In September 2010 the National Trust commissioned Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) to undertake a desk-based assessment as part of a planning application for a hedge maze at Speke Hall, Merseyside (NGR SJ 4209 8244). The Speke estate pre-dates the Norman Conquest and there are heritage assets dating to the prehistoric, Romano-British, medieval, and post-medieval periods in the near vicinity of the proposed development area. Following the results of the desk-based assessment and accompanying geophysical survey the National Trust provided a detailed brief and requested that OA North prepare a project design for an archaeological watching brief during ground works associated with the establishment of the maze. OA North were subsequently commissioned to undertake the watching brief. This work was intended to mitigate potential negative impacts upon four sites identified within the development area during the desk-based assessment. These were a field boundary of Lower Orchard (Site 25), an agricultural building in Lower Orchard (Site 26), the Home Farm trackway (Site 27), and a field boundary of Higher Orchard (Site 28). The potential for prehistoric remains, and medieval remains relating to the use of the area as demesne farmland for the hall, was also identified.


How does student writing in the areas of organization, voice, and/or ideas improve with involvement in technology rich instruction? Beginning and end of year middle school student writing samples from two matched schools in the same district were collected and analyzed for changes in organization, voice, and ideas. One school was believed to offer technology rich language arts instruction because of a special project called "The Movie Project" in which all students were involved. The other school offered a more traditional language arts curriculum. It was found that changes in achievement did occur but not in predicted directions. Likewise, the traditional curriculum was not necessarily void of technology use. ********** Increasing student achievement in core school subject areas is of critical importance to most educators, parents, and communities. To achieve this end, many parents and other community members want schools to adhere to a traditional curriculum yet not present lessons in a dull and rote manner (What Parents Expect, Winter 1995/96). Legislators, on the other hand, appear to be most concerned with student mastery of content identified in state standards and measured via state tests. How this learning is to occur is not pre-specified, unless one connects the push with standards with the push for technology in schools. When these two funded initiatives are connected, one may presume that technology is the magic cure for increasing student learning. If this is true, educators have the choice of utilizing technology to deliver and support instruction which minors traditional practice or developing new instructional units which harness the power of technology, yet focus on student mastery of content and development of higher order thinking skills. The authors of this study examined changes in writing achievement between two groups of middle school students. One group experienced a traditional language arts curriculum. The other participated in a more technology rich curriculum including a specially designed unit entitled "Movie Project" which fully integrated technology use and language arts content. A description of the sample, methodology and findings will be presented later in this article. It will include descriptions of the two curriculums, the "Movie Project," and changes in student writing. But first, attention will be briefly focused on what the literature tells us about technology's impact on both student learning and student learning in middle school language arts. Review of Literature The literature is both divided and mute in respect to the impact technology has on student learning. Lemke and Sweeney (1999), in their review of technology research report on Wenglinsky's Educational Testing Service Study, found that when computers are used to minor traditional practice and teach lower-order thinking skills (i.e. replacing paper and pencil worksheets with computer based drill and practice programs) student achievement drops. Conversely, at least in eighth grade mathematics classes, it was found that "use of computers to teach higher-order thinking skills is positively related" (Lemke & Sweeney, 1999, p. 37) to increases in math achievement. Robelen (1999, p. 1) reports that "critics argue that little substantive research establishes a clear link between technology and improved student learning." Coley, Cradler, and Engel (1999) state "evaluations of educational technology are really evaluations of instruction enabled by technology, and the outcomes are highly dependent on the implementation of the instructional design" (p. 3). Robelen (1999, p. 1) appears to agree saying: Pockets of innovation exist where emerging technologies have played a significant role in helping to transform the way teaching and learning occur. Through new technologies, teachers have been reenergized, student motivation to learn has increased, and parents have become more engaged in their children's learning. …


Construction industry is one of the main pillars of the economy of Hong Kong. Over the
years, Hong Kong construction industry has earned a reputation for the rapid construction of quality high-rise first class building. It is a common practice of the main contractors to
sublet most of their works to subcontractors in the HK building projects. The percentage
gross value of main contract work performed by subcontractors increased from 57 per
cent to 67 per cent during 1981 to 2005 according to government statistics for 2006
(Census and Statistics Department, 2007). It is anticipated that more numbers of
subcontractors would be involved due to the rapid development of high-rise buildings in
the last decade. As a result, the role of the main contractor has been gradually
transformed from a constructor to a manager of subcontractors of the projects. The
performance of the subcontractors is one of the most important factors governing project
performance.
In recent years, there are increasing complaints from subcontractors that they cannot
performance effectively and efficiently due to poor site coordination by main contractors.
An average of 35.10 per cent of productivity wasted due to site coordination problems
caused by main contractors was stated by the respondents of a questionnaire survey. The
aim of this thesis is to formulate relationships in terms of multiple regression equations to
explain how the performance of subcontractors is affected by the critical site coordination
problems caused by main contractors, and to develop framework to improve site
coordination. [Continues.]


LORD Corporation's Active Vibration Control Systems (AVCS) using Circular Force Generators (CFG) can provide significant improvements in vibration reduction, weight, power, and modularity over existing helicopter vibration control systems. The AVCS allows for a modular design approach both in hardware where a mixture of accelerometer types and CFG design variants can be used, as well as, in software where tuning of the system is done through the use of Parameter Data Item Files. CFGs allow for the production of diverse force shapes at a significantly lower weight than traditional linear force generators. The CFGs also require low power with significant reduction in power over a broad frequency range with good applicability for variable rotor speed helicopters. Laboratory based experiments show that AVC with circular force inputs can produce similar or improved vibratory reduction both in steady state and transient conditions.


Abstract Since 1998, non-state actors have had access to submit an 'amicus curiae' brief to the WTO DSM. Like other forms of non-state actor involvement in the WTO, amicus curiae access has been controversial. Despite this controversy, non-state actors have made use of this access and submitted amicus curiae briefs. This article asks: What has come of these briefs once they are submitted and what explains how amicus are treated by the DSM? This article empirically maps amici in all disputes from 1998 (after amicus access was first recognized) through 2014, arguing that amicus access is conditioned by a combination of political and legal constraints faced by the WTO panels and AB. In particular, whether the content of an amicus is considered hinges on it having the endorsement of a disputing party and whether its consideration interferes with the WTO DSM's reputation for coherence. In all, these findings have implications for the debate over whether amicus curiae access is good or bad news for the WTO and non-state actor involvement.


In the case of some agricultural investments, often net cash flow changes its sign from positive to negative, many times during the project. It causes the problem of internal rate of return calculation, which is an important indicator of economic effectiveness of investments. That is, in such situations, internal rate of return cannot be used. To solve this problem, modified rate of return is applied. This paper aimed to describe this method in detail, and to show its calculation for investments in pigs fattening. By application of modified internal rate of return it is determined that pigs fattening, under assumed conditions, is economically justified. Also, authors calculated the upper limit of discount rate (cost of capital), to which investment in pigs fattening is economically justified. It is concluded that, in the case of specific agricultural investments (such as pigs fattening), the use of traditional internal rate of return could give the wrong image on actual rate of return on investments.


Voting algorithms are used to provide an error masking capability in a wide range of highly dependable commercial & research applications. These applications include N-Modular Redundant hardware systems and diversely designed software systems based on N-Version Programming. The most sophisticated & complex algorithms can even tolerate malicious (or Byzantine) subsystem errors. The algorithms can be implemented in hardware or software depending on the characteristics of the application, and the type of voter selected. Many voting algorithms have been defined in the literature, each with particular strengths and weaknesses. Having surveyed more than 70 references from the literature, a functional classification is used in this paper to provide taxonomy of those voting algorithms used in safety-critical applications. We classify voters into three categories: generic, hybrid, and purpose-built voters. Selected algorithms of each category are described, for illustrative purposes, and application areas proposed. Approaches to the comparison of algorithm behavior are also surveyed. These approaches compare the acceptability of voter behavior based on either statistical considerations (e.g., number of successes, number of benign or catastrophic results), or probabilistic computations (e.g., probability of choosing correct value in each voting cycle or average mean square error) during q voting cycles.


Abstract:For seven decades, Theatre Journal's broad array of scholarly articles and reviews has earned it an international reputation as one of the most authoritative and useful publications of theatre studies available today. Drawing contributions from noted practitioners and scholars, Theatre Journal features social and historical studies, production reviews, and theoretical inquiries that analyze dramatic texts and production. Theatre Journal is an official publication of the Association for Theatre in Higher Education (ATHE).


In 1990, the University of California Press published Blake Set to Music: A Bibliography of Musical Settings of the Poems and Prose of William Blake, compiled by Donald Fitch. This bibliography lists 1412 pieces up to 1988. "Blake Set to Music: Supplement 2001" by Fitch appeared in Blake 35.2 (fall 2001): 40-61. The following list contains pieces of music written after Fitch's bibliographies were published or, in a few cases, compositions written before their publication that were not mentioned therein.


