OBJECTIVES
This paper compares multiple measures of walking in two studies, and the second study compares how well Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs perform in predicting these different measures.

METHODS
In Study 1, 41 participants wore a New Lifestyles NL-2000 pedometer for 1 week. Subsequently, participants completed a questionnaire containing measures of the TPB constructs and two self-report measures of walking, followed by two interview measures of walking. For Study 2, 200 RAF trainee aircraftsmen wore pedometers for 2 weeks. At the end of each week, participants completed the questionnaire and interview measures of walking.

RESULTS
Both studies found no significant association between questionnaire measures of walking and pedometer measures. In Study 1, the interview measures produced significant, large correlations with the pedometer measure, but these relationships were markedly weaker in the second study. TPB variables were found to explain 22% of variance in intention to walk in Study 1 and 45% of the variance in Study 2. In Study 2, prediction of subsequent measures of behaviour was found to be weak, except when using a single-item measure of walking.

CONCLUSIONS
Recall of walking is poor, and accurate measurement by self-report is problematic. Although the TPB predicts intentions to walk well, it does not predict actual amount of walking, as assessed by pedometer. Possible reasons for these findings include the unique nature of walking as an activity primarily used to facilitate higher order goals. The use of single-item measures may exaggerate the effectiveness of the TPB model for walking, and possibly other forms of physical activity.


This work utilized the Quickbird satellite data to investigate the tsunami spectra run up along the coastal waters of Sri-Lanka and Indonesia. This work emphasized ocean wave propagation model provides with Delft software package to simulate the tsunami wave propagation in Malacca Straits. Edge detection algorithms of Soble and Canny used to determine coastal vegetation line changes due to the impact of tsunami event. The study obvious that the coastline of Indonesia exposed to high energy of tsunami wave compared Sri-Lanka coastline. The study shows too Canny algorithm has more precisely implementation in automatic detection of coastal vegetation line than Soble algorithm. It is interesting to predict next tsunami propagation in Malacca Straits. The forecasting model shows that tsunami wave will take 1 hour to reach Singapore coastal water within less than 4 m and takes 30 minutes to reach Penang Island within 15 m. It can be concluded that utilization different source of information and models can be used to draw good exploitation for tsunami mechanism impact and propagation.


The immunogenicity and safety of purified cholera toxin (CT), its B subunit, and a crude culture filtrate of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae (CrT) were compared in dogs immunized orally and challenged with virulent V. cholerae. CT and CrT caused marked protection in two- or three-dose regimens. Protection due to CT occurred only with doses that caused transient, sometimes severe, diarrhea in most dogs; this protection was proportional to the peak antitoxin response in jejunal mucosa and lasted at least 15 weeks. In contrast, minimum protective doses of CrT contained much less cholera toxin, caused very mild diarrhea in only 21% of the dogs, and evoked protection that was greater than predicted from the modest jejunal antitoxin response. B subunit caused smaller jejunal antitoxin responses than did similar doses of CT and was poorly protective, the 50% protective dose being >40-fold greater than that of CT. Two observations indicated that protection due to CrT involved synergy between antibacterial and antitoxic immune responses. First, the 50% protective dose of CrT was 24-fold and >36-fold smaller than the 50% protective doses of its CT and non-CT antigenic components, respectively, when tested separately. Second, protection was greater in CrT-immunized dogs than in CT-immunized dogs for a given mucosal antitoxin response. Low doses of CrT evoked serotype-specific protection, indicating that the serotype-specific O somatic antigen contributed significatly to antibacterial protection. These results suggest that a simple, effective, nonliving oral vaccine for cholera based on combined antibacterial and antitoxic immunity can probably be achieved. However, further studies are needed to determine how a protective antitoxic response can be evoked without causing diarrhea during immunization.


Summary: The effect of CO2 inhibition and O2 limitation on the growth of Pseudomonas fragi strain 72 was studied in carbon and/or energy limited continuous culture using citric acid as the growth substrate. The influence of different CO2 concentrations on the maximal growth capacity, estimated as the dilution rate at which the culture density begins to fall (D
b) or the dilution rate at which biomass output rate is maximal (D
m), was demonstrated together with the differences in influence of CO2 inhibition and O2 limitation, on the steady-state characteristics of the culture. The combined effect of CO2 inhibition and O2 limitation was measured. Comparative studies made in batch cultures suggested that continuous culture was more sensitive to change than the batch culture.
The maximum specific growth rate of the organism decreased when the CO2 concentration was increased. However, the results from the continuous cultures revealed a plateau in the curve of D
b versus CO2 concentration (between 3-5% and 12% CO2). This plateau could not be seen from the μmax determinations (batch).
Unlike O2 limitation the CO2 inhibition did not disturb the regularity of the curves of the steady-state characteristics. Two levels of O2 limitation were indicated from the curve of biomass versus dilution rate, a minor one, slightly reducing the biomass concentration of the culture and a major one, significantly reducing the biomass. An O2 concentration of 5% of the incoming gas (dissolved oxygen tension in the culture: 3-5%) had no effect on the steady-state characteristics of the culture, while 0-4% O2 significantly affected the curve of biomass versus dilution rate (dissolved oxygen tension 0-0.4%).
The combined effect of oxygen limitation and 12% CO2, further altered the steady-state characteristics and the biomass curve started to decrease at very low dilution rates. Thus, the two inhibitory agents co-operated and their joint growth restricting effect was considerably stronger than the strongest agent alone. The question whether the restricting effect of the two together should be regarded as "synergistic" or "additive", is still open to discussion even though some evidence was obtained which suggested the former.


How have our cities evolved into what they are today? Despite strong claims regarding the forces shaping the spatial organization of cities, evidence on long-term urban change remains thin. Notably, direct testing of the regularities and rules thought to characterize long-term urban development is surprisingly rare. By leveraging new and unprecedented data on the spatial organization of cities in the United States since the early twentieth century, we examine the development of cities into their present form. In doing so, we situate fine-resolution historical housing data at the frontier of urban spatial science. While our analysis reveals strong scalable regularities in the size and density development of cities, changes in shape and structure are harder to codify. While our findings support the continued search for generalizable urban properties and "scaling rules", we encourage greater sensitivity to the inherent heterogeneity across different forms of urban spatial change.


In previous CREWES reports we have been assembling a theory for seismic wave propagation which is based on particles with well-defined momenta and masses colliding inelastically. Here we discuss some early arguments towards applying this collision picture to elastic VSP data, such that it describes elastic processes, such as conversions. We choose a candidate reflection in the Husky Cold Lake 3C walkaway VSP data set, as discussed by Hall et al. in the 2012 CREWES Report, which has clear evidence of P-P interactions and P-S conversions, and report on the beginning of our attempts to validate the collision model.


"The Pharmacist as Pathologist" SIR,-Dr. Crossley-Holland, in his letter (July 20th, p. 138) urging the claims of the pharmacist to receive authoritative sanction to assume the role of pathologist, is unmindful of a fundamental fact that the pharmacist is not trained for such work, nor, would it appear, is the pharmaceutical curriculum adequate or even designed to provide for this difficult and technical pursuit. It is impossible to conceive how a chemist who has not passed through a course of dissections can pronounce, for example, upon any physical abnormality, or, without any previous study of physiology, become proficient in morbid anatomy. The -amifications of pathology are so wide and intricate, involving as they do the histological recognition of neoplasms, blood counts, gastric and faecal analysis, helminthology, and a most diversified system of ancillary operations, that the demand might be dismissed without further comment. If, as he states, the medical qualification is no guarantee of competency in pathology, are we to understand that a calling not concerned with this subject and its essential and antecedent training is better equipped? He states, too, that much of the work is chemical, for which a chemical training and outlook is required, again forgetful that thedoctor also has had a chemistry course as lengthy as, and generally of a higher standard than, the pharmacist. Perhaps here I may be permitted to dogmatize, having passed through both curricula. To assert that pharmaceutical apprentices, are engaged during their period of unexpiredindenture in the study of chemistry is ridiculous (the claim is sometimes made): it is occupied in pursuit of commerce. Chemistry is by no means the exclusive province of the pharmacist, whose essential and ultimate sphere is the recognition and compounding of drugs. When Dr. Crossley-Holland speaks of biochemistry, however, he is on entirely different ground. Here, as a technician engaged in the examination of pathological body fluids, the pharmacist with the necessary training is as capable as any other medical or non-medical investigator of submitting to the clinician the results of analysis. Indeed, for this work pharmacy, as pharmacy, is quite unnecessary. The technician need know nothing of drugs, the study of which has no relation to the task. It is a truism to say that the ultimate diagnosis does not always rest with the pathologist ; yet it often does. Who else may declare ex cathedra that certain tumours are or are not malignant? Who else may be positive on a question involving some rare blood diseases but he who has examined the slides? If the pharmacist, or in fact anyone, be competent as a biochemist, his services are not rejected on the grounds that the medical course has not been completed, nor can pharmacists arrogate exclusively to themselves the right to conduct biochemnical investigation. The argument that medicine is rapidly changing is as readily conceded, but as it emerges from its older empiricism, modern pharmacy drifts still further away. Perhaps it is this regretful realization which impels it to clutch desperately at the last vestiges of its medical association. The medical profession may be less selfcentred than Dr. Crossley-Holland implies, but in respect of the public I disagree with him in his conclusions for, no matter how " well informed" it may be, it might look askance at the practice of submitting pus, tonsils, blood, and epitheliomata to the pharmacist for pathological examination.-I am, etc., JOHN SHIEL, L.R.C.P. & S., Ph.C., Dublin, July 24th. Barrister-at-Law.


