Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a pathogenic beta-herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong infection in hosts. It causes significant morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised and is associated with a range of birth defects following congenital infection. Current therapeutic approaches that target key viral proteins are toxic and antiviral drug resistance is common. Thus, targeting host genes and cellular pathways essential for HCMV infection offers an alternative strategy for the development of antivirals. Here we show that host oxidative/nitrosative stress responses to CMV are critical for virus replication. Oxidative/nitrosative stress occurs due to accumulation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Using a range of ROS/RNS scavengers, we identified that peroxynitrite, a powerful oxidant and nitrating agent, dramatically promoted virus replication in both in vitro and in vivo models of CMV infection. HCMV rapidly induced production of intracellular peroxynitrite upon infection. Inhibition of peroxynitrite within the first 24 hours alleviates efficient HCMV infection in both cell-free and cell-associated infection systems, indicating that peroxynitrite may influence pathways necessary for HCMV entry and/or replication. Furthermore, peroxynitrite inhibition also inhibited HCMV reactivation from latency. Interestingly, the neurotransmitter and naturally-occurring peroxynitrite antagonist 5-hydroxytryptamine, commonly known as serotonin, also impinged on HCMV-induced peroxynitrite production and exhibited anti-HCMV activity. Thus, overall, our study demonstrates a novel role for intracellular peroxynitrite in CMV pathogenesis and implies that peroxynitrite could be targeted as a novel approach to inhibiting CMV infection.


Just as with burnout in other social sectors, burnout among physicians is acquiring epidemic proportions. After describing the pathology, this article covers the multidisciplinary aspects of its clinical management. As for prevention, the article describes the importance of the socially motivated, professionally oriented management of health care services, courts, universities, and schools for preventing burnout and contrasts such features with the characteristics of their industrial and commercial management.


BACKGROUND
False positives occur in approximately 11% of screening mammographies in the USA and may be associated with psychologic sequelae.

METHODS
We sought to examine the association of false-positive mammography with depressed mood among women in a screening population. Using data from a state-based mammography registry, women who completed a standardized questionnaire between 7 May 2001 and 2 June 2003, a follow-up questionnaire between 19 June 2003 and 8 October 2004 and who received at least one screening mammogram during this interval were identified. False positives were examined in relation to depressed mood.

RESULTS
Eligibility criteria were met by 13 491 women with a median age of 63.9 (SD = 9.6). In the study population, 2107 (15.62%) experienced at least one false positive mammogram and 450 (3.34%) met criteria for depressed mood. Depressed mood was not significantly associated with false positives in the overall population [OR = 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.72-1.28], but this association was seen among Non-White women (OR = 3.23; 95% CI = 1.32-7.91).

CONCLUSION
Depressed mood may differentially affect some populations as a harm associated with screening mammography.


One of key aims of modern chemistry is to explore and exploit the phenomenal complexity of matter that seems to arise spontaneously within ambient environments like that of our planet. Biology, of course, is a ultimate manifestation of a universal chemical canon encompassing interactions both at the molecular and supramolecular level. Inorganic building blocks play a significant role in the self-organised assembly of many biological structures at various scale-lengths but the details of their chemical behaviour and interaction with organic compounds are still not well-understood. Stephen Mann of the University of Bristol is a pioneer in the area; his team is probing the ground rules for biomineralisation in the hope of applying them to the self-assembly of practical materials with complex hierarchical structures.


Cdc7 is an evolutionarily conserved kinase that regulates S phase by promoting replication origin activation. Down-regulation of Cdc7 by small interfering RNA in a variety of tumor cell lines causes an abortive S phase, leading to cell death by either p53-independent apoptosis or aberrant mitosis. Unlike replication fork blockade, Cdc7-depleted tumor cells do not elicit a robust checkpoint response; thus, inhibitory signals preventing additional cell cycle progression are not generated. In normal fibroblasts, however, a p53-dependent pathway actively prevents progression through a lethal S phase in the absence of sufficient Cdc7 kinase. We show that in this experimental system, p53 is required for the lasting maintenance of this checkpoint and for cell viability. With this work we reveal and begin to characterize a novel mechanism that regulates DNA synthesis in human cells, and we suggest that inhibition of Cdc7 kinase represents a promising approach for the development of a new generation of anticancer agents.


Experimental data on half-cells consisting of YSZ electrolyte pellets and slurry-coated cathodes, and a simplified theoretical model were used to give an insight into the kinetics of oxygen reduction in solid electrolyte composite cathodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarizations were used to evaluate the main electrochemical parameters of the cathodic process in a temperature range between 500°C and 900°C. The experimental results show that the oxygen reaction is not under activation control at low temperatures, and other phenomena, such as the transfer of oxygen ions to and through the solid electrolyte in the composite cathode, occur and retard the overall rate of oxygen reduction. This working hypothesis was assessed using a simplified theoretical model of the cathode that accounts for charge transfer, mass transfer, and conduction. The model simulations compared satisfactorily with the experimental data, and they show that, at low temperatures, the reaction zone in the cathode is confined to the electrolyte interface. When the temperature is increased, the retarding effects of mass transfer and conduction in the electrolyte become negligible, and the reaction zone progressively extends through the electrode.


Flavopiridol [2-(2-chlorophenyl 5 ,7-dihydroxy-8-[cis-(3-hydroxy-1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, hydrochloride] is a semisynthetic flavone with a novel structure compared with that of polyhydroxylated flavones, such as quercetin and genistein.[1] It is derived from rohitukine, an alkaloid isolated from the stem bark of Dysoxylum binectariferum, a plant indigenous to India.[2] Originally synthesized and supplied by Hoechst India Limited, flavopiridol is provided to the Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.


Reference models are a costand time-saving approach for the development of new models. As inductive strategies are capable of automatically deriving a potential reference process model from a collection of existing process models, they have gained attention in current research. A number of promising approaches can be found in recent publications. However, all existing methods rely on graphbased similarity measures to identify commonalities between input models. Since behaviourally similar process models can have different graphical structures, those approaches are unable to find certain commonalities. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose a new approach to inductive reference model development based on an execution-semantic similarity measure. Since a naïve solution to the intuitive idea does not yield productive results, the proposed approach is rather elaborate. By capturing the commonalities of the input models in a behavioural profile, we are able to derive a reference model subsuming the input models' semantics instead of their structure. In our contribution, this approach is outlined, implemented and evaluated in three different scenarios. As the evaluations show, it is capable of handling complex process models and overcome most restrictions that structural approaches pose. Thus, it introduces a new level of flexibility and applicability to inductive reference modelling.


Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is one of the most important redox regulators in endothelial cells (EC). It is an oxidoreductase with anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties. In EC not only the active site cysteines 32 and 35 but also the cysteine 69 are required for its anti-apoptotic function. Trx-1 has several interaction partners, but this list is far from complete. The underlying molecular mechanisms in apoptosis protection by Trx-1 are not completely understood. The most important apoptosis executor protein in EC is Caspase 3. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether Trx-1 interferes with Caspase 3 function. We first analyzed if Trx-1 is associated with Caspase 3. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed an interaction between both proteins, which was only found under non-reducing conditions, suggesting involvement of a disulfide bridge. To get insights into the functional relevance of the association between Trx-1 and Caspase 3, we investigated whether Trx-1 can directly interact with the catalytic subunit p17 of Caspase 3. After coexpression of p17 and Trx-1, coimmunoprecipitation experiments under non-reducing conditions revealed that p17 associates with Trx-1. Analysis of Trx-1 mutants demonstrated that the interaction depends on cysteine 32 and/or 69 in Trx-1. To assess the functional relevance of the Trx-1/Caspase 3 interaction in EC, we induced apoptosis by overexpression of p17 and investigated the influence Trx-1 wildtype (wt) and mutants in which single or multiple cysteine residues were replaced by serines thereby preventing disulfide bridge formation. Apoptosis induction by p17 was significantly reduced by Trx-1 wt (p17+lacZ 16.99±1.35% vs. p17+Trxwt 8.60±1.31% apoptotic cells). Interestingly, overexpression of Trx-1 with mutations of cysteines 32 and 69 enhanced apoptosis induction by Caspase 3 p17 (23.42±2.84% apoptotic cells). On the contrary, no increase in apoptosis was observed when only cysteine 32 or 69 were mutated, suggesting that both residues can scavenge p17 via disulfide bridge formation thereby preventing its association with the second Caspase 3 subunit p12 and thus activation of the enzyme. These data suggest that Trx-1 has a novel anti-apoptotic function by binding the apoptosis executing Caspase 3.


Two strains of Plasmodium malariae, one from the Philippines and the other from Nigeria, were studied in 23 volunteers. In infections induced by the intravenous inoculation of parasitized blood, the peak parasitemias of from 1,400 to 27,000 per mm3 were attained on from the 13th to the 28th days of patent parasitemia. The median day of maximum parasitemia was 16 days. Neither strain in man readily infected mosquitoes. Transmission was obtained to six volunteers via the bites of Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes infected by feeding on owl monkeys. The prepatent periods ranged from 24 to 33 days with a mean of 27.5 days. Both strains of malaria were cured by treatment with 600 mg (base) chloroquine. Treatment of the Philippine strain with quinine sulfate (30 grains per day for 5 days) was also curative. The failure of the sporozoite induced infections to relapse after treatment with blood schizontocides suggests that P. malariae does not possess a fixed-tissue relapse mechanism.


