This study examines the moderational role played by the feeling of mattering to the partner in the relationship between gender ideology and perceived fairness using a sample of 141 Canadian mothers with at least one child between the ages of two to five years old. Results support the moderator model and suggest that the emotional rewards mothers receive from their romantic partner influence the way they use gender ideology to evaluate the fairness of the division of family labor in their household. The results show that egalitarian gender ideology is associated with a greater sense of unfairness only when women feel that their partner demonstrates a low level of appreciation toward them. The findings are discussed in terms of the distributive justice theory.


Unlike preemptive scheduling policies, non-preemptive real-time scheduling policies can exhibit anomalies even for the single-processor case. In particular, a task set that is schedulable by a non-preemptive scheduler may become unschedulable when the utilization of the task set decreases relative to the CPU speed, e.g., when a faster CPU is used to run the same task set. In this paper, we define the notion of robustness to capture the essence of the scheduling anomaly on real-time system performance. We shall show that it is difficult to test for robustness in general but there are sufficient conditions for guaranteeing robustness


Most two-phase applications for Coriolis mass flow metering are for low Gas Void Fraction (GVF) conditions, i.e. where the process fluid is essentially liquid with relatively low levels of entrained air or gas. There are particular challenges associated with metering wet gas, where the GVF exceeds 95%. Established wet gas metering techniques are typically based on a differential pressure-type device (for example an orifice plate or V-cone). It is well-known that such devices over-read compared to a dry gas calibration; equations to correct the reading are available if the degree of gas "wetness" is known. For Coriolis mass flow metering of wet gas, two approaches are described. The natural extension of the low GVF techniques is to map the observed mass flow and density readings onto estimates of the flow rates of the gas and liquid components. The alternative is to use the Coriolis meter to estimate the degree of gas "wetness" (e.g. the Lockhart-Martinelli number) and to apply a conventional correlation (e.g. Murdock or Chisholm) to a differential pressure flow reading. A prototype Coriolis-based wet gas meter is described, together with results from laboratory trials at CEESI in Colorado, and from extended field trials at BP's Wamsutter gas field in Wyoming.


This paper proposes a novel ARP authentication scheme based on an ARP authentication trailer and a new technique for hiding the target IP address in an ARP request message. The scheme provides a method to defend ARP attacks. In addition to avoid ARP attacks, the proposed scheme is backward compatible with existing ARP, no additional header fields are added to the protocol. The scheme supports both dynamic and static IP address assignment. Our experimental analysis shows that the proposed scheme can successfully defend various ARP attacks and can also improve overall network security without the need for complex configuration/installation or an additional server.


This descriptive-quantitative type of study identified how safety risks impact the risk management system of the construction industry in the National Capital Region, Philippines. A researcher-structured survey questionnaire was made to gather the needed data for this study and was distributed to different construction sites' key personnel like the project in-charge, project manager, and safety officer with either the use of Google form or by the conventional method which is a printed questionnaire directly distributed to the project sites. The collected data were analyzed utilizing frequency, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, and T-test. The findings indicated that the key personnel were familiar with the existing rules and laws in terms of construction safety that are being implemented in the country, however there are some common safety practices which were not properly implemented. It was also found that the rewards system will help improve the company's safety implementation even with less supervision. The study also found out that mitigating safety risks in the construction sites is still an area of concern in the project risk management system. Since there were still some lapses in implementing safety protocols, the main goal of a risk management system which is to minimize the risks cannot be attained until safety protocols are properly implemented in every project site. To control and mitigate safety risks in the workplace, a comprehensive risk management plan which contains different levels of safety controls should be developed and implemented.


In this paper, effect of AlCl3 addition as process control agent (PCA) during high energy ball milling of Al and TiO2 powder mixture was studied. This mechanical activation is aimed at to synthesize an ultra fine grained TiAl/Al2O3 composite. Experimental results show that AlCl3 significantly prevents severe cold welding of Al particles to milling media. Sublimation of this compound by local temperature increase due to balls collisions seems to be the main reason in prevention of severe cold welding. Samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and DTA. Mean crystallite sizes in particles of this sample and those milled with no PCA and milled with stearic acid were calculated and the results showed that smaller crystallite size is obtained in presence of AlCl3. However, DTA results revealed that addition of AlCl3, shifts aluminothermic reduction of TiO2 by Al to higher temperatures and therefore, final composite phases form at higher temperatures. Phase evolutions during further heat treatment of the powder sample milled with AlCl3 were also thoroughly studied.


In today's society, there is great concern about health habits. This interest is even larger if it comes from teenagers, for whom the perception of their body image is of vital importance. For these people, ongoing messages coming from external environments are getting higher priority from those received in a domestic background. A consequence of this situation is the use of advertising campaigns focusing on training in healthy habits. The objective of this research is to show that the advertising campaigns and the use of Internet as a source of information are bringing benefits for learning in the creation of healthy habits over traditional educational resources. For this document two different methodologies were developed for comparison purposes. In a first control group only textbook was used as a single educational resource, and in a second experimental group campaigns and Internet resources were used. Then, we compared healthy habits with both methodologies, studying contents about healthy eating in tweens of 11 to 12 years using a pre-test to meet their dietary habits and having a post test after the sessions taught with different methodologies. The data obtained in this experiment show better learning results when analyzing habits in students who used the Internet as an information resource. Therefore, it underscores the objective needed for communication and education to explore and to develop synergies to achieve more specific educational goals.


A hard disk, which can be classified as an external storage is usually capacious and economical. In spite of the attractive characteristics and efforts on the performance improvement, however, the operation of the hard disk is apparently slower than a processor and the advancement has also been slowly conducted since it is based on mechanical process. On the other hand, the advancement of the processor has been drastically performed as semiconductor technology does. So, disk I/O sub-system becomes bottleneck of computer systems' performance. For this reason, the research on disk I/O sub-system is in progress to improve computer systems' performance. In this paper, we proposed multi-level LRU scheme and then apply it to the computer systems with buffer cache and disk cache. By applying the proposed scheme to computer systems, the average access time to disk blocks can be decreased. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm was verified by simulation results.


How plant populations, communities, and ecosystems respond to climate change is a critical focus in ecology today. The responses of introduced species may be especially rapid. Current models that incorporate temperature and precipitation suggest that future Bromus tectorum invasion risk is low for the Colorado Plateau. With a field warming experiment at two sites in southeastern Utah, we tested this prediction over 4 years, measuring B. tectorum phenology, biomass, and reproduction. In a complimentary greenhouse study, we assessed whether changes in field B. tectorum biomass and reproductive output influence offspring performance. We found that following a wet winter and early spring, the timing of spring growth initiation, flowering, and summer senescence all advanced in warmed plots at both field sites and the shift in phenology was progressively larger with greater warming. Earlier green-up and development was associated with increases in B. tectorum biomass and reproductive output, likely due early spring growth, when soil moisture was not limiting, and a lengthened growing season. Seeds collected from plants grown in warmed plots had higher biomass and germination rates and lower mortality than seeds from ambient plots. However, in the following two dry years, we observed no differences in phenology between warmed and ambient plots. In addition, warming had a generally negative effect on B. tectorum biomass and reproduction in dry years and this negative effect was significant in the plots that received the highest warming treatment. In contrast to models that predict negative responses of B. tectorum to warmer climate on the Colorado Plateau, the effects of warming were more nuanced, relied on background climate, and differed between the two field sites. Our results highlight the importance of considering the interacting effects of temperature, precipitation, and site-specific characteristics such as soil texture, on plant demography and have direct implications for B. tectorum invasion dynamics on the Colorado Plateau.


An internal variable theory has been proposed to account for the essential microstructures during inelastic deformation. The framework of the theory is built on the basis of well known dislocation dynamics to provide the concept of an internal strain tensor as the most fundamental deformation state variable. The plastic and inelastic strain rate tensors are then naturally defined and also a kinematics relation among them can further be derived from the time rate of change of this internal strain tensor, which in fact accounts for the evolution of microstructures during inelastic deformation. To complete the theory, the constitutive relations between the various stress variables and their conjugate deformation rate variables are then derived based on the dislocation kinetics. The theory is then further extended to describe the structural superplasticity, taking this slip zone model with dislocation pile-ups as the major accommodation mechanism for grain boundary sliding. The experimental results obtained from the various crystalline materials are then presented and compared with each other in relation to the internal variable theory for inelastic deformation.


An asymptomatic 8-year-old boy had had a large intrathoracic tumor for five years. When noninvasive technics proved fruitless in establishing a diagnosis, surgical removal was elected. A large posterior mediastinal lipoma was discovered. This is the 15th intrathoracic lipoma reported in the pediatric age group.


