In order to stage a sustained encounter between literary theory and Marxian political economy, this paper initiates a dialogue between Walter Benjamin's "The Task of the Translator" on one hand, and Marx's Capital, on the other. I will theorize the two-fold transition from the language of labor to value to price in the latter work as an exercise in economic translation haunted by and predicated upon the untranslatability of use-value, or pure difference. In light of this initial outline, I will contend that the specific intentionality of capital, the predominance of the "pure language" of value, and the discursive construction of mainstream economics violate the immanent grounding of economic and non-economic systems of signification.


Abstract Submerged cultural resource managers have a daunting task; balance the protection of the underwater cultural heritage without denying or unfairly restricting economic development of the coastal zone. Underwater archaeological resources such as historic shipwrecks and submerged prehistoric sites can and have been impacted by fishing, farming, and energy development — both 'traditional' (i.e. hydrocarbon-based) and 'renewable' (i.e. wind, water, and thermal). This paper discusses the numerous stakeholders involved in the utilization of coastal and underwater resources, and how archaeological sites are mapped, managed, mitigated for and preserved within the pursuit of marine resources.


After food ingestion, pancreatic cells secrete zymogen and hormone-containing granules to precisely control digestion and blood glucose levels. Identifying regulators of this process is paramount to combatting multiple pancreatic diseases. Here we show that pancreatic deletion of the transcription factor nuclear factor IA (NFIA) leads to hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and hypolipidemia. Surprisingly, insulin and digestive enzymes are produced in the absence of NFIA, however, they are not secreted properly and instead accumulate inside pancreatic cells. In NFIA-deficient mice we saw a reduction of insulin granules in the ready releasable pool and the first-phase insulin response was impaired. We found that NFIA binds to and activates Rab39b, a Rab GTPase critical for exocytosis. Re-expression of Rab39b in NFIA knockout islets restored glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In sum, the NFIA-Rab39b axis regulates pancreatic physiology through granule recruitment and docking, linking NFIA to a new process with potential effects in diabetes, pancreatitis, and lipid disorders.


Lifetime measurements of excited states in 178 Hg have been performed using the 103 Rh( 78 Kr , p 2 n ) reaction at a beam energy of 354 MeV. The recoil-decay tagging (RDT) technique was applied to select the 178 Hg nuclei and associate the prompt γ rays with the correlated characteristic ground-state α decay. Lifetimes of the four lowest yrast states of 178 Hg have been determined using the recoil distance Doppler-shift (RDDS) method. The experimental data are compared to theoretical predictions with focus on shape coexistence. The results confirm the shift of the deformed prolate structures to higher lying states but also indicate their increasing deformation with decreasing neutron number.


Accessibility models in transport geography based on geographic information systems have proven to be an effective method in determining spatial inequalities associated with public health. This work aims to model the spatial accessibility from populated areas within the Concepción metropolitan area (CMA), the second largest city in Chile. The city's public hospital network is taken into consideration with special reference to socio-regional inequalities. The use of geographically weighted regression (GWR) and ordinary least squares (OLS) for modelling accessibility with socioeconomic and transport variables is proposed. The explanatory variables investigated are: illiterate population, rural housing, alternative housing, homes with a motorised vehicle, public transport routes, and connectivity. Our results identify that approximately 4.1% of the population have unfavourable or very unfavourable accessibility to public hospitals, which correspond to rural areas located south of CMA. Application of a local GWR model (0.87 R2 adjusted) helped to improve the settings over the use of traditional OLS methods (multiple regression) (0.67 R2 adjusted) and to find the spatial distribution of both coefficients of the explanatory variables, demonstrating the local significance of the model. Thus, accessibility studies have enormous potential to contribute to the development of public health and transport policies in turn to achieve equality in spatial accessibility to specialised health care.


Materials exhibit microstructures and textures that influence their use and properties. Xray and neutron diffraction allow characterization of the bulk texture, whereas Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) permits determination of the local texture. In many cases Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) remains necessary to characterize the substructure and the local texture for highly deformed materials. Depending on the scale considered, all these complementary techniques permit the coupling of texture and microstructure so that it becomes possible to control microstructure and its evolution during a processing route. Some examples in titanium aluminides, (α + β) titanium alloys and an Fe-Ni alloy will illustrate this challenge.


The late-stage larvae of the reef fish Pomacentrus coelestis were collected using light traps at stations on a cross-shelf transect near Northwest Cape, Western Australia, during the spring and summer months (October to February) of 1997-98 and 1998-99. Physical (water temperature, wind) and biological (chlorophyll a, zooplankton abundance) variables were measured concurrently at each station. In 1997-98, environmental conditions were characterised by intrusive upwelling onto the shelf, relatively cooler water temperatures and higher chlorophyll a and zooplankton biomass. During the 1998-99 summer, water temperatures were warmer, and chlorophyll a and zooplankton biomass were relatively low. Catches of P. coelestis were much lower in the first summer (197 fish) than the second (1483 fish). Records of planktonic growth were obtained from otoliths of subsets of larvae from both summers. Growth varied among months within each summer; however, on average, larvae grew more slowly in the 1997-98 summer than the 1998-99 summer (0.48 mm d -1 vs 0.53 mm d -1 respectively), despite the presumed food (copepods) being more abundant in the plankton. Par- tial correlation analysis showed that water temperature explained approximately 30% of the varia- tion in growth of larval P. coelestis. In contrast, chlorophyll a and zooplankton abundance explained much less (4.1 and 3.5%, respectively).


