasibility and its non-invasiveness. This study evaluates the embryotoxic effects of Puff adder venom (Bitis arietans) from Namibia, Kenya, South Africa and non-specified region of Africa at varying concentrations. The venoms were applied to chicken embryos on the fourth day of incubation and assessed on a ninth day, focusing on body weight, heart weight, liver weight and mortality rate. Nile blue staining was also performed to observe the occurrence of apoptosis amongst the venoms at the strongest concentrations. The information provided from our results suggested that there was a regional variation in venom toxicity, with the Kenyan venom producing the largest weight changes, whereas the non-specified African venom proved the most lethal across the concentrations. Further studies to assess venom protein concentrations in comparison with regional diet disparities are required.


At the 2008 18th- and 19th-Century British Women Writers conference (BWWC), Ann Cvetkovich, Susan Fraiman, and Susan Stanford Friedman presented the opening-night plenary panel devoted to mapping feminist scholarship's current priorities and concerns. Conference participants reported being both intrigued and perplexed by the speakers' seemingly bleak view of "women writers" as a useful scholarly category. This essay, conducted by the authors as a year-long email conversation, extends that plenary discussion. In addition to sketching the intellectual history of feminism within the American academy and assessing how Women's Studies (broadly defined) engages with a host of pressing interdisciplinary concerns, the authors also revisit their discussion of what defines and justifies continued work on 18th- and 19th-century British women writers.


Photopolymers are often used as a base of holographic memories displays. Recently the capacity of photopolymers to record diffractive optical elements (DOE's) has been demonstrated. To fabricate diffractive optical elements we use a hybrid setup that is composed by three different parts: LCD, optical system and the recording material. The DOE pattern is introduced by a liquid crystal display (LCD) working in the amplitude only mode to work as a master to project optically the DOE onto the recording material. The main advantage of this display is that permit us modify the DOE automatically, we use the electronics of the video projector to send the voltage to the pixels of the LCD. The LCD is used in the amplitude-mostly modulation regime by proper orientation of the external polarizers (P); then the pattern is imaged onto the material with an increased spatial frequency (a demagnifying factor of 2) by the optical system. The use of the LCD allows us to change DOE recorded in the photopolymer without moving any mechanical part of the set-up. A diaphragm is placed in the focal plane of the relay lens so as to eliminate the diffraction orders produced by the pixelation of the LCD. It can be expected that the final pattern imaged onto the recording material will be low filtered due to the finite aperture of the imaging system and especially due to the filtering process produced by the diaphragm. In this work we analyze the effect of the visibility achieved with the LCD and the high frequency cut-off due to the diaphragm in the final DOE recorded into the photopolymer. To simulate the recording we have used the fitted values parameters obtained for PVA/AA based photopolymers and the 3 dimensional models presented in previous works.


Constructed wetlands are widely used throughout the world to treat a wide variety of wastewater. Numerous researches on phosphorus removal have been reported, however, in practice, phosphorus removal efficiency through the constructed wetland is still relatively lower due to various reasons. In this paper, the phosphorus adsorption capacity of aerated concrete (a building material) was investigated by using Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm equations, and then the possibility, using aerated concrete waste residues for the treatment of effluent with relatively higher concentration phosphorus at the outfall of constructed wetland end through certain engineering measures, was explored. The results showed that aerated concrete not only had a higher phosphorus adsorption capacity (6.064mg/g), but also had a higher adsorption rate, compared with some other substrate materials commonly used for constructed wetlands. Coupled with the lightweight characteristic of aerated concrete, the imagination of the secondary purification pond was likely to be formed. If the imagination turns into a reality, it will not only effectively purify sewage emissions from the constructed wetland forever, but also realize the resource utilization of large quantities of aerated concrete waste residues resulting from the construction process.


New grades have been developed in high alloy tool steels, enabling improved mechanical properties by modifications on Si, Cr or Mo contents. The correlation between alloy modifications and mechanical properties were successively correlated to microstructural aspects in previous work, especially in terms of secondary hardening carbides. In the present paper, thermodynamic and kinetic simulations were carried out and correlated to these data, especially in terms of Si effect on M3C carbide precipitation. Free energy evaluation points to easier formation of M7C3 carbide in high Si steels, especially at high tempering temperatures, which are typical for hot work tool steels. Kinetic evaluations, based on the present simulations and literature, also show that cementite formation is retarded in high Si steels, which also lead to direct formation of M7C3. Regarding the low Si steels, cementite enrichment by Cr, Mo and V was also evaluated in terms of simulation. The results are in good agreement and help the explanation on the slower dissolution of cementite particles in low silicon steels, leading to important implications to the higher tempering resistance of these grades. Therefore, tempering simulation on the new hot work tool steel compositions aided the understanding of the microstructure modifications found experimentally.


The application advertises and geo-locates Coeliac Friendly Restaurants in Dublin. There currently is no application on the market that provides this service despite the growing demand for having gluten free options on menus. To begin work on the Requirements Elicitation document for the Gluten Free| Dublin application all relevant information must be gathered in order to develop a view of the requirements that the stakeholders expect. Without adequate planning, a project can fail to meet the expectations of the various stakeholders involved. If the incorrect elicitation techniques are chosen, one might not be able to satisfy the stakeholders' requirements by missing out on vital aspects or overlooking one.

Problem Statement:
There is no application on the market that enables people with Coeliac disease or people who choose to follow a gluten free diet, to find a restaurant that they can go to in Dublin.

Personally, I'm surprised there isn't an app like this for a city like Dublin. The awareness of people with Coeliac disease is only going up and the popularity of people without the disease simply following the diet for personal reasons is also on the rise. The main risk acknowledged by the business owner and the Coeliac Society of Ireland have agreed upon is how we are going to guarantee to the users of the application that the menu option is 100% Gluten Free. To keep a meal gluten free, it must be kept away from any wheat-based products from preparation until it is served to the customer. So, I will be contacting some restaurants in Dublin to research if they actually do adhere to cross contamination protection standards and if they would like to be featured on an app like this.


This paper presents the results of a study on the shape effect of magnetic sources formed by standard coil and ring magnet elements on vertical diamagnetic levitation. The maximum stabilizing range, Dmax, of a permanent-magnet floater levitated with the assistance of two diamagnetic graphite plates and powered with magnetic sources of different shapes was measured experimentally. The results were found to be well-correlated with theoretical data. The effectiveness of a shaped field source was determined by comparing its Dmax to that of a single standard coil equivalent with the same total thickness, turns, and applied current. For the permanent magnetic sources, the comparison was to a single ring magnet of the same total thickness, volume, and residual flux. The results indicate that a cone-shaped source of either electromagnet or permanent magnet has positive effects. Theoretical analyses suggest that acquiring a levitation position farther from the magnetic source and a smaller magnitude in B'' are significant in obtaining a larger stabilizing range.


Vocational rehabilitation in the form of education is the cornerstone of governmental rehabilitation programs for the work-disabled in many countries. Merging a 2004 Danish survey to register information from the Danish National Board of Industrial Injuries, we assess the employment effects of educational measures for the work-injured, by simultaneously estimating the hazard rate to education and the return to work, controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and the endogeneity of education. In addition, we allow for any enhanced employment effects of a unique wage subsidy program in Denmark, giving employers a partial wage subsidy for disabled workers' wages, by distinguishing between education effects of a return to wage-subsidized work versus a return to ordinary work. Unlike previous studies, we find a positive impact of educational measures on the probability of returning to work for the work injured and a stronger effect for a return to wage-subsidized employment compared to a return to ordinary employment.


In this paper, we propose a novel single-task continual learning framework named Bi-Objective Continual Learning (BOCL). BOCL aims at both consolidating historical knowledge and learning from new data. On one hand, we propose to preserve the old knowledge using a small set of pillars, and develop the pillar consolidation (PLC) loss to preserve the old knowledge and to alleviate the catastrophic forgetting problem. On the other hand, we develop the contrastive pillar (CPL) loss term to improve the classification performance, and examine several data sampling strategies for efficient onsite learning from 'new' with a reasonable amount of computational resources. Comprehensive experiments on CIFAR10/100, CORe50 and a subset of ImageNet validate the BOCL framework. We also reveal the performance accuracy of different sampling strategies when used to finetune a given CNN model. The code will be released.


There has been a surge of interest in using machine learning (ML) to automatically detect malware through their dynamic behaviors. These approaches have achieved significant improvement in detection rates and lower false positive rates at large scale compared with traditional malware analysis methods. ML in threat detection has demonstrated to be a good cop to guard platform security. However it is imperative to evaluate - is ML-powered security resilient enough?
In this paper, we juxtapose the resiliency and trustworthiness of ML algorithms for security, via a case study of evaluating the resiliency of ransomware detection via the generative adversarial network (GAN). In this case study, we propose to use GAN to automatically produce dynamic features that exhibit generalized malicious behaviors that can reduce the efficacy of black-box ransomware classifiers. We examine the quality of the GAN-generated samples by comparing the statistical similarity of these samples to real ransomware and benign software. Further we investigate the latent subspace where the GAN-generated samples lie and explore reasons why such samples cause a certain class of ransomware classifiers to degrade in performance. Our focus is to emphasize necessary defense improvement in ML-based approaches for ransomware detection before deployment in the wild. Our results and discoveries should pose relevant questions for defenders such as how ML models can be made more resilient for robust enforcement of security objectives.


