We have observed five classical T Tauri stars known to have strong forbidden-line emission with STIS in slitless mode on the Hubble Space Telescope. This technique makes it possible to image jets within a few tens of AU of their exciting sources, a region of great interest for models of accretion disks and jets. Slitless images generate emission-line images at all wavelengths, including those where no narrowband filters exist. Images of the forbidden-line regions around each object, constructed by subtracting the stellar continuum and combining observations taken at different orientations, show [O I] jets from CW Tau, HN Tau, UZ Tau E, DF Tau, and the primary of DD Tau. Jets exist on both sides of the close binary DF Tau, either as a jet and its counterjet or as separate jets from the primary and secondary. Several emission lines not previously seen in jets close to the star exist in the HN Tau jet; the [Fe II] λ7155/λ8617 ratio is particularly useful because it measures the electron density in the densest regions of stellar jets, where log Ne ≳ 6. Electron densities in the inner 30 AU of the HN Tau jet range from log Ne = 6.2 to 6.9. We construct diagnostic diagrams for the density, temperature, and ionization fraction in jets close to their stars, using various emission lines of O I and O II. The red auroral [O II] lines are bright close to HN Tau, indicating that the emitting regions of the inner 35 AU of the jet have a substantial ionized component—20% if the emission comes from a shock and 50% for an isothermal flow. We discuss mass-loss rates and filling factors for these two cases. The intensity of the HN Tau jet in [O I] λ6300 declines exponentially with distance beyond ~15 AU. The superior continuum subtraction with slitless data, as compared with narrowband images, makes it possible to resolve the widths of jets at distances as close as ~15 AU from the star. The two best examples, HN Tau and UZ Tau E, have jets that expand with distance. When projected back to the source, the width of the jet in HN Tau is a few AU at the 3 σ level, while the jet in UZ Tau E is spatially unresolved. The new images of CW Tau reveal proper motions in this jet, which has ejected at least two knots since 1980. There is no indication that CW Tau brightened when it ejected the largest of these knots, but the photometric record of this star over the last two decades is fragmentary.


With each issue, the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health publishes a selected set of abstracts of important Health Hazard Evaluations (HHEs) from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These abstracts and the full HHE reports are also available on the NIOSH web site: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/.


Neither scholarship nor popular interest has neglected Arcangelo Corelli. His music is a favourite of many performers; references to his sonatas and concertos are ubiquitous across a wide spectrum of musicological literature. The rise of serious Corellian research on an international scale since the 1970s has given new breadth to several areas of enquiry, including sources, archival documents, reception and performance studies. And yet, despite the advances of modern Corellian scholarship, a number of historical and critical issues are still to be investigated. Especially important for our understanding of the Corelli phenomenon is to determine the nature of the original social and cultural conditions that made it possible. Recent writings have shown that posthumous interpretations of Corelli depended mainly on processes peculiar to 18th- rather than 17th-century musical cultures. This article reconsiders the wealth of evidence unearthed by historical research to pinpoint the geographical, political and economic locus of Corelli's work. It argues that, notwithstanding his international success as a published composer and his later reputation as a standard-bearer for Italian music outside Italy, Corelli was in fact the product of a rather restricted though distinctive milieu in the Rome of his time. By sketching the specific events that led to Corelli's extraordinary career as a specialized instrumentalist, the article shifts attention away from the composer's position within vast schemes of music history and restores it instead to the original environment in which his musical activities took place.


Relaxation and local structure changes of a molten TiAl alloy film during quenching have been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations within the framework of embedded atom method (EAM). The details of atom motions are analyzed using mean square displacement (MSD). Accompanying with massive atom rearrangement at a certain quenched temperature and time, local structural patterns are identified by decomposing peaks of pair distribution functions (PDFs) according to the pair analysis(PA) technique. The relaxation factor clearly reveals two relaxation processes involving in slow relaxation and fast relaxation of the quenched liquid TiAl film. Concerning the studied film, the obtained results reveal how quenched temperatures affect local structure changes.


Potential mechanisms underlying prenatal programming of hypertension in adult life were investigated using a rat model in which maternal protein intake was restricted to 9% vs. 18% casein (control) during pregnancy. Maternal low protein (MLP) offspring exhibit glucocorticoid-dependent raised systolic blood pressure throughout life (20-30 mm Hg above the control). To determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of alterations in glucocorticoid hormone action in the prenatal programming of hypertension in MLP offspring, tissues were analyzed for expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), 11betaHSD1, 11betaHSD2, and corticosteroid-responsive Na/K-adenosine triphosphatase alpha1 and beta1. GR protein (95 kDa) and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in kidney, liver, lung, and brain was more than 2-fold greater in MLP vs. control offspring during fetal and neonatal life and was more than 3-fold higher during subsequent juvenile and adult life (P < 0.01). This was associated with increased levels of Na/K-adenosine triphosphatase alpha1- and beta1-subunit mRNA expression. Levels of MR gene expression remained unchanged. Exposure to the MLP diet also resulted in markedly reduced levels of 11betaHSD2 expression in the MLP placenta on days 14 and 20 of gestation (P < 0.001), underpinning similar effects on 11betaHSD2 enzyme activity that we reported previously. Levels were also markedly reduced in the kidney and adrenal of MLP offspring during fetal and postnatal life (P < 0.001). This programmed decline in 11betaHSD2 probably contributes to marked increases in glucocorticoid hormone action in these tissues and potentiates both GR- and MR-mediated induction of raised blood pressure. In contrast, levels of 11betaHSD1 mRNA expression in offspring central and peripheral tissues remained unchanged. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that mild protein restriction during pregnancy programs tissue-specific increases in glucocorticoid hormone action that are mediated by persistently elevated expression of GR and decreased expression of 11betaHSD2 during adult life. As glucocorticoids are potent regulators not only of fetal growth but also of blood pressure, our data suggest important potential molecular mechanisms contributing to the prenatal programming of hypertension by maternal undernutrition in the rat.


We describe the experience of RNP, the Brazilian NREN, in creating advanced Internet services in partnership with the national research community in networks and distributed systems, how this model was later adopted with adaptations by the RedCLARA (Latin American regional network) community, and also some successful results in both of these domains. The RNP Working Groups programme was launched in 2002 with the objective of developing collaborative projects between RNP and research groups, to demonstrate the feasibility of using new network protocols, services and applications. The development teams are called Working Groups (WGs), formed by a coordinator, who is usually a researcher in a public or private university or research institution, and a team of assistants. RNP staff members follow closely the activities of the WG. The WG concept has been adopted at RNP both for developing new end-user application service, and also for introducing new technologies into core areas such as security services, performance monitoring and dynamic provisioning of virtual circuit services, in order to accompany international trends to add such advanced features to the service offerings of research networks. The paper also describes related work in theRedCLARA community to coordinate development activities carried out by Latin American NRENs, to establish working groups to study and propose new services for RedCLARA.


Do households that receive remittance income from abroad spend more money on their children's education? Are their children more likely to be enrolled in school? These questions will be tested using household and individual data from the 2005 Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) study conducted by the World Bank and INSTAT (Albanian National Statistics Institute). This paper explores how remittances affect a household's propensity to invest in education. Also, by using various gender variables and separating effects by gender, light will be shed on how these decisions differ based on gender in this rapidly-developing European country. It will be necessary to use instrumental estimation procedures to account for unobservable variables that may affect both a household's probability of receiving remittance income and its household decision regarding education spending or decision to enroll children in school. The plausibly exogenous instruments used are the regional percentage of remittance-receiving households and the number of male household members. Results suggest that there is a causal effect of receiving remittances on these decisions because remittance-receiving households face a weaker incentive to invest in their children's human capital and don't value education as highly as those households that do not receive remittances. This is because children living in remittance-receiving households are more likely to migrate themselves, and thus attain only enough education as they need to be successful migrant workers. This rearrangement of household expenditures results in more income being diverted to durables and housing, a result in line with other work done on the subject.


The effects of chronic ingestion of oral contraceptive preparations with "low" and "high" estrogen contents on conversion of angiotensin I (AI) to angiotensin II (AII) have been examined in the rat. The dosage employed was 1.0 mg/kg/day for a period of 3 to 4 weeks. Blood pressure responses in anesthesized animals showed that in vivo conversion of AI was increased by about 40% with either drug treatment. The activity of injected renin was increased to the same extent as that of AI following treatment with the low-estrogen preparation, and to a greater extent following treatment with the high-estrogen preparation. Blood pressure responses to AII were also slightly increased above control values in those animals which received high-estrogen treatment. However, conversion of AI in isolated perfused lungs or in plasma from treated rats was not significantly altered from normal. It is concluded that conversion of AI to AII can constitute the rate-limiting step in AII production under certain circumstances and that increased conversion may play a part in the changes in the renin-angiotensin system associated with high circulating estrogen levels. The increased conversion is unlikely to be due to a change in pulmonary or plasma converting enzyme activity.


Medium voltage grids are subject to a change in load situation due to the installation of decentralized generation plants. Predominantly load symmetry, active and reactive power as well as the required capacity of earth fault compensation is affected. Inverter-based plants as well as consumers using switching power supplies or phase control cause distortions of frequency. Simultaneously electrical energy storage is gaining importance within rural distribution networks to compensate fluctuating generation plants. A hybrid compensation system includes a transformer, a multi-phase inverter, diverse storage systems and a communication-capable control unit, which may be connected to the control center of the distribution system operator (DSO). It is object to current research activities to design and evaluate the functions of the superordinate control unit, which has to parametrize individual components, coordinate the energy flows between them and to embed several measuring instruments. Within the present work, basic considerations for design of system control are outlined.