cAMP participates in cell signal transduction and influences biological responses such as muscle contraction, learning and memory, inflammatory cytokine production, and cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. The sole means of cAMP degradation is by PDE enzymes. The PDE4 family represents the major cAMP-hydrolysing activity in many cells. Four genes encode the PDE4 isoforms and over twenty have now been characterised. Each isoform differs by virtue of a unique N-terminal intra-cellular targeting region, and by differential inclusion of regulatory UCR domains via 5' mRNA splicing. The plethora of PDE4 isoforms underpins compartmentalisation of cAMP signalling, facilitating the generation of cAMP domains or gradients. Work in this thesis characterises a novel PDE4A long isoform, namely PDE4A11. It is expressed with a species-conserved, unique 81 amino acid N- terminal region encoded by a single 5' exon. Transcript analysis of human cells and tissues alludes to tissue-specific and developmental changes in expression. PDE4A11 is targeted to the perinuclear region and membrane ruffles of COS7 cells. Sequence analysis identifies putative PIP3-mediated membrane targeting. PDE4A11 is kinetically comparable to the other PDE4A long isoforms and is inhibited by conventional PDE4 inhibitors. It is insensitive to conformational changes detected by altered rolipram inhibition, a likely consequence of reduced LR2 and/or enhanced N-terminal interactions with Lyn-SH3. Soluble and particulate forms exhibit distinct rates of thermal inactivation. PDE4A11 is activated by PKA phosphorylation at Ser-119 within UCR1. N-terminal phosphorylation by ERK1/2 should be pursued. PDE4A11 couples Beta-arrestin and is the second PDE4 isoform to interact with XAP2. Phosphorylation of PDE4 isoforms confers activity and protein interaction regulation. All PDE4 long isoforms are activated by PKA phosphorylation within UCR1. Phosphorylation of the catalytic unit by ERK1/2 occurs in all PDE4 isoforms, except PDE4A, and activates short form PDE4s and inhibits long forms. Activation of the PI-3K pathway also facilitates PDE4 activation. The identification of PDE4A5 as an authentic substrate for MAPKAPK2 is described, and the functional effects are investigated. This novel phosphorylation occurs at a serine residue, distinct from the PKA site, within UCR1. The kinase and target residue is identified in C0S1 cells expressing PDE4A5, following treatment with anisomycin, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of MAPKAPK2, together with N-terminal truncation of PDE4A5 and Ser-147-Ala mutation. Phosphorylation of PDE4A5 by MAPKAPK2 has no effect on catalytic activity but delays the onset and amplitude of PKA-mediated activation. The interaction of PDE4A5 with XAP2, but not b=Beta-arrestin, is attenuated by MAPKAPK2 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation does not affect PDE4A5 intracellular targeting or its susceptibility to caspase-3 cleavage. Enzyme conformational change with a Ser-147-Asp phospho-mimetic is not observed. PDE4 inhibition reduces the production of ROS in many immune and inflammatory cells, consequential of the immuno-suppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of cAMP. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of disease states such as COPD and cardiac hypertrophy. The final chapter of this thesis strives to unravel the role of PDE4 inhibition in the attenuation of ROS production in cardiac myocytes. Angiotensin II promotes the delivery of p47-phox, an integral component of the active NADPH oxidase enzyme, to the membrane. Elevation of intra-cellular cAMP concentrations using forskolin and rolipram prevents p47-phox translocation, an effect that is partially rescued with the PKA inhibitor, H89. PKA directly phosphorylates pA7-phox and six putative sites are identified within the C-terminal region. PDE4A4B is able to interact directly with p47-phox and p67-phox, whereas PDE4A10 only interacts with p47-phox, indicating specificity in the PDE4 control of the PKA phosphorylation state of phox proteins. In summary, the work in this thesis contributes further to our understanding of the PDE4 regulation of intra-cellular cAMP concentrations in cells, and the specific response mediated through the multitude of isoforms and modification of function by both phosphorylation and protein interactions.


BACKGROUND
Over the past decade, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become an area of intensive clinical and epidemiological research. Despite the clarity provided by the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines, there appears to be within the CKD research literature significant disagreement on how to define CKD and measure kidney function.

METHODS
The objectives of this study were to investigate the variety of methods used to define CKD and to measure kidney function in original research papers as well as to investigate whether the quality of the journal had any effect on the quality of the methodology used. This was a descriptive review and not a meta-analysis. Information was extracted from each article including publication details (including the journal's impact factor), definition of CKD, method used to estimate kidney function and quantity of serum creatinine readings used to define CKD. An electronic search of MEDLINE through OVID was completed using the search term CKD. The search was limited to articles in English published in 2009. Studies were included in the review only if they were original research articles including patients with CKD. Articles were excluded if they reported data from a paediatric population, a population solely on dialysis or if there was no full-text access through OVID. Each article was assessed for quality with respect to using KDOQI CKD definition criteria. A description of the pooled data was completed and chi-square tests were used to investigate the relation between article quality and journal quality. Analysis was carried out using SPSS (15.0) and a P-value of <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

RESULTS
The final review included 301 articles. There were a variety of methods used to define CKD in original research articles. Less than 20% (n = 59) of the articles adhered to the established international criteria for defining CKD. The majority of articles (52.1%) did not indicate the quantity of serum creatinine measurements used to define CKD. The impact factor or specialist nature of the scientific journal appears to have no bearing on whether or not published articles use the gold standard KDOQI guidelines for labelling a patient with a diagnosis of CKD.

CONCLUSIONS
This review of literature found that a variety of definitions are being used in original research articles to define CKD and measure kidney function which calls into question the validity and reliability of such research findings and associated clinical guidelines. International consensus is urgently required to improve validity and generalizability of CKD research findings.


Philip Cam has been an inspiration to me in his approach to Philosophy for Children, and I have tried to follow the trail he blazed. He is a master of developing what I call 'practitioner theories' of Philosophy for Children. These are practical theories designed to be useful for practitioners of Philosophy for Children, rather than abstract theories designed to contribute to the scholarship of Philosophy for Children. I first explain what I mean by a practitioner theory, using Cam's Question Quadrant as an illustration. Then, for the rest of the article I give a more detailed analysis and elaboration of Cam's practitioner theory about assessing thinking. This theory first appears in Thinking Together in the form of a table that teachers can use to assess how frequently their students perform different thinking moves. For example, we can assess student thinking based on how often they ask questions, or build on what someone else has said. I will show how this seemingly simple theory captures a great deal of theoretical complexity, combining themes about thinking moves from Splitter and Sharp, making thinking visible from Perkins and Richhart, and habits of mind from Costa and Kallick. I will also show how we can develop Cam's practitioner theory into a sharper tool for assessing thinking if we incorporate further insights about learning to think, and assessing thinking, from Perkins, Dewey, Piaget, Vygotsky and Bloom.


Conveyer system security and reliability are related to belt conveyor drum design level .This paper proposes a method of analyzing the belt conveyer drum fatigue life reliability based on FEM, and establishes a real-time dynamic loading model, which can reflect accurately the condition of drum actual work load. This method realize drums fatigue life reliability analysis by applying rain-flow count method for processing stress spectrum that are obtained from FEM, it combines material P-S-N curves and other performance parameters and adopts Miner ruler. By applying the method on a practical project, the results indicate that the method is correct and practical. It poses the ability of avoiding the blindness in the drum structure size design, and it has the vital significance of raising drum design level.


