Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is a combined technology of powder metallurgy and injection molding of plastics. This technology enables the formation of more flexible geometries and extends the variety of material choices. In the MIM process, metal powder is mixed with a plastic binder and wax, kneaded, formed into a shape, and then debound and sintered to obtain metal parts.Since parts are formed by injection molding and then metallurgically solidified in a series of processes, the initial properties of green compacts (the molded parts are described as "green compacts"), which depend on the injection molding conditions such as the flow behavior for a particular gate and cavity configuration, influence the properties of the final products throughout the debinding and sintering stages.This study aims to investigate the densification of green compacts under various conditions of injection molding, and analyze the parameters which govern the density of green compacts.For the analysis, a new parameter, i. e. "Densification Time" was introduced, representing time duration of injection molding necessary for the mold pressure to reach the maximum value. The effects of molding conditions on the sintered density and dimensional change were investigated experimentally.The results showed that the density of green compacts increased as the packing pressure and the mold pressure increased. The densification time during the MIM process was observed to be significantly shorter than during the plastics process (PP), about one tenth the time. This difference between MIM and PP was considered to be due to the rapid temperature drop of the MIM material. Properties of sintered parts varied with changing molding conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the molding conditions by using the mold pressure and densification time, which can be measured during the molding process.


Machine Learning for ligand based virtual screening (LB-VS) is an important in-silico tool for discovering new drugs in a faster and cost-effective manner, especially for emerging diseases such as COVID-19. In this paper, we propose a general-purpose framework combining a classical Support Vector Classifier algorithm with quantum kernel estimation for LB-VS on real-world databases, and we argue in favor of its prospective quantum advantage. Indeed, we heuristically prove that our quantum integrated workflow can, at least in some relevant instances, provide a tangible advantage compared to state-of-art classical algorithms operating on the same datasets, showing strong dependence on target and features selection method. Finally, we test our algorithm on IBM Quantum processors using ADRB2 and COVID-19 datasets, showing that hardware simulations provide results in line with the predicted performances and can surpass classical equivalents.


As the number of compute cores per chip continues to rise faster than the total amount of available memory, applications will become increasingly starved for memory storage capacity and bandwidth, making the problem of performance optimization even more critical. Also, understanding and optimizing the usage of an increasing number of hierarchical memory levels and complex cache management policies is becoming a very hard task. We propose a methodology for measuring and modeling the performance of hierarchical memories in terms of the application's utilization of the key memory resources: capacity of a given memory level and bandwidth between two levels. This is done by actively interfering with the application's use of these resources. The application's sensitivity to reduced resource availability is measured by observing the effect of interference on application performance. The resulting resource-oriented model of performance both greatly simplifies application performance analysis and makes it possible to predict an application's performance when running with various resource constraints. This is useful to predict performance for future memory-constrained architectures. This paper applies the proposed methodology to six important and well known High Performance Computing (HPC) codes to show the strength and the potential of analysis based on resource-oriented measurements.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension in asymptomatic patients with 2 types of extensive slow-flow vascular malformations: extensive venous malformations or Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome (KTS).

DESIGN
Case-control.

SETTING
Multidisciplinary center for vascular anomalies.

PATIENTS
A consecutive sample of 32 patients with slow-flow vascular malformations of at least 15% of the body surface was identified retrospectively and matched by age and sex with 32 healthy controls.

INTERVENTIONS
Standard 2-dimensional transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Venous samples were obtained the same day that echocardiography was performed.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was determined. Levels of D-dimer, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in plasma were measured.

RESULTS
Patients had a mean (SD) PASP that was significantly higher than that of healthy controls (42.16 [8.49] mm Hg in patients vs 27.69 [6.54] mm Hg in healthy controls; P < .001). No significant differences in PASP were found between patients with KTS and patients with venous malformations (P = .80). We observed significant differences in the mean (SD) levels of vWF between patients and healthy controls (124.41% [52.28%] in patients vs 92.69% [28.92%] in controls; P = .01) and also in levels of D-dimer (1032.99 [1367.0] ng/mL in patients vs 102.97 [29.39] ng/mL in healthy controls; P < .001). There was a moderate positive correlation between levels of vWF and levels of PASP (r = 0.42; P = .001) and a high positive correlation between D-dimer and PASP (r = 0.52; P < .001)

CONCLUSIONS
The presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with extensive slow-flow vascular malformations is not an isolated feature but is relatively frequent. Levels of D-dimer correlate with PASP in these patients.


ABSTRACT Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is currently being trialed for seronegative gay and other men who have sex with men (GMSM) at risk of HIV infection in England. However, research from other countries where PrEP is available shows limited literacy and uptake by GMSM at risk of HIV. We collected focus group data from 18 GMSM (13 HIV− and 5 HIV+) from Leicester, an ethnically diverse city in the English Midlands. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and three themes are presented. The first theme 'I can't get my head around people like that': Representations of PrEP users within and beyond gay communities explores how PrEP users are vilified by some GMSM and the wider media. The second theme, 'There's a culture of anti-trust': PrEP, stigma and the interpersonal politics of HIV disclosure discusses how PrEP influences HIV disclosure and sexual decision-making in casual sero-discordant sexual encounters in a context where seropositive men experienced pervasive HIV stigma and HIV− men were suspicious of HIV+ sexual partners. In the final theme, 'I'm still suspicious': Discourses of doubt and distrust participants voiced concern over the safety of PrEP and the motives of drug companies, healthcare agencies and PrEP activists. We consider these findings through a critical lens of wider theorising around the relationship between public health agencies and GMSM communities and consider the impact of these perspectives on likely engagement with PrEP in an English context. We call for more critically informed and nuanced ways of promoting health and well-being amongst men from these communities.


This thesis combines autoethnography (Adams et al., 2015) with a psychosocial (Frosh, 2010; Hollway and Jefferson, 2013) approach to explore notions of self and responsibility in the self-narratives of young people involved in treatment for harmful sexual behaviour (HSB). It reflects an area of professional interest for me as a social worker involved in the assessment and treatment of young people classified as having sexual behaviour problems, and appears to be an under represented area of the research literature. Working with the psychoanalytic concept of transference I also explore how as a researcher I make sense of the ways in which professionals and young people encounter each other in treatment.
Drawing on poststructuralist conceptions of self and an ethical life (Butler, 2005), I suggest that treatment operates as a form of ethical violence, if ethical violence is to require a coherent self-narrative from young people as part-evidence of them taking personal responsibility (Butler, 2005). Rather than focusing on the 'truth' of a 'seamless story', I am interested in what Butler (2005) calls 'enigmatic articulations' that cannot easily be narrated. From this perspective I use autoethnographic methods and psychoanalytic tools to consider how unconscious dynamics might be enacted between practitioners and young people in treatment to produce meaning, and to make sense of discomfiting, and sometimes conflictual experiences.
The empirical study employed a qualitative longitudinal design (Thomson, 2012) gathering narrative data over the course of eight months from six young men aged between sixteen and eighteen, at various stages of treatment for HSB. Interviews were conducted using the 'Free Association Narrative Interview' method (Hollway and Jefferson, 2013), and complemented with creative/arts-based techniques, such as music and collage (Thomson, 2008). Personal reflections and insights, aroused through my own transference were also produced during data collection and analysis. Data analysis was inductive, utilising narrative (Doucet and Mauthner, 2008), and psychosocial approaches (Frosh and Baraitser, 2008; Hollway and Jefferson, 2013), informed by psychoanalytic (Laplanche and Pontalis, 1973; Zizek, 2006; Frosh, 2012) and social (Butler, 2004, 2005; Frosh, 2010) theoretical perspectives.
Findings are presented in the form of three case studies, influenced by the psychoanalytic case study tradition (Forrester, 1996) and autoethnography (Ellis and Rawicki, 2013), which serve as exemplars, illustrating themes that emerged from the wider data set. Each presents my understanding and interpretation of the young person's story, in relation to their experience of treatment as provided over the course of the interviews. The case studies also highlight some of the complex struggles involved for young people in trying to narratively locate themselves between various, and often competing discursive demands, and provide insights from my experience as a practice informed researcher and interlocutor engaged in collaborative meaning making. The narratives are analysed to reveal discordant voices characterised by contradictions and inconsistencies; fears, anxieties and uncertain futures, as well as un-narrated feelings of dangerousness, which are echoed and amplified through my own highly personalised reflections.
The thesis makes a number of original contributions, and develops new substantive knowledge regarding an understanding of young people attending treatment for harmful sexual behaviour, particularly in relation to how they view themselves and their treatment journeys. By writing autoethnographically, and using this to present participant stories as multivoiced narratives I am bringing both a researcher, and practitioner perspective into view regarding young people's understanding of responsibility, truth and disclosure. The application of Lacanian-influenced, psychosocial, creative, narrative and autoethnographic methods is original in its approach to researching 'beneath the surface' with young people involved in treatment for HSB. The thesis also generates valuable insights in terms of the limits of narrative approaches to treatment, and the support needs of practitioners.