Summary In this study, variation in seed quality in relation to fruit maturity and post-harvest ripening of fruits were determined in two pepper cultivars (hot pepper and conic red pepper). Fruits were harvested at three maturation stages (40, 60 and 80 days after anthesis) and seeds were extracted at 1, 10 and 20 days after each harvest. Fruit weight, seed moisture content, seed dry weight, 1000-seed weight, germination at 25 and 15 o C and vigour (controlled deterioration test at 24% MC and 45 o C for 24h) were determined. The seeds extracted from fruits harvested at 40 days after anthesis (DAA) had less than 50% germination in both cultivars. However, when seeds were extracted from fruits ripened for 10 and 20 days after harvest, their viability and the vigour increased to 81% and 89% in hot pepper and 77% and 89% in red pepper, respectively. Seeds from 60 DAA fruits achieved the maximum germination and vigour levels in both cultivars. Delayed harvest (80 DAA) resulted in a significant decline in seed quality.


This report lays the first theoretical foundations for a research program on analytical churn management. In the current hypercompetitive business scenario, firms have to bend over backwards in their strategies both to retain their customers and to lure those from the competition. For this reason, understanding how customer loyalty construction mechanisms work, anticipating the customer's intention to abandon a service provider, becomes a critical business acumen to ensure a company's continuity in the market. To this end, in this report we propose a complete customer loyalty management model referred to as Customer Continuity Management. This type of knowledge can always be qualitatively obtained, but quantitative analysis of actual customer data should increase the certainty on its reliability and business actionability. This is why Data Mining techniques, applied to market surveyed information, can provide valuable assistance to churn (customer attrition) management processes. This report focuses on the prevention side of customer loyalty management and, especially, on customer satisfaction and switching barriers. Some of principals existing explanatory models of customer loyalty building are review in detail.


Purpose: The objectives of present study were to evaluate the properties of a behavior modification of people in India associated with coronavirus outbreak. The behavior modification is measure of coronavirus related psychopathology, which was validated through a large sample study on adults who reported significant change in behavior due to watching and reading about coronavirus pandemic. Methods: Door to door and online survey conducted in Morena and Gwalior District, Madhya Pradesh, India, for collection of data of 1050 adults'. The partakers were contacted individually, through online and complete information were taken out through a questionnaire of different parameters. Because the study focused on the effect of thinking and/or watching about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on physical activity of body, behavior, mental stress, anxiety, faith in God, and appetite. Results: A total of 16 symptoms of behavior modification due to coronavirus outbreak were statistically defined through a principal component analysis with Varimax rotation. The results were confirmed by a two-component structure and the total variance explained 55.23% for first component accounting. The six prime loadings on the first component were selected for the behavior changes because these loadings well exceeded the criteria for psychometrically prime items. Especially, communalities extraction coefficients (CEC) ranged from 0.717 to 0.853, coefficients of structure/pattern ranged from 0.71 to 0.90, and cross-loadings ranged from 0.17 to 0.22. These symptoms were used for the determination of different parameters such as decreased physical activity, psychological disturbances, mental stress, anxiety, faith in God, and appetite before arising COVID-19 infection and were highly reliable (α = 0.83) as a cluster. Conclusion: For the coronavirus outbreak, models will be required for control the negative behavior modification of peoples so that they can use their skill for positive outcomes. The clear cut updated policy of should be implemented to reduce these types of modifications. The prime symptoms of behavior modification were validated and stabilized through statistical tools such as CEC, coefficients of structure/pattern, and analysis of variance. Hence, we can say that if opinions of some experts are correct, then world's most of population need special care to avoid behavior modification due to coronavirus outbreak.


This article begins by examining the role of records management in private organizations. It identifies the major reason why organizations ought to manage their records effectively and efficiently. Its major emphasis is that a sound records management programme is a pre-requisite to quality management system programme. Records it, argues is the lifeblood of the organization, and failure to manage records is not just a minor lapse in administrative work, but is a case bad management. It outlines the broad areas that must be included in a sound records management. African Journal of Finance and Management Vol.9(2) 2001: 36-40


In this paper, we propose a new privacy preserving authenticated access control scheme for securing data in clouds. In the proposed scheme, the cloud verifies the authenticity of the user without knowing the user's identity before storing information. Our scheme also has the added feature of access control in which only valid users are able to decrypt the stored information. The scheme prevents replay attacks and supports creation, modification, and reading data stored in the cloud. Moreover, our authentication and access control scheme is decentralized and robust, unlike other access control schemes designed for clouds which are centralized. The communication, computation, and storage overheads are comparable to centralized approaches.


This article examines the nature of George Orwell's Tory anarchism, a term that he used to describe himself until his experiences in Spain in 1936. The argument developed here says that the qualities that Orwell felt made him a Tory anarchist remained with him throughout his life, even after his commitment to democratic socialism. In fact, many of those qualities (fear of an all-powerful state, respect for privacy, support for common sense and decency, patriotism) connect the two aspects of his character. The article explains what the idea of a Tory anarchist means, describing it as a practice rather than a coherent political ideology, and moves on to examine the relationship between Eric Blair, the Tory anarchist, and George Orwell, the democratic socialist. It makes the case for his Tory anarchism by drawing out recurring themes in his work that connect him to other Tory anarchist figures such as his contemporary Evelyn Waugh. Thus Tory anarchism is presented as a conservative moral critique of the modern world that can connect figures who hold quite radically different political beliefs.


A professionally managed telephone survey was undertaken to assess community-perceived need and demand for orthodontic treatment, and to determine the proportion of the community with a history of having some form of orthodontic treatment. The sample included 505 respondents, aged eighteen and over, from metropolitan and non-metropolitan households across the state of Victoria in Australia. The sample distribution had a ninety-five per cent confidence limit with a five per cent margin of error, and closely matched the known population distributions for age, sex and geographical location. From the survey it can be concluded that apparently forty-four per cent of Victorian families include someone who has already received some form of orthodontic treatment. Twenty-five per cent of the survey respondents perceived some need for the treatment of a family member; only fifteen per cent of respondents, however, reported that someone in their family actually wanted treatment. This survey has established baseline values for community perceived need and demand for orthodontic treatment. Use of these values should assist in future resource management within both the public and private sectors.