Background and objective: Tubtim Chum Phae rice is rice from hybridization between Hom Mali rice and Sung Yod rice. It can be grown all year round and in all regions of Thailand.  Tubtim Chum Phae rice (SRN06008DS-18-1-5-7-CPA-20) used in this study is grown in Chum Phae District, Khon Kaen Province.  It is known that rice bran protein hydrolysates contain a number of nutrients and bioactive compounds, including dietary fiber and phytochemicals with potent antioxidant activities. Hypertension appears to have a complex association with endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether Tubtim Chum Phae rice bran hydrolysates (TCRH) could reduce blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats with N ω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced hypertension by administering L-NAME (50 mg/kg/day) in their drinking water for 3 weeks, and TCRH at dose of 500 mg/kg/day was simultaneously intragastrically administered to animals.  Rats received distilled water was served as normotensive controls. The blood pressure was monitored every week. The hemodynamic status, vascular responses to vasoactive agents and oxidative stress were evaluated at the end of the experimental period. Results: L-NAME administration induced increased arterial blood pressure and elevated peripheral vascular resistance when compared with untreated controls (p<0.05).  Vascular responses to acetylcholine and angiotensin II were altered in L-NAME hypertensive rats. TCRH significantly suppressed blood pressure elevation, decreased vascular resistance and restored vascular responsiveness (p<0.05). Moreover, the improvement of hemodynamics and endothelial dys function in L-NAME hypertensive rats was associated with a reduction in vascular superoxide production and plasma malondialdehyde level. Conclusion: Overall results suggest that TCRH prevented the development of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction induced by L-NAME, and these effects might be involved with their antioxidant properties.


Abstract The increasing demand for tools that can score biological condition from aquatic community data has spurred the creation of many predictive models (e.g., observed/expected [O/E] indices) and multimetric indices (MMIs). The geographic and environmental scopes of these indices vary widely, and coverages often overlap. If indices developed for large environmentally heterogeneous regions provide results equivalent to those developed for smaller regions, then regulatory entities could adopt indices developed for larger regions rather than fund the development of multiple indices within a region. We evaluated this potential by comparing the performance (precision, bias, responsiveness, and sensitivity) of benthic macroinvertebrate O/E indices and MMIs developed for California (CA) with that of indices developed for 2 large-scale condition assessments of US streams: the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program Western Pilot Study (EMAP-West) and the western portion of the Wadeable Streams Assessment (WSA-West). WSA-West and EMAP-West O/E scores were weakly correlated with CA O/E scores, had lower precision than CA O/E scores, were influenced by 2 related natural gradients (% slope and % fast-water habitat) that did not influence CA O/E scores, and disagreed with 21 to 22% of impairment decisions derived from the CA O/E index. The WSA-West O/E index produced many fewer impairment decisions than did the CA O/E index. WSA-West and EMAP-West MMI scores were strongly correlated with the CA MMI scores. However, the WSA-West and EMAP-West MMIs produced many fewer determinations of impairment than did the CA MMI. EMAP-West and WSA-West MMIs were biased and differed in responsiveness compared with CA MMI. Thus, they might produce estimates of regional condition different from those from indices calibrated to local conditions. The lower precision of the EMAP-West and WSA-West indices compromises their use in site-specific assessments where both precision and accuracy are important. However, the magnitude of differences in impairment decisions was sensitive to the thresholds used to define impaired conditions, so it might be possible to adjust some of the systematic differences among the models to make the large-scale models more suitable for local application. Future work should identify the geographic and environmental scales that optimize index performance, determine the factors that most strongly influence index performance, and identify ways to specify accurate reference condition from geographically extensive reference-site data sets.


Higher learning institutional is one of the organizations which play the important rule to perform a new generation with high education. Beside that, the development of higher learning institution can also generate the development of the surrounding area. It will act as the catalyst to the surrounding area development. Usually, activities like business and services such as industry and commercial help to increase the development. But, the development of highest educational institution also can be a catalyst to develop the rural area. The development directly will change the physical condition of the area and society. So, this research is done to identify the types of development exist after the development of IPTA and also it effect to the surrounding area. All the data collected from related department and also interview. It is hoped that this academic final project could clearly shows and explain the effect of the development of IPTA to the surrounding area. It is also hoped that this research can be useful to the local authority in order to develop this area and become one of the well known area


This visionary paper outlines a future intelligent building office space room system that seeks to ensure that the users of a rent able and/or shared office space do not perform actions that are likely to compromise IT security. We propose that a novel room agent leverages the emergent"smart" city paradigm so as to form an accurate a measure as possible of the trustworthiness of the human agents using the office space. Namely, by leveraging pervasive urban sensors embedded in a smart city built environment, data obtained by crowd sourcing as well as data gathered via Web 2.0. Human actions detected within the room itself and its immediate environs, together with the behavioural traces and patterns of a given individual embedded within a smart city context, can be used to calculate a measurable confidence trust level. We suggest that the use of a Linking Open (or object) Data (LOD) publishing approach can be used to integrate trust related distributed data in a collective and intelligent manner. Furthermore, we suggest the use of cloud diagram and tree map visualisation approaches to depict individual and environs trust levels at both coarse and fine grain levels. To achieve this, we illustrate the approach using a low-level architecture model. We then conclude by outlining our theoretical lightweight trust model which aims to demonstrate how a smart city in general and a smart space in particular can provide an increased level of trust visualisation for it's citizens, through collective intelligence gathering.


Abstract Food policy councils, which convene diverse stakeholders in local food policymaking and implementation, are increasingly recognized for the prominent role they play in food system governance. Yet little attention has been given to systematically identifying who participates in councils, why councils are established, what topics councils are expected to address, and how they are expected to address these topics as indicated in the formal mandates that govern them. This study addresses this limitation by offering a systematic description of the design of publicly mandated food policy councils operating at the municipal-level in the United States. It contributes understanding regarding (1) council membership, (2) the contexts in which councils are established, (3) the topical foci of councils, and (4) mandated and authorized policy activities. This study yields valuable insights for scholars and practitioners interested in understanding stakeholder representation within councils, as well as the authority and responsibility vested in them.


Rapporttyp 1 Report category Examensarbete C-uppsats To investigate the ability for animals to understand human communication signals and the communication between animals and humans, scientists often investigate the understanding of human gestural cues. Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) which have a long history of co-evolution with humans have been shown to make good use of human gestural cues. In the present study I investigated whether dogs in general understand a human pointing gesture and if there are differences between sex, age or breeds. In total 46 dogs of different breeds participated in the study. The study was carried out in a dog center in Linköping, Hundens och djurens beteendecenter. To test if dogs understand human pointing gestures, a two-way object choice test were used, where an experimenter pointed at a baited bowl at a distance of three meter from the dog. The results showed that dogs in general can understand human pointing gestures. However, no significant differences were found for sex, age or breeds. As a conclusion, I found that dogs in general can understand human pointing gestures, but sex, age or breed did not affect the ability.


A new compact model has been introduced to model on-chip spiral transformers.Unlike conventional models,which are often a compound of two spiral inductor models(i.e.,the combination of two coupledΠor 2-Πsub-circuits),our new model only uses 12 elements to model the whole structure in the form of T topology.The new model is based on the physical meaning,and the process of model derivation is also presented.In addition,a simple parameter extraction procedure is proposed to get the elements' values without any fitting and optimization. In this procedure,a new method has been developed for the parameter extraction of the ladder circuit,which is commonly used to represent the skin effect.In order to verify the model's validity and accuracy,we have compared the simulated and measured self-inductance,quality factor,coupling coefficient and insertion loss,and an excellent agreement has been found over a broad frequency range up to the resonant frequency.


The sweep line technique has been recently adapted to the sphere in order to build Voronoi diagrams of points on its surface. The resulting algorithm has proved to be simple and efficient, outperforming the freely available alternatives, which compute convex hulls of point sets in 3D. In this paper, we introduce two sweep algorithms for updating Voronoi diagrams, one for deleting and another for inserting a site, which are applicable to points on the sphere surface or on the plane. The algorithms operate directly on the doubly connected edge lists that implement the Voronoi diagram. This makes them preferable when the intended data is the Voronoi diagram, which happens, for instance, when natural neighbour interpolation is performed. Both algorithms require linear space. Besides, insertion runs in linear time, which is worst-case optimal, whereas deletion runs in super-linear time. Although the deletion running time is not asymptotically optimal, both algorithms cope very well with degenerated cases, are efficient, and are practical to implement. Experimental results in both domains reveal that their performances are better than or similar to those of the CGAL library, which work on Delaunay triangulations.


{Ca□}3[Nb1−xGax□]2(Ga1−yNby□)3O12-type cubic Iad garnets (CNGG) have been grown by the Czochralski method, either unmodified or incorporating different crystalline modifiers (Li+ or Mg2+), and Yb3+ as a laser dopant. From nuclear magnetic resonance, single crystal X-ray and powder neutron diffraction studies it is shown that Li+ incorporates exclusively into the 24d tetrahedral site of the host, removing tetrahedral-sited Nb5+ and filling cationic vacancies in this site. A comparison of low temperature (6 K) Yb3+ spectroscopy in crystals with different compositions at the tetrahedral sites and a modeling of energy positions of the 2F7/2(0) and 2F5/2(0′) Yb3+ levels show that the strongest contribution to the Yb3+ optical absorption/emission bandwidth is associated with the electric charge of cations/vacancies occupying the two tetrahedra at the shortest distance (3.12 A) from the central 24c dodecahedral Yb3+. Cationic disorder over the remaining four tetrahedral, octahedral and dodecahedral sites also contributes to the Yb3+ bandwidth but to a lesser extent. To obtain the largest Yb3+ bandwidth, the two nearest tetrahedra must contain cations/vacancies with electric charges as different as possible. Although the decrease in the concentration of vacancies at tetrahedral sites associated with Li+ incorporation induces some reduction of the Yb3+ optical bandwidth with regard to the unmodified Yb:CNGG crystal, Li+ incorporation along with the use of high purity precursors yields crystals with less coloration, longer Yb3+ lifetime, and slightly larger thermal conductivity, which favors laser operation performance.