Maternal mortality is one of the major worldwide health challenges. The high maternal mortality rate is a common subject in global health and development discussions. Globally, about 800 women die daily from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications. Men's involvement during pregnancy and childbirth plays a vital role in the safety of their female partners during pregnancy and childbirth by ensuring access to care and provision of emotional and financial support and guarantying the women's access to reproductive health services in general. This study aimed to establish male partner involvement in choice of delivery site among women delivering at Coast Level Five Hospital, Mombasa County. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that targeted women who delivered at Coast Level Five Hospital and their male partners. Systematic sampling was used to select the participants. A semi-structured questionnaire and focus group discussion guide were used to collect data. These tools were pre-tested at Port Reitz District Hospital. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Statistical analysis was performed using chisquare, logistic regression and marginal effects. The analysed quantitative data were presented in text, graphs and tables. The qualitative data were analysed and categorised into sub-themes and themes and presented as direct quotes and narrations. The study findings revealed that there is low male partner involvement (40.6%). Women and male partners' education (p<0.001), women income (p=0.006) and male partners' income (p=024), women knowledge (p<0.001), women perception (p=0.001) and male partners' perception (p=0.001) had significant influence on male partner involvement. Influence of cultural and reproductive health policy awareness could not be ascertained as their frequencies were too few. To improve male partner involvement, there is need for the Mombasa County Government and management of Coast Level Five Hospital to come up with strategies/programs to promote male involvement, promote education and facilitate economic empowerment, create awareness on importance of male involvement in RH through media and community barazas and disseminate the national RH policy. In addition formulate policies that will ensure male partners get time off from their place of work to accompany their spouses to ANC.


Accurate characterization of chemical strain is required to study a broad range of chemical-mechanical coupling phenomena. One of the most studied mechano-chemically active oxides, nonstoichiometric ceria (CeO2-δ), has only been described by a scalar chemical strain assuming isotropic deformation. However, combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations and elastic dipole tensor theory reveal that both the short-range bond distortions surrounding an oxygen-vacancy and the long-range chemical strain are anisotropic in cubic CeO2-δ. The origin of this anisotropy is the charge disproportionation between the four cerium atoms around each oxygen-vacancy (two become Ce3+ and two become Ce4+) when a neutral oxygen-vacancy is formed. Around the oxygen-vacancy, six of the Ce3+-O bonds elongate, one of the Ce3+-O bond shorten, and all seven of the Ce4+-O bonds shorten. Further, the average and maximum chemical strain values obtained through tensor analysis successfully bound the various experimental data. Lastly, the anisotropic, oxygen-vacancy-elastic-dipole induced chemical strain is polarizable, which provides a physical model for the giant electrostriction recently discovered in doped and non-doped CeO2-δ. Together, this work highlights the need to consider anisotropic tensors when calculating the chemical strain induced by dilute point defects in all materials, regardless of their symmetry.


The article covers results of preventive measures in workers engaged into underground mining. Those measures are aimed to prevent occupationally mediated health disorders resulting in circulatory diseases. The prophylaxis was proven effective on premorbid condition - that was demonstrated in reliable decrease of cause-effect relationship intensity for health disorders in workers subjected to prophylactic measures. Transitory disablement morbidity due to cicrulatory system diseases decreased. Situational modelling of risk changes for the studied group demonstrated changes of diseases risk under medical prophylactic measures. After the prophylaxis, the risk demonstrated 3.1 times decrease.


This paper describes a method of removing phosphate (P) from aqueous solution by sorbent prepared with amorphous blast furnace slag (BFS) and hydrated lime. An orthogonal experiment was carried out to investigate the factors of hydration time, slurrying temperature and the weight ratio of blast furnace slag /hydrated lime and water/solid on the reactivity of the sorbent. Chemical composition of BFS was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry, microstructure and phase analysis of samples were conducted by SEM and XRD. It is found that all sorbents prepared show higher P adsorption capacity than single blast furnace slag.


Current transport and ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) studies have been carried out on metal contacts fabricated on chemically etched n-ZnSe epitaxial layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The contact materials Ag, Sb, Au, Ge/Au, Sn, Ni, and Pd form one or more barrier heights out of the following seven discrete values: 0.90, 1.20, 1.32, 1.50, 1.67, 1.80, and 2.10±0.04 eV observed to date. BEEM work carried out on Au/n-ZnSe systems has identified four levels 1.32 [Morgan et al., J. Appl. Phys. 79, 1532 (1996)], 1.50, 1.67 [Coratger et al., Phys. Rev. B 15, 2357 (1995)] and 1.80 eV to date, confirming Fermi-level pinning at different positions. Schottky barrier formation at metal/n-ZnSe systems cannot be explained by the simple Schottky model. The strong Fermi-level pinning observed could be due to bulk and/or surface defects of the ZnSe material.


Effects of seed size and osmotic stress on germination and seedling growth of fifty-five oat genotypes obtained from Europe, North and South America, Asia and Oceania were investigated. Small, medium and large seeds of fifty-five oat genotypes were germinated in polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solutions with initial osmotic potentials ranging from 0 to -0.75 MPa at 8°C. In this study final germination percentage (FGP), median germination time (MGT), root length, and shoot length were measured and calculated. In all genotypes examined, decreasing seed size and osmotic potential increased median germination time and decreased final germination percentage, root and shoot length. Among genotypes, the highest final germination percentage was obtained with 88.6% from the cv. Evita. The cv. Flamingsplus, Pajaz, Iltis, Lvovskii Ranni, Marta, Auteuil and Samsun (local population) followed with final germination rates of 83.5, 83.4, 83.3, 82.7, 82.1, 82.0, and 80.8%, respectively. Among these genotypes, Pajaz and Lvovskii and Rannii also had the fastest median germination time, however, the highest root and shoot length was measured the cv. Centennial. In addition, this genotype also had higher final germination percentage and lower median germination time.

 Key words: Oat, seed size, drought stress, genotype, germination.


Macroscopic properties of thermosetting polymers are strongly affected by thermal degradation. However, modelling the dynamics of thermal degradation is difficult due to an intrinsic coupling between reaction kinetics and heat transfer in polymeric materials. In this paper we consider mathematical models for degradation focusing on thermal degradation and shrinkage phenomena. We discuss in detail a mathematical model that allows modelling thermal degradation as a coupled process and develop an efficient procedure for numerical studies of this process. The developed procedure is then applied to modelling degradation of acrylic resins widely used in chemical biomedical engineering. Results of numerical experiments are presented.


