The literature available on submerged arc welding of copper and copper alloys, submerged arc welding with strip electrodes, and related areas has been reviewed in depth. Copper cladding of mild steel substrates by deposition from strip electrodes using the submerged arc welding process has been successful. A wide range of parameters, and several fluxes have been investigated. The range of deposit compositions is 66.4% Cu to 95.7% Cu. The weld beads have been metallographically examined using optical and electron microscopy. Equating weld beads to a thermodynamical equivalent of iron has proven to be an accurate and simplified means of handling quantitative data for multicomponent welds. Empirical equations derived using theoretical considerations characterize the weld bead dimensions as functions of the welding parameters and hence composition. The melting rate for strip electrodes is dependent upon the current-voltage product. Weld nugget size is increased by increased thermal transfer efficiencies resulting from stirring which is current dependent. The presence of Fe2O3 in a flux has been demonstrated to diminish electrode melting rate and drastically increase penetration, making flux choice the prime consideration in cladding operations. A theoretical model for welding with strip electrodes and the submerged arc process is presented.


Between 2005 and 2013, new archaeometallurgical finds and features in central Nigeria resulted from several excavation campaigns conducted by the Nok research project, Goethe University, Frankfurt. This article presents the first excavation results and compares the newly generated data to the publications on the Nok iron smelting site of Taruga from 40 years ago. All newly excavated sites find close resemblance in each other in regards to dates in the middle of the first millennium BCE, furnace design, find distribution and find properties. In some cases, the finds from the Taruga valley fit in the new and homogeneous picture of Nok iron metallurgy. However, Taruga differs from the new sites in its variety of furnace design and number of furnaces.Whereas furnace bases with a width of around one meter based on slag pits partially filled with slag seem to be the rule for all newly excavated Nok furnaces, only some furnaces at Taruga exhibit these characteristics. Furnace variability at Taruga could be explained by a longer and/or subsequent site usage through time. Modern era finds like a clay smoking pipe, the higher number of furnaces per site as well as a higher dispersion of absolute dates and the variability of furnace design could support this assumption. This paper concentrates on the archaeological context of a specific type of early iron technology in central Nigeria; ongoing archaeometric analysis of all related finds will be presented elsewhere.


Life long, flexible, collaborative, and personalised learning are words that are being increasingly used, whenever education is discussed and designed. They express new and important demands on learning architectures, both with regard to pedagogy, organisation and technology. Traditional learning architectures are based on teacher-centric and curriculum-oriented "knowledge-push". In this paper, we present an infrastructure, an architecture and a number of frameworks and tools that support learner-centric and interest-oriented "knowledge-pull". We see them as a contribution to a Public e-Learning Platform, which can achieve true interoperability based on open source and open international ICT standards.


The "Hidden Landscape of a Roman Frontier" is a collaborative research project run and jointly funded by Canterbury Christ Church University (CCCU) and Historic Environment Scotland (HES). Intended to run for a 3-year period, it began in October 2015. The project focuses on the landscape archaeology, history, and heritage management of the Roman frontier in Scotland, part of the "Frontiers of the Roman Empire" transnational UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2008. The project's primary data-set is comprised of aerial LiDAR at 0.5-m resolution covering the World Heritage Site, combined with terrestrial laser-scanning coverage for the forts at Bar Hill and Rough Castle and the fortlet at Kinneil. All data was commissioned under the auspices of the Scottish Ten Project; the aerial data was captured in spring 2010, the terrestrial data in July 2013 and April 2016. The project also draws upon a number of supplemental data sources, including the National Monuments Record of Scotland (https://canmore.org.uk/), geophysical survey data, archive aerial images, colour infra-red imagery, and additional LiDAR data from the UK Environment Agency.


Among historians of astronomy it is widely believed that in Ancient Egypt the astronomial observations were carried out as early as the Early Kingdom (3120 to 2649 BC). This view is based on the interpretation of the text, dating from the I Dynasty, which is the only documental source of that time desribing the connection of the first morning visibility (heliacal sunrise) of Sirius (α Canis Major) with the flooding of the Nile River. Modern interpretations of this text are based on the loose interpretation of the original source, and often contradict each other. In fact it appears that the original text is formulated very vaguely, and it is nearly impossible to derive a reliable astronomical infromation from it. The time of observation before the 15th century BC does not match dates of any version. The results of dating should be considered unsatisfatory, as they are all based on the erroneous assumption that the summer solstice and the rising of Sirius coincides with the flooding of the Nile. Modern observations of the early 20 century and Pliny's data refute this point of view. According to historical evidence of ancient Greek authors and Egyptian texts of the the Greco-Roman era, the flooding of the Nile could be predited by heliacal rising of Sirius in the later times, i.e. at the beginning of the I millennium AD. This fact is confirmed by astronomical calculations.


This paper examines and compares the use of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and generalized frequency division multiple access (GFDMA) multicarrier formats in next-generation passive optical networks (PONs) through experimentation and numerical simulations. It is demonstrated that GFDMA presents a high resilience toward multiple access interference (MAI) compared to OFDMA at the uplink channel of a PON. Moreover, two methods are proposed for achieving synchronization in the uplink channel of PONs, enabling high spectral efficiency. These proposed methods can lead to the elimination of inter-ONU guard bands, and facilitate overlapping inter-ONU subcarriers, while eliminating the effectsofMAI.Additionally,theperformanceofthesemulticarrier formats was analyzed in the downlink channel at a data rate of 15.6 Gb/s and a transmission span of 50 km where neglible performance penalty was observed.


Abstract High-speed running (>5 m · s−1) is commonly reported in men's rugby union and sevens; however, the appropriateness of using the same speed threshold for Women's Rugby Sevens players is unclear, and likely underestimates the degree of high-intensity exercise completed by female players. The aim of this study was to establish, for international Women's Rugby Sevens players, a physiologically defined threshold – speed at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2speed) – for the analysis of high-intensity running, using mean and individualised thresholds. Game movement patterns (using 5 Hz GPS) of 12 international Women's Rugby Sevens players (23.5 ± 4.9 years, 1.68 ± 0.04 m, 68.2 ± 7.7 kg; mean ± s) were collected at an international tournament. Seven of these players also completed a treadmill VO2max test to estimate VT2speed. Compared to the mean VT2speed threshold (3.5 m · s−1), the industry-used threshold of 5 m · s−1 underestimated the absolute amount of high-intensity running completed by individual players by up to 30%. Using an individualised threshold, high-intensity running could over- or underestimating high-intensity running by up to 14% compared to the mean VT2speed threshold. The use of individualised thresholds provides an accurate individualised assessment of game demands to inform the prescription of training.


We report three maternal deaths which might be in possible association with the use of intravaginal dinoprostone for cervical ripening and induction of labor. All cases occurred at our institution between January 2006 and December 2007. Uterine atony and profuse bleeding followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), characterized by severe hypofibrinogenemia developed shortly after delivery of the first two patients. The third patient developed respiratory symptoms in the active labor followed by hemodynamic changes manifested by tetanic uterine contractions and fetal heart rate decelerations. Cardiac arrest developed in all patients shortly after the occurrence of symptoms with no response to any medical intervention. The pharmacologic induction of labor with dinoprostone may be in association with increased risk of maternal death because of increased risk of postpartum DIC and amnionic fluid embolism. Further investigations seem to be needed.


We consider distributed model predictive control (DMPC) where a sparse centralized optimization problem without a terminal cost or a terminal constraint set is solved in distributed fashion. Distribution of the optimization algorithm is enabled by dual decomposition. Gradient methods are usually used to solve the dual problem resulting from dual decomposition. However, gradient methods are known for their slow convergence rate, especially for ill-conditioned problems. This is not desirable in DMPC where the amount of communication should be kept as low as possible. In this chapter, we present a distributed optimization algorithm applied to solve optimization problems arising in DMPC that has significantly better convergence rate than the classical gradient method. This improved convergence rate is achieved by using accelerated gradient methods instead of standard gradient methods and by in a well-defined manner, incorporating Hessian information into the gradient-iterations. We also present a stopping condition to the distributed optimization algorithm that ensures feasibility, stability and closed loop performance of the DMPC-scheme, without using a stabilizing terminal cost or terminal constraint set. Pontus Giselsson Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, e-mail: email@example.com Anders Rantzer Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


The life story of Ishi, the last Yahi Indian, lone survivor of an exterminated tribe, is unique in the annals of North American anthropology. For more than forty years, Theodora Kroeber's biography has captivated readers. Now recent advances in technology make it possible to return to print the 1976 deluxe edition, filled with plates and historic photographs that enhance Ishi's story and bring it to life. Ishi stumbled into the twentieth century on the morning of August 29, 1911, when, desperate with hunger and terrified of the white murderers of his family, he was found in the corral of a slaughter house near Oroville, California. Finally identified as a Yahi by an anthropologist, Ishi was brought to San Francisco by Professor T. T. Waterman and lived there the rest of his life under the care and protection of Alfred Kroeber and the staff of the University of California's Museum of Anthropology. Karl Kroeber adds an informative tribute to the text, describing how the book came to be written and how Theodora Kroeber's approach to the project was a product of both her era and her special personal insight and empathy.