In response to a lack of source works for wide-ranging approaches to teaching poetry, award-winning poet Joshua Marie Wilkinson has gathered ninety-nine micro-essays for poets, critics, and scholars who teach and for students who wish to learn about the many ways poets think about how a poem comes alive from within--and beyond--a classroom. Not narrowly concerned with how to read poetry or how to write poetry, by virtue of their central concern with teaching poetry, the essays in this fresh and innovative volume address both reading and writing and give teachers and students useful tools for the classroom and beyond. Divided into four sections--"Reflections - Poetics," "Exercises - Praxis," "New Approaches to Poetry Courses and Methodology," and "Talks - Directives"--Poets on Teaching provides practical, intelligent advice. "Reflections - Poetics" encompasses the most expansive approaches to teaching poetry, where poets reflect variously on what teachers can cultivate in their classrooms. "Exercises - Praxis" consists of hands-on approaches to reading and, especially, writing poems. "New Approaches to Poetry Courses and Methodology" features essays on rethinking specific courses, offering new ideas for course design and pedagogy. "Talks - Directives" contains a series of more informal and conversational discussions geared toward becoming a stronger reader, writer, teacher, and student of poetry. 'Poets on Teaching' encompasses the most expansive approaches to teaching poetry, where poets reflect variously on what teachers can bring to and cultivate in their classrooms. As Sarah Gridley writes, "The best class will be weirded out--punctured--made eccentric-- by the creeping, crawling, flashing, or thundering in of something that is not in the classroom." Exciting and vibrant, this book will be required reading for new and experienced teachers alike.


Flexible transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) in replacement of brittle indium tin oxide (ITO) films are of ultimate importance in the production of flexible and stretchable displays, lighting devices, and solar panels with the ability to resist harsh weather conditions. Herein, the fabrication of an ultra-smooth, highly flexible transparent conducting electrode with a fully embedded structure of the silver coated electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber (PVA@Ag NF) network is reported. These electrodes are fabricated using a scalable electrospinning and thermal evaporation process. The embedded PVA@Ag NF (E-PVA@Ag NF) network TCE structure provides several advantages, including a smooth surface, mechanical stability under high bending stress, and strong adhesion to the substrate with excellent flexibility, without sacrificing the electrical–optical properties. Ultrahigh aspect ratios with fused crossing at the junction points of the PVA@Ag NF network result in a high transmittance (∼90%) at a low sheet resistance (∼2.56 Ω □−1). The E-PVA@Ag NF network TCE structure shows a smooth surface topology (RRMS ∼ 2.0 nm) with excellent bending stability; the sheet resistance of the TCE remains almost constant after 10 000 bending cycles with a 1.0 mm bending radius. Finally, a flexible transparent heater is fabricated and its performance at low operating voltage is reported.


Research on sustainable energy production is of growing interest in light of the limited fossil fuel stocks and increasing energy demands. An ideal solar harvesting device should potentially include low-cost, non-toxic and three-dimensional inorganic materials. Diatom biosilica or frustules exemplify the above features and are a perfect host material. Diatoms are natural three-dimensional nanoarchitectures with convoluted, tailorable chemistries, formed as a result of a biomineralisation process. They are made up of silicon dioxides and silicates, which are natural insulators of both electrical conduction and light absorption. To overcome their natural insulating properties and allow frustules to be used as an electrode/photoelectrode material, one can modify their structure by metal/material glazing or by converting them into silicon or titanium dioxide. This allows the frustules to obtain conductive or semi-conductive properties, while retaining their original morphology. Additionally, three-dimensional nanostructures of certain polymers/metals can be fabricated using diatom frustules as a template. The resulting three-dimensional polymers/metals can be used as a scaffold for designing electrode/photoelectrode materials. In this chapter, the literature on the modification and application of diatom frustules as a natural platform for dye-sensitised solar cells and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production is reviewed.


The 3s–np photoionization processes of the ground state 2P1/2 and the metastable state 2P3/2 of Ar5+ are investigated using our recently developed relativistic R-matrix code, where the interactions between the bound states and the continuum states are included. Both resonance positions and the oscillator strengths are in much better agreement with the absolute experimental measurements by Wang et al. [Wang J C, Lu M, Esteves D, Habibi M, Alna'washi G and Phaneuf R A 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 062712] with a resolution of 80 meV than their theoretical results. The contributions of the two experimental unresolved transitions are distinguished in our calculations, which show that the transitions from the ground state also make significant contributions to some resonances. Our theoretical results are also in good agreement with the measurements for the first resonance with a higher resolution of 20 meV.


Football clubs across the globe are realising that the use of social media is the future in terms of improving and expanding their business, whether this be for marketing purposes or as a medium for directly communicating with their fans. Although this study found that the majority of European teams researched have a social network presence, there was a difference in how effectively social media was used between the various leagues. This study demonstrates that most football clubs have some social media presence, such as the number of Facebook likes, Twitter tweets and YouTube videos. However, the findings indicate that well-known world-wide clubs don't always use this commercial potential as effectively as they might and that teams with lesser prominence sometimes use social media in a more effective way in order to market effectively to their fan base.


The effect of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection on the phloem sap mRNA population was investigated in pumpkin Cucurbita maxima Duch. cv. Big Max, through analysis of a suppressive subtractive hybridisation (SSH) library. Analysis of the infected phloem library identified 91 highly diverse mRNA species, including enzymes involved in general metabolism, transcription factors and signalling agents. Our analysis indicated that, quantitatively, the effect of CMV infection on the composition of the phloem sap transcriptome was minor in nature. Virtual northern analysis was used to confirm the specific upregulation of these transcripts in the phloem of CMV-infected plants. In silico northern analysis also confirmed that none of the transcripts identified in the SSH library was contained in the population of mRNA species present in the phloem sap of healthy plants. Induction levels ranged from low to high and in situ hybridisation studies showed that transcripts displayed a range of accumulation patterns. Collectively, our findings suggest that plants have evolved a highly robust mechanism for the exchange of information macromolecules between the companion cell (CC) and the sieve tube system. Production of viral movement protein (MP) in the CC is not sufficient for the indiscriminate transport of mRNA into the sieve element. Our findings are discussed in the context of symptom development and likely strong selection pressure, on the viral genome, to encode for a MP that does not adversely interfere with the phloem long-distance trafficking system.


In this study, the interaction energies between aromatic organic molecules (AOMs) and cellulose are explored using density functional theory (DFT) through the software SIESTA and the exchange-correlational functional VDW-DRSLL. Three AOMs will be modelled: benzene, benzamide and benzoic acid. Firstly, the interaction energies of the dimers of the AOMs are determined. Then, the obtained interaction energies of the cellulose-AOM complexes are compared to the former in order to decide which interaction is stronger. It is found that the studied AOMs are more likely to interact with cellulose than with another identical monomer; benzamide has the highest propensity to interact, followed by benzoic acid and benzene. Furthermore, for all interaction energy calculations a counterpoise correction term will be introduced as an addition to the SIESTA optimisation and it will be shown that without this correction the acquired energy minima will deviate significantly from accepted values from previous studies.


This article revisits a set of long-standing debates to suggest how the role of universities in providing a 'professional education' in journalism might be (re)considered. Existing arguments over journalism education identify a need to move beyond the limiting frame of a presumed 'industry–academic dichotomy' to develop a more critical approach to professional education. While supporting this direction, this article draws on work suggesting that a more careful consideration of both the concept of professionalism and its implications for stakeholders is required. It argues that, by approaching professionalism as a discursive and socially valorised basis of identity rather than simply a series of 'traits', a more analytical perspective on how universities are both subject to and implicated in processes of 'professionalisation' is gained. These processes situate universities as both major stakeholders in, and an increasingly important influence on, emergent formations of journalistic professionalism.


A point cloud is a data format that consists of a combination of multiple points used to identify an object or environment. Point cloud registration is related with many significant and compelling 3D perception problems including simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), 3D object reconstruction, dense 3D environment generation, pose estimation, and object tracking. The aim of this study is to ensure that the point clouds obtained with 3D LiDAR are sampled while preserving their geometric features. For this process, it is inspired from the method known in the literature as Tensor Voting, which is used to extract geometric features in N-dimensional space. After determining the areas with high density in the point cloud, with the help of tensor voting, it is aimed to express the same geometric attributes with a lower number of points by reducing the density.


Reducing the large volume of TIROS-N series advanced very high resolution radiometer-derived data to a practical size for application to regional physcial oceanographic studies is a formidable task. Such data exist on a global basis for January 1979 to the present at approximately 4-km resolution (global area coverage data, ≈2 passes per day) and in selected areas at high resolution (local area coverage and high-resolution picture transmission data, at ≈1-km resolution) for the same period. An approach that has been successful for a number of studies off the east coast of the United States divided the processing into two procedures: preprocessing and data reduction. The preprocessing procedure can reduce the data volume per satellite pass by over 98% for full-resolution data or by ≈84% for the lower-resolution data while the number of passes remains unchanged. The output of the preprocessing procedure for the examples presented is a set of sea surface temperature (SST) fields of 512 × 1024 pixels covering a region of approximately 2000 × 4000 km. In the data reduction procedure the number of SST fields (beginning with one per satellite pass) is generally reduced to a number manageable from the analyst's perspective (of the order of one SST field per day). This is done in most of the applications presented by compositing the data into 1- or 2-day groups. The phenomena readily addressed by such procedures are the mean position of the Gulf Stream, the envelope of Gulf Stream meandering, cold core Gulf Stream ring trajectories, statistics on diurnal warming, and the region and period of 18°C water formation. The flexibility of this approach to regional oceanographic problems will certainly extend the list of applications quickly.