Purpose: To explore antidepressant effect on the microstructure of brain white matter integrity by diffusion tensor imaging in patients with first-episode major depressive disorder (MDD). Method: In this prospective study, we recruited 32 first-episode patients who met the criteria of the Fourth Edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of MDD and 35 ageand sex-matched healthy controls. Brain diffusion tensor imaging was used to determine fractional anisotropy (FA) in preselected white matter regions before and after the patients received a 12-week regimen of sertraline. The severity of depression was evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Results: Only 11 patients (34.38%) received post-treatment MRI exam. Patients with MDD displayed lower baseline FA values predominantly in bilateral upper frontal white matter at 10mm above the anterior commissure posterior commissure (AC-PC) plane than healthy controls. The correlation between baseline HDRS scores and FA values was inversely significant in left lower frontal white matter at 10mm below the AC-PC plane (r= -0.359, p=0.043). After treatment, FA values were significantly increased in bilateral upper frontal white matter at 10mm above the AC-PC plane. The differences of FA values in left and right upper frontal white matter at 10mm above the AC-PC plane after treatment remained significant (effect sizes 0.45, 0.54 respectively) even after an intention-to-treat analysis. Conclusion: Antidepressants administered for 12 weeks to firstepisode MDD patients increase FA values. White matter microstructure subnormalities may develop early in the course of illness. PS77 No different treatment outcome of Mirtazapine with Major Depression Patients with MAOA Gene Polymorphism Chia Chang Chien1, Te Chang Changchien1, Wei Tsung Kao2, YungChieh Yen1 1E-da Hospital, Taiwan, 2National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan Abstract Background: The Phospholipase gene polymorphism is one factor that may influence the treatment outcome of depression. In this trial, the subjects divided into two groups, based on whether they had the PLA2 gene or Non-PLA2 gene, and then underwent treatment with mirtazapine. The purpose of the trial was to determine if the treatment outcome differed between the two groups. Methods: Patients fulfilled the criteria for major depression of the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-5 recruited from the psychiatric outpatient clinic at a teaching hospital in southern Taiwan. Chromosomes from the white blood cellular nucleus of venous blood were withdrawn to undergo polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MAOA gene promoters larger than or equal to 4kb were considered long forms, and those smaller than or equal to 3.5kb were regarded as short forms. All patients administered the antidepressant mirtazapine. Both before and after treatment, weekly evaluations using the Hamilton's Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were made, for a total of four times. Results: 70 volunteers were enrolled and 56 subjects of them completed at least the second evaluation (28 males, 42 females), with 33 in the PLA2 group, and 37 in the Non-PLA2 group. 39 subjects completed the third evaluation, 34 completed the fourth. 14 subjects who completed the first evaluation only withdrew from the trial; this group included 9 subjects with the PLA2 group and 5 with the Non-PLA2 form. The post-treatment HDRS evaluation scores were lower than previous evaluations, but not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). The HDRS scores for subjects who had taken a higher dose were comparatively higher, and reached statistical significance (z=2.17, p=0.03). Conclusion: There was no difference in mirtazapine treatment outcomes between subjects with PLA2 and Non-PLA2 gene. Whether or not this was due to the side effects of the treatment is worthy of further investigation.Background: The Phospholipase gene polymorphism is one factor that may influence the treatment outcome of depression. In this trial, the subjects divided into two groups, based on whether they had the PLA2 gene or Non-PLA2 gene, and then underwent treatment with mirtazapine. The purpose of the trial was to determine if the treatment outcome differed between the two groups. Methods: Patients fulfilled the criteria for major depression of the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-5 recruited from the psychiatric outpatient clinic at a teaching hospital in southern Taiwan. Chromosomes from the white blood cellular nucleus of venous blood were withdrawn to undergo polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MAOA gene promoters larger than or equal to 4kb were considered long forms, and those smaller than or equal to 3.5kb were regarded as short forms. All patients administered the antidepressant mirtazapine. Both before and after treatment, weekly evaluations using the Hamilton's Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were made, for a total of four times. Results: 70 volunteers were enrolled and 56 subjects of them completed at least the second evaluation (28 males, 42 females), with 33 in the PLA2 group, and 37 in the Non-PLA2 group. 39 subjects completed the third evaluation, 34 completed the fourth. 14 subjects who completed the first evaluation only withdrew from the trial; this group included 9 subjects with the PLA2 group and 5 with the Non-PLA2 form. The post-treatment HDRS evaluation scores were lower than previous evaluations, but not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). The HDRS scores for subjects who had taken a higher dose were comparatively higher, and reached statistical significance (z=2.17, p=0.03). Conclusion: There was no difference in mirtazapine treatment outcomes between subjects with PLA2 and Non-PLA2 gene. Whether or not this was due to the side effects of the treatment is worthy of further investigation. PS78 Naturalistic, retrospective comparison between antidepressant therapy and atypical antipsychotic augmentation therapy for patients with major depressive disorder Se Hoon Cho, M.D.a, Young Myo Jae, M.D.a, PhD, Sae Heon Jang, M.D.a, Dae Up Baek, M.D.b, Jin Hyuk Choi, M.D.a a Department of Psychiatry Bong Seng Memorial Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea b Department of Psychiatry Dongrae Bong Seng Memorial Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea Abstract Background: Previous studies have shown that atypical antipsychotic (AAP) augmentation is effective for treatment-resistant and severe major depressive disorder (MDD). Most treatment guidelines recommend AAP augmentation for treatment of nonor partial-responders to antidepressants (ADs); AAP augmentation is also effective for more severe depression. The effects of ADs usually appear several weeks after initiation of treatment, and AAP augmentation can advance therapeutic responses in some patients. In this study, we performed a naturalistic, retrospective trial to compare early response and remission rates between AD treatment and AAP augmentation in real-life clinical practice. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients with MDD without psychotic features and starting treatment for a new major depressive episode was conducted between January 2011 and July 2011. Patients treated with mood stabilizers, conventional antipsychotics, psychostimulants or thyroid hormone augmentation were excluded. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17-item (HDRS-17) scores were collected at baseline, 2 weeks and 8 ± 1 weeks after treatment. Response was defined as a ≥50% reduction from baseline HDRS-17 scores; remission was a score of ≤7. Results: Of 82 patients included, 31 were in the AD group and 51 were in the AAP augmentation group. At 8 weeks, the AD groupBackground: Previous studies have shown that atypical antipsychotic (AAP) augmentation is effective for treatment-resistant and severe major depressive disorder (MDD). Most treatment guidelines recommend AAP augmentation for treatment of nonor partial-responders to antidepressants (ADs); AAP augmentation is also effective for more severe depression. The effects of ADs usually appear several weeks after initiation of treatment, and AAP augmentation can advance therapeutic responses in some patients. In this study, we performed a naturalistic, retrospective trial to compare early response and remission rates between AD treatment and AAP augmentation in real-life clinical practice. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients with MDD without psychotic features and starting treatment for a new major depressive episode was conducted between January 2011 and July 2011. Patients treated with mood stabilizers, conventional antipsychotics, psychostimulants or thyroid hormone augmentation were excluded. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17-item (HDRS-17) scores were collected at baseline, 2 weeks and 8 ± 1 weeks after treatment. Response was defined as a ≥50% reduction from baseline HDRS-17 scores; remission was a score of ≤7. Results: Of 82 patients included, 31 were in the AD group and 51 were in the AAP augmentation group. At 8 weeks, the AD group


IODP Expedition 361 drilled six sites on the southeast African margin and in the Indian-Atlantic ocean
gateway, southwest Indian Ocean, from 30 January to 31 March 2016. The sites, situated in the
Mozambique Channel, at locations directly influenced by discharge from the Zambezi and Limpopo River catchments, the Natal Valley, the Agulhas Plateau, and the Cape Basin were targeted to
reconstruct the history of the Greater Agulhas Current System over the past ~ 5 Ma. The main
objectives of the expedition were to establish the sensitivity of the Agulhas Current to climatic changes
during the Plio-Pleistocene, to determine the dynamics of the Indian-Atlantic gateway circulation
during this time, to examine the connection of the Agulhas leakage and AMOC, to address the
influence of the Agulhas Current on African terrestrial climates and potential links to human evolution.
Additionally, the Expedition set out to fulfill the needs of the APL, consisting of high-resolution interstitial water samples that will constrain the temperature and salinity profiles of the ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we highlight some of the expedition successes and show how it has
made major strides toward fulfilling each of these objectives. The recovered sequences allowed
complete spliced stratigraphic sections to be generated spanning the interval of 0 to between ~0.13 and 7 Ma. These sediments provide an exceptional opportunity to generate decadal to millennial-scale climatic records that will resolve key paleoceanographic questions from a region poorly represented in the database of scientific drills sites.


Study Design. Prospective inception cohort. Objective. To investigate the validity and use of a single question on the bothersomeness of low back pain (LBP) as a method of classifying the severity of symptoms among patients seen in clinical practice. Summary of Background Data. There is no widely accepted method for classifying patients with nonspecific LBP in clinical practice. There have been no previous reports of the validity and use of a question on bothersomeness as a method of classifying patients with LBP. Methods. Consecutive patients (30-59 years old) with LBP consulting at 5 United Kingdom general practices (n = 1464) were mailed a questionnaire after consultation and 6 months later. Construct validity was assessed by comparing baseline responses on the single bothersomeness question with pain, disability, general health, and psychologic health measures. The ability of bothersomeness to predict outcomes at 6 months was assessed against pain, disability, work absence, and health care use. Results. A total of 935 patients (65%) completed baseline questionnaires. There were 776 (83%) patients who consented to enter the follow-up study, and 447 returned the 6-month questionnaire. At baseline, bothersomeness correlated with pain, disability, and other measures (P < 0.001), and had 80% sensitivity (61% specificity) to detect people in the highest category of pain and disability. People with bothersome LBP at baseline evaluation had an increased risk of work absence or health care consultations for LBP 6 months later (relative risks 2.8 and 1.9, respectively). Conclusions. There is evidence for the validity of a single bothersomeness question as a measure of LBP severity. It has the potential to provide a practical standard scheme for classifying patients with LBP in clinical practice. However, further work is needed to clarify its usefulness in a clinical setting.


There are a lot of contradictory opinions concerning the meaning of legal remedies to guarantee the execution of a court's decision in the case of civil process in the theory of law. The real execution of a court's future decision is dependent on the above-mentioned remedies to guarantee the execution of court's decision or guarantee to the claim. Many theorists of law accept the direct connection between the above-mentioned remedies and the meaning of court's decision in civil relations. The article is based on the conceptions of well-known law theorists: P. Zavorotko, S. Kuriljev, D. Chechot and others concerning this question. The appearance of a court's decision in the theory of law is interpreted as the result of the personal interest in relation with the personal striving of certain actual results. Guarantees of the execution of the court's decision are defined as the guarantees of the protection of material interest of the plaintiff, which manifest themselves as limitations of the rights of the defendant. Also, a variety of above–mentioned remedies, legal basements, are analysed in the article. A great attention is paid to the personal opinion of the judge as the main condition for application of particular remedy. The question of legal regulation of the abolition of these remedies is estimated in a critical way. In conclusion it is emphasized that the maintenance of claims, motive, property conditions of the defender and other consequences must be the main substantiation for the judge to decide the aiming of particular remedy to guarantee the execution of the court's decision.


Vertically stacked nanowire FETs (NWFETs) with gate-all-around structure are the natural and most advanced extension of FinFETs. At advanced technology nodes, many devices exhibit ambipolar behavior, i.e., the device shows n- and p-type characteristics simultaneously. In this paper, we show that, by engineering of the contacts and by constructing independent double-gate structures, the device polarity can be electrostatically programmed to be either n- or p-type. Such a device enables a compact realization of XOR-based logic functions at the cost of a denser interconnect. To mitigate the added area/routing overhead caused by the additional gate, an approach for designing an efficient regular layout, called Sea-of-Tiles is presented. Then, specific logic synthesis techniques, supporting the higher expressive power provided by this technology, are introduced and used to showcase the performance of the controllable-polarity NWFETs circuits in comparison with traditional CMOS circuits.


OBJECTIVE
A variety of approaches for resection of the ossifying fibromas in sinonasal cavities have been described. However, for those involving the anterior skull base, endoscopic surgery remains challenging because of limitations in identification of tumor boundaries from the anterior skull base and proper control of the tumor-feeding vessel. This study aimed to describe a technique for resection of ossifying fibromas involving the anterior skull base through an endoscopic endonasal trans-agger nasi approach, based on anatomic studies and surgeries.

METHODS
Two human cadaveric heads were prepared for study of the anatomic relationship between agger nasi and anterior skull base. Two clinical cases were used to illustrate the technique and feasibility of the approach.