The paper deals with experience and techniques in the application of remotely controlled robotic devices for the dismantling of the A-1 NPP technological equipment during undergoing decommissioning process of the A-1 NPP, which is characterized by high level of radioactivity and contamination. For liquidation of the heavy water evaporator has been applied a mobile robotic system MT 80, which had been developed, designed and constructed as a general-purpose decommissioning equipment. The heavy water evaporator as a part of the NPP heavy water system is located inside the main production unit building in Room No. 220 where the inner surface contamination is from 101 Bq/cm2 to the level of 103 Bq/cm2 , dose rate up to 1.5 mGy/h and the feeding pipeline contained LRAW with high tritium content. The first step was the development of a work procedure with special focus on the elimination of activity and aerosols leaking into the environment. Special tooling was developed for application with the robot, such as hydraulic shears, circular saw, reciprocating saw, circular pipe cutter and a system for quick tool-change without direct intervention of the operators. Then, civil engineering modifications were made to the workplace and new technology was installed, including an efficient exhaust system. After draining-off the remains of LRAW and rinsing the pipeline, fragmentation of the pieces of equipment was started. The fragments are being deposited into drums which are transported in shielded containers to the decontamination facility, where their activity is reduced prior to their storage or further use. All operations are remotely controlled on basis of visual information from four cameras, with consistent radiation protection of the operators. This experience will be exploited in the continuation of work in Room No. 219, where the second identical heavy water evaporator is located. Nuclear Power Plant A-1 is situated in the locality of Jaslovske Bohunice. The A-1 NPP decommissioning has been organized according to distinctively licensed phases, which allows collecting input data for next stage during the running decommissioning stage. Since 2009 the Stage II of the A-1 NPP decommissioning has been in process.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


As the P-12 student landscape continues to grow in cultural and linguistic diversity, teacher preparation programs have yet to adequately prepare teacher candidates' teaching and learning skills in meeting the academic and socio-emotional needs of diverse student demographics. This article examines teacher candidates' cultural competence and cultural responsiveness to enhance candidates' educator preparation and stimulate candidates' personal growth development as developing culturally and linguistically responsive new teachers. While many teacher preparation programs require one multicultural or diversity education course, the authors examine a Minority Serving Institution's integration of a cultural immersion experience for teacher candidates as one way of supporting their development as culturally and linguistically sustaining pedagogues. This paper aims at supporting school districts' need of culturally competent new teachers who have the content knowledge and pedagogy to teach and support culturally and linguistically diverse children. Recognizing this need, this qualitative analysis highlights the importance of and a need for cultural and linguistic competence among teacher candidates. Findings from this study provides a means by which universities can implement cross-cultural coursework and field-based experiences to prepare culturally responsive teacher candidates.


: A two-stage process of submerged citric acid fermentation with replacement of growth medium by fermentation medium has been worked out. The optimum composition of mineral nutrients and pH of the fermentation medium of the second stage of the process were determined. An addition of 0.5 g/l of NH4NO3 as nitrogen source and 0.1 g/l of MgSO4-7H2O as magnesium source ensured effective conversion of sucrose to citric acid. An addition to KH2PO4, on the other hand, was definitely unfavourable as it considerably reduced the product yield. The medium for the second stage of fermentation should be acidified to about pH 2.2, while the water used for washing the mycelium from the remains of the growth medium should have a pH of 2.5--3.5. Under these conditions, with an initial sucrose concentration of 100 g/l, after 132 hr fermentation at 26 degrees up to 90 g/l of citric acid was obtained, which corresponds to a productivity of over 16 g/l. day. The highest activity for citric acid formation was found in three- or four-day-old mycelium.


Blood serum from immunized humans or animals (e.g., horses) contains relevant antibodies and has been used as serum therapy to treat many diseases or envenomation events. The effectiveness of blood serum was initially discovered in 1890 when Kitasato and von Behring observed the effectiveness of this type of therapy against diphtheria and tetanus. Serum therapies played an important role in the advancement of modern medicine prior to the development of penicillin and steroids. At present, several types of serum therapy remain in clinical use. However, some physicians have a limited understanding of the nature and the benefits of serum therapy and the factors that require particular attention. In this review, we set out to clarify the benefits, cautions, and potential applications of serum therapy in the context of conditions such as gas gangrene, diphtheria, botulism, and tetanus and bites from three snake species (mamushi, habu, and yamakagashi) and the redback spider. It is hoped that this review will help clinicians to learn about clinical serum therapies and become familiar with their applications.


WNTs are extracellular proteins that activate different cell surface receptors linked to canonical and noncanonical WNT signalling pathways. The Wnt genes were originally discovered as important for embryonic development of fruit flies and malignant transformation of mouse mammary cancers. More recently, WNTs have been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological phenomena and diseases. During the last decade, several lines of clinical and preclinical evidence have indicated that WNT signalling is critical for trabecular and cortical bone mass, and this pathway is currently an attractive target for drug development. Based on detailed knowledge of the different WNT signalling pathways, it appears that it might be possible to develop drugs that specifically target cortical and trabecular bone. Neutralization of a bone‐specific WNT inhibitor is now being evaluated as a promising anabolic treatment for patients with osteoporosis. Here, we provide the historical background to the discoveries of WNTs, describe the different WNT signalling pathways and summarize the current understanding of how these proteins regulate bone mass by affecting bone formation and resorption.


The well-known Parks-McClellan program can only design linear phase real FIR filters, and the Remez exchange algorithm is not readily applied for general complex FIR filter design. Here the problem of designing complex FIR filters is solved by dividing the original complex approximation into two real ones such that the Remez exchange algorithm can be applied by slightly modifying the Parks-McClellan-McCalling program. Arbitrary frequency response complex FIR filters and complex all-pass filters can be easily designed by this efficient technique. This approach has several practical advantages such as fast design time and easy implementation with satisfactory performance.


In TEFL, a method of teaching which is the most efficacious needs applying. Students have their own different characteristics and interest in term of learning and acquisitioning English as foreign language. This occasionally makes English teachers need to find even a unique method of teaching.
"Aralish" is a blend deriving from Arabic and English. It is then used to name a method of teaching combining the characteristic of Arabic and English languages in learning English as foreign language or vice versa. Arabic and English have a set of similarities and differences. It seems that the differences are more found instead of the similarities, but when explaining the language components of both languages: pronunciation, morphology and syntax, the logically equivalent terms of both languages are available. This strongly does help the students who simultaneously learn both of the languages.
"Aralish", is now being applied as a treatment for the students who join the LBA MA NU TBS Kudus. LBA is a foreign language corner founded by Madrasah Aliyah Nahdlatul Ulama Tasywiquth Thullab Salafiyah (MA NU TBS ) Kudus to make its graduates supported with the two main worldwide languages, Arabic and English. LBA builds a memorandum of agreement (MOU) with English Education Department Teacher Training and Education Faculty Muria Kudus University PBI FKIP UMK) in recruiting the trainers. The trainers are exclusive, since they do not only have to master English but also Arabic as well.
Although this new phenomenon has not been formally brought into an experimental research or classroom action research, but as far I, one of the trainers of LBS, have been observing, the students, at least, have been strongly motivated in the teaching and learning process, since they learn two things that are closely related.


A new component, which substitutes cytochrome P-450 as an acceptor of reducing equivalents from NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, was identified in the bovine retina microsomal monooxigenase system, which does not contain cytochrome P-450. This component is a non-heme iron-containing protein with molecular mass of 66 kDa. The properties of the protein from the bovine retina are similar to those of MIP, a non-heme iron-containing protein from the heart microsomal monooxigenase system, in which cytochrome P-450 was not identified, either. Activation of the microsomal monooxigenase system (an increase in the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity, an increased rate of microsomal NADPH oxidation) was shown in the retina upon long-term intensive illumination. It was shown also that the development of hereditary degeneration of the retina in rats was accompanied by activation of the specific microsomal monooxigenase system in the target tissues (retina, brain cortex) irrespective of its composition (cytochrome P-450 or non-heme iron-containing protein).


Outcome-based education (OBE) in teaching and learning is now being implemented at all levels of education especially at higher education institutions. For implementing OBE, the design of curriculum and courses should be based on specified outcomes. Thus, the challenge for the assessment is that it should be capable of measuring whether intended outcomes have been achieved or not. Likely, by assisting lecturer in preparing examination paper that aligns with the planned outcomes is something that can help to ensure the implementation of OBE. Hence, this paper describes a tool for composing question examination paper based on the outcomes. The tool, called learning outcomes-based question examination paper (LoQET), would be beneficial not only for lecturer but also to university in improving the quality of examination paper, thus, making the exam as one of the better assessment instrument for OBE implementation.