CMV-specific T cells, derived from the naïve population, recognize different epitopes of CMV than do memory-derived T cells and may be functional and protective in vivo. Sourcing CMV immunotherapy Immunotherapy—such as adoptive T cell therapy—is making headway in treating cancer, autoimmunity, and infectious disease. Indeed, adoptive transfer of cytomegalovirus (CMV)–specific T cells can restore immunity to the virus. However, these cells have been primarily derived from memory cells from CMV-seropositive individuals, which limits the donor pool. Now, Hanley et al. demonstrate that CMV-specific T cells can be derived from naïve T cells taken from CMV-seronegative people. These cells react to different epitopes than the memory cell–derived T cells but with similar avidity. What's more, these cells were associated with periods of CMV-free survival when transplanted into patients. These data support expanded trials of adoptive therapy of CMV-restricted T cells from seronegative donors. Adoptive transfer of cytomegalovirus (CMV)–specific T cells derived from adult seropositive donors can effectively restore antiviral immunity after transplantation. However, CMV-seronegative donors lack CMV-specific memory T cells, which restricts the availability of virus-specific T cells for immunoprophylaxis. We demonstrate the feasibility of deriving CMV-specific T cells from naïve cells for T cell therapy. Naïve T cells primed to recognize CMV were restricted to different, atypical epitopes than T cells derived from CMV-seropositive individuals; however, these two cell populations had similar avidities. CMV-seropositive individuals also had T cells recognizing these atypical epitopes, but these cells had a lower avidity than those derived from the seronegative subjects, which suggests that high-avidity T cells to these epitopes may be lost over time. Indeed, recipients of cord blood (CB) grafts who did not develop CMV were found by clonotypic analysis to have T cells recognizing atypical CMVpp65 epitopes. Therefore, we examined unmanipulated CB units and found that T cells with T cell receptors restricted by atypical epitopes were the most common, which may explain why these T cells expanded. When infused to recipients, naïve donor–derived virus-specific T cells that recognized atypical epitopes were associated with prolonged periods of CMV-free survival and complete remission. These data suggest that naïve-derived T cells from seronegative patients may be an additional source of cells for CMV immunoprophylaxis.


Bipolar pulses of ∼25–100 µs in duration have been observed in the wave electric field data obtained by the Wideband plasma wave instrument on the Cluster spacecraft in the dayside magnetosheath. These pulses are similar in almost all respects to those observed on several spacecraft over the last few years. They represent solitary potential structures , and in this case, electron phase space holes. When the time series data containing the bipolar pulses on Cluster are transformed to the frequency domain by a windowed FFT, the pulses appear as typical broad-band features, extending from the low-frequency cutoff of the bandpass filter, ∼1 kHz, up to as great as 20–40 kHz in some cases, with decreasing intensity as the frequency increases. The upper frequency cutoff of the broad band is an indication of the individual pulse durations (1/f). The solitary potential structures are detected when the local magnetic field is contained primarily in the spin plane, indicating that they propagate along the magnetic field. Their frequency extent and intensity seem to increase as the angle between the directions of the magnetic field and the plasma flow decreases from 90 •. Of major significance is the finding that the overall profile of the broad-band features observed simultaneously by two Cluster spacecraft, separated by a distance of over 750 km, are strikingly similar in terms of onset times, frequency extent , intensity, and termination. This implies that the generation region of the solitary potential structures observed in the magnetosheath near the bow shock is very large and may be located at or near the bow shock, or be connected with the bow shock in some way.


In this paper we apply AI planning to address the hypothesis exploration problem and provide assistance to network administrators in detecting malware based on unreliable observations derived from network traffic.Building on the already established characterization and use of AI planning for similar problems, we propose a formulation of the hypothesis generation problem for malware detection as an AI planning problem with temporally extended goals and actions costs. Furthermore, we propose a notion of hypothesis ``plausibility'' under unreliable observations, which we model as plan quality. We then show that in the presence of unreliable observations, simply finding one most ``plausible'' hypothesis, although challenging, is not sufficient for effective malware detection. To that end, we propose a method for applying a state-of-the-art planner within a principled exploration process, to generate multiple distinct high-quality plans. We experimentally evaluate this approach by generating random problems of varying hardness both with respect to the number of observations, as well as the degree of unreliability. Based on these experiments, we argue that our approach presents a significant improvement over prior work that are focused on finding a single optimal plan, and that our hypothesis exploration application can motivate the development of new planners capable of generating the top high-quality plans.


Low toxicity and highly stable methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI) ((CH3NH3)3Bi2I9) as a solution-processable photovoltaic absorber produces hexagonal non-uniform morphology leading to poor interfacial contacts with the electron and hole transporting layers. Herein, we tuned the morphology of MBI perovskite by bringing in a small amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a morphology controller into the MBI–DMF solution. The incorporation of various concentrations of NMP into the precursor solution was found to control the rate of crystallization. An optimal low concentration of 2.5% NMP added to the MBI–DMF precursor solution showed a 50% enhancement in short-circuit current (Jsc). The device showed power conversion efficiencies up to 0.31% with high reproducibility. Moreover, the devices were quite stable when exposed to an ambient atmosphere (relative humidity of 50–60%) for 30 days.


In this study, a general linear one-dimensional finite element beam model is developed for the analysis of the three layer composite steel- concrete- steel beams which are a special case of the multi-layer Connectors, concrete layer thickness, plate thickness, type of loading and concrete compressive strength composite beams. The model is based on partial interaction theory of composite beams where the flexibility of shear connectors is allowed. A program is constructed using VISUAL BASIC language to analyze this type of beams. Numerical applications are presented to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the present method. A parametric study is carried out to demonstrate the effect of some parameters including the variation of shear stiffness of shear on the behaviour of three-layer composite beams. The results of the proposed programmed model shows a good agreement with those obtained by finite elements method using ANSYS program (Release 11, 2007. The models used in ANSYS program are shell element, brick element and combine element to simulate the behaviour of steel plates, concrete part and shear connectors respectively.


Poly(benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene–alt–thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione) (PBDTTPD) polymer donors with linear side‐chains yield bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of about 4% with phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as the acceptor, while a PBDTTPD polymer with a combination of branched and linear substituents yields a doubling of the PCE to 8%. Using transient optical spectroscopy it is shown that while the exciton dissociation and ultrafast charge generation steps are not strongly affected by the side chain modifications, the polymer with branched side chains exhibits a decreased rate of nongeminate recombination and a lower fraction of sub‐nanosecond geminate recombination. In turn the yield of long‐lived charge carriers increases, resulting in a 33% increase in short circuit current (J sc). In parallel, the two polymers show distinct grazing incidence X‐ray scattering spectra indicative of the presence of stacks with different orientation patterns in optimized thin‐film BHJ devices. Independent of the packing pattern the spectroscopic data also reveals the existence of polymer aggregates in the pristine polymer films as well as in both blends which trap excitons and hinder their dissociation.


Objective: To determine the cost-effectiveness of Cryotherapy in men with
radio-recurrent prostate cancer (RRPC), from the perspective of the UK
National Health Service.
Design: A cost-utility analysis was undertaken using decision analytic
modelling. A Markov model was developed for men with RRPC to assess the
cost-effectiveness of Cryotherapy compared to androgen deprivation therapy
(ADT) which is current practice in this patient group. A literature review was
undertaken and data from published sources was used to inform the decision
model; the Scottish Prostate Cryotherapy Service informed resource use and
Department of Health reference costs were used for cost year 2011.
Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: Results are reported as the
discounted incremental costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) gained
between the two alternative interventions. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis used
a 10,000 iteration Monte Carlo simulation.
Results: Cryotherapy has a high upfront treatment cost, but delays the
ongoing monthly cost of ADT until progression has occurred. Relative to
ADT, Cryotherapy is the dominant strategy over the patient lifetime, with an
incremental gain of 1.16 QALYs (95% CI 0.70, 1.66) and a reduced lifetime cost
of £38,924 (95% CI -£71,377, -£16,878). There was a lack of robust evidence
on progression free survival and no evidence which directly compared the
two interventions. Uncertainty was accounted for in probabilistic and scenario
sensitivity analyses, however the model results are not sensitive to parameter or
structural uncertainty.
Conclusions: Cryotherapy is a dominant strategy in comparison to ADT,
costing less over a patient's lifetime with improvements in QALYs.