The surprising thinness of the solar tachocline is still not understood with certainty today. Among the numerous possible scenarios suggested to explain its radial confinement, one hypothesis is based on Maxwell stresses that are exerted by the cyclic dynamo magnetic field of the Sun penetrating over a skin depth below the turbulent convection zone. Our goal is to assess under which conditions (turbulence level in the tachocline, strength of the dynamo-generated field, spreading mechanism) this scenario can be realized in the solar tachocline. We develop a simplified 1D model of the upper tachocline under the influence of an oscillating magnetic field imposed from above. The turbulent transport is parametrized with enhanced turbulent diffusion (or anti-diffusion) coefficients. Two main processes that thicken the tachocline are considered; either turbulent viscous spreading or radiative spreading. An extensive parameter study is carried out to establish the physical parameter regimes under which magnetic confinement of the tachocline that is due to a surface dynamo field can be realized. We have explored a large range of magnetic field amplitudes, viscosities, ohmic diffusivities and thermal diffusivities. We find that, for large but still realistic magnetic field strengths, the differential rotation can be suppressed in the upper radiative zone (and hence the tachocline confined) if weak turbulence is present (with an enhanced ohmic diffusivity of $\eta > 10^{7-8} \, cm^2/s$), even in the presence of radiative spreading. Our results show that a dynamo magnetic field can, in the presence of weak turbulence, prevent the inward burrowing of a tachocline subject to viscous diffusion or radiative spreading.


BACKGROUND
The demand for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in England has risen steadily, although from a lower base than many other developed countries. Predicting the future demand for RRT and the impact of factors such as the acceptance rate, transplant supply and patient survival, is required in order to inform the planning of such services.

METHODS
A discrete event simulation model estimates the future demand for RRT in England in 2010 for a range of scenarios. The model uses current prevalence and current and projected future acceptance rates, survival rates and the transitions between modalities to predict future patient numbers. National population and mortality data, published literature and data from the UK Renal Registry and UK Transplant, are used to estimate unmet need for RRT, the impact of changing demography and incidence of Type 2 diabetes, patient haemodialysis (HD) survival and transplant supply.

RESULTS
By 2010 the predicted prevalence will have increased from about 30,000 in 2000 to between 42 and 51,000 (900-1000 p.m.p.), an average annual growth of 4.5-6%. Changing transplant supply has a small effect on overall numbers but changes the proportion of patients with functioning graft by up to 8%. Even with an optimistic increase in transplant supply (11% p.a. for 5 years), numbers on HD will continue to rise substantially, especially in the elderly. The factors most influencing future patient numbers are the acceptance rate and dialysis survival.

CONCLUSION
This model predicts a substantial growth in the RRT population to 2010 to a rate approaching 1000 p.m.p., particularly in the elderly and those on HD, with a steady state not being reached for at least 25 years.


Previous studies propose that the Yangtze River is the geographic boundary separating northern and southern Chinese populations. In order to test this hypothesis, 19 Neolithic and 15 Modern human cranial samples from north of the QinlingMountain Range, south of the Yangtze River and in between were chosen for morphometric analysis. Our results indicate that cranial variation exists in Holocene Neolithic and Modern northern and southern Chinese. In the Neolithic sample, the northern Chinese crania are characterised by greater upper face height and orbit height, while the southern Chinese skulls are depicted by a wider nose. The morphology of the crania between the Qinling Mountain range and the Yangtze River feature a mosaic of characters that suggest affiliation with both north and south groups. In the Modern day sample, northern crania are characterised by a broad and wide face, and a tall nose. From the Neolithic to Modern day, a series of microevolutionary processes that apply to both the northern and southern samples can be discerned. Overall, the head gets lower, the face and nose become narrower and the orbits tend to be narrower and higher. Our results support the suggestion that the Qinling Mountain Range and the Yangtze River represent a natural barrier to the movement of Chinese populations. Climatic variation and the transition to an agricultural lifestyle are proposed as the primary factors influencing human craniofacial morphologies. Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We propose a novel approach for real-time object pose detection and tracking that is highly scalable in terms of the number of objects tracked and the number of cameras observing the scene. Key to this scalability is a high degree of parallelism in the algorithms employed. The method maintains a single 3D simulated model of the scene consisting of multiple objects together with a robot operating on them. This allows for rapid synthesis of appearance, depth, and occlusion information from each camera viewpoint. This information is used both for updating the pose estimates and for extracting the low-level visual cues. The visual cues obtained from each camera are efficiently fused back into the single consistent scene representation using a constrained optimization method. The centralized scene representation, together with the reliability measures it enables, simplify the interaction between pose tracking and pose detection across multiple cameras. We demonstrate the robustness of our approach in a realistic manipulation scenario. We publicly release this work as a part of a general ROS software framework for real-time pose estimation, SimTrack, that can be integrated easily for different robotic applications.


As one of the most promising approaches for reducing automotive fuel consumption, hybrid powertrain has inspired extensive research efforts on system control and energy optimization. However, the time and cost of constructing or modifying a physical hybrid powertrain seriously affects the experimental investigation of the complicated system dynamics, so as to limit the development of the precise hybrid powertrain control and optimization. To provide an accurate and flexible hybrid powertrain emulation tool for developing the hybrid control methodologies, a rapid prototyping hybrid powertrain research platform, which employs a transient hydrostatic dynamometer to emulate the dynamics of various hybrid power sources and different hybrid architectures, is constructed. In this research platform, a three-level closed-loop control system is designed for realizing the hybrid powertrain emulation. With respect to the high/middle/low level systems, a suite of hybrid powertrain controllers including an adaptive driver model, an energy optimization strategy, a virtual hybrid torque controller and a dynamometer torque controller are designed and, further, their interactions are analyzed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control system can achieve the precise emulation of the typical hybrid powertrain operation.


Abstract Analyze whether the content of three moral messages (deontological, ethical utilitarianism, ethical virtue) and a control message differentially affect the probability of engaging in four behaviors: Washing their hands, participating in public gatherings, staying at home/avoiding social contact, and forwarding the message to inform more people. In our study, the sender of the message is a university professor. These variables are measured in terms of their behavioral intentions and others' behavioral intentions (beliefs about others' behavior). Randomized Controlled Trial. Our study includes the analysis of the possible moderating effect of the country of residence (Spain n = 1,122, Chile n = 1,107, and Colombia n = 1,433). The message with content referring to ethical virtue and staying at home obtains statistically significant lower scores on the probability of carrying out public health behaviors and sharing the message received. Regarding beliefs about the behavior of others, the message of ethical virtue has the same negative effect, but only on the likelihood of other people washing their hands, staying at home, and sharing the public health message. Institutional messages aimed at promoting public health behaviors are necessary in a pandemic situation. Our recommendation is to use deontological and utilitarian, or non-moral, content.


