PURPOSE
To determine the distribution of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) during retinoblastoma tumor development, examine the contribution of bone marrow-derived TAMs in retinoblastoma tumors, and evaluate the supportive role of TAMs in tumor growth in a transgenic retinoblastoma mouse model.

METHODS
The time course of macrophage infiltration in transgenic retinoblastoma tumors was assessed by immunohistochemistry at different time points in tumorigenesis. The origin of TAMs in transgenic retinoblastoma tumors was determined by transplanting 10(7) bone marrow cells from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive 16-week-old mice into age-matched, irradiated LH(BETA)T(AG) mice via tail vein injections. Macrophage depletion was performed by subconjunctival (SC) delivery of liposomal clodronate.

RESULTS
The density of TAMs increased from 4 to 12 weeks of age in mice with small to medium tumors (P = 0.037) and remained stable in the later stages of disease (i.e., 16 weeks old with large tumors; P = 0.20). In 16-week-old mice, 38% (2.5 +/- 3.2 cells per 400x high-power field) of TAMs were GFP-positive, bone marrow-derived macrophages. Total TAM depletion was associated with a significant decrease in the expression levels of MMP-9 (P = 0.014) and mature vessels (P < 0.001) and a nonsignificant decrease in the density of neovessels (P = 0.94). The density of M2-polarized TAMs did not change significantly after TAM depletion (P = 0.68). After M1-polarized TAM depletion, the tumor burden increased (P = 0.056).

CONCLUSIONS
This work extends understanding of the complex role that macrophages play in retinoblastoma. Macrophage modulation in the tumor microenvironment is a critical factor in retinoblastoma tumor progression.


The article deals with the fiscal sustainability problems as well as the author's modern concept of fiscal sustainability forUkraine. The author analyzes studies about fiscal sustainability determinants by various scholars. He also presents proved and arrangedimpacts on state fiscal sustainability in a short-term, medium-term and long-term periods. The article investigates featuresand effects of some determinants on fiscal sustainability in Ukraine, identifies prime and special ones. They include high exposureon revenues from non-renewable natural resources and remittances by individuals abroad that have great impact on fiscal sustainabilityof Ukraine.


The potassium channel blocking drug 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was administered to eight patients with chronic spinal cord injury, in a therapeutic trial based on the ability of the drug to restore conduction of impulses in demyelinated nerve fibers. The study was performed using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, so that each patient received the drug and a vehicle placebo on different occasions, separated by 2 weeks. Drug and placebo were delivered by infusion over 2 h. An escalating total dose from 18.0 to 33.5 mg was used over the course of the study. Subjects were evaluated neurologically before and after the infusion. Two subjects returned for a second trial after 4 months and were examined daily for 3 to 4 days following drug infusion. Side effects were consistent with previous reports. Administration of the drug was associated with significant temporary neurologic improvement in five of six patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. No effect was detected in two cases of complete paraplegia and one of two severe incomplete cases (Frankel class B). Improvements in neurologic status following drug administration included increased motor control and sensory ability below the injury, and reduction in chronic pain and spasticity. The effects persisted up to 48 h after infusion of the drug, and patients largely returned to preinfusion status by 3 days. Compared with the more rapid elimination of the drug, these prolonged neurologic effects appear to involve a secondary response and are probably not a direct expression of potassium channel blockade.


The inter-reliant relationship of language and gender has remained quite a debatable topic in sociolinguistics because of its controversial nature. The present paper aimed at exposing constructive and deconstructive roles language can play in the process of gender construction against and in favour, respectively, of societal and cultural norms. While drawing insights from Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (1997, 1998) and Spender's Dominance Model (1990, 1997), the study shows how certain stereotypes about men and women are perpetuated through language of literary text in the play, A Doll's House (1879) by the father of modern theatre, namely Ibsen (1828-1906). Followed by explanation of these issues, the study has determined whether the text of the respective only tends to create stereotypes or it can be a powerful tool for breaking those stereotypes and reconstructing identity.


A good air quality of the indoor environment is essential for human health; on average people spend more than 80% of their time indoors. The composition of indoor air is extremely complex and the quality can be influenced by several outdoor and indoor sources. In this thesis the effects of indoor air quality on respiratory health in primary school children has been studied. The thesis focuses on two different categories of exposure which are regularly debated in the literature in relation to respiratory health of children: dampness and microbial exposures in schools and exposure to chlorine compounds related to swimming. This thesis was completed in the framework of the HITEA project ('Health Effects of Indoor Pollutants: Integrating microbial, toxicological and epidemiological approaches') which investigates health effects of dampness-related indoor air pollutants, in both European homes and schools. This thesis focuses on the school arm of HITEA. Exposure to microbial and toxicological agents in elementary schools was investigated in three regions in Europe with different climates: Spain, Finland and the Netherlands. Schools with (index) and without (reference) dampness and/or mould were selected based on building questionnaires and on-site inspections. Eventually 15 index and 10 reference schools across three countries were selected for exposure and health assessment. Questionnaire information on health symptoms was collected from 9271 pupils aged 6-12. In addition lung functions were available from 2736 children. In parallel with the health measurements, environmental measurements were performed for characterization of microbial (endotoxin, β(1,3)-glucans, fungi, microbial species defined by qPCR) and other indoor exposures related to ventilation and traffic. The second aim was to study how swimming in indoor swimming pools can affect respiratory health of 6-12 year old children. Therefore, we measured trichloramine levels in swimming facilities and explored the associations with respiratory health in primary school children in the Dutch part of the HITEA study. Respiratory health and pool attendance information was collected from 2359 children in the Netherlands. Serum from 419 children was tested for allergen sensitization and CC16 levels. Our results indicate that microbial exposure can be high in classrooms, but microbial levels measured in the HITEA study did not clearly explain the found associations between school dampness and respiratory symptoms in pupils. Associations between moisture, microbial exposure and health may vary between regions and countries. Measured trichloramine levels were comparable with other studies but lower than in an earlier Dutch study. Swimming pool attendance was not associated with respiratory symptoms. The association between sensitization and swimming during the first two years of life suggests that early-life exposures might be important, although needs further study. The interpretation of transient and chronic changes of CC16 and other inflammatory markers in relation to the pool environment and health impacts warrants further investigation. Detailed comparisons with other studies are limited as few studies have measured trichloramine levels in relation to respiratory health of children


Abstract In Korea, social networking sites are overwhelmingly utilized through smart phones; people tweet or update Facebook with their mobile devices. Like any social networking site, this means that people are making (and remaking) connections with each other, but it also means that people are connecting in complex ways to place. Even if geo-location is disabled, these social media still have this embodied dimension; they're not just tweets, but tweets in a particular space and time. In Seoul, embodied practices of social media infuse spaces with diverse and networked meaning that interact (however weakly) with existing spatial systems. In this essay, I explore the diverse meaning of public space in Seoul through an analysis of Twitter traffic surrounding enormous protests in 2016 at Gwanghwamun Plaza calling for the resignation of President Park Geun-hye. People who protested against the President in Gwanghwamun Plaza were not only calling for her resignation, but they are also making strong claims to space that re-define the heterogeneous site as a space of protest. At the same time, they are not the only groups making claims on the plaza: conservative groups, merchants, commuters, tourists and various bots tweet other meanings through their interactions with the protest site, and these, too, add to the networked representation of Gwanghwamun Plaza. Ultimately, the paper suggests a theory of social media in urban settings which emphasizes complex interactions of space, representation, networked action, absence and presence.


In this paper, we present an open source, multi-platform, workflow management application named Depends, designed to clarify and enhance the workflow of artists in a visual effects environment. Depends organizes processes into a directed acyclic graph, enabling artists to quickly identify appropriate changes, make modifications, and improve the look of their work. Recovering information about past revisions of an element is made simple, as the provenance of data is a core focus of a Depends workflow. Sharing work is also facilitated by the clear and consistent structure of Depends. We demonstrate the flexibility of Depends by presenting a number of scenarios where its style of workflow management has been essential to the creation of high-quality results.


In "Disarmed Democracies: Domestic Institutions and the Use of Force," David P. Auerswald examines how the structure of domestic political institutions affects whether democracies use force or make threats during international disputes. Auerswald argues that the behavior of democracies in interstate conflict is shaped as much by domestic political calculations as by geopolitical circumstance. Variations in the structure of a democracy's institutions of governance make some types of democracies more likely to use force than others. To test his theory, Auerswald compares British, French, and U.S. behavior during military conflicts and diplomatic crises from the Cold War era to the present. He discusses how accountability and agenda control vary between parliamentary, presidential, and premier-presidential democracies and shows how this affects the ability of the democracy to signal its intentions, as well as the likelihood that it will engage in military conflict. His findings have implications for the study of domestic politics and the use of force, as well as of U.S. leadership during the next century.This study will interest social scientists interested in the domestic politics of international security, comparative foreign policy, or the study of domestic institutions. It will interest those concerned with the exercise of U.S. leadership in the next century, the use of force by democracies, and the future behavior of democratizing nations.David P. Auerswald is Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, George Washington University.