Behçet's disease (BD), is a chronic, systemic vasculitis, which may affect all types and sizes of blood vessels. BD is associated with endothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation. Endothelial dysfunction is the critical early step in the process of atherogenesis, and it is commonly investigated by measuring arterial stiffness. Mean platelet volume (MPV) has been investigated in relation with both thrombosis and inflammation. We aimed to investigate the relationship between an increased arterial stiffness and MPV in patients with Behçet's disease without significant cardiovascular involvement.


Elderly people are more susceptible to the experience of pain than any other sector of the population. Neoplasia is an important cause of pain in the elderly population. The prevalence of persistent pain in older persons living in a care home setting is estimated at 45-80%, thus highlighting that persistent pain in older people is widespread and problematic in these settings. This article reviews the difficulties in the management of pain in the elderly population and the important differences from other population besides describing the various pain assessment tools, pharmacologic and nondrug management of pain.


This paper presents content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system for the multiobject images. The goal is to retrieve those images from the database, which contains the query object, which is a difficult problem when an image consists of multiple objects with arbitrary pose. In this paper we propose a method that uses GVF active contour for the efficient shape segmentation in a multiple object scenario. We have developed a novel technique for automatic initialisation of active contour. Using only shape information degrades performance in pose varying cases. As an attempt towards mitigating this problem, colour features are also used. The preliminary results obtained by our approach are very encouraging


The programme InfoRisk, proposed by the Piedmont Region in 2002, has been an important reference point for the evaluation of chemical risk, both for companies and the regional prevention system alike. Nowadays, it is still considered necessary to take advantage of simple methods for the evaluation of this risk. However, the Piedmontese model requires some modification so as to keep it in line with the national and international rules and regulations governing the question and to find some solutions to problems that have arisen in its practical application. Most of these problems are tied to the use of the section of the evaluation technique, which is base on the estimate and not on the measurement of the exposure. Indeed, it has been confirmed in some cases that it is not possible to discard a more accurate evaluation which is not only able to make a correct application of the scientific evidence available in a correct manner, but also one that is supported by environmental monitoring campaigns. The main modifications proposed to the model are herein presented. The Work Group has endeavoured to maintain, whenever possible, the previous logic processes of the algorithm, so as to conserve its "user friendly" aspects and clarity that have so often been reported and appreciated by the operators who applied it.


The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between destandardization and delegation trends; ethical leadership; perceptions of organizational fairness; and justice and workplace behavior. It is argued that current destandardization, delegation, and individualization trends in the field of HRM place additional burdens on managers. In times of de-bureaucratization, more job autonomy and flatter hierarchies, managers change; shape; direct; and alter employeés lives. On the other hand, research has found that justice perceptions of the leader are strongly related to employee outcomes. Still, there is very little evidence on all these trends. In which HR fields can we observe destandardization and delegation trends? What is individualization of HR and how does this relate to ethics? How much discretionary powers have managers in making HR decisions? What forms of leadership behavior impact on what type of organizational justice perceptions? How professional are managers in carrying out these tasks? Are managers aware about the importance of ethical leadership on different forms of justice perceptions? The article concludes that academic discussions about all of these issues are still very rudimentary. Thus, the purpose of this article is to suggest a new important reform agenda in this field.


The problem of verifying compliance with a nuclear test ban treaty is mainly a technical one. However the problem of detecting, locating and identifying nuclear explosions has, since the late 1950s, been intimately involved with the political problems associated with negotiating a treaty. In fact there are few other areas in which policy, diplomacy and science have been so interwoven. This paper attempts to illustrate how technology can. be applied to solve some of the political problems which arise when considering the role of an On Site Inspection (OSI) to determine whether or not a nuclear explosion, in violation of a treaty, has occurred or not. It is hoped that the reader, with a scientific background, but with little or no experience of treaty negotiations, will gain an. insight as to how technical matters can interact with political requirements. The demands made on scientists to provide technical support for negotiating and rnonitoring compliance of a treaty have increased significanfly over the last 40 years. This is a period in which a number of major treaties have contained a significant technical component e.g. the Limited Test Ban Treaty (Threshold Treaty) and the Chemical Weapon Convention. This paper gives an indication of some of the political decisions which will have to be made and suggests some of the technical methods which are of value in the identification of a clandestine nuclear explosion.


Village and estate roads have failed to function due to damage at earlier stage of
construction and this required frequent maintenance. Weak sub-grade is the basic
factor of exponential damage. In order to overcome this problem, many procedures
have been developed to improve the physical behavior (strength or stiffness) of the
sub grade soil. One of the procedures is to incorporate a wide range of stabilizing
agent, additives or conditioners. Silicon dioxide (Si02) is a water based sodium
silicate which is currently being patented on application by Probase Manufacturing
Sdn.Bhd. to stabilize subgrade soils. The main objective of this research is to
determine the resilient modulus of the liquid Si02 stabilized sub grade soil at number
of state conditions (i.e. density, moisture content and amount of stabilizer). Repeated
tria"ial load test was carried out at Highway Engineering Laboratory, UTHI'v1. The
specimens were prepared with ma"imum (100%), 90% and 95% dry density,
optimum moisture content, 3 % dry of optimum and 3% wet of optimum, and the
amount of stabilizer was 4%,8% and 12% of dry density of the soil. The specimens
were cured for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days to determine the effect of curing days on the
stabilized soil. The resilient modulus data were used to identify the best fit equation
with the data. However typical pavement system analyzed using KENLA YER for
non-linear elastic layer for fine grained soil; the equation applicable is the bilinear
equation. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been carried out to evaluate the level
of significance effect of the state conditions on the stabilized soil. It has been found
that density affects the resilient modulus of fine grained materials: however the
magnitude of this effect is smaller compared to effect of moisture conditions. The
addition of liquid Si02 stabilizer improves the stiffness (resilient modulus) of the soil
and consequently, the optimum concentration is found to be 4% for sub grade
stabilization through this study.


BACKGROUND
Management of asymptomatic popliteal aneurysm is controversial, and the prognosis for acutely thrombosed aneurysm is notoriously poor. We evaluated the management and outcome for popliteal aneurysm.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
A retrospective review of all patients with popliteal aneurysm between 1988 and 2000 was carried out. Fifty-two limbs were operated on in 41 patients. Data collected included findings at presentation, operative details, graft patency, limb salvage, complications, and 30-day mortality.

RESULTS
Initial findings included acute ischemia (n = 14), no symptoms (n = 29), acute rupture (n = 2), chronic ischemia (n = 5), and symptoms of nerve or vein compressive (n = 2). All patients with symptomatic aneurysms and 22 patients with asymptomatic aneurysms (21 larger than 2 cm in diameter, 1 with thrombus at duplex ultrasound scanning) underwent surgery as first-line treatment. Of the 7 patients with asymptomatic aneurysm managed with surveillance with duplex ultrasound scanning, acute ischemia developed in three, 1 aneurysm ruptured, compressive symptoms developed in 1, and 2 remained asymptomatic but required surgery because of aneurysm enlargement (>2 cm). Of the 17 patients with acute ischemia, 13 had neurologic signs and underwent immediate thromboembolectomy (trifurcation alone in 8, ankle-level arteriotomy in 4) and bypass grafting (n = 12) or inlay grafting (n = 1), and the other 4 underwent intra-arterial thrombolysis initially. Of these 4 procedures, 2 were successful and had elective surgery; the other 2 required urgent surgery because of secondary distal embolism and failure of recanalization. Thirteen of the 17 grafts were to the crural vessels. Bypass grafting (medial approach) was used in 16 of the 17 patients with acute ischemia, all 5 patients with chronic ischemia, and the 8 patients with no symptoms. An inlay technique (posterior approach) was used in 16 patients with no symptoms, the 3 patients with symptoms of nerve or vein compression, and 1 patient with acute ischemia. The distal anastomoses were to the below-knee popliteal artery in 35 patients and the crural arteries in 15 patients, using autologous vein. Two of the patients with rupture underwent ligation alone, the other undergoing bypass grafting in addition. The overall 5-year primary patency rate was 69%, secondary patency rate was 87%, and limb salvage rate was 87%. Limb salvage was achieved in 14 of the 17 patients with acute ischemia. Patients with asymptomatic aneurysms had better secondary graft patency (100%) compared with symptomatic aneurysms (74%; P <.01). Acute ischemia, technique used, and crural artery grafts were not predictors of graft failure with either univariate or multivariate analysis. Symptomatic aneurysms were associated with more postoperative complications and greater 30-day mortality (4 of 28 vs 0 of 24).

CONCLUSION
Thromboembolectomy followed by crural bypass grafting is an effective treatment for popliteal aneurysm with severe acute limb ischemia. Outcome is better with surgical management of asymptomatic popliteal aneurysm compared with symptomatic aneurysm.