KEY POINTS: • While the formation of the intertidal shoal Hinderplaat was a direct consequence of a human intervention, its degradation was a natural response of the system to frequent hydrodynamic forcing conditions. • Tidal currents push the Hinderplaat in offshore direction, but this is counteracted by waves: these generate cross-shore and longshore currents on the shoal, inducing its landward migration and southward spreading. • Extreme discharge events provide a significant contribution to channel formation on the Hinderplaat by generating initial local breaches that are enhanced by regular tidal flows. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:Ebb-tidal deltas (ETDs) evolve constantly under the influence of natural processes and anthropogenic activities. The Haringvliet ETD in the Southwest of the Netherlands is an extreme example of the latter: closing off the estuary in 1970 triggered a regime shift, completely altering the evolution of the ETD. Initially, the coastnormal sandy shoals evolved towards a narrow coast-parallel intertidal spit: the Hinderplaat. Subsequently, this tidal flat breached around 1995. Thereafter, the flat eroded continuously while sediment was transported from the flat towards the coast. Previous research with the aim to understand the morphological development of the Haringvliet ETD has provided insights into the processes that are responsible for the large morphological changes directly after the construction of the Haringvliet Barrier. The processes driving the observed ongoing erosion and flattening of the Hinderplaat are however still poorly studied and understood. Therefore in this research, the underlying mechanisms are investigated and linked with anthropogenic interferences and meteorologicalevents. To this end, a combination of data analysis and numerical simulations is applied. In an analysis of singlebeam bathymetry measurements (gathered in the Vaklodingen dataset), the development of the subtidal shoreface and the intertidal area of the Hinderplaat was explored. In general, the degradation of the Hinderplaat can be divided into three developments: (1) a landward migration since its formation, (2) a lowering since 1992 after a period of significant heightening and (3) a breach and channel formation in 1995, after which the shoal spread and merged with other shoals. A depth-averaged (2DH) Delft3D model is used to explore the mechanisms behind these developments and to reveal the relative importance of the tidal-, river discharge-, wind-, surge- and wave-forcing driving the flow and sediment transport in the ETD. The first two developments (landward migration and lowering) occurred gradually, hence they were possibly a response of the system to the regular hydrodynamic forcing. Various simulations with a wide range of forcing-scenarios are performed to evaluate this. The third development(breaching) was observed in the same year an extreme discharge had occurred. A morphodynamic hindcast is performed to study the link between the two. Model results indicate that the landward migration of the Hinderplaat was induced by regular wave action from WNW to NNE direction. Such wave conditions generate cross-shore transport over the shoal in eastern direction. This counteracts the effect of the tide, that enhances (much smaller) residual transport rates in seaward direction. Furthermore, breaking waves generate longshore transport along the Hinderplaat, with the highest transport rates at its southern end. This resulted in its spreading in southern direction and lowering of the highest part of the shoal. In addition, a correlation is found between the sudden increase in height of the Hinderplaat before the degradation and the construction of the Slufter. Considering the abundant transport rates from the Slufterdam towards the shoal, it is concluded that the port extension served as an important sediment source directly after construction. However, the sediment supply might have decreased in subsequent years. The hindcast simulation confirms that breaching of the shoal was a direct consequence of the high discharge event of February 1995: the strong offshore directed currents created an initial channel which was later on maintained by the tide. Wind-driven currents are very effective in generating residual flow patterns at the shoreface in front of the Hinderplaat. Besides, both the wind and surge act as important amplifiers for the sediment transport rates on top of the shoal. However, waves are indispensable for the morphological changes of the study area as the other hydrodynamic drivers are hardly capable of generating sediment transport by themselves. Concluding, it is undoubted that the formation and thereby existence of the Hinderplaat is a direct consequence of the man-made closure of the Haringvliet estuary. However, its degradation (lowering, landward migration, breaching and further spreading) is a response of the system to the natural hydrodynamic forcing. Therefore, this evolution can be considered as part of the intrinsic behaviour of the shoal that is independent of human interventions in the former estuary.


In Britain, the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act has revolutionized the regulation of party finance after several half-hearted failures at attempted reform. In France, a series of high-profile corruption scandals in the 1980s and 1990s provoked a bout of 'legislative incontinence' – resulting in over eight laws in seven years, which profoundly transformed the regime regulating party finance. The comparative analysis of reforms in each country presented here questions the utility of crude 'constitutional engineering' theories, and the notion of party system 'cartelization' by major parties, neither of which offers a wholly convincing account of the paths of reform in Britain and France. It explores the use of new institutionalist theories as a comparative framework and concludes that these provide a cogent explanation for the alternative paths taken by each country with party finance regulation.


Quality of experience (QoE) is an important, and admittedly overloaded, concept for the emerging IPTV services. Service providers are continuously working towards delivering a better TV experience. To this effect, cost-effective and scalable tools are highly desirable for QoE monitoring, diagnostics and reporting. In this paper, we demonstrate that the RTP Control Protocol and its network tomography extensions can satisfy the needs of the providers in collecting and reporting both detailed and summarized information using several numerical examples based on real-life scenarios.


Abstract Absorption of a slowly digestible peptide, oligo-L-methionine (OM), added to a low casein diet was faster than absorption of OM added to a low soybean protein isolate diet in early stages of feeding in chronic portal-cannulated rats. In the present study, the gastric digestion of 14C-labeled OM in rats fed a casein-based diet was higher than that in rats fed an soybean protein isolate-based diet 30 min and 3 hr after feeding. In rats with chronic bile-pancreatic juice diversion from the proximal small intestine, the higher gastric solubilization of OM in the stomach of the casein group was also observed, but the contents of soluble digest of OM in the stomach were lower than those in the normal rats. The portal absorption of OM in the casein group was higher than in the soybean protein isolate group both 30 min and 4 hr after feeding in the bile-pancreatic juice-diverted rats, and the difference of the portal absorption between the diet groups corresponded to the difference of the amount of solubilized OM in the upper small intestine; this, in turn, depends on pepsin digestion in the stomach. These findings suggest that the difference between the two diet groups in the ability to digest OM in the stomach can at least partly explain the higher portal absorption of OM in the casein group in the early stages of feeding. [P.S.E.B.M. 1993, Vol 202]


Traditional fading mitigation techniques are designed relative to the worst-case channel conditions, resulting in a poor utilization of the spectrum and the available power a good percentage of the time. In contrast, we introduce and investigate in this paper new adaptive modulation and diversity combining techniques that jointly select the most appropriate constellation size and the most suitable diversity branches in response to the channel variation and given a desired bit error rate (BER) requirement. Numerical results show that these newly proposed adaptive modulation and combining schemes can reduce considerably the average receiver channel estimation complexity as well as the power drain from the battery while offering high spectral efficiency and satisfying the desired outage probability and BER requirements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract In this work biodegradation of some Turkish lignite coals by Streptomyces setonii 75 Vi2 in submerged batch cultures was investigated. The effects of coal type, particle size, preoxidation of coal by HNO3, and the starting pH of the microbial culture on solubilization were investigated. It was observed that coal samples that contain the highest amount of lignin solubilize most extensively. The smaller particle size coals solubilize more, and solubilization appears to occur at the external surface of the coal. Under favorable conditions liquid product yields as high as 40% by weight can be achieved.


As social media platforms have become a staple news source for many EU citizens, we model repurposed Eurobarometer data from 27 EU member states to explore the possible polarising effects of social media use on public opinion about European integration. In a first step, we investigate whether social media use is correlated with decreased trust in the EU. In a second step, we probe the link between social media news consumption, fake news and polarisation by expanding the cross-sectional analysis with EU level analyses of the interaction between social media use and fake news. Our research paper finds no significant correlation between social media use and increased Euroscepticism at either step. We argue that this lack of significant social media effects at the aggregate level is an argument for why future research on social media effects should incorporate measures of these effects at both the individual and societal level. Thus, while our study focuses on a European context, it holds important lessons for future social media research outside of Europe too.


OBJECTIVE
To document the progression of disease after an unloading procedure when combined with arthroscopic debridement to treat osteochondrosis (OC) lesions affecting the medial humeral condyle in juvenile dogs without medial compartment disease.

STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS
Dogs with medial humeral condyle OC (n = 6).

METHODS
Dogs with medial humeral condyle OC (9 elbows) were treated by arthroscopic debridement of the OC lesion and sliding humeral osteotomy (SHO). Outcomes were assessed by radiography (n = 9), 2nd-look arthroscopy (9) and clinical examination including lameness assessment (9) at 18-28 months after surgery.

RESULTS
Seven elbows had marked progression of pathology affecting the medial compartment, 5 elbows developed subsequent fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna [FMCP], 2 elbows had fibrocartilaginous infill of the humeral defect without development of coronoid pathology.

CONCLUSION
This limited case series suggests that medial compartment disease develops despite unloading of the medial compartment using a distal diaphyseal SHO in juvenile dogs with OC.