"Introduction: The emergence of drug resistant mycobacteria has become a significant public health problem world over creating an obstacle to effective TB control. Present study was conducted to evaluate pattern and frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADR) of CAT IV, to analyze demographic, radiological and bacteriological profile and treatment outcome in MDR TB patients.
Method: Total 102 MDR TB patients (with in vitro resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin) were analyzed retrospectively who had completed treatment from august 2007 to June 2014. Analysis was made for extent of lung lesion, correlation of sputum smear and culture conversion with clinical and radiological improvement, risk factors for adverse outcome and adverse drug reactions.
Result: Forty six patients (45.09%) were cured/treatment completed, nine patients (8.82%) failed, 21 patients (20.05%) defaulted and 26 patients (25.49%) died of total 102 patients. Mean time for sputum smear and culture conversion were 4.2±2.0 and 4.19±2.3 months, respectively. Advanced lung lesion, cavitations, poor adherence to treatment and BMI less than 18 are variables associated with poor outcome. Fifty (52.94%) patients experienced adverse drug reactions and 42 of them required drug modifications.
Conclusion: The ADRs were more common in the first 60 days of the regimen & in patient with BMI


INTRODUCTION:
 Because the natural history of stroke due to ipsilateral ICAO is poorly established, we sought to assess it in a cohort of patients presenting with first ever acute stroke or TIA ipsilateral to an occluded extracranial ICA at a centre where emergent revascularization of ICAO's (operative or endovascular) is not routinely contemplated.

 METHODS:
 Retrospective medical records review of patients admitted to a large academic tertiary care center between January 2006 and April 2011. Inclusion criteria were: 1. First time presentation. 2. Hemispheric ischemic symptoms ipsilateral to an extra-cranial ICAO diagnosed by CT angiography, MR angiography or conventional angiography. 3. Available clinical outcomes 3 months to 1 year. Favorable outcomes were expressed as mRS 0 - 2. All patients were treated with state of the art medical management in compliance with AHA guidelines for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Delayed revascularization occurred only when partial recanalization on medical therapy was observed.

 RESULTS:
 Out of 106 patients identified, 97 had available clinical outcomes. For a detailed description of the cohort see
 Table-1
 . Overall good outcomes were achieved in 26% of patients with an in-hospital mortality of 9.2% and a 3-month to 1-year mortality of 24%. Patients with Tandem Occlusion (TO) had significantly higher NIHSS at presentation and significantly worse outcomes compared to those without TO (mean NIHSS 17 vs. 7, p<0.0001 and mRS<2 in 9% vs. 31%, p=0.042).

 CONCLUSION:
 The natural history of first ever stroke due to extracranial ICA occlusion is poor and is comparable to that of stroke due to large vessel intracranial occlusion. Patients with tandem occlusions have significantly worse outcomes than patients with non-tandem occlusions. Our results may provide useful information for planning of future randomized trials comparing revascularization with standard medical therapy in patients with symptomatic ICAO.


Cobham.
April 22nd.

My dear Mr. Byrne
Nothing could visit me better than what you propose, and I am very much obliged to you. There are rather more schools than I mean to take, but at any rate I shall be taking schools fewer in number and lighter than those I give up, besides their being much more conveniently situated.
The numbering under the present Census is a little different. Farnborough is not a ___ Census District, but is included partly in Farnham partly in Guildford. What you propose

I should take is therefore, at present, the three Census Districts 30, 31, 32 – Chertsey, Guildford, and Farnham.
I had much rather not have this parish where I live, so I am glad it suits you best to keep it. My district will begin in Walton parish, which is across the river, not 200 yards from my house.
There is only one thing. I cannot take the Gildford case in March, being ____ in that month. Would they mind bring changes to June or October, whichever they prefer? Can you ascertain this for me before I write to Lord ___? He will require to be informed that

the Office shall have no trouble about changes of date, and such changes are more easily arranged by the inspector who knows the parties interested than by a stranger. June is a month which managers generally like very well.
We shall be very glad to see you when you can pay us a visit, but give us a few days notice for fear of engagements. Surely you were at Rugby?
I return the ____ of your district, but I keep the list of the schools you propose to assisgn to me.
Believe me, with ____ thanks,
very truly yours,
Matthew Arnold


This study was inspired by VanPatten and Uludag's (2011) study on the transferability of training via processing instruction to output tasks and Mori's (2002) work on the development of talk-in-interaction during a group task. An interview was devised as the pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest to compare four intervention types for teaching the simple past passive: traditional intervention as the comparison group and three task-based groups were processing instruction, consciousness-raising, and input enhancement. The interviews and the interactions during the treatments were also analyzed qualitatively. Task-based instruction (TBI) proved significantly more effective than traditional intervention and processing instruction significantly outperformed all others on both posttests. Furthermore, processing instruction was the only task-based intervention to retain its improvement till the delayed posttest. Qualitatively, processing instruction led to true negotiation of meaning and deep-level learning, consciousness-raising led to massive negotiation over the function of the target structure and deep-level learning, input enhancement led to enormous unfocused interaction about meaning, and traditional intervention just led to interaction about the forms. It was concluded that a well-planned processing instruction is a promising intervention for focusing on language form; however, due to the strong points cited for the other two tasks, their roles should not be ignored.


PURPOSE:
To investigate the role of bradykinin in a rat lung transplantation (LTx) model and preliminarily discuss the relationship between bradykinin and CD26/DPP-4.

METHODS:
Rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (CON), Sham, low potassium dextranglucose (LPD), and AB192 (n=15/group). Orthotopic single LTx was performed in the LPD and AB192 groups. The donor lungs were flush-perfused and preserved with low potassium dextranglucose (LPD) or LPD+CD26/DPP-4 catalytic inhibitor (AB192). LTx was performed after 18 h cold ischemia time and harvested two days post-LTx. Blood gas analysis (PO2), wet/dry weight ratio (W/D), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were analyzed at 48 hr after transplantation. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed in the same sample and validated by Western-Blot.

RESULTS:
Compared to the LPD group, the AB192 group showed higher PO2, lower W/D ratio, and decreased MPO and MDA. IHC studies showed strong bradykinin β2 receptor (B2R) staining in the LPD group, especially in inflammatory cells, alveolar macrophages, and respiratory epithelial cells. Expression of B2R by Western-Blot was significantly different between the AB192 and LPD groups.

CONCLUSION:
Bradykinin may be a competitive substrate of DPP-4, and decreased bradykinin levels may enhance protective effects against ischemia/reperfusion injury during LTx.


Objective To estimate the prevalence of oral high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) infection and the proportion of hr-HPV–related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) among Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Data Source Electronic database searches of PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, MEDLINE, Scope, and Google Scholar were conducted for articles published from January 2000 until November 2019. Review Methods Studies were included with a minimum of 100 cases assessing hr-HPV infection in either population samples or oropharyngeal cancer tumor series. The objective was to conduct meta-analyses to calculate the pooled prevalence of oral hr-HPV infection by adjusting for age group or sex in primary studies, the incidence of OPSCC, and the proportion of hr-HPV–related OPSCC in Indigenous people and non-Indigenous/general populations. Results We identified 47 eligible studies from 157 articles for meta-analyses. The pooled prevalence of oral hr-HPV infection was 7.494% (95% CI, 5.699%-9.289%) in a general population, with a higher prevalence among men (10.651%) than women (5.176%). The pooled incidence rate was 13.395 (95% CI, 9.315-17.475) and 7.206 (95% CI, 4.961-9.450) per 100,000 person-years in Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, respectively. The overall pooled proportion of hr-HPV–related OPSCC was 50.812% (95 CI, 41.656%-59.969%). The highest proportion was in North America (60.221%), while the lowest proportion was in the Asia-Pacific (34.246%). Conclusion Our findings suggest that in the general population, the prevalence of oral hr-HPV infection is lower among females and those in younger age groups. The incidence of OPSCC was higher among Indigenous than non-Indigenous populations, with the proportion being highest in North America.


Date Presented 04/05/19
 The aim of this study is to determine the correlates of social participation among older adults with disability. Participation in social activities is associated with improved health. Initial findings show that social participation is associated with mobility. This can be used as evidence to advocate for clients to receive necessary services to improve their social participation. Such evidence can be used in practice and possible policy formulation.
 Primary Author and Speaker: John Liu


A critical speed analysis is performed for a 30 ton thrust demonstrator turbopump considering the casing structural flexibility. A full three-dimensional finite element method including rotor and casing is used to predict rotordynamic behavior. Rotor alone model and rotor-casing coupled model with fixed-fixed and free-free boundary conditions are calculated to investigate the effects of the casing structural flexibility. The stiffness of ball bearings are applied as unloaded and loaded values to consider rotor operating conditions in vacuum and real engine respectively. From the results of the numerical analyses, it is found that the effect of the casing structural flexibility reduces the critical speeds of the turbopump. Especially, the loaded rotor condition with higher bearing stiffness is affected dramatically rather than the unloaded rotor condition with lower bearing stiffness.


ABSTRACT The thirtieth anniversary of the nomination of New South Wales rainforests for World Heritage listing provided an opportunity to reflect on the process by which the nomination came about. I discuss the development of ideas about 'heritage', as it applies to the natural environment, the development of the World Heritage List and changing perceptions about the values and importance of rainforest in subtropical and temperate Australia. The concept of a serial nomination and its relevance to a geographically widespread collection of sites is considered. The nomination included sites which contained a range of vegetation, not just rainforest. The significance of the interactions between rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest displayed in New South Wales rainforest is recognised as one of the outstanding values in the nomination.