This article presents a bibliometric analysis of the literature growth and development of "yoga". Yoga was a traditional system of about 5000 years of history and culture. Yoga is rooted in Indian philosophy and has been a part of traditional Indian spiritual practice for millennia. The Indian sage Patanjali prescribed adherence to eight limbs of yoga. It aimed at "quieting one's mind to achieve the union of mind, body and spirit" is called as traditional yoga. Worldwide, it is estimated that yoga is regularly practiced by about 30 million people. Yoga is most often associated with physical postures (asana), breath control (pranayama) and meditation. Meditation is an important part of yoga. Yoga ensures as a peaceful and healthy way in the ancient period and also in now a days. The critical disorders such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Chronic Pain, Respiratory Problems, Heart Related Diseases, Diabetes, Cancer and Depression are also being controlled by yoga. Postures are used to heal an illness, reduce stress, or to look better. Yogic exercises have been shown to have positive effects on people. A few minutes of yoga practice every day, it prevents all diseases. If everyone has to follow the yoga in early morning, it assures the healthy life. For this Yoga research, the records are collected from Web of Science database for the period of 2009 to 2018. Total number of publications collected for this study was 3256. The collected data were scanned by the "bibexcel tool". This study deals with the highly Productive Journals, Authorship productivity, Publication Year, Document Type, Language, application of Zipf Law, Individual Authors Research Productivity, country wise contribution, h-index, citation analysis.


A History of Modern Psychology provides students with an engaging, comprehensive, and global history of psychological science, from the birth of the field to the present. It examines the attempts to establish psychology as a science in several countries and epochs. The text expertly draws on a vast knowledge of the field in the United States, England, Germany, France, Russia, and Scandinavia, as well as on author Per Saugstad's keen study of neighboring sciences, including physiology, evolutionary biology, psychiatry, and neurology. Offering a unique global perspective on the development of psychology as an empirical science, this text is an ideal introduction to the field for students and other readers interested in the history of modern psychology.


Abstract Background Among Veterans, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be associated with obesity and accelerated weight gain. Less is known among the general population. We sought to determine the impact of PTSD on body mass index (BMI) and weight change among individuals with exposure to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster. Methods We examined individuals from the WTC Health Registry. PTSD symptoms were assessed on multiple surveys (Waves 1–4) using the PTSD Checklist-Specific. Three categories of post-9/11 PTSD were derived: no, intermittent, and persistent. We examined two outcomes: (1) Wave 3 BMI (normal, overweight, and obese) and (2) weight change between Waves 3 and 4. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between PTSD and BMI (N = 34 958) and generalized estimating equations to assess the impact of PTSD on weight change (N = 26 532). Sex- and age-stratified analyses were adjusted for a priori confounders. Results At Wave 3, the observed prevalence of obesity was highest among the persistent (39.5%) and intermittent PTSD (36.6%) groups, compared to the no PTSD group (29.3%). In adjusted models, persistent and intermittent PTSD were consistently associated with a higher odds of obesity. Weight gain was similar across all groups, but those with persistent and intermittent PTSD had higher estimated group-specific mean weights across time. Conclusions Our findings that those with a history of PTSD post-9/11 were more likely to have obesity is consistent with existing literature. These findings reaffirm the need for an interdisciplinary focus on physical and mental health to improve health outcomes.


Educational leadership is the ability to influence, coordinate, and mobilize otherpeople that have to do with the implementation and development of educationin order to achieve the goal of education or school effectively and efficiently. For the purpose of school to be achieved effectively and efficiently requires effective leadership of the principal. There are seven characteristics of effective principal leadership: (1) having a clear vision, (2) having high expectations of achievement; (3) programming and providing positive and constructive feedback, (4) encouraging efficient use of time, (5) utilizing various learning resources, (6), monitoring the progress of learners individually or in groups, (7) and continuous improvement.


Abstract. Fast but precise 3D reconstructions of cultural heritage scenes are becoming very requested in the archaeology and architecture. While modern multi-image 3D reconstruction approaches provide impressive results in terms of textured surface models, it is often the need to create a 3D model for which only a single photo (or few sparse) is available. This paper focuses on the single photo 3D reconstruction problem for lost cultural objects for which only a few images are remaining. We use image-to-voxel translation network (Z-GAN) as a starting point. Z-GAN network utilizes the skip connections in the generator network to transfer 2D features to a 3D voxel model effectively (Figure 1). Therefore, the network can generate voxel models of previously unseen objects using object silhouettes present on the input image and the knowledge obtained during a training stage. In order to train our Z-GAN network, we created a large dataset that includes aligned sets of images and corresponding voxel models of an ancient Greek temple. We evaluated the Z-GAN network for single photo reconstruction on complex structures like temples as well as on lost heritage still available in crowdsourced images. Comparison of the reconstruction results with state-of-the-art methods are also presented and commented.


Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is an important foliar disease of wheat in the UK. Symptoms of chlorotic and necrotic lesions with pycnidia appear on leaves 7-14 days after infection when the disease reduces plant photosynthesis. Plants have evolved photoprotective mechanisms to avoid photo-oxidative damage and dissipate excess energy that cannot be utilised by the photosynthetic machinery. Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ) is the process of heat dissipation to protect the integrity of photosystem (PS) II and it typically modulates plant responses to environmental stress. Dynamic changes of NPQ reflect tight regulation of energy required to drive photochemistry and to prevent permanent damage to PSII caused by reactive oxygen and free radicals. A recently cloned STB-resistance gene, Stb6, was found to encode a conserved wall-associated receptor kinase (WAK)-like protein that confers pathogen resistance without a hypersensitive response (HR). We hypothesized that upon infection with Z. tritici, wheat genotypes containing Stb6 will exhibit NPQ dynamics associated with reduced oxidative stress in the absence of HR. Time series of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of healthy and artificially inoculated wheat leaves as well as visual rating of disease severity were performed on wheat germplasm that either contained or lacked Stb6. NPQ induction and relaxation curves as well as a range of related physiological parameters were measured and correlated with disease severity. Significant down-regulation of NPQ in the absence of symptoms by the pathogen was observed in the resistant genotypes, suggesting that chloroplastic defence plays an important role in disease resistance. Further work will investigate the relationship between NPQ and oxidative stress in STB resistance.


Local or national crises, such as natural disasters, major infrastructure failures, and pandemics, pose dire threats to manufacturing. The concept of a rideshare‐like distributed network of consumer‐type 3D printers is proposed to address the limited ability of the industrial base to quickly respond to abrupt changes in critical product demand or to disruptions in manufacturing and supply‐chain capacity. The technical challenges that prevent the implementation of such a network are discussed, including 1) remote qualification of 3D printers, 2) dynamic routing algorithms with reactive and predictive components, which take advantage of real‐time information about current events that may affect the network, and 3) performance evaluation of the network. Furthermore, a cyber‐infrastructure that enables autonomous operation and reconfiguration of the network to render it "crisis‐proof" by minimizing human involvement is introduced. The concept of a distributed network of consumer‐type 3D printers allows anyone with a 3D printer and access to the internet to manufacture critical supplies, triggered by actual and predicted customer demand. Beyond crisis relief, distributed networks of manufacturing assets have broad relevance, and they can establish a virtual marketplace to exchange manufacturing capacity. Thus, this future manufacturing platform has the potential to transform how to manufacture for the masses.


In this study, we have demonstrated that a rotating metal wire coil can be used as a nozzle to electrospin nanofibers on a large-scale. Without using any needles, the rotating wire coil, partially immersed in a polymer solution reservoir, can pick up a thin layer of charged polymer solution and generate a large number of nanofibers from the wire surface simultaneously. This arrangement significantly increases the nanofiber productivity. The fiber productivity was found to be determined by the coil dimensions, applied voltage and polymer concentration. The dependency of fiber diameter on the polymer concentration showed a similar trend to that for a conventional electrospinning system using a syringe needle nozzle, but the coil electrospun fibers were thinner with narrower diameter distribution. The profiles of electric field strength in the coil electrospinning was calculated and showed concentrated electric field intensity on the top wire surface.


After the financial crisis in 2008, demand reduction especially from the automotive in-dustry and changes in CO2 tax regulations which increased the energy prices the alu-minium industry forced to review and reduce its operational expenditure. High energy consumption in the production of primary aluminium dedicates most of the efforts on technological development onto the electrolysis unit. However, other units of a smelter also have the potential to improve their operational efficiency. In this thesis, the focus is on the casthouse unit of the smelter. The aim of this research is to quantify and reduce the non-value added logistical costs in the aluminium industry's supply chain. This re-search attempts to simulate the internal supply chain of a primary aluminium casthouse and identify the wastes by implementing a lean thinking approach. After highlighting the possible improvements, optimization models attempt to reduce these wastes which create non-value added costs to the system. This concept is further developed by inter-facing the simulation model with the optimization model to validate the improvements. The success of the concept is tested by measuring the reduction in redundant logistical costs of a case study founded on the real casthouse specifications. Scenarios are defined to analyze the casthouse supply chain under different perspectives. The potential gain of the new concept is verified by applying it to these scenarios. In conclusion, the results analysis of the scenarios indicates the success of the main objective of this research; to develop a new concept that controls the non-value added logistical costs in the primary aluminium casthouse supply chain.


Background: Older adults waiting for colonoscopy are anxious due to the lack of knowledge about the procedure, its preparations, and aftercare. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Neuman systems model (NSM) on anxiety of older adults waiting for colonoscopy. Methods: A pre- and postintervention study was conducted on 72 older adults who were waiting for colonoscopy. The participants were randomly allocated to either a control (n = 36) or an intervention group (n = 36). The intervention was performed in four steps, namely determining the potential and actual stressors, setting the goals, nursing interventions, and evaluation, according to the four-step nursing process in the NSM. A need assessment checklist based on the NSM and the Geriatric Anxiety Scale was completed before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using Fisher's exact, independent, and paired t-tests. Results: At baseline, the mean score of total anxiety was 35.66 ± 7.58 in the intervention group and 35.29 ± 6.52 in the control group. After the intervention, these values changed to 26.71 ± 7.48 and 34.06 ± 7.23. Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the anxiety scores of the two groups in cognitive, affective, and somatic dimensions and total anxiety scores (P > 0.05). However, after the intervention, statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in the mean scores of the aforementioned components (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Implementing an educational program based on NSM reduced anxiety in older adults waiting for colonoscopy. Nurses should be trained about the NSM to be able to use similar programs in reducing the anxiety of patients waiting for colonoscopy.


Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for over 90% of cases. Current treatment approaches for type 2 diabetes include diet, exercise, and a variety of pharmacologic agents, including insulin, biguanides, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones. Methods: In the present scenario, researchers focused themselves on thiazolidine ring-based compounds to cure type 2 diabetes mellitus. Among the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) family, PPAR-γ is the most effective in curing glucose homeostasis. Results and conclusions: Thiazolidine ring-based compounds act as PPAR-γ agonists, and herein, we have successfully developed nine derivatives of thiazolidine ring-based compounds that are found to be biologically potent using two-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship model.


Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents 10% of all breast cancers and is a very heterogeneous disease. Globally, women with TNBC have a poor prognosis, and the development of effective targeted therapies remains a real challenge. Patient‐derived xenografts (PDX) are clinically relevant models that have emerged as important tools for the analysis of drug activity and predictive biomarker discovery. The purpose of this work was to analyze the molecular heterogeneity of a large panel of TNBC PDX (n = 61) in order to test targeted therapies and identify biomarkers of response. At the gene expression level, TNBC PDX represent all of the various TNBC subtypes identified by the Lehmann classification except for immunomodulatory subtype, which is underrepresented in PDX. NGS and copy number data showed a similar diversity of significantly mutated gene and somatic copy number alteration in PDX and the Cancer Genome Atlas TNBC patients. The genes most commonly altered were TP53 and oncogenes and tumor suppressors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways. PDX showed similar morphology and immunohistochemistry markers to those of the original tumors. Efficacy experiments with PI3K and MAPK inhibitor monotherapy or combination therapy showed an antitumor activity in PDX carrying genomic mutations of PIK3CA and NRAS genes. TNBC PDX reproduce the molecular heterogeneity of TNBC patients. This large collection of PDX is a clinically relevant platform for drug testing, biomarker discovery and translational research.


Background
Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) are major chemical constituents found in Fructus ligustri lucidi (FLL), a Chinese herb previously shown to increase bone properties and modulate calcium-vitamin D metabolism in rats. OA and UA have been reported to exert osteoprotective effects in vitro.

Objective
The present study was designed to determine whether OA or OA + UA mimicked the effects of FLL on bone and calcium homeostasis using ovariectomized rats.

Methods
Three-month-old ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were stabilized for 2 mo and randomly assigned to 4 groups offered the same amount (15-17 g/d) of a control diet or experimental diets containing FLL (18.8 g/kg), OA (0.67 g/kg), or OA (0.67 g/kg) + UA (0.22 g/kg) for 6 wk. Serum was obtained for measurement of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] and bones were collected for micro-CT analysis. Calcium balance was measured at weeks 1 and 6. A calcium kinetic study using 45Ca was conducted at week 6 and modeled using WinSAAM software.

Results
Compared with the control group, rats fed the FLL-, OA-, and OA + UA-enriched diets had better bone properties and 51%, 31%, and 27% higher serum 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations at week 6, respectively. These variables did not differ between the treatments. Calcium balance was not affected by diet at either week 1 or week 6. Kinetic modeling predicted that FLL and OA + UA diet-fed rats had 9% and 15% less endogenous excretion of calcium, respectively, compared with the control group. All 3 treatments resulted in a higher calcium mass of compartment 3 because of changes in transfer rate between compartments 2 and 3, and were positively associated with the serum 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration (R2 = 0.28; P < 0.01).

Conclusion
Similar to FLL, OA and OA + UA increase bone properties, serum 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration, and calcium use in ovariectomized rats, suggesting their potential role in management of osteoporosis.


The global economic shift into the knowledge economy in the 1970s had a profound effect on settlement structure in England and Wales. The physical changes brought on by the dismantling of the rigid manufacturing sector were compounded by an important socio-economic shift. The knowledge worker became a centrepiece of the post-industrial economy. The importance of specialised knowledge within the post-industrial firm brought these highly skilled workers on par with senior management resulting in a transformative effect on their choices of employment and housing. These changes are the centrepiece of contemporary economic, social and geographic research. However studies spanning these three theoretical spheres have been limited. This has deprived us of crucial theoretical links that would allow us to disentangle the complex changes that have occurred. This research is aimed at capturing the effects of this broad socio-economic transformation on the settlement structure of home and work in England and Wales. The analysis focuses on the changes in structural and functional change through the use of commuting data for 1981 through 2001. Changes are investigated by bringing together and expanding current spatial analysis techniques. The selection and composition of these techniques is informed by the major theoretical representations of employment and housing patterns and social structure. I have sought to provide a novel way of approaching and interpreting the effects of socio-economic change by combining these three different perspectives within a multi-variate spatial analysis framework that is relayed with consistent objects and attributes. Thus I have brought together theories in housing and labour economics as well as incorporating knowledge in social stratification. This has allowed me to unravel some of the complex settlement patterns that have been observed. These representations have also demonstrated their effectiveness in linking different strands of socio-economic theory through spatial analysis, providing a bridge between these fields.


The Wandel Sea Basin in eastern North Greenland forms the northern continuation of the offshore Danmarkshavn Basin and the conjugate margin to the western Barents Shelf south of Spitsbergen. The Triassic succession of eastern North Greenland, up to 700 m thick, spans the Induan (Dienerian) – Norian. The Triassic sediments rest unconformably on Upper Carboniferous and Upper Permian sediments, and are unconformably overlain by Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous deposits. Based on recent fieldwork in the Wandel Sea Basin, five new and revised Triassic formations are described and included in the Trolle Land Group (revised). The Lower Triassic (Induan) Parish Bjerg Formation (revised) consists of marine sandstones, fluvial conglomerates and sandstones, and muddy flood-plain deposits. It is conformably overlain by Lower Triassic (Dienerian – lower Spathian) offshore mudstones with minor sand-dominated intervals of the Ugleungernes Dal Formation (new). The upper Spathian to Ladinian Dunken Formation (revised) is represented mainly by marine sandstones. A marked erosional unconformity characterises the base of the overlying Upper Triassic (Carnian – Norian) Storekløft Formation (new) composed of marginal marine to marine, massive sandstones and conglomerates as well as cross-bedded and biomottled marine sandstones and minor mudstone units. The Isrand Formation (mainly Middle Triassic) consists of laminated mudstones with minor thin sandstone units that were deposited in slope and basin floor settings in the eastern deeper part of the Wandel Sea Basin in Kronprins Christian Land. The Triassic succession of the Wandel Sea Basin represents a well-constrained shallow shelf to deep shelf / basin floor transect and thus forms an excellent outcrop analogue to the time-equivalent intervals in the western Barents Sea basins and the Danmarkshavn Basin offshore North-East Greenland.


Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for patients with urachal cancer (UraC). Still, one third of patients are un-resectable at presentation. Histology shows adenocarcinomas in the majority of cases with resemblance to enteric tumors. Standard chemotherapeutic regimens for bladder cancer have failed these patients. The role and efficacy of radiotherapy remains unclear due to its use in combination with chemotherapy or in a palliative setting. A lack of background knowledge about this disease leaves practitioners with unanswered questions when recommending (neo)adjuvant or palliative treatment options. Despite the lack of large multicenter series or randomized studies, independent case series have found commonalities with gastric, colorectal or ovarian cancers. Better clinical staging, advanced surgical techniques and a variety of (neo)adjuvant therapy combinations spawn hope for improved survival for these patients. Genetic and immunohistochemical studies are debating a common origin of this disease. Meta-analyses of clinical data are showing prognosticators and risk factors. UraC is a rare disease characterized by malignant degeneration of the urachal remnant with the highest incidence in fifty to sixty year old individuals. Unlike bladder cancer, the majority of UraC cases are adenocarcinomas. Its classical location at the bladder dome, advanced stage at presentation and symptoms like hematuria and mucinuria, should make the clinician suspicious. It is important to look for metastases or mucous cysts during clinical staging to determine the possibility of a curative approach. Up to date, surgery including on-bloc resection of the urachal ligament, the bladder dome and the umbilicus is the only proven cure. R0 resection is crucial for recurrence free survival. Adjuvant or palliative therapy can prolong survival in un-resectable or recurrent disease. While curative patients have a survival well above 50% over five years, palliative patients average only two years. Scientific knowledge about UraC is comprised of single center experiences, small collected cohorts or pathology/cancer registry database searches. Many questions like validated staging, (neo)adjuvant treatment options, differences in outcome for different tumor types and the existence of a common genetic origin are still unanswered. Future studies and trials are needed to address these important topics.