RESULTS
The agger nasi was located anterior and inferior to the frontal ostium and the anterior skull base. The frontal ostium and anterior skull base could be visualized and accessed under the 0-degree endoscope by removing the agger nasi. Application of the endoscopic endonasal trans-agger nasi approach in the two patients resulted in complete resection of the tumors with no surgical complications.

CONCLUSIONS
An endoscopic endonasal trans-agger nasi approach provides a direct access to the anterior skull base. It would be feasible, effective, and safe for selected cases of ossifying fibroma involving anterior skull base.


Provision of online counselling in its many forms has increased dramatically over the last 10 years, however research findings suggest that many therapists have concerns about whether a therapeutic relationship can be successfully engendered online, particularly given the absence of non-verbal communication cues. To date there is very little research available about the online therapeutic relationship; email counselling was chosen for the current study as through its dearth of non-verbal cues it may deemed most different to face-to-face counselling, and is considered to be the most popularly used mode.
The central aim of this study was to explore the accounts of therapists who have worked both face to face and by email about how they construct their experiences of the therapeutic relationship in email counselling. The secondary aim was to co-construct an explanatory grounded theory of the process.

The study adopted a constructivist grounded theory methodology (Charmaz, 2010); using an initial purposeful sampling strategy, nineteen participants were recruited to the study and completed an anonymous online qualitative survey; four also took part in semi-structured interviews. A theoretical sampling was then adopted to refine the developing theory; two novice email therapists and four non-email therapists were recruited. Overall there were twenty-five participants, some of whom engaged using more than one media.
The basic psychological processes that were co-constructed from the data indicated that many participants found working in the cueless online environment highly challenging and that the resultant anxiety led to several sets of behaviours. Participants described how Experiencing cuelessness i.e. the absence of sensory cues led to an experience of Losing touch in four ways; Loss of interactive factors with the client, Responding with no sensory steer, Losing control of the process and Losing control of the context to the client. This led to a sense of Peering through the looking glass when counselling online; counsellors felt as though they were Fantasising into a void, and Fearing [client] disappearing. Participants also described Worrying about risk and expressed Worrying about Client safety and Fearing exposure due to having a written record and any possible legal or professional ramifications. Further uncertainties were also revealed as participants were led to Questioning computer reliability and Questioning own competence.
Consequently participants were left Experiencing anxiety. This anxiety appeared to be managed in a number of ways; participants described Becoming more task orientated (Relying on skills and theory and Taking control of the context), Avoiding difficulties (Minimising the role of the computer and Minimising differences between modalities/ Holding on tight to the known), Overcompensating (Reflecting and perfecting), and Defending the professional self-concept (Protecting by defending expertise and Becoming an expert).
The key struggle and therefore core category would seem to lie in participants attempting to apply relational face-to-face skills to the cueless atmosphere of email therapy, the anxiety of which materialised in several avoidant behaviours.

The findings from this study provide important insights into therapists' experience of email counselling and identify a process that could help inform future online therapists, as well as being useful to the online counselling profession as a whole. It is suggested that the email counselling process identified could provide a framework for therapists to reflect on their experiences. Full implications for practice, supervision, training and the psychological profession will be further discussed, in addition to directions for further research.


Background— Late stent malapposition (LSM) after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation has not been evaluated sufficiently in real-world practice. Methods and Results— We evaluated the incidence, mechanisms, predictors, and long-term prognosis of LSM after DES implantation in 557 patients (705 native lesions; sirolimus-eluting stent in 538 lesions and paclitaxel-eluting stent in 167 lesions) in whom intravascular ultrasound was performed at index and 6-month follow-up. LSM occurred in 82 patients with 85 lesions (12.1% overall, 95% CI 9.7% to 14.5%, 71 lesions (13.2%) in sirolimus-eluting stents and 14 lesions [8.4%] in paclitaxel-eluting stents, P=0.12]; the incidence was 25.0% (4/16) after directional coronary atherectomy before stenting, 27.5% (14/51) in chronic total occlusion lesions, and 31.8% (7/22) after primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction (P=0.13, P<0.001, and P=0.001, respectively, versus elective stenting with conventional balloon predilation, 9.7% [60/616]). There was an increase of external elastic membrane area (from 17.1±3.6 to 21.4±4.8 mm2, P<0.001) that was greater than the increase in plaque area (from 9.3±2.5 to 10.5±2.7 mm2, P<0.001). Independent predictors of LSM were total stent length, primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction, and chronic total occlusion lesions. Except for 1 death in the non-LSM group, there were no major adverse cardiac events in either LSM or non-LSM patients during a mean 10-month follow-up after detection of LSM. Conclusions— LSM occurs in 12% of cases after DES implantation. The predictors of LSM are total stent length, primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction, and chronic total occlusion lesions. LSM after DES implantation was not associated with any major adverse cardiac events during a subsequent 10-month (mean) follow-up.


Code obfuscation makes it harder for a security analyst to understand the malicious payload of a program. In most cases an analyst needs to study the program at the machine code level, with little or no extra information available, apart from his experience. An unexperienced analyst is confronted with a steep learning curve, as understanding unobfuscated machine code already requires some skills. We have built Loco, a graphical, interactive environment to help a security analyst improving his skills in understanding obfuscated code


Many interesting sociological questions pertain to how the association between two variables depends on a third variable. In sociological applications, the third variable often pertains to countries, to subgroups of a population, or to time periods. We propose a regression-type approach that specifies that the log-odds-ratios that describe the two-way association of interest are a linear function of latent scores for the third variable. Additive and multiplicative models currently in use by researchers are special cases of the regression-type model. To illustrate the utility of the regression-type approach, we apply this approach to analyze (1) data on occupational mobility in the United States, Britain, and Japan (comparing mobility in these countries) and (2) data on the association between religion and voting behavior in U.S. presidential elections from 1968 to 1992 (comparing this association in the different elections). We also introduce here graphical displays that can be used to obtain worthwhile information about goodness-of-fit and to aid in substantive interpretation.


For CeO2 or M-doped CeO2 catalysts, reliable energetics associated with surface reactivity requires accurate representation of oxidized and reduced metal states. Density functional theory (DFT) is used extensively for metals and metal oxides; however, for strongly correlated electron materials, conventional DFT fails to predict both qualitative and quantitative properties. This is the result of a localized electron self-interaction error that is inherit to DFT. DFT+U has shown promise in correcting energetic errors due to the self-interaction error, however, its transferability across processes relevant to surface catalysis remains unclear. Hybrid functionals, such as HSE06, can also be used to correct this self-interaction error. These hybrid functionals are computationally intensive, and especially demanding for periodic surface slab models. This perspective details the challenges in representing the energetics of M-doped ceria catalyzed processes and examines using DFT extensions to model the localized electronic properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Technology plays a major and ever-increasing role in individuals' efforts to achieve and maintain a balance between work and home. Over the last decade, research investigating the relationship between information technologies (IT) and individuals' boundary management (i.e., tactics or strategies used to manage work and non-work roles) has started to emerge. In the present study, we review the extant literature on this topic and find that it does not represent individuals' practices very well, yet. We identify three central themes that previous research findings can be categorized into and discuss the treatment of the IT-artifact as well as dynamic perspectives in this literature. We then offer a framework of IT-based boundary management. This framework can help illustrate what we know and what we still need to know about the role of technology in individuals' boundary management. It can therefore serve as a foundation for programmatic future research in this area and emphasizes the need for organizational and IS scholars to collaborate on this interdisciplinary topic.


Zoonotic diseases continue to emerge and threaten both human and animal health. Overcrowded shelters and breeding kennels create the perfect environment for amplified infectious disease transmission among dogs and present a critical opportunity for zoonotic pathogens to emerge and infect people who work in close contact with dogs. Coronaviruses' widespread prevalence, extensive host range, various disease manifestations and increased frequency of recombination events all underline their potential for interspecies transmission (Methods Mol. Biol. 2008, 454, 43). The objectives of this study were to determine whether people with occupational contact with dogs were more likely to have antibodies against canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) compared to persons with no dog exposure. A seroepidemiological cohort study was completed, for which 302 canine‐exposed and 99 non‐canine‐exposed study subjects enrolled in the study by providing a serum sample and completing a self‐administered questionnaire. A competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect human antibodies against CRCoV while controlling for cross‐reacting antibodies against the human coronavirus OC43. All study subjects were negative for antibodies against CRCoV by this competitive ELISA. This study supports the premise that humans are not at risk for CRCoV infections; however, infrequent cross‐species transmission of CRCoV cannot be ruled out.


The paper summarizes the available knowledge on the so-called "cancer in situ" of the mammary gland. In 1960 to 1975 61 patients were operated on at the Institute. The diagnosis "carcinoma in situ"--was not established before a microscopic study of the removed specimen was conducted. Following sectoral resections of the mammary gland für "carcinoma in situ" two patients developed cancer in other quadrants of the gland: one--after 45 years, the other after 15 years. The authors believe the term "carcinoma in situ" to be improper for clinical practice due to its inherent contradiction, which not infrequently results in diagnostic, therapeutic and organisational errors.