ROCKY MINERAL RAW MATERIALS IN THE IZERA MTS. Summary The following are rocky mineral raw materials discussed in the present paper: quartz-micaceous schists, vein quartz- leucogranites, fluorite quartzites and kaolinized rocks. In addition, the authors briefly discuss several problems of useful mineral raw materials that, because of small resources and low concentrations are not, at present, of industrial importance (topaz, andalusite, kimberlites). Quartz-micaceous schists occur in three E–W extending zones that are wedged in the Izera gneisses (Fig. 1). Quartz-muscovite schists, characterized by a great amount of sericite, are used in industry. After processing, the mineral raw material here considered is utilized as powder for roofing paper, its fine dust is applied to produce insecticides, part of the powder being destined to fabricate road bitumen masses. The only quartz vein deposit exploited at Rozdroze Izerskie (Fig. 1) extends over 8 km, and attains up to 150 m in thickness. External parts of the vein are built up of quartz schists and quartzites, interior portion is filled in with coarse-crystalline quartz, where SiO 2 usually exceeds 99%. Total amount of injurious admixtures does not attain 0,6%. This mineral raw materials, applied also in refractory material industry, partly in glass industry, and a small amount is used as road-metal. Recently, a number of feldspar deposits (leucogranites) have been documented. This is mainly sodium, or sodium-potassium mineral raw material. Technological examinations show that a possibility exists to increase the percentage of alkalis from 8% to 13%, and to decrease the content of colouring oxides (Fe 2 O 3 + TiO 2 ). Moreover, the authors stress a possibility that exists in mechanical processing of quartzites and fluorite to receive a concentrate with 99% of fluorite. In addition, the researches were made to obtain garnets that occur in micaceous schists, so far, thrown away on heaps. Concentrate has been obtained, too, which has 90% of almandine, the output being 6%, as compared with feeder. At present researches are carried on to enrich poor topaz and andalusite deposits; and studies are made to discover some kimberlite chilmneys.


Abstract The transport of clay-size particles into the pore networks of siliciclastic sediments by the bioirrigating activities of burrowing organisms is demonstrated here for the first time. In a laboratory microcosm, evidence for the advection of kaolinite particles into pore spaces was observed at the interface between two buried sand layers. The clay transport was caused by the burrow-irrigating behavior of the mud shrimp Upogebia pugettensis. The term "bioinfiltration" is introduced herein to describe the process of particulate transport into pore-water networks. Given the abundance of bioirrigating organisms in shallow-marine environments, bioinfiltration may be a widespread phenomenon affecting the properties of large sediment volumes. The introduction of clay mineral particles into otherwise clay-free sediments through bioirrigation would affect the sediment characteristics significantly. In particular, bioinfiltrated clays would occlude pore space, could act as precursors to the production of authigenic cements, and inhibit the growth of quartz cements—all of which would reduce the permeability and porosity of hydrocarbon reservoirs and groundwater aquifers. Bioinfiltration therefore needs to be considered when assessing the origins and diagenetic effects of clay particles in bioturbated sediments, and is likely also to be of significance to sediment biogeochemistry and infaunal ecology. This is because of the potential influence of sedimentary pore occlusion on pore-water exchange, and through the introduction of particulate organic nutrients into the sediment as flocs or colloids. Such changes are likely to affect microbial productivity, which is thought to be the food source of many burrowing micro- and macro-organisms.


In this article, the authors deal with the efficiency of world stock indices. Basically, they compare three approaches: mean-risk, data envelopment analysis (DEA), and stochastic dominance (SD) efficiency. In the DEA methodology, efficiency is defined as a weighted sum of outputs compared to a weighted sum of inputs when optimal weights are used. In DEA-risk efficiency, several risk measures and functionals which quantify the risk of the indices (var, VaR, CVaR, etc.) as DEA inputs are used. Mean gross return is considered as the only DEA output. When only one risk measure as the input and mean gross return as the output are considered, the DEA-risk efficiency is related to the mean-risk efficiency. The authors test the DEA-risk efficiency of 25 indices and they analyze the sensitivity of their results with respect to the selected inputs. Using stochastic dominance criteria, they test pairwise efficiency as well as portfolio efficiency, allowing full diversification across assets. While SD pairwise efficiency testing is performed for first-order stochastic dominance (FSD) as well as for second-order stochastic dominance (SSD), the SD portfolio efficiency test is considered only for the SSD case. The authors´ numerical analysis compares the results using two sample datasets: before- and during-crisis. The results show that SSD portfolio efficiency is the most powerful efficiency criterion, that is, it classifies only one index as efficient, while FSD (SSD) pairwise efficiency tends to be very weak. The proposed DEA-risk efficiency approach represents a compromise offering a reasonable set of efficient indices.


This paper reviews the state of the art in spin-torque and spin-Hall-effect-driven nano-oscillators. After a brief introduction to the underlying physics, the authors discuss different implementations of these oscillators, their functional properties in terms of frequency range, output power, phase noise, and modulation rates, and their inherent propensity for mutual synchronization. Finally, the potential for these oscillators in a wide range of applications, from microwave signal sources and detectors to neuromorphic computation elements, is discussed together with the specific electronic circuitry that has so far been designed to harness this potential.


Hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been used in the study of single-channel recordings of ion channel currents for restoration of idealized signals from noisy recordings and for estimation of kinetic parameters. A key to their effectiveness from a computational point of view is that the number of operations to evaluate the likelihood, posterior probabilities and the most likely state sequence is proportional to the product of the square of the dimension of the state space and the length of the series. However, when the state space is quite large, computations can become infeasible. This can happen when the record has been lowpass filtered and when the noise is colored. In this paper, we present an approximate method that can provide very substantial reductions in computational cost at the expense of only a very small error. We describe the method and illustrate through examples the gains that can be made in evaluating the likelihood.


Precipitates appear on fluorine-doped silicon oxide (SiOF) film when the film surface is exposed to atmospheric air. They are flake-type and hexagonal-shaped and show up rapidly after initiation, and then densely clustered. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis results of the precipitates show that mainly Si & O are detected. From the analysis of Raman spectra, the decreased intensities at about 600 cm-1 and 500 cm-1 post precipitation indicates the reduction of strained low-order ring structure in SiOF film. It is found that the dielectric constant of SiOF films initially increases at exposure to air and is attributable to the absorption of water, and then on the contrary a declining trend of the dielectric constant was observed after precipitation. From the Current-Voltage (I-V) characteristics, there is an apparent shift of the breakdown distribution to lower values of electric field for the SiOF films post-precipitation. Slight but appreciable reduction in hardness could be observed along exposure to air and precipitation. Precipitation on SiOF film at exposure to humid air is accompanied by reconstruction in structure, leading to further increase in film porosity and reduction in film rigidity.


Tetra-oxidized terarylenes having ethyl groups at the reactive carbon atoms are synthesized and their photophysical properties are studied. Their closed-ring isomers exhibit much lower cycloreversion quantum yields and relatively high fluorescence quantum yields. Introducing ethyl groups at the reactive carbon atoms provides an improvement in the fluorescence quantum yields by the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the closed-ring isomers to reduce the non-radiative decay processes coupled with molecular motions. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out to study their geometrical and optical properties, which agree well with the experimental findings.


Intertwined in both joyous and sorrowful experiences of Tamil people, the hair of women registers a special status in the Tamil society since time immemorial. Tamil people's beliefs, customs and religious practices bear witness to the primary role played by hair in the lives of Tamil women.While well groomed hair is seen as a good omen, women with loose and ungroomed hair are looked as bad omen. Well groomed hair of Tamil women symbolises their families' well-to-do status. The long and decorated hair of Tamil women had their admirers and husbands spellbound. The spellbound Thalaivan even forgets to earn money which is the duty of a male. Instead, he celebrates the beautiful hair of his Thalaivi. In the same way, Thalaivi forgets to care her hair when her Thalaivan separates from her. Thalaivi goes to extreme of sacrificing her hair when her Thalaivan dies. Tamil society celebrates hair in a special way. This article sheds light on the special status given to hair in the Tamil society


We discuss the prospects for detecting right-handed neutrinos which are introduced in the see-saw mechanism at future colliders. This requires a very accurate cancellation between contributions from different right-handed neutrinos to the light neutrino mass matrix. We search for possible symmetries behind this cancellation and find that they have to include lepton number conservation. Light neutrino masses can be generated as a result of small symmetry-breaking perturbations. The impact of these perturbations on LHC physics is negligible, so that the mechanism of neutrino mass generation and LHC physics are decoupled in general. In constrained cases, accelerator observables and neutrino masses and mixings can be correlated. PACS. 14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing – 14.60.St Non-standard-model neutrinos, righthanded neutrinos, etc.