ABSTRACT On November 4, 2008, America celebrated a historical event as Barack Obama was elected as the 44th President. This paper examines a historical event by exploring how Trait, Postmodernism, and Transformational Leadership theories provide insight on the election of President Obama and discusses the specific leadership concepts that influenced the electorate to make such a cultural shift in this postmodern era. Contemporary theorists posit the relevancy of Trait Theory in predicting the characteristics of successful leaders and some of these principles can be applied to successful political candidates. This study is significant because it presents an applied theoretical framework for interpreting the 2008 presidential election and the influence of leadership competencies in the postmodern period. INTRODUCTION "Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than any other," explained Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. Yet, not even Abraham Lincoln could imagine the remarkable 2008 presidential election as it unfolded. It was unpredictable and historical in many ways. This paper examines this important historical event through the lenses provided by Trait, Postmodernism, and Transformational Leadership theories. These approaches provide insight on how the perception of leadership attributes influence voting behavior. Additionally, insight from this investigation may generate insight on leadership perception in other settings including business and the nonprofit sectors. Siegel (2001) suggested that business executives can learn a great deal about leadership by analyzing the campaign management practices of American presidents. Therefore, both researchers and practitioners can benefit from the results of this analysis. The election was the longest presidential campaign and the most expensive in history (Deutsche Press Agentur, 2008). Additionally, the event marked the first time that two US senators would run against each other. Furthermore, New York Senator Hilary Rodham Clinton was the first serious female presidential candidate, and Senator Barak Obama was the first African American nominated by a major party for president. For the Republican Party, Arizona Senator John McCain had hoped to become the oldest person elected president to a first term in America. His running mate Alaska Governor Sarah Palin was the first woman vice president candidate for the Republican Party (Green, 2009). Throughout this historical presidential race, a key question discussed in the media and among experts was whether a multiracial candidate could win. The media continued to remind the public about the significance of race and social class in the presidential election. Some observers argued that Obama may not win because of his racial background (Weisberg, 2008a). Conversely, other observers viewed him as a post-racial candidate (Steele, 2008). Would white citizens vote for a black man in America? Could Obama redraw the electoral map with a new energized segment of the population that included young voters, independents, and minorities? Other opponents mentioned that Obama was too inexperienced, untested, and unready to become the president. Nevertheless, his political savvy, innovative election strategy, and charismatic personality was enough to make him victorious (Green, 2009). On November 4, 2008, Obama became the first African American elected to the US Presidency. METHOD This study utilizes the application of leadership theories in analyzing the election of President Obama in 2008. Leadership Theory provides researchers an opportunity to understand the dynamic leader-follower relationships in a cultural framework. Hackman and Johnson framed (2004) the leadership definition in several themes which were (a) the ability to influence others, (b) influence as a group context, and (c) the emphasis on collaboration. Bass and Riggio (2005) argued that leadership is not just about the province of people at the top. …


Corruption in its broader context has been identified and mentioned in the early years. However, the current concerns over corporate corruption have gained a global attention only recently. Following the collapses of the high profiled corporations such as Enron and Worldcom and the scandals behind the bankruptcy of those organizations, it drew a huge interest of the governments and the public towards finding the reasons for those economic disasters. Although corruption had been a concern in all parts of the world and in every sector of the society, it is deeply rooted in all those sectors across the globe. However the recent trends of corporate society towards building a better corporate citizenship encourage the concepts of transparency, integrity, good governance and CSR. Consequently it is contributing to one of the main solutions highlighted in this work for corruption which is, countermeasures within the corporation. The second and more integrated solution is regulatory and institutional countermeasures. Different nations approach differently in adopting a system that meets the interests of stakeholders as well as the interests of the whole society at large. Law makers are obliged to review the traditional trade laws to keep up with the dynamic and evolving corporate environment. Hence, the solution for corporate corruption is not the corporate governance codes or laws and regulation alone, rather it requires an integrated system; a framework which within the independent authorities or governing bodies work together with the various actors in the corporate world.


Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is a member of an evolutionarily conserved family of protein kinases that belongs to the CMGC group of kinases. DYRK1A, encoded by a gene located in the human chromosome 21q22.2 region, has attracted attention due to its association with both neuropathological phenotypes and cancer susceptibility in patients with Down syndrome (DS). Inhibition of DYRK1A attenuates cognitive dysfunctions in animal models for both DS and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, DYRK1A has been studied as a potential cancer therapeutic target because of its role in the regulation of cell cycle progression by affecting both tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Consequently, selective synthetic inhibitors have been developed to determine the role of DYRK1A in various human diseases. Our perspective includes a comprehensive review of potent and selective DYRK1A inhibitors and their forthcoming therapeutic applications.


In recent years there has been increased interest in the production of novel functional foods by utilizing eco-friendly materials and methods. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the effects of dietary spirulina ( Spirulina platensis ), a blue-green microalga, on growth performance, meat oxidative stability and fatty acid profile of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty one-day-old broiler chickens of mixed sex were weighed individually and assigned randomly to three treatment groups with four replications of 10 birds. All birds were housed in floor cages with litter, and conventional breeding and management procedures were applied throughout the 42-day trial period. The treatment groups were as follows: control: 0 g spirulina/kg feed; S05: 5 g spirulina/kg feed; S10: 10 g spirulina/kg feed. The birds were fed with maize and soybean meal-based commercial diets for the starter (1 to 14 days), grower (15 to 28 days) and finisher (29 to 42 days) periods. Feed and drinking water were offered to all birds ad libitum. The results of the experiment showed that bodyweight gain (at 21 d and 42 d), feed conversion ratio and mortality did not differ among the groups, nor did breast and thigh meat lipid oxidation differ among the groups. The fatty acid profile of the thigh meat was enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid after spirulina supplementation. Therefore, spirulina could be a promising functional ingredient in broiler chicken nutrition. Keywords: Poultry, microalgae, performance, meat oxidative stability, fatty acid profile


Imatinib mesylate (STI571), a specific Bcr-Abl inhibitor, has shown a potent antileukemic activity in clinical studies of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Early prediction of response to imatinib cannot be anticipated. We used a standardized quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) for BCR-ABL transcripts on 191 out of 200 late-chronic phase CML patients enrolled in a phase II clinical trial with imatinib 400 mg/day. Bone marrow samples were collected before treatment, after 12, 20 and at the end of study treatment (52 weeks) while peripheral blood samples were obtained after 2, 3, 6, 10, 14, 20 and 52 weeks of therapy. The amount of BCR-ABL transcript was expressed as the ratio of BCR-ABL to beta2-microglobulin (beta2M). We show that, following initiation of imatinib, the early BCR-ABL level trends in both bone marrow and peripheral blood samples made it possible to predict the subsequent cytogenetic outcome and response. We propose this method as the method of choice for monitoring patients on imatinib therapy. QRT-PCR studies may be able to identify degrees of molecular response that predict both complete cytogenetic response and long term stability, as well as patterns of response that provide an early indication of relapse and imatinib resistance.


In this paper, we consider using conjugate gradient (CG) methods for solving multiple linear systems $A^{(i)} x^{(i)} = b^{(i)},$ for $1 \le i \le s,$ where the coefficient matrices $A^{(i)}$ and the right-hand sides $b^{(i)}$ are different in general.\ In particular, we focus on the seed projection method which generates a Krylov subspace from a set of direction vectors obtained by solving one of the systems, called the seed system, by the CG method and then projects the residuals of other systems onto the generated Krylov subspace to get the approximate solutions.\ The whole process is repeated until all the systems are solved.\ Most papers in the literature [T.\ F.\ Chan and W.\ L.\ Wan, {\it SIAM J.\ Sci.\ Comput.}, 18 (1997), pp.\ 1698--1721; B.\ Parlett {\it Linear Algebra Appl.}, 29 (1980), pp.\ 323--346; Y.\ Saad, {\it Math.\ Comp.}, 48 (1987), pp.\ 651--662; V.\ Simoncini and E.\ Gallopoulos, {\it SIAM J.\ Sci.\ Comput.}, 16 (1995), pp.\ 917--933; C.\ Smith, A.\ Peterson, and R.\ Mittra, {\it IEEE Trans.\ Antennas and Propagation}, 37 (1989), pp. 1490--1493] considered only the case where the coefficient matrices $A^{(i)}$ are the same but the right-hand sides are different.\ We extend and analyze the method to solve multiple linear systems with varying coefficient matrices and right-hand sides. A theoretical error bound is given for the approximation obtained from a projection process onto a Krylov subspace generated from solving a previous linear system. Finally, numerical results for multiple linear systems arising from image restorations and recursive least squares computations are reported to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.


In this study, face processing, eye tracking and joint attention skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and virtual reality studies have been reveiwed. Current literature shows that face processing, eye tracking and joint attention skills and strategies of individuals with ASD are different than the strategies used by typically developing individuals. Difficulties in these areas have been considered to be related to the face discrimination strategies used by the individuals with ASD for face feature detections. Recently, virtual reality studies pioneer the development of intervention programs targeting enhancing social functioning and social cognitive skills of individuals with ASD. Even though the review of the studies indicates that face processing problems of individuals with ASD negatively affect these individuals' social skills, non-verbal interactions and cognitive skills, these studies will lead to a better understanding of ASD and provide guidance for the development of effective interventions.