Within the literature, there are a number of studies investigating the benefits of exhaust gas recirculation, and as a result it has become established as a promising technology for combustion control to allow engine downsizing technology to be advanced. Aside from the dilution effect of exhaust gas recirculation, some of the components, such as NO, CO, and hydrocarbons, can have significant chemical effects. The literature shows that the component within exhaust gas recirculation which has the largest chemical effect on combustion is NO, which can promote or inhibit the onset of autoignition causing reactions within the end gas at high load. The reduction in NOx gases in catalysed exhaust gas recirculation can increase the knock limit at high load, with some authors reporting up to a 5∘ crank angle improvement in combustion phasing. There is conflicting evidence on whether this translates to an improvement in fuel consumption, with one study finding a decrease of up to 2% comparing to another finding an increase of 1.5%-3.5%. Crude calculations on the emissions of a 2.0-L direct injection spark ignition engine operating at high load show that in an extreme case the reduction in the calorific value of the inlet charge due to catalysis of the recirculated gases can be up to 4.5%. Despite the potential benefits, the literature on catalysed exhaust gas recirculation is fairly limited and the evidence seems so far inconclusive as to whether this technology may have the potential to further enhance the benefits of exhaust gas recirculation. This article uses current literature to ascertain the potential benefits of catalysed exhaust gas recirculation, compare to pre-catalyst exhaust gas recirculation, and investigates its individual components in more detail to explain how chemical interactions can either promote or inhibit ignition depending on their concentration and temperature.


The kinetics of homogeneous reactions are important in understanding the cooling history of rocks and in understanding experimental speciation data. We have experimentally studied the kinetics of the interconversion reaction between HrO molecules and OH groups in natural rhyolitic glasses (0.5-2.3o/o total water) and a synthetic albitic glass (lolo total water) at 400-600 "C. The reaction rate increases with temperature and total water content. Equilibrium is not always approached monotonically; the speciation may first depart from equilibrium and then come back to equilibrium. Experimental reaction rates agtee with those inferred from previous speciation data of rhyolitic glasses quenched from 850 "C. The experimenlal data are modeled successfully by considering both the reaction and the difihsion of OH that brings OH groups together to react. This study shows that species concentrations in glasses quenched from <600 'C reflect those at experimental temperatures unless the water content is higher than that used in the present study. Species concentrations in glasses with total water contents =0.8 wto/o and which were rapidly quenched in water from 850 "C do not represent their equilibrium concentrations in the melt at 850 "C, but record a lower apparent equilibrium temperature that depends on water content and quench rate. Natural rhyolitic glasses and glass inclusions do not record preeruptive melt speciation, though total water content may be conserved. The experimental data are used to infer cooling rates for natural obsidian glasses. Pyroclastic glass fragments from the bb site of Mono Craters have cooling rates similar to air-cooled experimental charges (-3 "C/s). Different types of glasses from the Mono Craters have different cooling rates, which cover four orders of magnitude. Some natural obsidians appear to have had complex cooling histories. The wide range of cooling rates and thermal histories is consistent with previous inferences that some obsidian clasts at the Mono Craters formed as glass selvages lining volcanic conduits or dikes that were subsequently caught up in the explosive eruption, which led to variable degrees of transient heating followed by rapid cooling and deposition. These experimental data reveal surprisingly rtch detail in water speciation in volcanic glasses and show how, at least in principle, quantitative constraints on thermal histories can be extracted by experimentation and application of kinetic models.


The author's original state-space learning system (based on a probabilistic performance measure clustered in feature space) was effective in optimizing parameterized linear evaluation functions. However, more accurate probability estimates would allow stabilization in cases of strong feature interactions. To attain this accuracy and stability, a second level of learning is added, a genetic (parallel) algorithm which supervises multiple activations of the original system. This scheme is aided by the probability clusters themselves. These structures are intermediate between the detailed performance statistics and the more general heuristic, and they estimate an absolute quantity independently of one another. Consequently the system allows both credit localization at this mediating level of knowledge and feature interaction at the derived heuristic level. Early experimental results have been encouraging. As predicted by the analysis, stability is very good.


Recent neuroimaging studies allowed us to explore abnormal brain structures and interhemispheric connectivity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Behavioral researchers have long reported that children with CP exhibit suboptimal performance in different cognitive domains (e.g., receptive and expressive language skills, reading, mental imagery, spatial processing, subitizing, math, and executive functions). However, there has been very limited cross-domain research involving these two areas of scientific inquiry. To stimulate such research, this perspective paper proposes some possible neurological mechanisms involved in the cognitive delays and impairments in children with CP. Additionally, the paper examines the ways motor and sensorimotor experience during the development of these neural substrates could enable more optimal development for children with CP. Understanding these developmental mechanisms could guide more effective interventions to promote the development of both sensorimotor and cognitive skills in children with CP.


Wavelength drift caused by thermal transients is a major problem in optical routers which use semiconductor tunable lasers for packet switching. Wavelength drift is induced by the temperature variations in laser sections caused by switching of the tuning currents. A thermal model is used to analyze the optical frequency drifts due to the thermal characteristics of the laser chip and its mount. We investigate the impact of thermal effects on switching behavior of a three-section distributed Bragg reflector laser and show numerically that the wavelength drift can be counteracted by using precompensation of passive section currents. Results from numerical simulation show that the wavelength drifts can be suppressed by more than 80%.


Financing satellite projects has always been a challenging endeavour for companies given the high costs of procuring, launching, and operating satellites and high risks associated with space activities. Especially in challenging economic environments, non-traditional structures allowing cost- and risk-sharing are bound to raise the interest of the satellite industry as well as government entities looking for timely access to key satellite capacity. The 'hosted payload' concept appears to make a compelling business case for all participants involved. Commercial partners are attracted by the prospect of reducing their capital expenditures and increasing their revenue, while governments can benefit from significant cost savings, shorter planning and implementation cycles, and timely delivery of services. This article presents an overview of how the concept of hosted payloads is currently implemented in the satellite industry, including via private-public arrangements, discusses the role hosted payload arrangements can play in satellite financing, and analyses several key elements of typical hosted payload agreements from a bankability perspective.


Light to moderate exercise has been associated with an increase in immune function and reduced risk of infectious diseases. Conversely, heavy exercise has been implicated in suppression of many immune parameters and a concomitant increased risk of infectious diseases. Infections can result in lost training time and negatively affect the performance of the elite athlete. Exercising during an infection can also increase the risk of secondary complications, such as viral myocarditis and post-viral fatigue syndrome. In addition to immunosuppression, other factors responsible for increased infection rates among athletes are close bodily contact with other people during training and competition, and environmental factors during the pursuit of sporting activities that increase exposure to pathogens. Although there is a generally higher risk of infection among athletes compared to the general population, some sports are associated with a particularly high risk for certain infections. These are skin infections in rugby and wrestling, infections of the foot in long-distance runners, and ear infections in those involved in water sports. Upper respiratory tract infections are the most frequently reported disability among all athletes and are the cause of more lost training days than all other infections put together. Transmission of blood-borne pathogens, although very uncommon in the athletic setting, are the cause of the most serious infections an athlete may develop. When considering the negative impact of infections on performance, it seems prudent that athletes use interventions to decrease the immunosuppressive effects of heavy exercise, and to minimize exposure to pathogens as far as practically possible. Management of the infected athlete is especially important if there is to be a speedy return to full training, and if the incidence of a relapse or secondary complications are to be minimized.


In this contribution we schematically summarize a number of ongoing, coordinated spectro-photometric projects devoted to the study of the stellar population properties in ω Cen. All of these investigations are part of a global comprehensive project led by our team to address the complex formation history of stars in this cluster.


The semantic search over ontologies allows user to retrieve more relevant results comparing with ordinary keyword based search systems. This type of search system is powered by ontologies and the most convenient interface to ontologies is natural language interface. In this paper, we present multilingual SBVR based natural language interface to ontologies, which allows writing questions based on concepts of SBVR vocabulary and transforms them to SPARQL queries using model transformations. The solution can also be used for questioning, when question mapping to ontology is not straightforward. The experimental evaluation of correctness using Mooney Natural Language Learning Data showed results, similar to other natural language interface solutions, answering questions in English and Lithuanian languages. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.46.1.13998


Speaker identification refers to the task of localizing the face of a person who has the same identity as the ongoing voice in a video. This task not only requires collective perception over both visual and auditory signals, the robustness to handle severe quality degradations and unconstrained content variations are also indispensable. In this paper, we describe a novel multimodal Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture which seamlessly unifies both visual and auditory modalities from the beginning of each sequence input. The key idea is to extend the conventional LSTM by not only sharing weights across time steps, but also sharing weights across modalities. We show that modeling the temporal dependency across face and voice can significantly improve the robustness to content quality degradations and variations. We also found that our multimodal LSTM is robustness to distractors, namely the non-speaking identities. We applied our multimodal LSTM to The Big Bang Theory dataset and showed that our system outperforms the state-of-the-art systems in speaker identification with lower false alarm rate and higher recognition accuracy.


The microenvironment is an important regulator of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) biology. Recent advances marking fluorescent HSPCs have allowed exquisite visualization of HSPCs in the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT) of the developing zebrafish. Here, we show that the chemokine cxcl8 and its receptor, cxcr1, are expressed by zebrafish endothelial cells, and we identify cxcl8/cxcr1 signaling as a positive regulator of HSPC colonization. Single-cell tracking experiments demonstrated that this is a result of increases in HSPC–endothelial cell "cuddling," HSPC residency time within the CHT, and HSPC mitotic rate. Enhanced cxcl8/cxcr1 signaling was associated with an increase in the volume of the CHT and induction of cxcl12a expression. Finally, using parabiotic zebrafish, we show that cxcr1 acts HSPC nonautonomously to improve the efficiency of donor HSPC engraftment. This work identifies a mechanism by which the hematopoietic niche remodels to promote HSPC engraftment and suggests that cxcl8/cxcr1 signaling is a potential therapeutic target in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.