Abstract The crystal structure and chemical formula of zvyaginite, ideally Na2ZnTiNb2(Si2O2)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4, a lamprophyllite-group mineral of the seidozerite supergroup from the type locality, Mt. Malyi Punkaruaiv, Lovozero alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia have been revised. The crystal structurewas refined with a new origin in space group C1, a = 10.769(2), b = 14.276(3), c = 12.101(2) Å, α = 105.45(3), β = 95.17(3), γ = 90.04(3)°, V = 1785.3(3.2) Å3, R1 = 9.23%. The electron-microprobe analysis gave the following empirical formula [calculated on 22 (O + F)]: (Na0.75Ca0.09K0.04□1.12)Σ2 (Na1.12Zn0.88Mn0.17Fe2+0:04□0.79)Σ3 (Nb1.68Ti1.25Al-)Σ3 (Si4.03O14)O2 [(OH)1.11F0.89]Σ4(H2O)4, Z = 4. Electron-diffraction patterns have prominent streaking along c* and HRTEM images show an intergrowth of crystalline zvyaginite with two distinct phases, both of which are partially amorphous. The crystal structure of zvyaginite is an array of TS (Titanium-Silicate) blocks connected via hydrogen bonds between H2O groups. The TS block consists of HOH sheets (H = heteropolyhedral, O = octahedral) parallel to (001). In the O sheet, the [6]MO(1,4,5) sites are occupied mainly by Ti, Zn and Na and the [6]MO(2,3) sites are occupied by Na at less than 50%. In the H sheet, the [6]MH(1,2) sites are occupied mainly by Nb and the [8]AP(1) and [8]AP(2) sites are occupied mainly by Na and □. The MH and AP polyhedra and Si2O7 groups constitute the H sheet. The ideal structural formula is Na□Nb2NaZn□Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4. Zvyaginite is a Zn-bearing and Na-poor analogue of epistolite, ideally (Na□)Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4. Epistolite and zvyaginite are related by the following substitution in the O sheet of the TS-block: (Na+2)epi↔Zn2+ zvy +□zvy. The doubling of the t1 and t2 translations of zvyaginite relative to those of epistolite is due to the order of Zn and Na along a (t1) and b (t2) in the O sheet of zvyaginite.


Recent evidence has established an important role for leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as hematopoietically active cytokine. The present study utilized two different murine bone marrow stromal cell lines, +/+-1.LDA11 and MBA-13, to define regulatory mechanisms of LIF messenger RNA (mRNA) induction. LIF mRNA was not detected in uninduced stromal cells under serum-free conditions. Incubation with interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or the cAMP analogue 8-bromoadenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (8BrcAMP) resulted in weakly induced LIF mRNA. Coincubation of combinations of the stimuli increased LIF mRNA expression additively. LIF mRNA stability, even after stimulation, was low with a half-life of about 30 min, suggesting a functional role for known AU-rich motifs in the 3' untranslated LIF mRNA region in mediating this instability. This possibility was further supported by the ability of cycloheximide to increase mRNA levels without affecting transcription. Transcriptional activation was found to be the main mechanism leading to LIF mRNA expression by IL-1, by TNF-alpha, and by 8BrcAMP. These stimuli appeared to act additively in this regard, suggesting involvement of distinct transcription factors. Induction of transcription was detected 45 min post-stimulation and showed peak levels at 90 min. Kinetics of LIF transcriptional activation showed similarity with the kinetics of the transcription factors, jun-B and c-fos, suggesting a possible role for these proteins or other early response genes in events leading to LIF expression.


Emotion regulation is hypothesized to be mediated by the interactions between emotional reactivity and regulation networks during the dynamic unfolding of the emotional episode. Yet, it remains unclear how to delineate the effective relationships between these networks. In this study, we examined the aforementioned networks' information flow hierarchy during viewing of an anger provoking movie excerpt. Anger regulation is particularly essential for averting individuals from aggression and violence, thus improving prosocial behavior. Using subjective ratings of anger intensity we differentiated between low and high anger periods of the film. We then applied the Dependency Network Analysis (DEPNA), a newly developed graph theory method to quantify networks' node importance during the two anger periods. The DEPNA analysis revealed that the impact of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was higher in the high anger condition, particularly within the regulation network and on the connections between the reactivity and regulation networks. We further showed that higher levels of vmPFC impact on the regulation network were associated with lower subjective anger intensity during the high-anger cinematic period, and lower trait anger levels. Supporting and replicating previous findings, these results emphasize the previously acknowledged central role of vmPFC in modulating negative affect. We further show that the impact of the vmPFC relies on its correlational influence on the connectivity between reactivity and regulation networks. More importantly, the hierarchy network analysis revealed a link between connectivity patterns of the vmPFC and individual differences in anger reactivity and trait, suggesting its potential therapeutic role.


Background and Hypothesis: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and traits of interest. These associations do not offer biological or functional explanations for differences in phenotype. This study works on filling the gap between these associations and their functional effect on phenotype by identifying variants that are associated due, at least in part, to their effect on a transcriptional level.
Experimental Design or Project Methods: GWAS analysis and RNA-sequencing was run on the post-mortem brain tissue of heavy drinkers and non-drinkers. Genes that were associated with differential transcript production were overlaid with chromatin interaction data to identify potential enhancers. A number of properties of enhancers were used to narrow down the list.
Results: Identified enhancers offer a potential functional explanation for the association between a SNP and trait.
Conclusion and Potential Impact: This new technique offers a powerful tool to identify genetic variants in key regulatory regions. Although here it is used for an alcohol use disorder study, this protocol has the potential to be used in a wide range of statistical genomic settings to find functional explanations for associations between SNP and trait.


Spanning seven centuries, this selection of fifty iconic paintings offers readers a crash course in art history while presenting gorgeous colour reproductions that are a pleasure to contemplate. Starting with Giotto's Arena Chapel frescoes and continuing through Botticelli's The Birth of Venus, da Vinci's Mona Lisa, Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring, as well as works by Monet, van Gogh, Cassatt, Cezanne, Dali, Kahlo, Hopper, Pollock, Rothko, and O'Keeffe, nearly every important painter is represented in this book. It features works that may be familiar to the eye, but whose histories are even more fascinating. Readers will learn about the painters who created them, the reasons for their importance and the places the paintings can be found. As entertaining as it is informative, this beautiful book is the perfect introduction to great paintings that have stood the test of time.


Importance: Hospitalist physicians face increasing pressure to maximize productivity while maintaining high quality of care. Their success, however, depends on the effective exchange of information among a patient's care team. The latter comprises the digital team (caregivers who document in — not just access — the patient's electronic health record) and a physical team (caregivers who directly communicate with the hospitalist).
Objective: To determine the association between hospitalist total daily processing time per patient and the size and evolution over the patient's LOS of the digital and physical teams as well as patient-level characteristics.
Design: We measured hospitalist daily processing times and captured the physical team through a time-and-motion study of hospitalists. The digital team interactions were extracted from patient Electronic Health Records.
Setting: Northwestern Memorial Hospital, a large academic urban hospital in Chicago. Participants Our case study selected four hospitalists at random who cared for 107 inpatient stays over 17 days in June-July 2014 and collaborated with 2046 caregivers: 301 were observed physical collaborators and 1745 were digital-only collaborators.
Exposures: Hospitalist activities and patient encounters from observations and electronic health records.
Main Outcomes and Measures: Processing time is the total time spent by the hospitalist on a patient's care per day. Key covariates are patient-level characteristics, interruptions by physical team members, and size and evolution of both the digital and physical teams.
Results: Teamwork interaction and patient-level characteristics explain 72% (18.9min) and 28% (7.2min), respectively, of the hospitalist's average patient processing time of 26.7min per day. Teamwork is further decomposed in two ways: (i) 18.9 = 15.4 3.5 where 15.4min and 3.5min captures the teamwork effect at a macro level (driven by team size and stability variables) and micro level effect (hospitalist workflow interruptions driven by task switches), respectively; (ii) 18.9 = 8.8 10.1 where 8.8min and 10.1min capture digital and physical team variables, respectively. As a benchmark, eliminating interruptions reduces processing times by 3.5min (13%) while minimizing team size and maximizing team stability reduces processing times by 7.8min (29%).
The supplementary materials can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3068197.


Valorization of argi-waste polymers into value-added materials is essential for sustainable development of polymeric industry. Reported herein is a 1-step and 2-step strategy for fabrication of flexible and stretchable thermoplastics prepared by compression molding from two structurally different arabinoxylans (AX). The synthesis was accomplished using n-butyl glycidyl ether whose epoxide ring opened on hydroxyl group and resulted in introduction of alkoxide sidechains for the 1-step synthesis. AX was preactivated by periodate oxidation as 1st step for the 2-step synthesis. Two structurally different AXs, i.e. wheat bran extracted arabinoxylan (AXWB, araf/xylp=3/4) and barley husk extracted arabinoxylan (AXBH, araf/xylp=1/4) were used to understand the effects of the araf/xylp on thermoplastic properties because melt processability has been rare for low araf/xylp AXs. AXBH-derived samples demonstrated melt compression processability. AXWB and AXBH derived thermoplastics featured dual and single glass transition (Tg) characteristics respectively as confirmed by DSC and DMA, but AXBH derived thermoplastics had lower stretchability (maximum 160%) compared to AXWB samples (maximum 300 %). Higher araf/xylp and thus in turn longer alkoxide side chains in AXWB derived thermoplastics explained differences in stretchability.