Historically, much of what we know about human memory has been discovered in experiments using visual and verbal stimuli. In two experiments, participants demonstrated reliably high recognition for nonverbal liquids. In Experiment 1, participants showed high accuracy for recognizing tastes (bitter, salty, sour, sweet) over a 30-s delay in a recognition task, even when the probe stimulus was only a different concentration within the same taste. In Experiment 2, participants tasted three liquids and showed both primacy and recency effects in a serial-position recognition task with varying delay lengths (15, 30, 45, 60 s). Recognition for liquids at the end of a list was most evident with shorter delay lengths (i.e., recency). Recognition for liquids at the start of the list was most evident with longer delay lengths (i.e., primacy). These data show that not only is gustatory information stored and maintained in working memory, but that memory for these liquids follow a recency-to-primacy shift in recognition memory.


In northernmost Fennoscandia, grazing by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) has a substantial impact on the vegetation of boreal forests and arctic-alpine tundra heaths, which are reflected in belowground processes, such as nutrient mineralization and soil organic matter decomposition. In the present thesis, the effects of reindeer grazing on soil nutrient cycling were studied by comparing grazed situation with an ungrazed control area in ten boreal forests and six arctic-alpine tundra heaths. In boreal forests, reindeer grazing reduced microbial respiration in both the oligotrophic and mesotrophic study areas, indicating a deficiency of labile substrates for the soil microbes due to reindeer grazing. Simultaneously, there was heterogeneity in the impact on nitrogen mineralization rates as at some sites, mineralization was enhanced by grazing. The fertilization effect of urine and faeces can therefore be strong enough a factor to outweigh a reduction in quality of soil organic matter. In the oligotrophic forests, low soil moisture content in the grazed areas could sometimes limit the mineralization rates even when the potential for mineralization was enhanced by grazing. In the tundra ecosystems, there was spatial variation in the impact of grazing on microbial respiration and nitrogen mineralization. Low grazing intensity occurring outside the growing season had a retarding impact on nutrient cycling in both unfertilized, nutrient-poor and fertilized, nutrientrich conditions. In contrast, a relatively high grazing intensity enhanced the mineralization rates in two nutrient-poor and two nutrient-rich tundra heaths. When three different grazing intensities were compared in one oceanic, nutrient-rich and one continental, nutrient-poor tundra heath, the strongest positive effect of grazing on soil nutrient cycling occurred in the heavily grazed areas. The data do not support the assumption that soil nutrient availability regulates whether herbivores enhance or retard nutrient cycling in the soil. Instead, the net effect of grazing is determined by the balance between the underlying mechanisms that may work at opposite directions. The most important of these mechanisms are the grazer-mediated impact on the decomposability of the dominant vegetation and fertilization by urine and faeces. The duration, intensity and seasonal timing of the grazing seem to be important factors that regulate whether reindeer grazing enhances or retards soil nutrient cycling in each specific area. Due to the high spatial and temporal variation in the effects of grazing observed in this study, it is not possible to generalize the overall impact of grazing. Further study is required in order to determine the exact conditions under which grazing enhances or it retards soil nutrient cycling.


The aim of the work was to study the possibility of development, clinical picture and outcome of rhabdomyolysis (R) caused by physical activity in young conscript personnel. It included 141 men aged 18-25 years. Group I was comprised of 48 patients treated in a military hospital, group 2 consisted of 98 healthy conscripts examined before and 12 days after regular physical exercises. General clinical examination was supplemented by measuring blood CPK. LDH, AST, ALT, and myoglobin levels. Erroneous diagnosis was made in 32 cases of group 1.37 (77.08%) subjects fell ill within the first month of service, the main symptoms being myalgia, muscular tissue compaction, and brown urine. Renal dysfunction occurred in 31 (61.58%) patients. Acute renal insufficiency with oligo/anuria developed in 9 (18.75%) patients and was treated by hemodialysis. All patients had elevated CPK, LDH, AST, ALT levels. CPK increased to 98050.0 +/- 12245. 1 U/l vs 300.4 +/- 57.3 U/l in control. All patients recovered In group 2 there were no cases of R but 29 (31.2%) subjects suffered myalgia and 84 (90.32%) had elevated CPC levels (up to 759 +/- 172.6 U/l on the average). Physical activity in servicemen may cause R with the highest risk of its development during the first month after conscription, i.e. in the period of adaptation. This finding should be taken into account in the organization of medical control of the subscripts' health.


News consumers are frequently exposed to seemingly conflicting claims about the risks or benefits of activities such as eating meat and drinking coffee, which can lead to confusion and backlash against expert advice. One factor that may artificially inflate perceived conflict is the tendency for news headlines to generically attribute such claims to 'Scientists', 'Experts' or 'Researchers'. This can create the perception that scientific consensus frequently changes, with 'experts' saying one thing one day (e.g., "Fasting diet could regenerate pancreas and reverse diabetes, researchers say") and another the next ("Fasting diets may raise risk of diabetes, researchers warn"). We predicted that hedging news headlines with the qualifier 'some' (e.g., …some researchers say) would reduce perceived contradiction and backlash by triggering the scalar inference "some but not all…". We presented participants with a series of conflicting headlines or non-conflicting headlines about health and nutrition. These were presented in either their original generic format (e.g., Researchers say…) or in a qualified format (e.g., Some researchers say…). Those that saw conflicting headlines felt they were more contradictory, more confusing and resulted in us knowing less about how to be healthy than those who saw the non-conflicting headlines (Experiment 1, N=294). In Experiment 2 (N=400), the same conflict manipulation had no effect on more general beliefs about nutrition or the development of science. When our conflict manipulation did affect beliefs (Experiment 1) the effect of conflict was not moderated by headline format. Our results suggest that replacing generic consensus claims (e.g., Researchers say…) with qualified consensus claims (e.g., Some researchers say…) does not reduce the perceived contradiction and confusion that are typically associated with conflicting news reports.


ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the cost-effectiveness of the first psychiatric long-stay care home in Hong Kong, which opened in 1990. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of the first 43 patients discharged to the long-stay care home from Castle Peak Hospital, who were followed-up for 2 years. Results: Patients had significantly improved social and community skills while remaining behaviourally and symptomatically stable. The long-stay care home provided a less restrictive environment than Castle Peak Hospital, and patients' satisfaction was high. The recurring costs for the long-stay care home were lower than for the hospital. The only statistically significant adverse finding was deterioration in personal health care skills 2 years after leaving the medical setting. Conclusion: This study provides the first scientific evidence in Hong Kong to show that the long-stay care home is a cost-effective means of successfully rehabilitating a group of long-stay mental hospital inpatients who do not qualify for halfway houses but require only minimal nursing care (less than 2.5 hours per week). Key words: Chronic mental illness, Community care, Deinstitutionalisation, Evaluation, Long-stay care home INTRODUCTION Despite the current enthusiasm for shifting the emphasis of psychiatric care from hospital to the community, mental hospitals have continued to accumulate a number of long-stay patients. (1-4) Even when long-stay patients have been discharged from hospital, there is evidence to suggest that few achieve full independence from hospital services. (5) Furthermore, studies of community facilities such as hostels, halfway houses, and group homes have reported that the selection policies may exclude the more severely disabled or disturbed patients. (6-9) Remaining in hospital for long periods results in both clinical and social disadvantages for patients with chronic psychotic illness. The social milieu, particularly on an acute admission ward, may become too emotionally arousing and cause them to relapse with florid symptoms. The needs of these patients may be overlooked by the staff when their attention is distracted by the demands of floridly disturbed and newly admitted patients. Furthermore, long hospital stay may progressively disable a person from life in the community when the social milieu and management practices of a ward prevent patients from being responsible for domestic tasks such as cleaning, cooking, and laundry, as well as outside activities such as shopping and gardening. (10) THE HONG KONG SCENE IN 1990 In Hong Kong, overcrowding in mental hospitals has been a problem for decades. Castle Peak Hospital (CPH), the oldest and largest mental hospital in Hong Kong, which was originally planned for 1242 patients, had 1933 beds in 1990. This was achieved by placing 1 extra bed in between every 2 beds, so that patients climbed onto the beds from the end of the bed instead of from its sides. However, the actual number of inpatients was 2251 by 31 December 1990. This was achieved by moving the furniture out of day rooms and dining rooms every night and putting in 'camp beds' for patients to sleep on, only for these rooms to be refurnished the next morning. A significant proportion of patients at CPH were long-stay patients who had increased in number over decades. An internal survey of CPH conducted on census day in 1987 revealed that 56% of the inpatient population (more than 1000) had been in CPH for more than 2 years. Another internal survey revealed that more than 400 long-stay patients should be stable enough to be discharged to a long-stay hostel in the community rather than staying indefinitely in a mental hospital. However, the fact was that no long-stay care home for these patients existed in Hong Kong prior to 1990. Figure 1 shows a conceptual spectrum of residential services for mentally ill persons in Hong Kong. …


Abstract Static Mohr–Coulomb Failure Criterion for rocks has been used extensively in various rock engineering applications. In this model, the compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear strength are related. To investigate the applicability of the Mohr–Coulomb model to dynamic failures, we studied the correlation of the three dynamic rock properties: compressive strength, tensile strength and punch shear strength. The strengths are quantified using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. The methods for acquiring these strengths were briefly discussed. A fine-grained sandstone, Longyou sandstone (LS) was studied using these methods. The results showed that the compressive strength calculated from the punch shear strength of LS matched well with the experimental UCS results, thus the punch shear strength could be effectively used to predict the UCS of rocks. The tensile strength calculated from the punch shear strength of LS also has exhibited a good trend with the experimental results of Brazilian tensile strength. We concluded that the famous Mohr–Coulomb criterion can be extended to the dynamic range. However, caution has to be taken in determining the loading rates for different strength results.