Wire electro- discharge machining (WEDM) is known as unique cutting in manufacturing industries, especially in the good tolerance with intricate shape geometry in die industry. In this study the workpiece has been chosen as Inconel 718. Inconel 718 super alloy is widely used in aerospace industries. This nickel based super alloy has excellent resistance to high temperature, mechanical and chemical degradations with toughness and work hardening characteristics materials. Due to these properties, the machinability studies of this material have been carried-out in this study. The machining of Inconel 718 using variation of wire electrode material (brass wire electrode and zinc coated brass wire) with diameter equal to 0.20mm has been carried out. The objective of this study is mainly to investigate the various WEDM process parameters and performance of wire electrodes materials on Inconel 718 with various types of cutting. The optimal process parameter setting for each of wire electrode material has been obtained for multi-objective response. The kerf width, Material Removal Rate (MRR) and surface finish, corner error, corner deviation and angular error are the responses which are function of process variables viz. pulse-on time, discharge current, wire speed, flushing pressure and taper angle. The non-linear regression analysis has been developed for relationship between the process parameter and process characteristics. The optimal parameters setting have been carried out using multi-objective nature-inspired meta-heuristic optimization algorithm such as Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO). Lastly numerical model analysis has been carried out to determine MRR and residual stress using ANSYS software and MRR model validated with the experimental results. The overlapping approach has been adopted for solving the multi-spark problem and validate with the experimental results.


There is no lack of bibliographical services which cover food and agricultural marketing--including marketing in the developing countries. World Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Abstracts (WAERSA), Agricultural Research Information System (AGRIS), and the bibliography issued by the F AO Marketing Service provide the fullest coverage. Other bibliographical services which include marketing in the developing countries are USDA's AGRICOLA and the bibliographical series of the Royal Tropical Institute of the Netherlands. The Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Cooperation and various universities have also issued selected marketing bibliographies. The number of titles held in one or another source is enormous. The issue to which this paper is addressed is how best to serve those practitioners of the subject who do not have access to a well-equipped library or are too busy to check through thousands of titles.


The western honeybee (Apis mellifera) is indispensable for maintaining agricultural productivity as well as the abundance and diversity of wild flowering plants. However, bees suffer from environmental pollution, parasites, and pathogens, including viruses. ABSTRACT Infections with Kashmir bee virus (KBV) are lethal for honeybees and have been associated with colony collapse disorder. KBV and closely related viruses contribute to the ongoing decline in the number of honeybee colonies in North America, Europe, Australia, and other parts of the world. Despite the economic and ecological impact of KBV, its structure and infection process remain unknown. Here, we present the structure of the virion of KBV determined to a resolution of 2.8 Å. We show that the exposure of KBV to acidic pH induces a reduction in interpentamer contacts within capsids and the reorganization of its RNA genome from a uniform distribution to regions of high and low density. Capsids of KBV crack into pieces at acidic pH, resulting in the formation of open particles lacking pentamers of capsid proteins. The large openings of capsids enable the rapid release of genomes and thus limit the probability of their degradation by RNases. The opening of capsids may be a shared mechanism for the genome release of viruses from the family Dicistroviridae. IMPORTANCE The western honeybee (Apis mellifera) is indispensable for maintaining agricultural productivity as well as the abundance and diversity of wild flowering plants. However, bees suffer from environmental pollution, parasites, and pathogens, including viruses. Outbreaks of virus infections cause the deaths of individual honeybees as well as collapses of whole colonies. Kashmir bee virus has been associated with colony collapse disorder in the United States, and no cure for the disease is currently available. Here, we report the structure of an infectious particle of Kashmir bee virus and show how its protein capsid opens to release the genome. Our structural characterization of the infection process determined that therapeutic compounds stabilizing contacts between pentamers of capsid proteins could prevent the genome release of the virus.


The Amazon basin is a region of constant scientific interest due to its environmental importance and its biodiversity and climate on a global scale. The seasonal variations in water volume are one of the examples of topics studied nowadays. In general, the variations in river levels depend primarily on the climate and physics characteristics of the corresponding basins. The main factor which influences the water level in the Amazon Basin is the intensive rainfall over this region as a consequence of the humidity of the tropical climate. Unfortunately, the Amazon basin is an area with lack of water level information due to difficulties in access for local operations. The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the Equivalent Water Height (Ewh) from GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) mission, to study the connection between water loading and vertical variations of the crust due to the hydrologic. In order to achieve this goal, the Ewh is compared with in-situ information from limnimeter. For the analysis it was computed the correlation coefficients, phase and amplitude of GRACE Ewh solutions and in-situ data, as well as the timing of periods of drought in different parts of the basin. The results indicated that vertical variations of the lithosphere due to water mass loading could reach 7 to 5 cm per year, in the sedimentary and flooded areas of the region, where water level variations can reach 10 to 8 m.


This paper evaluates the mass and content distribution of the lateritic ore supplied to the Caron process in Moa, Cuba. The description of the most contrasting physical properties, particle size and magnetic susceptibility with the use of fractional analysis methods was done. The products of fractional analysis were further set to the analytical techniques of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Absorption to determine the metallic and mineralogical phases. Statistical approaches were also used to validate the distribution functions. As a result of the research, the regularities of mass and content distribution of the following phases were determined: Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Mg, SiO, Mn and Cr. In addition, the joint fractional distribution functions that describe the mass and content of the aforementioned physical properties were found; an aspect that may allow for the possibility of identifying the particles according to the physical properties under study. These results may add up to the new knowledge about the possibilities of pre-concentration by elimination of components that do not have metal values of interest in the Caron process. Keywords : Theory of Separation, Fractional Distribution Function, Laterite, Nickel


The task (albeit self-inflicted) of making projections regarding what may happen in the dawning century with regard to special education for students with emotional and behavioral disabilities (EBD) is an intimating one. One reason is that, in the context of the millennium just past, our field is in its infancy. Public school programs for students with EBD have existed for less than six decades (Whelan & Kauffman, 1999) which hardly constitutes sufficient baseline data from which to project future trends, especially in a field that is being so dramatically impacted by social and political forces. The other reason is that a number of authors already have provided their cogent insights and forecasts regarding our field (e.g., Kauffman, 1999b; Walker, 2000; Walker, Sprague, Close, & Stalin, 1999-2000; Weber & Scheuermann, 1997). Over the years, I have drawn heavily from the work of these and other leaders in formulating my own thoughts and opinions; so much so that much of what I have to say perhaps is most accu rately characterized as a review of their work. Another preliminary clarification regards my choice of metaphors for this article. The dictionary defines a metaphor as a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance. Metaphors have been quite popular among speakers and writers addressing the current status and the future of our field. For example, Kauffman (1999c) recently used mules as a vehicle for conveying his messages about the role of science in the field of EBD. Having been prepared initially as a teacher of English, I am drawn to literary devices such as metaphors. For this article, I chose windows and doors as metaphors: Both provide visual and physical passage, and both can let in drafts, keep out the unwanted, or contain the incarcerated. They also imply movement through space and time, as when one looks outside when planning the day's activities or opens a door prior to going through it. Finally, let me attempt to establish a context for my observatio ns. The first is that, while our field is very new, much has happened in the 20th Century (most of it in the past 30 years) to influence its development and shape its future. One significant event is the enormous proliferation of governmental bureaucracies. At the federal level alone, there are a multitude of agencies that direct and support diverse initiatives related to children and their emotional and behavioral needs. Each agency has established its own policies and priorities regarding children and youth with emotional and behavioral problems and their families. These government organizations provide essential support for programs and professionals dedicated to helping their clients. Understandably, other levels of government have followed suit, and professional disciplines also have evolved around the divergent perspectives of the multifaceted and diverse needs of our clientele. Unfortunately, at the level of the consumer, this proliferation of agencies means that the family of a child with complex emot ional and behavioral needs is likely to face a bewildering labyrinth of providers and agencies, many with differing eligibility criteria, service delivery patterns, and guiding conceptual models. Professionals are hardly any better off: We tend to become isolated within our own disciplinary niches, talking to our own group of colleagues and creating our own literatures. The governmental agencies that regulate helping professions have their own funding streams and priorities, resulting in programs and services for children and families that are uncoordinated, competing, and sometimes incompatible. In the 1980s, the idea of a system of care emerged, in which services for children and families were coordinated across life domains and service providers to remove many of the artificial barriers to matching services to client characteristics and needs across all relevant life domains (Stroul & Friedman, 1986). …


Membrane selective electrodes were used to determine tetryzoline hydrochloride (TZH) in pure form, pharmaceutical preparations and in biological fluids. The membrane selective electrodes include construction of water insoluble ionassociation complexes. The TZH ion exchangers were formed using tetraphenyl borate (TZH-TPB), phosphomolybdic acid (TZH-PMA) and phosphotungstic acid (TZH-PTA), in a plasticized PVC (polyvinyl chloride) matrix, using dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or dioctylphthalate (DOP) as a plasticizer. The performance characteristics of the developed sensors were evaluated according to IUPAC recommendations. The developed sensors showed good responses but the best electrochemical characteristics and selectivity coefficients were achieved with TZHTPB sensor using DBP as a plasticizer, where the linear responses of TZH was found within the concentration ranges of to mol/L and Nernstian slope was calculated to be of 56.8 mV/ decade at 25 °C, over the pH range of The suggested method was used to determine TZH in synthetic mixtures, pharmaceutical formulations and in presence of its alkali degradation product. The proposed sensors displayed useful analytical characteristics for the determination of TZH in biological fluids such as rabbit aqueous humor and human plasma. The later application can be used to detect oral TZH poisoning in children. The obtained results were statistically compared with the official method, showing no significant difference with respect to accuracy and precision. Analytical and Bioanalytical Electrochemistry 2015, January Abstract