While higher productivity can be achieved if the tomato seedlings were taken from new varieties that have adapted to the agro-climate. To produce new varieties that have high productivity and stability require gene sources of plant traits that support these objectives, this can be achieved through plant breeding programs. This study aimed to observe the growth and yield of four tomato strains grown in low-lying areas with comparable varieties of Intan and Ratna. Research carried out at the Technical Services Unit of the Faculty of Agriculture in October until February 2013. This study used a randomized block design with six treatments of tomato genotypes and 3 replications. Genotypes were tested for the T33-IPB 1-3, IPB T57-3, T60-IPB 2-6, IPB-8b 2201-5. Check varieties ie Intan and Ratna.The parameters measured were plant height, stem diameter, days to flowering, harvest, fruit length, fruit diameter, flesh thickness, fruit cavity number, weight per fruit, total fruit weight per plant and number of seeds per gram. The results showed that of all genotypes tested significantly affected the growth and yield of plants. Significantly different genotypes tested to date of flowering, maturity, plant height, stem diameter fruit length, fruit diameter, flesh thickness, fruit cavity number, weight per fruit, number of seeds per gram and total fruit weight per plant.. The results of the total weight per plant was highest in genotype-IPB 1-3 T33 and T57 followed IPB-3 genotype and the lowest total weight per plant was found in 2201 IPB-58B genotype and Ratna varieties followed. Keyword: Tomatoes, Genotypes, growth and yield, lowlands


Pulseless disease (Takayasu's disease) was first recognized as a distinct clinical entity in Japan. 1,2 It is much more common in Japan than in the Western countries, so that in the past it has been considered peculiar to the Japanese. Recently, however, case reports in Europe and America have been increasing. 3,4 The pathogenesis of this disease is chronic arteritis afflicting the branches of the aortic arch. Although there have been found rather extensive lesions involving more than only the brachiocephalic branches of the aorta on autopsy, very few cases have been reported in the literature where pulsations were absent in the lower extremities. We have had a case of a young female patient with no pulsations in the extremities except in the right upper arm. This case is considered worth reporting because of its rarity and because it suggests some possibilities as to the etiology of atypical coarctation. The


An analysis of disparity is presented. It makes explicit the geometric relations between a stereo disparity field and a differentially project scene. These results show how it is possible to recover three-dimensional surface geometry through first-order (i.e., distance and orientation of a surface relative to an observer) and binocular viewing parameters in a direct fashion from stereo disparity. As applications of the analysis, algorithms have been developed for recovering three-dimensional surface orientation and discontinuities from stereo disparity. The results of applying these algorithms to natural image binocular stereo disparity information are presented. >


Introduction: Visual acuity measurement is one of the most common method of assessing any abnormalities of visual functions such as amblyopia. Earliest detection of amblyopia may reduce the prevalence of vision impairment in adult. Crowding is a phenomenon in which there is difficulty in recognition of target due to the presence of neighboring objects (flankers) specifically in amblyopia. The lesser the spacing between target and flankers, the greater crowding is.Objectives: This study develops a digital portable modified LogMAR chart with closer spacing between the letters as compared to other available charts in the market.Materials and Method: The chart is created and presented using Dell INSPIRON 3420 laptop with screen size 14.0 inches, with resolution of 1366 x 768 pixels. The chart consists of four sets of presentations and each presentation containing 44 slides with acuity ranged 0LogMAR (6/6) to 1.0LogMAR (6/60).The acuity is a smallest letter that could be resolved with 0.033logMAR per letter adjusted. Twenty normal participants are chosen to mimic anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia as well as control. Visual acuity of participants was measured using four different visual acuities charts namely: Sheridan Gardiner, standard logMAR chart, modified logMAR chart one letter width separation and half letter width separation and then crowding magnitude between these acuity charts was compared.Results and Discussion: Analysis of the study will be presented later in detail.Conclusion: This study will be beneficial in a way that by developing a modified LogMAR chart, the amblyopia can be diagnosed as early as possible because early detection is a key to the treatment of amblyopia.


A recent phylogenetic inference indicated that the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strains circulating from March 2009 to September 2009 could be divided into two closely related but distinct clusters. Cluster one contained most strains from Mexico, Texas, and California, and cluster two had most strains from New York, both of which were reported to co-circulate in all continents. The same study further revealed nine nucleotide changes in six gene segments of the new virus specific for the two clusters. In the current study, the informational spectrum method (ISM), a bioinformatics technique, was employed to study the receptor binding patterns of the two clusters. It discovered that while both groups shared the same primary human binding affinity, their secondary binding preferences were different. Cluster one favored swine binding as its secondary binding pattern, whereas cluster two mostly exhibited the binding specificity of A/South Carolina/1/18 (H1N1) (one of the 1918 flu pandemic strains) as its secondary binding pattern. Besides all the nine nucleotide changes found in the previous study, Random Forests were applied to uncover several new nucleotide polymorphisms in 10 genes of the strains between the two clusters, and several amino acid changes in the HA protein that might be accountable for the discrepancy of the secondary receptor binding patterns of the two clusters. Finally, entropy analysis was conducted to present a global view of gene sequence variations between the two clusters, which illustrated that cluster one had much higher genetic divergence than cluster two. Furthermore, it suggested a significant overall correspondence between the nucleotide positions of high importance in differentiating the two clusters and nucleotide positions of high entropy in cluster one.


Fatigure crack growth from surface defects is one of the most important subjects for the evaluation and the assurance of safety in pressure vessels, piping systems, ship hulls and other various structures. This paper attempts to analysis some practical or general problems such as the estimation of crack growth life to penetrate the plate thickness, based on fatigure crack growth from a single surface flaw and the interaction of multiple flaws. An experiment on the coalescence of multiple undercuts was carried out under cyclic tension condition as a attempt to the analysis of multiple crack problems. It is noted that the fracture strength is characterized by the analogy to that in a single crack growth.


Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) imposes a heavy burden of disease, especially in the most developed countries, and the mortality rate has not declined over the past decades. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PDAC, which may help to improve early detection, prognosis, and treatment efficiency. This review focuses on PDAC epidemiology and on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PDAC carcinogenesis. We discuss the cancer stem cell hypothesis, which provides a rationale for the pervasive resistance of PDAC to chemoradiotherapy and explains the disease recurrence after the currently used genotoxic treatment. Identification of an inherited predisposition to PDAC due to genetic factors should allow high-risk groups to benefit from early detection programs. The presence in biofluids of stable tumor-specific microRNAs (miRs) makes them the most promising biomarkers potentially capable of detecting tumors long before their clinical manifestation. The cancer stem cell hypothesis made it realistic to anticipate a clinical impact of miR-based therapy (miR mimics and antagomirs) to overcome the otherwise insurmountable barrier of frequent resistance of PDAC to chemoradiotherapy. The investigation of miRs in PDAC may provide exciting novel strategies for both diagnosis and treatment.


Most of the toxicity data presented in the literature are obtained in relatively simple media, like distilled water. The literature reported that nanoparticles agglomerate immediately upon being added to cell culture media and if the agglomerates are used directly in antimicrobial studies, the interpretation of the toxicity results tends to be complicated. Six different molar ratios Ag-TiO2 composites were synthesized by a reduction method using two different commercial TiO2 particles as base materials and were used to find the aggregate size in distilled water and Mueller-Hinton Broth, and to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against E. coli and E. faecalis. To evaluate the evolution of the Ag-TiO2 particle size (z-average) three dilutions of each of the synthesized composites 100 µg/ml, 250 µg/mL and 500 µg/ml were realized in deionized water and Mueller Hinton broth. It was found that Ag-TiO2 composites increased in size after being diluted in Mueller-Hinton Broth, but once they grew in size, they remained constant for 24 minutes, and after this time, did not affect the MIC for the microorganisms involved.


In contrast to the mainstream approach where mobile devices have two states: connected or not-connected, we analyse mobile database replication in a setting with three states: good connection, reasonable connection and no connection. Using this as our starting point, we develop a new approach to data replication which is able to take advantage of the capabilities of the different connection alternatives. As a result of this approach, mobile devices can better utilize the available connection and are capable of optimizing for different goals such as availability and cost. Implementation details as well as experiences with a prototype implementation are also discus


In nature, there exist numerous and diverse, highly sensitive and well-evolved biological hair cell sensors which work on the principles of mechanotransduction, serving various sensing needs. This work presents a flexible biomimetic smart skin of self-powered piezoelectric hair cell flow sensors capable of sensing underwater flow phenomena. We developed a 2D array of 20 MEMS flow sensors arranged in a 4×5 pattern spanning a foot-print of 30mm×40mm. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of individual sensors to detect flow velocities as low as 8.24μm/s. The array is capable of determining the location, and distance of an underwater stimulus with an error below 1%.


This paper describes a structural design tool for punches and dies in 3D progressive dies of motor core based on association design technology. Based on the classification and 3D modeling method of punches and dies, the associated model is set up to describe the holes on plates of die set for punches and dies. The proposed tool integrates the design knowledge of progressive dies for motor core to automate the design for punches, dies and corresponding holes on plates. This design tool is constructed on a PC and integrated with SolidWorks software. We use progressive die for the motor core with rotator, stator and vice-stator as a concrete example to demonstrate the power of the design tool. The results show that it can not only improve design quality but also save both time and costs dramatically.


In the current economic climate, public libraries find themselves in the position of defending and justifying their funding and continued existence to their stakeholders. Many of these public libraries seek to prove their worth to their community through the use of different measurements and metrics to demonstrate quantifiable contributions and different understandings of the concept of value as part of showing a contribution. As libraries need to justify their value to policymakers, library usage is skyrocketing, begging the question: how can public libraries effectively demonstrate their value as critical social institutions to the communities that they serve and the policy-makers that allocate their funding? By examining varied concepts of value, this paper explores different understandings of public libraries as places and their contributions to society. The paper also discusses various approaches public libraries have taken to illustrate, articulate, and demonstrate their value. After detailing several value demonstration approaches that public libraries are taking currently or could take, this paper discusses the implications of value demonstration approaches for libraries in social and policy contexts.