The Medical Devices Act (Medizinproduktegesetz = MPG) took effect in Germany on 01. 01. 1995, and replaced (with the exception of diagnostic laboratory devices) the previously binding MedGV with a transition period ending on 13. 06. 1998. The new German act is the implementation of the EC directive on active implantable medical devices (90/385/EWG) and the directive on medical devices (93/42/EWG). The EC directive 93/42/EWG on medical devices permits the manufacturer of a medical device to chose the conformity assessment procedure. All medical devices are subject to conformity assessment procedures, and are awarded the EC mark through Appendix II, III, VII or VIII. All these appendices contain information about the need for carrying out assessment and the obligation to provide a written description of the risk analysis for a medical device. Risk analysis is a common method that verifiably ensures that the basic requirements of EC Directive 93/42/EWG on medical devices are met by the product. It is obvious that risk analysis is of central importance to the legal measures for ensuring appropriate device safety. The present paper presents and assesses various methods of risk analysis.


Production of organic chemicals (OCs) is increasing exponentially, and some OCs biomagnify through food webs to potentially toxic levels. Biomagnification under field conditions is best described by trophic magnification factors (TMFs; per trophic level change in log-concentration of a chemical) which have been measured for more than two decades. Syntheses of TMF behavior relative to chemical traits and ecosystem properties are lacking. We analyzed >1500 TMFs to identify OCs predisposed to biomagnify and to assess ecosystem vulnerability. The highest TMFs were for OCs that are slowly metabolized by animals (metabolic rate kM < 0.01 day(-1)) and are moderately hydrophobic (log KOW 6-8). TMFs were more variable in marine than freshwaters, unrelated to latitude, and highest in food webs containing endotherms. We modeled the probability that any OC would biomagnify as a combined function of KOW and kM. Probability is greatest (∼100%) for slowly metabolized compounds, regardless of KOW, and lowest for chemicals with rapid transformation rates (kM > 0.2 day(-1)). This probabilistic model provides a new global tool for screening existing and new OCs for their biomagnification potential.


The COVID-19 pandemic has caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of infections worldwide, and the loss of trillions of dollars for many large economies It poses a grave threat to the human population with an excessive number of patients constituting an unprecedented challenge with which health systems have to cope Researchers from many domains have devised diverse approaches for the timely diagnosis of COVID-19 to facilitate medical responses In the same vein, a wide variety of research studies have investigated underlying medical conditions for indicators suggesting the severity and mortality of, and role of age groups and gender on, the probability of COVID-19 infection This study aimed to review, analyze, and critically appraise published works that report on various factors to explain their relationship with COVID-19 Such studies span a wide range, including descriptive analyses, ratio analyses, cohort, prospective and retrospective studies Various studies that describe indicators to determine the probability of infection among the general population, as well as the risk factors associated with severe illness and mortality, are critically analyzed and these findings are discussed in detail A comprehensive analysis was conducted on research studies that investigated the perceived differences in vulnerability of different age groups and genders to severe outcomes of COVID-19 Studies incorporating important demographic, health, and socioeconomic characteristics are highlighted to emphasize their importance Predominantly, the lack of an appropriated dataset that contains demographic, personal health, and socioeconomic information implicates the efficacy and efficiency of the discussed methods Results are overstated on the part of both exclusion of quarantined and patients with mild symptoms and inclusion of the data from hospitals where the majority of the cases are potentially ill


The European Commission presented proposals on 15 December related to the Schengen area and the Frontex border agency, with the European Council due to meet on 17-18 December to discuss the proposals and how to resolve the ongoing refugee crisis. In light of the proposed reforms, Valentin Kreilinger writes that Europe's handling of the Eurozone crisis offers four key insights for attempts to manage the current crisis which, if implemented correctly, could help remedy the design flaws contained within the Schengen system.


Older people (70 years plus) represent a risk category concerning complications with food-borne infections. As part of the project CHANCE, taking place in Austria, Germany, Latvia, Romania, Sweden and United Kingdom (Lifelong Learning Programme of European Union 2007-2009) a pilot study was performed in the urban area of Eriksberg, Uppsala municipality, Sweden. The aim was to understand this target group's need for information about cold food storage and food handling within the context of understanding and perception of health related messages. Methods: Nine individuals aged 72 -93 years were individually asked to purchase certain food items (soft cheese; vacuum-packed, smoked salmon; vacuum-packed, sliced ham) and store them in their own refrigerator using their normal food practices. Subsequently, qualitative interviews were performed. The temperature was then measured in these food items after storage for one night. Data were qualitatively processed.Results: The study group were neither aware of the temperature in their refrigerator nor did they know about temperature differences on different shelves, although they did consider themselves to have a sound knowledge of how to handle and store foods. They expressed confidence in the grocery store and as such did not see the need for information. None of the informants were afraid of food-borne infections and yet a common habit was to taste raw minced meat, thus indicating a risk related optimism. The recorded temperatures of the various foodstuffs also suggested need for extra information.Significance: This group seemed to overestimate their own skills concerning cold food storage. Education about food handling was taught in childhood but arguably a need for information about how to handle food today exists. The trust given to their grocery store might contribute to a decrease in their own responsibility, which might be an obstacle concerning accessing further information.


Confirmatory bias, defined as the tendency to misinterpret new pieces of evidence as confirming previously held hypotheses, can lead to implacable, even incorrect decision making. It is one of the biases, along with anchoring, framing, and other judgment heuristic errors, that may lead to non-optimal behavior. This paper tests for the existence of confirmatory bias behavior in a uniquely economic setting (tax policy) and in a context relatively lacking in ambiguity. It also tests whether the confirmatory bias phenomenon can be prevalent enough to affect aggregate outcomes, a characteristic important in economic models in particular. The results indicate not only that confirmatory bias exists, but that the confirmatory bias effect may be stronger for evidence relating to losses than for comparable evidence relating to gains.


Flapping wing aerial vehicles rely heavily on accurate models for a variety of different tasks. There have been significant efforts in creating both analytical and data-driven models for many of these types of vehicles including ornithopters and small aerial vehicles mimicking insects. However, very few works have explored modeling for aerial vehicles with a skeletal structure throughout the wings and a single flexible membrane that covers the wings and tail such as is found in robots with bat morphology. In this paper, we build upon previous efforts to model a bat robot using a combination of first-principles and data-driven tools. We record a series of load cell tests and freeflight experiments, and we optimize the model parameters to improve long-term flight prediction. We introduce several extra terms in the model including a term explaining the coupling between wings and tail in order to maximize the effectiveness of collected flight data. The result is a model that performs well in prediction for a range of different tail actuator configurations as demonstrated by our flight results using a bat robot.


Abstract We conducted two experiments to assess the effect attentional focus has on learning a complex motor skill and subsequent performance under secondary task loading. Participants in Experiment 1 learnt a golf putting task (300 practice trials) with a single instruction to either focus on their hands (internal focus) or the movement of the putter (external focus). No group differences were evident during learning or retention. Differences between the groups were only apparent under secondary task load; the external group's performance remained robust, while the internal group suffered a drop in performance. Verbal protocols demonstrated that the internal group accumulated significantly more internal knowledge and more task-relevant knowledge in general than the external group. Experiment 2 was designed to establish whether greater internal focus knowledge or greater explicit rule build up in general was responsible for performance breakdown. Two groups were presented with a set of six internal or external rules. Again, no performance differences were found during learning or retention. During the secondary task, both groups experienced performance deterioration. It was concluded that accumulation of explicit rules to guide performance was responsible for the internal group's breakdown in performance under secondary task loading and may be responsible for some of the performance differences reported previously.


This contribution will consider the issue of immunity under the Rome Statute in light of the Rome Statute implementation legislation adopted by South Africa, Kenya and Uganda. In doing so it will consider the relevance of immunity in relation to both cooperation in arrest and surrender, and domestic prosecutions under these legal instruments. The primary aim here is to catalogue and analyze how South Africa, Kenya and Uganda have chosen to give effect to their obligations – both general and specific – under the Rome Statute as they relate to immunities. However, in so doing it will also reveal what these state see as the proper construction of immunity under the Rome Statute – and specifically the relationship between article 27(2) and article 98(1) – by the manner in which they formulate their domestic cooperation regimes. Although it is strictly speaking up to the Court to formulate its construction of the immunity question (something which it has failed to do yet) and the practice of states is not a formal consideration in this process, these provisions might well have some indirect effect on how this relationship is constructed. If only to question the dominant construction of the Rome Statute's immunity provisions by academics, who themselves have relied on state practice in support of their position. In a more direct respect, how African states address the immunity question (both in terms of cooperation and prosecution) will likely influence other states in region incorporate their obligations under the Rome Statute through implementing legislation and other domestic legal measures.


Introduction: In recently years, many articles in massage therapy published by Iranian nurses. This study was conducted to evaluate the abstracts quality of articles about massage therapy, published in scientific journals during the years 2003 to 2012, by Iranian nurses. Material and Methods: In this cross sectional study, all original massage therapy articles published in scientific journals that there was any Iranian nurse between authors, were evaluated. Quality in different sections of abstracts including, background, methods and materials, results, discussion, keywords and volume of abstracts were assessed. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistic methods Results: Totally, 120 abstracts of original articles about massage therapy, published in scientific journals were evaluated. On the whole, quality of the abstracts were good in 29.6% of articles, in 40.8% it was relatively good and in 29.6% was weak. The weakest sections were material and methods (61.7%) and the best sections were key words (82.6%). Nursing PhD authors significantly improved the quality of the articles (P =0.001). The quality growth was significantly associated with time passing (P =0.001). Discussion & Conclusion: The present study showed that the overall quality of the abstracts of massage therapy articles published in scientific journals, is not desirable. They have many mistakes. Hence, implementations for reducing mistakes in abstracts writing of articles would result in increasing application of the study results.