The approach to teaching and learning advocated in this paper is centred on the notion of 'strategic scholarship' (Danaher, 2004; Danaher, Harreveld, Luck & Nouwens, 2004). On the one hand, this notion eschews an 'ivory tower' construction of research disconnected from the lived experiences and practical concerns of individuals and groups. On the other hand, this notion resists the promotion of an anti-intellectual agenda that favours untheorised practice that fails to engage with the deeply embedded educational, political and sociocultural inequities confronting the world today. From this perspective, strategic scholarship can be seen as a crucial partner of 'evidence-based practice' (Centre for Evidence Based Social Services, n.d.) in assisting universities to be(come) potentially transformative 'learning organisations' (Farago & Skyrme, 1995). It is also a powerful counternarrative to the 'research/teaching' binary that causes many conscientious university teachers to believe that teaching remains less highly valued than research in universities.
We illustrate this argument through a discussion of current constructions of student attrition and retention at an Australian 'new generation' university. Some of those constructions seek simple solutions to complex and diverse issues, such as the array of links among curriculum, pedagogy and assessment on the one hand and students' (dis)engagements with a course or program on the other. The dilemmas attendant on developing a model of student attrition that addresses the distinctive characteristics of the university being discussed encapsulate the challenges and opportunities of promoting strategic scholarship in relation to this central concern of university teaching and learning.
In particular, we explore those challenges and opportunities by means of three organising questions:
• Which forms of evidence are available to stakeholders in student attrition and retention and how are they linked with practice?
• Which concepts and research questions are helpful in understanding and engaging with student attrition and retention?
• How can the evidence and the research findings be transformed into strategic scholarship around student attrition and retention?
These research questions can be expressed also in terms of strategic issues confronting contemporary universities, 'new generation' and otherwise:
• How do we engage our communities?
• How do we scope and clarify our areas of inquiry?
• How do we promote research, scholarship and evidence-based practice?
On the basis of our responses to these questions and issues, we posit the empirical, methodological and theoretical benefits of a strategically scholarly approach to university teaching and learning.

References
Centre for Evidence Based Social Services. (n.d.). What is evidence-based practice? Exeter, UK: Author. Retrieved August 3, 2004, from: http://www.ex.ac.uk/cebss/evidence_based_practice.html
Danaher, P. A. (2004, 2004, July 30). Research and professional practice. Invited paper presented at the librarians' professional forum, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld.
Danaher, P. A., Harreveld, R. E., Luck, J. T., & Nouwens, F. (2004, August). Strategic scholarship, evidence-based practice and Central Queensland University as a learning organisation: The Learning, Evaluation, Innovation and Development Centre's response to the Central Queensland University review of strategic direction, academic and administrative structures and staffing profile. Rockhampton, Qld: Learning, Evaluation, Innovation and Development Centre, Division of Teaching and Learning Services, Central Queensland University.
Farago, J., & Skyrme, D. J. (1995). The learning organization. Retrieved August 3, 2004, from: http: http://www.skyrme.com/insights/3lrnorg.htm\


cases, even with twelve hours' gastric stasis, it is caused by congestion round the ulcer and achalasia or spasm of the sphincter, so that medical treatment, accompanied by evacuation of the stomach every night, often leads to complete recovery. The more carefully cases are selected for surgery the worse are the results of gastro-jejunostomy, because those which form the large majority of surgical successes would do equally well without operation, whereas the failures of gastro-jejunostomy occur mainly among patients in whom the strictest and most prolonged medical treatment and after-care would fail. It was the realization of this-that too large a proportion of the comparatively small number of my patients with duodenal ulcer who required operation did badly with gastro-jejunostomy-and the experience of having in New Lodge Clinic since 1921 about 150 private patients suffering from the ill results of the operation (compared with 350 duodenal and ninety gastric ulcers) that made me welcome an alternative operation when I heard of the remarkably successful results of partial gastrectomy from Finsterer in Vienna, von Bergmann-a physician-in Berlin, and Crohn-another physician-in New York. For the last five years I have sent all my cases requiring operation to surgeons like Mr. Ogilvie, who were willing to perform a gastrectomy unless organic obstruction of the pylorus or duodenum called for gastro-jejunostomy. In my experience the operation has had a mortality no larger than that of gastro-jejunostomy. Though the skill of my surgical colleagues has of course been the main cause for the good results, immediate and remote, I think that our joint belief that an operation should be regarded as nothing more than an incident in medical treatment has played an important part, as every patient has had at least a fortnight of strict medical treatment first, so that no one has undergone an operation when his ulcer was acutely inflamed or his haemoglobin was less than 80 per cent. Every patient is kept on a strict ulcer diet after operation until occult blood has disappeared from the stools, often three or four weeks being required for this to happen. A test meal is given before he goes home: in the rare cases in which free acid is still present he continues permanently on a post-ulcer regime. With achlorhydria a much less strict diet is required, and the patient is told to take 30 grains of iron and ammonium citrate for one week in every four in order to prevent the development of anaemia. Most surgeons agree that the only operation for a gastrojejunal ulcer is partial gastrectomy, though it is insufficiently realized that at least 50 per cent. get well with adequate medical treatment; but as it rarely follows gastro-jejunostomy for any condition except duodenal ulcer, it is difficult to see why a primary gastrectomy should not be performed instead of running the much greater risk of performing a secondary gastrectomy in the presence of an anastomotic ulcer. A good deal of the disagreement about the incidence of the complications of gastro-jejunostomy arises from the fact that many surgeons are unaware that a severe gastrojejunitis on both sides of the anastomotic line, with or without superficial erosions, is as common a cause of serious symptoms as a chronic ulcer, and is generally responsible for recurrent haemorrhage in the absence of pain. This condition cannot be recognized with the x rays nor by inspection of the anastomosis in the course of an operation, with the result that the abdomen is often closed after dividing adhesions or some other equally futile procedure. If partial gastrectomy is performed on the clinical findings, the true nature of the condition is discovered and the patient is cured.-I am, etc.,


Abstract Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are membraneless organelles (MLOs), which majorly consist of RNA and RNA-binding proteins and are formed via liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). Experimental studies investigating the drivers of LLPS have shown that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and nucleic acids like RNA and other polynucleotides play a key role in modulating protein phase separation. There is currently a dearth of modelling techniques which allow one to delve deeper into how polynucleotides play the role of a modulator/promoter of LLPS in cells using computational methods. Here, we present a coarse-grained polynucleotide model developed to fill this gap, which together with our recently developed HPS model for protein LLPS, allows us to capture the factors driving protein-polynucleotide phase separation. We explore the capabilities of the modelling framework with the LAF-1 RGG system which has been well studied in experiments and also with the HPS model previously. Further taking advantage of the fact that the HPS model maintains sequence specificity we explore the role of charge patterning on controlling polynucleotide incorporation into condensates. With increased charge patterning we observe formation of structured or patterned condensates which suggests the possible roles of polynucleotides in not only shifting the phase boundaries but also introducing microscopic organization in MLOs.


Partners in an intercultural couple can be similar because of selection effects (they were attracted to each other because of their similarity), accommodation (relationship length diminishes differences), or acculturation (the migrant partner adjusts to the dominant culture). The current study explored these sources of similarity, as well as the association of relationship standards with relationship satisfaction, by comparing intercultural couples (68 Chinese–Western couples) with two groups of monocultural couples (63 Western couples and 66 Chinese couples) across 2 countries of residence (China and Australia). Regardless of country of residence, Chinese couples rated Family Responsibility standards (e.g., relations with the extended family and maintaining relational harmony) as more important than Western couples. Western couples rated Couple Bond standards (e.g., the demonstration of love and caring) as more important than Chinese. Intercultural couples endorsed standards to an intermediate extent between the Chinese and Western couples. There was considerable similarity of partners' standards within couples in all 3 groups of couples. Endorsement of Couple Bond standards and partner similarity on Family Responsibility standards were associated with relationship satisfaction across all 3 groups and both countries of residence. We conclude that cultural differences in endorsement of relationship standards show little acculturative change, at least in first-generation migrants. The substantial similarity in partners' standards in intercultural couples seems to be due primarily to selection effects. The association of standards with satisfaction is remarkably similar across countries of residence and cultural groups.


ABSTRACT Citizen and community science is an important approach for advancing research, education, and conservation, and currently, various projects are being implemented and trialled worldwide. We conducted surveys of participants in the City Nature Challenge, an international event in which participants engaged in monitoring wildlife and plants in their neighbourhoods. We received responses from 361 participants representing 12 countries including the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia. There were significant differences in terms of socio-demographic attributes and participants' perceptions of citizen/community science activities. Regression analysis revealed that the more participants learned about the animals and plants in their areas, the more they self-reported their intention to participate in similar activities in the future in both the United States and Japan. This suggests that managers of citizen/community science projects could tailor the message and contents of the activities to enhance participants' learning about local biodiversity to increase their continued involvement in future events. Key policy insights In both the United States and Japan, the more participants learned about the animals and plants in their local area through citizen/community science activities, the more they were willing to participate in similar activities in the future. Cross-cultural comparison of participants in citizen/community science activities revealed significant differences in terms of socio-demographic attributes (e.g. participants in Japan and Malaysia were younger than those in the United States and the United Kingdom). Survey results revealed differences in participants' perceptions of the citizen/community science activities (e.g. participants from Malaysia were more likely to be aware of the threats to animals and plants in their neighbourhood than those in the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom).