Lymphocytes from pregnant women and non-pregnant individuals were cultured under the stimulus of phytohaemagglutinin in the presence of their own and heterologous (allogeneic) sera. The results indicate that heterologous sera have an inhibitory effect on the lymphocyte transformation rate and suggest that the inhibitory property is more powerful in pregnant and fetal sera. Conversely, the addition of heterologous non-pregnant sera to cultures of pregnant lymphocytes increases their transformation rate. These findings suggest that there is a serum inhibitor in pregnancy and this finding may be relevant to the survival of the fetal allograft.


In reply: Dr Dickson makes a valid point when he states that post-mortem studies of joints cannot be related directly to pain syndromes. We maintain that it also is valid to suggesta link between the frequency of prolonged back pain after injury and the frequency of the lesions that we have described in victimsof trauma.' Survivors of motor-vehicle accidents suffer pain which is related to the injury. After death of head or chest injuries, the spines of victims without any sign of a fracture on standard radiography show at postmortem soft-tissue injuries or small fractures at the articular surfaces of the zygapophyseal joints. We agree that it is necessary to seek methods to demonstrate such lesions in livingpatients. This is not easy. Radioisotopic scans can demonstrate small "hot spots" of the order of 4 mm in diameter after bony injuries; they may be able to demonstrate small infractions of the joint surface if scans are performed in the appropriate plane.' The placing of a needle in a zygapophyseal joint permits the identification of a painful joint, but a demonstration of the pain-producing pathology is not possible, as arthroscopy is not feasible at this stage and arthrography is too coarse a tool to show small lesions of the articular surfaces. Routine computed tomographic investigationof back pain by means of 4to 5-mm slices would be unlikely to show small infractions; the demonstration of these lesions would require high-resolution, contiguous, 2-mm slices. The majority of the lesions that we describe occurs in the soft tissues and we know of no method to demonstrate them in vivo. Dr Dickson correctly points out that one of our subjects died of drowning, having survived with concussion for about 10days after a head injury. The pathologist reported a subdural haematoma at post-mortem examination. This "survivor" of an injury showed healing infractions of the articular surfaces in both the U-L4 and L4-L5 zygapophyseal joints, with intra-articular haemorrhage. We suggestthat such pathology wouldcause morbidity in a knee-joint and there is no reason to suppose that it would not cause pain in the joints of the back. We have shown one case (Figure 4) of an 18-year-old subject with a healing zygapophyseal joint infraction with some loss of articular congruity" In peripheral joints, injuries to the articular surfaces are associated with the early onset of arthritis." Such lesions as shown in our Figure 4 are characteristic of the degenerative changes in lumbar zygapophyseal joints that occur with age.' Our comments on treatment may have been premature. On the other hand, many currently accepted treatments are empirical and are based on hypothetical views of pathology and healing. In these circumstances, we simply are presenting what we believe to be a valid alternative to the current trend of assuming that prolonged back pain after injury, without evidence of fractures, has a behavioural basis. From the patients' point of view, reassurance that there is an organic basis for the pain may improve their behavioural responses more effectively than will referral to a psychiatrist. J.R.Taylor, MB ChB L.T. Twomey, PhD Curtin University of Technology Selby Street, Shenton Park, WA 6008 1. Twomey LT, Taylor JR, Taylor MM. Unsuspected damage to lumbar zygapophyseal (facet) joints after motor-vehicle accidents. Med J Aus! 1989; 151: 210-217. 2. Gottschalk A. Patchen EJ. Diagnostic nuclear medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1976. December 4/18, 1989 Vol. 151


Two patients with left cervical aortic arch are presented and are analyzed with the 13 previously reported cases. This anomaly is thought to represent a persistent third embryonic aortic arch with regression of the normal fourth arch. The patient is usually asymptomatic but occasionally has wheezing suggesting a vascular ring. Clues to the diagnosis are a pulsatile mass above either clavicle and blood pressure differences between the arms, with strong femoral pulses. The normal precordial examination contrasts to the loud murmur and thrill over the cervical mass. A chest roentgenogram usually shows an abnormal aorta or high mediastinal shadow, which may be confirmed as a right or left cervical aorta by aortography. No surgical therapy is indicated.


In the United States, developing human capital for both economic and social benefit is an idea as old as the nation itself and led to the emergence of world's first mass higher education system. Now most other nations are racing to expand access to universities and colleges and to expand their role in society. Higher education is growing markedly in its importance for building a culture of aspiration and, in turn, the formation of human capital, the promotion of socioeconomic mobility, and the determination of national economic competitiveness. This paper outlines a convergence of approaches toward building what I call "Structured Opportunity Markets" (SOM) in higher education — including diversified providers and expanding enrollment and program capacity. Increasingly, higher education systems in developed and developing nations, and in some cases, supranational entities such as the European Union and emerging cooperation among nations in South East Asia, will move to most if not all of the components of SOM, in part influenced by a global process of policy transfer. Those nations and regions that do not pursue major components of SOM will be compelled to present rational arguments in both domestic and international forums as to why they are not adopting some aspects of the model. The paper concludes by arguing that while the US offers structural and operational models for many evolving national higher education systems, the EU offers important insights on how to pursue higher education reform in the modern and increasingly competitive global context.


In their inaugural Editorial for the Journal of Language and Discrimination, van der Bom, Mills and Peterson observed that language plays a key role in discriminatory acts. I quote their words: 'Discrimination is manifest (and can be traced and challenged) discursively; ideological stances and beliefs are produced, reproduced and legitimised through discourse, meaning that language is intertwined with people's beliefs and ideologies' (2017:3). This special issue targets the role of gendered language structures in sustaining gender ideologies that reinforce sexism. Contributions in the issue address the following questions: What is the relationship between grammatical and lexical gender, and the construction of social gender? Do gendered terms generate inferences about the social gender order and mediate speakers' thinking of the social world? Can we explore conceptualisations of gender at the level of discourse? What is the cognitive effect of the generic use of the masculine gender, and what are the cognitive mechanisms underlying gender inequality? The debate on the role of language in producing and stabilising the social gender order can be traced to the early work of feminist linguists in the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. Lakoff (1975) treated language as a medium that reflects women's subordination and men's domination at the social level, and Spender (1980) focused on the role of language in constructing and reproducing a man-made worldview that silences female difference. Early feminist linguistic work (e.g. Baron 1986; Bodine 1975; Eakins and Eakins 1978; Graham 1975; Miller and Swift 1976; Schulz 1975) examined gendered forms, for which the semantic distinction of sex is grammaticised or lexically specified, and their role in encoding and reproducing social gender inequality. However, questions about structural features of language were downplayed or neglected in the following years due to the performativity turn in gender studies (see Motschenbacher 2016 for a critical approach). The latest developments in language and gender research have criticised the binary and static view of gender, foregrounded variation within the categories of 'women' and 'men', and showed that language does not relate to gender in a straightforward way (general overviews of research on language and gender are found in Bucholtz 2014 and Cameron 2005). In recent years there has been revived interest in the role of gendered language structures in constructing and challenging the binary gender order and heteronormativity (see, e.g., Abbou and Baider 2016; Bing and Bergvall 1996; Hellinger and Busmann 2001–2002–2003; Hellinger and Motschenbacher 2015; Livia and Hall 1997; Motschenbacher 2010). Researchers claiming that language constructs social gender and maintains gender inequality often tacitly presuppose or imply that language has a cognitive role, namely, that language mediates the way in which speakers interpret experience. However, cognition is rarely addressed explicitly in language and gender research. The past few years have seen new data on the relation between grammatical and lexical gender, and cognition from studies in psychology (Garnham et al. 2016), typology (Aikhenvald 2016) and talk-in-interaction (Alvanoudi 2014). Despite a number of in-depth works on the relation between gendered language structures and social gender, there has been no attempt to offer a systematic account of the cognitive aspects of this relation. This special issue is intended to partly fill this gap by exploring the complex interface between indexing gender, culture and cognition across different languages, namely Croatian, English, Greek and Italian. The sections 'Indexing gender', 'Indexing gender and culture' and 'Indexing gender and cognition' outline some theoretical preliminaries for the contributions included in this special


This study tried to examine econometric analysis of local community's perception towards protected area management in the case of Borena Sayint National park. Specifically, the study aims to estimate the direct economic value of natural forest, response on the indirect and option values and, econometric analysis of local community's perception and/or attitude measured based on use value index. The research was conducted in Borena and Mehal Saynt Woredas with severe deforestation and biodiversity loss. Cross sectional research design and stratified-random sampling method were used, following agroclimatic zonation technique. Primary and secondary data were collected from various sources. Data were gathered from a gross total of 396 respondents. Household survey with 360 interviewees using questionnaire, key informants interview with 21 using checklist and, focus group discussion with 15 target individuals using guiding questions. Secondary data obtained from published and unpublished materials, i.e. books, journals and reports, were used. Analysis was performed using analytical tools, descriptive and order logistic regression econometric model in particular. Descriptive analyses tell us to understand the rank of community priorities of the direct, indirect and option benefits. From the direct benefits, honey, livestock, job opportunity, wood, farm tools, housing poles, tourism, timber, hunted meat, medicine, biodiversity, fruit, coffee orderly have been listed from the highest to lowest local community benefits. Similarly, common pole, biodiversity, water source, community heritage, medicine, robbery, wood fuel, carbon sequestration, tourism, livestock feed are orderly selected as their highest to lowest benefits among direct and option benefits. Hence, Local community prefers indirect benefit of park than direct benefits. The econometric analysis of local community's perceptions towards protected area management of the natural forest, 'Denkoro-Chaqa' in English means "Deaf-Forest". Information obtained from order logistic regression (Ologit) based on response rate of households to infer the intrinsic value showed consistency between perception, selective socioeconomic and location variables. This implies that education, married, old-aged and location-2 as most important factors that respondents agreed with significant degree, and hence the most constructive idea to enhance local community`s perception in view of major conservation plans. Reputedly, family base awareness creation with formal and informal education, and other media should be done in core area, buffer zone, transitional zone areas of conservation of natural forest along with take full advantage of local community benefits.