In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the adoption of virtual machine technology in data centers and cluster environments. This trend towards server virtualization is driven by two main factors: the savings in hardware cost that can be achieved through the use of virtualization, and the increased flexibility in the management of hardware resources in a cluster environment. An important consequence of server virtualization is the negative impact it has on the networking performance of server applications running in virtual machines (VMs). In this thesis, we address the problem of efficiently virtualizing the network interface in Type-II virtual machine monitors. In the Type-II architecture, the VMM relies on a special, 'host' operating system to provide the device drivers to access I/O devices, and executes the drivers within the host operating system. Using the Xen VMM as an example of this architecture, we identify fundamental performance bottlenecks in the network virtualization architecture of Type-II VMMs. We show that locating the device drivers in a separate host VM is the primary reason for performance degradation in Type-II VMMs, because of two reasons: a) the switching between the guest and the host VM for device driver invocation, and, b) I/O virtualization operations required to transfer packets between the guest and the host address spaces. We present a detailed analysis of the virtualization overheads in the Type-II I/O architecture, and we present three solutions which explore the performance that can be achieved while performing network virtualization at three different levels: in the host OS, in the VMM, and in the NIC hardware. Our first solution consists of a set of packet aggregation optimizations that explores the performance achievable while retaining the Type-II I/O architecture in the Xen VMM. This solution retains the core functionality of I/O virtualization, including device driver execution, in the Xen 'driver domain'. With this set of optimizations, we achieve an improvement by a factor of two to four in the networking performance of Xen guest domains. In our second solution, we move the task of I/O virtualization and device driver execution from the host OS to the Xen hypervisor. We propose a new I/O virtualization architecture, called the TwinDrivers framework, which combines the performance advantages of Type-I VMMs with the safety and software engineering benefits of Type-II VMMs. (In a Type-I VMM, the device driver executes directly in the hypervisor, and gives much better performance than a Type-II VMM). The TwinDrivers architecture results in another factor of two improvements in networking performance for Xen guest domains. Finally, in our third solution, we describe a hardware based approach to network virtualization, in which we move the task of network virtualization into the network interface card (NIC). We develop a specialized network interface (CDNA) which allows guest operating systems running in VMs to directly access a private, virtual context on the NIC for network I/O, bypassing the host OS entirely. This approach also yields performance benefits similar to the TwinDrivers software-only approach. Overall, our solutions help significantly bridge the gap between the network performance in a virtualized environment and a native environment, eventually achieving network performance in a virtual machine within 70% of the native performance.


This paper reviews research evidence relating to the strength training advice offered by Arthur Jones, founder and retired Chairman of Nautilus Sports/Medical Industries and MedX Corporation. Jones advocated that those interested in improving their muscular size, strength, power and/or endurance should perform one set of each exercise to muscular failure (volitional fatigue), train each muscle group no more than once (or, in some cases, twice) per week, perform each exercise in a slow, controlled manner and perform a moderate number of repetitions (for most people, ~8-12). This advice is very different to the strength training guidelines offered by the National Strength and Conditioning Association, the American College of Sports Medicine and most exercise physiology textbooks. However, in contrast to the lack of scientific support for most of the recommendations made by such bodies and in such books, Jones' training advice is strongly supported by the peer-reviewed scientific literature, a statement that has recently been supported by a review of American College of Sports Medicine resistance training guidelines. Therefore, we strongly recommend Jones' methods to athletes and coaches, as they are time-efficient and optimally efficacious, and note that, given his considerable contribution to the field of strength training, academic recognition of this contribution is long overdue.


In this paper we extend the recent work on the choice of input mix under uncertainty. In particular, we demonstrate that the qualitative nature of the disturbance term, along with the decision sequence, is a crucial determinant of the overall effect of uncertainty on the optimal input mix of a firm. Using general demand and production functions in conjunction with a mean-variance framework for financial valuation, we demonstrate the differential effects of systematic and non-systematic risk on the firm's choice of an optimal input mix. Consistent with earlier work in economics, this analysis demonstrates that uncertainty, regardless of the source, has important implications for the firm's choice of technology.


We discuss the issue of finite variable fragments from a dynamic perspective. Instead of taking PRED, first order logic with equality, as our base
language, we look at DPLE, a variant of predicate logic developed in the area
of dynamic semantics for natural language. We present a characterisation of
all the finite variable fragments of DPLE.


Certain plausible evidential requirements and coherence requirements on rationality seem to yield dilemmas of rationality (in a specific, objectionable sense) when put together with the possibility of misleading higher-order evidence. Epistemologists have often taken such dilemmas to be evidence that we're working with some false principle. In what follows I show how one can jointly endorse an evidential requirement, a coherence requirement, and the possibility of misleading higher-order evidence without running afoul of dilemmas of rationality. The trick lies in observing the difference between attitudes it is rational to hold (= propositional justification) and rationally holding those attitudes (= doxastic justification).


Clinical records and radiographs of 203 female patients with 516 metastatic breast lesions located in the proximal femur were examined retrospectively to determine: ( I ) the dimensions of those lesions that were at risk of fracture; and (2) the relationship of other variables (bone pain, body habitus, age, and radiation treatment) with the occurrence of a pathologic fracture. Twenty-three patients sustained 26 pathologic fractures. Their average age, height, and weight were not significantly different from the 180 patients without fractures. Similarly, moderate to severe bone pain was experienced by a great majority of the total patient population, yet only l l% sustained fractures. Fifty-six patients received radiation treatment of a femoral metastasis. Ten of these patients subsequently sustained fractures. Radiation treatment relieved bone pain but did not have any consistent curative effect on the lesion itself. Finally, the authors were unable to identify either a specific percent involvement of the bone or a critical diameter for metastases that fractured because: (1) 296 (57%) of the 516 metastases were permeative lesions and unmeasurable; (2) 14 (54%) of the 26 pathologic fractures observed occurred through unmeasurable lesions; and (3) the 12 measurable lesions that fractured had the same range of percent involvement as the 208 measurable lesions that did not fracture. Breast metastases at risk of fracture cannot be identified by measurements obtained from standard radiographs alone.


Over the past two decades, open access advocates have made significant gains in securing public access to the formal outputs of scholarly communication (e.g. peer reviewed journal articles) – through a combination of public policy-making, funder mandates and changing the norms and practices of researchers in different fields. The same period has seen the rise of platforms from commercial publishers and technology companies that enable users to interact and share their work, as well as providing analytics and services around scholarly communication. How should researchers and policymakers respond to the rise of these platforms? Do commercial platforms necessarily work the interests of the scholarly community? How and to what extent do these proprietary platforms pose a threat to open scholarly communication? What might public alternatives look like? This paper provides a brief overview of the rise of scholarly platforms – describing some of their main characteristics as well as debates and controversies surrounding them. It argues that in order to prevent new forms of enclosure, it is essential that public policy-makers should be concerned with the provision of public infrastructures for scholarly communication as well as public access to the outputs of research. It concludes with a review of some of the core elements of such infrastructures, as well as recommendations for further work in this area.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the basis for recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) in Thoroughbreds lies in an alteration in the activation and regulation of the myofibrillar contractile apparatus by ionized calcium.

ANIMALS
4 Thoroughbred mares with RER and 4 clinically normal (control) Thoroughbreds.

PROCEDURES
Single chemically-skinned type-I (slow-twitch) and type-II (fast-twitch) muscle fibers were obtained from punch biopsy specimens, mounted to a force transducer, and the tensions that developed in response to a series of calcium concentrations were measured. In addition, myofibril preparations were isolated from muscle biopsy specimens and the maximal myofibrillar ATPase activity, as well as its sensitivity to ionized calcium, were measured.

RESULTS
Equine type-I muscle fibers were more readily activated by calcium than were type-II muscle fibers. However, there was no difference between the type-II fibers of RER-affected and control horses in terms of calcium sensitivity of force production. There was also no difference between muscle myofibril preparations from RER-affected and control horses in calcium sensitivity of myofibrillar ATPase activity.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
An alteration in myofibrillar calcium sensitivity is not a basis for pathologic contracture development in muscles from RER-affected horses. Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbreds may represent a novel heritable defect in the regulation of muscle excitation-contraction coupling or myoplasmic calcium concentration.


Stochastic modeling to represent intrinsic and extrinsic noise is an important challenge in molecular systems biology. There are numerous ways to model intrinsic noise. One framework for intrinsic noise in gene regulatory networks was recently proposed within the discrete setting. In contrast, extrinsic perturbations were rarely modeled due to the complex mechanisms that contribute to its emergence. Here a discrete framework to model extrinsic noise is proposed. The interacting species of the model are represented by discrete variables and are perturbed to represent extrinsic noise. In particular, they are subject to a discretized lognormal distribution. Additionally, a delay is imposed on the update with a certain probability. These two perturbations represent global extrinsic noise and pathway-specific extrinsic noise. It leads to large variations in the concentration of proteins, which is consistent with an existing continuous way of modeling extrinsic fluctuations. The framework is applied to three different published discrete models: the cell fate of lambda phage infection of bacteria, the lactose utilization system in E. coli, and a signaling network in melanoma cells. The framework captures factors that significantly contribute to the random decision between lysis and lysogeny as well as explains the bistable switch in the model of the lac operon. Finally, a feed-forward loop analysis is conducted by measuring and comparing the noise level in the target protein of feed-forward loops. This analysis reveals the ability of certain feed-forward loops to attenuate or amplify fluctuations, dependent upon various levels of noise. In conclusion, this thesis aims to resolve the question of how the extrinsic noise can be modeled and how biological systems are able to maintain functionality in the wake of such large variations.


In the paper I have presented military potential of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 1730s. The army consisted of: Polish and Lithuanian regular troops of approximately 17–18 thousands soldiers with 300 cannons (cost annual ca 8 640 000 zl = 1 075 000 thalers); royal guards – 1200 soldiers; militia maintained by local government, cities, churches or even private person and the great myth – general levy. All of this troops were mobilized between 1733 and 1735 which resulted in 50 thousands (possibly even 100 thousands) soldiers under arms. It had a little military value due to lack of experience, poor equipment and low morale. In the results Polish and Lithuanian army were no match for regular armies of Russia and Saxony, which succeeded in plan of enthronement of August III Wettin.


ABSTRACT Narrative is intimately connected to victimization and radicalization. Trouble, the notion that drives narrative, is often coupled with victimization: the experience of suffering intentional harm. This experience can play a turning point in the stories that radicals construct about their own lives and thus play a role in their pathway to radicalization. In this article, three main themes of narrative will be further explored in relation to victimization and radicalization: identity, emotions, and culture. Central in this article is the discussion on how narrative can contribute to theory and research into victimological processes in radicalization, while offering new means to further develop key constructs.