Carcinomas exhibit remarkable plasticity and may undergo profound phenotypic changes during progression towards metastasis. These changes, collectively termed "carcinoma mesenchymalization," involve the acquisition of mesenchymal features; invasiveness and propensity to disseminate; acquisition of stemness features, including a relatively quiescent state; and conversion into a refractory, therapy-resistant state. In search of drivers of the mesenchymalization phenomenon that could be targeted via immunotherapy, our laboratory previously identified the embryonic T-box transcription factor brachyury as a tumor-associated antigen that is highly expressed in various human carcinomas, including lung and triple-negative breast cancer and in the rare tumor type chordoma, among others. High brachyury levels at the primary tumor site have now been shown to associate with poor survival in patients with various cancer types. Two vector-based cancer vaccine platforms developed against brachyury, a yeast-brachyury and a poxvirus-based MVA-brachyury-TRICOM vaccine, have now completed phase I clinical evaluation, both demonstrating safety and the ability to significantly expand brachyury-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in vaccinated patients. Based on evidence of clinical activity in patients with chordoma, the yeast-brachyury vaccine is currently being evaluated in a randomized, double-blind phase II study of radiation +/- vaccine in this rare tumor type. An emerging concept in the field of tumor immunology is that mesenchymalization may also confer resistance to antitumor immune responses. Our laboratory has shown that human carcinoma cells undergoing mesenchymalization exhibit decreased susceptibility to lysis mediated by immune effector cells, including antigen-specific CD8 + T cells, innate natural killer (NK) cells, and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Based on these observations, we are currently investigating potential strategies aimed at blocking tumor microenvironment-derived signals that control phenotypic plasticity, with the ultimate goal of combining these approaches with immunotherapy. The chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) is overexpressed in multiple cancer types, where it promotes the acquisition of mesenchymal features, stemness, resistance to therapies, and the recruitment of immune-suppressive cells to the tumor site. We have now shown that blockade of the IL-8/IL-8R axis is effective at reverting the phenotype of the tumor cells towards a more epithelial one, decreasing stemness features, and significantly enhancing tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy, small-molecule targeted therapies, and immune-mediated lysis with NK and antigen-specific T cells in vitro. These results formed the rationale for using anti-IL8 approaches in combination with cytotoxic or immune-based therapies for the treatment of advanced cancer. Citation Format: Claudia Palena, James L. Gulley, Jeffrey Schlom. Brachyury and the interleukin-8 axis in tumor progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr CN07-03.


Weaker disturbances than tropical cyclones (TCs) such as tropical depressions and cold surges can significantly induce heavy rainfall and flooding events over the Philippines. However, the analysis of these disturbances including their rainfall contributions are often neglected in previous studies. As the first attempt to address this research gap, this study investigates the rainfall contribution of non‐TC vortices over the Philippines from 1979 to 2020. Only those rainfall‐producing non‐TC vortices that formed and appeared within a 500‐km radius from the Philippine coastline were examined in this study. A total of 7,686 non‐TC vortex days (50% of the total days during the analysis period) were identified. The mean rainfall contribution of these non‐TC vortices was found to be highest over the northeastern Mindanao Island (80–90% of the mean daily rainfall) and lowest over the central and western regions of Luzon Island (50–60%). Seasonal analysis of the occurrence frequency of these vortices shows that they are most frequent during the December–February (DJF) season. In this season, the rainfall contribution may increase to 50–80% of the mean daily rainfall over the whole country, while in the other seasons, the rainfall contribution may only increase to as much as 60%. Higher frequency of extreme rainfall days associated with these non‐TC vortices were also found during the DJF season. The frequency of occurrence and percentage rainfall contribution of these non‐TC vortices in relation to the different phases of the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO) during boreal summer (June–October) and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) during boreal winter (December–April) were also examined. Higher frequency and percentage rainfall contribution over the country were found during Phases 4–6 of both the BSISO and MJO, during which their respective active convections transition from the Maritime Continent to the western North Pacific.


A frontal face detection system using artificial neural network is presented. The system used integral image for image representation which allows fast computation of the features used. The system also applies the adaboost learning algorithm to select a small number of critical visual features from a very large set of potential features. Besides that, it also used cascade of classifiers algorithm which allows background regions of the image to be quickly discarded while spending more computation on promising face-like regions. Furthermore, a set of experiments in the domain of face detection is presented. The system yields a promising face detection performance.


Peripheral nerve injury has been suggested to up-regulate mRNA for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which enhances nerve regeneration. VEGF is known to regulate angiogenesis by binding with a specific receptor, the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). However, little is known about the involvement of VEGF-VEGFR signaling in the nerve regeneration at early stages though previous studies contained a lengthy observation. The present study examined that relationship between angiogenesis and peripheral nerve regeneration at the early stage after nerve transection by focusing on the chronological changes in the expression patterns of VEGF-VEGFR signaling. This study used our previously reported experimental model for nerve regeneration following the transection of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in mice. In a double staining of PGP9.5 and CD31, respective markers for the nerve fibers and endothelial cells, CD31 immunoreactions first appeared in the injury site on postoperative (PO) day 2 when the transected nerve fibers had not been re-connected. The most intense immunoreaction for CD31 was found around the regenerating nerve fibers extending from the proximal stump on PO day 3, but it gradually lessened to disappear by PO day 7. The expression patterns of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 showed similar chronological changes through the observation periods, with most intense immunoreaction found on PO day 3. Western blotting of total protein extracted from the injury site demonstrated the clear bands for VEGF-A and VEGF-B on PO day 2, indicating a time lag for the expression of ligands and receptors. A local administration of antibody to VEGF-A inhibited the elongation of the nerve fibers from the proximal stump. Furthermore, this administration of VEGF-A antibody inhibited the expression of CD31 in the gap between proximal and distal stumps. These results indicated that a nerve injury initiates productions in VEGF-A and VEFG-B, followed with the expression of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 at early stages after the nerve injury. Taken these findings together, it is reasonable to postulate that immediate response of VEGF-VEGFR signaling to nerve injury plays a crucial role in local angiogenesis, resulting in a trigger for the regeneration of the nerve fibers in mouse IAN.


It goes without saying that urban research has become increasingly global in its outlook. Irrespective of whether you are an urban geographer, urban sociologist, urban political scientist, urban historian, urban economist, favouring a qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods approach, the challenge that confronts researchers as they attempt to participate in and engage with our increasingly 'globalized' urban studies remains fundamentally the same – how to make sense of urban complexity. One quick and easy observation is that the quest to understand our globalizing and urbanizing modern world has seen urban scholars leave no stone unturned in the pursuit of new theory production. From Ananya Roy's (2009) call for new geographies of urban theory to understand the 21st century metropolis through to the emergence of a new critical urban theory (Brenner, 2009; Marcuse, 2009) and a more internationalized urban theory (Robinson, 2011a; Parnell and Oldfield, 2014) it is impossible to ignore how urban studies has been experiencing its own globalizing tendencies of late. One reflection of this is how the prefix 'global' has been attached to all manner of different urban ideas, concepts and processes. We can reflect how in the 1990s cities research, which traditionally focused on cities as part of national urban systems, gave way to a new wave of 'global cities' research examining how cities are connected into international circuits of capital accumulation and political decision-making in globalization (Sassen, 1991; Taylor and Derudder, Chapter 3; Neal, Chapter 4; Acuto, Chapter 7). We can see how in the 2000s erstwhile spatial concepts such as the 'city-region' became reimagined and rejuvenated as 'global city-regions' (Scott, 2001), while classic urban processes such as gentrification and suburbanization were recast as global urban processes through the lenses of 'global gentrifications' (Smith, 2002; Lees et al., 2015) and 'global suburbanisms' (Keil, Chapter 12). The transition from 'cities' through 'globalizing cities' to 'globalized urbanization' is today being extended as urbanization is increasingly reframed as a planetary process through notions of 'planetary urbanization' (Brenner, 2014; Katsikis, Chapter 2) and 'planetary gentrification' (Lees et al., 2016; Shin, Chapter 10). But what, we ask, can be said about the current state of empirical research and the methodological approaches we possess for doing global urban research? And what does it actually mean to do global urban research?


Abstract Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 180 investigated, in the western Woodlark Basin off Papua New Guinea, the nature and evolution of continental extension, eventually leading to crustal break-up and sea-floor spreading. At Moresby Seamount, the rift-related extension is localized at a recently active low-angle (30°) detachment fault, partly buried beneath a Pliocene-Pleistocene sedimentary synrift sequence. Data from three drillsites sample the detachment fault itself, secondary faults in its hanging wall and a steep normal fault cutting the footwall. The fault plane itself is manifested as a strongly altered fault gouge. Deformation of turbiditic sediments in several fault zones in the hanging wall is dominated by brittle mechanisms, and accompanied by intensive veining and pervasive diagenetic cementation. The metabasic rocks of the footwall below the detachment show an unusual transition from ductile to brittle deformation fabrics with increasing depth. Many fracture systems show evidence of repeated opening and healing during multistage hydrothermal mineralization. Syn-mylonitic microstructures and vein fill mineralogy suggest exhumation of the detachment footwall from considerable depth in the crust. Two palaeo-piezometers were applied to calcite-filled veins that show evidence of plastic deformation. Differential stress values of similar magnitude and probably close to the rock failure strength are found in both the hanging wall and footwall.


Peritoneal fluid and blood was collected from 8 healthy adult horses. Four 1-ml aliquots of peritoneal fluid from each horse were then contaminated with 0 ml (normal), 0.05 ml (1 drop), 0.10 ml (2 drops), and 0.20 ml (4 drops) of blood from the same horse. Samples were analyzed for RBC count, nucleated blood cell count, total protein concentration, and nucleated cell differential count. Statistical analysis revealed no significant changes in nucleated cell number, nucleated cell differential, or total protein concentration in peritoneal samples contaminated with blood. The RBC count significantly increased with blood contamination. It was concluded that up to 17% blood contamination of peritoneal fluid in clinically normal horses did not significantly alter interpretation of the nucleated cell count or protein concentration.