The automation of application provisioning is one of the most important issues in Cloud Computing. The Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applications (TOSCA) supports automating provisioning by two different flavors: (i) declarative processing is based on interpreting application topology models by a runtime that infers provisioning logic whereas (ii) imperative processing employs provisioning plans that explicitly describe the provisioning tasks to be executed. Both flavors come with benefits and drawbacks. This paper presents a means to combine both flavors to resolve drawbacks and to profit from benefits of both worlds: we propose a standards-based approach to generate provisioning plans based on TOSCA topology models. These provisioning plans are workflows that can be executed fully automatically and may be customized by application developers after generation. We prove the technical feasibility of the approach by an end-to-end open source toolchain and evaluate its extensibility, performance, and complexity.


In order to improve structural crashworthiness and reduce vehicle weight, new or modified materials such as advanced high strength steels are increasingly used in vehicle structures. Therefore, material joining issues have become more important. Among the various joining techniques, adhesive bonding is a very successful approach which has brought significant improvements in body-in-white stiffness and vehicle safety. To accurately predict the mechanical responses of vehicle bonded structures in the virtual development process, it is necessary to consider fracture within a joint. For this purpose, a very finely detailed finite element mesh as well as a suitable material model is required. However, in full car simulations the global response of the adhesive layer with an equivalent representation should be taken into account, giving a reliable numerical prediction within an economically acceptable computation time. The objective of this paper is to present a simple way to model failure of adhesive joints, which can be used in real life applications. The article shows that the usage of interface elements together with a cohesive zone model, is a numerically efficient modeling approach, which provides a reasonable correlation between simulation and experimental tests.


Purpose This study aims to determine the fraud risk factors perceived by employees to have the greatest influence on individuals committing fraud as an unethical conduct, as well as to analyze employees' opinions on fraud prevention program.

Design/methodology/approach The fraud risk factors in this study are based on the concept of the fraud triangle as developed by Donald Cressey, as well as examples of situations set out in SAS No. 99. The samples used in this study are company employees who have been selected using the convenience sampling method.

Findings A survey of 109 employees reports that none of the three factors (pressure, opportunity and rationalization) has a significant influence on fraud. However, when comparing the factors, the pressure is considered to have the highest impact. In terms of fraud prevention, the employees suggest that it is extremely important to implement all prevention tools, especially with regard to the adequate segregation of duties.

Research limitations/implications Limitations of this study in terms of method and small samples are expected to inform future studies to overcome the limitations by using other methods such as interview and by collecting more respondents to gather their perceptions and opinions.

Originality/value This study contributed to the literature in confirming the pressure as the dominant factor and in confirming the importance of anti-fraud programs as suggested by the agency theory.


Clinical trials have proven oncolytic virotherapy to be safe but not effective. We have shown that oncolytic viruses (OV) injected into intracranial gliomas established in rodents are rapidly cleared, and this is associated with up-regulation of markers (CD68 and CD163) of cells of monocytic lineage (monocytes/microglia/macrophages). However, it is unclear whether these cells directly impede intratumoral persistence of OV through phagocytosis and whether they infiltrate the tumor from the blood or the brain parenchyma. To investigate this, we depleted phagocytes with clodronate liposomes (CL) in vivo through systemic delivery and ex vivo in brain slice models with gliomas. Interestingly, systemic CL depleted over 80% of peripheral CD163+ macrophages in animal spleen and peripheral blood, thereby decreasing intratumoral infiltration of these cells, but CD68+ cells were unchanged. Intratumoral viral titers increased 5-fold. In contrast, ex vivo CL depleted only CD68+ cells from brain slices, and intratumoral viral titers increased 10-fold. These data indicate that phagocytosis by both peripheral CD163+ and brain-resident CD68+ cells infiltrating tumor directly affects viral clearance from tumor. Thus, improved therapeutic efficacy may require modulation of these innate immune cells. In support of this new therapeutic paradigm, we observed intratumoral up-regulation of CD68+ and CD163+ cells following treatment with OV in a patient with glioblastoma.


Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a breast cancer subtype renowned for its capacity to affect younger women, metastasise early despite optimal adjuvant treatment and carry a poor prognosis. Neoadjuvant therapy has focused on combinations of systemic agents to optimise pathological complete response. Treatment algorithms now guide the management of patients with or without residual disease, but metastatic TNBC continues to harbour a poor prognosis. Innovative, multi-drug combination systemic therapies in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings have led to significant improvements in outcomes, particularly over the past decade. Recently published advances in the treatment of metastatic TNBC have shown impressive results with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and immunotherapy agents. Immunotherapy agents in combination with traditional systemic chemotherapy have been shown to alter the natural history of this devastating condition, particularly in patients whose tumours are positive for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1).


This paper presents an application for classified image registration and fusion. We extend here results developed on a previous paper to multiview images. For seabed characterization, we need to fuse the multiview of sonar images to increase performances. However, before fusion, we have to proceed to an image registration. The proposed approach is based on the use of the conflict due to the combination as a disimilarity measure in the classified images registration. The theory of belief functions allows a suitable framework to model the imperfections and to fuse the classified images.


We have developed a Windows-based program, ConPath, as a scaffold analyzer which constructs scaffolds by ordering and orienting separate sequence contigs by exploiting the mate-pair information between contig-pairs. Our algorithm builds directed graphs from link information and traverses them to find out the longest acyclic graphs. Using end-read pairs of fixed-sized mate-pair library, ConPath determines relative orientations of all contigs, estimates the gap size of each adjacent contig pairs, and reports wrong assembly information by validating orientations and gap sizes. We have utilized ConPath in more than 10 microbial genome projects, including M. succiniciproducens [12] and V.vulinificus, where we have verified contig assembly by finding out some erroneous contigs with four kinds of error types defined in ConPath. It also supports some convenient features and viewers to investigate each contig in detail, like contig viewer, scaffold viewer, edge information list, mate-pair list, printing complex scaffolds structures, and so on.


Recent health surveys have found that many young women do not participate in sufficient physical activity to produce health benefits. Consequently, they are at risk of developing cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis in later life. The transition between secondary and higher education is associated with particular risks in relation to declining activity participation. There is clearly a need to explore the aetiology and impact of activity behaviour change in this context.

A literature review identified several gaps relating to the validity of physical activity measurement, mental health benefits associated with participation and factors influencing changes in activity choices over time. Three studies were designed to address these issues in a female undergraduate population at Queen Margaret University College in Edinburgh. A theory is proposed to explain relationships between many of the variables explored.

Study One aimed to validate the Scottish Physical Activity Questionnaire (SPAQ) against an estimate of time in moderate and vigorous activity derived from heart rate monitoring data. Women were monitored for three days of the seven-day recall period (N=23). Self-report and heart rate estimates of time in activity differed significantly (t test: p=0.008) and correlated poorly (r=0.03). The questionnaire was modified as a result of analysis and testing was repeated in a sample of 21 women. Modified SPAQ for students and heart rate estimates of time in activity did not differ significantly (p=0.119) and demonstrated improved correlations (r=0.59). Stage of Behaviour Change classifications also demonstrated hierarchical agreement with subjective and heart rate estimates of time in activity.

Study Two aimed to establish baseline levels of exercise and moderate lifestyle physical activity in female undergraduates and to explore associations with psychological well-being over time. A large longitudinal survey was carried out using the modified SPAQ for students and psychometric measurement tools. The first survey time-point occurred at the start of the academic year and according to Stage of Behaviour Change classification 51% of participants were not active enough to achieve health benefits (n=425). The second survey was carried out two months later. Significant correlations were found between self-esteem scores and Stage of Behaviour Change classification in relation to moderate lifestyle PA (r=0.29), but not vigorous exercise. The low response to survey two (n=89) necessitated a change in methodology, implemented in the final study.

Study Three aimed to explore changes in activity over the first academic year, influences on activity-related decisions and the effects of these choices on psychological well-being. Sixteen participants from the previous study sample were interviewed in a qualitative study design. Content analysis indicated that individuals frequently decreased their activity participation on entry to higher education, but some re-incorporated activity into their lifestyles over subsequent months. Many influences on activity patterns were discussed, including the negative impact of transition periods such as the summer vacation.