Abstract Tsetse flies (genus Glossina) are the only vector for the parasitic trypanosomes responsible for sleeping sickness and nagana across sub‐Saharan Africa. In Uganda, the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is responsible for transmission of the parasite in 90% of sleeping sickness cases, and co‐occurrence of both forms of human‐infective trypanosomes makes vector control a priority. We use population genetic data from 38 samples from northern Uganda in a novel methodological pipeline that integrates genetic data, remotely sensed environmental data, and hundreds of field‐survey observations. This methodological pipeline identifies isolated habitat by first identifying environmental parameters correlated with genetic differentiation, second, predicting spatial connectivity using field‐survey observations and the most predictive environmental parameter(s), and third, overlaying the connectivity surface onto a habitat suitability map. Results from this pipeline indicated that net photosynthesis was the strongest predictor of genetic differentiation in G. f. fuscipes in northern Uganda. The resulting connectivity surface identified a large area of well‐connected habitat in northwestern Uganda, and twenty‐four isolated patches on the northeastern margin of the G. f. fuscipes distribution. We tested this novel methodological pipeline by completing an ad hoc sample and genetic screen of G. f. fuscipes samples from a model‐predicted isolated patch, and evaluated whether the ad hoc sample was in fact as genetically isolated as predicted. Results indicated that genetic isolation of the ad hoc sample was as genetically isolated as predicted, with differentiation well above estimates made in samples from within well‐connected habitat separated by similar geographic distances. This work has important practical implications for the control of tsetse and other disease vectors, because it provides a way to identify isolated populations where it will be safer and easier to implement vector control and that should be prioritized as study sites during the development and improvement of vector control methods.


: A long adaptation of Microsporidia to intracellular development supposes the host-derived ATP dependence of merogony and sporogony stages. To prove this assumption the activities of ten carbohydrate and energy metabolism enzymes were compared in the microsporidia Nosema grylli intracellular stages and mature spores. This species infects the fat body of crickets Gryllus bimaculatus. We have demonstrated lower activities of glycolytic enzymes, phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-PhDH in the metabolically active meronts and sporonts than in the dormant mature spores. Low glycolysis level indicates that carbohydrate catabolism is not a principal mechanism of ATP supply in the N. grylli intracellular stages. Furthermore, we have not revealed a preferable expenditure of glycogen in comparison with triglycerides in infected cricket fat bodies. The N. grylli infection causes an equal reduction of glycogen and lipid content approximately in 2-3 times. Microsporidia have not mitochondria, Krebs cycle and electron-transport chain. Therefore they are not able to utilise fat reserves for ATP production. It seems to be proposed that microsporidia consume exogenous ATP which is produced by host cell metabolic system. The N. grylli infection provokes an increase of ATP content and ratio of ATP/ADP concentrations in cricket fat bodies approximately in 4 times. These data indicates a rise of host cell energy metabolism rate during the infection.


All countries worldwide view poverty as an enemy to development. This
is why governments' efforts are directed towards the alleviation of poverty.
In Kenya, poverty has been and still is one of the main problems facing the
country and particularly in rural areas. To achieve any sustainable economic
growth and development in Kenya, it is important to alleviate poverty in rural
areas, but first by understanding the major causes of poverty in rural areas
even in areas with agricultural potential like Kisii Central District.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the
poor people in rural Kenya. The setting of the study was Kisii Central
District. The respondents consisted of 64 rural households. Data were
collected through the questionnaires and interviews. Out of the total 64
households, 37 were classified as poor and 27 were classified as rich by using
food consumption expenditure to total income ratio method.
The study sought to find out the characteristics of the poor in rich
agricultural Kisii Central District. Descriptive statistics were employed in
the analysis of the collected data. The results revealed that large family
sizes, lack of enough land, high illiteracy level, lack of access to rural
credit facilities, theft of the farm produce, and diseases especially malaria
were some of the characteristics of the poor- in Kisii Central District.
The policy recommendations suggested by the researcher included: the
government and NGOs to promote literacy level in rural areas, provision of
rural credit facilities to the farmers, reduction of large family sizes
through the spread of education on the importance of having small family
sizes, spread of education on how to control malaria and punishing heavily all
those caught stealing the farm produce.


Back pain is a prevalent condition resulting in an annual cost of £500 million to the NHS. Back pain often arises from the intervertebral disc and can originate from mechanical factors (AdamsandDolan,2005). A substantial body of research, therefore, is dedicated to the biomechanical investigation of the intervertebral discs (IVDs) (Gardner-MorseandStokes, 2003). This research field has polarised into two competing protocols:stiffness and flexibility testing. From a mechanical point of view the two are equivalent for elastic specimens. This does not hold true for non-elastic specimens, such as IVDs.The extent of any expected differences is not documented in the literature.This study investigated the effect of the two competing protocols on the reported propertie so fIVD susing acustom developed six-axis spine simulator(Holsgroveetal,2014).Abio mechanical phantom of the IVD,comprisingnylonblocksjoinedbyanitrilerubberdiscwasmanufactured.Thephantomwassubjectedtoastiffnessprotocolcharacterisedbydisplacementsof±0.5mmforanterior-posterior and lateral shear,±0.35mm for axial compression and ±1.5 degfor all rotational axes.The resulting loads were applied to the specimen subjected to the flexibility protocol.Two stiffness matrices were calculated and the diagonal elements compared.Compared to flexibility testing, stiffness testing resulted in lower values for the anterior-posterior and lateral axes, 66.0±0.9N/mmvs71.0±7.1N/mmand55.8±1.5N/mmvs59.0±2.6N/mm,respectively.The axial axis exhibited an opposite trend:311.8±17.7N/mmvs120.2±16.1N/mm. Flexibility testing resulted in lower values for all rotational degrees of freedom. Differenceswerealsorecordedfortheshapeandlinearityoftheload-displacement curve and for the area enclosed by the curve.The two testing methods produce data that cannot be easily compared.This important result demonstrates the need to standardise the protocols used to perform biomechanical studies of the spine to ensure comparisons can be made across laboratories


'Dementia - Personalised Care Team' (D-PACT) is a five-year NIHR funded programme, using realist methods to develop and evaluate a complex, person-centred intervention for people with dementia and their carers. During the early project stages, we engaged with multiple stakeholders, including people with dementia and their carers, to develop an initial programme theory (IPT) – into an elaborated programme theory (EPT), by helping to uncover intervention mechanisms leading to outcomes in specific contexts. Realist research methods for developing programme theories are under-reported. In addition, there is a paucity of practical guidance on how to engage underserved and vulnerable populations in complex interventions programme theory development. We attend to these gaps, providing a worked example of how we meaningfully engaged people living with dementia and carers, alongside field experts, as stakeholders in this process. Our IPT theory building included multi-stakeholder primary research exercises and meetings with PPI contributors and an Expert Reference Group. We adapted interview schedules, and used visual resources and scenario-based activities, to support stakeholders to think in a 'realist' way. Using realist and thematic analyses led to hypothesis-building of causal mechanisms. Sharing findings with stakeholders led to further refinement of the intervention design, ready for testing in a subsequent feasibility study. We found that, despite the cognitive challenges associated with dementia, innovative methods of engagement can enable this stakeholder group to understand the realist approach and provide a platform through which to share their experiences. Taking a highly flexible and unhurried approach, led to novel insights into the complexities of person-centred dementia support. We argue for more detailed methodological guidance, based on realist principles, on how to collaborate with underrepresented populations to rigorously gain insights as to what is likely to make a difference and refine initial programme theory.


Ground subsidence and erosion processes caused by permafrost thaw pose a high risk to infrastructure in the Arctic. Climate warming is increasingly accelerating the thawing of permafrost, emphasizing the need for thorough monitoring to detect damages and hazards at an early stage. The use of unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) allows a fast and uncomplicated analysis of sub-meter changes across larger areas compared to manual surveys in the field. In our study, we investigated the potential of photogrammetry products derived from imagery acquired with off-the-shelf UAVs in order to provide a low-cost assessment of the risks of permafrost degradation along critical infrastructure. We tested a minimal drone setup without ground control points to derive high-resolution 3D point clouds via structure from motion (SfM) at a site affected by thermal erosion along the Dalton Highway on the North Slope of Alaska. For the sub-meter change analysis, we used a multiscale point cloud comparison which we improved by applying (i) denoising filters and (ii) alignment procedures to correct for horizontal and vertical offsets. Our results show a successful reduction in outliers and a thorough correction of the horizontal and vertical point cloud offset by a factor of 6 and 10, respectively. In a defined point cloud subset of an erosion feature, we derive a median land surface displacement of −0.35 m from 2018 to 2019. Projecting the development of the erosion feature, we observe an expansion to NNE, following the ice-wedge polygon network. With a land surface displacement of −0.35 m and an alignment root mean square error of 0.99 m, we find our workflow is best suitable for detecting and quantifying rapid land surface changes. For a future improvement of the workflow, we recommend using alternate flight patterns and an enhancement of the point cloud comparison algorithm.


Recently many important face recognition systems could deal well with frontal view face images. However few of them work well when there is only one training image per person. We propose an approach to cope with the problem by using 1D discrete hidden Markov model (1D-DHMM). The model training and recognition part were carried out on both vertical and horizontal directions. New way of extracting observations and using observation sequences in recognition is introduced. The Haar wavelet transform was applied to the image to lessen the dimension of the observation vectors. Our experiment results tested on the frontal view AR Face Database show that the proposed method outperforms the PCA, LDA, LFA approaches tested on the same database.