OBJECTIVE
The authors studied all defendants in Baltimore City's circuit and district courts who pleaded not criminally responsible, Maryland's version of the not guilty by reason of insanity plea, during a 1-year period. The study was designed to compare the perception that the insanity plea is misused to actual outcome data.

METHOD
The cohort of defendants who pleaded not criminally responsible in both the circuit and district courts during calendar year 1991 was identified. Data on demographic characteristics, crimes committed, diagnoses, and psychiatrists' opinions on criminal responsibility were collected. Trial outcome data were obtained through a search of the circuit and district court computer systems.

RESULTS
Of the 60,432 indictments filed in the two courts, 190 defendants (0.31 per 100 indictments) entered a plea of not criminally responsible. All but eight defendants (0.013 per 100 indictments) dropped this plea before trial. For these eight cases, both the state and the defense agreed that the defendant should be found not criminally responsible, and the plea was uncontested at trial. The remaining defendants had their charges dropped before trial, remained not competent to stand trial at the time of the study, or withdrew their pleas of not criminally responsible before trial.

CONCLUSIONS
There were no trials that contested the plea of not criminally responsible. The state and defense agreed with each other for all of the defendants who actually retained the plea at trial. The perception that the insanity defense is overused and misused is not borne out by data.


In this paper, we present the first theoretical study of the parallelism inherent in the Rijndael Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). We derive the asymptotic sequential runtime for the algorithm and describe two parallel implementations: one that is optimal in terms of time, and another that is optimal in terms of cost (the asymptotic product of time and number of processors required). The cost-optimal implementation sacrifices acceleration to reduce the number of processors required for encryption.


In this paper, we propose an efficient method for generating validation vectors for identifying delay marginalities under increasing levels of process-variations-across die, across wafers, across wafer lots. With the goal of significantly reducing the number of vectors required for validation, we propose an approach for segmenting the full global plus local process variation envelope into sub-envelopes, where each sub-envelope is guaranteed to capture worst-case full local-only (worst case on-die) and partial global-only (worst case of across die, across wafers, and across wafer lots) variations, and where all sub-envelopes collectively capture the worst-case full global plus local variations. We then use our recent variability aware approach for generating multiple vectors (captured as vector-spaces) in a segment-by-segment manner to guarantee the invocation of the worst-case delay of the chips in the first-silicon batch. We present extensive experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, especially in the context of increasing process variations.


The Shenandoah Cloud and Photochemistry Experiment (SCAPE) was conducted during September 1990 in the rural continental atmosphere at a mountain top site (1014 m) in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. We report here the extensive set of trace gas measurements performed during clear sky periods of SCAPE, with particular focus on the carboxylic acids, formic, acetic, and pyruvic. Median mixing ratios were 5.4 and 2.1 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) for formic and acetic acid, respectively, and they did not exhibit the diurnal variation characteristic of low-elevation sites. Mixing ratios of formic acid often approached or exceeded 10 ppbv, which are the largest values yet reported for the nonurban troposphere. Over the rural eastern United States, formic and acetic acid appear to have significant nonphotochemical sources. Secondary production from suspected pathways appears to be relatively unimportant. The observed lack of correlation between formic and acetic acid with peroxide species argues against a significant source from permutation reactions of peroxy radicals. In addition, model calculations using the SCAPE data indicate minimal production of carboxylics from olefin/O3 oxidation reactions. The tight correlation (r2 = 0.88) between mixing ratios of formic and acetic acid is strongly suggestive of a commonality in their sources. The seasonal cycle of carboxylic acids in the atmosphere and precipitation over the eastern United States is evidence that combustion emissions are not a principal source of these species. It appears that direct biogenic emissions from vegetation and soils cannot be ruled out as important sources. In particular, the correlation between the seasonal variation of formic and acetic acid and the ambient temperature is consistent with a soil microbial source. Similar conclusions were reached for pyruvic acid, with its mixing ratio ranging 4–266 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) (median = 63) and most likely supported by biogenic emissions and possibly photochemical sources.


The recognition of sound understanding of Nature of Science (NOS) in promoting scientific literacy among individuals has heightened the need to probe NOS conceptions among various groups. However, the nature of quantitative studies in gauging NOS understanding has left the understanding on few NOS aspects insufficiently informed. This paper aimed to probe the understanding on one of these underexplored aspects, namely the tentativeness of scientific theory. Phenomenographic data collect was used to infer the understanding of ten preservice science teachers on the tentativeness of scientific theories. Results showed that the participants held two differing conceptions about the scientific theories in this regard, namely 1) Theories are changeable with future occurrences and 2) Theories are changeable opinions. Implications suggest that other than educating the future teachers about NOS, the pedagogical NOS knowledge should be equally emphasized so that they are able to include NOS in their instructions explicitly.


A defendant in a criminal rape prosecution faces the prospect of a civil action brought by the complainant.2 Sometimes, the defendant will offer to settle the potential civil case with the complainant while the prosecution is still pending. Following settlement, the complainant may request that the charges be dropped or refuse to cooperate with the prosecution. A prosecution for a robbery or an assault still could proceed without the cooperation of the alleged victim, relying instead on other witnesses and physical evidence. But a rape prosecution is different. A rape prosecution almost always relies heavily on the complainant's testimony. If the complainant is no longer interested in pursuing the case, even the most zealous prosecutor may have little choice but to drop the charges.3 Regardless of how the


We estimate the direct partial wage effects of immigrant-induced increases in labor supply, using the national skill cell approach with longitudinal records drawn from Norwegian administrative registers. The results show overall negative but heterogeneous wage effects, with larger effects on immigrant wages than on native wages and with native wages more responsive to inflows from Nordic countries than from developing countries. These patterns are consistent with natives and Nordic citizens being close substitutes, while natives and immigrants from developing countries are imperfect substitutes. Estimates are sensitive to accounting for effective immigrant experience, selective native participation, and variation in demand conditions and native labor supply.


Abstract. Genetic effects, e.f. population and heterosis effects have been estimated for: Czech Fleckvieh, Beef Simmental and various types of their crosses produced in beef cow-calf operations. The best genetic-statistical model was chosen for the analyze of these effects. The fallowing traits were analyzed: birth weight, weights at 210 and at 365 days of age as well as average daily gains between birth and 210 days, between 210 and 365 days and between birth and 365 days of age. Parameters for all the traits were estimated by the method of least squares means with fixed effects year of birth, herd, sex, type of birth (single or multiple), age of dam and genotype. Genetic models involved the means and two to four crossbreeding effects: i.e. direct and maternal population effect and direct and maternal heterosis effect. The results showed that the genetic model including the mean and all four crossbreeding effects was more accurate and advantageous that the others. For all growth traits crossbreds exceeded both purebred populations. Positive values were estimated for most direct and maternal population effects. Direct and maternal heterosis effects in global showed negative values.


The research was carried out on the sediment of Middle Bandung Basin. Samples were taken from a depth of 20 meters to 10 meters, each meter a taken sample for analysis. The characteristics of the sample are greenish grey clay deposits with remnant plant material. Research aims to identify climate change based on palynological data from the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary. The resulting of radiocarbon dating (14C), shows that age of the sample from the 18 m depth around 11820 years BP. Separation of pollen from sediment used an acetolysis method. Palynomorphs are grouped according to their habitat that related to vegetation zone, i.e., lowland forest zone, submontane forest zone, lower montane forest zone, riparian/open herbaceous swamp vegetation, freshwater algae, and Aquatic plant. The composition of pollen shows a succession of vegetation that reflection of climate changes. From Pleistocene-Holocene boundary at least has been recorded seven times of the shift vegetation zone that is evidence of climate change. The oldest sample at 20 m depth is the coldest temperature occurred in zone one at a depth of 20-19 meters that was dominated by lower montane forest vegetation; the event was around Late Pleistocene. The opposite condition occurred in zone seven at 10 meters depth; temperature becomes warmer that indicated by disappears of pollen submontane forest and dominated by lowland forest pollen similar to the current condition. Climate change is also reflected by fluctuations the quantity pollen of open herbaceous swamp vegetation.