With an ever-increasing trend in the side effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART), usage of new regimens to decrease the mortality and morbidity has come into picture. Here we report a case of tenofovir-induced hypokalemic paralysis. A 60-year-old female patient came to a medical outpatient department with quadriparesis. History revealed that she was diagnosed with HIV 6 years back and was on zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz. Three months later, she developed severe anemia because of which zidovudine was replaced by tenofovir. On evaluation, there was hypokalemia with appropriate electrocardiography changes. As previous literature showed association of hypokalemia with tenofovir, we attributed this finding to the usage of tenofovir. ART was stopped, and the patient was given potassium supplements and potassium-rich diet. There was dramatic improvement with the treatment and the patient regained muscle strength. After 1 week, she was put on other alternative regimen consisting of abacavir, lamivudine, and efavirenz. Her CD4 count was improved without any complaints. The patient was monitored on outpatient basis in ART center.


Background: Following the remarkable spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), worldwide, it quickly became apparent that many public health systems worldwide were not prepared to manage such a pandemic. We aimed to assess the perceptions of primary care physicians (PCPs) in Jordan toward their role during COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire was performed. The study participants included PCPs from the Ministry of Health, academic institutions, and the private sector in Jordan. Results: A total of 221 PCPs participated in the study. Most participants reported not having received any training on infection control (59.7%) or COVID-19 (81%). More than half PCPs (53.4%) felt positive about the way patients received and/or complied with their instructions. More than half PCPs (55.7%) educated their patients on protective measures against COVID-19 infection and considered this as part of their role and responsibility. Over 80% of the participants would apply social distancing, hand sanitation, facial masks, and patient education, but only half (51.1%) reported planning to order COVID-19 test kits. Conclusions: PCPs had a positive attitude toward controlling COVID-19 infection and showed a willingness to educate patients on how to protect themselves. However, PCPs should be provided special training on COVID-19.


Fluid inclusions in quartz coeval with native gold in recently discovered auriferous veins in the Athabasca Pass sector of the main ranges of the central Canadian Rocky Mountains have yielded clues to the possible origins of these new mineral occurrences. Gold-bearing veins are hosted by a dominantly siliceous sequence of low-grade quartzites + or - conglomerates and pelites belonging to the Lower Cambrian Gog Group.Microthermometric data indicate that an aqueous fluid of relatively constant composition, containing 2 to 10 equiv wt percent NaCl and up to 11 mole percent CO 2 (+ or -CH 4 , N 2 ), accompanied gold mineralization at between 295 degrees and 330 degrees + or - 20 degrees C and at pressures of > or =900 bars. These data, augmented by earlier geologic and geochemical information, evoke a classification of the Athabasca Pass lodes into the mesothermal, turbidite-hosted class. However the dominantly mature, siliceous clastic host rocks at Athabasca Pass illustrate the potentials of quartzite-dominated domains as potential exploration targets in the search for future mesothermal lode gold systems.


The process of formation of iron fine particles from goethite microcrystals was investigated by means of powder X-ray diffraction, gas adsorption, and electron microscopy. In the first process, microporous hematite particles were prepared by decomposing goethite particles. The pores formed in hematite particles were slit-shaped (width : 0.9 nm). In the second process, microporous hematite particles were reduced at 250-350°C under the flow of hydrogen gas, and the reduction degree R (%) was determined. In the sample of R=8%, mesopores of 4 - 8 nm were formed by aggregation of slit-shaped micropores, but the skeleton of acicular particles was not significantly altered. With the progress in reduction, a number of crystallites were formed in the parent particles together with growth of pore size. In the sample of R=72%, the crystallites were separated from the parent particles. Finally, the separated crystallites sintered to give granular iron particles having low coercivity of 375 Oe. It was found that alumina or silica gel coated on the surface of goethite particles was remarkably effective for preventing the separation and sintering of crystallites formed in the parent particles. The silica-coated iron fine particles consisting of the crystallites which were as large as single domain particles showed excellent acicular shape and high coercivity of 1600 - 1700 Oe.


This paper focuses on the views of 16–17-year-old science students from England, Germany, Hong Kong and Sweden on whale hunting, and their perceptions of the views of their international counterparts. The students were all provided with the same decision-making task, discussed the issue in small groups and then presented their views on video, which were shared with their counterparts. The findings show that the decision-making task served to deepen and modify students' views across all nationalities, and the students generally valued and learned from the sharing of views with students of the same age from around the world. However, an important discovery was that the German students' opinions often ran counter to those from the other 3 locations, and the paper cautions against making broad-sweeping generalisations about students' views on socioscientific issues.


One hundred and thirty-two patients known or suspected of allergy to house dust were skin-tested with pure extracts of four varieties of dust mites. The results show that both Dermatophagoides culinae and D. pteronyssinus probably played important parts in sensitizing susceptible people, as did Glycyphagus destructor and G. domesticus in some cases. In some patients these results enabled successful desensitization against the dust to be carried out, and for corticosteroid therapy to be stopped. Hence the use of mite extracts is considered to be an important advance in the diagnosis of allergy to house dust.


Development of alphabeta and gammadelta T cells depends on productive rearrangement of the appropriate TCR genes and their subsequent expression as proteins. TCRbeta and TCRgammadelta proteins first appear in DN3 and DN4 thymocytes, respectively. So far, it is not clear whether this is due to a delayed expression of TCRgammadelta proteins or to a more rapid progression to DN4 of thymocytes expressing TCRgammadelta. The answer to this question bears on the distinction between instructive and stochastic models of alphabeta/gammadelta lineage decision. To study this question, we first monitored initial TCR protein expression in wild-type and TCR transgenic mice in reaggregate thymic organ cultures. A TCRbeta transgene was expressed in nearly all DN3 and DN4 cells, accelerated DN3 to DN4 transition, and strongly diminished the number of cells that express TCRgammadelta proteins. In contrast, TCRgammadelta transgenes were expressed only in a fraction of DN4 cells, did not accelerate DN3 to DN4 transition, and did not reduce the number of DN4 cells expressing TCRbeta proteins. The TCRbeta transgene partially inhibited endogenous TCRgamma rearrangements, whereas the TCRgammadelta transgenes did not inhibit endogenous TCRbeta rearrangements. Second, we analyzed frequencies of productive TCRbeta and TCRgammadelta V(D)J junctions in DN3 and DN4 subsets. Most importantly, frequencies of productive TCRgammadelta rearrangements (Vdelta5, Vgamma1.1, and Vgamma2) appeared unselected in DN3. The results suggest a late and restricted expression of the corresponding gammadeltaTCR, severely limiting their putative instructional opportunities in alphabeta/gammadelta divergence.


Author Abbie M. Jordan combined her visual learning style with a love of anatomy to incorporate this study tool useful for optometry students. With the guidance of Dr. Lee Ann Remington the pair has written, drawn, and edited two editions of The Ocular Anatomy Coloring Book. This book illustrates a combination of anatomical structures and creative shapes involved in the study of vision. It is intended to be used as a fun and abstract visual tool to facilitate primary learning of the ocular system and its components. As an accompaniment to ocular anatomy texts and lectures, this book should help to form a mental picture ofthe many interconnections and relationships of anatomical structures. During the first year of distribution, 2001, the book was used by 50 members of the Class of 2004 at Pacific University College of Optometry and 25 members of the Class of 2005. With minor editing and corrections a second edition was produced and distributed to 47 students of the class of 2006. Alterations for the 2nd edition included some grammatical and spelling changes, as well as some drawing simplifications and additions. After the completion of the 2003 Ocular Anatomy course at PUCO a survey and questionnaire was given to all those that had purchased the book. Results of this survey are included in the following attachments. As shown, 97% of the students commented that they would recommend the book to incoming first year optometry students and 83% agreed the book helped them to learn ocular anatomy. Students were also asked to make comments and suggestions for the book, which are included in attachment three. The general consensus and conclusion was that the book attained its goal of helping optometry students better learn ocular anatomy. Students found it both 'simplifying' and 'helpful' with one student writing the book helped them "to get visual idea of the structures which is a good mental 'picture' to refer to when studying." The Ocular Anatomy Coloring Book will continue to be available for all incoming optometry students at PUCO. Professional publication is currently in the works to make the book available to other optometry schools across the country.


Background: Takayasu's arteritis is a chronic systematic inflammatory disease. Isolated TA of pulmonary artery branches is very rare.
Methods: The patient received some laboratory tests (including blood routine examination, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, etc.) and imageological examinations (including echocardiography, computed tomographic pulmonary angiography, computed tomographic aortic angiography, right-sided heart catheterization, 18F-FDG PET, etc.) for diagnosis.
Results: Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) and Right-sided Heart Catheterization (RHC) showed diffused stenosis in bilateral pulmonary arteries in the case. Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP) measured by echocardiography is 89 mmHg. Besides, an 18F-FDG PET showed the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle uptake was high.
Conclusion: The symptoms of this patient have been controlled with the treatment of drugs, but pulmonary hypertension is not improved. Further treatment would be a great challenge.


Principal elements of the HIV- and AIDS-prevention in the social field and health care are discussed. The infection with HIV as a sexually transmitted disease can only be prevented by personal caution in the sexual behavior. Counselling should in particular be addressed to risk groups such as homosexuals and drug abusers early enough and contribute to practising safer sex. General rules of behavior and of the hygienics in hospitals are described. The risk of infection by blood transfusion is relatively low, namely 1:300,000 to 1:3 Mio. The modalities of optional anonymous epidemiologic system of registration (report, testing, counselling, care) are discussed. Finally problems of the development of a HIV-vaccine are described, and the necessity to avoid discriminations of HIV infected or endangered persons is underlined.