Data analysis led to the development of the "Narrative Integration Theory," which describes motivation to participate in physical activity as being influenced by the immediate affective reaction to the experience. This is reciprocally related to interacting personal, cultural, environmental and social influences and their integration into a sense of identity. Positive experiences are required to alter negative perceptions and to build feelings of competence in relation to activity participation.

This thesis provides further understanding of the challenges to activity behaviour experienced by female students. Decisions relating to uptake of activity and continued participation are frequently made with conscious processing and reflect complex issues relating to personal identity and self-evaluations.


of breathing and positive stimulation should be weakened, to reduce the probability of conditioned apnoea. This would require the sleep-apnoea alarm to have a secondary system to set off alarms (indistinguishable from true alarms) while breathing is normal, on a random and unpredictable schedule. If only a small proportion of alarms were contingent on apnoea, the necessary conditions for conditioning would not be achieved. At present, most breath monitoring is carried out in intensive care nurseries, where many functions are observed. In such settings the risk of inadvertent conditioning is less because the infant's sleep is frequently interrupted, with the beneficial side effect that the contingency between cessation of breathing and infant stimulation is weakened. In the home, the potential hazard may be greater. We urge that this potential hazard be investigated and overcome before the home sleep-apnoea monitoring device becomes widespread, and particularly before infants not demonstrably at raised risk of SIDS are placed at potential risk of conditioned apnoea.


Abstract Pigeons are considered to be urban pests, causing untold damage to buildings and potentially impacting the health of humans who come into contact with them or their faeces. Pigeon faecal matter has been implicated in both health impacts and building damage, with the acidity of the excreta playing an important role. Purpose of the Review. This paper is a wide-ranging review of the chemical processes of excreta in the pigeon to aid our understanding of the potential problems of pigeons to buildings and human amenity in the urban space. The natural pH of pigeons is shown to vary based on the bird's and age as well as reproductive stage. Key findings of the review. The influences of the altered diet between the rock dove (the wild progenitor of the feral pigeon) and the feral pigeon are detailed, indicating that the human-based diet of urban pigeons most likely causes the feral pigeon excreta to be more acidic than the rock dove excreta. This higher acidity is due in part to diet, but also to potential increases in faecal and/or uric acid volumes due to the low quality of human-based diets. Again, this area of interest is highly data deficient due to the few number of studies and unspecified dietary intake before pH measurement. Implications of the review. Humans are increasingly concerned about pigeon populations (and presumably their accumulated faeces) in the urban space, and control comprises a large part of the interaction between humans and feral pigeons. This review provides a greater understanding of feral pigeons and the true effects of their excreta.


This research introduces unionized expert labor to professional identity research with a focus on understanding the professional identity of commercial airline pilots in the United States. The research explores professional identity by directing its attention to two opposing views of identity literature. Whether professional identity is stable and enduring or whether it is socially constructed and malleable. This debate is explored through three lenses of investigation: how professional identity is experienced and defined for commercial airline pilots, how merger-acquisition (M/A) events have aided in understanding their professional
identity, and how professionals negotiate their identity in a turbulent unionized context. The data makes a compelling case for professional identity as socially constructed in a dynamic and demanding 21st century world. The data was conjunctively collected and analyzed utilizing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Over 210 hours of semi-structured, in-depth interviews and over 500 hours of participant observation periods constituted this conjunctive approach. The qualitative
methodology and analytics of IPA proved to be effective in individual and professional sensemaking following significant organizational change, making a methodological contribution to organizational studies.
Each of the participants to this research experienced significant organizational change, exemplified in airline merger-acquisition events, affecting their professional lives, professional status and sense of being following their M/A event. The findings of this research contribute new knowledge and expand the literature on professional identity and the understanding of professional identity as socially constructed, malleable and dynamic. The
research also expands the understanding of psychological contracts. As a contribution to practice, the research suggests a federal legislative initiative to address the disparate and subordinating union practices currently in effect following an M/A event.


The DEPAS (DEutscher Pool fur Amphibische Seismologie) is the largest pool of wideband ocean-bottom
seismometers in Europe. It consists of LOBSTER OBS, manufactured by KUM, which are equipped with Guralp
CMG-40T-OBS and Trillium compact sensors. Multiple operators reported a relatively high long-period noise
level of the original CMG-40T-equipped design. It has been discussed whether the source of this noise is the
integration of the seismometer into the frame or the instrument itself.
Using vault installations of the seismometer and test deployments of different LOBSTER next to a current
sensor, we can show that the long-period noise is caused by the CMG-40T-OBS sensor itself. Equipped with a
Trillium compact seismometer, the LOBSTER has a median vertical noise level of -155 dB at 120s period for
current velocities below 10cm/s, which is essentially the self-noise of the seismometer. Even at relatively high bottom currents above 20 cm/s, the noise level does not exceed the Peterson New High Noise Model at these
periods.
We present a quantitative noise model for the LOBSTER and conclude that its rugged design is suited for
seismology on periods below 300 seconds, if it is equipped with a good seismometer.


Nanoceramic powders were produced via a plasma processing route by QinetiQ
Nanomaterials Ltd. The powders were characterised in terms of agglomerate size,
morphology, phase analysis and surface chemistry. The powders were made into
suspensions and the UV absorbency properties were investigated. It was found that the
mixtures produced different products depending on the concentration of titania in the
starting material. Powders containing less than 30% titania were solid mixtures of zinc
oxide and titania; these powders absorbed UV radiation as well and in some cases better
than the individual powders. The powders containing more than 30% titania were shown
to have titanium ions incorporated into the zinc oxide structure. This reduced the band
gap of the powder which meant that the powders did not absorb UV radiation.
For all the powders that absorbed UV radiation, it was found that particles around 100 nm
absorbed large amounts of UV radiation and did not interact with visible radiation,
producing a clear, transparent suspension which gives ideal characteristics for a
sunscreen formulation. The suspensions were found to absorb the most UV radiation
above 3 wt %.
The powder containing 95 % zinc oxide 5 % titania was shown to absorb more UV
radiation and scatter less visible radiation than the individual powders, showing the
potential to provide an improvement to the properties of sunscreen formulations.


A process design kit (PDK) or Technology Design kit (TDK) is a set of files which describes manufacturing parameters that are relevant for the designers (fabrication layers, electrical parameters and design rules) for a certain technology of a given foundry. PDKs customize CAD/EDA tools used by designers, providing enough abstraction of technological details to facilitate the design of (organic electronics) circuits. Design rules are a set of geometric restrictions imposed to the different layers fabricated by the foundry that designers have to respect. By taking the geometric design rules into account, the design engineers address physical layout to develop devices and circuits without the need of a deep knowledge of process and materials. These rules guarantee their manufacturability and enable working circuits with an optimal balance of yield versus integration density. Design rules for inkjet printing are similar to general design rules for photolithographic processes but also need to cope with the failures related to additive printing of inks and related curing. In this paper, parameterizable cells (PCells) have been used to automate the generation of a complete set of structures to formalize and arrive at technology-independent design rules. A set of test vehicles has been designed, printed and characterized demonstrating the methodology to comprehensively capture the design criteria for inkjet printing technology. For improving design rules and scaling down device dimensions, we present a design approach that combines pre-patterned, high-resolution substrates with digital inkjet fabrication as a demonstration of the capabilities of combining inkjet with other fabrication technologies.


Manufacturers of building materials and furnishings are increasingly using emissions chamber testing to demonstrate low volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from their products and to qualify for "low-emitting" certification and sustainable labeling programs. Currently, however, there are limited standard test methods developed by voluntary consensus standard bodies for measuring VOC emission rates in chambers, which has led to concerns about the reliability of the test results. Round robin testing conducted to date has revealed significant inconsistencies in VOC emission profiles of the same product between testing laboratories with no means to establish the accuracy of the results. To address these inter-laboratory discrepancies and improve the reliability of product emissions testing, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has identified the following technical strategies: 1) standardize emissions test methods; 2) develop proficiency standards for emissions testing, including standard reference materials; and 3) create a laboratory accreditation program. An initial plan for these strategies has been developed, and progress has been made on the development of a reference material to calibrate VOC emission rate facilities. To this end, NIST is working with Virginia Tech, who have synthesized a prototype reference material by loading or "charging" a polymer film with a specific VOC in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide. The existence of a reference material to verify the accuracy of emission tests is expected to improve the reliability of the VOC emission rate data that are currently being used to make healthbased purchasing decisions.


Motivated by contemporary security challenges, we reevaluate and refine capability-based addressing for the RISC era. We present CHERI, a hybrid capability model that extends the 64-bit MIPS ISA with byte-granularity memory protection. We demonstrate that CHERI enables language memory model enforcement and fault isolation in hardware rather than software, and that the CHERI mechanisms are easily adopted by existing programs for efficient in-program memory safety. In contrast to past capability models, CHERI complements, rather than replaces, the ubiquitous page-based protection mechanism, providing a migration path towards deconflating data-structure protection and OS memory management. Furthermore. CHERI adheres to a strict RISC philosophy: it maintains a load-store architecture and requires only single-cycle instructions, and supplies protection primitives to the compiler, language runtime, and operating system. We demonstrate a mature FPGA implementation that runs the FreeBSD operating system with a full range of software and an open-source application suite compiled with an extended LLVM to use CHERI memory protection. A limit study compares published memory safety mechanisms in terms of instruction count and memory overheads. The study illustrates that CHERI is performance-competitive even while providing assurance and greater flexibility with simpler hardware.


Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy with varying survival outcomes and drivers of disease progression. Existing MM staging tools were developed using data from newly diagnosed patients. As patient characteristics and disease‐related factors change between diagnosis and the initiation of second‐line (2L) treatment, an unmet need exists for a tool that can evaluate risk of death at first relapse. We have developed a risk stratification algorithm (RSA) using data from patients with MM who were at 2L. Hazard ratios for independent predictors of overall survival (OS) were derived from a Cox models, and individual patient scores were calculated for total risk. K‐adaptive partitioning for survival was used to stratify patients into groups based on their scores. Relative risk doubled with ascending risk group; median OSs for patients in group 1 (lowest risk)–4 (highest risk) were 61·6, 29·6, 14·2 and 5·9 months, respectively. Differences in OS between risk groups were significant. Similar stratification was observed when the RSA was applied to an external validation data set. In conclusion, we have developed a validated RSA that can quantify total risk, frailty risk and disease aggressiveness risk, and stratify patients with MM at 2L into groups with profoundly different survival expectations.


Urban areas experience the pressure of economic activities due to the law of demand and supply. Human activities within the respective layouts generate a surge and demand of economic activities that make it imperative for planners to ensure adequate spatial provisions for exchange of goods and services within the respective neighbourhoods. The absence of neighbourhood shops in layouts in Owerri to accommodate retail activities in the layouts create opportunities for residents to use available spaces without identified specific functions for these activities. Neglected green spaces within the neighbourhoods, though structured into planning schemes have been misused and have become attractive for indiscriminate economic activities and negate the urban environment. The study was carried out on layouts in Old Owerri urban to find out how the neglected green spaces in layout could be used as well planned informal spaces for these retail activities that will offer relaxation and quick access to goods and service. This research will however focus on the findings for Ikenegbu layout and Aladinma Northern extension layouts only.   The study was survey research using questionnaire administered on residents of 7 randomly selected layouts in Old Owerri urban after which 2 layouts were extracted for this study. Obtained data was analysed using the frequency distribution and the Chi square statistical tools. Findings reveal that if these spaces are integrated into the neighbourhoods, they would fulfill spatial demands for small neighbourhood retail outlets in Ikenegbu layout and Aladinma Northern extension layouts as well as relaxation for their residents and hence would improve quality of life of the residents.


INTRODUCTION
Postnatal care of the healthy term newborn and the mother has, in modern times, taken place in the hospital setting. As a result of tightened hospital budgets as well as maternal preferences the duration of hospital stay has successively been shortened. Most women in Scandinavia today leave the hospital within four days after delivery. Postnatal care in a hotel like setting has emerged as an alternative to the well-baby nursery unless medical conditions makes this option inappropriate.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
To evaluate the safety of postnatal care a study was undertaken to investigate whether correct criteria were being used for referral of the newborn to the hotel. We also wanted to document the duration of stay, unexpected medical complications, and weight development of the infants. Data from 865 infants were used for analysis.

RESULTS
Ten (1.1%) newborns had to be readmitted to the hospital due to medical complications. 488 (56%) of the mothers went home within 96 hours, and only 23 (2.6%) stayed more than 120 hours. The weight of the infants reached a nadir on the fourth day post partum (-5.2% of birth weight).

INTERPRETATION
The patient hotel is a medically safe alternative to the traditional well-baby nursery, provided that appropriate criteria for referral are used.


Forward State Planning with Reachability Heuristics is arguably the most successful approach to Automated Planning up to date. In addition to an estimation of the distance to the goal, relaxed plans obtained with such heuristics provide the search with useful information such as helpful actions and look-ahead states. However, this information is extracted only from the beginning of the relaxed plan. In this paper, we propose using information extracted from the last actions in the relaxed plan to generate intermediate goals backwards. This allows us to use information from previous computations of the heuristic and reduce the depth of the search tree.


A 36-year-old female Nigerian civil servant (nursing officer) with a history of itching and discomfort in the right eye was presented to our clinic in May 2013. The worm, located in sub-conjunctiva space was surgically removed with the aid of slit lamp bio-microscope and identified as the adult worm of Loa loa. The patient was placed on conservative management after the removal of the worm and the chemosis at the point of exit of the worm resolved completely. The vision of the patient was however unaffected.


While the topic of online knowledge sharing services based on Web 2.0 has received considerable attention, virtually all the studies dealing with online knowledge sharing services have neglected or given cursory attention to the users' perception regarding the usage of those services and the corresponding level of interaction. This study focuses on users' different attitudes and expectations toward the domestic online knowledge sharing service represented by Korea's 'Jisik iN' (translation: knowledge iN) of Naver and a foreign counterpart of online knowledge sharing service represented by Wikipedia, which are often presented as a model of Web 2.0 applications. In Korea, the popularity gap between Jisik iN and Wikipedia drops a hint of the necessity in grasping which factors are more important in allowing for more users' engagement and satisfaction with regards to the online knowledge sharing service. This study presents and suggests an integrated model which is based on the constructs of WebQual, subjective norms, and cultural dimensions.


Ultrastructure of lactating bovine and rat mammary epithelial cells was studied with emphasis on secretory vesicle interactions. In the apical zone of the cell, adjacent secretory vesicles formed ball and socket configurations at their points of apposition. Similar configurations were formed between plasma membrane and secretory vesicle membrane. These structures may be formed by the diffusion of water between vesicles with different osmotic potentials. Frequently, vesicular chains consisting of 10 or more linked secretory vesicles were observed. Prior to the exocytotic release of casein micelles, adjacent vesicles fused through fragmentation of the ball and socket membrane. These membrane fragments and the casein micelles appeared to be secreted into the alveolar lumen after passing from one vesicle into another and finally through a pore in the apical plasma membrane. Emptied vesicular chains appeared to collapse and fragmentation of their membrane was observed. Based on these observations, we suggest that most vesicular membrane does not directly contact or become incorporated into the plasma membrane during secretion of the nonfat phase of milk.


A lumped element circuit model for the operation of a junction mixing scanning tunneling microscope (JM-STM) is presented. Fits from this model show excellent agreement with experimental results in the picosecond time regime. The tip sample capacitance employed in the model was calculated to be 33 fF, using the method of images. By varying the capacitance, various tip/sample geometries can be investigated. Testing the response of the model tunnel junction, for faster electrical pulses, suggests how the JM-STM can be pushed into the femtosecond time regime.


Viability selection yields adult populations that are more genetically variable than those of juveniles, producing a positive correlation between heterozygosity and survival. Viability selection could be the result of decreased heterozygosity across many loci in inbred individuals and a subsequent decrease in survivorship resulting from the expression of the deleterious alleles. Alternatively, locus-specific differences in genetic variability between adults and juveniles may be driven by forms of balancing selection, including heterozygote advantage, frequency-dependent selection or selection across temporal and spatial scales. We use a pooled sequencing approach to compare genome-wide and locus-specific genetic variability between 74 golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), 62 imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca) and 69 prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus) juveniles and adults. Although genome-wide genetic variability is comparable between juvenile and adult golden eagles and prairie falcons, imperial eagle adults are significantly more heterozygous than juveniles. This evidence of viability selection may stem from a relatively smaller imperial eagle effective population size and potentially greater genetic load. We additionally identify ~2000 SNPs across the three species with extreme differences in heterozygosity between juveniles and adults. Many of these markers are associated with genes implicated in immune function or olfaction. These loci represent potential targets for studies of how heterozygote advantage, frequency-dependent selection and selection over spatial and temporal scales influence survivorship in avian species. Overall, our genome-wide data extend previous studies that used allozyme or microsatellite markers and indicate that viability selection may be a more common evolutionary phenomenon than often appreciated.


The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related differences in temporal proximity performance in a dynamic decision-making task. Participants were asked to imagine that they were military supervisors deciding to continue or abort a pilot's mission based on information they were receiving from an on-board intelligent decision support system. The information was presented as snapshots of information over three different time periods. The participants needed to combine the information from the three different time periods to reach their decision. Age differences were found based on the type of graphical format and temporal proximity condition. Displaying the relationship between cues in a meaningful way is the key to designing for integration over time. More research incorporating temporal proximity and animation is needed.


The heterogeneity of the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 may be associated with the characteristics of the genome of both humans and the virus. A combination of allelic variants of genes associated with viral life cycle can determine susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Allelic variants in genes ACE1, ACE2, TMPRSS2, IL6, SLC6A20, LZTFL1, CCR9, FYCO1, CXCR6, and XCR1 can determine the severity of COVID-19. Analysis of the genomes of COVID-19 patients with different clinical course and development on their basis of model for stratification of people according to the degree of susceptibility and severity of manifestation will allow to develop a personalized approach for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.


A novel high-frequency fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing interrogation system by using fiber Sagnac-loop-based microwave photonic filtering is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. By adopting the microwave photonic filtering, the wavelength shift of sensing FBG can be converted into amplitude variation of the modulated electronic radio-frequency (RF) signal. In the experiment, the strain applied onto the sensing FBG has been demodulated by measuring the intensity of the recovered RF signal, and by modulating the RF signal with different frequencies, different interrogation sensitivities can be achieved.