INTRODUCTION When someone speaks of "the law and economics of intellectual property rights" (IPRs), an image along the lines of the following diagram is apt to come to mind: This is the basic illustration of monopoly price and output, familiar from introductory microeconomic texts. It is often used to explain the effects of IPRs, with the twist that, in this case, monopoly is good because it elicits desired investment in new intellectual creations. Critics of law and economics dispute the proper characterization of this diagram and all that it represents. Some say it is highly simplistic, even misleading; others deem it an abomination, as wrong for its normative assumptions and implications as for its positive misrepresentations of economic reality. Critics might be surprised to learn how many within the economics trade agree with them. Within economics, and even law and economics, many scholars have been working assiduously to unpack the assumptions, and to elaborate the conditions, behind diagrams such as this one. The past thirty to forty years has produced an eclectic and open-ended strain of economics that parallels, and in some ways rivals, neoclassical economics. The New Institutional Economics ("NIE") appears with increasing frequency in the law and economics literature. This brief Paper explains why it also has a central place in research on IPRs. To convey a sense of the applicability of the NIE to IPRs, I begin with a critique of the basic microeconomic diagram we started with. 1. UNPACKING THE SIMPLE DIAGRAM: OF PRODUCTS AND MARKETS The diagram follows the conventions of the economic literature on IPRs, which customarily views property rights and product markets as coextensive. Most work in this genre assumes (however implicitly) that one, and only one, property right covers the entirety of a marketable product. This is not always an accurate picture. A commercially viable product will often be assembled from a number of components. One or more of these components may be covered by IPRs, but it is not always true that a complete product will be covered by one, and only one, comprehensive IPR. Complex, multi-component products are the norm in many industries (e.g., autos and consumer electronics), and individual patents often cover only a single component or sub-component. In the "copyright industries," a single, comprehensive copyright often covers a discrete product, such as a novel or scholarly monograph. Nonetheless, multi-component works are far from uncommon. Indeed, motion pictures, sound recordings, and magazines all have multiple "components" or inputs. Often, then, there is no simple "one-to-one" mapping of products and property rights. Some components may not be subject to proprietary rights. Others may be, but the rights will be of different types (patents and copyrights), scopes, and durations. This means that, at the least, the simple monopoly pricing story may be inaccurate. Property rights may have little effect on the market, or they may create "monopolistic competition," a hybrid market structure midway between monopoly and perfect competition. In the end, IPRs may well have an effect on price, entry, and the like. But it will likely not be the simple, straightforward effect of creating a monopoly over a discrete product. II. COORDINATION, TRANSACTIONS, INSTITUTIONS My critique of the simple diagram we started with boils down to this: it assumes a "one-to-one mapping" between property rights and markets, and this is too simple. Multiple, overlapping property rights often lie behind economic markets. Especially where rights are held by different firms, this entails some coordination among rightsholders before a product can be sold on a market.' This need for coordination opens the door for analysis in the spirit of NIE.2 To apply NIE concepts to IPRs, we first need to understand the basic building blocks of the theory. …


The rapid growth of marine aquaculture around the world accentuates issues of sustainability and environmental impacts of large-scale farming systems. One potential mitigation strategy is to relocate to more energetic offshore locations. However, research regarding the forces which waves and currents impose on aquaculture structures in such conditions is still scarce. The present study aimed at extending the knowledge related to live blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), cultivated on dropper lines, by unique, large-scale laboratory experiments in the Large Wave Flume of the Coastal Research Center in Hannover, Germany. Nine-months-old live dropper lines and a surrogate of 2.0 m length each are exposed to regular waves with wave heights between 0.2 and 1.0 m and periods between 1.5 and 8.0 s. Force time histories are recorded to investigate the inertia and drag characteristics of live mussel and surrogate dropper lines. The surrogate dropper line was developed from 3D scans of blue mussel dropper lines, using the surface descriptor Abbott–Firestone Curve as quality parameter. Pull-off tests of individual mussels are conducted that reveal maximum attachment strength ranges of 0.48 to 10.55 N for mussels that had medium 3.04 cm length, 1.60 cm height and 1.25 cm width. Mean drag coefficients of CD = 3.9 were found for live blue mussel lines and CD = 3.4 for the surrogate model, for conditions of Keulegan–Carpenter number (KC) 10 to 380, using regular wave tests.


This paper uses the Tax Reform Act of 1986 as a natural experiment to identify the labor supply responsiveness of married women to changes in the tax rate. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 reduced the top marginal tax rate by 44 percent (from 50 percent to 28 percent), but changed less the marginal tax rate for those further down the income distribution. I analyze the response of married women at or above the 99th percentile of the income distribution, using as a control group women from the 75th percentile of the income distribution. I therefore identify the tax effect as the difference between the change in labor supply of women with large tax rate reductions and the change in labor supply of women with small tax rate reductions. I find evidence that the labor supply of high-income, married women increased due to the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The increase in total labor supply of married women at the top of the income distribution (relative to married women at the 75th percentile of the income distribution) implies an elasticity with respect to the after- tax wage of approximately 0.8. At least half of this elasticity is due to labor force participation. Use of a second control group supports the participation response but is inconclusive on the hours of work response.


This paper investigates power smoothing in a full-scale offshore oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter (WEC) by integrating supercapacitors (SCs) with the inertia of a Wells turbine controlled at variable speed. With the simulation package Simulink developed by MathWorks, a model is developed for the WEC system utilizing sea-state data and an SC system is sized to smooth and reduce the grid peak power for a 570-kW (peak) system. Long component lifetime is a requirement for offshore WECs. Hence, a computer-controlled test rig has been built to validate SC lifetimes to manufacturer's specifications and determine application lifetime. Cycle testing is carried out on individual SCs at room temperature and also at rated temperature utilizing a thermal chamber and equipment interconnected by the general purpose interface bus (GPIB) and programmed by the MathWorks developed computing environment Matlab. Application testing is carried out using time-compressed scaled-power profiles from the model to allow a comparison of lifetime degradation. The SCs under standard testing at ambient and rated temperature, and application testing at ambient temperature, have undergone approximately 4 000 000, 700 000, and 500 000 cycles, respectively. The results demonstrate cycle lifetimes in excess of manufacturer specifications.


We investigated the "one-batch" synthesis of model and practical palladium catalysts using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Two types of model catalysts and one type of powder-based nanocatalyst were synthesized simultaneously by ALD under viscous flow conditions. In addition, Pd/TiO2(110) model catalysts were prepared by the identical ALD process but under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Because of the self-limiting surface reaction that defines ALD, the local structure of all the Pd catalysts were essentially the same as confirmed by a suite of microscopic and spectroscopic characterization techniques. A comprehensive understanding of the Pd-based catalysts was achieved by applying both surface science probes and advanced synchrotron techniques, and by strategically selecting the catalyst substrate best suited for each characterization. Both X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray resonant photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that Pd only weakly interacted with the TiO2 support. The one-batch synthesis approach facilitated by ALD can potentially bridge the "synthesis gap" between model catalysts and practical catalysts.


Background: Subjects with different binocular defects were tested for their stereoscopic achievement. The determination of the subjects limiting disparity (in seconds of arc) was not used to characterize their stereoscopic acuity, but the subjective depth perception as a simple clinical method. Methods: 52 subjects with different binocular defects and 21 normosensoric volunteers were examined for their stereoscopic achievement. In our stereoscopic measurement we ask the subjects to indicate the subjective plane of the fly's wings manually by their own finger, or by a hand-held plastic card, or with the aid of a mechanic instrument. The results of the different methods were compared with each other. Results: There were no differences between the results within the group of normosensoric subjects. The patients with reduced abilities exhibit significantly different results in depth perception when measured manually or by machinery. The subjective depth localization correlates well with the binocular defect and is independent of the used stereoscopic method. Conclusions: The basic finger test of the subjective level of the Fly's wings gives a quite reasonable approximation of local stereoscopic depth perception. In terms of practical investigation the finger test shows in convincing manner whether the individual sterescopic ability is based on normal, subnormal or anomalous binocular interaction.


A patient receiving warfarin for atrial fibrillation experiences worsening of her chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with purulent sputum. You want to start an antibiotic. Her international normalized ratio (INR) has been rock stable at 2.5. Should you adjust the dose of warfarin? Would the answer be different if she was just ill and you were not going to use an antibiotic? Does it depend on the antibiotic? This is a common medicine (warfarin) and a common situation (upper respiratory tract infection), and yet there are no easy real-world answers. Harnessing the power of linked medical, pharmacy, and laboratory records and an anticoagulation database, Clark and coauthors show that upper respiratory tract infection increases the risk of excessive anticoagulation even without antibiotics, probably because of a combination of eating less, using acetaminophen-containing medications, and developing fever. With antibiotics, the risk increases a bit more, but the difference is not statistically significant. Antibiotics interfering with warfarin metabolism (metronidazole and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole) were more likely to result in clinically concerning increases in INR (≥5.0). Of importance to us as clinicians is that most patients had minimal changes in the INR with antibiotics, indicating that we should not lower warfarin dosages preemptively. On the other hand, we can take from this study that patients with respiratory tract illness, especially those receiving an antibiotic that interferes with warfarin metabolism, as well as women, patients with cancer, and those with an elevated baseline INR, are at higher risk for excessive anticoagulation and should have additional INR monitoring. Related article page 409 Research Original Investigation Warfarin Interactions With Antibiotics


Abstract. The eMOTIONAL Cities project sets out to understand how the natural and built environment can shape the feelings and emotions of those who experience it. It does so with a cross-disciplinary approach which includes urban planners, doctors, psychologists, neuroscientists and engineers. At the core of this research project, lies a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) which assembles datasets that characterise the emotional landscape and built environment, in different Cities across Europe and the US. The SDI is a key tool, not only to make the research data available within the project consortium, but also to allow cross-fertilisation with other ongoing projects and later on, to reach a wider public audience. For more than twenty years SDIs have adopted the OGC W*s service interfaces, which are based on SOAP, the Simple Object Access Protocol. In recent years a new "family" of APIs has emerged within OGC, which is more aligned with modern web practices. In this project, we set out to leverage the advantages of this new approach, and compiled a stack to implement an SDI based on OGC APIs. However, we realised that we still need to support the legacy standards, either because an OGC API replacement is not mature enough, or there are no implementations available. This has led us to compile another stack based on the legacy standards. In this paper we describe our architecture, along with the challenges that we had to address. Both stacks are based on OSGeo Software, and they are available on GitHub.