The thesis is concerned with a particular spatial morphology - that of the City of London in the later Middle Ages - and the way that it evolved. It addresses itself to the organisation of space at the meso-scale, i.e. the way buildings were aggregated or arranged on the ground, and the external spaces that were formed. The work has two main aims: firstly, to discover the principles which governed the arrangement of buildings; and, secondly to develop a model which will simulate the actual development of building patterns in late medieval London.

The work is divided into three main parts. Part I provides a general introduction. The overall form and development of the City are described, and the social and economic context considered by reference to secondary sources. An outline is given of some of the main social and economic forces operative in the late medieval period - c.1400 - c.1600 - and in the seventeenth century - the period from which most of the cartographic evidence is drawn. The principal sources - cartographic and documentary - are listed and discussed. Graph theory, the mathematical language used in this study, is briefly discussed, and some basic definitions given.

Part II comprises the morphological analysis, the results of which are in all cases presented in verbal rather than in mathematical form. Firstly, the gross geometrical and topological properties of the urban pattern are described, and the connectivity between buildings analysed by reference to a graph-theoretic representation of a limited area of the City. Attention is then turned to the organisation of space within the house. A substantial body of plans, drawn from seventeenth-century property surveys, is analysed, using graph notation to describe the access patterns within the house. A typology of house plans is proposed on the basis of the access graphs, and a possible functional and social interpretation of the evidence is considered.

Returning to the meso-scale, the urban structure is decomposed into its constituent elements. At the highest level is the block - a region surrounded by streets: at the lowest level is the individual building or unit. The block is divided into two zones - the perimeter zone and the interior zone - and each zone is subdivided into segments. It is argued that the segments correspond to historical property divisions which exercised a decisive effect on the evolution of building pattern. From a state description of the morphology, the analysis proceeds to a process description, based on historical evidence. The historical continuity of the property divisions is supported, and the historical process of segment development reconstructed, by reference to cartographic and documentary sources. From this analysis, the basic rules of building development are identified, and a concise description of the process of development is given for perimeter and interior segments.

Finally, the process description is applied to various hypothetical block configurations. A computer simulation was used to examine two main properties: the access structure through the blocks, i.e. the way access is maintained (or not) from one segment to another: and the overall density of building development. The results obtained from the computer model are compared with the empirical evidence derived from plan analysis, and the similarities/differences discussed. The inference is drawn that the building pattern of late medieval London may be seen to result in large measure from the formal logic of the system, and can be accounted for on a probailistic basis.

Part III summarises the results. The process description is seen as a form of shape grammar, and the relationship of this with other shape grammars is discussed. A programme of further work is outlined, in which it is hoped that the approach may be applied successfully to the analysis of other historical morphologies.


Angling catch records are frequently used to reveal fish population developments. It is therefore important to understand the determinants of angling catches. This study focused on angler-related, biotic and abiotic factors influencing catchability of Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis L. A multi-lake (21 lakes) study based on angling diaries collected in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (2006/2007), found that angler-related factors such as fishing experience, species preference and bait/lure type had a large impact on perch catch rates. Additionally, environmental conditions (nutritional status and water transparency) affected either the size or the number of perch caught by anglers. Catch rates varied seasonally, which was confirmed by an experimental fishery on a gravel pit (2008). This portion of the study showed that altered food availabilities in the course of the year caused food limitation in perch, which in turn facilitated high catch rates and female-biased exploitation in autumn. It is concluded that both anglerrelated and abiotic factors interact affecting perch catch rates and size of perch captured in recreational angling. K E Y W O R D S : catchability, diary, recreational fishing, sex-specific exploitation, starvation. Correspondence: Lisa Heermann, University of Cologne, Zoological Institute, General Ecology & Limnology, Ecological Research Station Grietherbusch, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (e-mail: email@example.com) © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd doi: 10.1111/fme.12000 Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2013, 20, 187–200 187 Fisheries Management and Ecology


The increased role of technology in constitution-making and its improved possibilities for popular contributions in the Arab Spring and elsewhere raises interesting questions regarding public constitution-making and the obligation to obey the law. The question that will be addressed in this paper is what methods of public participation in constitution-making will create an obligation to obey the new constitutional regime under a "completed" version of John Simmons' theory of fair play. In answering that question, this paper will first canvas methods of public participation, using examples from three states where public involvement in constitution-making was significant, Iceland, South Africa, and the United States. This paper will then explore Simmons' theory of fair play and "complete" it, rendering it capable, under certain circumstances, of recognizing fair play obligations to obey the law that are more easily scalable. This paper will also develop a construct implied within Simmons' theory in identifying when a community constitutes a "cooperative scheme." Finally, this paper will then analyze whether and what kinds of participatory drafting methods and schemes qualify under Simmons' "completed" theory in creating scalable, prima facie fair play obligations to obey the law.


The effect of iron on phytoplankton physiology in a scarcely investigated part of the Pacific region of the Southern Ocean was studied during an expedition aboard RV 'Polarstern'. Physiological effects of iron enrichments were studied during short-term bottle experiments (72 h) in high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) water samples. Throughout the expedition (March to May 1995), surface water nitrate concentrations were high (21 to 27 mu M) and surface water silicate concentrations varied considerably north ( 13 mu M) of the Polar Front, whereas low chlorophyll a concentrations (<0.2 Pg l(-1)) were measured in the research area. Small-sized cells (<5 mu m) dominated the phytoplankton community; diatoms were observed only occasionally north of the Polar Front. Total phytoplankton numbers, as determined by now cytometry, ranged from 1500 to 8000 cells ml(-1). Ambient dissolved iron concentrations in the experimental area were low and ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 nM in surface waters. In the experimental series, indications of iron stress in the indigenous phytoplankton assemblage were found. Whereas the species composition remained virtually unaltered upon addition of 2 nM iron, significant increases in nitrate uptake and enhanced nitrate reductase activities were observed within 32 h after the start of the experiments. Ammonium uptake, which prevailed over nitrate uptake, remained unaltered by the iron additions. In addition to the physiological effects, a molecular marker of iron stress, flavodoxin, was detected in phytoplankton protein extracts collected after 72 h of incubation. Irrespective of iron deficiency, silicate concentrations in the northern part of the research area were likely below half-saturation values for growth for diatoms and thereby likely prevented diatom blooms. The results of this study indicate that the nano-phytoplankton in the Pacific region of the Southern Ocean are iron stressed; upon iron enrichment, a physiological stimulation is observed. Our results support a lack of iron as one of the causes of HNLC conditions in this region.


This paper presents a concurrent execution model and its micro-architecture based on in-order RISC processors, which schedules instructions from large pools of contextualised threads. The model admits a strategy for programming chip multiprocessors using parallelising compilers based on existing languages. The model is supported in the ISA by number of instructions to create and manage abstract concurrency. The paper estimates the cost of supporting these instructions in silicon. The model and its implementation uses dynamic parameterisation of concurrency creation, where a single instruction captures asynchronous remote function execution, mutual exclusion and the execution of a general concurrent loop structure and all associated communication. Concurrent loops may be dependent or independent, bounded or unbounded and may be nested arbitrarily. Hierarchical concurrency allows compilers to restructure and parallelise sequential code to meet the strict constraints on the model, which provide its freedom from deadlock and locality of communication. Communication is implicit in both the model and micro-architecture, due to the dynamic distribution of concurrency. The result is location-independent binary code that may execute on any number of processors. Simulation and analysis of the micro-architecture indicate that the model is a strong candidate for the exploitation of many-core processors. The results show near-linear speedup over two orders of magnitude of processor scaling, good energy efficiency and tolerance to large latencies in asynchronous operations. This is true for both independent threads as well as for reductions.


Aspergillus and cytomegalovirus are major causes of morbidity/mortality after haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation. The high degree of mismatching makes cell immunotherapy impossible as it would result in lethal graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). We generated large numbers of donor T-cell clones specific for Aspergillus or cytomegalovirus antigens. We identified clones potentially responsible for causing GvHD by screening them for cross-reactivity against recipient mononuclear cells. Non-recipient reactive, pathogen-specific clones were infused soon after transplantation. They were CD4+ and produced high levels of interferon-gamma and low levels of interleukin-10. In 46 control transplant recipients who did not receive adoptive therapy, spontaneous pathogen-specific T cells occurred in low frequency 9 to 12 months after transplantation and displayed a non-protective low interferon-gamma/high interleukin-10 production phenotype. In the 35 recipients who received adoptive therapy, one single infusion of donor alloantigen-deleted, pathogen-specific clones in the dose range of 10(5) to 10(6) cells/kg body weight did not cause GvHD and induced high-frequency T-cell responses to pathogens, which exhibited a protective high interferon-gamma/low interleukin-10 production phenotype within 3 weeks of infusion. Frequencies of pathogen-specific T cells remained stable over time, and were associated with control of Aspergillus and cytomegalovirus antigenemia and infectious mortality. This study opens new perspectives for reducing infectious mortality after haploidentical transplantations.