Monitoring marine mammals is of broad interest to governments and individuals around the globe. Very high-resolution (VHR) satellites hold the promise of reaching remote and challenging locations to fill gaps in our knowledge of marine mammal distribution. The time has come to create an operational platform that leverages the increased resolution of satellite imagery, proof-of-concept research, advances in cloud computing, and machine learning to monitor the world's oceans. The Geospatial Artificial Intelligence for Animals (GAIA) initiative was formed to address this challenge with collaborative innovation from government agencies, academia, and the private sector. In this paper, we share lessons learned, challenges faced, and our vision for how VHR satellite imagery can enhance our understanding of cetacean distribution in the future.


Policymakers need to know if the structure of competition and the degree of banking market concentration change the incidence of financial crises. Previous studies have not always come to clear conclusions. We use a new dataset of 19 countries where we include capital adequacy and house price growth as factors affecting crisis incidence, and we find a positive role for bank concentration in reducing incidence. In addition, we look at New Industrial Economics indicators of market structure and find that increased market power also reduces crisis incidence. We conclude that attempts to increase competition in banking, although welcome for welfare reasons, should be accompanied by increases in capital standards.


BACKGROUND
Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of disability. Nonsurgical treatment is a key first step.

PURPOSE
Systematic literature review of physical therapy (PT) interventions for community-dwelling adults with knee osteoarthritis.

DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Scirus, Allied and Complementary Medicine, and the Health and Psychosocial Instruments bibliography database.

STUDY SELECTION
193 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) published in English from 1970 to 29 February 2012.

DATA EXTRACTION
Means of outcomes, PT interventions, and risk of bias were extracted to pool standardized mean differences. Disagreements between reviewers abstracting and checking data were resolved through discussion.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Meta-analyses of 84 RCTs provided evidence for 13 PT interventions on pain (58 RCTs), physical function (36 RCTs), and disability (29 RCTs). Meta-analyses provided low-strength evidence that aerobic (11 RCTs) and aquatic (3 RCTs) exercise improved disability and that aerobic exercise (19 RCTs), strengthening exercise (17 RCTs), and ultrasonography (6 RCTs) reduced pain and improved function. Several individual RCTs demonstrated clinically important improvements in pain and disability with aerobic exercise. Other PT interventions demonstrated no sustained benefit. Individual RCTs showed similar benefits with aerobic, aquatic, and strengthening exercise. Adverse events were uncommon and did not deter participants from continuing treatment.

LIMITATION
Variability in PT interventions and outcomes measures hampered synthesis of evidence.

CONCLUSION
Low-strength evidence suggested that only a few PT interventions were effective. Future studies should compare combined PT interventions (which is how PT is generally administered for pain associated with knee osteoarthritis).

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.


Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the fastest growing health issues concerning the world today with an estimated 382 million individuals affected as of 2013 and a projected increase in number to 592 million by 2035. Diabetes mellitus is a condition affecting 12-15% of the population or around 400,000 people in Puerto Rico. The most common presenting complaint of diabetics who are hospitalized for an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is chest pain. However, the pervasiveness of atypical symptoms in diabetic patients is yet unclear. The aim of this study is to determine if there is an association between diabetes and the presentation of atypical symptoms in the emergency room in those suffering from an AMI in Puerto Rico. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis of data from participants from the 2007, 2009 and 2011 Puerto Rico Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance system (PRCDS), an observational, non-concurrent, cross-sectional study. The main independent variable was presence of diabetes mellitus (Type I and Type II). The outcome was the presence of atypical symptoms at the time of presentation, defined as the absence of chest pain on admission. The prevalence of atypical symptoms in diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients was compared. Binary logistic regression was used to test for independent association. Statistical significance was considered for p-values ≤0.05 for a two-tailed test. Analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Results: We found no association between atypical presentation of an AMI and diabetes, before or after adjustment for age, gender, congestive heart failure, stroke history and BMI. (unadjusted OR= 1.0, 95%CI=0.7-1.4 and adjusted OR=1.0, 95% CI=0.6-1.5). Other independent associations identified were that patients older than 75 were 3.5 times more likely to present atypically than people younger than 55 (OR= 3.5, 95% CI=1.6-7.6), and those with CHF and stroke were more likely to present with atypical symptoms (OR=3.2, 95% CI=1.7-6.1 and OR=4.2 95% CI=2.1-8.4, respectively). Lastly, overweight patients were 3.3 times more likely to present atypically than healthy weight patients (OR=2.0, 95% CI=0.6-7.0). Conclusion: We found no evidence of an association between diabetes and the presentation of atypical symptoms in patients hospitalized for AMI in Puerto Rico.


FDA has announced more conservative dosing recommendations for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) when they are used to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) because of increased risk of cardiovascular events such as stroke, thrombosis, and death.


Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent and progressive autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, and currently, no drug is available for the treatment. Stem cell therapy has received substantial attention in MS treatment. Recently, we demonstrated the immunosuppressive effects of mesenchymal stem cells derived from neural crest-originated human periodontal ligament tissue (hPDLSCs) in an in vivo model of MS. In the present study, we comparatively investigated the stemness properties of hPDLSCs derived from healthy donors and relapsing-remitting MS patients. Stem cell marker expression, cell proliferation, and differentiation capacity were studied. We found that both donor- and MS patient-derived hPDLSCs at early passage 2 showed similar expression of surface antigen markers and cell proliferation rate. Significant level of osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and neurogenic differentiation capacities was observed in both donor- and MS patient-derived hPDLSCs. Interestingly, these cells maintained the stemness properties even at late passage 15. Senescence markers p16 and p21 expression was considerably enhanced in passage 15. Our results propose that hPDLSCs may serve as simple and potential autologous stem cell niche, which may help in personalized stem cell therapy for MS patients.


This paper presents the structure of a negotiation aid system (NAS) to select the best locations for new DG facilities, using sophisticated spatial techniques [based on geographical information systems (GISs)] and decision aid methodologies for negotiation, based on consensus among groups that may have conflicting interests. This system helps to overcome the problems posed by initially opposing positions stemming from diverse technological, economic, environmental and/or social interests. The NAS use is illustrated with results from a negotiation process between two groups to select locations for new wind farms in the region of La Rioja, Spain.


It is known that Tanzania is blessed with multiple tourist attractions. However, the existence of these strengths alone will not guarantee successful accessible tourism if the needs of people with disability are not included in the policy. The Inclusion of the needs of this target group is a guarantee for the tourism sector to fully achieve equality and equity, which are pillars of sustainable tourism development. This paper critically addresses the weaknesses of the existing national Tourism policy of 1999 in addressing issues of people with disability in its specific policy strategies such as marketing and product development, cultural tourism as well as domestic tourism. The policy has clearly addressed the roles of women, youth and aged people in its various strategies but it ignore issues of people with disabilities. The needs of this target group need to be featured clearly in the policy as this will raise awareness of their existence hence boost the morale for tourism stakeholders to develop effective mechanisms to accommodate them. This is a literature review paper where the Policy was reviewed closely with other relevant literature. In the end, recommendations were highlighted to help policymakers to understand the behaviour of this target group.


For high-speed railways (HSR) in wind prone regions, wind barriers are often installed on bridges to ensure the running safety of trains. This paper analyzes the effect of wind barriers on the running safety of a high-speed train to cross winds when it passes on a bridge. Two simply-supported (S-S) PC bridges in China, one with 32 m box beams and the other with 16 m trough beams, are selected to perform the dynamic analyses. The bridges are modeled by 3-D finite elements and each vehicle in a train by a multi-rigid-body system connected with suspension springs and dashpots. The wind excitations on the train vehicles and the bridges are numerically simulated, using the static tri-component coefficients obtained from a wind tunnel test, taking into account the effects of wind barriers, train speed and the spatial correlation with wind forces on the deck. The whole histories of a train passing over the two bridges under strong cross winds are simulated and compared, considering variations of wind velocities, train speeds and without or with wind barriers. The threshold curves of wind velocity for train running safety on the two bridges are compared, from which the windbreak effect of the wind barrier are evaluated, based on which a beam structure with better performance is recommended.


While the Quantified Self and personal informatics fields have focused on the individual's use of self-logged data about themselves, the same kinds of data could, in theory, be used to improve diagnosis and care planning. In this paper, we seek to understand both the opportunities and bottlenecks in the use of self-logged data for differential diagnosis and care planning during patient visits to both primary and secondary care. We first conducted a literature review to identify potential factors influencing the use of self-logged data in clinical settings. This informed the design of our experiment, in which we applied a vignette-based role-play approach with general practitioners and hospital specialists in the US and UK, to elicit reflections on and insights about using patient self-logged data. Our analysis reveals multiple opportunities for the use of self-logged data in the differential diagnosis workflow, identifying capture, representational, and interpretational challenges that are potentially preventing self-logged data from being effectively interpreted and applied by clinicians to derive a patient's prognosis and plan of care.