Book synopsis: The term 'phenomenology' has become almost as over-used and emptied of meaning as that other word from Continental Philosophy, namely 'existentialism'. Yet Husserl, who first put forward the phenomenological method, considered it a rigorous alternative to positivism, and in the hands of Merleau-Ponty, a disciple of Husserl in France, phenomenology became a way of gaining a disciplined and coherent perspective on the world in which we live.

When this study originally published in 1977 there were only a few books in English on Merleau-Ponty's philosophy. It introduced the reader and suggested how his thought might throw light on some of the assumptions and presuppositions of certain contemporary forms of Anglo-Saxon philosophy and social science. It also demonstrates how phenomenology seeks to unite philosophy and social science, rather than define them as mutually exclusive domains of knowledge.


We present Auger spectroscopy studies of large krypton clusters excited by soft x-ray photons with energies on and just above the 3d(52) ionization threshold. The deexcitation spectra contain new features as compared to the spectra measured both below and far above threshold. Possible origins of these extra features, which stay at constant kinetic energies, are discussed: (1) normal Auger process with a postcollision interaction induced energy shift, (2) recapture of photoelectrons into high Rydberg orbitals after Auger decay, and (3) excitation into the conduction band (or "internal" ionization) followed by Auger decay. The first two schemes are ruled out, hence internal ionization remains the most probable explanation.


A review and listing of antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasite factors in human breast milk is presented. Also reviewed are the microbial contaminants such as cytomegalovirus and rubella virus, which have recently been shown to infect infants via breast milk, without adverse effects. The retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 have been detected in human milk, with the latter virus probably being transmitted through the milk. These virus contaminants can be destroyed by pasteurization of the human milk.


Anticipating the publication later this year of the English edition of History and Obstinacy, this issue of October presents three texts related to this epochal book by Oskar Negt and Alexander Kluge: the volume's third chapter and philosophical nucleus, "Elements of a Political Economy of Labor Power"; an interview with Negt and Kluge, made shortly after the appearance of the original edition, which provides a concise introduction to the book's ambitious plan for writing an anthropology of capital; and a more recent interview in which Negt reflects on the historical and theoretical concerns that first motivated this collaborative enterprise.


INTRODUCTION
Erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular diseases share the same risk factors. Although the use of hypercholesterolemic rabbit models has proven to be useful to illustrate the link between ED and hypercholesterolemia, the cost of daily maintenance of the animals and necessity for important amounts of drug have limited their use.

AIM
We aimed to develop a new model of atherosclerosis-associated ED in a well-known experimental model of atherosclerosis, the apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mouse.

METHODS
Erectile function was evaluated by recording frequency-dependent increases in intracavernous pressure following electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve in 26-, 32-, and 38-week-old ApoE KO mice fed a Western-type diet and age-matched C57BL6/J anesthetized mice. Atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated by planimetry in oil red O-stained aortas.

RESULTS
We found that in contrast to C57BL6/J mice, ApoE mice displayed atherosclerotic lesions covering 22% of the aortic luminal surface at 26 weeks of age and increasing to 27% and 35% at 32 weeks and 38 weeks of age, respectively. The amplitude of erectile responses to electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve was markedly impaired in 26-week-old ApoE KO mice as compared with age-matched C57BL6/J mice. Impairment in erectile function persisted in ApoE KO mice 32 and 38 weeks of age.

CONCLUSIONS
The ApoE KO mouse, a well-characterized model to study disorders associated with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in cardiovascular research, could therefore be suitable for investigation of disease-modifying effects of new therapeutic strategies aiming to target both atherosclerosis and ED.


Protein preparations from commercial suppliers are contaminated with bacterial endotoxins. The continued use of these preparations indicates that many researchers are unaware of this, and they may attribute all observed effects to the proteins themselves. Intravitreous injection of bovine serum albumin has an initial inflammatory effect on the rabbit eye which occurs before an immune reaction to the antigen itself can develop. This direct inflammatory effect can be fully accounted for by endotoxin-like contaminants which are present in protein preparations obtained from commercial suppliers. A pharmaceutical (U.S. Pharmacopeia) serum albumin preparation contains no detectable endotoxin, and has no initial inflammatory effect on the eye. Since endotoxins, even in minute amounts, have a variety of effects, the use of such contaminated protein preparations in biological research can lead to erroneous conclusions and should, therefore, be avoided.


Most research in network pricing focuses on improving QoS for a single network. These approaches are not easily extensible to a set of interconnected networks, as the inter-ISP negotiations would be unwieldy. Our approach is to provide a general QoS-aware networking service. We first introduce the concept of QoS-transit services: transit services with QoS guarantees, where dynamic pricing is used to regulate demand on the associated links. After reviewing the structure of the Internet, and the locations of bottlenecks, we describe an architecture for delivering QoS across multiple networks using QoS-transit services. We describe the charging and routing frameworks, and detail how billing, metering, and policing can be achieved. Furthermore, we address security considerations, and discuss compatibilities with current network protocols. Finally, since we cannot expect all ISPs to offer QoS-transit services, we describe the concept of overlay ISPs: ISPs who provide QoS-transit services by controlling an overlay network


During a survey along thc Aligarh-Delhi road in Uttar Pradcsh, certain fields of pigcon pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. showed severe wilt symptoms while the incidence of the disease in other nearby fields was not severe even though thc same local variety was grown in all the fields. Soil and root samples collectcd from the fields (of pigeon peas) were processed by appropriate laboratory procedures and the nematodes Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris Upadhyaya ct al., Helicotylenchus indicus Siddiqi and Hoplolaimus indicus Sher were found. The wilt fungus, Fusarium udum Butler was recovered from roots of plants from fields with severe and mild wilt. The cyst nematode, Heterodera cajani Koshy was found only in those fields where there was a high incidence of wilt. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to establish the role of these nematodes in relation to the scverity of disease development.


dure and the power approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1987;15:65780. 4. FISH LH, SCHWARTZ HL, COVANAUGH J, STEFFES MW, BANTLE JR, OPPENHEIMERJH. Replacement dose, metabolism and bioavailability of levothyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1987;316:764-70. 5. SAWIN CT, SUSKS MI, LONDON M, RNAGANATHAN C, LARSEN PRo Oral thyroxine: variation in biological action and tablet content. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:641-5. 6. Levothyroxine and levothyroxine tablets monographs. United States pharmacopeia XIX (1975); X (1980); and XXI (1985). Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. 7. REES-JONES RW, LARSEN PRo Triiodothyronine and thyroxine content of desiccated thyroid tablets. Metabolism 1977;26:1213-8. 8. REES-JONES RW, ROLAAR, LARSEN PRo Hormonal content of thyroid replacement preparations. JAMA 1980;243:549-50. 9. LARSEN PRo Direct immunoassay of triiodothyronine in human serum. JClin Invest 1972;51:1939-49. 10. LARSEN PR, DOCKALORA J, SIPULAD, WUFM. Immunoassay of thyroxine in unextracted human serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973;37:177-82. 11. LARSEN PRo The present compendial condition of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone preparations. In: Hormone drugs: proceedings of the FDA-USP workshop on drug and reference standards for insulins, somatotropins and thyroid axis hormones. Bethesda, MD, May 19-21,1982. Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1982.


Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) has become an increasingly important and prevalent component of enterprise Decision Support Systems. OLAP is associated with a data model known as a Cube, a multi-dimensional representation that allows for the extraction and intuitive visualization of broad patterns and trends that would
otherwise not be obvious to the user. One must note, however, that not all of the collected data should be universally accessible. Specifically, DW/OLAP systems
almost always house confidential and sensitive data — identification information, medical data, or even religious beliefs and ideologies — that must, by definition, be
restricted to authorized users. In this thesis, we provide models and algorithms for protecting the data in multi-dimensional data cube spaces.
To this end, the thesis addresses three distinct but related themes. In the opening part of this study, we propose an authentication and authorization framework
that builds upon an algebra designed specifically for OLAP domains. It relies on robust query re-writing rules to ensure consistent data access across all levels of
the conceptual data cube model. In the second part, we present a framework for controlling malicious inferences caused by unprotected access to coarser level aggregations.
Our framework prevents complicated inferences through a combination of initial query restrictions and the removal of the remaining inferences. In the final part,
we enhance the core framework with an object-oriented security design model and client side language extensions that collectively produce a more intuitive and usable
infrastructure.
The purpose of this study is to design a comprehensive end-to-end framework for OLAP security that is flexible, intuitive, and powerful. In short, the framework allows
administrators to associate security policies with an intuitive conceptual model that maps directly to the model that users see. Restrictions then can be propagated
transparently from users to all the hierarchical data. Moreover, the framework provides an automatic form of inference control that is fast enough in practice to
not affect query time.
To ground our conceptual work, we have integrated our research themes on the top of an OLAP-specific DBMS server (Sidera). Sidera gives us the opportunity to
explore performance and correctness issues that would not be possible without such direct access to a DBMS. In addition, we have evaluated its efficiency with a pair
of common industrial DBMS, a row-based DBMS (PostgreSQL) and a column-store DBMS (MonetDB). The evaluation is done using two common benchmarks (e.g., SSB and APB). The results show the ratio of checking time to execution time varies considerable, depending on the specification of the underlying query. These times are acceptable, particularly given that checking costs do not grow with data set size.