This paper analyzed the effect of working while studying in college and university on educational mismatching in the Zambian labor market. The study used the 2014 School to Work Transition Survey data and estimated a range of extended ordered probit regression models that took self-selection and sample-selection bias into account. Our results showed that working while studying significantly reduced the likelihood of being undereducated for the job but increased the likelihood of being overeducated for the job, implying that additional support to enable youth to get exposure to the right amounts and types of work during college or university studies could potentially increase productivity by ensuring job matching. Stakeholders designing work-based skills-development programs should consider the possible counter effects of combining learning and working. Furthermore, there is a need for investment in guidance mechanisms for students wishing to combine work and learning.


Inoculation of promiscuous soybean with rhizobia has been proven to improve yield. Screenhouse pot experiments were conducted to assess the response of promiscuous soybean, TGx1448-2E to rhizobia inoculation and to determine the relative efficiency of indigenous rhizobia from soils collected from the Northern and Southern Guinea and Sudan Savanna agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. Soils were collected at 0 to 20 cm depth from 45 sites spread in 15 local government areas of Kaduna and Kano states. The treatments used were uninoculated control, mineral nitrogen and Legumefix, a commercial rhizobia inoculant which were arranged in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Nodulation and biomass were assessed at eight weeks after planting. Response to inoculation and relative efficiency were also determined. The results showed that response to inoculation was higher in the Sudan Savanna than in the Northern Guinea Savanna. These were observed in 12 out of 21 and 9 out of 19 sites in the Sudan Savanna and Northern Guinea Savanna, respectively. Of these, inoculation response reached 62 and 90% in two sites in the Sudan Savanna while it barely reached 20% in the remaining sites. The results also showed a relative efficiency which is greater than 100% in some locations. This implies that the indigenous rhizobia populations were superior to mineral nitrogen and Legumefix inoculant. Notable among the locations were ALB 1, GRK 1, SOB 4 and KOL, which spread across all the agro-ecological zones. Strains from such locations have high potential for use as inoculants.

 Key words: Legumefix, mineral nitrogen, inoculation, indigenous strains, agro-ecological zones.


This research explored the learning experiences of pupils during literacy intervention sessions in English primary schools, by examining the moment-by-moment interactions between teaching assistants and pupils. Teaching assistants have taken increasing responsibility for teaching and learning, including the teaching of group intervention sessions aimed at supporting those pupils not making expected progress in literacy. The effectiveness of any intervention is reliant on the moment-by-moment interactions as social-constructivist theory indicates that it is in these interactions that shared meaning is negotiated and scaffolding provided. However, there is a lack of research into how this occurs in the interactions between teaching assistants and pupils generally, and specifically during these intervention sessions.
The research took a multiple-case study approach. Fine grained linguistic analysis of observation based empirical data in the form of video recordings of intervention sessions provided the basis for theory development. This was done through the analytical framework of conversation analysis, situated within the broader field of linguistic ethnography.
The research identified that interactions are strongly focused on the organisational principles of the task and task completion, rather than developing the learning experiences of individual pupils and the group. Teaching assistants provide high levels of support, leading to potential pupil reliance on this support due to a lack of development of interactional and metacognitive skills for self and reciprocal scaffolding.
The research has implications for policy in relation to provision for pupils who are falling behind in literacy. It is argued that a theory of oral pedagogy needs to be developed which can be used to clarify the pedagogical role of the teaching assistant, and there needs to be continuing professional development for teaching assistants in order to improve the quality of their moment-by-moment interactions with pupils.


Background Sitting height (SH), sub ischial leg length (SILL) and the sitting height/leg length ratio (SH/SILL) are useful tools for assessing human body proportions. They are often used to detect the presence of abnormal growth, especially in school-aged children. Materials and Methods Our cross-sectional study was conducted among 1012 preschool children aged 2 to 6-years from Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme centers at Bali Gram Panchayat, Arambagh, Hooghly District, West Bengal, India. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, SH were measured following standard protocol. Results There was no age combined significant sex difference in any variable. However, age specific sex differences were there in few age groups. Highly significant (p<0.001) age variations existed in all variables. The body mass index (BMI) was significantly (p<0.01) negatively correlated with SILL (r=-0.443), SILLP (r=-0.302) and UTL (r=-0.346) in both sexes. It was significantly (p<0.01) positively associated with UTLP (r=0.302). Moreover, SILL was significantly positively correlated with UTL in both sexes (boys, r=0.821 and girls, r=0.871; p<0.01), whereas it was significantly negatively associated with UTLP (boys, r=-0.590 and girls, r=-0.552; p<0.01) in the participants. Conclusion Our results suggest that, in both sexes, there were significant age differences in SILL, SILLP, upper trunk length (UTL) and unified technology learning platform (UTLP). The BMI had significant associations with these variables in both sexes. Moreover, SILL had significant correlation with UTL and UTLP among the participants.


In this paper, we present the development of a robust visual servo system for object tracking applications of a nonholonomic mobile robot. The system mainly consists of an adaptive shape tracking algorithm and a robust visual servo controller. The adaptive shape tracking algorithm is designed to automatically detect the shape contours of moving objects, extract the shape parameters, and continuously track the object in shape parameter space. Based on direct measurements of the shape parameters, the visual servo controller is designed using the sliding mode control technique. Through a Lyapunov-based stability analysis, a sufficient condition on the selection of control gains to achieve the tracking goal in finite time is provided, and simulation and experimental tests of the proposed approach are illustrated.


This study evaluated the ability of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to capture observed trends under the influence of shifts and persistence in their data distributions. A total of 41 temperature and 25 precipitation CMIP5 simulation models across 22 grid cells (2.5° × 2.5° squares) within the Colorado River basin were analyzed and compared with the Climate Research Unit Time Series (CRU-TS) observed datasets over a study period of 104 years (from 1901 to 2004). Both the modeled simulations and observations were tested for shifts, and the time series before and after the shifts were analyzed separately for trend detection and quantification. Effects of several types of persistence were accounted for prior to both the trend and shift detection tests. The mean significant shift points (SPs) of the CMIP5 temperature models across the grid cells were found to be within a narrower range (between 1957 and 1968) relative to the CRU-TS observed SPs (between 1924 and 1985). Precipitation time series, especially the CRU-TS dataset, had a lack of significant SPs, which led to an inconsistency between the models and observations since the number of grid cells with a significant SP was not comparable. The CMIP5 temperature trends, under the influence of shifts and persistence, were able to match the observed trends very satisfactorily (within the same order of magnitude and consistent direction). Unlike the temperature models, the CMIP5 precipitation models detected SPs that were earlier than the observed SPs found in the CRU-TS data. The direction (as well as the magnitude) of trends, before and after significant shifts, was found to be inconsistent between the modeled simulations and observed precipitation data. Shifts, based on their direction, were found either to strengthen or to neutralize the preexisting trends in both the model simulations and the observations. The results also suggest that the temperature and precipitation data distributions were sensitive to different types of persistence—such sensitivity was found to be consistent between the modeled and observed datasets. The study detected certain biases in the CMIP5 models in detecting the SPs (tendency of detecting shifts earlier for precipitation and later for temperature than the observed shifts) and also in quantifying the trends (overestimating the trend slopes)—such insights may be helpful in evaluating the efficacy of the simulation models in capturing observed trends under uncertainties and natural variabilities.


We prove that any symplectic 4-manifold which is not a rational or ruled surface, after sufficiently many blow-ups, admits an arbitrary number of nonisomorphic Lefschetz fibrations of the same genus which cannot be obtained from one another via Luttinger surgeries. This generalizes results of Park and Yun who constructed pairs of nonisomorphic Lefschetz fibrations on knot surgered elliptic surfaces. In turn, we prove that there are monodromy factorizations of Lefschetz pencils which have the same characteristic numbers but cannot be obtained from each other via partial conjugations by Dehn twists, answering a problem posed by Auorux.


An embedded-cluster Hartree−Fock approximation is adopted for simulating the formation of Fs(H) color centers at the (001) surface of magnesium oxide. This process is assumed to take place in two steps at an isolated surface anion vacancy: first, a hydrogen molecule is adsorbed dissociatively at the defect; second, following UV irradiation, a neutral hydrogen atom is removed and an electron remains trapped at the vacancy with a hydroxyl group nearby. According to the present calculations, the activation energy for the dissociation is appreciable (about 25 kcal/mol) and the products (a proton bound to a low-coordinated oxygen and a hydride ion above the vacancy) are considerably less stable than the reactants. The excitation of the adsorbed species owing to the UV irradiation is simulated by considering a singlet−triplet transition of the hydride−vacancy complex, which then dissociates into an H atom and a trapped lone electron. The electronic structure and the EPR parameters of the resulting paramagnetic state are explored. The theoretical results agree in many respects with the experimental data as concerns one of the forms of heterolitically dissociated hydrogen which are found at the defective MgO surface. However, from the viewpoint of the energetics, this model is untenable because that species is known to form irreversibly at room temperature with low activation energy.


Tachyphonus nattereri is one of the three "mystery birds" collected almost 200 years ago by J. Natterer in Brazil whose validity has been disputed in many publications over the last century. Known only from the male holotype and perhaps a female specimen without type status, it is currently treated as either a valid species, a subspecies or a doubtful taxon (an extreme of variation or an aberrant-colored individual). We reviewed the taxonomy of T. nattereri based on fieldwork near the type locality and a careful examination of the holotype and related museum specimens. Our extensive fieldwork revealed that no natural population found in the type locality matches the phenotype of T. nattereri. We found that the holotype is intermediate in plumage, morphometry and body shape between Tachyphonus cristatus and T. luctuosus, two sympatric species locally scarce and at their distributional edge around the type locality. We, therefore, suggest that T. nattereri is a hybrid. On the other hand, the purported female falls within the variation found in Tachyphonus c. madeirae, of which it probably represents an extreme phenotype.