We propose a generic mechanism to efficiently release differentially private synthetic versions of high-dimensional datasets with high utility. The core technique in our mechanism is the use of copulas, which are functions representing dependencies among random variables with a multivariate distribution. Specifically, we use the Gaussian copula to define dependencies of attributes in the input dataset, whose rows are modelled as samples from an unknown multivariate distribution, and then sample synthetic records through this copula. Despite the inherently numerical nature of Gaussian correlations we construct a method that is applicable to both numerical and categorical attributes alike. Our mechanism is efficient in that it only takes time proportional to the square of the number of attributes in the dataset. We propose a differentially private way of constructing the Gaussian copula without compromising computational efficiency. Through experiments on three real-world datasets, we show that we can obtain highly accurate answers to the set of all one-way marginal, and two-and three-way positive conjunction queries, with 99% of the query answers having absolute (fractional) error rates between 0.01 to 3%. Furthermore, for a majority of two-way and three-way queries, we outperform independent noise addition through the well-known Laplace mechanism. In terms of computational time we demonstrate that our mechanism can output synthetic datasets in around 6 minutes 47 seconds on average with an input dataset of about 200 binary attributes and more than 32,000 rows, and about 2 hours 30 mins to execute a much larger dataset of about 700 binary attributes and more than 5 million rows. To further demonstrate scalability, we ran the mechanism on larger (artificial) datasets with 1,000 and 2,000 binary attributes (and 5 million rows) obtaining synthetic outputs in approximately 6 and 19 hours, respectively. These are highly feasible times for synthetic datasets, which are one-off releases.


ABSTRACT Grain-size analysis increasingly consists of multivariate comparisons between samples involving use of class-frequencies. This approach is dictated by realization that size-frequency distributions are spectra more akin to X-ray diffractograms than simple random phenomena. With the assumption that samples consist of mixtures of subdistributions comes the problem of the most efficient way to compare and contrast size-frequency data in order to enhance differences between samples without forcing contrasts that do not exist. Two problems exist with respect to doing this: 1) determination of the optimal number of class-intervals and 2) determination of class-interval widths. The first problem is unsolved, but this paper explains a way to determine class-interval widths (once the number of ntervals is chosen) to maximize information content. Applying the basic concepts of information theory, a procedure is presented which evaluates the relative information content of a set of frequency data when subdivided in various ways. Maximum information is always preserved when "maximum entropy" spectra (unequal class intervals) are used. Evaluation of several schemes of histogram subdivision (phi-based arithmetic, log arithmetic, Z-score, maximum entropy) indicate, not surprisingly, that in some instances equal-interval, phi-based histograms contain the least information.


Like other western nations with a Muslim minority, Australia too is debating the extent to which our government should recognize and make concessions to our small but growing Muslim population. In 2011, the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils made a submission to the government entitled 'Embracing Australian Values – Maintaining the Right to be Different', which advocated legal pluralism as the right of all Australians. It argued amongst other things that conflicts, especially ones involving family and inheritance matters, should be resolved according to the law and traditions of one's own religion. This was contentious in a nation where 'one law for all' has been the accepted approach for two centuries. It did however give rise to a debate on whether the nation can, or should, formally recognize certain aspects of Islamic law or support the establishment of a Syariah Court or tribunal. One of the models for legal pluralism often advocated is that of Singapore. Like Australia, Singapore has a minority Muslim population and also inherited the common law system during the era of British colonisation. This paper reflects on the pluralism debate in Australia and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of Singapore's plural model to determine whether it could, or should, be replicated 'down under'.


Gas detector are very light instrument used in high energy physics to measure the particle properties: position and momentum.
Through high electric field is possible to use the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology to detect the charged particles and to exploit their properties to construct a large area detector, such as the new IT for BESIII. The state of the art in the GEM production allows to create very large area GEM foils (up to 50x100 $\mathrm{cm}^2$) and thanks to the small thickness of these foils is it possible to shape it to the desired form: a Cylindrical Gas Electron Multiplier (CGEM) is then proposed.

The innovative construction technique based on Rohacell, a PMI foam, will give solidity to cathode and anode with a very low impact on material budget. The entire detector is sustained by Permaglass rings glued at the edges. These rings are used to assembly the CGEM, together with a dedicated Vertical Insertion System and moreover they host the On-Detector electronic. The anode has been improved w.r.t. the state of the art through a jagged readout that minimize the inter-strip capacitance.

The mechanical challenge of this detector requires a precision of the entire geometry within few hundreds of microns in the whole area.
In this contribution an overview of the construction technique, the validation of this technique through the realization of a CGEM, and its first tests will be presented.
These activities are performed within the framework of the BESIIICGEM Project (645664), funded by the European Commission in the action H2020-RISE-MSCA-2014.


BACKGROUND
Andersen syndrome is a rare form of periodic paralysis (PP) associated with dysmorphic features and potentially fatal cardiac dysrhythmias. To date, no electrodiagnostic abnormalities have been reported that can be used to confirm the presence of PP in this condition.

OBJECTIVES
To determine if the exercise test could be used to confirm the diagnosis of PP in Andersen syndrome. To evaluate the exercise test as a means to assess neuromuscular status during treatment.

METHODS
We performed the exercise test on 2 patients with Andersen syndrome. In 1 patient, we used a modified version of the test to document responsiveness to treatment with tocainide.

RESULTS
Studies in both patients demonstrated a progressive decline in the compound muscle action potential amplitude after exercise that was characteristic of the phenomenon seen in other forms of PP. In 1 patient, improvement in interattack strength and a reduction in the number of attacks of weakness correlated with improvement in the test results.

CONCLUSIONS
Our cases demonstrate that the exercise test can confirm the diagnosis of PP in Andersen syndrome. A modified version of exercise testing may also be considered as an objective method for documenting treatment responses in PP.


In this paper, the control of dissolved oxygen during a fermentation process is considered. A nonlinear control law inspired by the backstepping technique is proposed and the stability of the control scheme is proved. Two extensions of the algorithm are proposed to include a feed-forward action and to solve the problem induced by sampled oxygen measurements. Performances of the proposed algorithms are evaluated in simulation and on an experimental bench for Pseudomonas putida bacterium fermentation.


Abstract The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of an interconnected meshwork of neurons and glia residing within the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. While healthy GI function is associated with healthy ENS structure, defined by the normal distribution of neurons within ganglia of the ENS, a comprehensive understanding of normal neuronal distribution and ganglionic organization in the ENS is lacking. Current methodologies for manual enumeration of neurons parse only limited tissue regions and are prone to error, subjective bias, and peer-to-peer discordance. There is accordingly a need for robust, and objective tools that can capture and quantify enteric neurons within multiple ganglia over large areas of tissue. Here, we report on the development of an AI-driven tool, COUNTEN (COUNTing Enteric Neurons), which is capable of accurately identifying and enumerating immunolabeled enteric neurons, and objectively clustering them into ganglia. We tested and found that COUNTEN matches trained humans in its accuracy while taking a fraction of the time to complete the analyses. Finally, we use COUNTEN's accuracy and speed to identify and cluster thousands of ileal myenteric neurons into hundreds of ganglia to compute metrics that help define the normal structure of the ileal myenteric plexus. To facilitate reproducible, robust, and objective measures of ENS structure across mouse models, experiments, and institutions, COUNTEN is freely and openly available to all researchers.


The nature of matter and light has been a subject of philosophical debate since antiquity. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, much of the scientific community believed that most of the significant principles that govern the natural world had been discovered. Classical physics was able to explain complex phenomena such as planetary motions, elasticity, and hydrodynamics. The field of thermodynamics had been developed nearly to completion by James Joule, Sadi Carnot, Josiah Gibbs, et al. The magnetic and electronic nature of light had been demonstrated by James Clerk Maxwell's famous equations. In the neighboring field of chemistry, a periodic table had been developed with a self-consistent set of atomic masses assigned to each element. The fundamental principles of chemical reactions had been elucidated by Svante Arrhenius. Due to these and other incredible strides in physics and chemistry, many scientists believed that the future of the physical sciences would consist of measuring constants to more decimal places, and classifying an endless number of chemical reactions. Only a few confounding problems existed, including an explanation of blackbody radiation that was consistent with experiment. The explanation provided by Max Planck and later corroborated by Albert Einstein started the quantum upheaval that forever changed the picture of the subatomic world. Decades of applied quantum mechanics have culminated in the science of spectroscopy. This senior honors thesis deals with the development of several spectroscopic techniques and their applications in analyzing chemical systems.