In this study we explore whether an emotional support message sent to an informal carer by a Virtual Agent provides good quality emotional support, compared to the same message sent by a friend or sister with whom they have either a close, medium, or distant relationship. We also explore whether these judgements are affected by personality. Participants recruited from Mechanical Turk rated an emotional support message for Suitability, provided qualitative feedback about their rating and then completed a personality measure. We found that the support message was rated worst when it came from the Computer, Distant-sister and Close-friend. While these were rated worse, they were not rated poorly, implying that support from a computer is valuable. There were three effects for personality which did not vary with the support giver's Identity: agreeableness and emotional stability had a positive correlation with 3 sub-scales of supportiveness. A thematic analysis of comments revealed that people prefer emotional support from a human; they like empathy; support from close friends means more; they prefer personalised support; and they have higher expectations from family over friends.


Introduction: The major concern in liver transplantation of grafts from donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors remains the high incidence of non-anastomotic biliary strictures (NAS). Machine perfusion has been proposed as an alternative strategy for organ preservation which reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Experimental studies have shown that dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (DHOPE) is associated with less IRI, improved hepatocellular function, and better preserved mitochondrial and endothelial function compared to conventional static cold storage (SCS). Moreover, DHOPE was safely applied with promising results in a recently performed phase-1 study. The aim of the current study is to determine the efficacy of DHOPE in reducing the incidence of NAS after DCD liver transplantation. Methods: This is an international multicenter randomized controlled trial. Adult patients (≥18 yrs old) undergoing transplantation of a DCD donor liver (Maastricht category III) will be randomized between the intervention and control group. In the intervention group, livers will be subjected to two hours of end-ischemic DHOPE after SCS and before implantation. In the control group, livers will be subjected to care as usual with conventional SCS only. Primary outcome is the incidence of symptomatic NAS diagnosed by a blinded adjudication committee. In all patients, magnetic resonance cholangiography will be obtained at six months after transplantation. Conclusion: DHOPE is associated with reduced IRI of the bile ducts. Whether reduced IRI of the bile ducts leads to lower incidence of NAS after DCD liver transplantation can only be examined in a randomized controlled trial. Trial registration: The trial was registered in Clinicaltrials.gov in September 2015 with the identifier NCT02584283 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02584283).


Fine-scale bainitic microstructure with excellent mechanical properties has been achieved by transforming austenite to bainite at low temperature ranging from 200oC to 300oC. Microstructural observations and hardness measurements show that transformed microstructures consist of bainitic ferrite and carbon-enriched retained austenite. The thickness of bainitic ferrite plates is less than 50 nm. The hardness reaches approximately 640 HV1. Strong austenite and/or large driving force at the low transformation temperature leads to ultra fine bainitic ferrite plates. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that low-temperature bainite transformation is an incomplete reaction. The carbon content in carbon-enriched retained austenite is below the para-equilibrium (Ae3′) phase boundary predicted. The carbon content in bainitic ferrite is less than that T0′ phase boundary predicted.


In 99 patients undergoing strabismus surgery, an intravenous bolus of succinylcholine (Sch) was given after completion of the strabismus procedure. Reliable data were obtained in 53 patients. The interlimbal distance measured at 60 seconds after injection (VR60) was compared to the interlimbal distance at 1 and 6 weeks postoperatively, to evaluate the correlation between the drug-induced eye position under anesthesia and the awake-eye alignment postoperatively. Correlations were highest in patients undergoing symmetric recessions of the medial or lateral recti in primary horizontal strabismus. Confidence intervals of 0.8 to 1.2 were noted for both the esotropia and exotropia groups. Two patients experienced Sch-related complications of masseter spasm and prolonged apnea. Although infrequent, the potential gravity of the complications from Sch use and the currently enjoyed high rate of success in primary strabismus surgery suggest that these formulas not be used clinically. Nonetheless, the high correlations between the drug-induced and awake ocular position provide further support to the premise that the Sch sensitive fibers provide an important motor component to the awake eye position.


Software change history plays an important role in measuring software quality and predicting defects. Co-change metrics such as number of files changed together has been used as a predictor of bugs. In this study, we further investigate the impact of specific characteristics of co-change dispersion on software quality. Using statistical regression models we show that co-changes that include files from different subsystems result in more bugs than co-changes that include files only from the same subsystem. This can be used to improve bug prediction models based on co-changes.


Complex processes in perforated domains occur in many real-world applications. These problems are typically characterized by physical processes in domains with multiple scales. Moreover, these problems are intrinsically multiscale and their discretizations can yield very large linear or nonlinear systems. In this paper, we investigate multiscale approaches that attempt to solve such problems on a coarse grid by constructing multiscale basis functions in each coarse grid, where the coarse grid can contain many perforations. In particular, we are interested in cases when there is no scale separation and the perforations can have different sizes. In this regard, we mention some earlier pioneering works, where the authors develop multiscale finite element methods. In our paper, we follow Generalized Multiscale Finite Element Method (GMsFEM) and develop a multiscale procedure where we identify multiscale basis functions in each coarse block using snapshot space and local spectral problems. We show that with a few basis functions in each coarse block, one can approximate the solution, where each coarse block can contain many small inclusions. We apply our general concept to (1) Laplace equation in perforated domains; (2) elasticity equation in perforated domains; and (3) Stokes equations in perforated domains. Numerical results are presented for these problems using two types of heterogeneous perforated domains. The analysis of the proposed methods will be presented elsewhere.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of a replacement diet with Khorasan wheat products in patients with fibromyalgia, in comparison with a similar replacement diet with control products made from organic semi-whole-grain modern wheat.

DESIGN
Randomized, double-blinded crossover trial.

SETTING
Outpatient clinic.

SUBJECTS
Twenty subjects (19 female and one male, mean age = 48.9 ± 12.3 years) with fibromyalgia.

METHODS
Participants were randomly assigned to consume either Khorasan or control wheat products (pasta, bread, crackers, biscuits) for eight weeks and then crossed. Validated self-administered questionnaires were collected from each subject at the beginning and end of each intervention period.

RESULTS
A general linear model for repeated measurement, adjusted for potential confounders, showed that the overall score reported from each questionnaire improved after both intervention and control periods, but the effect was more evident after the intervention with Khorasan. In particular, a statistically significant difference in Widespread Pain Index (WPI) + Severity Scale (SS) and Functional Outcome of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) was observed, which decreased significantly by 21.5% and 11.7% respectively, only after the Khorasan period, while no statistically significant variations were reported after the control period. Similarly, FM Impact Questionnaire scores decreased significantly only after the Khorasan period, with a reduction that was significantly different between the intervention and control periods (-22.5% vs -0.3%, P = 0.037). The improvement was even greater in people with higher symptom severity.

CONCLUSIONS
A dietary intervention with Khorasan wheat products seems to benefit patients with fibromyalgia, especially those with greater symptom severity.


The bending of plates on rubber pad is a relatively new method used for roll bending of thin plates in recent years. In the present work the problem of plastic deformation of thin plates was analyzed. The governing differential equations for the plate's elastic and plastic zones were derived. An analytical-numerical solution to these equations was subsequently presented. In addition, the equations were solved for a given problem and the effect of indentation depth of plate on its bending radius was investigated. A relationship has been proposed to correlate these parameters. This relationship is a powerful tool in controlling the process and process planning. This tool helps the operator set the indentation depth to a predefined amount in order that the plate to be bent by a given radius, without any try and error effort. The results were verified by experiment.


This paper reports an investigation of the influence of carbonitriding conditions for 20MnCr5 low alloy steel. Three gaseous carbonitriding conditions were investigated based on different carbon and nitrogen potentials to attain varying levels of carbon between 0.62 and 0.93% mass, whereas for nitrogen between 0.19 and 0.26% mass at the surface. Analysis of retained austenite and residual stress distributions was conducted using X-ray diffraction technique. The effective case depth varied between 900 and 1200 μm. The case microstructures were characterized by varying proportions of retained austenite and martensite, while the core contained essentially bainitic microstructures. The maximum amount of retained austenite which occurred at a depth of 50 μm from the subsurface ranged between 30 and 70% mass and significantly influenced the level of surface micro-hardness whereas the core hardness remaining relatively constant at 450 HV1. High values of residual stresses in martensite phase were observed. The signs, magnitudes, distributions and location of maximum compressive residual stresses were highly influenced by the maximum fraction of retained austenite. Retained austenite of 30%, 50% and 70% mass at the surface lead to peak compressive residue stresses of -280, -227, and -202 MPa at depths of 555, 704, and 890 μm, respectively.


Texture is one of the most important characteristics used in computer vision and image processing applications. A new texture classification and retrieval method is proposed for texture analysis applications. The technique makes use of the random neural network model. The main aim is to represent textures with parameters which are the random neural network weights and classify and retrieve textures using this texture definition. The network has neurons that correspond to each image pixel, and the neurons are connected according to neighboring relationship between pixels. The method is tested on images produced using the Brodatz album and texture blocks cut from remotely sensed images.