Is more money better than less? Not always. It depends on the situation. If more money for oneself means less money for a stranger, the majority of participants in dictator games choose less money for themselves. But if they really are alone - and thus do not have to share with a stranger - will they always choose to receive more money instead of less? Here, I report results from seven experiments. On average, one-third of a total of 3,351 participants chose to receive less money instead of more. In one experiment even a majority choose to receive less money. In four of the experiments the participants also faced the corresponding dictator experiment where there is an explicit anonymous recipient of the foregone money. There is a high positive correlation between "giving" as a dictator and when alone. This result opens up possibilities for broader interpretations that go beyond social the preference interpretation of giving in the dictator game.


In this paper, we derive a maximum-likelihood (ML) decoder of the differential data in a decode-and-forward (DF)-based cooperative communication system utilizing uncoded transmissions. This decoder is applicable to complex-valued unitary and nonunitary constellations suitable for differential modulation. The ML decoder helps to improve the diversity of the DF-based differential cooperative system using an erroneous relaying node. We also derive a piecewise linear (PL) decoder of the differential data transmitted in the DF-based cooperative system. The proposed PL decoder significantly reduces the decoding complexity, as compared with the proposed ML decoder, with no significant degradation in the receiver performance. Existing ML and PL decoders of the differentially modulated uncoded data in the DF-based cooperative communication system are only applicable to binary modulated signals like binary phase shift keying and binary frequency shift keying, whereas the proposed decoders are applicable to complex-valued unitary and nonunitary constellations suitable for differential modulation under uncoded transmissions. We derive a closed-form expression of the uncoded average symbol error rate (SER) of the proposed PL decoder with M phase-shift keying constellation in a cooperative communication system with a single relay and one source-destination pair. An approximate average SER by ignoring higher order noise terms is also derived for this setup. It is analytically shown on the basis of the derived approximate SER that the proposed PL decoder provides full diversity of second order. In addition, we also derive the approximate SER of the differential DF system with multiple relays at asymptotically high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the source-relay links. It is shown by simulations that the proposed PL decoder in the differential DF cooperative system with more than one relay also achieves the maximum possible diversity.


With the rapid adoption of Cloud-based Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems, health providers are particularly concerned about managing data privacy on the cloud. Existing approaches have either a scalability bottleneck by requiring that patients approve each sharing of their medical data or a trust bottleneck by having a single authority control every access thereby creating the problem of a single point of attack. To address both these bottlenecks, we have developed a novel framework that enables policy based multi-authority access authorization to EHR systems accessed by multiple care providers from different locations or organizations. This framework, which resides on the Edge, has been built using the Multi-Authority Attribute Based Encryption (MA-ABE) and Semantic Web technologies to provide a secure, semantically rich approach to facilitate secure data sharing among organizations who manage different attributes of end users using a shared dataset. In this paper, we describe our novel approach along with the proof of concept prototype that we created to evaluate our framework.


The presented parameterised and predictive architecture is dedicated for image analysis algorithms implementations on FPGAs. Image analysis algorithms have shared characteristics. These characteristics serve as a basis for the presented parameterised architecture. The architecture design is based on the linear effort property and reusable IP. For a new algorithm implementation, adaptations only concern a small part of the entire architecture. New IPs are developed in handel-C using the DK design suite tool provided by Celoxica. The design space exploration (DSE) is made off-line with the use of prediction models which results in a shorter design time and the generated architecture will satisfy the given constraints. An example of the design process is presented with the multispectral imaging implementation instead of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) algorithm.


A 3 month remediation trial of the use of detergent and sawdust in different combination forms in the restoration of a crude oil contaminated tropical soil was investigated. 8 remediation treatments labeled A – H in addition to the control (I) were used in 10 kg soil artificially polluted with 300 ml crude oil each. Remediation treatments were: A (20 g detergent), B (40 g detergent), C (100 g sawdust), D (200 g sawdust), E (20 g detergent + 100 g sawdust), F (20 g detergent + 200 g sawdust), G (40 g detergent + 100 g sawdust), H (40 g detergent + 200 g sawdust) and I (polluted soil without an amendment) arranged in a completely randomized design. Soil chemical parameters such as total hydrocarbon content, total organic carbon, Total organic matter, nitrogen, nitrate and pH were evaluated. The resulted indicated that the amendments (either in single or combined form) reduced soil electrical conductivity and Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC); and increased soil pH, Nitrate, Nitrogen, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Organic Matter (TOM). There was also significant increase in the soil microbial counts in the amended soil as compared to the control. Therefore, detergent and sawdust in single or combinations can be used to restore crude oil polluted soil with the ability to reduce the toxic effect with treatment A (20 g detergent) and C (100 g sawdust) and D (200 g sawdust) performing best. Though caution should be taken in their application (especially detergent), as not to cause any adverse effect. Keywords: remediation, detergent, sawdust, pollution, crude oil, soil


Asking questions is an important ability for a chatbot. Although there are existing works on question generation with a piece of descriptive text, it remains to be a very challenging problem. In this paper, we consider a new question generation problem which also requires the input of a target aspect in addition to a piece of descriptive text. The key reason for this new problem is that it has been found from practical applications that useful questions need to be targeted toward some relevant aspects. One almost never asks a random question in a conversation. Due to the fact that given a descriptive text, it is often possible to ask many types of questions, generating a question without knowing what it is about is of limited use. in order to solve this problem, we propose a novel neural network which is able to generate aspect-based questions. One major advantage of this model is that it can be trained directly using a question-answering corpus without requiring any additional annotations like annotating aspects in the questions or answers. Experimental results show that our proposed model outperforms the state-of-theart question generation methods.


This report demonstrates the feasibility of applying stochastic techniques to linear water quality models. The Monte Carlo, First Order, and Generation of Moment Equation techniques are applied to a long term phosphorus model of Lake Washington. The effect of uncertainty of the phosphorus loading term on simulated phosphorus levels is analyzed. All three stochastic techniques produced the same results. The simulated concentrations of phosphorus in the water column are very responsive to uncertainty in annual phosphorus loading, the sediment concentrations relatively insensitive. The Monte Carlo technique is shown to require the most computation time of the three stochastic techniques applied. The First Order and Generation of Moment Equation techniques are shown to be precise and efficient methods of stochastic analysis. In this application they required less than one thousandth the computation time of the Monte Carlo technique. The Generation of Moment Equations technique is also applied to a steady state salinity model of the Colorado River system. Two sources of uncertainty are considered: 1) the estimation of "steady state" values of salinity loading from a limi ted historic data base and 2) the estimation of salinity loading from irrigated land by a semi-empirical approach. Six stochastic simUlations of the Colorado River system are presented. Coefficients of variations of simulated salinities at Imperial Dam are shown to vary from 5.7 to 10.3 percent. The major source of uncertainty in all simulations is the estimation of the steady state salinity loading with the agricultural loading term becoming important in some simulated management alternatives.


This article presents some key figures about the European market for exchange-traded funds (ETFs), with a focus on growth, key trends, and impact on underlying instruments. One particular important area of growth is the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ETF segment, with the market size in Europe exceeding that in the United States both in terms of assets under management (AUM) and number of products, although the gap has tended to decrease slightly over time. Turning to ETF ownership, the authors find several reasons to expect the impact of ETFs on European equity markets to be more modest than that documented in the academic literature for the US equity markets, namely a materially lower level of average ETF ownership and a primarily international ownership (i.e., located in the United States). These figures are put in perspective with the results of a survey carried out during the first quarter of 2021, which provides insights into European professional investor perceptions of ETFs. The survey also reveals a particularly strong appetite for ESG-themed funds, and ETFs appear to be a useful instrument for integrating an ESG component into investment decisions. TOPICS: ESG investing, exchange-traded funds and applications, developed markets, performance measurement Key Findings ▪ ETF ownership of European stocks is about half that of US stocks; the European ESG ETF market size exceeds that in the United States, both in terms of AUM and the number of products, but incremental AUM are now almost on par. ▪ European investors show great interest in SRI/ESG investment, with 55% of ETF users already investing in SRI/ESG in 2021 and 68% of those who have not yet done so considering integrating ESG into their portfolios in the near future. ▪ ETFs appear to be a useful instrument for integrating an SRI/ESG component into investment, with 67% of respondents using them to do so and 60% wishing to see further developments in SRI/ESG-based ETFs and/or low-carbon ETFs.


This paper argues that liberal theories of justice cannot satisfactorily deal with institutional power. They set out to compare different institutional structures based on criteria which presume an institution-independent ontology of rights and goods. But as soon as it is acknowledged that many properties of goods and rights which are normatively relevant depend ontologically on the existence of particular institutions, and that such institutions necessarily involve specific structures of power, it can be argued that not judgments about rights, equality or welfare, but an assessment of the justice of power relations is the most important task for theories of social justice. The paper explores several strategies for providing such an assessment.