The results of this study increased insight into factors that explain differences in the judgments of IGZ inspectors. This study shows that IGZ inspectors systematically differ in the regulatory judgments they assign to similar health care institutions. This study also shows that IGZ inspectors systematically tend to assign judgments that are too positive compared with the IGZ corporate standards. In this study it was examined whether the reliability and validity of regulatory judgments varied between two types of instruments: a lightly structured instrument (LSI) used for the regulation of hospital care was compared with the highly structured instrument (HSI) used for the regulation of nursing home care. The results indicated problems with the reliability and validity of the judgments assigned with the HSI; however, reliability and validity could not be calculated with the LSI. The results showed that using an HSI is preferable to using an LSI. To analyze the interventions professionals carry out to improve reliability, a systematic meta-analytic review of the research literature was performed. Three types of interventions could be defined: improving the diagnostic instrument, training the professional, and a combination of both. On average, although all types of interventions are effective, improving the diagnostic instrument seems to be the most effective; especially in the case of highly technical instruments, improvement has proven to be very effective. Because instrumental variables constitute a major source of error, improving the instrument is an important approach. However, this review offers solid arguments that can complement the literature and practice, with a focus on training the user of the instrument. An experimental study was performed to determine what kind of intervention would be effective for improving the reliability and validity of the regulatory judgments of IGZ inspectors. A case study was set up to examine the effect of participating in a consensus meeting and the effect of improving the regulatory instrument. The results showed that when an HSI was used, participating in a consensus meeting improved both the reliability and the validity of the regulatory judgments. Adjusting this instrument influenced but did not improve the reliability and validity of the judgments. This means that changing the instrument without training the inspectors in the use of the adjusted instrument does not improve the reliability and validity of the judgments. These outcomes emphasize the importance of the human factor in explaining variance between inspectors, and highlight the significance of training inspectors in the use of regulatory instruments. The effect of increasing the number of inspectors per case was calculated. This increased the reliability and validity of the regulatory judgments.


National Semiconductor's Adaptive Processing Architecture (NAPA) integrates a Fixed Instruction set Processor (FIP), an Adaptive Logic Processor (ALP), memory and other support circuitry into a single reconfigurable computing device. In the NAPA1000 the FIP is a small 32-bit RISC microprocessor and the ALP is a 64/spl times/96 array of fine grain reconfigurable logic cells. The NAPA1000 also contains two banks of 2048/spl times/32 Pipeline Memory Array (PMA), eight banks of 256/spl times/8 Scratchpad Memory Array (SMA), and one bank of 1024/spl times/32 Local Memory Array (LMA). External to the NAPA1000 are two banks of DRAM and an interface to a host computer. The Toggle Bus transceiver is the interface to a multi-stage interconnect network, and is capable of performing arbitrary reflections and rotations on 32-bit words. The Reconfiguration Pipeline Control unit (RPC) can also serve as a DMA engine.


In this article we propose, theorize, demonstrate, and report early results from a course that approaches first-year composition as Introduction to Writing Studies. This peda gogy explicitly recognizes the impossibility of teaching a universal academic discourse and rejects that as a goal for first-year composition. It seeks instead to improve stu dents' understanding of writing, rhetoric, language, and literacy in a course that is topi cally oriented to reading and writing as scholarly inquiry and that encourages more realistic conceptions of writing.


Introduction: Both arterial and venous thromboembolism constitute a significant disease burden worldwide, leading to major use of healthcare resources. As anticoagulants play a pivotal role in the treatment of these disorders, it is vital for healthcare providers to have sufficient knowledge of their biochemical and clinical attributes. Areas covered: Enoxaparin is one of the most commonly used low-molecular-weight heparins in a wide variety of thromboembolic disorders and has several advantages over unfractionated heparin. An analysis of its biophysical profile, with special emphasis on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, is undertaken in this article. In addition, most recent major clinical studies elucidating its role in common thromboembolic conditions are discussed, while keeping the historical perspective at hand. Readers will be able to understand the pharmacologic properties of enoxaparin with their clinical relevance for day-to-day use and critically analyze the amount and weight of scientific evidence behind its use in various disorders. Expert opinion: In summary, enoxaparin has been shown, by a vast amount of scientific data, to be a safe and effective agent in the treatment of a whole spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, with similar efficacy and safety in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism.


In a year when the United States, under Trump, has scrapped their Internet Privacy Law (Lee, 2017), all the while decrying, in an ill-informed manor, wiretapping (MacAskill, 2017); the UK's Home Secretary, Amber Rudd has called for an equally ill-informed backdoor to WhatApp (Haynes, 2017); and German parents are told to destroy their children's dolls amid spying fears (Oltermann, 2017), it perhaps seems strange to turn to a book published in 1964 to help understand the world around us. While it is important to recognize that the world is somewhat different to the 1960's, and that Snowden, in particular, shed a new light on the way in which the war on terror has driven securitization (Lyon, 2015). To really to fully understand the modern surveillance state, it is imperative to examine the ongoing conditions of its birth (Jorden, 2015). Huxley, Orwell, and Foucault classically provide the foundation for much of the historical narratives in surveillance studies (Marx, 2016), but the 1960s provided a political climate that would ensure surveillance and privacy would become deeply embedded in our capitalist society and commercial social media platforms (Dwyer, 2016). Eisenhower had solidified the notion of the military-industrial complex in the minds of a nation through his farewell address in 1961; George Axelrod's neo-noir Cold War thriller, The Manchurian Candidate, with its brainwashing, false memories and stark politics, hit cinemas a year later, bringing McCarthyism to the silver screen. Then, within a matter of months, the breaking of the Cambridge Five spy ring, and Kim Philby's defection to the USSR provided a real life Cold War thriller the likes of which Hollywood could only dream. It was against this backdrop, and the extreme right wing politics of Barry Goldwater, which dominated the 1964 Presidential race, that Packard published The Naked Society. So, while the internet and concerns about Google and Facebook's privacy agreements were a long way from Packard's reality, the past was not an innocent place, and it is perhaps because of this that Packard's 1964 book, The Naked Society, reads with more than an air of day-to-day familiarity.