Abstract This article presents a reflexive and critical discourse analysis of classroom events that grew out of a cross-cultural partnership with a secondary school teacher in Singapore. I aim to illuminate how differences between researcher and teacher assumptions about what participation in classroom activities should look like came into high relief when put into practice. To better understand these differences, I consider the sources and outcomes of what I initially experienced as a visceral tension while observing a series of classroom events as part of a unit that our research team co-designed with a partner teacher. I consider my researcher assumptions, both initial and retrospective, and their role in shaping and sometimes clouding my analytic lens. This article considers multiple vantage points on what comes to be valued, and how, in educational research contexts. By tracing analyses across stages of research, I illustrate how observable moments in time are not phenomena unto themselves but rather are part of the ongoing, developing interpretive process. Implications speak to the importance of reflexively engaging close discourse analyses of classroom events and researchers' roles in shaping them, during and after the fact, through transparency about the recontextualization that analysis entails.


The authors compare ground-based and the special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) brightness temperatures at 19 and 37 GHz in the Northern and the Southern Great Plains. The comparison was conducted to examine season-related differences in plot-scale and satellite footprint-scale brightness temperatures at these frequencies. The ground-based observations were from the three Radiobrightness Energy Balance Experiments (REBEXs), viz., REBEX-1, REBEX-4, and REBEX-5. REBEX-1 and REBEX-4 were conducted near Sioux Falls, SD, in fall and winter 1992-93, and in summer 1996, respectively. REBEX-5 was conducted near Lamont, OK, during summer 1997 as part of the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment-1997 (SGP'97). The instantaneous fields of view (FOV) of the ground-based radiometers were only a few meters compared to those of the SSM/I, which were several tens of kilometers. The REBEX and the SSM/I brightness temperatures are moderately correlated at both the 19 and 37 GHz. They match well during winter when there was uniform snow cover over the SSM/I footprint. During spring, summer, and fall, REBEX brightness temperatures at the grass-site were on average 18 K higher than the SSM/I brightness temperatures because the SSM/I footprint included nearby agricultural fields in summer and predominantly bare soil in fall and spring. During summer, REBEX-4 brightness temperatures at the bare soil site were on average 10 K cooler than the SSM/I brightness temperatures. In effect, the REBEX grass and bare soil brightness temperatures bracket the SSM/I observations with the SSM/I brightness temperatures lying closest to those of the bare soil.


With recent rapid advances in photonic integrated circuits, it has been demonstrated that programmable photonic chips can be used to implement artificial neural networks. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are a class of deep learning methods that have been highly successful in applications such as image classification and speech processing. We present an architecture to implement a photonic CNN using the Fourier transform property of integrated star couplers. We show, in computer simulation, high accuracy image classification using the MNIST dataset. We also model component imperfections in photonic CNN and show that the performance degradation can be recovered in a programmable chip. Our proposed architecture provides a large reduction in physical footprint compared to current implementations as it utilizes the natural advantages of optics and hence offers a scalable pathway towards integrated photonic deep learning processors.


Cardiac myxomas are the most common benign primary cardiac tumour to present in adulthood. While most patients present with symptoms of cardiac obstruction, embolic phenomena or constitutional impairment, up to a fifth of patients remain asymptomatic and are incidentally diagnosed on imaging. Although echocardiography is usually the initial imaging modality used to evaluate these patients, cardiac MRI (CMR) has emerged over the past decade as the primary imaging modality in the assessment of patients with cardiac tumours. The superior tissue characterization capability of CMR means that it is able to determine the nature of some tumours pre-operatively and performs well in differentiating myxomas from thrombus. We present a pictorial review highlighting the key CMR features of myxomas and show how these lesions can be differentiated from thrombus and other cardiac masses.


Abstract A mafic amphibole-bearing granulite with porphyroblastic garnet was investigated to evaluate: (1) the rare earth element (REE) partition among garnet, zircon, orthopyroxene and amphibole during the metamorphic evolution; (2) the significance of the REE distribution along lobes and bights of reabsorbed garnet rim; and (3) REE distribution coefficient values (DREE) suggestive of chemical equilibrium, assuming garnet as a reference. The results have been compared with those deriving from an intermediate granulite containing porphyroblastic garnet, without amphibole. Porphyroblastic garnet from both samples is rimmed by a continuous corona formed during post-peak decompression characterized by REE-enriched lobes and REE-poor bights. The amphiboles from corona have various REE abundances, reflecting a different dissolution rate of original garnet rim. The initial slow rate of garnet dissolution caused high REE concentration in the new garnet rim due to intra-crystalline diffusion, leading to the formation of REE-poorer amphiboles in corona. Subsequently, under an increasing geothermal gradient and fluid-present conditions, the faster dissolution of garnet determined the formation of bights and the transfer of REEs towards the corona. The timing of garnet growth and its dissolution were checked by U–Pb zircon ages. The zircons dated from 339 Ma to 303 Ma in two rock types combined with the garnet domains (core, outer core, rim) show similar distribution of patterns relative to heavy rare earth elements for zircon and garnet (DHREEzrn/grt), suggesting chemical equilibrium. Zircons dated at c. 300 Ma do not appear in equilibrium with REE-rich garnet lobes, and younger zircons (278 Ma) show a new equilibrium with REE-poor garnet bights. On this basis, the DHREEamph/grt values obtained in specific textural sites might be interpreted as suggestive of equilibrium under granulite conditions.


INTRODUCTION
The implementation of radiation therapy advanced practice in Australia has not yet been broadly realised. With anticipated growing demands on cancer services, it is imperative to understand why this is the case, and to strategise a way forward. As a result, we explored the factors influencing the implementation of advanced practitioner radiation therapists (APRT) in Australia. The research outcome was a complex process of Navigating Uncertainty, which described the contextual, social and personal factors surrounding implementation successes and challenges. Further synthesis of the findings was undertaken to highlight the fundamental features influencing this process, with the intention to provide a useful understanding for practitioners seeking APRT implementation.

METHODS
Data were collected through national online focus groups and case studies with 53 participants. Analysis identified a constructivist grounded theory process of Navigating Uncertainty. Further analysis of the categories and properties of the process was undertaken to synthesise findings at a higher level of abstraction.

RESULTS
Four overarching and intertwined factors were influencing the implementation of APRT. Uncertainty occurred when practitioners attempted to conceptualise and assimilate the new role into the workplace. Power was apparent in the advocacy and legitimisation of the APRT by centre leaders. Value was vital to achieving purposeful outcomes. Identity was evident in the personal transition of the APRT, and in the boundary work with others.

CONCLUSION
Recognising and negotiating uncertainty, power, value and identity is essential for APRT implementation strategies to succeed. A framework to guide practitioners towards the implementation of APRT has been described that embodies these factors.


Detecting shopping groups is gaining popularity as it enables various applications ranging from marketing to advertising. Existing methods exploit WiFi probe requests to detect shopping groups by identifying co-located customers. However, the probe request is prone to suffer from device heterogeneity which might pose a severe data sparseness problem. More importantly, we find that a certain amount of shopping groups would separate sometimes which makes traditional methods unreliable. In this paper, we propose a shopping group detection system using WiFi (SNOW). Instead of collecting probe requests, SNOW utilizes the WiFi data from smartphones associated with the deployed access points (APs). We could thus obtain data from different devices and even ensure a data granularity of seconds using Arping. Besides, we exploit an effective heuristic extracted from two observations of shopping group dynamics to improve the detection performance. First, the probability of group separation differs in diverse areas. Second, the proportion of group participation and individual engagement differs in different activities of the mall. Therefore, APs under which shopping groups appear more frequently and barely separate should contribute more in measuring customer similarity. Lastly, we represent the measured similarity into a matrix format and apply matrix factorization with a sparsity constraint to derive grouping results directly. According to our experiments in a large shopping mall, SNOW improves the detection performance of baseline approaches by 13.2% on average.


This research evaluates the effects of a hypothetical land value tax as a smart growth policy to curtail urban sprawl in the mid-sized metropolitan areas of the Southeastern United States. The effectiveness of a hypothetical land value tax on moderating urban sprawl is determined by changes in demand for neighborhood open space, and its relationships with lot size and proximity to the central business district (CBD). Achieving this goal will (1) provide applied researchers with an empirical foundation from which the spatial dynamics of urban sprawl in local housing markets can be measured, and (2) provide policy makers, especially in the large and mid-sized metro areas of the Southeast, with an ex ante instrument through which alternative incentives targeting open space preservation can be evaluated. We estimate the effects of a hypothetical land value tax on urban sprawl gauged through the three metrics of demand for neighborhood open space, lot size, and proximity to the CBD by comparing the forecasted values of the demand for these goods under alternative land value taxation schemes. The first is a "regular property tax" when the tax rates on the assessed values of land and structures are identical. The second is a hypothetical "land value tax" that places more weight on the value of land than on the value of structures, holding annual total county tax revenue constant.