IntroductionColorectal cancer (CRC) screening is associated with significant reductions in burden, mortality and cost. Primary care providers in Alberta do not have access to integrated CRC testing histories for patients. Providing this information will support CRC screening among patients at average and high risk, follow-up of abnormal tests, and surveillance.
Objectives and ApproachCalgary Laboratory Services, Colon Cancer Screening Centre, Alberta Cancer Registry, and endoscopy data were linked to create a comprehensive CRC screening history at the patient level. Based on screening histories and the current Clinical Practice Guideline, an algorithm was created to determine CRC screening statuses with the aim of providing accurate screening rates when linked to primary care provider patient panels. Results from the linkage are designed to be incorporated into clinic and EMR workflow processes to support adherence to evidence-based screening recommendations at the point of care.
ResultsA comprehensive assessment of screening status was determined by integrating Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) and colonoscopy data. Among a sample cohort, patients were identified as being due for screening with FIT, requiring follow-up for a positive FIT test, or requiring appropriate surveillance for a positive-screen or abnormal colonoscopy findings. A summary report, actionable list, and resources were developed to convey findings. The summary report displayed CRC screening rates for a provider's panel. The actionable list provided CRC screening statuses for each patient aged 40 to 84 indicating patients due for screening with FIT, for follow-up of positive FIT, or for surveillance colonoscopy. The resources were developed to support quality improvement for colorectal cancer screening for patients.
Conclusion/ImplicationsThe data linkages and algorithm provide comprehensive CRC screening, follow-up, and surveillance information that could support guideline-adherent screening, increase screening rates, reduce duplication or unnecessary testing, and provide primary care providers with timely and robust information to support clinical decisions for individuals inside and outside of the target screening population.


BACKGROUND
Protease inhibitors are an effective component of combination antiretroviral treatment for children infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), but tolerance or toxicity issues sometimes require an alternative therapeutic strategy.

METHODS
HIV-1-infected children aged 2-17 years received combination therapy with either stavudine plus ritonavir or with zidovudine, lamivudine, and ritonavir as part of a randomized clinical trial. Twenty-one months after the start of the trial, ritonavir in capsule formulation became unavailable. The treatment regimen for 25 children was switched from ritonavir capsules to indinavir capsules (500 mg/m(2) every 8 h). The other study drugs remained unchanged. A matched-pairs analysis was performed to compare the results for these 25 children with the results for 25 matched children whose treatment regimen continued to include ritonavir (in liquid formulation).

RESULTS
There were no significant differences in the percentage of children with an HIV-1 RNA load of <or=200 copies/mL between the group receiving indinavir and the matched group receiving ritonavir (52% vs. 68%, at the start of indinavir treatment; 42% vs. 52%, at week 12; and 50% vs. 56%, at week 24). Similarly, there were no significant differences between the treatment groups with respect to median CD4 cell counts over time. Toxicities observed in the children treated with indinavir were most often flank pain or headache (16%), renal dysfunction (16%), hematuria (12%), and skin rash (12%) and were consistent with toxicities reported elsewhere. There was no evidence that the switch from ritonavir to indinavir therapy altered the pharmacokinetics of indinavir as a result of residual cytochrome P450 induction or inhibition caused by ritonavir.

CONCLUSIONS
The switch from one protease inhibitor (ritonavir) to another (indinavir) as a component of combination antiretroviral treatment in this patient population was a practical therapeutic strategy.


One challenge with general education is the often-clashing goal of vocationalism, or educating for the purpose a specific careers or professions. Through a series of longitudinal interviews spanning a group of 14 students' second and fourth semesters at a public, regional research university, the author examines the intersection of beliefs and values about general education, transfer of learning, and vocationalism, and how these beliefs and values change over time. Findings reveal that for many students, vocationalism creates a single-minded focus on students' career preparation and major coursework and invites disregard for the value of general education courses that do not appear to immediately relate to students' future careers. This devaluing is particularly clear in students' first year; as students enter their sophomore years, they grow to value learning in general. The article concludes with suggestions for university-level and course-specific curricular change to better address vocationalism, value, and the need to transfer learning within general education courses.


Higher oil price is a signal of economic growth in Saudi Arabia due to her heavy dependence on oil revenues. This study has perused the relationship between oil price and employment in Saudi Arabia by using sample period of 1980-2015 and by utilizing the linear and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models. We have found a positive influence of oil price on employment level in both linear and non-linear ARDL settings. Further, employment effects of increasing and decreasing oil price are found asymmetrical in the non-linear ARDL and we have also found that increasing oil price is positively affecting employment more than declining employment due to fall in oil price. Further, economic growth supports employment significantly. This study recommends the government of Saudi Arabia to save oil revenues in time of prosperity to support employment level in the oil price crisis period.


Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection of the liver allograft after transplantation is universal, with some individuals suffering severe disease recurrence. Predictive markers of recurrent disease severity are urgently needed. In this study, we used a cluster of differentiation (CD) microarray to predict the severity of HCV recurrence after transplantation. Methods The CD antibody microarray assays of live leukocytes were performed on peripheral blood taken in the first year after transplantation. The results were grouped into phases defined as; Pre-transplant (day 0), Early (day 3 to week 2), Mid (week 4 to week 10), and Late (week 12 to week 26). Hepatitis C virus severity was based on fibrosis stages in the first 2 years (F0-1 mild and F2-4 severe). Results Serial blood samples from 16 patients were taken before and after liver transplantation. A total of 98 assays were performed. Follow-up was 3 years or longer. Comparing recurrence severity, significantly greater numbers of CD antigens were differentially expressed on the pretransplant samples compared to any posttransplant timepoints. Five differentially expressed CD antigens before transplantation (CD27 PH, CD182, CD260, CD41, and CD34) were significantly expressed comparing severe to mild recurrence, whereas expression of only CD152 was significant in the late phase after transplantation. No relationship was observed between the donor or recipient interleukin-28B genotypes and HCV recurrence severity. Conclusions This study shows that circulating leukocyte CD antigen expression has utility in assessing recurrent HCV disease severity after liver transplantation and serves as a proof of principle. Importantly, pretransplant CD antigen expression is most predictive of disease outcome.


Despite efforts to increase the proportion of individuals diagnosed with HIV who receive anti-retroviral therapy, 28% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) aged 15 years and older in eastern and southern Africa and 42% in western and central Africa were not receiving anti-retroviral therapy in 2019. Therefore, improving access to health care services is key to reduce HIV incidence and prevalence. The main aim of this study was to generate high-resolution maps of underserved areas where people cannot access the closest health care facilities within appropriate travel time in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Main sources of data for this study were the estimated number of PLHIV for adults aged 15–49 years in 47 countries in SSA and the global map of travel time to the nearest health care facility by motorized and non-motorized transportation. These data were used to estimate and map the number of PLHIV in underserved areas at a travel distance of 10, 30, and 60 minutes from the nearest healthcare facility. We identified and mapped more than 7 million PLHIV in the areas with a lack of access to health care within 10-minute travel time and 1.5 million PLHIV in the areas with a lack of access to health care within 60-minute travel time. The identified locations of underserved areas are an indicator of the challenge faced by PLHIV in accessing health services in SSA, a situation that is likely worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings can contribute to developing cost-effective geospatial policies for interventions aimed at underserved areas at a finer resolution for communities that have usually been identified in aggregated spatial areas. Further development and implementation of tailored intervention and treatment programs, especially in areas identified as underserved for PLHIV, should be explored. Geospatial analyses could complement the decision-making process with stakeholders to enhance healthcare access for PLHIV in SSA.


Abstract Background Early identification of treatment effect is wanted in several settings, including management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). A potential universal marker is circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA). Our prospective study explored the association between progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and early change of ctDNA after one cycle of chemotherapy in patients with mCRC. Methods The study included mCRC patients receiving standard first line combination chemotherapy with 5-FU, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab. Hypermethylated neuropeptide Y (NPY) ctDNA (meth-ctDNA) served as a marker analyzed by droplet digital PCR. The meth-ctDNA level was analyzed in plasma before treatment start and again before cycle two. The patients were divided into two groups according to the dynamics of meth-ctDNA. Group 1 included patients with zero or values of meth-ctDNA decreasing to a level including zero in the 95% confidence interval. Group 2 included all other patients (stable, increasing, or slightly decreasing values). The two groups were compared as to PFS and OS. Results The study included 107 patients with both of the two blood samples analyzed. The PFS in the two groups was significantly different with a median of 9.5 and 7.4 months, respectively (p = 0.002). This translated into a 12- month difference in OS at a median of 25.4 and 13.5 months, respectively (p = 0.0001). Conclusions Early therapeutic reconsideration is of utmost importance. The level of meth-ctDNA after one cycle of chemotherapy in the first line setting seems to divide the patients into two groups with minimal and maximal benefit of treatment. The clinical utility should be confirmed in randomized clinical trials. Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding Has not received any funding. Disclosure L.H. Jensen: Research grant / Funding (institution): MSD; Research grant / Funding (institution): BMS; Research grant / Funding (institution): 2cureX (research). All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


As Robert Clark notes in The Global Imperative, "there is no doubt that trade networks like the Silk Road made possible the flourishing and spread of ancient civilizations to something approximating a global culture of the times."1 Goods, people and ideas all travelled along these long-distance routes spanning or circumventing the vast landmass of Eurasia. From earliest times, there have been three main routes, which connected China with the outside world.2 These were the overland routes that stretched across Eurasia from China to the Mediterranean, known collectively as the "Silk Road"; the Spice Trade shipping routes passing from the South China Sea into the Indian Ocean and beyond, known today as the "Maritime Silk Road"; and the "Southwestern Silk Road," a network of overland passages stretching from Central China through the mountainous areas of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces into the eastern states of South Asia. Although the first two routes are better known to students of World History, the Southwestern Silk Road has a long ancestry and also played an important role in knitting the world together. Marco Polo himself wrote of his travels along the spur of this route into Tibet following the Mongol conquest of the Dali kingdom of Yunnan in the early 13th century.3 Moreover, the Southwestern Silk Road has remained relevant even through the present day. One of the main routes from Kunming into north central Myanmar was revived with the creation of the 717-mile-long "Burma Road" logistical supply line of WWII. A section of this same route carries convoys of lumber-laden trucks across the Sino-Burmese border today as part of the modern Dian-Myanmar Highway (dianmian gonglu 滇緬公路).