Surface temperature is a crucial parameter in proposed schemes that are aimed at assessing the thermal state of permafrost by remote sensing. However, the spatial resolution of satellite-based surface temperature measurements is usually not sufficient to capture the variations that occur in highly structured terrain typical of permafrost regions. Moreover, in arctic regions, cloud cover is likely to preclude measurements for prolonged periods that can result in a biased surface temperature record. To further explore these problems and develop suitable correction algorithms, ground-based surface temperature studies with adequate spatial and temporal resolution are required.We present a continuous surface temperature record from a high-arctic continuous permafrost site on Svalbard, Norway, obtained with two thermal camera systems, each mounted on a 10m mast. Both systems featured a sensor size of 384 x 288 pixels, allowing for spatial resolutions ranging from several cm² per pixel to several m² per pixel. The first thermal camera system covered a single scene that included different expositions, surface covers and soil water contents with a temporal resolution of 10min. The second system was mounted on a rotating head that captured 15 different images every hour. The total area monitored with this system was approximately 300 x 100 m2.The study was performed from mid-July to September 2008, thus covering a large part of the snow-free season. The study area is characterized by hilly tundra with sparse vegetation, alternating with exposed soil and rock fields. The volumetric soil water content spatially varied from approximately 10% to more than 50%. The data set is discussed with respect to the following issues:1. Do systematic differences in average surface temperature exist between regions with different soil water contents, surface covers and expositions?2. What is the minimum monitoring frequency to correctly determine average surface temperatures for different time periods?3. Is it possible to determine a correct average surface temperature if only measurements from periods with little or no cloud cover are considered?


Group work has become increasingly important in higher education, largely as a result of the greater emphasis on skills, employability and lifelong learning. However, it is often introduced in a hurry, can be unsupported and may be assessed without fully exploring the consequences (www.heacademy.ac.uk/ourwork/learning/assessment.group). Both group work and its assessment have been the focus of considerable research and debate in the higher education literature; see for example reviews by Webb (1994), Nightingale et al. (1996) and Boud et al. (1999). Davis (1993) identifies three types of group work: formal learning groups, informal learning groups and study groups. Formal groups are established to complete a specific task in one class session or over many weeks, such as a laboratory experiment or the compilation of an environmental impact report. Informal groups involve ad hoc clusters of students who work in class to discuss an issue or test understanding. Study teams are formed to provide support for members, usually for the duration of a project or module. This guide will focus on formal group activity and its assessment. Group work is highly complex, however, and assessment should consider both the product or outcome and the process of student learning (Webb 1994, Glebhill and Smith 1996). Consequently, the development of effective group work assessment strategies, designed to engage the students and provide the best possible learning experience, raises a number of important questions. For example, what is the most effective group size? How should the groups be formed? How can we best prepare students for group work? What are the most effective ways of supporting groups and individuals within them? To what extent should group progress be monitored by tutors? How should we assess group work and where does the balance lie between product and process, and group and individual? What is the most effective way of gathering meaningful student feedback for 2 the purposes of evaluation and review? This guide will explore these questions and many others. It will begin by looking at the benefits of group work and its assessment before exploring some of the key concerns. It will then reflect on some personal experiences and lessons learned from the planning and delivery of group work assessment strategies, with a view to providing some ideas and tips for good practice.


Many plant species comprising the present-day Arctic flora are thought to have originated in the high mountains of North America and Eurasia, migrated northwards as global temperatures fell during the late Tertiary period, and thereafter attained a circumarctic distribution. However, supporting evidence for this hypothesis that provides a temporal framework for the origin, spread and initial attainment of a circumarctic distribution by an arctic plant is currently lacking. Here we examined the origin and initial formation of a circumarctic distribution of the arctic mountain sorrel (Oxyria digyna) by conducting a phylogeographic analysis of plastid and nuclear gene DNA variation. We provide evidence for an origin of this species in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of southwestern China, followed by migration into Russia c. 11 million yr ago (Ma), eastwards into North America by c. 4 Ma, and westwards into Western Europe by c. 1.96 Ma. Thereafter, the species attained a circumarctic distribution by colonizing Greenland from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Following the arrival of the species in North America and Europe, population sizes appear to have increased and then stabilized there over the last 1 million yr. However, in Greenland a marked reduction followed by an expansion in population size is indicated to have occurred during the Pleistocene.


The focus of 2001 World AIDS Day campaign is on the role of men in AIDS prevention. The campaign slogan "I care...do you?" aims to inspire, motivate and promote a personal commitment by men to reduce risks of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. This could be done in their role as sons, husbands, fathers, breadwinners, employers, workers or friends. In each facet of their lives, men can take action that shows they care about their own health and well-being, as well as that of the people around them.


Second harmonic generation in Lithium Niobate (LN) thin films has been widely studied. This interest is extended to waveguides obtained by the Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) technique due to the high perfection and crystallinity of the films. However the incorporation of vanadium into the film due to the growth technique is still a problem because of the absorption band of this ion in the visible zone of the spectra. In this work the LN films are obtained by the LPE technique on pure LN singledomain substrates in the horizontal LPE geometry. Several temperatures have been used in order to obtain the best crystalline quality. The starting flux used was LiVO3 80 mol%, with a Li rich melt of LiNbO3.


Most experimental studies have been performed to investigate the fire resistance of a single member, beam, column, wall, and slab. However, a limited number of experimental studies have been performed on full-scale structures, especially reinforced concrete (RC) structures. This paper aims at investigating temperature distribution on a full-scale RC structure under fire. RC structure is constructed 2,400(width) × 1,000 (length) × 2,100 (height) mm and consists of one column, two beams, two walls, and two slabs. This specimen is heated on one side with ISO-834 standard time-temperature curve for 2 hours and temperature distributions during the test are measured using thermocouples inside the structure. To investigate the relationship of temperature distributions between full-scale structure and a single member, the experimental results of full-scale structure are compared with those of a single member throughout the other experimental studies. Keywords— Fire, Full-scale testing, Normal strength concrete, Reinforced concrete frame, Temperature distribution


This thesis investigates the relationship among personality (extroversion), physical characteristics (interpupillary distance and zygomatic arch distance), and the degree of deviation of lateral heterophoria. The Eysenck Personality Inventory was the protocol for personality, the flash-modified Thorington and Von Graefe tests for lateral heterophoria deviation, and the millimeter rule and Essel monocular interpupillary distance tests for physical characteristics. A negative correlation was found between the personality trait and the physical characteristics. No statistically significant correlation was found between the personality trait and the degree of deviation of lateral heterophoria. Interpupillary distance and phoria were significantly correlated in a positive fashion, while the correlation between zygomatic arch distance and phoria was not statistically significant.


Correlation networks reveal a rich picture of market risk structure dynamics. A rather compact and well-organized sector correlation network is indicative of a healthy market, whereas a widely spread sector correlation network characterizes a more fragile market environment. Intuitively, some characteristics of the correlation network can serve as natural measures of systemic risk. Pursuing an equity market timing strategy we document the predictive content of these measures to translate into a meaningful portfolio utility. Moreover, this result continues to hold when controlling for common predictors of the equity risk premium. Not only can correlation networks be useful as an aggregate market timing signal but also in navigating the cross-section of equity sectors. We especially document a significant outperformance of peripheral versus central equity sectors that cannot be explained by momentum or low volatility effects. Finally, we implement a parametric portfolio policy that comprises the complete information content of the sector network topology conditional on a given level of risk aversion.


Foveating vision sensors are important in both machine and biological vision. The term space-variant or foveating vision refers to sensor architectures based on smooth variation of resolution across the visual field, like that of the human visual system. Traditional image processing techniques do not hold when applied directly to such an image representation since the translation symmetry and the neighborhood structure in the spatial domain is broken by the space-variant properties of the sensor. Unfortunately, there has been little systematic development of image processing tools that are explicitly designed for foveated vision. The author proposes a novel approach to compute the optical flow directly on log-mapped images. We propose the use of a generalized dynamic image model (GDIM) based method for computing the optical flow as opposed to the brightness constancy model (BCM) based method. We introduce a new notion of "variable window" and use the space-variant form of gradient operator while computing the spatio-temporal gradient in log-mapped images for a better accuracy and to ensure that the local neighborhood is preserved. We emphasize that the proposed method must be numerically accurate, provide a consistent interpretation, and be capable of computing the peripheral motion. Experimental results on both the synthetic and real images have been presented to show the efficacy of the proposed method.


'Salinity' is an emotive term which has come to represent in many people's minds the damage that farmers have done to the bush as a result of their clearing and agricultural activities. In reality, this is not such a straightforward explanation. Although it is true, farmers did clear the land, which eventually caused salt scalds to form and land to die, the state government and its agencies must also be considered a major proponent in the equation. Government policies with regard to clearing requirements and creating farms in fragile environments, and their subsequent inability to find 'the' solution is a matter of record.

This book examines the way Harry Whittington found a solution to his own land degradation problems at Springhill, Brookton in Western Australia and and the formation of WISALTS (Whittington Interceptor Sustainable Agriculture Land Treatment Society) who promote his technology – Whittington Interceptor Banks. The banks are designed to capture rainwater where it falls by controlling surface and sub-surface throughflows, so that moisture can be utilised throughout the soil profile, thus preventing waterlogging and dead soil in valley floors.

Whittington was a true community scientist in that he researched all available literature to find solutions and then carried out major experimentation to prove the veracity of his ideas. Once satisfied, he promoted his solution and the cause of sustainable agriculture, soil and water conservation to whoever would listen to him - and many did. This book is a history of their work.


In the past two decades, theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that communities of resource users are capable of overcoming social dilemmas, and are capable of creating and sustaining institutions designed to prevent degradation of common pool natural resources. However, there is incomplete understanding of what motivates this group-level behavior and why some communities are better adept at solving collective action problems than others. This paper specifically explores the role of group heterogeneity in collective action among forest communities in the northwestern Himalayas. Heterogeneity can have important social and ecological consequences and understanding both its nature and effects can help in neutralizing the negative and enhancing the positive. Based on data from 54 forest communities in Himachal Pradesh, India, this paper finds that heterogeneity has at least three dimensions: wealth, identity and interest, and each may significantly affect collective actions related to natural resource management. However, their effects are far from simple and linear.