Volcanic rocks encountered during the Tibet Geotraverse have been studied in the field, in thin section and by major and trace element geochemistry in order to determine their most probable original eruptive environment. Rocks from a total of eleven distinct volcanic provinces were studied in this way. They provide evidence for: an active continental margin or post-collision province of probable Devonian/early Carboniferous age in the northern Kunlun mountains; an active continental margin of late Carboniferous age in the southern Lhasa Terrane; Permian continental rifts in the central Qiangtang and central Kunlun Terranes; Triassic volcanic arcs in the southern Lhasa and northern Qiangtang Terranes; a Triassic active continental margin dyke swarm in the northern Kunlun mountains; a Jurassic post-collision or back-arc rifting province in the southern Qiangtang Terrane; a Jurassic island arc in the northern Lhasa Terrane; a Cretaceous post-collision province in the northern Lhasa Terrane possibly extending in to the southern Qiangtang Terrane; and a Palaeogene active continental margin in the southern Lhasa Terrane. An Oligocene trachyte plug in the northern Qiangtang Terrane was the only evidence encountered during the Geotraverse of volcanism post-dating the Palaeogene India-Eurasia collision. However, the composition of this plug, coupled with new and published analyses from Miocene volcanics in the southern Lhasa terrane and from the Pliocene-Recent volcanic province of northwest Tibet, places important constraints on models for post-collision underplating of Tibet by continental lithosphere: any underplating is likely to have been (a) much later than the start of collision, (b) directed beneath Tibet from the north as well as the south, and (c) limited in extent.


The purpose of this study is to calculate the length and velocity change of gastrocnemius and soleus muscle-tendon complex (MTC) for diagnosis and estimation of the rehabilitation procedure of the patient from non-invasive 3D markers. The previous method measuring the length of MTC has been dependant on the regression equation based on the rotation angle in the sagittal plane. However, in view of the fact that movement analysis is based on the human body having a variety of structure, the measurement using merely rotation angle and regression equation which not based on each subject shank and foot length might not be accurate. In order to overcome these limitations, the length change of MTC is calculated, employing 3D MTC model accompanied with the trajectory data of markers attached anatomical landmarks, each subject measurements and femur condyle radius. Basically, more accurate length change could be acquired through the 3D trajectory data of markers in comparing with 2D data based on the rotation angle. As our study, the difference of the gastrocnemius length change between 3D marker trajectory based method and the method using a 2-D angle was approximately 4% (2cm) at maximum contraction and 1% (0.5cm) at maximum relaxation. Similarly, the difference in terms of the soleus was approximately 0.7% (0.3cm) at maximum contraction and 0.5% (0.2cm) at maximum relaxation.


The paper attempts to explore the issues associated with peoples' attitudes towards
under-representation of women at senior managerial positions in the construction industry through
a literature review. The construction industry holds an image of a rough natured industry
associated with difficult working conditions. The attitudes and stereotypes of society regarding
managing work and resources in that hard environment - by a woman, normally expected to be the
heart of the family scene, with social responsibilities and in the traditional motherly role - are
preventing the promotion of women managers in the industry.
Since attitudes are the people's biases or tendencies that influence their response to situations,
activities or the people, changing attitudes can be used as a powerful device for altering the pattern
of thinking and human behaviour. The construction industry will benefit with more women
managers if the unfavourable attitudes regarding the promotion of women managers can be
changed.


Patients with transitional cell cancers and control patients with other forms of cancer were tested with cell membranes and soluble membrane antigens with the use of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests. These ongoing and parallel studies in which LMI tests are used have not been completed.


Illicit drug abuse presents pervasive adverse consequences for human societies around the world. Illicit drug consumption also plays an unexpected role in contamination of aquatic ecosystems that receive wastewater discharges. Here, we show that methamphetamine, considered as one of the most important global health threats, causes addiction and behavior alteration of brown trout Salmo trutta at environmentally relevant concentrations (1 µg l-1). Altered movement behavior and preference for methamphetamine during withdrawal were linked to drug residues in fish brain tissues and accompanied by brain metabolome changes. Our results suggest that emission of illicit drugs into freshwater ecosystems causes addiction in fish and modifies habitat preferences with unexpected adverse consequences of relevance at the individual and population levels. As such, our study identifies transmission of human societal problems to aquatic ecosystems.


SUMMARY During avian egg production, oestrogen mediates marked increases in hepatic lipid production and changes in the diameter of assembled very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A nearly complete shift from generic VLDL (∼70 nm in diameter), which transports lipids to peripheral tissues, to yolk-targeted VLDL (VLDLy) (∼30 nm), which supplies the yolk with energy-rich lipid, has been observed in the plasma of laying domestic fowl. We validated an established dynamic laser scattering technique for a passerine songbird Taeniopygia guttata, the zebra finch, to characterize the dynamics of VLDL particle diameter distribution in relation to egg production. We predicted that non-gallinaceous avian species that have not been selected for maximum egg production would exhibit less dramatic shifts in lipid metabolism during egg production. As predicted, there was considerable overlap between the VLDL particle diameter distributions of laying and non-laying zebra finches. But unexpectedly, non-laying zebra finches had VLDL diameter distributions that peaked at small particles and had relatively few large VLDL particles. As a result, laying zebra finches, in comparison, had diameter distributions that were shifted towards larger VLDL particles. Nevertheless, laying zebra finches, like laying chickens, had larger proportions of particles within proposed VLDLy particle diameter ranges than non-laying zebra finches (e.g. sVLDLy: 50% vs 37%). Furthermore, zebra finches and chickens had similar modal (29.7 nm in both species) and median (32.7 nm vs 29.6 nm) VLDL particle diameters during egg production. Therefore, although zebra finches and chickens exhibited opposing directional shifts in VLDL particle diameter distribution during egg production, the modifications to VLDL particle structure in both species resulted in the realization of a common goal, i.e. to produce and maintain a large proportion of small VLDL particles of specific diameters that are capable of being incorporated into newly forming egg yolks.)


Background: Instrumental vaginal deliveries are witnessing a steady decline despite its usefulness in improving obstetric outcomes in resource-limited settings. This decline in instrumental deliveries is enhanced by dearth of information on good outcomes thereby making its use unpopular among younger generations of obstetricians. The study was aimed at determining the rate of instrumental deliveries and associated outcomes in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH). Materials and Methods: This study was a 10-year retrospective hospital-based study carried out between January 2007 and December 2016 in JUTH which compared the use of vacuum extractors and forceps to effect vaginal deliveries and the delivery outcomes encountered following such deliveries. Results: Of the 16,614 deliveries during the study period, 71 were instrumental vaginal deliveries with an incidence of 0.4% for the study period. Vacuum accounted for 97.2% of the deliveries and forceps 2.8%. Prolonged second stage was the indication for instrumental delivery in 85.9% of parturients and there were no significant differences in Apgar scores between babies that had instrumental deliveries and those that did not. Age and parity were not significantly associated with instrumental deliveries. The instrumental delivery rates were, however, significantly lower than earlier reports from this center, and that globally recommended. Conclusion: Instrumental vaginal deliveries are fast declining in JUTH and the few instrumental deliveries carried out showed a faster decline in forceps deliveries. Efforts have to be made to revive the art of instrumental vaginal delivery in the center to save it from extinction.