Because "going digital" regards using digital technologies to fundamentally change the way things get done, information security is necessarily engaged in going digital. Society and science are going digital. For the sciences, this digitalization process invokes an emerging model of the science of design that incorporates the assembly of information systems from a wide variety of platform ecosystems. According to principles of bounded rationality and bounded creativity, this mode of design requires more creativity to develop needed functionality from a finite set of available platforms. Going digital requires more creativity in designers of all types of information systems. Furthermore, the designers' goals are changing. The traditional model of information systems is representational: the data in the system represents (reflects) reality. Newer information systems, equipped with 3D printing and robotics actually create reality. Reality represents (reflects) the data in the system. The paper explores the example of information security. Designers of security for information systems not only must be more creative, they must design for more goals. The security task is no longer just protecting the digital system, the security task is protecting the products of the digital system.


Environmental noise exposure represents a burden to people and can result in cardiovascular disease, sleep disturbance or annoyance. Road traffic noise is a main contributor to environmental noise, thus, it is intended to be reduced and limited by legislation in order to increase health and life quality.

Vehicle pass-by noise tests are conducted according to the international standard ISO 362, which is suppose to reflect the noise emission of a vehicle in an urban traffic environment. It is discussed that nowadays urban traffic situation requires a change of the test procedure with accompanying reductions in pass-by noise limits. To achieve compliance with the pass-by noise test it is important that vehicle engineers have access to predictive tools at the design stage.

In this paper the initial development of a pass-by noise predictive tool is reported. To begin with, the vehicle pass-by noise test according to standard ISO 362 is summarized. Existing public domain literature is reviewed and an analysis of the characteristics of the four major noise sources (engine, intake and exhaust system, tyre/road system) contributing to pass-by noise is presented. An experimental set-up involving a point source loudspeaker on a moving trolley is described. Experimental measurements made within an anechoic chamber are used as validation data for the predicted pass-by noise.


Filling the gap between market-based instalments and legislative regulations, signs of voluntary actions are emerging in industry. In search of the sustainability of capitalism, this "environmental enlightenment" needs to be supported by appropriate policy schemes. Given the uncertainty and diversity inherent in technological change, the mode of information flow exchange, and sharing between government and industry which is embedded in the peculiar institutional framework of each country, is particularly important in encouraging green innovation.


Translation initiation factors have complex functions in cells that are not yet understood. We show that depletion of initiation factor eIF4GI only modestly reduces overall protein synthesis in cells, but phenocopies nutrient starvation or inhibition of protein kinase mTOR, a key nutrient sensor. eIF4GI depletion impairs cell proliferation, bioenergetics, and mitochondrial activity, thereby promoting autophagy. Translation of mRNAs involved in cell growth, proliferation, and bioenergetics were selectively inhibited by reduction of eIF4GI, as was the mRNA encoding Skp2 that inhibits p27, whereas catabolic pathway factors were increased. Depletion or overexpression of other eIF4G family members did not recapitulate these results. The majority of mRNAs that were translationally impaired with eIF4GI depletion were excluded from polyribosomes due to the presence of multiple upstream open reading frames and low mRNA abundance. These results suggest that the high levels of eIF4GI observed in many breast cancers might act to specifically increase proliferation, prevent autophagy, and release tumor cells from control by nutrient sensing.


This paper presents a new Similarity Based Agglomerative Clustering(SBAC) algorithm that works well for data with mixed numeric and nominal features. A similarity measure, proposed by Goodall for biological taxonomy[13], that gives greater weight to uncommon feature-value matches in similarity computations and makes no assumptions of the underlying distributions of the feature-values, is adopted to de ne the similarity measure between pairs of objects. An agglomerative algorithm is employed to construct a concept tree, and a simple distinctness heuristic is used to extract a partition of the data. The performance of SBAC has been studied on real and arti cially generated data sets. Results demonstrate the e ectiveness of this algorithm in unsupervised discovery tasks. Comparisons with other schemes illustrate the superior performance of the algorithm.


Plasma arc forming is a new technique of metal sheet forming without moulds and external forces. This paper developed a mathematical model to study the variations of temperature field during the forming process which was validated by experiments. The results indicated that: the temperature near to the inlet of metal sheet was lower than that in the vicinity of outlet. The peak temperature increased with the increasing of plasma arc power, but decreased with the increasing of scanning speed or plasma arc diameter. For specified metal sheet, the forming efficiency can be improved by properly increasing plasma arc power, decreasing plasma arc diameter or scanning speed under the condition that the material properties are not destructed.


1. Respiratory quotients of the developing embryos of the shore-crab, Carcinus moenas, have been measured at different stages of development by manometric technique. 2. In the cleavage stages, the R.Q. is approximately unity, but by the time the yolk has diminished to four-fifths of the diameter of the egg, it has fallen to 0.72. After this time there is a slow and long-continued rise, but the quotient does not exceed 0.83 by the time of hatching. The significance of these observations for our knowledge of the sources of energy used by developing embryos is pointed out in the text. 3. In the course of these observations, it was found that normal respiration and normal metabolism (in so far as it can be appraised by the respiratory quotient) can be carried on by Carcinus embryos at temperatures above the probable thermal death-point of the adults.


We use a bisection method (B. Parlett, The Symmetric Eigenvalue Problem, Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1980, p. 51) to compute the eigenvalues of a symmetric H� -matrix M. The number of negative eigenvalues of M − μI is computed via the LDL T factorization of M − μI. For dense matrices, the LDL T factorization is too expensive to yield an efficient eigenvalue algorithm in general, but not so for H� -matrices. In the special structure of H� -matrices there is an LDL T factorization with linear-polylogarithmic complexity. The bisection method requires only matrix-size independent many iterations to find an eigenvalue up to the desired accuracy, so that an eigenvalue can be found in linear-polylogarithmic time. For all n eigenvalues, O(n 2 (log n) 4 log(� M � 2/� ev)) flops are needed to compute all eigenvalues with an accuracyev. It is also possible to compute only eigenvalues in a specific interval or the jth smallest one. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm, in particular for the case when some interior eigenvalues are required.


Tethered kite technology is one potential means of harnessing energy available in high altitude winds. In an efficient and practical system, the kite is required to fly in cyclic patterns that maximize net power produced per cycle. At the same time, the tether length must be controlled to ensure the system does not expend more energy than it produces. This can be a challenging problem when the intermittency of the wind speed and direction, as well as unsteady wind components, are taken into account. This paper is the first of two that studies the dynamics and control of a flexible kite. In this part, a highly simplified dynamic model of the kite is derived based on a hinged, two-plate representation. This first approximation considers aerodynamic forces produced by the plates as a function of their instantaneous angle of attack. The plates are constrained to have the same yawing angle, but are unconstrained in pitch and roll. The combined pitch and roll of the system is controlled by means of moveable attachment points for the tether(s). Both stationkeeping and timevarying trajectories are considered, for which feedback control is applied for tracking.


This study empirically tests for the validity of Miller and Modigliani's dividend irrelevance proposition in the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). Secondary data were obtained from the Nigerian Stock Exchange fact book and firms' annual audited financial statements for fifteen years (2001-2015). Mediation Analyses, was used to measure the direct and indirect effects of dividend on stock price. Correction of the anomalous use of current dividend and current earnings by the use of naive expectation of dividend and earnings revealed that the direct effect of expected dividend on share price is significant but the indirect effect of expected dividend on share price through earnings is not significant.  The implication of these results is that expected dividend has its unique (direct) effect on share price beyond the effect on share price which it shares with expected earnings (indirect effect). This conclusion suggests that dividend policy is relevant in valuation of shares in NSE. It was therefore recommended that company management should treat dividend as an active corporate finance decision-making variable and should employ dividend in information signalling to capital market investors.


OBJECTIVE
To develop and test the reliability of a case-leveling framework for assigning level of difficulty of the pharmacist's task for initial medication assessments conducted by pharmacists integrated into family physician offices.

DESIGN
Descriptive study.

SETTING
Seven family practice sites in Ontario from June 2004 to July 2006.

PATIENTS
Patients referred by their family physician for pharmacist assessment.

INTERVENTION
Individual medication assessments, monitoring, and follow-up by pharmacists. A case-leveling framework was developed with three levels of complexity (graded as I, II, or III) including specific descriptors and practice-based examples. Reliability was assessed between two standardized assessors and between one assessor and project pharmacists. Project pharmacist feedback was elicited through an e-mail survey. Reliability is reported using the kappa statistic.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Reliability of a case-leveling framework and helpfulness of the framework as reported by pharmacists.

RESULTS
53 patient cases were evaluated for interrater reliability between standardized assessors. The mean (+/- SD) case level assigned was 1.8 +/- 0.68, and the kappa was 0.62 (95% CI 0.44-0.79), indicating a substantial strength of agreement between raters. For the second reliability test, 52 cases were rated, with a level of agreement between project pharmacists and the external assessor of 0.46 (95% CI 0.27-0.65), indicating moderate agreement. Feedback resulted in slight revisions to the original framework.