The aims of this study were to describe illegal drug abuse patterns in relation to the migration process and use of drug treatment centers among immigrant injected drug users (IDUs) involved in harm reduction programs, and to compare the characteristics of immigrant and native IDUs. Cross-sectional study of 748 IDUs aged ≥18 years attending harm reduction centers between 2008 and 2009. We explored differences in socio-economic status, illegal drug consumption, health status and use of treatment centers in native versus immigrant IDUs. We also described whether immigrant IDUs started using injected drugs before or after entering the host country. Immigrant IDUs tend to live alone more frequently, start injection at later ages, use heroin and inject it more frequently and use drug treatment centers less frequently than native IDUs. Seventy-six percent of immigrants began using illegal drugs before arriving at the host country. Those who started in other countries were residing in the host country for 5 years or less (63.9%). Overall, immigrant IDUs attended drug treatment centers (36.9%) less frequently than native IDUs (71.8%). In conclusion, migration could be a risk factor for illegal drug abuse initiation or increase in consumption, often with the adoption of local consumption patterns and aggravated due to a lower access to drug treatment centers.


The aim innovation of noodle production by maize sprout and seaweed are to decrease utilization of wheat with exploited local commodity. In order to defend elasticity in noodle characteristic, seaweed's flour as gelling agent can be added. This research consist of some stages i.e flour's production, formulation, noodle's production, selection of two formulas by hedonic scale test and observation of phisyco-chemical characteristic as noodle selected by hedonic scale test. The proportion of wheat flour and maize sprout flour was consist of 90% wheat and maize sprout flour. The ratio of wheat and maize sprout flours are 8:1 (P1), 7:2 (P2), 6:3 (P3), 5:4 (P4), 4:5 (P5). Seaweed flour which is  added in dried noodle's batter is 10% at all treatment. As the control, batter made from 100% wheat flour. Based on hedonic scale test, value of color, taste, elasticity, and overall sensory characteristic are significantly different in all treatment of dried noodle's formula. Value of aroma are not significantly different (ns) by hedonic scale test. The dried noodles made by formula of 80% wheat, 10% maize sprout, 10% seaweed and formula 70% wheat, 20% maize sprout, 10% seaweed were selected as best treatment by hedonic scale test. The flour's proportion were significantly influence to content of ash, protein, carbohydrate, water holding capacity, cooking loss, ligthness and antioxidant activity. The difference flour's proportion was not significantly influence  to the content of moisture and fat. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, cooking loss, dried noodle,  maize sprout, seaweed.


OBJECTIVE
To establish a statistical model for determination of protamine dose in conjunction with cardiopulmonary bypass.

DESIGN
Prospective.

SETTING
University hospital.

PARTICIPANTS
Ninety consecutive cardiac surgical patients.

INTERVENTIONS
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
A series of clinically oriented variables were introduced into a statistical model for projection of the protamine dose after cardiopulmonary bypass. The following significant predictors were identified using multivariable regression analysis: The patient's body surface area, the administered dose of heparin, heparin clearance, and the preoperative platelet count. The statistical model projected the protamine dose within 3±23 mg of the point-of-care test used as reference.

CONCLUSION
Protamine dosing based on statistical modeling represents an alternative to point-of-care tests.


Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to prevent anomalous inputs from causing a model to fail during deployment. While improved OOD detection methods have emerged, they often rely on the final layer outputs and require a full feedforward pass for any given input. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, multi-level out-of-distribution detection (MOOD), which exploits intermediate classifier outputs for dynamic and efficient OOD inference. We explore and establish a direct relationship between the OOD data complexity and optimal exit level, and show that easy OOD examples can be effectively detected early without propagating to deeper layers. At each exit, the OOD examples can be distinguished through our proposed adjusted energy score, which is both empirically and theoretically suitable for networks with multiple classifiers. We extensively evaluate MOOD across 10 OOD datasets spanning a wide range of complexities. Experiments demonstrate that MOOD achieves up to 71.05% computational reduction in inference, while maintaining competitive OOD detection performance.


Medical experts have argued forcefully that using cigarettes harms health, prompting the adoption of myriad anti-smoking policies. The association between smoking and mortality may, however, be driven by unobserved factors, making it difficult to discern the underlying long-term causal relationship. In this study, we explore the effects of cigarette taxes experienced as a teenager, which are arguably exogenous, on adult smoking participation and mortality. A one-dollar increase in teenage cigarette taxes is associated with an 8 percent reduction in adult smoking participation and a 6 percent reduction in mortality. Mortality effects are most pronounced for heart disease and lung cancer.


It has long been recognised that most standard point estimators lean heavily on untestable assumptions when missing data are encountered. Statisticians have therefore advocated the use of sensitivity analysis, but paid relatively little attention to strategies for summarizing the results from such analyses, summaries that have clear interpretation, verifiable properties and feasible implementation. As a step in this direction, several authors have proposed to shift the focus of inference from point estimators to estimated intervals or regions of ignorance. These regions combine standard point estimates obtained under all possible/plausible missing data models that yield identified parameters of interest. They thus reflect the achievable information from the given data generation structure with its missing data component. The standard framework of inference needs extension to allow for a transparent study of statistical properties of such regions. In this paper we propose a definition of consistency for a region and introduce the concepts of pointwise, weak and strong coverage for larger regions which acknowledge sampling imprecision in addition to the structural lack of information. The larger regions are called uncertainty regions and quantify an overall level of information by adding imprecision due to sampling error to the estimated region of ignorance. The distinction between ignorance and sampling error is often useful, for instance when sample size considerations are made. The type of coverage required depends on the analysis goal. We provide algorithms for constructing several types of uncertainty regions, and derive general relationships between them. Based on the estimated uncertainty regions, we show how classical hypothesis tests can be performed without untestable assumptions on the missingness mechanism.


The impact the COVID-19 pandemic has had on learning has been acutely felt in underserved and low-income contexts, remote and rural settings, and education in emergencies settings, where most students lag behind age-appropriate milestones in learning and achievement (World Bank 2019). Digital remote learning methods were pervasive in the global education response to the pandemic, which left marginalized learners, most of whom were not digitally connected, at a disadvantage and exposed them to higher learning loss and higher dropout rates than their peers with digital access (Dorn et al. 2020). In this field note, we recommend project-based learning, a unique pedagogical approach that promotes relevant, holistic, student-centered learning and 21st-century academic skills. The innovation has had promising preliminary results among the digitally marginalized during COVID-19-related school closures. Some students participating in the proof-of-concept pilots experienced up to 28 percent growth in academic and nonacademic skills and reported satisfaction with the project-based learning resources of up to 98 percent, as well as a positive shift in their mindset toward learning. The initial success of the early-stage pilots in diverse geographic and education contexts indicates that the model has the potential to scale.


Pulsed air jets are used in the industry to eject objects in sorting operation and understand the jet establishment and its spatial characteristics is important to optimize the application. This paper presents a first experimental analysis of jets issued from a high speed solenoid valve in terms of pressure, temperature, and velocity. Results will be first shown for steady state flows at different pressure conditions inducing subsonic or supersonic air jets and compared to the literature. For a subsonic jet, the results confirm the topography proposed in the literature. For the supersonic jets, a subsonic topography was identified after the supersonic zone. These supersonic jets have a constrained diameter which is appreciated in order to perform sorting with precision. Then, first unstationary experimental results will be presented and commented. This first measurement of the jet development is encouraging, since it was possible to identify the different delays linked to the propagation time from the valve outlet to the measurement point on opening and closing.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Nucleus accumbens–associated protein-1 (NAC1) is a transcriptional repressor encoded by the NACC1 gene, which is amplified and overexpressed in various human cancers and plays critical roles in tumor development, progression, and drug resistance. NAC1 has therefore been explored as a potential therapeutic target for managing malignant tumors. However, effective approaches for effective targeting of this nuclear protein remain elusive. In this study, we identified a core unit consisting of Met7 and Leu90 in NAC1's N-terminal domain (amino acids 1–130), which is critical for its homodimerization and stability. Furthermore, using a combination of computational analysis of the NAC1 dimerization interface and high-throughput screening (HTS) for small molecules that inhibit NAC1 homodimerization, we identified a compound (NIC3) that selectively binds to the conserved Leu-90 of NAC1 and prevents its homodimerization, leading to proteasomal NAC1 degradation. Moreover, we demonstrate that NIC3-mediated down-regulation of NAC1 protein sensitizes drug-resistant tumor cells to conventional chemotherapy and enhances the antimetastatic effect of the antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that small-molecule inhibitors of NAC1 homodimerization may effectively sensitize cancer cells to some anticancer agents and that NAC1 homodimerization could be further explored as a potential therapeutic target in the development of antineoplastic agents.