Cephalic allodynia (CA) can be observed in 50-70% of patients with chronic migraine (CM). The aim of this trial was to assess the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (Botx-A) in the treatment of CA associated with CM. In this placebo-controlled trial, patients were randomized either into Botx-A or 0.9% saline injections and efficacy measures were assessed every 4 weeks for 3 months. Efficacy endpoints were number of migraine episodes associated with CA, changes from baseline in visual analogical scale scores for pain (VAS) and frequency of common analgesics use for migraine. A total of 38 subjects were randomized to saline (n=18) or Botx-A (n=20). There were no significant differences in baseline between active intervention or placebo groups regarding mean age, number of headache episodes [mean 12.1 (9.22) and 17.00 (9.69) respectively; P=0.12], pain severity as measured by the VAS or frequency of analgesic use for headache episodes. Efficacy analysis showed that Botx-A injections led to an important decrease from baseline in the mean migraine episodes associated with CA after 12 weeks (5.20 versus 11.17; P=0.01). Also, VAS scores and frequency of analgesics use for headache were significantly reduced in the Botx-A group. This study suggests that Botx-A injections are superior to saline in the treatment of CA associated with CM, with mild self limited side effects.


It was over thirty years ago that a group of seemingly-embarrassed, high-ranking, Japanese officials- many of them appearing incongruous decked out in their formal attire, outfits which included, of all things, top hats and walking sticks- stood demurely in the hot morning sun on the starboard side of the United States battleship Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay. Here, these worried delegates listened anxiously as the American war hero and newly-appointed Occupation Director, five-star General Douglas MacArthur, still puffing on his worn-out corncob pipe, dictated the terms of surrender and the conditions of peace. A few minutes later, these Japanese dignitaries- all handpicked by their Emperor- affixed their signatures on the Surrender Document and on that moment, an event witnessed by hundreds of stern-faced American GIs jammed into the background, the Second World War was declared finally over. A few days after this ceremonious occasion, the events of this global conflict (officially, fifty-six nations had issued declarations of war in one form or another) gradually became part of the mainstream of U. S. history as millions of happy Americans, sitting comfortably in their living rooms some 5,000 miles away, began to savor the material goods and new prosperity that the Peace was slowly bringing. It had been a strange time for the American people. They had followed the hostilities for those four long years in newspapers and magazines (even with the censorship), had clustered around their radios listening intently to the latest news bulletins or messages-of-morale from their wartime President, FDR, their leader, who insisted on unconditional surrender. They had crowded themselves into the neighborhood motion picture theaters- the "shows," as they were so often called- to watch their favorite male stars, now members of Uncle Sam's armed forces, strangle some inept Nazi guard with his bare hands, throw the body over the cliff, pilfer the new super-duper German defense plans, rescue his girlfriend from some dank cellar, and then, blow up Gestapo Headquarters, where, inside, Erich von Stroheim- complete with monocle and suede gloves- and his ilk were planning the enslavement of the entire world. With equal candor, the Japanese were likewise decimated when such intrepid heroes as Randolph Scott- having changed his cowboy regalia for Marine Corps khaki-would lead an attack team on some remote Pacific island, firing his machine gun from the hip with deadly accuracy while tossing hand grenades into Japanese pillboxes almost the same way that Bob Feller would throw his fastball, a year or two later, into the much publicized mitt of catcher Frankie Hays over in Cleveland's Municipal Stadium. About a decade later- when a new generation was growing up- the events of World War II had all but vanished from newspaper and magazine reports because, by now, another war- The Cold War- was in full swing and millions of Americans were being warned about toe dangers of Communism and the evils of Uncle Joe and his gang of godless Bolsheviks. Radio had been replaced by television and many of the neighborhood "shows," now anachronisms of a new medium, were gradually closing down, their innards being transformed into supermarkets or tire storage warehouses. As television emerged as the predominant medium in popular culture, it only followed that many Americans, formerly too young to remember the scenario of the Second World War, would soon learn about this conflict by watching the numerous propaganda films-those motion pictures during the War which glorified the Allied Forces, and, at the same time, vilified the Axis Powers-that were being shown time and time again on the TV screen. Television was teaching this new generation toe whereabouts of such obscure places as Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal, Casino, Rotterdam, Casablanca, Makin Island, Dieppe, or Bataan; television dropped strange-sounding sobriquets- nicknames of many American heroes- right in the center of the living room floor: "Howling Mad" Smith, "Vinegar" Joe Stillwell, and "Pappy" Chennault. …


National and international legislations have agreed that the population of lactic bacteria in yogurt must be viable and not less than 10 ufc/g. In Venezuela, during last years, observations indicate that the number of viable cells in some commercial samples show high variations, as low levels. This research attempted to find the origin of this problem in the local industry. For this purpose 105 commercial samples were analyzed during their shelf life and 32 samples of yogurt prepared in the laboratory following the flow diagram of the local industry. The different conditions of freeze dried lactic culture, were also analyzed. These samples were evaluated for viable cell count of lactic bacteria and possible variations of pH and acidity. The absence or low number of lactic bacteria detected in some commercial samples is due to the use of inadequate working cultures that show imbalanced proportions of the two microorganisms, besides a low count below 106ufc/g. The succesive propagation and storage time of mother culture, and the overacidification of the product, produce subletal injury to the microbial cells of the yogurt starter culture. The data indicate that manufacturing practices significantly affect the survival of the lactic flora.


Commentators and courts alike have ignored the Supreme Court's forthright assertion in City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989), that government can use its spending power to eradicate the effects of private discrimination. Croson makes it clear that private discrimination can be a constitutionally sufficient justification for government affirmative action, but provided little explanation. Filling out the contours of a private discrimination justification will largely decide the fate of affirmative action in government procurement. This is true because in some markets there is little evidence of current public discrimination, whereas private discrimination remains pervasive. Building on key language from Croson, this Article offers three private discrimination rationales: (1) to ensure that government spending does not directly or indirectly facilitate private discrimination (causal); (2) to correct for the depressive effect of private discrimination on the capacity of minority-owned firms (but-for); and, most radically, (3) to correct for discrimination in parallel private markets (single-market). An example helps to illustrate the less familiar single-market justification: If private purchasers discriminate against minority pencil sellers, the government should be able to buy more pencils from minorities to make up for this shortfall. Finally, we suggest possible applications of the private discrimination justifications to education and employment.


We consider the learning problem under an online Markov decision process (MDP) aimed at learning the time-dependent decision-making policy of an agent that minimizes the regretthe difference from the best fixed policy. The difficulty of online MDP learning is that the reward function changes over time. In this letter, we show that a simple online policy gradient algorithm achieves regret for T steps under a certain concavity assumption and under a strong concavity assumption. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to present an online MDP algorithm that can handle continuous state, action, and parameter spaces with guarantee. We also illustrate the behavior of the proposed online policy gradient method through experiments.