Carl Sharif El-Tobgui's ambitious study of Ibn Taymiyya's Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql provides a comprehensive exposition of Ibn Taymiyya's philosophy. The work is divided into two parts, the first covering chapters 1 through 3 and the second chapters 4 through 6. Chapter one begins by providing a broad survey of the question of reason and revelation in Islam prior to Ibn Taymiyya; chapter two continues from there with a detailed introduction on Ibn Taymiyya's life, times, and overall intellectual positioning. The third chapter carefully analyzes the thirty-eight discrete points made by Ibn Taymiyya against the "universal rule" of interpretation. The second part addresses Ibn Taymiyya's ontology, philosophy, and epistemology (chaps. 4 and 5) as well as how Ibn Taymiyya applied his proposed reforms in these areas to the question of the divine attributes (chap. 6). The two parts of the work are preceded by prefatory content introducing readers to the Dar' and outlining the fundamental stakes under contention in Ibn Taymiyya's writing. The legacy of Ibn Taymiyya himself is considered in some depth in chapter two which reviews, inter alia, contemporary reception of the Shaykh al-Islam, a figure whose legacy remains a point of considerable contestation in the modern West. For some, Ibn Taymiyya remains a caricature of intractable literalism, a dogmatist who yields no ground to thoughtful theological efforts, and an unimaginative polemicist, hereas others paint a very different picture of an astute and brilliant theologian who deconstructs unchallenged orthodoxies and adheres, often at great personal cost, to a methodology that finds its origins in the life and thinking of the early community, or Salaf.
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Despite the potential effectiveness of the Dynamic Late Merge (DLM) control, most existing DLM systems, based on static thresholds, cannot best perform under time-varying traffic conditions. This paper presents an advanced DLM control model and its operation algorithm, based on the optimized control thresholds that take into account the interactions between the speed, flow, and available work zone capacity. The focus of this study is on how to select the control variables and to determine their optimal thresholds in response to traffic flow dynamics. Evaluation results with extensive simulation experiments have shown the promising properties of the proposed DLM control and its algorithm.


Objective Biliary atresia (BA), a leading cause of paediatric liver failure and liver transplantation, manifests by three weeks of life as jaundice with acholic stools. Poor outcomes due to delayed diagnosis remain a problem worldwide. We evaluated and assessed the cost-effectiveness of methods of introducing a BA Infant Stool Colour Card (ISCC) screening programme in Canada. Setting and Methods A prospective study at BC Women's Hospital recruited consecutive healthy newborns through six incrementally more intensive screening approaches. Under the baseline "passive" strategy, families received ISCCs at maternity, with instructions to monitor infant stool colour daily and return the ISCC by mail at age 30 days. Additional strategies were: ISCC mailed to family physician; reminder letters or telephone calls to families or physicians. Random telephone surveys of ISCC non-returners assessed total card utilization. Primary outcome was ISCC utilization rate expressed as a composite outcome of the ISCC return rate and non-returned ISCC use. Markov modelling was used to predict incremental costs and life years gained from screening (passive and reminder), compared with no screening, over a 10-year time horizon. Results 6,187 families were enrolled. Card utilization rates in the passive screening strategy were estimated at 60–94%. For a Canadian population, the increase in cost for passive screening, compared with no screening, is $213,584 and the gain in life years is 9.7 ($22,000 per life-year gained). Conclusions A BA ISCC screening programme targeting families of newborns is feasible in Canada. Passive distribution of ISCC at maternity is potentially effective and highly cost-effective.


In 1698, the Boston printers Bartholomew Green and John Allen brought out a ninth edition of the Bay Psalm Book.(1) In it one sees the first music printed in the British colonies. Music had been printed in the New World as early as the 1540s in Mexican service books, nearly a century before even the first Bay Psalm Book of 1640. The music printing in Mexico soon died out, however: the 1698 Bay Psalm Book was to begin a bibliographical lineage that continues to today. We honor it on its three hundredth birthday. None of the eight earlier editions of the Bay Psalm Book have music. Whose idea was it to include the notes? My candidate is Increase Mather, who was living in London between 1688 and 1691 as a spokesman for the colonists. Here he would have heard of the Playfords, whose name today evokes spicy song texts, but then was identified with music of all kinds, promoted through the printing press. The Playfords' own psalm books were Anglican, however: the music of the ninth Bay Psalm Book understandably resembles that seen in a London book, also issued in 1698, by Mather's fellow dissenter John Patrick.(2) We may still wonder what the printed music was meant to accomplish. Musical notation was not common in early America: it could be seen in imported printed books, but manuscript copy is rarely found, so as to beg the question of who in the colonies ever used it. Certainly no congregation shivering in January in a poorly lit sanctuary - especially one that for sight-reading would have needed to move between minuscule words on one page and barely legible notes many pages ahead. More likely, the text was meant as authority and aide memoire for respected leaders of the flock who could read solfege and with lusty voices sing to the greater glory of God, if not necessarily to the musical delight of each other. While we today find His ways beyond all human understanding, in mysterious ways God, through His deputies, clearly did bless this Information Transfer Process. But let us leave theology and return to bibliography. Some landmarks of printing are breathtaking: their historic mission is clear. The Gutenberg Bibles come to mind. This ninth Bay Psalm Book falls at the other end of the spectrum. Like its predecessors and, successors, it is fat and fragile in 12s, signed A-S, with 440 pages.(3) This is a book that bibliographers would kill to tear apart to study many interesting questions.(4) (Rare book curators would murder them if they tried and likely be acquitted.) A six-leaf appendix was added in 1699 and is seen in both surviving copies.(5) The music was printed from sixty-three wood blocks, each barely three-eighths of an inch high and just under two inches long, for the treble and bass of each of thirteen tunes. These were spread over eleven pages at the end of the last gathering, usually six staves to a page but once five and once seven. The treble and bass for the same music thus sometimes turn up on different pages. Whoever took care of the imposition probably used makeshift furniture and was likely musically illiterate. Sight-reading was probably never intended: after all, the words were on still different pages. Solmization syllables (the letters m, f, s, and l) below the music are set in movable type. All told, analytical bibliographers cannot be very happy describing the book's production. Nor do we know much about the distribution. It was available from Michael Perry, "under the west-end of the Town House" in Boston. A press run of several hundred copies seems a fair guess.(6) The ninth edition is far less famous than the first, but it is also far scarcer. Two copies survive, both with evidence of their early owners: at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, signed by William Davis in 1712, and at the Massachusetts Historical Society in Boston, signed by Benjamin Dolbeare in 1725.(7) Of the early inventories of the Mather personal collections, none of them mention our 1698 book. …


There is much to admire in Chris Guthrie's paper, Misjudging, which appears earlier in this journal issue. By summarizing research on how judges make mistakes, and providing categories for the analysis of the types of mistakes they make - through informational, cognitive, and attitudinal blinders - he provides an intellectual prism through which to study what trial lawyers have always known: judges are human and possess the same foibles as the rest of us. Of course, those of us who have tried cases before them have often wondered whether their black robes and elevated bench, watching folks rise as they enter, and hearing themselves called "your honor" might exacerbate universal human failings by increasing the ingredient of self-importance.Despite my admiration for Professor Guthrie's providing empirical and experimental backing for what the trial bar has largely assumed, I think the studies he cites and his conclusions are misleading in four different dimensions. Moreover, in my view, he does not show sufficient appreciation of the value of the traditional trial system to American democracy and to ADR, nor sufficient understanding of the American trial bar and why it eschews or embraces trials for certain cases. I will begin with the four dimesions in which I think Guthrie shortchanges reality, and then put it a plug - which I deeply believe - for our formal civil justice system.


Background: Research on spending persistence has not focused on Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (Medicaid/CHIP), which includes a complex and growing population. Objective of the Study: The objective of the study was to describe patterns of expenditure persistence, mortality, and disenrollment among nondually eligible Medicaid/CHIP enrollees and identify factors predicting these outcomes. Research Design: The study is based on New Jersey Medicaid/CHIP claims data from 2011 to 2014. Descriptive and multinomial regression methods were used to characterize persistently extreme spenders, defined as those appearing in the top 1% of statewide spending every year, according to demographics, Medicaid/CHIP eligibility, nursing facility residence, patient risk scores, and clinical diagnostic categories measured in 2011. Similar analyses were done for persistently high spenders (ie, always in the top 10% but not always top 1%) as well as decedents, disenrollees, and moderate spenders (ie, at least 1 year outside of the top 10%). Subjects: Nondually eligible NJ Medicaid/CHIP enrollees in 2011. Results: One fourth of extreme spenders in 2011 remained in that category throughout 2011–2014. Almost all (89.3%) of the persistently extreme spenders were aged, blind, or disabled. Within the aged, blind, or disabled population, the strongest predictors of persistently extreme spending were diagnoses involving developmental disability, HIV/AIDS, central nervous system conditions, psychiatric disorders, type 1 diabetes, and renal conditions. Individuals in nursing facilities and those with very high risk scores were more likely to die or have persistently high spending than to have persistently extreme spending. Conclusions: The study highlights unique features of spending persistence within Medicaid/CHIP and provides methodological contributions to the broader persistence literature.


Summary 1. Pathogen transmission from open net-pen aquaculture facilities can depress sympatric wild fish populations. However, little is known about the effects of pathogen transmission from farmed fish on species interactions or other ecosystem components. Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch smolts are susceptible hosts to the parasitic salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis as well as a primary predator of juvenile pink Oncorhynchus gorbuscha salmon, a major host species for lice. 2. We used a hierarchical model of stock-recruit dynamics to compare coho salmon population dynamics across a region that varies in salmon louse infestation of juvenile coho and their pink salmon prey. 3. During a period of recurring salmon louse infestations in a region of open net-pen salmon farms, coho salmon productivity (recruits per spawner at low spawner abundance) was depressed approximately sevenfold relative to unexposed populations. Alternate hypotheses for the observed difference in productivity, such as declines in coho prey, perturbations to freshwater habitat or stochasticity, are unlikely to explain this pattern. 4. Lice parasitizing juvenile coho salmon were likely to be trophically transmitted during predation on parasitized juvenile pink salmon as well as directly transmitted from salmon farms. 5. Synthesis and applications. The finding that species interactions may cause the effects of pathogen transmission from farmed to wild fish to propagate up a marine food web has important conservation implications: (i) the management of salmon aquaculture should consider and account for species interactions and the potential for these interactions to intensify pathogen transmission from farmed to wild fish, (ii) the ecosystem impact of louse transmission from farmed to wild salmon has likely to have been previously underestimated and (iii) comprehensive monitoring of wild salmon and their population dynamics in areas of intensive salmon aquaculture should be a priority to determine if open net-pen salmon aquaculture is ecologically sustainable.