Aldosterone, in doses inappropriate to the salt status, plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular injury, including endothelial dysfunction, independent of its hypertensive effects. Acute non‐genomic effects of aldosterone acting on mineralocorticoid receptors are inconsistent in healthy humans: vasoconstriction or forearm blood flow decrease via endothelial dysfunction, vasodilatation mediated by increased NO actions, or no effects. However, in studies with experimental animals, aldosterone mostly enhances vasodilatation mediated by endothelium‐derived NO. Chronic exposure to aldosterone, which induces genomic responses, results in impairments of endothelial function through decreased NO synthesis and action in healthy individuals, experimental animals and isolated endothelial cells. Chronic aldosterone reduces NO release from isolated human endothelial cells only when extracellular sodium is raised. Oxidative stress is involved in the impairment of endothelial function by promoting NO degradation. Aldosterone liberates endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) from endothelial cells, which elicits ETA receptor–mediated vasoconstriction by inhibiting endothelial NO synthesis and action and through its own direct vasoconstrictor action. Ca2+ flux through T‐type Ca2+ channels activates aldosterone synthesis and thus enhances unwanted effects of aldosterone on the endothelium. Mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitors, ETA receptor antagonists and T‐type Ca2+ channel blockers appear to diminish the pathophysiological participation of aldosterone in cardiovascular disease and exert beneficial actions on bioavailability of endothelium‐derived NO, particularly in resistant hypertension and aldosteronism.


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View this journal online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jse Wiley's Corporate Citizenship initiative seeks to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges faced in our business and which are important to our diverse stakeholder groups. Since launching the initiative, we have focused on sharing our content with those in need, enhancing community philanthropy, reducing our carbon impact, creating global guidelines and best practices for paper use, establishing a vendor code of ethics, and engaging our colleagues and other stakeholders in our efforts. Follow our progress at www.wiley.com/go/citizenship Wiley is a founding member of the UN-backed HINARI, AGORA, and OARE initiatives. They are now collectively known as Research4Life, making online scientifi c content available free or at nominal cost to researchers in developing countries. Please visit Wiley's Content Access – Corporate Citizenship site: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/ id-390082.html PI.JSE.January 17 Richard Abbott, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK Spencer C.H. Barrett, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Shi-Long Chen, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS, Xining, China Zhi-Duan Chen, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China Laurence Dorr, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA Peter K. Endress, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Lian-Ming Gao, Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, Yunnan, China Brandon S. Gaut, University of California, Irvine, USA Xue-Jun Ge, South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou, China Hong-Ya Gu, Peking University, Beijing, China AJ Harris, South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou, China. Chaoying He, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China Hong-Wen Huang, Lushan Botanical Garden, CAS, Jiujiang, China Shuang-Quan Huang, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China Yuan-Nian Jiao, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China Ming Kang, South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou, China Sandra Knapp, Natural History Museum, London, UK Hong-Zhi Kong, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China De-Zhu Li, Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, Kunming, China Jianhua Li, Hope College, Holland, USA Qing-Jun Li, Yunnan University, Kunming, China Bao Liu, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China Liang Liu, University of Georgia, Athens, USA Yi-Bo Luo, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China Hong Ma, Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania, USA Jennifer R. Mandel, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA Michael Moore, Oberlin College, Oberlin, USA Jefferson Prado, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil Ying-Xiong Qiu, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Guang-Yuan Rao, Peking University, Beijing, China Tao Sang, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China Su-Hua Shi, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China Petra Sierwald, Field Museum, Chicago, USA Akiko Soejima, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan Douglas Soltis, Florida University, Gainesville, USA Pamela Soltis, University of Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, USA Tod F. Stuessy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA Hang Sun, Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, Kunming, China Dun-Yan Tan, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China Pablo Vargas, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain Qing-Feng Wang, Wuhan Botanical Garden, CAS, Wuhan, China Xiao-Quan Wang, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China Xiao-Ru Wang, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden Yin-Zheng Wang, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China Yu-Fei Wang, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China Andrea D. Wolfe, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA Ji Yang, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Qin-Er Yang, South China Botanical Garden, CAS, Guangzhou, China Si-Hai Yang, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China Yi-Jian Yao, Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Beijing, China Anne Yoder, Duke University, Durham, USA De-Xing Zhang, Beijing Institute of Genomics, CAS, Beijing, China Shou-Zhou Zhang, Shenzhen Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen, China Xian-Chun Zhang, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China Rui-Liang Zhu, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China Song Ge, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China Jun Wen, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA Editors-in-Chief


GOPEB based upon known mesons have been found which realistically describe a massive accumulation of the experimental nuclear data up to 400 Mev. The N-N potential according to these models consists primarily of weak residual central terms surviving the cancellation of large repulsive and attractive vector and scalar static components; relativistic interactions arising from the exchange of pseudoscalar, vector, and scalar mesons and dipole type terms arising from the ρ meson. The major dynamic terms are direct analogs of magnetic interactions illustrated in Fig. 1. Allowance must be made for the effective dependence of the coupling constants upon spin and isospin states. The nucleons are distributed sources which give rise to nonsingular generalized Yukawa functions in N-N potentials.


The steady-state levels of potassium and sodium of taenia coli of guinea are critically affected by varying temperature in the narrow range 12� to �C. For the accumulation of both cations the critical temperature, Tc, is 13.8�C the presence of millimolar external potassium. The value of Tc, decreases 10.0�C when the external potassium is raised to 10 millimolar. Since, at a fixed Temperature, the potassium accumulation follows a cooperative mechanism, the results are compared with the quantitative predictions of this approach. The itical thermal transition behavior can be described in terms of the cooperative cumulation process.


Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to measure the composition of a substance by isolating specific analyte components according to their individual atomic or molecular mass-to-charge ratios. Inorganic mass spectrometry is specifically used to determine the elemental and isotopic composition of the material being analyzed. The techniques are capable of the measurement of a range of concentrations from major components to ultratrace constituents.

Several instrumental approaches are used to separate and measure the abundance of component ions formed from the sample. These techniques include electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS). These techniques utilize a variety of mass spectrometers including ion trap, quadrupole, magnetic sector and time-of-flight mass analyzers, depending on the type of sample being analyzed and the desired quality of the results. Often sample introduction techniques can be utilized to enhance the capabilities for solving specific analytical chemistry problems.


Dirk de Bruyn's expanded cinema performances engage the aesthetics of process at a number of levels. At the core of these performances are several of three- or four-screen, essentially abstract films of the same duration which comment upon and echo each other in a constant interplay of flicker-like positive and negative imagery. The soundtrack of the films works in a related way: the same or similar words and sound fragments are overlayed, or are repeated in an absurd call-and-answer pattern running from one speaker to another. This overall design or formal system is then set into play and relativised in the live event through a number of treatment-techniques. Reels are placed out of order or interspliced with other short films or fragments of found footage or tests, the bulb of one or more projectors can be occasionally turned off while the soundtrack continues, or the projector can be stopped altogether, extending, stretching out or disrupting completely the apparent synchrony between each screen and soundtrack. The light beam of each projector is filtered, distorted, split and multiplied using hand-held colour gels, plastic bottles, prisms and mirrors, or else silhouetted or blocked completely with the artist's own hands and body. The projectors themselves can be inverted, turned around or physically transported across the space, mixing and overlaying the imagery, animating different areas of the performance environment and transforming the body of the audience itself into a screen medium.


Long-term treatment with procainamide and numerous other medications is occasionally associated with the development of drug-induced lupus. We recently established a murine model for this syndrome by disrupting central T cell tolerance. Two intrathymic injections of procainamide-hydroxylamine (PAHA), a reactive metabolite of procainamide, into (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 mice resulted in the appearance of chromatin-reactive T cells and anti-chromatin autoantibodies. The current study explores in this model the role of autoreactive T cells in autoantibody production and examines why autoantibodies after a single intrathymic drug injection were much more limited in isotype and specificity. Injection of as few as 5000 chromatin-reactive T cells into naive, syngeneic mice induced a rapid IgM anti-denatured DNA response, while injection of at least 100-fold greater number of activated T cells was required for induction of IgG anti-chromatin Abs, suggesting that small numbers of autoreactive T cells can be homeostatically controlled. Mice subjected to a single intrathymic PAHA injection after receiving splenic B cells from an intrathymic PAHA-injected syngeneic donor also developed anti-chromatin Abs, but adoptive transfer of similarly primed T cells or of B cells without intrathymic PAHA injection of the recipient failed to produce an anti-chromatin response. However, anti-chromatin Abs developed after a single intrathymic PAHA injection in Fas-deficient C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice, suggesting that activation-induced cell death limited autoimmunity in normal mice. Taken together, these results imply that chromatin-reactive T cells produced by intrathymic PAHA created a B cell population primed to somatically mutate and Ig class switch when subjected to a heavy load or second wave of autoreactive T cells.


Recycled PET is an important resource of waste, which reused with polar or crystallization polymers, such as PC, PA and PE, by melting blend method have been well studied. But the study of rPET blend with nonpolar and amorphous polymer is still inadequate. In the present work, nano-SiO2 particles were introduced to recycled PET/ABS/AES (55/40/5) blends by extrusion processing. It has been investigated how nano-SiO2 particles influences the morphology and mechanical properties of rPET/ABS blends by the use of AES as compatibilizer. It showed a uniform dispersion of the nano-SiO2 components, and the two-continuous phase of rPET/ABS was more evenly when the content of nano-SiO2 particles at a low level. The tensile strength and beam impact strength of rPET/ABS/AES blends were increased at the same time by adding nano-SiO2 particles..