The objectives of this study is to develop entry capacity models for both un-signalized and signalized roundabouts under heterogeneous traffic flow conditions. Required data have been collected from 27 un-signalized and 15 signalized roundabouts spanning across 11 states of India. To develop the entry capacity model for un-signalized roundabouts, initially two types of models are developed namely, empirical models and gap acceptance based models. Empirical models are based upon statistical approach whereas gap acceptance models rely on the driver's behaviour and vehicle-to-vehicle interactions. An empirical model is developed by taking geometric variables and circulating flow as explanatory variables, while the gap acceptance based model is developed by employing critical gap, follow up time and circulating flow as explanatory variables. To reflect the driver behavioral habits and site conditions in a single model, semi-analytical model is developed in this study. In order to reflect the actual driver behavioral habits under local conditions,critical gap and follow up time are estimated by using proposed Influence area for gap acceptance (INAGA) method in this study. The critical gap values found to be varying from 0.54 s to 2.87 s, which are nearly half the values (4 s to 4.6 s) of developed nations like USA and European countries. To ascertain the applicability of proposed INAGA method, the said method is compared with traditionally followed raff and equilibrium of probabilities method. It is observed that the critical gap values estimated by equilibrium of probabilities method differs from corresponding values estimated by INAGA method by 2.10 to 27.03 %. While the values obtained by raff method are quite similar and differ by 0.41 to 3.27 % only. Models based on Artificial intelligence techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Generic Programming (GP), Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) are also developed for un-signalized roundabouts. A comparative study on all developed models is carried out. Also signalized roundabout entry capacity model is developed by using the concept of signalized analogy in which geometric variables and signalization variables are taken as explanatory variables. It has been observed from the collected data set that the Composition of traffic varies as (0.14 to 55.07)%, (10.52 to 78.9)%, (6.84 to 77.9)%, (0.06 to 36.51)%,(0.04 to 7.49)% for heavy vehicles (HV), light motor vehicles (LMV), Motorcycles (MC)/scooters, Bicycles (BC) and Animal drawn vehicles (ADV)/Human drawn vehicles (HDV) respectively at selected un-signalized roundabouts. Similarly, the Composition of traffic varies as(18.92-77.18)%, (2.92- 33.28)%, (11.84-57.58)%, (1.71-11.63)%,(0.41-13.48)%, (0.14-0.78)% and (2.27-26.54)% for two wheelers (2W), Three wheelers (3W), Cars, Light commercial vehicles (LCV), Bus, Truck and Cycle at selected signalized roundabouts respectively. The co-efficient of determination (R2) value of empirical based model and gap acceptance based model are found to be 0.93 and 0.78 respectively. And the p-value in the test of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is found to be 0.00 (p-value<0.05) for both empirical and gap acceptance based model, which signifies that the models are statistically fit at 95% confidence level. By developing the semi-analytical model, the R2 and p-value in the test of ANOVA are found to be 0.92 and 0.00 respectively. And from the significance test, the value of Nash-Sutcliffe co-efficient (E), mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) are found to be (0.91, 0.99, 0.13) and (0.87, 0.93, 0.11) respectively which signifies that the proposed semi-analytical model is statistically significant at 95% confidence level. It is observed that Bayesian regularization back propagation training function (TrainBR), in combination with hyperbolic tangent sigmoid transfer function (Tansig) based ANN model has highest R2 value of 0.97 and lowest root mean square error (RMSE) value of 167.89 among all ten models developed. Therefore, this model is chosen for the capacity prediction in this study. Among three developed models such as Genetic Programming (GP), Age layered population structure Genetic Programming (ALPS GP) and Grammatical Evolution Genetic Programming (GEGP); GEGP model is found to be best fit by employing modified rank index (MRI) among these GP based models. By applying multiple non-linear regression analysis (MNLR), the proposed signalized roundabout capacity model is found to be best fit at 95 % confidence level in which the R2 is measured to be 0.95. Sensitivity analysis reported that weaving section variables such as weaving length (Wl), weaving width (WW) and signal phase variable such as green time (G) are major variables for the determination of signalized roundabout entry capacity. Among the proposed un-signalized roundabout entry capacity models such as semi-analytical model, ANN model, GEGP model and ANFIS model; ANFIS model placed in 1st rank, whereas both ANN and GEGP model are placed in 2nd rank and Semi-analytical model is placed in 3rd rank respectively. It is ascertained from statistical test that ANFIS model holds good for roundabout capacity estimation. But from practical application point of view, this model seems to be poor as expression of the equation could not be built up. Whereas, in comparison to ANFIS model, Semi-analytical model can be widely acceptable for its simplicity and manageability. Hence Semi-analytical model is recommended for the estimation of roundabout entry capacity under heterogeneous traffic flow conditions. Regression based models are simple from application point of view but these models have shown higher prediction error in comparison to Artificial intelligence based models. Sensitivity analysis reports that critical gap is the prime variable and sharing 18.43 % in the semi-analytical based roundabout entry capacity model. As compared to Girabase formula (France), Brilon wu formula (Germany) and HCM 2010 models, the proposed semi-analytical model is quite reliable under low to medium range of traffic volumes. The proposed model is suggested for application in the field by practitioners because the model provides unique equation for prediction. The priority of explanatory variables can be easily examined in the proposed model. The model can be easily modified by inclusion or exclusion of geometric variables. The model can be widely acceptable for its simplicity and manageability. Sensitivity analysis is quite useful for planning and design prospective because of major contributing variables are easily identified in the proposed model. The common PCU factors are determined to convert the heterogeneous traffic into homogeneous one, thus it give a reliable estimation of roundabout entry capacity. These findings will be helpful for the researchers, planners and designers for making key decision.


The mechanism of a magnetoelectric coupling in a room-temperature multiferroic, $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{3}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{2}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{24}{\mathrm{O}}_{41}$, with the Z-type hexaferrite structure, is examined by three approaches: observations of domain structures and their field responses, measurements of magnetic-field effect on electric polarization, i.e., magnetoelectric effect, and phenomenological discussions on the interplay among coexisting order parameters. With use of a resonant soft x-ray microdiffraction technique, we visualized magnetic-field responses of two types of magnetic domains ascribed to ferrimagnetic and spiral components inherent in a transverse conical magnetic structure of the hexaferrite. A simultaneous inversion of these magnetic domains by a magnetic-field reversal was observed, meaning that the process of a magnetization reversal corresponds to a 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} rotation of the cone axis. The reversal process of the magnetic structure, together with experimental results of the magnetoelectric effect, leads us to the conclusion that the magnetoelectricity in the Z-type hexaferrite originates mainly from the spin-dependent metal-ligand orbital hybridization, with minor contribution from the asymmetric spin-exchange interaction. Furthermore, such a mechanism is discussed by the symmetry analysis based on the Landau theory and is well described in terms of couplings among the coexisting order parameters included in the free energy. Thus, observations on field responses of multiple domains in multiferroics provide insights into underlying microscopic magnetoelectric coupling mechanisms.


The exploration and development of super-low permeability reservoirs have become a global focus in recent years. However, conventional flooding systems commonly face problems of high injection pressure and poor displacement efficiency in super-low permeability reservoirs. Thus, it is imperative to find new flooding agents that tackle such problems.
 In this study, a novel ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT) nanofluid was formulated, consisting of surfactants to achieve ultra-low IFT and silica nanoparticles to reduce injection pressure. The compatibility test between the surfactants and silica nanoparticles in 10,000 mg/L NaCl solution at 90 °C was conducted to ensure their adaption to harsh reservoir conditions. Also, the effects of silica nanoparticles on the IFT and emulsion stability of the surfactant solution as well as wettability of reservoir rock were evaluated to determine the optimum concentration of nanoparticles. Finally, oil displacement efficiency of the nanofluid was assessed and compared from respective nanofluid flooding, surfactant flooding and surfactant-free nanofluid flooding.
 The compatibility results showed that the ultra-low IFT surfactant solution with silica nanoparticles remained clear and stable at 90 °C for one month. The surfactant solution can effectively emulsify oil, and the stability of the oil emulsion could be further improved in the presence of silica nanoparticles. In addition, the solution could achieve lower IFT at both low and high temperature with the addition of 0.01% silica nanoparticles. The silica nanoparticles could effectively alter the wettability of the rock, making it become more water-wet with increasing silica nanoparticle concentration. The displacement experiments through 0.2–0.3 mD tight cores indicated that the enhanced oil recovery could reach 21.12%OOIP by the nanofluid flooding after water flooding, higher than that of surfactant flooding (18.84% OOIP), and much higher than that of surfactant-free nanofluid flooding (3.48% OOIP). Moreover, the injection pressure difference was able to decrease nearly 50% after nanofluid injection in comparison with the occurrence of an increase in pressure along the surfactant solution injection. Thus, the combined surfactant and nanoparticles behaved excellent synergistic effect.
 The newly formulated surfactant based silica nanofluids can efficiently enhance oil recovery in comparison with water flooding, and significantly lower the injection pressure compared with the surfactant flooding. This work lays the foundation for the application of ultralow IFT nanofluid flooding technology in super-low permeability reservoirs.


The effects of 1 day of single nephron, unilateral ureteral (UUO), and bilateral ureteral (BUO) obstruction on tubuloglomerular feedback were studied in anesthetized rats. Stop-flow pressure (SFP) was measured as an index of glomerular capillary pressure before, during, and after loop of Henle microperfusion. Tubuloglomerular feedback (delta SFP) showed an increased sensitivity to low loop perfusion rates and an increased maximal response after 1 day of single nephron obstruction or relief of UUO. Tubuloglomerular feedback was not significantly different from normal after release of BUO. Whole kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was about 10% of normal after release of ureteral obstruction, and single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) averaged one-third of normal. Paired measurements of SNGFR from proximal and distal tubules revealed no significant differences in control or in BUO kidneys, but a significant proximal-distal SNGFR difference was observed after UUO. The results suggest that tubuloglomerular feedback does not significantly contribute to the low GFR after release of BUO; after release of UUO, approximately one-fourth of the fall in GFR may be due to activation of the feedback mechanism.