This book considers two main questions: how do system innovations or transitions come about and how can they be influenced by different actors, in particular by governments. The authors identify the theories which can be used to conceptualise the dynamics of system innovations and discuss the weaknesses in these theories. They also look at the lessons which can be learned from historical examples of transitions, and highlight the instruments and policy tools which can be used to stimulate future system innovations towards sustainability. The expert contributors address these questions using insights from a variety of different disciplines including innovation studies, evolutionary economics, the sociology of technology, environmental analysis and governance studies. The book concludes with an extensive summary of the results and practical suggestions for future research.


West syndrome is a severe form of epilepsy syndrome which is characterized by triad of infantile spasms, EEG findings (hypsarrhythmia) and developmental delay. Very few literatures is available on the dental findings and management of West syndrome. This case report presents a 8 year old male child with cryptogenic form of West syndrome having a history of multiple clusters of infantile spasms and typical dental findings. Dental treatment of the case has been discussed and preventive measures and treatment of west syndrome has been described.   Keywords West syndrome; White spot lesion; General anesthesia.


To ensure that a modified software system has not regressed, one approach is to rerun existing test cases. However, this is a potentially costly task. To mitigate the costs, the testing effort can be optimized by executing only a selected subset of the test cases that are believed to have a better chance of revealing faults. This paper proposes a novel approach for selecting and ordering a predetermined number of test cases from an existing test suite. Our approach forms an Integer Linear Programming problem using two different coverage-based criteria, and uses constraint relaxation to find many close-to-optimal solution points. These points are then combined to obtain a final solution using a voting mechanism. The selected subset of test cases is then prioritized using a greedy algorithm that maximizes minimum coverage in an iterative manner. The proposed approach has been empirically evaluated and the results show significant improvements over existing approaches for some cases and comparable results for the rest. Moreover, our approach provides more consistency compared to existing approaches.


: Waardenburg syndrome Type I is described on the basis of an observation of a family. The characteristic signs including lateral displacement of medial canthi ("telecanthus"), wide bridge of the nose, white forelock and severe cochlear deafness are found in one female patient only; however, her eyes are not of different colour. Five further bearers of characteristic signs in four generations are not so severely affected and show the facial anomalies only. To differentiate this syndrome against Waardenburg syndrome Type II which is complicated by deafness twice as often but occurs without the lateral displacement of the medial canthi, accurate measurement of the distance between the canthi is helpful. Waardenburg syndromes are hereditary according to the autosomal dominant principle with high penetration; intrafamiliarly, too, expressivity can vary greatly. To date treatment has been directed at the signs and symptoms; prognosis is usually favourable. Prevention appears possible through genetic family counseling.


Background: Patients with diabetes have increased rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). We hypothesized that this is explained by diabetes-associated differences in coronary plaque morphology and lipid content. Methods: In PROSPECT II (Providing Regional Observations to Study Predictors of Events in the Coronary Tree), 898 patients with acute myocardial infarction with or without ST-segment elevation underwent 3-vessel quantitative coronary angiography and coregistered near-infrared spectroscopy and intravascular ultrasound imaging after successful percutaneous coronary intervention. Subsequent MACEs were adjudicated to either treated culprit lesions or untreated nonculprit lesions. This substudy stratified patients by diabetes status and assessed baseline culprit and nonculprit prevalence of high-risk plaque characteristics defined as maximum plaque burden ≥70% and maximum lipid core burden index ≥324.7. Separate covariate-adjusted multivariable models were performed to identify whether diabetes was associated with nonculprit lesion–related MACEs and high-risk plaque characteristics. Results: Diabetes was present in 109 of 898 patients (12.1%). During a median 3.7-year follow-up, MACEs occurred more frequently in patients with versus without diabetes (20.1% versus 13.5% [odds ratio (OR), 1.94 (95% CI, 1.14–3.30)]), primarily attributable to increased risk of myocardial infarction related to culprit lesion restenosis (4.3% versus 1.1% [OR, 3.78 (95% CI, 1.12–12.77)]) and nonculprit lesion–related spontaneous myocardial infarction (9.3% versus 3.8% [OR, 2.74 (95% CI, 1.25–6.04)]). However, baseline prevalence of high-risk plaque characteristics was similar for patients with versus without diabetes concerning culprit (maximum plaque burden ≥70%: 90% versus 93%, P=0.34; maximum lipid core burden index ≥324.7: 66% versus 70%, P=0.49) and nonculprit lesions (maximum plaque burden ≥70%: 23% versus 22%, P=0.37; maximum lipid core burden index ≥324.7: 26% versus 24%, P=0.47). In multivariable models, diabetes was associated with MACEs in nonculprit lesions (adjusted OR, 2.47 [95% CI, 1.21–5.04]) but not with prevalence of high-risk plaque characteristics (adjusted OR, 1.21 [95% CI, 0.86–1.69]). Conclusions: Among patients with recent myocardial infarction, both treated and untreated lesions contributed to the diabetes-associated ≈2-fold increased MACE rate during the 3.7-year follow-up. Diabetes-related plaque characteristics that might underlie this increased risk were not identified by multimodality imaging. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02171065.


Within 20 months 145 ascending thoracocervical myelographies and 155 lumbar myelographies with the nonionic water-soluble contrast medium iopamidol were performed. The iodine concentration given was 250 mg I/ml or 200 mg I/ml respectively. The total iodine never exceeded 2.5 g (8-10 ml). Image quality was assessed in terms of diagnostic value having experience of more than 1,000 myelographies using metrizamide. Picture quality was similar to metrizamide of equal iodine concentration. In 35 patients electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded before and after myelography with iopamidol 250. No changes that could be referred to the contrast medium were seen. There were no adverse reactions to lumbar myelography other than those following the lumbar puncture. In thoracocervical myelography mild and transient side effects occurred in 41 (28.3%). The most common were headache (41 cases), nausea (12), radicular pain (10), and dizziness (five). General seizures and psychopathologic symptoms were not observed.


Solder joints have been an integral part of any electronic assembly. They serve as both the electrical and mechanical connections between surface mount component and the substrate. This function is crucial in Surface Mount Technology (SMT) owing to its capability in supporting the realisation of high density, functionality and performance of electronic devices. With the increase in miniaturisation of electronic components, enabling the manufacture of high-density products, the mechanical reliability of small component solder joints has become critical. The criticality increases with operations at elevated temperature and harsher ambient conditions. Severe conditions include vibration and shock which under-the-bonnet automotive electronics experience during vehicle drive. The transactions occurring in this ambient accelerate the damage of solder joints, which causes early crack initiation that later, propagates across the joint leading to system's failure over continued operations.

This PhD research work studies and evaluates the thermo-mechanical reliability of lead-free solder joints in surface mount electronic components assembled on substrate Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). In carrying out the research, activities and factors, which influence solder-joint thermo-mechanical reliability, have been investigated. The events and factors are soldering processes, ambient temperature, joint's architecture, solder material composition, solder-joint common defects and duration of device operation.

Two type of components used for the investigation were Ball Grid Array (BGA) and a chip resistor. The designed research studies used the techniques of the Design of Experiment (DoE) and Taguchi methods. After conducting the trial tests that served as control experiments, next was the formation of test vehicles with components assembled on PCBs using lead-free solder paste, and later subjected to different thermal loading conditions. Numerous mechanical tests were carried out using the assembled test vehicles to determine, quantify and evaluate the effects of the activities and factors on the degradation of the solder joints. Fractured solder joint surfaces, which resulted after the shear test, were inspected and analysed for brittle and ductile mode of failure. The examination and analysis of the microstructure were done using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The Coffin-Mansion equation helped in calculating the accelerated factor of solder joint degradation at field service conditions. The shear strengths of the joints were evaluated to determine the thermo-mechanical reliability of the solder joints.

The findings of this investigation are significant, and from the observations, the shear strengths of solder joints depend on the stages and values of the reflow parameter settings. A combination of high preheat, and low peak temperature produces joints with high shear strengths. Further studies on reflow parameters show that these two factors have a significant main effect on the integrity of solder joints. Also, results found show that elevated temperature operations changed the microstructure and morphology of the solder joints. Change from fine to coarse microstructure resulted in a decrease in shear strength of the joints. The joints are found to fail predominantly by brittle fracture occurring mostly at the boundary between Intermetallic Compound (IMC) layer and the solder bulk. From the results, the standoff height of a solder joint is adjustable as desired by a controlled variation of the bond pad diameter on the PCB. The standoff height of a solder joint is found to significantly impact on the bond structural integrity such that the lower the standoff height, the greater the shear strength of the joint. More results demonstrate that paste type, activation temperature used in reflow soldering process and the pad surface finish on the substrate PCB play a substantial role in determining the percentage of voids in solder joints. Besides, the results show that for minimum voiding in lead-free solder joints of Ball Grid Array, the paste type 97 may be used instead of type 96; an activation temperature of 200 °C should be utilised instead of 190 °C, and a Ni surface finish would be better than Cu surface finish. Other results establish that the magnitude of degradation of solder joints in electronic assemblies is linearly dependent on the duration of the device operations in the field. The cause of the degradation is found to be a change in the solder microstructure and the formation of CSH as well as the growth of brittle IMC layer in the joint.