Abstract Currently, some 2.4 billion people in developing countries lack modern fuels for cooking and heating and about 1.6 billion people do not have access to electricity. In some developing countries in South Asia, only 30% of the rural population has access to electricity compared with 68% of the urban population. Energy services fail to meet the needs of the rural poor in most of the developing countries in the Asian region. The millennium development goals (MDG) are a set of time-bound, measurable goals for combating poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and gender inequality. All these goals require or relate to energy services. The MDG may not be met unless rapid progress is made in extending efficient and affordable energy services to the poor in support of productive economic activities or social development. On the other hand, rural energy has always been a critical issue due to years of energy shortage for both households and industries. Biomass, for a long time, has been the only available fuel in many rural areas. A series of policies and strategies have gradually been put in place to encourage alternative fuel exploration and utilization as well as area-based integrated energy systems.


This paper suggests that the science of informatics can and should be applied to the transfer of consciousness from a living biological brain to a mechanical brain specifically, the realization of consciousness in robots. The suggestion is motivated by the need and intellectual drive to understand and enhance biological systems and to simulate biological systems by using inorganic hardware components such as silicon-based chips, mechanical devices, artificial neural networks, and associated programming and information/signal transfer modalities. The problems of and methods for employing informatics in designing intelligent conscious robots and proxy-humanoids are discussed. The informatics approach draws together the appropriate diverse fields, including computer science, information science, cognitive science, and computational neuroscience.


This article deals with the study of the development and application of the high‐order upwind ADBQUICKEST scheme, an adaptative bounded version of the QUICKEST for unsteady problems (Commun. Numer. Meth. Engng 2007; 23:419–445), employing both linear and nonlinear convection term discretization. This scheme is applicable to a wide range of computational fluid dynamics problems, where transport phenomena are of special importance. In particular, the performance of the scheme is assessed through an extensive numerical simulation study of advection–diffusion problems. The scheme, implemented in the context of finite difference methodology, combines a good approximation of shocks (or discontinuities) with a good approximation of the smooth parts of the solutions. In order to assess the performance of the scheme, seven problems are solved, namely (a) advection of scalars; (b) non‐linear viscous Burgers equation; (c) Euler equations of gas dynamics; (d) Newtonian flow in a channel; (e) axisymmetric Newtonian jet flow; (f) axisymmetric non‐Newtonian (generalized Newtonian) flow in a pipe; and (g) collapse of a fluid column. The numerical experiments clearly show that the scheme provides more consistent solutions than those found in the literature. From the study, the flexibility and robustness of the ADBQUICKEST scheme is confirmed by demonstrating its capability to solve a variety of linear and nonlinear problems with and without discontinuous solutions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Atlantic cod is a promising species for fish farming in Norway. In order to maintain a high fish quality and achieve higher fish quality, it is necessary toincrease the understanding of pre and post mortem biochemical processes in fish.The effects of pre slaughter handling stress on fish quality have been observed in many studies. Stress and storage temperature had effect on the color and texture of pre rigor filleted farmed cod. The main objectives of this study were to determine effects of handling stress and storage conditions on cod quality by a number of defined quality criteria, and determine activities of selected proteolytic enzymesthat are important for the quality properties. In the first experiment, done in 2008, cod were subjected to crowding stress by restricting the available water volume in combination with forced movement of the fish with continuous sea water supply for 1.5 hour. In experiment 2, done in 2009, making noise "sound effects" on the cover of the reservoir and increasing handling of the fish were applied with the aim of subjecting the fish to a more stressful event than the first experiment. Fish were slaughtered by stunning and bleeding, and then gutted and filleted. Both the control fish and the stressed fishfillets were stored in ice and in a cold room (+5 Co) for 4 and 8 days in the first experiment. In the experiment 2, fillets were stored in ice for 5 days. Samples collection were done on the day of slaughter for protease activities analysis, stress parameters (plasma cortisol, lactate and glucose), muscle pH while on the day of storage, muscle pH was measured, sampling for quality parameters (water holdingcapacity, solubility properties of proteins) and proteases activities analysis were collected. Results showed that handling stress was confirmed by increase in plasma cortisol, lactate and glucose levels in blood, measured on the day of slaughter. Muscle pH measured on the day of slaughter was significantly higher in the stress fish than in the control fish and muscle pH declined during storage. In experiment 2, increased level of handling stress led to significantly higher WHC in the control fish than in the stress fish. Handling stress and time of storage had significantly negative effecton water-soluble proteins while the interaction of all factors had a negative significant effect on salt soluble proteins and extractable proteins. Handling stress and storage conditions did not have significant effects on general protease activity and amount of TCA soluble peptides. The amount of muscular water-soluble proteins in the enzyme extracts in the initial samples was significantly higher than amount of muscular water-soluble proteins in the enzyme extracts after storage. During storage, activity of cathepsin B- and B+L-like enzymes were relatively stable. Activity of collagenase-like enzymes was significantly reduced during storage while activity of cathepsin D/E varied during storage. Significant correlations between muscle pH, amount of muscular water-soluble proteins and specific proteases activities were found. No significant correlations between quality parameters (WHC, solubility properties of proteins, water content) and specific proteases activities were found, except for significant positive correlations between salt soluble, extractable proteins and activity of cathepsin D/E-like enzymes calculated per g wet weight. Results from sensory analysis in experiment 2 showed that there were significant differences in yellow color and hardness 1 between the control fish and the stressed fish fillets, and no significant differences were found in the other investigated parameters. The significant correlations among specific proteases activities indicated the contribution of specific proteases activities to muscle degradation during postmortem storage. The coming results on proteomic may explain if handling stress really affect on the muscle degradation and/or which types of proteins will be degraded.


Using firm-level data of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies of private placement in China from 2007 to 2017, this paper examines the effects of private placement and the different contract characteristics on shareholder expropriation by the DID regression model. The results show that:(1)Funds occupied by large shareholders significantly increase after private placement.(2)The higher the price discount, the more serious the phenomenon of subsequent capital occupation by major shareholders.(3)Compared to cash subscription, large shareholders have stronger motivation of tunneling under asset subscription.(4)The participation of institutional investors could effectively suppress the tunneling behavior of major shareholders. Finally, this paper also discusses the possible ways of capital occupation by controlling shareholders. Research shows that the related party transactions between major shareholders and listed companies increase significantly after private placement, and the larger the related party transactions, the more serious the tunneling of capital occupation.The contributions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, this paper transfers the study of tunneling behavior of large shareholders from the initial issuance part to the subsequent appropriation of funds, and more clearly reveals the interests transmission behavior of large shareholders in the process of private placement, which greatly enriches the literature of private placement. Secondly, this paper adopts the most commonly used index to measure the tunneling of major shareholders, namely capital occupation, and finds that the higher the discount rate is, the more serious the subsequent funds occupation of major shareholders will be. Thus, it provides new empirical evidence for the logical relationship between the discount rate and the tunneling behavior of major shareholders, and makes up for the deficiency of existing theories. Thirdly, The conclusions also have important policy implications. In the post-private placement era, effective governance on other tunneling means of major shareholders is of great policy significance to both investors and regulatory authorities.


For service-oriented software engineering, the basic problem faced is the sharing and interaction of information between software, and in essence, is to make the software to communicate from the semantic level. Ontology is as a carrier of information and expression methods and is used to describe software entities. We may want to take into account the reuse of ontology modules, meanwhile different ontology libraries may face ontology heterogeneity and other problems, and all the above problems can be resolved through ontology mapping. Based on the process of ontology construction, the ways of presenting information by ontology and the reference to the practical process of ontology mapping, we put forward a framework of ontology mapping and ontology mapping algorithm which analyze from the ontology concept, instance, structure, hierarchy, and while take advantage of WordNet thesaurus and manual adjustments and other means to improve the accuracy of mapping discovery and mapping process.


Author(s): Onyeador, Ivuoma Ngozi | Advisor(s): Shapiro, Jenessa R | Abstract: Awareness of implicit bias has increased dramatically over the last decade. Indeed, news articles often cite implicit bias as central to discriminatory incidents and, as one high-profile example, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton highlighted implicit bias during the second debate of the 2016 presidential campaign. This has generally been met with enthusiasm by both activists and researchers. However, the present research suggests that framing racial bias in terms of implicit bias may have some unintended harmful consequences. Specifically, I argue that biases framed as implicit may reduce Whites' perceptions of the intent involved in instances of discrimination, which should, in turn, reduce perceptions of perpetrator blame, the severity of the discrimination, and the necessity for punishment of the perpetrator. Four experiments found support for these hypotheses. Across three studies, framing racial bias in terms of implicit bias, rather than explicit bias or providing no information about bias, reduced Whites' perceptions of perpetrator intentionality, and perceived intentionality mediated the relationship between implicit bias framing and perpetrator blame, incident severity, and support for punishment. This pattern was identified in discriminatory incidents that were mundane, in the context of customer service (Experiment 1); that were less common and more harmful, in the context of a police shooting (Experiment 2); and in which the perpetrator expresses explicitly biased beliefs, in the context of a workplace meeting between a manager and a new employee (Experiment 3). An additional study experimentally tested the proposed mechanism of perceived intent by manipulating intent and examining the effect on the measured outcomes (Experiment 4). The present findings suggest that, in contrast to the goal of raising awareness about implicit bias, framing racial bias in terms of implicit bias can undermine perceptions of the severity of discrimination.