The upper lower Cenomanian through middle Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Boquillas Formation in the Big Bend Region of Trans-Pecos Texas consists of a marine carbonate succession deposited at the southern end of the Western Interior Seaway. The Boquillas Formation, subdivided into the lower, c. 78 m thick limestone-shale Ernst Member, and the upper, c. 132 m thick  limestone/chalk/marl San Vicente Member, was deposited in a shallow shelf open marine environment at the junction between the Western Interior Seaway and the western margins of the Tethys Basin. Biogeographically, the area was closely tied with the southern Western Interior Seaway. The richly fossiliferous upper Turonian, Coniacian and lower Santonian parts of the Boquillas Formation are particularly promising for multistratigraphic studies.


This Essay reviews Rosemary C. Salomone, Same Different, Equal: Rethinking Single-Sex Schooling (New Haven: Yale University Press 2003). Professor Salomone, a leading education law scholar, advances an argument that supports publicly-funded single-sex schooling on constitutional, statutory, and policy grounds. Paradoxically, Professor Salomone notes that in certain circumstances single-sex schooling options can enhance rather than degrade equal educational opportunity, especially for (but not necessarily limited to) low-income and minority girls. Part I considers how single-sex schooling forces constitutionalists and feminists to confront anew the complicated and dynamic equal educational opportunity doctrine. The implications of the Supreme Court's VMI decision for the recently created Young Women's Leadership School, serving low-income minority girls in East Harlem, receive particular attention. Drawing on the structure of Salomone's argument, Part II assesses how Salomone's use of social science evidence informs her legal and policy analyses and arcs back to the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Part III places the prospect of single-sex education within the larger education reform context. Owing in part to fundamental shifts in education reform policy, in conclusion I consider whether the legal and political fate of all-girls' schools might be inexorably tied to the legal and political fate of all-boys' schools.


Introduction: Global sanitary crisis caused by the spread of COVID-19 induced many health services to stop performing non-urgent surgical procedures. In the scenario of plastic surgery, where most procedures are elective, socioeconomic consequences are estimated for these specialists. The objective of this study is to measure this impact. Methods: Effects of the pandemic within the clinical practice of Brazilian plastic surgeons were investigated through an online questionnaire addressed to members of the Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica . Results: A survey was applied to 645 surgeons. Most respondents reported operation restrictions on procedures and income reduction, especially in regions severely affected by the pandemic. Plastic surgeons with more than 10 years of experience were the most affected. High contamination rates, mental overload, decreased physical activity, and psychiatric medications have also been reported. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic brought changes to the personal and professional life of the Brazilian plastic surgeon. Due to the significant reduction in the workload, there were financial impacts on specialists from all country regions, besides physical and mental health issues. Adaptations were mandatory to maintain services and explore new areas of activity to supply the low demand for cosmetic surgery during the crisis. Descritores: Infecções por coronavírus; Pandemias; Fatores


Many irrigators face the prospect that they will not be able to fully irrigate their crops. They are under pressure to develop cropping strategies as pumping capacities dwindle or water supplies become more restricted. These irrigators need to make long term and short term decisions about their deficit irrigation management strategies. Multiple crops in rotation can be an economically viable strategy compared with monoculture when water is limited, but these alternatives need to be evaluated. The Crop Water Allocator (CWA) has been developed for irrigators to allocate limited water among selected crops. CWA calculates net economic returns from all possible combinations of crops, irrigation allocations among crops, and land allocations, proposed by a user's inputs, and ranks the net returns from maximum to minimum values. Users can also account for net return shifts in response to a range of input variables--rainfall, production costs, commodity prices, irrigation costs, irrigation efficiency, and maximum yields. After crops are selected, the irrigator needs to predict the capabilities of the combination of the irrigation system and the soil to provide water to the crop during the next irrigation season. They need to schedule their water applications to make the best economic use of available water. Major scheduling questions for deficit irrigation include: will pre-season irrigation be beneficial, and when should irrigation be initiated and terminated during the growing season. A computerized decision tool, the Crop Yield Predictor (CYP) has been developed to predict yields from alternative irrigation schedules. The user determines soil water status before or during the cropping season and formulates a potential schedule of irrigation dates and amounts. CYP uses a daily soil water balance coupled with computations of effective evapotranspiration (ETe) to predict crop yields from regional yield-ET relationships. Multiple executions of CYP with alternative irrigation schedules lead to the schedules that give optimum net economic returns from the management scenarios. The CWA and CYP are examples of transferring research based technology to irrigation management decision makers.


The concept of the IT Project Management Office (PMO) appears to be rapidly growing in popularity and influence globally. This indicates considerable interest in the industry on the potential of the IT PMO, a central element of IT project management in organisations. Although established to ensure project success, the value of these IT PMOs is being questioned, putting them in a paradoxical situation. Prior research has uncovered a key factor behind this tension – the fact that IT PMOs play multiple roles in multiple organisational processes, and have to meet often competing demands and expectations from various stakeholders. Despite acknowledging the importance of these stakeholders' expectations, there is little empirical research on these varying perceptions and expectations of the roles and functions of the IT PMO. This action research study will attempt to investigate the implications of congruence (or incongruence) between these differing stakeholder perceptions and expectations. This study also hopes to better equip IT PMO leaders by helping them gain shared understanding of their stakeholders' perceptions and expectations, and support them in the development of strategies in order to better manage these perceptions and expectations.


This paper deals with on-line handwriting recognition in a closed-world environment with a large lexicon. Several applications using handwriting recognition have been developed, but most of them consider a lexicon of limited size. Many difficulties, in particular confusions during the segmentation stage, are linked to the use of a large lexicon, with large writing variations and an increased complexity of the connections between characters. In order to circumvent these problems, we introduce in this paper an original method based on a new analytical approach using two levels of recognition models: an isolated character recognizer and an original bi-character recognition model. The idea behind the bi-character model is to recognize jointly two neighboring characters. The objective is to reduce the confusions between characters occurring during the segmentation step. Experiments show an interesting improvement of the recognition rate when introducing the bi-character model, as the recognition rate is increased of 7.2% for a 1000 words lexicon, of 9.1% for a 2000 words lexicon, and up to 15% for a 10000 words lexicon.


Background Regular salt is about 100% sodium chloride. Low-sodium salts have reduced sodium chloride content, most commonly through substitution with potassium chloride. Low-sodium salts have a potential role in reducing the population's sodium intake levels and blood pressure, but their availability in the global market is unknown. Objective The aim of this study is to assess the availability, formulation, labeling, and price of low-sodium salts currently available to consumers worldwide. Methods Low-sodium salts were identified through a systematic literature review, Google search, online shopping site searches, and inquiry of key informants. The keywords "salt substitute," "low-sodium salt," "potassium salt," "mineral salt," and "sodium reduced salt" in six official languages of the United Nations were used for the search. Information about the brand, formula, labeling, and price was extracted and analyzed. Results A total of 87 low-sodium salts were available in 47 out of 195 (24%) countries worldwide, including 28 high-income countries, 13 upper-middle-income countries, and 6 lower-middle-income countries. The proportion of sodium chloride varied from 0% (sodium-free) to 88% (as percent of weight; regular salt is 100% sodium chloride). Potassium chloride was the most frequent component with levels ranging from 0% to 100% (potassium chloride salt). A total of 43 (49%) low-sodium salts had labels with the potential health risks, and 33 (38%) had labels with the potential health benefits. The median price of low-sodium salts in high-income, upper-middle-income, and lower-middle-income countries was US $15.00/kg (IQR 6.4-22.5), US $2.70/kg (IQR 1.7-5.5), and US $2.90/kg (IQR 0.50-22.2), respectively. The price of low-sodium salts was between 1.1 and 14.6 times that of regular salts. Conclusions Low-sodium salts are not widely available and are commonly more expensive than regular salts. Policies that promote the availability, affordability, and labeling of low-sodium salts should increase uptake, helping populations reduce blood pressure and prevent cardiovascular diseases. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1111/jch.14054


There is a worldwide interest in the use of renewable resources for the generation of electrical power. Between all renewable energy sources, ocean energy is the one that still has the furthest to go to achieve commercial maturity. As the most promising ocean energy that can be harnessed in the Basque Country is wave energy, the NEREIDA MOWC project, promoted and led by Basque Energy Board, aims to prove the viability of this technology for future commercial plants. In this paper, an Oscillating Water Column-based wave power generation plant is modeled and controlled by means of a new control scheme that takes into account the influence of turbine damping and the main requirements imposed by new Grid Codes when a grid fault occurs on the transmission system.


Do nursing programs prepare directors of nursing in long-term-care facilities? This study examines their roles, academic and career goals, and their educational needs and preferences.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the types and rates of cancers occurring in excess in the presence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).

DESIGN
Cohort analytic study of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects followed for up to 12 years.

SETTING
Fifteen hemophilia treatment centers.