ABSTRACT An unresolved aspect of the Logics Approach within Poststructuralist Discourse Theory (PDT) is how to operationalize its abstract theoretical concepts – of social, political and fantasmatic logics – for concrete textual analysis, especially of policy documents. Policies often institute new understandings, procedures or practices, something the logics, as originally articulated, fall somewhat short of capturing. To overcome these methodological challenges this article constructs a framework for poststructuralist policy analysis that brings together the Logics Approach with more textually oriented tools developed within Critical Discourse Analysis, namely assumptions and genre chains. For empirical illustration it draws on a case study of the European Union's adaptation policy in response to climate change. The resulting framework offers a means through which more implicit social and political logics can be examined, and contributes new insights to methodological debates around the use of the Logics Approach (and PDT more broadly), specifically in relation to critical policy analysis. The article concludes with seven observations of relevance for future studies and suggests avenues for further empirical and conceptual exploration.


Abstract:  A progressive collapse is a structural failure that is initiated by localized structural damage and subsequently develops, as a chain reaction, into a failure that involves a major portion of the structural system. The collapse of the Ronan Point Tower in Canning Town, London, United Kingdom in May, 1968 prompted numerous efforts to develop structural design criteria for progressive collapse resistance. A series of papers and reports appeared in the decade following the Ronan Point collapse, and attempts were made to implement provisions addressing progressive collapse and enhancing general structural integrity in codes and standards. Improved building practices and design procedures to control the likelihood of progressive collapse now are receiving heightened interest by engineers, architects, and standards organizations in the aftermath of the tragedy of September 11, 2001. Advances in the science underlying structural design and the development of structural reliability and risk analysis tools now permit design strategies that would have been considered infeasible 30 years ago. This article provides a critical appraisal of key research products that provide a basis for designing a structural system to withstand local damage without the development of a general structural collapse, and identifies strategies that currently are feasible to implement in the General Design Requirements in ASCE Standard 7, minimum design loads for buildings, and other structures. The article concludes with a discussion of research challenges to further enhancement of design practices, with particular emphasis on needed support for structural engineering analysis and design from advanced computation and information technologies.


While the negotiations over Cyprus's bailout agreement have been extremely controversial, this month also saw the EU and IMF relax the terms of their financial assistance to Portugal. Alexandre Afonso details some of the main reasons why Portugal has been treated much more leniently in negotiations. Despite falling short of economic targets, the country has been praised for its determination to implement austerity policies. However the extent to which the crisis has encouraged emigration by young Portuguese citizens may pose a future problem for the sustainability of Portugal's welfare state.


Shortage of nutritious forage is limiting animal production in the semiarid regions of Africa. This study was conducted to evaluate the magnitude of heterosis for forage production and dry matter digestibility in African landraces of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. Five landrace populations, 9 of 10 interpopulation crosses, and two hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete-block design with five replications for dry matter forage yield and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in 1989 and 1990 in Tifton, GA. Entries in only two replications were evaluated for digestibility. The missing cross was estimated, and both the traditional and Gardner-Eberhart analyses were performed. Highly significant difference between crosses (9.94 t ha -1 ) and parents (8.50 t ha -1 ), or average heterosis, as well as general combining ability was observed in the combined analyses for dry weight forage yield. No other partitions of entries for either trait were significant. Year x entries was significant for forage yield but not for IVDMD. All midparent and high-parent heterosis values were positive for forage yield but were nonsignificant. High-parent heterosis values ranged from 3.3 ('Iniari' x 'Mansori') to 22.9% (Iniari x 'P 3 Kolo') for dry matter forage yield. No heterosis was observed for IVDMD. Heterosis for forage yield did not affect IVDMD. These results suggest that use of pearl millet hybrids can contribute to increased forage production in semiarid Africa.


Each year approximately 90,000 new cases of cancer are diagnosed in people of working age in the United Kingdom (UK) (Morrell & Pryce, 2005). The potential impact of cancer and its treatment on working life is substantial, with approximately 40% of all cancer patients taking time off work during treatment and recovery (Short, Vasey & Tunceli, 2005). However, little information is available on employment outcomes for those managing colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer with approximately 36,000 people diagnosed each year in the UK. Although research demonstrates promising return to work outcomes for this group, not enough is known about the factors (variables) impacting their return to work intentions, work ability and employment outcomes. The aims of this research were to: examine the return to work intentions, work ability and employment outcomes of colorectal cancer patients over six months; explore the role of self-efficacy and psychosocial well-being, and explore the role of health professionals in providing work-related support and information to patients. Findings from these studies may help to better inform future interventions to support this cancer group.

Fifty participants newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer were recruited from three Acute NHS Trusts (n = 27) across the Midlands and a support group
(n = 23) affiliated to a National Cancer Charity. Participants completed questionnaires at three time points: baseline (post surgery or pre-treatment); follow-up time 1 (3 months), and follow-up time 2 (6 months). As well as illness and demographic characteristics, the questionnaires measured job self-efficacy, work ability, cancer self-efficacy, quality of life, fatigue and depression. A sub-sample of participants (n = 10) completed a monthly diary over six months. This captured temporal fluctuations and patterns in cancer management, return to work intentions and work ability and the factors impacting upon these (self-efficacy and social support). Finally, 18 health professionals participated in semi-structured interviews that explored the nature and type of work-related advice currently provided to colorectal cancer patients. Data were analysed using both quantitative (ANOVAs and regression) and qualitative techniques (thematic analysis).

The questionnaire study identified varying levels in self-assessed work ability and psychosocial well-being. Most importantly, positive changes in perceptions of cancer self-efficacy F (1.02, 61.12) = 14.70, p = 0.0005, and job self-efficacy F (2, 94) = 10.85, p = 0.0005 were detected over time; however, interactions between treatment type and time did not emerge (p > 0.05). Factors related to perceived work ability outcomes cross-sectionally included type of occupation (β = 0.31, t = 2.65, p = 0.0005) and quality of life (β = 0.42, t = 2.57, p = 0.01) at baseline, treatment type (β = -0.19, t = -1.94, p = 0.05) at follow-up time 1 and job self-efficacy at follow-up time 1 (β = 0.57, t = 4.40, p = 0.0005) and time 2 (β = 0.50, t = 2.92, p = 0.006). In contrast, factors related to employment status (i.e. working, not working) were job self-efficacy (OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.17 4.13) at baseline and occupation (OR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.00 0.86), and perceived work ability (OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.00 12.80) at follow-up time 2. Along with self-assessed work ability at baseline (β = 0.67, t = 3.99, p = 0.0005), receiving chemotherapy alone or a combination of treatments (i.e. other than surgery alone) (β = -0.24, t = -1.99, p = 0.05) were the strongest predictors of follow-up work ability (independent of age and occupation). Finally, treatment type (OR = 9.91, 95% CI: 1.57 62.50) was also identified as the strongest predictor of employment status approximately six months after diagnosis.

Findings from the diary study suggest that self-efficacy beliefs were important in understanding employment outcomes and return to work intentions. The role of such beliefs was multi-faceted and results infer that several factors seemed to impact return to work intentions and self-efficacy temporally. Treatment, symptoms and decrements in perceived work ability were identified as the most prominent factors that served as barriers preventing resumption of work. Moreover, there was a degree of disparity between return to work intent and work ability. Additionally, the diary study identified variation in work-related advice and guidance provided to colorectal patients. Subsequently, some participants may have been under the impression that they were unable to work, especially during treatment.

Results from the interview study found that health professionals attempted to provide guidance to working-aged patients. However, the nature of such guidance varied due to experience, knowledge and time constraints. Furthermore, participants highlighted a lack of knowledge and an insufficient evidence base were barriers to providing more appropriate guidance. The majority of participants stated that this was an aspect of patient care that falls short and to address the issue a concerted multi-disciplinary effort was required.

In short, the findings indicate that the factors related to work ability, return to work intentions and employment outcomes of colorectal cancer patients varied over time, whereby certain variables took precedence over others at particular time points. Furthermore, the results suggest that self-efficacy beliefs are important; however, it is crucial to point out that self-efficacy is unlikely to operate as a stand-alone factor. Indeed, it is argued that it may be a construct that is considered in future research endeavours alongside pre-existing findings, which would inevitably help towards gaining a more comprehensive account of the factors related to the work outcomes of individuals affected by cancer.


Supporting students in their learning while transitioning into university has always been a key responsibility of academic language and learning (ALL) professionals. However, the changing demands for ALL support in the contemporary tertiary environment has required a shift in practice. Over the last eight years, one regional university has redefined the role of learning advisors by taking a whole of institution approach to ALL development and pursuing a multilayered model for practice that builds staff capacity and develops confident, agentic learners. As part of a diversified suite of activities, the university has engaged the services of a third-party provider to provide after-hours, online tutorial support to students. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study conducted by the university in 2018, which evaluates the impact of the diversification of ALL services on the practices of ALL professionals, including the benefits and challenges of using third-party providers. The study revealed that while there are some benefits, learning advisors and academic staff expressed reservations about the provider's effectiveness and usefulness. Findings suggest that students need clarification about the different feedback services available to them and guidance on seeking, interpreting, and applying feedback. The study highlights the need to carefully plan the integration of third-party services within a broader framework of feedback processes and offers insights into how ALL practitioners can best guide students and staff to appropriately use third-party services while avoiding the pitfalls.