This thesis documents sedimentary changes in the middle to late Miocene of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins. This time interval known as the "carbonate crash interval" (12-9Ma) displays a severe perturbation of the carbonate system in the framework of the major Cenozoic cooling accompanied by changes in circulation mode, global nutrient shifts, plankton size changes and stratification of the ocean basins. These developments led to modern patterns of biogenic sediment distribution and ecological niches. The main goal of this work was to investigate control mechanisms on Carbonate-Crash-events (CC-events) and to find hints to major discrepancies concerning timing and strength of these events. For this purpose carbonate preservation proxies and carbonate budgets were investigated and evaluated in the Atlantic at the Ceará Rise in a depth transect (ODP sites 926, 927 and 928). The data show that the dissolution occurred in a broad zone between the foraminiferal lysocline at 3300 m depth and the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) at about 4000 m water depth. Detailed mass losses of coccoliths and foraminifer carbonate were calculated among sites. Dissolution is evident throughout the record however preservation seems to increase in correspondence to Northern Component water formation (precursor of North Atlantic Deep water). Productivity decreases of calcareous plankton productivity here (centered at about 9.5 Ma) seem to be as well a factor controlling CC-events during the late Miocene. Furthermore the evaluation of preservation proxies from the coarse calcareous silt fraction (CSmean and CS percent) showed that the fragmentation of foraminifera is probably a more suitable indicator of carbonate dissolution. CSmean and CSpercent did not reproduce the depth dependant carbonate dissolution, which was evident in all other parameters (carbonate content, coarse fraction content, foraminiferal fragmentation). The comparison of Ceará Rise coarse fraction records to Caribbean Site 999 showed in contrast to earlier results preservation in phase. The contrasting results obtained from comparison of Ceará Rise records with the Caribbean led to a revision concerning CC-events especially in key locations of the Pacific and Indian Ocean. The productivity decreases in the beginning of the CC-can be assigned to a shift from La Niña-like to El Niñolike conditions, imprinted in the sediments off Baja California and in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP). Own data from the SE – Pacific (ODP Site 1237) in offshore Peru/Chile provided evidence for enhanced dissolution starting at about 10.5 to 10.3 Ma.. This trend is possibly indicating the influx of corrosive southern sourced waters coupled to better carbonate preservation in the Atlantic. Hence significant basin to basin fractionation is evident. The end of the CC is characterized by a change to better preservation at the same time in the low latitude Caribbean, the Pacific and the Indian Ocean at about 9.5 Ma at similar water depths (~3000 m). Nannofossil productivity decreases were at least important in the Atlantic in the late phase of the CC. Restructuring of plankton communities driven by the paleoceanographic revolution during the CC-events may have resulted quite often in productivity decreases, which however are confirmed only by few case studies. Budgeting of calcareous nannoplankton seems desirable. Especially during carbonate crash events bigger nannofossils the discoaster nannoliths comprise an important part of the sediments, in order to budget these nannoltihs 3-d models of 11 Neogene discoaster morphologies as well as Sphenolithus nannoliths based on morphometric measurements were set up and applied in a test studie on samples of Ceará Rise ranging from 8.6 to 3.3 Ma to. The significance of carbonate contribution exceeds by far their abundance. A rather abrupt abundance decrease of discoaster nannoliths was found in low latitude sediments of ODP sites from the Indian Ocean and the equatorial Pacific associated with the "small" Reticulofenestra umbilicusinterval (starting at 8.85 Ma). This event is associated with rising MAR in these key locations initiating the transition from the "carbonate draught" period of the CC-events to the period of the "biogenic bloom".


The evidence of the last 20 years of recurring output busts and rapid reversals of the current account in emerging markets indicates that domestic agents may not be able to borrow in international capital markets to fully insure themselves against internal and external shocks. This paper models this phenomenon as a form of excess volatility by introducing a financial friction into a stochastic model of a small open economy. The financial friction limits the current account deficit to a fixed fraction of gross domestic product. The paper shows that conditional volatility and asymmetry are significant statistical characteristics of the GDP and current account that reflect the excess volatility and the current account reversals. The economic model can explain the conditional volatility and asymmetry of Mexican GDP and the current account.


The theory of higher nervous activity created in Pavlovian time is compared with the present-day state of the theory developing due to appearance of new methods, techniques, facts, and concepts. Three principles of Pavlovian theory: determinism; analysis and synthesis; structural approach, as well s types of conditioned reflexes and techniques, types of higher nervous activity, and inhibition problems are discussed. The theory of higher nervous activity is schematically depicted as a tree, some branches of which are presented by facts and concepts obtained and introduced by I.P. Pavlov and his followers during his life, the others are formed by new facts and concepts advancing the theory. What is obsolete in the theory, what are the most prominent tendencies of its development and its new branches are discussed.


The study investigates whether the additional income obtained from
micro-enterprises carried out by female members of Amanah
Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) is able to increase the quality of life and
socio-economic status of the member family. For this purpose,
the study conducted a survey on respondents who are the
participants of AIM program using convenience sampling in Perak
and Kelantan. The analyses are done using descriptive statistics,
tests of mean differences of dependent and independent samples,
one way ANOVA and multiple regression of OLS method. The
findings of the study show the success of AIM microfinance scheme
to uplift the standard of living of poor households in Perak and
Kelantan through the participation of female members who are
majority Muslim women. The obvious differences between income
level before and after they joined the scheme are tested and it is
found that the differences are highly significant. This is highly
supported by the ownership of vehicle(s) which is believed to assist
them in conducting economic activities from the project and the
experiences that they have through higher age. Majority of the
respondents agree that the scheme enables them to provide more
education for the children as well as the healthcare of family
members. Besides, the scheme has enabled them to fulfill their duty
as Muslim through zakah payments and even signifies their
important role in increasing the standard of living of the family
through small scale businesses/projects.


OBJECTIVE
To provide recommendations for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related cytomegalovirus (CMV) end-organ diseases, including retinitis, colitis, pneumonitis, and neurologic diseases.

PARTICIPANTS
A 17-member panel of physicians with expertise in clinical and virological research and inpatient care in the field of CMV diseases.

EVIDENCE
Available clinical and virological study results. Recommendations are rated according to the quality and strength of available evidence. Recommendations were limited to the treatment of CMV diseases; prophylaxis recommendations are not included.

PROCESS
The panel was convened in February 1997 and met regularly through November 1997. Subgroups of the panel summarized and presented available information on specific topics to the full panel; recommendations and ratings were determined by group consensus.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the epidemiological features of CMV diseases are changing in the setting of potent, combination antiretroviral therapy, continued attention must be paid to CMV diseases in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus to prevent irreversible endorgan dysfunction. The initial and maintenance treatment of CMV retinitis must be individualized based on the characteristics of the lesions, including location and extent, specific patient factors, and characteristics of available therapies among others. Management of relapse or refractory retinitis must be likewise individualized. Ophthalmologic screening for patients at high risk for retinitis or who have a prior diagnosis of extraretinal disease is recommended. Recommendations for gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and neurologic manifestations are included.


SUMMARY: A modified version of the J95 morbidity reporting system, called J95a, was used in the Multinational Division South West (MND SW) during Operation Resolute 2. The broad scope of the 'Other Diseases' and 'Other ~ Injuries' event codes were reduced, with codes being added for specific areas of interest which were 'ENT Problems', . 'Sports Injuries' and 'Training Injuries'. Designated medical centres from all nations in the division reported on a monthly basis to HQ MND SW, enabling the morbidity profile to be monitored. The first attendance rates in MND - SW were twice as high as those experienced by the whole of the British Army, though the rate of working days lost - was only a third. Almost half (49%) of the working time lost in the division was due to injuries and orthopaedic - problems. The disease and injury distribution showed considerable differences compared to the SHAPE planning . figures, with the disease rates experienced being between half and two thirds of those predicted, whilst the injury rates experienced were between four and six times as high as those predicted. This evidence suggests that the - planning figures need to be re-assessed for operations other than war. Further investigation into the aetiology of - injuries causing loss of working time is recommended, particularly sports injuries and orthopaedic problems.


The progressive expansion of private activities within the public supply of cultural goods and services seems consistent with a wider trend of the State, shifting from the authoritarian to the negotial paradigm. Although an effective attribution of competences and tasks can prove beneficial, advocates of the «minimal State» tend to limit the areas for public intervention, leaving most sectors to the rules of the marketplace. The recent legislative innovations of the Italian system appear even more advanced than this, pushing the State towards a purely commercial paradigm, where cultural heritage is used as a means to obtain loans from the private sector. This implies the realistic outcome of a general sale of cultural products, that would flow into private hands. Alternative strategies, aimed at responsibility, could improve effectiveness of cultural policy avoiding the risks of a wild privatisation.


The development of Islam in Java is closely related to the tomb as a material culture that can be studied in archeology. Through the study of tombs, it can be revealed how Islam is developed. In general, the placement of the remaining tombs of the Islamic sultanate in Java can be divided into two locations, namely tombs that are on hills or mountains, and the tombs that are in flat areas. This article discusses the meaning of placing tombs in flat areas studied through the view of Javanese cosmology. Data sources used came from two places, namely the Great Mosque of Demak and the Great Mosque of Kudus. In addition, the study of pilgrimage activities in both places became the focus of the research to see how people now interpret the tombs. The results of the study show that placement of the tombs is related to the microcosm, which is the process of human creation in Islamic cosmology. The activity of pilgrimage to the existing tomb complex is a tradition that is closely related to the meaning of respect for the buried figure.