PATIENTS
A total of 1701 patients with hemophilia, of whom 1065 (63%) were HIV-1 seropositive.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Morphologic classification and incidence rates of cancers.

MAIN RESULTS
The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after HIV seroconversion averaged 0.15 case per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 to 0.25) and rose exponentially with increasing duration of HIV infection. Although the greatest absolute risk of lymphoma was in the oldest age group, the relative increase compared with general population rates was 38-fold in subjects 10 to 39 years old and 12-fold in older subjects (P less than .05). The CD4+ T-lymphocyte levels for lymphoma cases were similar to HIV-positive subjects without the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who had been infected for the same length of time. The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma was increased 200-fold (95% CI, 20 to 700). The incidence of cancers other than non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma were not increased in the HIV-positive subjects (ratio of observed to expected cases, 0.9 [95% CI, 0.4 to 1.9]). The HIV-negative subjects had no significant increase in cancer incidence.

CONCLUSIONS
HIV infection has restricted effects on cancer incidence that are only partly explained by immunosuppression. Paradoxically, improvements in therapy of HIV infection that prolong survival may lead to further increases in HIV-associated lymphoma.


I approached reviewing this book with considerable interest. Having been active in community development in one form or another for about 50 years, I had observed the changing nature of the relationship between what was happening under the umbrella of this term in the USA and that in the UK with both intellectual and practical curiosity. When I first started serious work in community development, (and indeed before that as a postgraduate student), disregarding literature from UK writers who drew on their experience as colonial administrators, most of the literature available to us originated from the USA, dominated by the-then more radical – or so it seemed – methods of Alinsky which challenged the rather more mainstream books which reflected in their authors' eyes the notion of community development as one of the three methods of social work. Even the two influential reports emanating from the Gulbenkian Foundation had to dig hard to find a significant UK-based canon.


One of the major challenges the structural health monitoring (SHM) community is facing today is related to enabling accurate and robust damage detection and quantification under varying operating and environmental conditions with a limited number of sensing data sets. In particular, state-of-the-art active-sensing SHM technologies face significant difficulties in accurately detecting and quantifying damage within uncertain environments due to the lack of appropriate statistical learning and inference methods. As such, it is critical for the community to have available tools that accurately detect and quantify damage, in a probabilistic sense, using the –oftentimes limited– available information. In this study, a novel probabilistic damage detection and quantification approach is proposed based on the integration of non-parametric statistical time series representations and Gaussian Process Regression Models (GPRMs). Initially, non-parametric models based on Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) power spectral density (PSD) estimates are used in order to detect damage and statistically determine signal (wave) paths that carry the most information about damage size. Next, GPRMs are trained using Damage Index (DI) values from selected wave propagation paths and used to estimate the damage size based on the current DI sets. The experimental assessment is presented for data recorded from a notched aluminum plate. It is shown that, using wave propagation paths selected by non-parametric statistical models, estimation accuracy increases and damage size estimation confidence levels become narrower, thus providing a robust and efficient damage detection and quantification approach.


Cellular signaling pathways such as the Wnt/Wingless pathway have traditionally been pieced together one step at a time. In a Perspective,
 Fearon and Cadigan
 discuss a new high-throughput screen in fruit fly cells that blocks the activity of nearly all fruit fly genes, one by one (
 DasGupta
 et al.). This study reveals 238 components of the Wnt/ Wingless pathway, including several proteins not previously known to operate in this pathway.


This document is an attempt to provide some background on preservation metadata for those interested in digital preservation. It first attempts to explain why preservation metadata is seen as an essential part of most digital preservation strategies. It then gives a broad overview of the functional and information models defined in the Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) and describes the main elements of the Cedars outline preservation metadata specification. The next sections take a brief look at related metadata initiatives, make some recommendations for future work and comment on cost issues. At the end there are some brief recommendations for collecting institutions and the creators of digital content followed by some suggestions for further reading.


The bifurcation and chaotic behavior of unidirectionally coupled deterministic ratchets is studied as a function of the driving force amplitude and frequency . A classification of the various types of bifurcations likely to be encountered in this system was done by examining the stability of the steady state in linear response as well as constructing a two-parameter phase diagram in the plane. Numerical explorations revealed varieties of bifurcation sequences including quasiperiodic route to chaos. Besides, the familiar period-doubling and crises route to chaos exhibited by the one-dimensional ratchet were also found. In addition, the coupled ratchets display symmetry-breaking, saddle-nodes and bubbles of bifurcations. Chaotic behavior is characterized by using the Lyapunov exponent spectrum; while a perusal of the phase space projected in the Poincaré cross section confirms some of the striking features.


The present study investigates audiences' parasocial relationship (PSR) reduction, parasocial breakup (PSB), attribution of causes, and forgiveness of their liked and disliked media figures for the figures' transgressions. Using a 2 (media figure: liked or disliked) × 2 (transgression severity: minor or major) between-subjects factorial design, an experiment was conducted. There were significant main effects of media figure and transgression severity on PSR reduction, attribution of causes, and forgiveness. Attribution of causes partially mediated the relationship between PSR and forgiveness.


Low-voltage organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverters based on pentacene and N,N′-ditridecylperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-C13) were fabricated on HfTiOx gate dielectrics. Both pristine dielectrics and substrates passivated with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of n-dodecylphosphonic acid (PA-C12) were employed. The high capacitance and low leakage current of the HfTiOx-based dielectrics enabled the devices to operate at |V| < 3 V. Passivation with PA-C12 was highly effective in improving the device characteristics. In particular, an electron mobility of 0.72 cm2 V−1 s−1 was measured for the device fabricated with the passivated HfTiOx dielectric, which represents the best performance reported to date for perylene-based OFETs prepared with thin, high-k gate dielectrics. The CMOS inverters exhibited fast switching and high gain characteristics, which were attributed to good coupling between the optimized p- and n-type OFETs.


The subject matter of the present doctoral thesis is the sociology of philosophy, a sub-discipline within the general field of sociology. As the term clearly indicates, the sociology of philosophy concerns the sociological study of philosophy. As this domain is still, to some extent, virgin territory, my thesis is mainly explorative in nature. Viewed as a whole, it aims at investigating what a sociological study of philosophy might entail.

The thesis consists of six chapters divided into three parts. The aim of Part I is to closely scrutinize the contributions to the sociological study of philosophy of two pioneers: Emile Durkheim and Karl Mannheim. In two chapters, I examine the sociology of knowledge of Durkheim and Mannheim, respectively, in order to seize upon those elements of their thought that may be used today to pursue the sociological study of philosophy. Thus, my problem is the following: What may be used from the classical tradition of the sociology of knowledge (Durkheim and Mannheim) to shed light on philosophical thought?

In Part II, I turn my attention to contemporary sociology of philosophy. The contributions to the discipline of two prominent sociologists, Randall Collins and Pierre Bourdieu, are discussed in two chapters. I focus here on how they deal with the relationship between philosophical thought and its existential basis in their empirical works. To investigate this problem, Robert K. Merton's analytical scheme for the sociological study of knowledge, ?Paradigm for the Sociology of Knowledge?, is used. The problem in Part II may be formulated thus: How is the relationship between philosophical thought and its existential basis understood in the sociology of philosophy of Collins and Bourdieu, respectively?

In the third and final part, I sketch a short programme for the sociological study of philosophy. Among other things, I stress that such a field of research must seize upon the main conceptual innovations of Bourdieu and Collins: the notions of philosophical field and attention space, respectively. The principal lesson to be learnt from Collins's and Bourdieu's sociology of philosophy is that philosophical thought cannot normally be reduced to socio-political conditions outside the attention space or the philosophical field. This methodological orientation leads to a focus on contextual factors rather than on socio-political conditions at the macro-level. However, a Bourdieuian sociology of philosophy would also consider how philosophy is indirectly linked to political conditions. This wider context is worthy of note, as philosophy has no absolute autonomy with respect to society.


Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) provide a great resource for functional cell and tissue models that can be applied in heart research, pharmaceutical industry, and future regenerative medicine. During cell model experiments, precise control of environmental parameters is important. Temperature is a fundamental parameter, and the acute effect of temperature on hiPSC-CM functions has previously been studied. This paper reports on long-term, systematic temperature response studies of hiPSC-CM cultures. The studies were conducted outside an incubator in a modular cell culturing system along with a temperature sensor plate (TSP) and a new beating analysis software (CMaN -cardiomyocyte function analysis tool). Temperature sensing at the actual cell location is challenging with bulky external sensors; however, a TSP with resistive microsensors provides an effortless solution. Experimental results showed that temperature nonlinearly affects the hiPSC-CM beating frequency with a Q10 temperature coefficient of ~2.2. Both the active (contraction) and passive (relaxation) movements were influenced by temperature, and changes in the relaxation times were larger than the contraction times. However, the contraction amplitudes exhibited a greater spread of variation. We also present novel results on the visualization of hiPSC-CM contractile networking and non-invasive image-based measurement of signal propagation between dissociated CM clusters. Compared with previously reported tools, CMaN is an advanced and easy-to-use robust software. It is faster, more sensitive, computationally less expensive, and extracts six different signals of the contractile motion per process, providing at least one useful beating signal even in complex cases. The software also supports movement center detection and independent computation of the relaxation and contraction parameters.