This chapter presents a distributed optimization method named sequential distributed consensus-based ADMM for solving nonlinear constrained convex optimization problems arising in smart grids in order to derive optimal energy management strategies. To develop such distributed optimization method, multi-agent system and consensus theory are employed. Next, two smart grid problems are investigated and solved by the proposed distributed algorithm. The first problem is called the dynamic social welfare maximization problem where the objective is to simultaneously minimize the generation costs of conventional power plants and maximize the satisfaction of consumers. In this case, there are renewable energy sources connected to the grid, but energy storage systems are not considered. On the other hand, in the second problem, plug-in electric vehicles are served as energy storage systems, and their charging or discharging profiles are optimized to minimize the overall system operation cost. It is then shown that the proposed distributed optimization algorithm gives an efficient way of energy management for both problems above. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the proposed theoretical approach.


Nanoindentation tests are performed on single-crystal silicon wafers using a Berkovich indenter and maximum indentation loads of 30 mN, 40 mN, and 70 mN. The microstructural evolutions of the indented specimens are examined using transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction techniques. The results show that the unloading curve of the specimen indented to a maximum load of 30 mN has a smooth profile, whereas those of the specimens indented to 40 mN or 70 mN have a pop-out feature. The hardness and Young's modulus of the silicon specimens reduce with an increasing indentation load, and have values of 15.8 GPa and 182 GPa, respectively, under the highest indentation load of 70 mN. In addition, a strong correlation is observed between the indentation load and the microstructural change in the indentation affected area of the silicon specimens. Specifically, a completely amorphous phase is induced within the indentation zone in the specimen indented to a maximum load of 30 mN, whereas a mixed structure comprising amorphous phase and nanocrystalline phase is found in the indentation zones in the specimens loaded to 40 mN and 70 mN. The microstructural observations imply that the load-dependent nature of the unloading curves is related to the occurrence of different phase transformation mechanisms under different indentation loads. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2010007]


The use of different phosphazene bases as catalysts has been investigated in the polymerization of ortho-phthalaldehyde (PA) in the presence of an alcohol used as the initiator. Among the catalysts considered (P1-t-Bu, P2-t-Bu and P4-t-Bu) only the less active one (P1-t-Bu) allows a very good control of the PA polymerization in terms of mass parameters (Mn, Mw and molar mass dispersity) and end-group fidelity. To confirm the structure and the mass range of the newly synthesized PPA, mass spectrometry and gel permeation chromatography have been selected as main characterization techniques. By comparison with the state-of-the-art, the kinetics of polymerization has also been significantly improved by reducing the polymerization time from several hours to a few minutes. The judicious choice of catalyst also allowed expanding the macromolecular engineering by preparing in a one-step procedure a defined and controlled polyphthalaldehyde-block-polyethylene oxide amphiphilic diblock copolymer.


The free-surface flow under a sluice gate is considered. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible. The problem is solved numerically by using a boundary integral equation technique. Accurate numerical solutions are obtained when the intersection of the upstream free surface with the gate is a stagnation point. It is shown that the radiation condition is not satisfied far upstream and that there is a train of waves on the upstream free surface. For large values of the downstream Froude number F, the amplitude of the waves is so small that the upstream free surface is essentially flat. However for small values of F, the waves are of large amplitude. They ultimately approach the Stokes' limiting configuration with an angle of 120° at their crest as F is decreased.


This master's thesis examines the possibilities of correction and change in a classification scheme, with regard to the changes that occur in the world the classification system intends to describe.Applying a comparative method and classification theory, the classification of the example of the former Yugoslavia (1918-1941, 1945-1991), its republics and successor states, and the languages, formerly known as Serbo-Croatian are examined through a comparison of the main classes and divisions of language, geography, and history, in Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), and Klassifikationssystem for svenska bibliotek [Classification for Swedish Libraries] (SAB). Eight editions of DDC, from 1876 to 2014, are compared to seven editions of SAB, from 1921 to 2013. The editions have been selected in order to show the changes prior to, and following, the First World War, changes after the Second World War, and changes following the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991.The examination shows that both systems have updated their editions according to the changes in former Yugoslavia over the years. DDC has well constructed facet schedules, especially Table 2 concerning geography, but fails, in some cases, to construct a logic and hierarchical structure for the republics and languages of Yugoslavia, partly due to the fixed classes and divisions that survive from the very first edition of DDC from 1876, but also as a result of the decimal notation, and its limitations, itself.SAB seeks to construct a hierarchically logic and equal scheme for the languages, areas, and states of the former Yugoslavia. Although the facets for geography and chronology aren't as developed as the ones in DDC, the overall result is that of a logically consistent and hierarchically clear classification, with short notation codes, thanks to the alphabetic mixed notation, which allows more subdivisions than the numerals and the pure notation of DDC.This study is a two years master's thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.


With new models of AM1 solar spectra and Si refractive indices in the wavelength range of 0.4 0.97 , effective absorption powers of Si solar cells coated with the single and double AR layers were theoretically calculated for the first time. The SiO2, Si3N4 and SiO2/Si3N4 easily obtainable in the standard Si process were used as the AR layers of Si solar cell. Optimum thicknesses showing the maximum absorption power for AR layers of SiO2, Si3N4 and SiO2/Si3N4 were as follows: d(SiO2)=10001, d(Si3N4)=7001 and d(SiO2/Si3N4) =500 1 /3001 . Effective absorption powers in the solar cells of SiO2-Si, Si3N4-Si and SiO2/Si3N4-Si were 520W/m2, 565W/m2 and 607W/m2 at AM1 in the optimum conditions of AR coating, respectively


The aim of this work was to characterize 8 representative grape varieties of the Douro Region using the carotenoid profile as it relates to aromatic compounds in the respective wines. Some other analyses, such as the determination of sugar, probable alcohol, pH, and total acidity, were also performed in an attempt to understand in which way the evaluated characteristics influenced by grape variety could contribute to the wine aroma. For the 3 y of the study, grape varieties with higher concentrations of carotenoids (Touriga Fêmea, Tinta Amarela, and Tinta Barroca) have lower values of free norisoprenoids, even with exceptions (Touriga Fêmea). Conversely, grape varieties with lower concentrations of carotenoids (Touriga Nacional, Sousão, and Tinto Cão) appear to have higher contents of free norisoprenoids, namely b-ionone for Touriga Nacional and vitispirane and 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2dihydronaphthalene (TDN) for Sousão and Tinto Cão. Touriga Nacional, followed by Touriga Fêmea, was the wine variety with the highest values of total free terpenols (linalol, a-terpineol, nerol, and geraniol), the presence of which is responsible for the floral aroma.


We examine the relationship between the performance of companies relative to their global industry peers and their abuse of human rights. We exploit a unique database covering 245 large publicly listed companies from eight of the principal and most economically dynamic developing countries. We find that the more firms over-perform relative to their industry peers, the more they are likely to engage in abusive behaviours. However, this observed positive linear relationship becomes negative in the presence of high host country regulatory pressure. We find also that the proclivity for top over-performing firms to abuse human rights applies only to companies with no or limited prior commitment to addressing human rights issues as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies. Key-words: Business and human rights; high-performance; institutions; corporate social responsibility (CSR); developing countries.


PurposeThis paper aims to provide insights into the internationalization strategic responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by higher education institutions (HEIs) in Latin America.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on information from eight leading Latin American private universities. The data were obtained from official sources such as institutional communications and university administrators.FindingsThe authors identify two main issues that HEIs should consider while responding to the pandemic. First, greater attention and resource allocation to the universities' main local stakeholders can affect traditional internationalization activities. Second, a focus on revitalizing foreign partnerships and strengthening "virtual internationalization" can help maintain and eventually increase international presence.Research limitations/implicationsWhile this study analyses how these Latin American HEIs responded during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, it is important to conduct follow-up studies to shed light on how HEIs are adapting to the COVID-19 crisis as it continues to unfold.Originality/valueThis study is based on unique information gathered from leading private, not-for-profit HEIs in Latin America, which, contrary to state-owned HEIs or other private institutions in developed economies, have exhibited different means and conditions to respond to the coronavirus outbreak. Finally, the authors contribute to the literature on the internationalization of HEIs by discussing the role of a significant disruptive event on the internationalization of higher education and, particularly, business schools.


This study presents the research progress in carbon-assisted conversion reaction-based metal oxides for high-performance anodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Conversion reaction-based metal oxides as anodes for LIBs suffer from large volume variations during charging/discharging processes, which would result in poor conductivity and fading capacity. In the past decade, various conversion reaction-based metal oxides have been integrated into different carbon nanostructures including one-dimensional nanostructures (carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers), two-dimensional nanostructures (graphene, graphene oxides), three-dimensional nanostructures (carbon networks, carbon foam) as well as porous carbon materials. This study describes the structures and properties of these composites and further focuses on the synergistic effects of hybrid nanostructures on the specific capacitance, rate capacity and cyclability. This study also briefly discusses charge transport, ion diffusion, and the related reaction energy barriers.


The aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the SCARED (41 item version), a self-report scale devised to detect symptoms of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The study was carried out on a sample of 487 pupils aged between 9 and 17, who were administered a socioeconomic questionnaire and the Spanish versions of the STAIC and SCARED. Our results support the five-factor structure of the SCARED, as the authors pointed out in their original work. Four factors have been identified as anxiety disorders in DSM-IV and the fifth as School Phobia. Cronbach's alpha coefficient as a whole was .83 and scale reliability ranged between .44 and .72. These values remain stable over time (test-retest correlations between .55 and .76). Concurrent validity with the STAIC performed as expected: for the trait scale correlations between .35 and .60 and for the state scale between .13 and .28. This Spanish version of the SCARED may be considered a good instrument for the early detection of anxiety symptoms and disorders in Spanish-speaking children and adolescent populations.


This video-illustrated case report concerns a 49-year-old woman who presented with sleep-related hypermotor seizures. The antecedent history of leptospirosis, high frequency of new-onset seizures, presence of an unclassified anti-neuronal antibody, and dramatic response to steroids strongly supported post-infectious immune-mediated pathogenesis in our patient. To the best of our knowledge, post-leptospirosis autoimmune epilepsy presenting as sleep-related hypermotor seizures has not hitherto been reported. [Published with video sequence on www.epilepticdisorders.com].


The seasonal influenza vaccine is only effective in half of the vaccinated population. To identify determinants of vaccine efficacy, we used data from >1,300 vaccination events to predict the response to vaccination measured as seroconversion as well as hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) levels one year after. We evaluated the predictive capabilities of age, body mass index (BMI), sex, race, comorbidities, prevaccination history, and baseline HAI titers, as well as vaccination month and vaccine dose in multiple linear regression models. The models predicted the categorical response for >75% of the cases in all subsets with one exception. Prior vaccination, baseline titer level, and age were the strongest determinants on seroconversion, all of which had negative effects. Further, we identified a gender effect in older participants, and an effect of vaccination month. BMI played a surprisingly small role, likely due to its correlation with age. Comorbidities, vaccine dose, and race had negligible effects. Our models can generate a new seroconversion score that is corrected for the impact of these factors which can facilitate future biomarker identification.


The nickel-based superalloy GH80A has been widely used in kinds of aeronautical key structures because of its high yield stress and anti-fatigue performance at high temperature. However, it is also a typical difficult-to-cut material. In order to improve cutting process, kinds of methods have been applied to study cutting process including experimental approach and finite element method (FEM). In this paper, a comparison of chip formation is carried out between traditional Johnson-Cook (JC) model and Isotropic model. Besides, effects of tool rake angle and friction coefficient on chip formation are investigated by Isotropic model. FEM predicated results such as stress and cutting temperature are also analyzed. Relative turning tests are performed and comparison of chip morphology between FEM and experiment is carried out.


Research summary: In this study, we build on the micro-foundations perspective and investigate how individual characteristics contribute to the development of firm absorptive capacity. In particular, we assess how individual learning goal orientation affects firm potential and realized absorptive capacity. Furthermore, we study how individuals' civic virtue acts as a micro-level social integration mechanism that moderates the effect from firm realized absorptive capacity to potential absorptive capacity. Using the multilevel structural equation modeling technique and data from 871 core-knowledge employees nested in 139 high-technology firms, we find support to our major hypotheses. Together, this study finds support for the micro-foundations' perspective and generates novel insights on how individual-level factors could be linked with firm-level heterogeneity in absorptive capacity.

Managerial summary: We study how employees' characteristics contribute to a firm's absorptive capacity, that is, the ability of a firm to identify, assimilate, and exploit knowledge from the environment. Because firms have increasingly tapped into external resources to foster innovation over the past two decades, absorptive capacity is crucial to firm learning and success. Using data from 871 core-knowledge employees in 139 high-technology firms, we find that individual employees' learning goal orientation, the tendency to seek improvements in employees' competence and to understand or master new things advances the development of a firm's potential and realized absorptive capacity. More important, individual employees' civic virtue, the discretionary involvement in company issues, serves as a social integration mechanism that reduces the gap between firm potential and realized absorptive capacity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This paper presents a Conformer-based sound event detection (SED) method, which uses semi-supervised learning and data augmentation. The proposed method employs Conformer, a convolution-augmented Transformer that is able to exploit local features of audio data more effectively using CNNs, while global features are captured with Transformer. For SED, both global information on background sound and local information on foreground sound events are essential for modeling and identifying various types of sounds. Since Conformer can capture both global and local features using a single architecture, our proposed method is able to model various characteristics of sound events effectively. In addition to this novel architecture, we further improve performance by utilizing a semi-supervised learning technique, data augmentation, and post-processing optimized for each sound event class. We demonstrate the performance of our proposed method through experimental evaluation using the DCASE2020 Task4 dataset. Our experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve an event-based macro F1 score of 50.6% when using the validation set, significantly outperforming the baseline method score (34.8%). Our system achieved a score of 51.1% when using the DCASE2020 challenge's evaluation set, the best results among the 72 submissions.


Eximchain brings visibility to global supply chain finance (SCF) through smart contracts. We build a public, permissioned chain for small-and-medium enterprise (SME) buyers and suppliers to create supply chain optimization tools and gain access to affordable capital sources to grow their businesses. Our smart contract-based ecosystem allows SMEs to quickly implement customized SCF solutions or issue digital tokens on a permissioned fork of Ethereum supporting data privacy. We adopt a consensus protocol and quadratic voting based governance model to provide practical, finite time security guarantees on our public, permissioned blockchain hybrid. From financing to procure-to-pay, our products utilize smart contracts to optimize the global supply chain for buyers, suppliers, and financiers. Eximchain is an official candidate of the Blockchain Regulatory Sandbox Program in Guiyang, China and a member of EEA (Enterprise Ethereum Alliance).


The aim of this study was to characterize a Fusarium population obtained from yellow passion fruit (YPF) with collar rot using pathogenicity, morphocultural characteristics and molecular tests. Pathogenicity and disease severity were assessed in six plant species: YPF, zucchini, tomato, bean, soya bean and cucumber. Potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) was used to determine mycelial growth at five temperatures (15–35°C). The colour produced by isolates was also determined on PDA at 25°C. Synthetic nutrient agar medium was used to evaluate: (i) type of mycelium and phialides; (ii) size, shape and number of septa from conidia; and (iii) production of chlamydospores and perithecia. Molecular tests consisted of sequencing the ITS–5·8S rDNA region and elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) gene. The isolates caused large lesions on YPF, zucchini and tomato, with YPF having the highest mean disease severity and being the only one that showed wilt symptoms and death of the plant. Thus the isolates showed host specificity. Maximum mycelial growth occurred at 25°C and the predominant colour was bluish-white. The isolates produced long phialides, dense aerial mycelium, oval microconidia with a mean size of 9·5 × 2·6 μm, macroconidia of 32·7 × 3·4 μm with 3·3 septa, and chlamydospores; only one isolate lacked perithecia. Phylogenetic trees of the ITS region and EF-1α gene showed that isolates from YPF formed a distinct group within the F. solani group and the formae speciales of F. solani. It is proposed to name all isolates from YPF as F. solani f. sp. passiflorae.


BACKGROUND
The interaction between baseline kidney function and the performance of biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) on the development of AKI is unclear.

STUDY DESIGN
Post hoc analysis of prospective cohort study.

SETTING & PARTICIPANTS
The 1,219 TRIBE-AKI Consortium adult cardiac surgery cohort participants.

PREDICTOR
Unadjusted postoperative urinary biomarkers of AKI measured within 6 hours of surgery.

OUTCOME
AKI was defined as AKI Network stage 1 (any AKI) or higher, as well as a doubling of serum creatinine level from the preoperative value or the need for post-operative dialysis (severe AKI).

MEASUREMENTS
Stratified analyses by preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤ 60 versus > 60mL/min/1.73m(2).

RESULTS
180 (42%) patients with preoperative eGFRs≤60mL/min/1.73m(2) developed clinical AKI compared with 246 (31%) of those with eGFRs>60mL/min/1.73m(2) (P<0.001). For log2-transformed biomarker concentrations, there was a significant interaction between any AKI and baseline eGFR for interleukin 18 (P=0.007) and borderline significance for liver-type fatty acid binding protein (P=0.06). For all biomarkers, the adjusted relative risk (RR) point estimates for the risk for any AKI were higher in those with elevated baseline eGFRs compared with those with eGFRs≤60mL/min/1.73m(2). However, the difference in magnitude of these risks was low (adjusted RRs were 1.04 [95% CI, 0.99-1.09] and 1.11 [95% CI, 1.07-1.15] for those with preoperative eGFRs≤60mL/min/1.73m(2) and those with higher eGFRs, respectively). Although no biomarker displayed an interaction for baseline eGFR and severe AKI, log2-transformed interleukin 18 and kidney injury molecule 1 had significant adjusted RRs for severe AKI in those with and without baseline eGFRs≤60mL/min/1.73m(2).

LIMITATIONS
Limited numbers of patients with severe AKI and post-operative dialysis.

CONCLUSIONS
The association between early postoperative AKI urinary biomarkers and AKI is modified by preoperative eGFR. The degree of this modification and its impact on the biomarker-AKI association is small across biomarkers. Our findings suggest that distinct biomarker cutoffs for those with and without a preoperative eGFR≤60mL/min/1.73m(2) is not necessary.


The healing role of nurses has been undervalued and undeveloped for a long time. A literature review of nurses and healing reveals the fears and frustration generations of women healers and nurses experienced as they strived to practice their art. The current nursing shortage reflects the toxicity of the nursing work environment. The satisfaction and liberation of nurses who have found ways to practice their calling also emerges, giving hope to those in the field as well as their patients. The first in a series, this literature review served as the foundation for a qualitative study entitled, "Medical-Surgical Nurses' Self-Perceptions as Healers," which will appear in the next issue of Holistic Nursing Practice.


Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an instructive model for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. Lewis (LEW) rats immunized with myelin-basic protein (MBP) develop EAE characterized by a single episode of paralysis, from which they recover spontaneously and become refractory to a second induction of disease. LF 15-0195 is a novel molecule that has potent immunosuppressive effects in several immune-mediated pathological manifestations, including EAE. In the present study, we show that a 30-day course of LF 15-0195 treatment not only prevents MBP-immunized LEW rats from developing EAE but also preserves their refractory phase to reinduction of disease. This effect is Ag driven since it requires priming by the autoantigen during the drug administration. In contrast to other immunosuppressive drugs, short-term treatment with this drug induces a persistent tolerance with no rebound of EAE up to 4 mo after treatment withdrawal. This beneficial effect of LF 15-0195 on EAE does not result from the deletion of MBP-specific Vβ8.2 encephalitogenic T cells. In contrast, this drug favors the differentiation of MBP-specific CD4 T cells into Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells that, upon adoptive transfer in syngeneic recipients, prevent the development of actively induced EAE. Finally, we demonstrate that the tolerance induced by LF 15-0195 treatment is not dependent on the presence of TGF-β. Together, these data demonstrate that short-term treatment with LF 15-0195 prevents MBP-immunized LEW rats from EAE by favoring the development of Foxp-3-expressing regulatory CD4 T cells.


Objective : The purpose of this study is to determine whether the changes of contralateral sensorimotor cortical activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can predict the neurological outcome among spinal cord injury (SCI) patients when the great toes are stimulated without notice. Methods : This study enrolled a total of 49 patients with SCI and investigated each patient's preoperative fMRI, postoperative fMRI, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) score, and neuropathic pain occurrence. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to the change of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response on perioperative fMRI during proprioceptive stimulation with repetitive passive toe movements : 1) patients with a response of contralateral sensorimotor cortical activation in fMRI were categorized; 2) patients with a response in other regions; and 3) patients with no response. Correlation between the result of fMRI and each parameter was analyzed. Results : In fMRI data, ASIA score was likely to show greater improvement in patients in group A compared to those belonging to group B or C ( p <0.001). No statistical significance was observed between the result of fMRI and neuropathic pain ( p =0.709). However, increase in neuropathic pain in response to the signal change of the ipsilateral frontal lobe on fMRI was statistically significant ( p =0.030). Conclusion : When there was change of BOLD response at the contralateral sensorimotor cortex on perioperative fMRI after surgery, relief of neurological symptoms was highly likely for traumatic SCI patients. In addition, development of neuropathic pain was likely to occur when there was change of BOLD response at ipsilateral frontal lobe.


Background D-dimer testing to rule out deep vein thrombosis is less useful in older patients because of a lower specificity. An age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off value increased the proportion of older patients (>50 years) in whom pulmonary embolism could be excluded. We retrospectively validated the efficacy of this cut-off combined with clinical probability for the exclusion of deep vein thrombosis. Design and Methods Five management study cohorts of 2818 consecutive outpatients with suspected deep vein thrombosis were used. Patients with non-high or unlikely probability of deep vein thrombosis were included in the analysis; four different D-dimer tests were used. The proportion of patients with a normal D-dimer test and the failure rates were calculated using the conventional (500 μg/L) and the age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off (patient's age x 10 μg/L in patients >50 years). Results In 1672 patients with non-high probability, deep vein thrombosis could be excluded in 850 (51%) patients with the age-adjusted cut-off value versus 707 (42%) patients with the conventional cut-off value. The failure rates were 7 (0.8; 95% confidence interval 0.3-1.7%) for the age-adjusted cut-off value and 5 (0.7%, 0.2-1.6%) for the conventional cut-off value. The absolute increase in patients in whom deep vein thrombosis could be ruled out using the age-adjusted cut-off value was largest in patients >70 years: 19% among patients with non-high probability. Conclusions The age-adjusted cut-off of the D-dimer combined with clinical probability greatly increases the proportion of older patients in whom deep vein thrombosis can be safely excluded.


In this thesis, the impact of distributed generation (DG) on steady state operation and control of power distribution systems is investigated. Over the last few years, a number of factors have led to an increased interest in DG schemes. DG is gaining more and more attention worldwide as an alternative to large-scale central generating stations.
A number of DG technologies are in a position to compete with central generating stations. There are also likely opportunities for renewable energy technologies in DG. Indeed, some renewable energy based DG technologies are not yet generally cost-competitive. However, technology development may lead to major innovative progress in materials, processes, designs and products, with higher efficiency and cost reduction opportunities.
In electric power systems with large central generating stations, the electric power flows in one way direction: from generation stations to transmission systems, then to distribution systems and finally to the loads. Therefore, distribution systems were designed as radial systems; and many operation and control in distribution systems, such as voltage control and protection, are based on the assumption that distribution systems are radial.
In a radial distribution feeder, voltage decreases towards the end of the feeder, as loads cause a voltage drop. However, it will be altered with the presence of DG. DG will increase the voltage at its connection point, which in turn will increase the voltage profile along the feeder. This increase may exceed the maximum allowed voltage when the DG power is high. One way to mitigate this overvoltage is when DG absorbs reactive power from the grid. This method is effective for mitigation of overvoltage-caused DG in low voltage (LV) feeders where the mean of voltage control is obtained from an off-load tap changer. However, if DG absorbs reactive power, feeder losses will increase.
The maximum DG that can be integrated in a feeder (DG integration limit) is limited by maximum allowed voltage variation, conductor thermal ampacity and upstream transformer rating. The DG integration limit is usually defined based on maximum DG and minimum load scenario. However, when DG and load power fluctuate throughout the day, this scenario will lead to unnecessary restriction of DG integration. Minimum load and maximum DG may not happen at the same time. Stochastic assessment using Monte Carlo simulations will be more reliable to determine the DG integration limit in this circumstance.
In medium voltage (MV) feeder, where the voltage control is normally achieved by using on-load tap changer (LTC) and capacitor banks; the mitigation of overvoltage-caused DG can be obtained by coordinating DG with the LTC and capacitors. The use of line drop compensation (LDC), which is present in most LTCs but often not used, can also mitigate the overvoltage. When the LDC is coordinated properly with DGs, LDC will even extend the DG integration limit. The DG integration limit in a MV feeder can also be extended by allowing DG to absorb reactive power as in an LV feeder, or by installing a voltage regulator (VR). However, if DG absorbs reactive power, it means that the reactive power should be generated somewhere else in the system, and VR installation means investment cost. The DG integration limit can also be extended by operating the MV feeders in a meshed system (closed-loop). The expense of this meshed operation is that the protection of the feeder is more complicated.
The presence of DG will obviously increase residual voltage (dip magnitude) during a short circuit. However, depending on the location of the DG relative to the protection device (PD) and fault, DG may shorten or lengthen the duration of the short circuit, which directly correlates to dip duration. This is because, the location of the DG relative to the PD and fault defines whether DG will increase or decrease the short circuit current sensed by PD. However, PDs in distribution systems are normally overcurrent (OC) based PDs, which clear the fault in a certain time delay depending on the short circuit current sensed by them. Thus, though DG increases dip magnitude, further investigation on coordination of voltage dip and OC protection is needed to investigate whether the DG will prevent sensitive equipment from tripping, due to voltage dip, or not.
Protection coordination in distribution systems can be affected by the increasing or decreasing short circuit current sensed by PDs. Certain corrective actions are then needed. However, when the DG is not expected to be in islanding operation; DG still has to be disconnected from distribution systems every time a fault occurs, even if all corrective actions have been implemented. Disconnecting all DGs every time a temporary fault occurs would make the system very unreliable. This is especially because most of the faults in overhead distribution systems are temporary. Thus, when the DG is not expected to be in islanding operation, a protection scheme that can keep DG on line to supply the load during the fault is necessary. The scheme should ensure that the OC PDs in on the feeder can clear the fault without loosing their proper coordination.


The effects of d-amphetamine, pentobarbital, chlorpromazine and promazine on responding under schedules of electric shock postponement were studied in pigeons. Responding was maintained by three different response-shock intervals (10, 20 and 60 seconds). Low doses (0.3-3 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine increased response rates without decreasing shock rates under all three response-shock intervals. The highest dose (10 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine increased the shock rates under all response-shock intervals and decreased the high response rate under the 10-second response-shock interval but did not decrease the lower rates of responding under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. Pentobarbital decreased the high rate of responding maintained under the 10-second response-shock interval at lower dose (10 mg/kg) than the lower rates of under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. The high dose (17.5 mg/kg) of pentobarbital decreased responding and the low doses (1-3 mg/kg) had no effect under all three response-shock intervals. Chlorpromazine (3-100 mg/kg) did not affect the average rate of responding under all response-shock intervals and only slightly increased shock rates under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. Promazine (3-30 mg/kg) increased the rates of responding and decreased shock rates under all three response-shock intervals. Analysis of the temporal patterns of responding within the response-shock interval showed that d-amphetamine tended to induce the animals to respond earlier than they normally would in the response-shock interval while otherwise maintaining the temporal pattern of responding, pentobarbital decreased the probability of responses late in the response-shock interval, and chlorpromazine and promazine increased the probability of responses in the middle of the response-shock interval, producing a lessening of the temporal patterning of responding within the response-shock interval.