The technology of product configuration in a Product Data Management (PDM) system was discussed in this paper. The paper presented the product configuration modeling technology by based on the 'and/or' tree of product configuration, the process relation and coupling relation between components, and then, a general model of the product configuration scheme was proposed. The product configuration algorithm based on the product configuration scheme was also introduced and the feasibility from the theory model to the program was proved. The paper also discussed the application of Case-Based Reasoning(CBR) technology in product configuration, and, the emphasis was given towards the similar component search by the Nearest Neighbor(N-N) method. Finally, the product configuration technology was implemented on hydro-generator design process, and the result indicated this technology was valuable to realize intelligentization and automation of product configuration.


In this paper, we developed a remote breath pattern from a helmet-mounted thermal sensor while providing real-time feedback from the head-up display on the helmet. We use Lucas-Kanade Tracking and the Fast Fourier Transform to estimate and display a subject's breaths per minute and breathing waveform in an embedded systems environment. In addition to respiration rate (RR), our visualization shows the waveform of the subject's breathing pattern, which provides real-time diagnostic information. Our system was able to predict respiration rate with high accuracy and stability in all trials of subjects wearing face masks, due to the heat-trapping effect of facial coverings. In the unmasked cases, the error rates are higher than the masked cases, due to the higher signal-to-noise ratio and other causes. In future work, we would like to focus on unmasked RR detection to improve accuracy and robustness with better color mapping from the raw data to pixel colors, improve the tracking accuracy, improve the thermal resolution, apply signal filters, and reduce the sampling region of interest that is more sensitively tracked and centered around the nostrils.


Robust methods to detect and characterize engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in environmental samples are an urgent need, particularly given the increasing use of ENPs in consumer products. To be successful, methods should enable differentiation of ENPs from background nanoparticulates and other system components. The element specificity of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can, to some degree, satisfy this requirement. Given the polydisperse nature of particles in natural systems, combining ICP-MS with a size separation method holds particular promise. This paper compares hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4), both coupled with ICP-MS, in their capacity to detect, quantify, and characterize nanoparticles. The detection limits, resolution, and recoveries for both techniques were determined using gold nanoparticle standards. AF4 is capable of separating mixtures of 5, 20, 50 and 100 nm gold ENPs with significantly greater resolution than HDC, with these resolution differences being most pronounced in the smaller size range. However, HDC recoveries ranged from 77 to 96%, while recovery during AF4 ranged from 4 to 89%. The low AF4 recoveries generally occurred for the largest ENPs at the lowest concentrations examined. The limits of detection for both techniques were found to be approximately 5 μg L−1, however different experimental conditions could lower this value. HDC provides an additional benefit over AF4 by proving capable of separating a dissolved signal from a NP sample.


The cellular mechanisms that control protein degradation may constitute a non-oncogenic cancer cell vulnerability and, therefore, a therapeutic target. Although this proposition is supported by the clinical success of proteasome inhibitors in some malignancies, most cancers are resistant to proteasome inhibition. The ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP; p97) is an essential regulator of protein degradation in multiple pathways and has emerged as a target for cancer therapy. We found that pharmacological depletion of VCP enzymatic activity with mechanistically different inhibitors robustly induced proteotoxic stress in solid cancer and multiple myeloma cells, including cells that were insensitive, adapted, or clinically resistant to proteasome inhibition. VCP inhibition had an impact on two key regulators of protein synthesis, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α (eIF2 α ) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and attenuated global protein synthesis. However, a block on protein translation that was itself cytotoxic alleviated stress signaling and reduced cell death triggered by VCP inhibition. Some of the proteotoxic effects of VCP depletion depended on the eIF2 α phosphatase, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A (PPP1R15A)/PP1c, but not on mTORC1, although there appeared to be cross-talk between them. Thus, cancer cell death following VCP inhibition was linked to inadequate fine-tuning of protein synthesis and activity of PPP1R15A/PP1c. VCP inhibitors also perturbed intracellular amino acid levels, activated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α kinase 4 (EIF2AK4), and enhanced cellular dependence on amino acid supplies, consistent with a failure of amino acid homeostasis. Many of the observed effects of VCP inhibition differed from the effects triggered by proteasome inhibition or by protein misfolding. Thus, depletion of VCP enzymatic activity triggers cancer cell death in part through inadequate regulation of protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism. The data provide novel insights into the maintenance of intracellular proteostasis by VCP and may have implications for the development of anti-cancer therapies. Statistical analysis. Unless stated otherwise, data show means and S.E.M. from three independent experiments. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni posttests were used for comparisons between treatment groups. Correlation between cell viability loss after inhibitor treatment and baseline gene expression was analyzed using Pearson ' s correlation coefficient ( r ). T -test was used to establish correlation coefficient significance. Calculations were done using GraphPad PRISM Version 6.05 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA).


Schaefer, Michael J., M.S., Spring 1986 Geology Petrology, Origin, and Tectonic Interpretation of an Archean Rock Package in the Ruby Range, Southwestern Montana (111 p.) The Ruby Range of southwestern Montana contains Archean amphiboliteto granulite-facies metamorphic rocks belonging to three major units. The Cherry Creek Group is a meta-sedimentary unit dominated by concordantly interlayered units of marble, pelitic schist and gneisses, quartzite, calc-si1icate gneisses, iron-formation, and amphibolites representing basaltic flows and sills. Structurally below this group is the Dillon gneiss, a quartzo-feldspathic gneiss of questionable origin. Possible protoliths include arkose, mudstone or siltstone rich in illite and quartz, mixed sediments and volcanics, and intrusive granite. The preferred origin is a synkinematic granitic intrusion with some interlayered sediments. Within this gneiss are several concordant layers of marble and amphibolite. Structurally below the Dillon gneiss is the pre-Cherry Creek Group. This group consists of biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss, biotite-garnetquartz-plagioclase gneiss, sillimanite-garnet-quartz-plagioclase gneiss, hornblende-biotite gneiss, and hornblende gneiss. This unit is believed to be largely sedimentary in origin, with a greywacke protolith. Concordantly interlayered with these gneisses are basaltic amphibolites. Small pods of tectonically emplaced meta-ultramafic rock were emplaced into all these units prior to or during high-grade metamorphism. These rocks are believed to have been emplaced as serpentinized and partially serpent ini zed peridotites. A proposed tectonic model for the origin of this rock package consists of; 1) deposition of the pre-Cherry Creek unit as a basinal greywacke sequence, and possibly burial and metamorphism <3.1 b.y.) of this sequence to form an early basement, 2) deposition of the Cherry Creek Group in a stable shelf environment, possibly during a period of rifting, and 3) upper amphibolite grade metamorphism, deformation, migmatization of the pre-Cherry Creek Group, and concordant intrusion of the Dillon gneiss along the pre-Cherry Creek Group/Cherry Creek Group contact; all occurring 2.75 b.y. ago. A collision environment is preferred for this latest event. Director: David Alt


Hexachlorophene (HCP) intoxication in swine was studied as a possible model of HCP poisoning in human beings. Swine were topically or orally given HCP each day, and observations were made on central nervous system function, hematologic measurements, serum chemical analyses, necropsy, microscopic examination of tissues, and concentrations of HCP residues in blood and tissue. Intoxication was observed in orally exposed swine, but the syndrome was not consistently produced in topically exposed swine. Signs and microscopic lesions were all related to dysfunction of the central nervous system, e.g., incoordination, paresis, and status spongiosus. Occurrence of signs and lesions, mortality rates, and concentrations of HCP residue were positively correlated with the dosage of HCP given.


Security Visualization is a very young term. It expresses the idea that common visualization techniques have been designed for use cases that are not supportive of security-related data, demanding novel techniques fine tuned for the purpose of thorough analysis. Significant amount of work has been published in this area, but little work has been done to study this emerging visualization discipline. We offer a comprehensive review of network security visualization and provide a taxonomy in the form of five use-case classes encompassing nearly all recent works in this area. We outline the incorporated visualization techniques and data sources and provide an informative table to display our findings. From the analysis of these systems, we examine issues and concerns regarding network security visualization and provide guidelines and directions for future researchers and visual system developers.


The data partitioning and scheduling strategies used by DNN accelerators to leverage reuse and perform staging are known as dataflow, and they directly impact the performance and energy efficiency of DNN accelerator designs. An accelerator microarchitecture dictates the dataflow(s) that can be employed to execute a layer or network. Selecting an optimal dataflow for a layer shape can have a large impact on utilization and energy efficiency, but there is a lack of understanding on the choices and consequences of dataflows, and of tools and methodologies to help architects explore the co-optimization design space. In this work, we first introduce a set of data-centric directives to concisely specify the space of DNN dataflows in a compilerfriendly form. We then show how these directives can be analyzed to infer various forms of reuse and to exploit them using hardware capabilities. We codify this analysis into an analytical cost model, MAESTRO (Modeling Accelerator Efficiency via Spatio-Temporal Reuse and Occupancy), that estimates various cost-benefit tradeoffs of a dataflow including execution time and energy efficiency for a DNN model and hardware configuration. We demonstrate the use of MAESTRO to drive a hardware design space exploration (DSE) experiment, which searches across 480M designs to identify 2.5M valid designs at an average rate of 0.17M designs per second, including Pareto-optimal throughput- and energy-optimized design points.