Objectives We aimed to develop a simple protocol for deriving insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). We established a 2-step creation method and an acceleration strategy with a histone deacetylase inhibitor that promoted a pro–endocrine pancreatic lineage. Methods We seeded ADSCs in 96-well dishes and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F12 medium containing 1% fetal bovine serum, 1% B27 supplement, 1% N2 supplement, 50-ng/mL human activin A, and 10-nM exendin-4 for step 1 of differentiation (7 days). Then 10-mM nicotinamide and 50-ng/mL human hepatocyte growth factor, with or without 1 mM histone deacetylase inhibitor, were added for step 2 of differentiation (14 days). After the 2-step differentiation was complete, cell morphology, immunohistochemistry, messenger RNA expression, and function were investigated. Results Our new differentiation protocol with the histone deacetylase inhibitor significantly accelerated IPC differentiation compared with the conventional protocol without the histone deacetylase inhibitor (median, 21.6 vs 38.8 days; P < 0.05). It also improved the islet morphology score (P < 0.05) and the glucose stimulation index (3.1). Conclusions By applying our new and easy 2-step protocol using a histone deacetylase inhibitor, ADSCs may be an effective cell source for differentiation of IPCs.


Author(s): Balfanz, Robert; Byrnes, Vaughan; Fox, Joanna | Abstract: This study is based upon a longitudinal analysis of data for a cohort of 181,897 Florida state students who were first time 9th graders in the 2000-01 school year and follows them trough to high school and post-secondary outcomes. Analysis of 9th grade suspension data finds that black students, students who are economically disadvantaged, and special education students are three demographics subgroups that are disproportionately suspended, both in the frequency of suspensions and the duration in number of school days lost. While poverty and ethnicity are themselves highly correlated, poverty alone does not explain the disproportionate suspension rates amongst black students. Further analyses show that out-of-school suspensions in the 9th grade year are also significantly and negatively correlated to later high school graduation as well as post-secondary enrollment and persistence. Thus demographic disparities in disciplinary incidents serve to further widen any academic achievement gaps. Closer analysis though shows though that disciplinary incidents are interrelated with other of indicators of student disengagement from school, such as course failures and absenteeism. Therefore, policies seeking to address these issues cannot focus on reducing suspensions alone, but must also address student attendance and course passing in a comprehensive and systematic manner.


We present a framework for deciding when to choose an alternative to passively investing in capitalization-weighted indices within any particular asset class. Five reasons are identified for seeking an alternative. Three of these reflect situations where a capitalization-weighted index is either unavailable or unsuitable, while the other two relate to expectations that active management can outperform the index. We highlight the need to shift the debate over active versus passive investing towards a broader discussion that takes into account aspects such as differences across investors and the efficacy of the index itself. Our key message is that the best way to structure asset class portfolios is likely to depend on the circumstances.


In that paper, experiences of three East and Central European country: Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary, in establishing new institution and prices in, irrigation system, have been analyzed. First, emerging new agents is identified in that system. Specially, Water Users Associations with new role in integration and water management should be mentioned. It is also analyzed new liberal price system, government subsidies as mush as new forms of financing. Researching experiences of these counties are the very significant for the countries on less level of transition path, including Serbia.


expenditure, but more serious is the risk of cofusion and error in the case of nurses handling prescription cards with which they may be unfiLar. Today hospital medicine sheets are used by nurses at each medicine round and need to be devised with due consideration to the work of the nurse in addition to the preferences of the doctor and the pharmacist Reasonable rules, regulations, and recommendations about prescription sheets in hospitals have come from various bodies, and the desirable features these sheets should incorporate are no longer subjects of controversy, debate, or individual whim. For many years the armed Services have operated with a standard system of medical records which, being already in existence, is used without objectiom It is questionable whether civilian practice can continue to afford the doubtful luxury of indulging idiosyncrasies in a matter on which the life and death of a patient may depend.-I am, etc.,


This paper considers a group of drogues whose objective is to estimate the physical parameters that determine the dynamics of ocean nonlinear internal waves. Internal waves are important in oceanography because, as they travel, they are capable of displacing small animals, such as plankton, larva, and fish. These waves are described by models that employ trigonometric functions parameterized by a set of constants such as amplitude, wavenumber, and temporal frequency. While underwater, individual drogues do not have access to absolute position information and only rely on inter-drogue measurements. Building on this data and the study of the drogue dynamics under the flow induced by the internal wave, we design two strategies, referred to as the Vanishing Derivative Method and the Passing Wave Method, that are able to determine the wavenumber and the speed ratio. Either of these strategies can be employed in the Parameter Determination Strategy to determine all the remaining wave parameters. We analyze the correctness of the proposed strategies and discuss their robustness against different sources of error. Simulations illustrate the algorithm performance under noisy measurements as well as the effect of different initial drogue configurations.


Mullite- corundum ceramic was fabricated using bauxite and silica fume as raw materials by gel-casting process. The fluidity of the slurry, as well as strength, apparent porosity, pore size distribution, phase composition and microstructure of sintered specimen were studied. The results showed that: the slurry had low viscosity, good fluidity for casting if pH=9, dispersant 0.33wt% and solid content 60vol%; the strength of material came up to 165MPa even if the apparent porosity was about 30%; the samples were characterized by mullite 70%, corundum 22%, rutile 3%, glass phase only 5%, the size of majority grains was about 2μm, and most crystals with high melting point bonded directly; the average aperture was 264nm, the pore size distribution were divided into 2~30nm, 45~60nm and 1500~4000nm three regions. The distribution probability of nano- aperture was the largest, the volume of micron -aperture was the maximum, but all pores were less than 4μm in diameter, which suggested that the materials had micro porous characteristics. The microcrystalline, crystals combined directly and micro porous structure leaded to high strength of the refractory materials together.


Guiding the interaction of single cells acting as partners in heterotypic interactions (e.g., effectors and targets of immune lysis) and monitoring the outcome of these interactions are regarded as crucial biomedical achievements. In this study, taking advantage of a dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based Laboratory-on-a-chip platform (the DEPArray), we show that it is possible to generate closed DEP cages entrapping CTLs and NK cells as either single cells or clusters; reversibly immobilize a single virus-presenting or tumor cell within the chip at a selected position; move cages and their content to predetermined spatial coordinates by software-guided routing; force a cytotoxic effector to physically interact with a putative target within a secluded area by merging their respective cages; generate cages containing effector and target cells at predetermined E:T ratios; accurately assess cytotoxicity by real-time quantitation of the release kinetics of the fluorescent dye calcein from target cells (>50 lytic events may be tested simultaneously); estimate end points of calcein release within 16 min of initial E:T cell contact; simultaneously deliver Ab-based phenotyping and on-chip lysis assessment; and identify lytic and nonlytic E:T combinations and discriminate nonlytic effector phenotypes from target refractoriness to immune lysis. The proof of principle is provided that DEPArray technology, previously used to levitate and move single cells, can be used to identify highly lytic antiviral CTLs and tumor cells that are particularly refractory to NK cell lysis. These findings are of primary interest in targeted immunotherapy.


Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations is applied to investigate the simultaneous effect of rarefaction and wall force field on the heat conduction characteristics of nano-confined rarefied argon gas. The interactive thermal wall model is used to specify the desired temperature on the walls while the Irving– Kirkwood expression is implemented for calculating the heat flux. It is observed that as the temperature differences between the walls increases by lowering the temperature of the cold wall, the number of adsorbed gas atoms on the cold wall increases notably due to the increment in the residence time of the gas atoms. Consequently, the interfacial thermal resistance between the gas and the cold wall reduces which results in a reduction of the temperature jump. Meanwhile, the increase in the temperature of the hot wall leads to a reduction of the residence time of gas atoms in the near-wall region which decreases the number of absorbed gas atoms on the hot wall. This results in an increase in interfacial thermal resistance which leads to a higher temperature jump. It is observed that the bulk, wall force field and interface regions form approximately 10%, 45% and 45% of the total thermal resistance, respectively. Furthermore, unlike the interfacial thermal resistance, the bulk and the wall force field thermal resistance are approximately independent of the implemented temperature difference.


BACKGROUND Histologic examination of tissue is the foundation of Mohs micrographic surgery because determination of surgical margins influences whether additional tissue will be taken. Currently, there is no large focused study comparing toluidine blue (TB) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains in the evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). OBJECTIVE This study evaluates whether TB and H&E are comparable in assessing the presence of tumor in frozen sections of SCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred eighty-six randomized slides representing 93 tissue pieces from 36 tumors were examined by 3 Mohs surgeons (1 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education fellow and 2 fellowship-trained surgeons) and compared using a template that documented the presence and location of tumor on the slides. RESULTS The evaluation of SCC with H&E and TB stains was highly concordant, with concordant identification of SCC in 96%, 96%, and 94% of tissue layers among the 3 Mohs surgeons ARS, LHG, and AK-A, respectively. CONCLUSION Toluidine blue and H&E stains are statistically similar in their ability to detect SCC and guide Mohs surgical decision-making.