We have outlined the appropriate study of patients with recurrent respiratory tract infections. A detailed history and a complete physical examination, together with a chest roentgenogram, will, in most instances, give clues to a possible diagnosis. Among the laboratory studies listed in Table 2, the easily available and relatively informative tests consist of routine hemoglobin, white blood cell and differential count, sputum and throat culture for bacteria isolation, screening pulmonary function tests. Most of the other laboratory tests (including sweat tests) and diagnostic procedures require experienced and trained personnel and special facilities and equipment that are available in pediatric pulmonary centers. Any patient suspected of having a complicated or serious pulmonary disease or a congenital anomaly that is correctable by surgery should be referred to a pediatric pulmonary center for a complete diagnostic evaluation. It is important that this be done as soon as possible so that early institution of appropriate therapy may lead to a cure of the pulmonary disorder.


Aluminium high pressure die-castings have become essential elements of a modern car body in recent years. The high pressure die-casting method enables to produce thinwalled components of complex geometries. This advantage is used to create structural nodes and connector elements as one-piece components. These components are subjected to extreme loads such as in crash situations and expected to maintain the structural integrity of the car body. Numerical models are required to analyse the structural behaviour of aluminium high pressure die-casting components and to guarantee their structural reliability. The material ductility in aluminium high pressure die-casting components is strongly influenced by casting defects. Typical casting defects are shrinkage pores, gas pores and oxide films. These casting defects are caused by the casting system and fluctuations during the casting process. As a result, the casting defects are varying within a component. Moreover, the variation can be separated into a global systematic variation depending on the casting system and a local pseudo-random variation caused by the process fluctuations. A casting defect can be considered as initial material damage which leads to a decrease of the local material ductility. As a result, the material ductility exhibits a global systematic variation and a local pseudo-random variation. The main objective of the present work is the experimental and numerical analysis of these two types of variation. The main objective of the experimental work was the investigation of the global systematic variation and the local pseudo-random variation in the material ductility of an aluminium HPDC alloy. Here, a generic high pressure die-casting component made of an AlSi9Mn alloy in casting condition was considered. An extensive material characterisation was performed using uniaxial tensile tests. The specimens were machined from different extraction positions as well as from duplicated extraction positions of the generic casting component. Through this sampling approach, it was possible to analyse the systematic variation as well as the local pseudo-random variation in the material ductility. The mechanical analysis of the tensile test results showed a reproducible strain hardening behaviour in duplicated extraction positions, but the failure strain varied between different extraction positions and within duplicated positions. A detailed statistical analysis was performed on the tensile test results and hypothesis tests were applied to identify extraction positions with comparable material ductility. Based on the results obtained from the hypothesis tests, it was concluded that the generic casting component can be separated into characteristic parts of comparable material ductility. Moreover, it was shown that the local pseudo-random variation of the material ductility can be described by a weakestlink Weibull distribution. In addition, the fracture surfaces of selected specimens were examined by a SEM analysis and, as expected, casting defects were found on each fracture surface and identified as the dominating factor for fracture. Besides material testing, bending tests and axial compression tests were carried out on the generic casting component. Especially, the experimental results obtained from the bending tests exhibited strong scatter. According to the results obtained from material testing, it was concluded that the strong scatter is caused by the global systematic variation and the local pseudo-random variation in the material ductility. As a result, a probabilistic approach in failure modelling was considered in the numerical work. Hence, it was possible to capture the local pseudo-random variation in the material ductility. The probabilistic failure model was based on the phenomenological Cockcroft-Latham failure criterion and the weakest-link model by Weibull. The required quantities stress state and equivalent plastic strain were given by an isotropic hypoelasticplastic constitutive model. The focus was put on the numerical prediction of the failure probability of casting components. Usually, the failure probability is estimated from a Monte-Carlo simulation based on various finite element simulations using a pseudorandomly distributed critical failure value. In the present work, an approach was presented to predict the failure probability from a single finite element simulation. Both approaches were compared in numerical analysis and it was shown that both approaches lead to the same prediction of the failure probability. The approach based on the direct computation of the failure probability was applied in finite element simulations of the bending test and the axial compression test of the generic casting component. According to the material characterisation, the FE model of the generic casting component was partitioned into three parts. For each part the parameters of the constitutive model and the probabilistic failure model were found from the corresponding experimental results. It was demonstrated that the numerically predicted failure probability and the experimentally estimated failure probability are very well correlated in both load cases. Consequently, the applied probabilistic failure model was considered as validated. Moreover, a novel approach for the pseudo-random distribution of a critical failure value was presented and the concept of the uncoupled modelling approach was introduced. Due the uncoupled modelling approach, it was possible to perform mesh convergence studies on finite element models using a pseudo-randomly distributed critical failure value. However, the probabilistic failure model captured only the local pseudo-random variation in the material ductility. Hence, a through-process modelling approach was presented based on a casting simulation result and the definition of casting qualities. This approach was only numerically investigated.


Patients with ankylosing spondylitis are endangered suffering from cervical spine fractures following falls caused by kyphosis, stiffness and osteoporotic bone quality of the spine. Risk sustaining neurological deficits is higher than average. We present a patient with ankylosing spondylitis, who was admitted to our hospital with a complex fracture pattern of the cervical spine after a fall from a racing cycle. In spite of early operative treatment the patient died in the follow up because of severe hypoxic brain damage. We discuss the area of conflict between the recommendation for sport activities in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and the resulting risks for the diseased spine.


The three rural issues have been always valued by all circles. At present, the main conflict of agriculture in China has been changed from insufficient total amount to structural conflict. Thus, deeply promoting the reform of agricultural supply front has become a primary work in rural areas. It is required to follow the national grain security strategy based on domestic supply and moderate imports, to ensure production capacity. Besides, China should make full use of domestic and foreign markets and resources to protect the domestic agricultural consumption demand, which is favorable for resolving the current structural conflict and also favorable for sustainable agricultural development.


To gather insights about the current state and future directions of advertising research, as well as to obtain a glimpse of its evolvement over time, testimony was compiled from experts in the field. The experts were selected from individuals who have won the American Academy of Advertising Outstanding Contribution to Research Award. Their responses provide a chronicle of advertising research that is marked by thoughtful observation, personal introspection, and careful speculation. This paper represents a snapshot of advertising research that is panoramic and clear due to the diversity and contemporaneous comments of the participants. Summary comments are offered that bring attention to general themes that emerge from the contributors' thoughts. It is hoped that this paper will serve as a signpost and catalyst for advertising research both now and in the years to come.


New composites containing Cu–BTC and S- and N-doped graphite oxides (GOs) were synthesized. The composites were evaluated as adsorbents of H2S under ambient conditions. The texture and chemistry of the initial samples and those exposed to H2S were analyzed using a wide range of analytical techniques (XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR, thermal analysis-MS, and nitrogen adsorption). The performance of the new composites as H2S adsorbents was much better than that of the parent MOFs. It was owing to the formation of new microporosity as a result of linkages between the sulfonic acids and amine groups of modified GO and copper centers Cu–BTC. The presence of moisture in the pore system increased the amount adsorbed. Physical adsorption and reactive adsorption play an important role in the mechanism of retention. The removal of H2S is favored on the composites with a higher degree of surface heterogeneity, which facilitates the retention of H2S molecules mostly in the form of sulfides. Given the differences in the chemistry of the N- and S-containing groups in the composites, distinct mechanisms of adsorption occur, which result in sulfides/sulfates of unique morphologies. Nitrogen functional groups catalyze the formation of superoxide ions on the graphene phase, resulting in the partial oxidation of H2S and in the release of SO2.


In the Name of Excellence is the first in-depth report card on the nation's vast drive during the past decade to reform its troubled public schools. Written by Thomas Toch, one of America's leading educational journalists, it offers an informative, revealing, and provocative commentary on a topic essential to the nation's economic and social well-being: the crisis in our schools. Drawing on a rich store of research that includes visits to nearly sixty public schools nationwide and hundreds of interviews conducted from the classroom to the White House, Toch has produced a book of impressive breadth, offering readers the full story of today's school reform movement, from its early political battles in the states to the current debate over restructuring the schools. He measures the movement's progress in clear and compelling prose, explaining which reforms have worked and why, on balance, the so-called educational excellence movement has failed to achieve its primary goal: teaching tough academic subjects to a far broader range of the nation's high school students. Toch provides a host of important insights into the reform movement. He reveals, for instance, that there is strong opposition within the ranks of public educators to the movement's academic aims, that the damage inflicted on the nation's students by standardized testing is far greater than has been generally reported, and that new graduation requirements have failed millions of students. Toch also provides a detailed account--the first since the onset of the reform movement--of the role played by the powerful National Education Association, the nation's largest teachers union, while shedding new light on controversial topics such as school choice and why students drop out of school. Finally, and of crucial importance to all who are committed to improving our schools, the book proposes a further agenda for the nation's school reformers. Public education today stands at a crucial crossroads. In the Name of Excellence explains why, and reveals the prospects for the nation's schools in the years ahead. It is essential reading for parents, educators, and policymakers alike.