CONCLUSION
The case-leveling framework was a reliable method and can be used to determine the level of difficulty of patient cases in primary care.


both wide learning and good judgment. It is plentifully illustrated by numerous quotations from the ancient writers, and though the main part of the book is in Dutch, this is followed by a summary of the contents, about nine pages long, in tolerable English. There is a fair crop of misprints : ' evel' (p. 2),' Origines' (pp. 3, 42, 59, cf. 93), 'recieve' (p. 11), 'Gudfebr.' (p.o), ' dirisui' (p. 28), ' Strateguis' (pp. 79, 80), 'ecstacy' (p. 84 dis), 'extend' for' extent' (p. 84), ' det' for ' dei' (p. 86), ' Sibylle' repeatedly for 'Sibyl,' etc. More serious, at this date, are the reference to Nicetas ' of Aquileia,' instead of Nicetas ' of Remesiana' (pp. 9, 93); Maximus 'Taurensis' repeatedly for 'Taurinensis'; and the ignorance of the fact that some of the works ascribed to him are now known to be by Maximinus the Arian; ' Nazianza ' (pp. 51,70) for 'Nazianzus'; 'rebaptismo' for 'rebaptismate' (p. 95). Most serious of all is the fact that in the chapter on Dreams there is no reference to Synesius' work on that very subject. The book is very well indexed.


Late Modern European Bernadette of Lourdes: Her Life, Death and Visions. By Therese Taylor. (London and New York: Burns and Gates, A Continuum Imprint. 2003. Pp. ix, 335.) Therese Taylor sets herself the task of writing a "scholarly biography" of Bernadette of Lourdes, "to put her within the context of her time, to describe the social forces and specific events which were important, and to trace her individual life" (p. 1). In treating Bernadette as a historical figure rather than a saint, Taylor continues along the lines established by Ruth Harris, in Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the secular Age (New York: Viking, 1999), but concentrates her focus more exclusively on the visionary rather than the town and the pilgrimage. Taylor engages Bernadette with great empathy, and while some of the material she reviews is familiar, her discussion of her years at the convent of the Sisters of Nevers substantially enriches our understanding of Bernadette, but also of Catholic culture and female religious congregations more generally. The outlines of Bernadette's life are familiar. A totally unremarkable childhood in a family on the social margins because of poverty and alcohol was broken by a series of apparitions when she was fourteen, in 1858. In the face of an aggressively hostile state bureaucracy and (at first) a distant clergy Bernadette mobilized a community of believers who established at the famous grotto a shrine that the Church subsequently embraced. Taylor's account of Bernadette's early years debunks the mythology that grew up within devout circles, which leaves her little to go on, given the silence of the sources. But her appreciation of Pyrenean culture, and her emphasis on Bernadette's rights and responsibilities as the eldest in the family do suggest a basis for the self-assurance that Bernadette displayed at times throughout the investigations and her life as a religious. Taylor's narrative of the visions and the turmoil they produced within both the state and ecclesiastical establishments is crisply done, but there is nothing particularly new in her presentation of Bernadette as a determined messenger and a persuasive witness, who displayed both innocence and a shrewd intelligence in telling her story. Taylor wisely withholds any definitive judgment about the veracity of the apparitions, but is convinced (as were most observers of the time) of her sincerity. In 1860 Bernadette moved into the local hospice and boarding school run by the Sisters of Nevers, a community she joined formally as a novice in 1866, when she moved to the motherhouse of St. Gildard, far from her family and the now famous grotto. …


We investigate the optical and electrical characteristics of the GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on micro- and nano-scale patterned silicon substrate (MPLEDs and NPLEDs). The transmission electron microscopy images reveal the suppression of threading dislocation density in InGaN/GaN structure on nano-pattern substrate due to nano-scale epitaxial lateral overgrowth. The plan-view and cross-section cathodoluminescence mappings show less defective and more homogeneous active quantum-well region growth on nano-porous substrates. From temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) and low temperature time-resolved PL measurement, NPLEDs have better carrier confinement and higher radiative recombination rate than MPLEDs. In terms of device performance, NPLEDs exhibit smaller electroluminescence peak wavelength blue shift, lower reverse leakage current and decrease in efficiency droop when compared with the MPLEDs. These results suggest the feasibility of using NPSi for the growth of high quality and power LEDs on Si substrates.


One major problem in the progressive development of gas field is the expanding of gas gathering pipeline network, especially when the existing gathering pipeline system cannot satisfy the production requirements of the new wells. How to design the expanding scheme of the new block, and how to determine the best linking between the new wells and the existing pipeline network can be challenging for designers due to the complexity of the coupling relationship of the variables and strong nonlinearity of the hydraulic characteristics. To our best knowledge, few studies have been done on this issue.
 In this study, to expand a gathering pipeline network in a gas field, an optimal design method is proposed considering the hydraulic characteristics of the network with an objective function that maximizes the yearly profit. The connection scheme of the new production wells is obtained by employing a genetic algorithm (GA). This method is applied to a real case study of a gas gathering pipeline system in China. To find the optimal parameter combination in GA, three key parameters includes population size, crossover probability, and mutation probability are tested. Moreover, we also choose the method from previous research which using minimum pipeline length as objective, and apply it on the same example for comparison. The results show superiority of our method in fully utilizing the capacity of gas field while meeting the production requirements.


BACKGROUND
Acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel are two antiplatelet agents currently used in the therapy of peripheral arterial disease. Cilostazol also inhibits platelet aggegration. These agents present limitations that novel antiplatelet agents may overcome.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this manuscript is to review current data on the use of novel antiplatelet agents in peripheral arterial disease.

METHOD
An extensive search in the English medical literature has yielded a number of publications on a number of novel antiplatelet agents; atopaxar, vorapaxar, cangrelor, ticagrelor, elinogrel, and prasugrel.

RESULTS
Data on atopaxar, vorapaxar, cangrelor, ticagrelor, elinogrel and prasugrel come mainly from cardiology publications. Limitations, side effects and effectiveness of each of these agents are studied, but their use in peripheral arterial disease is limited, especially for those agents that have not still been approved for this indication. As expected, main side effect of most of these agents is haemorrhage, but other important side effects limit the use of some of these agents in specific subgroups of patients.

CONCLUSION
Novel antiplatelet agents demonstrate a range of promising characteristics, but further study and clinical trials are necessary for them to be considered safe and effective.


BACKGROUND
Breast cancer is the second most frequent cancer in the world. Although it is widely accepted that the etiology of breast cancer includes both genetic and environmental factors, the molecular mechanism of its development and progression remains poorly understood, and thus far, no specific signature of breast cancer gene expression has been reported to allow for patient-tailored therapy strategies. Hence, it is of great clinical value to further understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of breast cancer and to identify effective early markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease as well as novel therapeutic targets.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted on a total of 90 paraffin-embedded breast tumor samples. Immunohistochemical stains for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), basic-fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), beta-catenin, Ki-67, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were performed on tissue microarray using standard procedures. Each patient age, grade, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status, size, lymphovascular invasion, metastasis of lymph node (LNM), nipple and ductal hyperplasia areas were assessed.

RESULTS
We observed significant relationship between the age and LNM or FGF (P = 0.018, 0.035, respectively). The relationship between histological and nuclear grade, LNM, ER, PR, HER-2 and prognostic parameters was evaluated in cases of ductal carcinomas (DC). There was a significant positive correlation between TNF-α, size, LNM (P ≤ 0.0001, 0.002, 0.005). We found that significant relationship between AEG-1 and TNF-α. There was a significant positive correlation between FGF and Ki-67 and negative correlation AEG-1. Although, FGF, TNF-α, AEG-1 staining in DC were observed higher than ductal intraepithelial neoplasms, this observation could not statistically (P ≥ 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The present work aims to investigate the relationship between the expression of AEG-1, b-FGF, beta-catenin, Ki-67, TNF-α other prognostic parameters in DC and ductal intraepithelial neoplasm. We found a relationship between these factors.


Abstract Background Radiation-induced brain injury is a common long-term side effect for brain cancer survivors, leading to a reduced quality of life. Although there is growing research pertaining to this topic, the relationship between cognitive and radiologically detected lesions of radiation-induced brain injury in humans remains unclear. Furthermore, clinically translatable similarities between rodent models and human findings are also undefined. The objective of this review is to then identify the current evidence of radiation-induced brain injury in humans and to compare these findings to current rodent models of radiation-induced brain injury. Methods This review includes an examination of the current literature on cognitive and radiological characteristics of radiation-induced brain injury in humans and rodents. A thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify studies that performed cognitive assessments and magnetic resonance imaging techniques on either humans or rodents after cranial radiation therapy. A qualitative synthesis of the data is herein reported. Results A total of 153 studies pertaining to cognitively or radiologically detected radiation injury of the brain are included in this systematic review; 106 studies provided data on humans while 47 studies provided data on rodents. Cognitive deficits in humans manifest across multiple domains after brain irradiation. Radiological evidence in humans highlight various neuroimaging-detectable changes post-irradiation. It is unclear, however, whether these findings reflect ground truth or research interests. Additionally, rodent models do not comprehensively reproduce characteristics of cognitive and radiological injury currently identified in humans. Conclusion This systematic review demonstrates that associations between and within cognitive and radiological radiation-induced brain injuries often rely on the type of assessment. Well-designed studies that evaluate the spectrum of potential injury are required for a precise understanding of not only the clinical significance of radiation-induced brain injury in humans, but also how to replicate injury development in pre-clinical models.


BACKGROUND
The role of the salivary glands in the maintenance of nitrate and nitrite in saliva is poorly understood. The aim was to study alterations of nitrate and nitrite metabolisms in patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) or sialosis.

METHODS
Saliva, serum, and urine samples were collected from healthy volunteers (n = 29), patients with SS (n = 31), and patients with sialosis (n = 30). Concentrations of nitrate and nitrite were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

RESULTS
In the healthy group, the highest concentration of nitrate was found in parotid saliva (172 mg/l), followed by urine (160 mg/l), whole saliva (97 mg/l), and serum (33 mg/l). In the SS group, concentration of nitrate was decreased in parotid saliva and whole saliva, and increased significantly in urine. Concentration of nitrite in whole saliva was significantly decreased in the SS group and increased in the sialosis group.