Fluorescence microscopy is one of the workhorses of biomedical research and laboratory diagnosis; however, their cost, size, maintenance, and fragility has prevented their adoption in developing countries or low-resource settings. Although significant advances have decreased their size, cost and accessibility, their designs and assembly remain rather complex. Here, inspired on the simple mechanism from a nut and a bolt we report the construction of a portable fluorescence microscope that operates in bright field mode and in three fluorescence channels: UV, green, and red. It is assembled in under 10 min from only six 3D printed parts and basic electronic components that can be readily purchased in most locations or online for US $85. Adapting a microcomputer and a touch LCD screen, the microscope can capture time-lapse images and videos. We characterized its resolution and illumination conditions and benchmarked its performance against a high-end fluorescence microscope by tracking a biological process in single cells. We also demonstrate its application to image cells inside a microfluidic device in bright-field and fluorescence mode. Our microscope fits in a CO2 chamber and can be operated in time-lapse mode. Our portable microscope is ideal in applications where space is at a premium, such as lab-on-a-chips or space missions, and can find applications in clinical research, diagnostics, telemedicine and in educational settings.


Received: 21 December 1998 Returned for revision: 23 February 1999 Accepted: 22 April 1999 Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) plants set groups of fruits which generate large variations in the reproductive:vegetative dry weight balance. We studied the influence of fruit number on the partitioning of dry matter and energy between the vegetative and reproductive organs and among the seeds and the various fruit tissues during the development of the first fruits. Over 2 years and on two Charentais cantaloupe cultivars, fruit number was either limited to one or left unrestricted, which led to the setting of two to six fruits. Because of the high lipid content in seeds, the distribution of assimilates was studied in terms of energy equivalent as well as dry weight. Measured dry weights were converted into energy equivalents by calculating the construction cost of tissues from their elemental composition. Seeds diered from other tissues in showing an increase in construction cost, from 1‐ 1t o 1‐ 8gC H # Og '" d. wt between 10 and 30 d after pollination. For this reason, during the second half of fruit development on plants with unrestricted fruit load, they made up to 31% of the fruit and 12% of the aerial part of the whole plant in terms of dry weight, but 39 and 18% in terms of energy (glucose equivalents). The fraction of assimilates allocated to the fruits showed a saturationtype response to the number of fruits per plant. It did not increase in cultivar Talma above two fruits per plant, which could be due to a decreasing sink strength with fruit rank, whereas cultivar Galoubet maintained a more homogeneous fruit size within plants. At a similar fruit load, the reproductive:vegetative dry weight balance diered between the 2 years of the experiment, probably because of variation in the fruit sink strength. # 1999 Annals of Botany Company


Observing the normal oscillations and the behaviours of high-engineering structures has become almost a necessity in terms of construction security and human health. For this purpose, an real-time kinematic GPS (NovAtel 400) and a tilt sensor (Leica Nivel20) were installed in a TV tower (220 m high) located in Istanbul, Turkey. The observation serials were recorded over a period of 9 days. All data-sets in X and Y directions were examined in the time domain and were analyzed using FFT€. The dominant frequency values (significant frequencies) were determined by comparing at the high- and low-frequency values. These dominant frequencies showed that the tower made 4- and 6-second short-period oscillations and 24- and 12-hour long-period oscillations. All the observation signals were re-created by the significant low-frequency values using the inverse Fourier transform. Thus, the motion model of the tower was determined over 9 days. In this study, the 24-hour and 12-hour periodic oscillations were defined that represent the behaviour of the tower in relation to the effect of the sun's radiation and the temperature changes.


Severe overfishing of sea cucumbers has occurred in most countries of the tropical Indo-Pacific. The release of juveniles is being examined at the ICLARM Coastal Aquaculture Centre in the Solomon islands as a means of restoring and enhancing tropical sea cucumber stocks. Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) are the tropical species that show the best potential for stock enhancement. Sandfish are of high value, widely distributed and relatively easy to culture in simple systemss at a low cost. This paper summarizes information about the culture of H. scabra and compares it to that of the temperate species Stichopus japonicus.


This book provides an introduction to the legal system in Hong Kong. Understanding Hong Kong's legal system today requires both an understanding of the British origins of much of the laws and legal institutions as well as the uniquely Hong Kong developments in the application of the Basic Law under 'one country, two systems'. These features of the Hong Kong legal system are explored in this book, which takes into account developments in the two decades or so of the new legal framework in Hong Kong since the 1997 handover. In providing both an exposition of the legal institutions in Hong Kong and legal method under Hong Kong's legal system (including practical guidance and examples on case law, statutory interpretation and legal research), this book is ideal for first-year law students, students of other disciplines who study law and readers who have an interest in Hong Kong's unique legal system.


Weeping lovegrass [ (Schrad.) Nees] is relatively easy to establish if weed infestations arc not serious. The purpose of our research was to evaluate the response of 'Morpa' and 'Rennet' weeping lovegrass to 27 pro- and post-emergence herbicides. Weeping lovegrass was grown in a 1:1:1 Blelberville day (Udlc pellnstcrt): sand:peat moss mixture in small pots. Five to 10 plants were grown in each pot with five replications (pots) per treatment. All herbicides were sprayed in water at a spray volume of 93.5 liter/ha. All herbicides were sprayed at rates of 0.6, 1.1, and 2.2 kg/ha. Herbicide and/or dead plants per pot 14 days after treatment. Morpa and Rennet were tolerant to preoemergence applications of propazinc [2-ddoro-4, 6-bis(isopeopylamino)-s-trlazine] and butylate (-ethyl isobutylthlocarbamate). Morpa also showed little phytotoxiclty to 0.6 and 1.1 kg/ha of atrazlne [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)- s-trlazlne] and p~razon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3()-pyrldazlnone] and 0.6 kg/ha of dinron [3-(3,4-dlchlorophenyl)-l, 1-dlmethylurea]. Rennet tolerated the pre-emergence applications of atrazlne, dluron, and propachlor (2-chloro--isopropylacetanilidc) 0.6 kg/ha. Acltluorfen 15-[2-chloro-4-(trittuorometh~l) phenoxyl]-2- nltrobenzolc acldl and atrazine (pre-emergence) were much more phytotoxlc to Rennet than Morpa. Post-emergence herbicides showing the least injury to both cultivars were barban (4-chloro-2-but~nyl m-chlorocarbanilate] and bromoxynil [3,5-dlbromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile]. Other herbicides warranting further study as post-emergence sprays included asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate), atrazine, blfenox [methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate], and pyrazon. For both pre- and post-emergence herbicides, Renner was generally more susceptible to herbicide damage than Morpa.


This paper describes urbanization processes in three intermediate urban centres, two in Mozambique and one in Angola. Both countries have suffered major social strife, and the rural livelihood base that existed before and after Independence has been severely affected. The lack of national and local infrastructure, combined with limited market opportunities and competition from cheap agricultural imports, undermine attempts to revitalize the rural economy through commercial agriculture. The growth in population size of the three urban centres is largely the result of the need for rural residents to combine non-agricultural activities, mainly in the urban informal sector, with subsistence farming for their survival, rather then the product of demand for labour in urban-based industry and services. Whilst local solutions to the centres' environmental problems are absolutely necessary, they need to be linked to realistic interventions at the global level concerning development opportunities and to a better integration of rural and urban development programmes.


Electrochemical devices based on solid‐state ceramic materials such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are promising technologies which are gaining importance in today's rapidly developing energy frameworks. In particular, these high‐temperature variants offer further potential benefits such as increased fuel flexibility and higher system efficiencies. One of the significant challenges for SOFCs is the creation of robust, durable, and affordable cells. While the search for new materials remains an important research activity, the role of process development for fabrication and manufacture should not be underestimated. Indeed better understanding between materials, processing, and the resulting microstructure is vital for improving cell performance. The links between cell design and various processing techniques are explored. The most common approaches are based on thick film ceramic processes where recent trends include areas such as production of thinner tape cast layers and challenges in the application of aqueous systems to cell processing. Decoupling the processing and control of bulk and catalytic microstructures within the cell has recently been a very active area of development with techniques such as impregnation and exsolution showing increasingly promising results. Thin film techniques such as physical vapor deposition are also still being investigated for micro SOFCs or thin interfacial layers. In all cases, materials and process development should be closely linked, as high quality, reliable microstructures are essential to optimize the chemistry taking place on the materials and viable routes to manufacture are vital to transferring new materials into commercial devices. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e248. doi: 10.1002/wene.248


The tensile properties of nanostitched and nanoprepreg three dimensional para-aramid/phenolic composites were studied. The tensile responses of para-aramid/phenolic composites showed three regions as initial inter-fiber friction, crimp exchange and yarn extension regions. Their tensile moduli in each region were defined. It was obtained that stitching and multiwall carbon nanotubes slightly increased the tensile strength of all stitched and stitched/nano composites. Tensile failure on all stitched structure showed brittle matrix and multiple ductile filament breakages in yarn after angular deformation in composite surface layers as well as local restricted delamination. Failure mechanism of carbon stitched composite was interestingly different compared to para-aramid stitched composite in where carbon stitching yarn was failed in the loop section. It was pulled out thickness direction of the composite and caused large local opening between layers.