Humans rely on multiple senses to perceive their self-motion in the real world. For example, a sideways linear head translation can be sensed either by lamellar optic flow of the visual scene projected on the retina of the eye or by stimulation of vestibular hair cell receptors found in the otolith macula of the inner ear. Mismatches in visual and vestibular information can induce cybersickness during head-mounted display (HMD) based virtual reality (VR). In this pilot study, participants were immersed in a virtual environment using two recent consumer-grade HMDs: the Oculus Go (3DOF angular only head tracking) and the Oculus Quest (6DOF angular and linear head tracking). On each trial they generated horizontal linear head oscillations along the interaural axis at a rate of 0.5 Hz. This head movement should generate greater sensory conflict when viewing the virtual environment on the Oculus Go (compared to the Quest) due to the absence of linear tracking. We found that perceived scene instability always increased with the degree of linear visual-vestibular conflict. However, cybersickness was not experienced by 7/14 participants, but was experienced by the remaining participants in at least one of the stereoscopic viewing conditions (six of whom also reported cybersickness in monoscopic viewing conditions). No statistical difference in spatial presence was found across conditions, suggesting that participants could tolerate considerable scene instability while retaining the feeling of being there in the virtual environment. Levels of perceived scene instability, spatial presence and cybersickness were found to be similar between the Oculus Go and the Oculus Quest with linear tracking disabled. The limited effect of linear coupling on cybersickness, compared with its strong effect on perceived scene instability, suggests that perceived scene instability may not always be associated with cybersickness. However, perceived scene instability does appear to provide explanatory power over the cybersickness observed in stereoscopic viewing conditions.


In its 200-year history Ontario's Legislative Library has operated in numerous locations, survived many fires, and is currently embracing the digital age. In celebration of this significant milestone, the author briefly traces the library's development, examines the challenges it and other legislative libraries have encountered as they fulfill their non-partisan role to support the work of parliament, and finally notes recent trends in their operations


LESTER RUTH, ED. Early Methodist Life and Spirituality: A Reader. Nashville, Tennessee: Kingswood Books, an imprint of Abington Press 2005. Pp. 300, introduction, bibliography, indices. $34.00 (paper). According to the editor of Early Methodist Spirituality, Lester Ruth of Asbury Theological Seminary, this collection of primary sources on American Methodism differs in three ways from previous printed collections of Methodist documents. It focuses only on the first half century of Wesleyan Methodism in the United States (1770s-1810s), it gives priority to lesser-known Methodists, including women and African Americans, and it deals primarily with one topic, spirituality. Ruth rarely strays from his chosen half century. Within this period, he includes a large number of documents from the period around the start of the nineteenth century, but has relatively few from the earliest years of American Methodism. This pattern is somewhat obscured by the fact that even though Ruth provides brief introductions to each document, he does not always provide dates. This then helps to give the impression that relatively few changes occurred in this period, that most aspects of spirituality were the same in 1820 as they had been in 1770. By including more dates and pointing out more of the developments that were changing Methodism over time, Ruth could have provided readers with a better sense of Methodism's transformation from religious arriviste in the age of the American Revolution to its status of respectability and influence by the 1820s. Of the sixty or so writers whose works are included in the collection, many are indeed little-known. Two relatively neglected visionaries, Sarah Jones and Catherine Garrettson, are among the best represented women. Ruth perceptively links their visionary experiences and their "spirituality" in general to their solitary and ascetic practices. He does not go further and point out how common it has been for people to offer supernatural explanations for hallucinations induced, at least in part, by isolation and fasting. Of the small number of African Americans whose writings Ruth includes, Phillis Wheatley and John Jea are represented by only one item each. Wheatley, of course, is now widely known, but the writings of both individuals could have been used more extensively. In the end, and despite his stated intentions, Ruth clearly found it difficult to abandon the famous white Methodist men. Extracts by Freeborn Garrettson and Nathan Bangs (on a camp meeting in Canada, oddly enough [205-11]) are among the longest in the collection, and writings by Francis Asbury and Thomas Coke are among the most numerous. There are various ways that the collection could have been improved. The average length of the selections is short, often only about a page or so. …


This study investigates whether social learning among large-scale farmers in central Sweden leads to better natural resource management in the agricultural landscape. Three different frames of social learning are first identified: social learning as a fundamental social phenomenon, social learning as collaborative learning, and social learning as deeper learning. This article investigates the role of social learning and other factors through semistructured in-depth interviews. Results show that learning among farmers is inherently social, but that this learning does not necessarily improve natural resource management or lead to better environmental governance. The article discusses when social learning can be expected to influence natural resources management, and finds that without the presence of policy, individual leadership, or facilitation, it is not an important factor. Furthermore, the call for social learning based on results from successful instrumental application risks obscuring findings indicating that both social learning and better natural resource management are conditioned on the same external factors.


Among all the factors that influence the success of preschool programs, none is more important than the quality of the teaching workforce. The design and delivery of effective approaches to professional development (PD) are central to the support of the early childhood education workforce. In this article, we provide a model outlining the PD features that help to ensure that PD is effective, as well as the program- and policy-level supports needed to implement this type of PD as a part of local, state, and federal preschool programs. Throughout the article, we summarize recent research that is refining our understanding of the characteristics of effective PD, and we draw from research as well as our own experience in working with Head Start and state preschool programs across the country to illuminate challenges and promising practices in implementing effective PD at scale.


Objectives
Surgical residents express confidence in performing specific vascular exposures before training, but such self-reported confidence did not correlate with co-located evaluator ratings. This study reports residents' self-confidence evaluated before and after Advanced Surgical Skills for Exposure in Trauma (ASSET) cadaver-based training, and 12-18 mo later. We hypothesize that residents will better judge their own skill after ASSET than before when compared with evaluator ratings.

Methods
Forty PGY2-7 surgical residents performed four procedures: axillary artery (AA), brachial artery (BA), femoral artery exposure and control (FA), and lower extremity fasciotomy (FAS) at the three evaluations. Using 5-point Likert scales, surgeons self-assessed their confidence in anatomical understanding and procedure performance after each procedure and evaluators rated each surgeon accordingly.

Results
For all the three evaluations, residents consistently rated their anatomical understanding (p < 0.04) and surgical performance (p < 0.03) higher than evaluators for both FA and FAS. Residents rated their anatomical understanding and surgical performance higher (p < 0.005) than evaluators for BA after training and up to 18 mo later. Only for third AA evaluation were there no rating differences.

Conclusions
Residents overrate their anatomical understanding and performance abilities for BA, FA, and FAS even after performing the procedures and being debriefed three times in 18 mo.


The study of animal behavior, and particularly avian behavior, has advanced significantly in the past 50 years. In the early 1960s, both ethologists and psychologists were likely to see birds as simple automatons, incapable of complex cognitive processing. Indeed, the term "avian cognition" was considered an oxymoron. Avian social interaction was also seen as based on rigid, if sometimes complicated, patterns. The possible effect of social interaction on cognition, or vice versa, was therefore something almost never discussed. Two paradigm shifts—one concerning animal cognition and one concerning social interaction—began to change perceptions in, respectively, the early 1970s and 1980s, but only more recently have researchers actively investigated how these two areas intersect in the study of avian behavior. The fruits of such intersection can be seen in the various papers for this special issue. I provide some brief background material before addressing the striking findings of current projects. In some cases, researchers have adapted early classic methods and in other cases have devised new paradigms, but in all instances have demonstrated avian capacities that were once thought to be the exclusive domain of humans or at least nonhuman primates. Keywords: avian cognition; avian social learning; avian observational learning; avian communication


Industrial applications frequently pose a notorious challenge for state-of-the-art methods in the contexts of optimization, designing experiments and modeling unknown physical response. This problem is aggravated by limited availability of clean data, uncertainty in available physics-based models and additional logistic and computational expense associated with experiments. In such a scenario, Bayesian methods have played an impactful role in alleviating the aforementioned obstacles by quantifying uncertainty of different types under limited resources. These methods, usually deployed as a framework, allows decision makers to make informed choices under uncertainty while being able to incorporate information on the fly, usually in the form of data, from multiple sources while being consistent with the physical intuition about the problem. This is a major advantage that Bayesian methods bring to fruition especially in the industrial context. This paper is a compendium of the Bayesian modeling methodology that is being consistently developed at GE Research. The methodology, called GE's Bayesian hybrid modeling (GEBHM), is a probabilistic modeling method, based on the Kennedy and O'Hagan framework, that has been continuously scaled-up and industrialized over several years. In this work, we explain the various advancements in GEBHM's methods and demonstrate their impact on several challenging industrial problems.


A small robust system has been constructed for in-situ visual inspection of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. The system consists of a small, light, wide-angle high definition camera and LED package housed in a nacelle on the end of thin, rigid, 3.5 meter long support pole. The nacelle has two actuated degrees of freedom allowing the camera to observe nearly 4π steradians. The support pole has a specific slight curve that allows it to pass to either side of the center column of the tokamak to observe the entirety of the vessel interior, while still fitting through the small aspect ratio Alcator C-Mod vacuum port structure. The support pole and camera can enter the vessel through any horizontal vacuum port with an inner diameter greater than 4cm, thus a dedicated port is not required. The inspection is typically undertaken during maintenance periods when the vessel is filled with a noble gas near atmospheric pressure thus minimizing the influx of water vapor and the concomitant loss of wall conditioning. The system is operated manually, producing photos and video which are reviewed in near real-time. Nearly the entire vessel, including the plasma facing components, can be carefully inspected in 3 to 5 hours. The system provides improved characterization of the interior components and Preprint submitted to Fusion Engineering and Design August 14, 2014 surfaces of the tokamak with a modest engineering and operational effort. Information gathered from the system has identified damage to plasma facing components that were interfering with tokamak operation, as well as damage to mechanical components which were redesigned during the remainder of the campaign, thereby enhancing program planning.