CONCLUSION
Hypofunction of the salivary glands is associated with significant changes of nitrate and nitrite levels in the saliva and urine.


The integration of engineering and medicine in recent years has led to the development of technological innovations in the health field, that is why this area has been declared emergent in many countries and it has become a basic research discipline. In this paper we describe the experience in the academic support of the Electronic Engineering Department at the Salesian Polytechnic University of Cuenca for development projects of biomedical engineering from 2001 in order to establish guidelines to begin with the research group GIIB-UPS. The main objectives are to enrich the teaching and learning method in Biomedical Engineering, to strengthen the social appropriation of knowledge of the results of research around biomedical engineering in the University and to establish guidelines to begin the process of forming the first research group in this field in Ecuador. Based on results to date, we conclude that biomedical engineering education must ensure a positive work environment in which students will develop social sensibility with professional ethic and learn about the importance in their profession of multidisciplinary cooperation with professionals in the biomedical field. The proper progress of a research group requires time and planning for research training by lecturers and students.


We investigate the representation of signals defined on triangle meshes using linearly interpolated vertex attributes. Compared to texture mapping, storing data only at vertices yields significantly lower memory overhead and less expensive runtime reconstruction. However, standard approaches to determine vertex values such as point sampling or averaging triangle samples lead to suboptimal approximations. We discuss how an optimal solution can be efficiently calculated using continuous least‐squares. In addition, we propose a regularization term that allows us to minimize gradient discontinuities and mach banding artifacts while staying close to the optimum. Our method has been integrated in a game production lighting tool and we present examples of representing signals such as ambient occlusion and precomputed radiance transfer in real game scenes, where vertex baking was used to free up resources for other game components.


This unit describes the use of COS cells to efficiently produce a desired protein in a short period of time. These cells express high levels of the SV40 large tumor (T) antigen, which is necessary to initiate viral DNA replication at the SV40 origin. Each COS cell transfected with DNA encoding a cell‐surface antigen (in the appropriate vector) or cytoplasmic protein will express several thousand to several hundred thousand copies of the protein 72 hr posttransfection. If the transfected DNA encodes a secreted protein, up to 10 mg of protein can be recovered from the supernatant of the transfected COS cells 1 week posttransfection. COS cell transient expression systems have also been used to screen cDNA libraries, to isolate cDNAs encoding cell‐surface proteins, secreted proteins, and DNA binding proteins, and to test protein expression vectors rapidly prior to the preparation of stable cell lines.


Expansion of wireless body area networks (WBANs) applications such as health-care, m-banking, and others has lead to vulnerability of privacy and personal data. An effective and unobtrusive natural method of authentication is therefore a necessity in such applications. Accelerometer-based gait recognition has become an attractive solution, however, continuous sampling of accelerometer data reduces the battery life of wearables. This paper investigates the usage of received signal strength indicator (RSSI) as a source of gait recognition. Unlike the accelerometerbased method, the RSSI approach does not require additional sensors (hardware) or sampling of them, but uses the RSSI values already available in all radio devices. Three radio channel features namely, the time series, auto-correlation function, and level crossing rate were extracted from unique signature of the RSSI in relation to the corresponding subject. The extracted features were then used together with 4 different classification learners namely decision tree, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, and artificial neural network, to evaluate the method. The best performance was achieved utilizing artificial neural network with 95% accuracy when the features were extracted from 1 on-body radio channel (right wrist to waist), and 98% when the features were extracted from 2 on-body radio channels (right wrist to waist, and left wrist to waist). The developed RSSI-based gait authentication approach can complement highlevel authentication methods for increased privacy and security, without additional hardware, or high energy consumption existing in accelerometer-based solutions. Keywords—Wireless body area networks, physical layer security, wireless channel characteristics, biometrics authentication, human gait.


We investigate the security of Diffie-Hellman key exchange as used in popular Internet protocols and find it to be less secure than widely believed. First, we present Logjam, a novel flaw in TLS that lets a man-in-the-middle downgrade connections to "export-grade" Diffie-Hellman. To carry out this attack, we implement the number field sieve discrete logarithm algorithm. After a week-long precomputation for a specified 512-bit group, we can compute arbitrary discrete logarithms in that group in about a minute. We find that 82% of vulnerable servers use a single 512-bit group, and that 8.4% of Alexa Top Million HTTPS sites are vulnerable to the attack. In response, major browsers have changed to reject short groups. We go on to consider Diffie-Hellman with 768- and 1024-bit groups. We estimate that even in the 1024-bit case, the computations are plausible given nation-state resources. A small number of fixed or standardized groups are used by millions of servers; performing precomputation for a single 1024-bit group would allow passive eavesdropping on 18% of popular HTTPS sites, and a second group would allow decryption of traffic to 66% of IPsec VPNs and 26% of SSH servers. A close reading of published NSA leaks shows that the agency's attacks on VPNs are consistent with having achieved such a break. We conclude that moving to stronger key exchange methods should be a priority for the Internet community.


The impact of instant message interruptions via computer on immediate lecture
retention for college students was examined. While watching a 24–minute video of a
classroom lecture, students received various numbers of related–to–lecture ("Is consistent
use of the eye contact method necessary for success?") versus not–related–to lecture
("Have you ever missed class because you couldn't find parking?") instant messages in
addition to note taking vs. no note taking. Student self–rating for multitasking ability,
typical and maximum instant messaging activity, and classroom computer use were also
measured. Contrary to cognitive models of information processing that suggest instant
messages will disrupt student retention of lecture information, no effects were found for
number of interruptions, presence or absence of notes, or relatedness of interruption on
lecture retention. Students' multitasking self–rating was negatively related to lecture
retention. The implications of these results for classroom practice and future research are
explored.


The free energy landscape of the structures and dissociation degree of the first water and heavy water adlayers on Ru(0001) surface is presented. Thermodynamically favored interconversion routes connecting different experimentally reported structures are suggested based on free energy calculations. On going from low to high water coverage, one-dimensional (1D) periodic chain-like structures with small, or zero, water dissociation degree like Chain-4a motifs are found to be very stable intermediates in the formation of dissociated and molecular ice-like bilayers, respectively. The isotopic effects on the dissociation degree of the ice-like bilayers are estimated: a preference for the half-dissociated form is found for H2O at temperatures below 275 K followed by energetic degeneration between all bilayers dissociated over that threshold. Instead, for heavy water this temperature is shifted to 225 K. Moreover, the configurational entropy due to the different arrangements of dissociated and molecular flat mol...


We present a novel sampling theorem, and prototypical applications, for Fourier-sparse lattice signals, i.e., data indexed by a finite semilattice. A semilattice is a partially ordered set endowed with a meet (or join) operation that returns the greatest lower bound (smallest upper bound) of two elements. Semilattices can be viewed as a special class of directed graphs with a strictly triangular adjacency matrix, which thus cannot be diagonalized. Our work does not build on prior graph signal processing (GSP) frameworks but on the recently introduced discrete-lattice signal processing (DLSP), which uses the meet as shift operator to derive convolution and Fourier transform. DLSP is fundamentally different from GSP in that it requires several generating shifts that capture the partial-order- rather than the adjacency-structure, and a diagonalizing Fourier transform is always guaranteed by algebraic lattice theory. We apply and demonstrate the utility of our novel sampling scheme in three real-world settings from computational biology, document representation, and auction design.


granulomatosis.' Symptoms include cough and dyspnoea, and in severe cases pulmonary hypertension is a consequence. Talc (magnesium trisilicate), a constituent of pentazocine, methylphenidate, and tripelennamine (tablets which are commonly injected) seems to be the agent most often implicated in such cases. Our evidence suggests that chronic misuse of injected temazepam may produce a similar pulmonary syndrome. We recently examined the lungs of a 31 year old drug misuser who died suddenly after an electromechanical dissociation cardiac arrest. He had admitted injecting a suspension of temazepam tablets into the left groin on the morning of his hospital admission as had been his practice for some years. During the course of an unsuccessful resuscitation attempt he remained deeply cyanosed with profound arterial hypoxaemia on blood gas analysis. At autopsy the deep leg veins were patent. The cut surface of the lungs showed a number of confluent grey areas consisting of foreign material. Histologically the pulmonary parenchyma was filled with numerous foreign body granulomata and there was extensive pulmonary fibrosis. The small branches of the pulmonary arteries had become occluded with organised thrombi and multiple granulomata. We suspect that the immediate cause of death in our patient was acute pulmonary microembolisation of temazepam tablet material. However, the chronic, granulomatous, and fibrotic changes seen were probably the result of recurrent intravenous misuse of this agent over a prolonged period (although we cannot categorically exclude the involvement of other drugs). As far as we are aware, temazepam has not been implicated as a cause of pulmonary vascular granulomatosis in the past. The manufacturer informs us that temazepam tablets do not contain talc but that mannitol, lactose, polyethylene glycol, crospovidone, and magnesium stearate are used as excipients. Of these, crospovidone (a plastic-like carrier material) is likely to be the cause of pulmonary foreign body reaction. As addicts become increasingly aware of the dangerous consequences of inadvertent intraarterial injection of capsules filled with temazepam gel,3 the intravenous misuse of crushed temazepam tablets (with the attendant pulmonary complications) is likely to become more common.