The differences in mechanical properties of pressed and sintered specimens made from mixtures of iron and copper powders or from copper-coated iron powders, produced by a cementation process, were studied. For this purpose different copper contents were used (3, 8 or 12wt%) and the oxygen content of the coated powders was measured. After sintering at 1120°C for 60 minutes in hydrogen flow, microgradient structures were observed. The samples were investigated by light optical microscopy and tested under bending and tensile loads. Young´s Moduli were calculated from resonance frequencies. The copper-coating of the iron powder results in an improvement of all properties, owing to a more homogeneous copper distribution and the absence of large secondary pores, compared to specimens made from mixtures of iron and copper powders. In the case of Fe-12Cu (coated), all determined properties tend to result in a maximum: highest sintered density (7,33 g/cm³), tensile strength (489 MPa), transverse rupture strength (1098 MPa) and apparent hardness (162 HV10). The Young´s Modulus (150 GPa) of coated Fe-12Cu is nearly the same as that of sintered iron (154 GPa).


Background Globally, trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness and Australia is the only developed country with endemic trachoma. It is found in remote Indigenous communities burdened with poverty, overcrowding and poor hygiene. Lack of culturally appropriate health promotion, a small trachoma workforce and lack of awareness and support for trachoma elimination in general, were early barriers. Methods A cross-sectional pre-post study using a convenience sample, was conducted in clinics, schools and community work-settings from 63 of the 82 remote Aboriginal communities identified as being at risk of trachoma in the Northern Territory (NT). The study assessed the effect of a multi-component health promotion strategy aimed at increasing knowledge, attitude and practice amongst health, education and community support settings staff. Data were collected between 2010 and 2012. The health promotion initiatives were introduced in communities in staggered delivery over a one-year period; 272 participants were surveyed at baseline and 261 at follow-up. Results Trachoma related knowledge, attitudes and practice increased across all settings and for all primary outcome measures. Across all settings, there was a significant increase in the proportion of participants reporting the most important thing to do if a child has a 'dirty' face is to 'wash it every time its dirty' (61.6% cf 69.7%; X2p = 0.047), a significant reduction in the proportion of respondents answering 'no' to the question "Is it normal for kids to have dirty faces in your community' (40.5% cf 29.6%; X2p = 0.009) and a significant increase in reported capacity to teach others about trachoma prevention (70.8% cf 83.3%; X2p <0.001). Conclusion Health promotion was associated with increased trachoma knowledge, attitude and practice amongst health, education and community support staff working with children and in remote NT communities. In the early stages of the trachoma health promotion program, this increased trachoma awareness and improved local workforce capacity and support for trachoma elimination in three health promotion settings in remote communities in the NT.


Differences in demographic behaviours across countries and sub-national regions have stimulated interest into the relationships between individual characteristics, and the context in which individuals are embedded. Analytical approaches that include contextual factors into statistical analyses of demographic behaviours require well-documented comparative data at the national, as well as the sub-national regional level. The Contextual Database (CDB) of the Generations and Gender Programme (GGP) has been set up to support such analyses by providing comparative data on demographic and socio-economic contexts, covering up to 60 countries in Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania. This paper presents conceptual considerations and an overview over the content and the functionality of the GGP CDB. Research examples of studies applying multi-level models illustrate how data from this database can increase the analytical potentials of demographic analyses. The GGP CDB is a state-of-the-art research tool, offering well-documented comparative contextual data at the national and regional level. Although conceptually linked to the Generations and Gender Survey, the GGP CDB can also be used to analyse data from other surveys and to study macro-developments. It offers a number of advantages. This includes a high number of indicators specifically geared towards demographic analyses, which often provide extensive temporal and geographic coverage. Besides, the dynamic web environment provides high transparency on data sources as it offers metadata for each single entry. It also supports a number of geocoding schemes that are used by GGS and other surveys to denote region and country of residence.


The study the process and the format form of this reed, Reed aims to develop products to furniture design in line with the contemporary art Thailand. The study, experimental research. Study of processes and Style woven reed Chantaboon. Chanthaburi. Which has a long history. Caused by from direct experience. With features Kok locally grown and therefore environmental factors that contribute to the wisdom. Local culture and the development until the present. Reed led the development of the furniture ,The research design of this furniture, furniture design with a difference. The concept is inspired by the shape. Have been inspired by a lotus petal pattern of Thailand, which is a art that reflects the uniqueness of Thailand. The heirloom since ancient .Artists have been inspired and influenced by the natural form of the lotus pattern Thailand. Shapes express feelings the warmth of lines that are curved gently to the beginning of the design classified into three model with a different front where and functional model 1 is the chair and a half sitting half. sleep model, 2 is a single chair and model 3 is a table of the available display , model that has been most satisfactory. A model that supports the arts and culture of Thailand, which shaped the development of the modern era to into the present. In the core of the design model 1 half sitting, half reclining chair is a form that is suitable for reed Chantaboon development in furniture design most With the properties of the reed for the bed coverings. This feature is be used to modify the design to accommodate the bed adapted to the surface waves. A smooth curve, which can help to massage the back of the sleep to relax and sleep well. Combined with the properties of the reed. It is promoting of


Abstract. The two concerted
field campaigns, Arctic CLoud Observations Using airborne measurements during
polar Day (ACLOUD) and the Physical feedbacks of Arctic planetary boundary
level Sea ice, Cloud and AerosoL (PASCAL), took place near Svalbard from
23 May to 26 June 2017. They were focused on studying Arctic mixed-phase
clouds and involved observations from two airplanes (ACLOUD), an icebreaker
(PASCAL) and a tethered balloon, as well as ground-based stations. Here, we
present the synoptic development during the 35-day period of the campaigns,
using near-surface and upper-air meteorological observations, as well as
operational satellite, analysis, and reanalysis data. Over the campaign
period, short-term synoptic variability was substantial, dominating over the
seasonal cycle. During the first campaign week, cold and dry Arctic air from
the north persisted, with a distinct but seasonally unusual cold air
outbreak. Cloudy conditions with mostly low-level clouds prevailed. The
subsequent 2 weeks were characterized by warm and moist maritime air from
the south and east, which included two events of warm air advection. These
synoptical disturbances caused lower cloud cover fractions and
higher-reaching cloud systems. In the final 2 weeks, adiabatically warmed
air from the west dominated, with cloud properties strongly varying within the range of the two other periods. Results presented here provide
synoptic information needed to analyze and interpret data of upcoming studies
from ACLOUD/PASCAL, while also offering unprecedented measurements in a
sparsely observed region.


We describe the ways in which an approach to constructive shape modelling based on the Function Representation (FRep) can be used to facilitate creative thinking in artistic and technical education. This approach assumes the use of a simple programming language or interactive software tools for creating a shape model, generating its images and finally fabricating a real object of that model. It can be considered an educational technology suitable not only for children and students but also for researchers, artists, and designers. The corresponding modelling language and software tools are being developed within an international HyperFun Project. We applied the theoretical framework and software tools on different levels of education starting from elementary schools to doctoral thesis research in various areas related to artistic design and animation, computer graphics, programming languages, software development and experimental physics. Several application case studies in various areas of art, design, and technical education from different educational institutions and countries are presented.


This research project concerns changes in hydrology resulting from urbanization of the upper sub-basin of the White Rock Creek Watershed in Collin and Dallas Counties, Texas. The objectives of this study are: to calculate the percent watershed urbanized for the period of 1961 through 1968 and the period of 2000 through 2005; to derive a 1960s average unit hydrograph and a 2000s average unit hydrograph; and, to use the two averaged hydrographs to develop a range of hypothetical storm scenarios to evaluate how the storm response of the watershed has changed between these two periods. Results of this study show that stormflow occurs under lower intensity precipitation in the post-urbanized period and that stormflow peaks and volumes are substantially larger compared to the pre-urbanized period. It is concluded that changes in watershed surface conditions resulting from urbanization have lowered the precipitation-intensity threshold that must be surpassed before storm run-off is generated.


Abstract This study determined whether the existence of the Palmaris Longus (PL) in handball players had an impact on their shooting velocity. 42 handball players with the Palmaris Longus (PL+) muscle in the forearm of their dominant hands and 12 handball players without the Palmaris Longus (PL-) muscle participated in the study. The participating subjects were measured for their anthropometric values and shooting velocities. The shooting velocity of handball players with PL was higher than that of handball players without the muscle. This result suggests that the existence of PL in the forearm is advantageous in terms of shooting velocity in handball players.


: This article describes the profound impact that diabetes and its treatment can have on the different aspects of the personality of the child. The succession of stages of development, their force, the nature of internalized conflicts, the kind of defenses and their equilibrium, the structuration of the super ego and object relations are at risk of being distorted as a result of psychological problems related to the treatment of the illness. The restrictions and the suffering resulting from the treatment can become charged with psychic meaning and become the object of fantasy elaboration. Poor management of the treatment can become a metaphor for the actualization of instinctual derivatives or of unacceptable feelings and at the same time serve as a defense against the consciousness of psychic conflict. Inversely, the defenses against drives can be utilized to avoid the awareness of the real dangers inherent in the disease. These defenses interfere with a clear understanding of the illness and can be inferred from the distortions in the distorted body images and the fantasies of these children.