Background: The equipments for taking body weights (scales) are more frequent in Cameroon health centres than measuring boards for heights. Even when the later exist there are some difficulties inherent in their qualities; thus the height measurement is not always available or accurate. Objective: To construct statistical models for predicting wasting from weight-for-age. Methods: 3742 children aged 0 to 59 months were enrolled in a cross-sectional household survey (2004 Cameroon Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)) covering the entire Cameroon national territory. Results: There were highly significant association between underweight and wasting. For all discriminant statistical methods used, the test error rates (using an independent testing sample) are less than 5%; the Area Under the Curve (AUC) using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) is 0.86. Conclusions: Weight-for-age can be used for accurately classifying a child whose wasting status is unknown. The result is useful in Cameroon as too often the height measurements may not be feasible, thus the need for estimating wasted children.


In this study, we proposed a Fuzzy and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)-based negotiation support mechanism (FAHP-NEGO) to support the dynamic negotiation in Electronic Commerce (EC). Most of former researches proposed the negotiation support mechanisms, which were based on quantitative conditions only. In real-world case, however, it was crucial to have qualitative negotiation conditions such as relative preference, trust, and way of payment. To overcome these limitations, we combined AHP and fuzzy membership function into hybrid negotiation mechanism FAHP-NEGO. AHP was known as an effective mechanism to estimate the users' relative preference among alternatives (offers). In addition, fuzzy membership function could reflect the user's individual cognition for specific domain. In this study, AHP was used to estimate the buyer's relative preference for each offer from sellers. Then, fuzzy membership function represented the buyer/seller's cognition for each condition such as quantity, price, quality, and delivery. In the implementation process, a hypothetical data for healthcare products purchase was given to illustrate the negotiation quality of FAHP-NEGO. The results showed that the FAHP-NEGO mechanism could reflect both qualitative and quantitative efficiently.


Mechanized tunnelling in soft ground has evolved significantly over the last 20 years. However, the interaction between the tunnel boring machine (TBM) and the ground is often understood through idealized concepts, focused mostly on the machine actions in detriment of the reactions from the ground. These concepts cannot be used to explain several mechanisms that have been observed during the construction of mechanized tunnels. Therefore, this paper presents the path from field observations to the theoretical developments to model the TBM-ground interaction more realistically. Some ideas on how these developments can be applied into practice are presented. Finally, a discussion is proposed about how an effective collaboration between academia and industry can alleviate the current concentration of knowledge in the state of practice.


Festival Report: Whether or not 2015 marks a crossing over into the postqueer era, LGBT cinematic traditions are being exuberantly reconfigured in ways that reflect widespread recent human rights victories in many parts of the world alongside once-unimaginable levels of enlightened acceptance. MIX Copenhagen9s thirtieth anniversary film festival in October displayed a sense of a newly empowered and confident queer cultural consciousness, with films that embodied less angst and more unbridled celebration. If queer narratives have tended to deploy a strategy predicated upon confronting presumptive prejudice, many now seem more simply and resplendently straightforward—at least relatively unapologetic, unafraid, and uncomplicated. Films reviewed include: Hidden Away ; Margarita, With a Straw ; Stories of Our Lives ; Do I Sound Gay? ; and The Danish Girl .


This paper will explore the potential of e-learning for promoting student-centred approaches, and discuss the issues that arise when adapting traditional content for delivery online. Finally it will evaluate key factors determining successful instructional design. To overcome the seismic paradigm shifts occurring in higher education it is fundamental to clarify one's choice of pedagogy and how best to engage the learner this will lead one to decide on an appropriate approach or model when designing the module. Teaching in Higher Education is about developing critical thinking in students. More specifically, it is about developing the ability to identify, analyse and challenge the assumptions, one's own and those of others, that contextualise and situate knowledge. It is about communicating knowledge, engendering a love of knowledge and embedding an ethical approach to the handling of knowledge. It is about showing people how to explore, investigate and, ultimately, to research and develop new knowledge. This last is a key interface between teaching and research: teaching becomes about developing the skills of research - but these also happen to be the skills particularly suited to (a) gaining a mastery of subject and discipline, and (b) being an active and contributing member of learning society in a global age.


In this study, according to the characteristics of above-water remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) curves, we put our samples into different classes, and for each class, find a best retrieving model among the first-derivative model, band ratio model and three-band model to show the correlation between Rrs data and the concentration of chlorophyll-a. As a result, it is proved that Rrs curves can be classified into 6 classes by differences in peaks around the wavelength of 560nm or 705nm, as well as valleys around the wavelength of 630nm or 680nm. Compared with non-classified retrieving models based on the whole data set, classified models reduce the absolute value of average relative error (RE) range from 7.39% to 39.85%, effectively improve the retrieving precision.


Currently, there is a great deal of interest in developing tools for the generation and use of ontologies on the WWW. These knowledge structures are considered essential to the success of the semantic web, the next phase in the evolution of the WWW. Much recent work with ontologies assumes that the concepts used as building blocks are crisp as opposed to approximate. It is a premise of this paper that approximate concepts and ontologies will become increasingly more important as the semantic web becomes a reality. We propose a framework for specifying, generating and using approximate ontologies. More specifically, (1) a formal framework for defining approximate concepts, ontologies and operations on approximate concepts and ontologies is presented. The framework is based on intuitions from rough set theory; (2) algorithms for automatically generating approximate ontologies from traditional crisp ontologies or from large data sets together with additional knowledge are presented. The knowledge will generally be related to similarity measurements between individual objects in the data sets, or constraints of a logical nature which rule out particular constellations of concepts and dependencies in generated ontologies.The techniques for generating approximate ontologies are parameterizable. The paper provides specific instantiations and examples.


There is widespread and long-running discontent with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a measure of progress for society. A number of alternative measures have been proposed, including the Genuine Progress Index (GPI). A GPI has been developed by local government in the Wellington region (New Zealand) to facilitate a rethinking of conventional notions of 'progress'. The Wellington Region GPI (WRGPI) is modelled upon the Nova Scotia GPI, which is a pluralistic index consisting of environmental, social, economic and cultural indicators with either physical or monetary values. The study explores a 'good practice' approach to public participation in the development of the GPI, and provides an overview of the context within which it fits. A synergistic link was found between the Nova Scotia GPI framework and the framework provided by the Local Government Act community outcomes process. Despite this synergy, and the commitment to the GPI on the part of local authorities, a number of challenges emerged from the context. These include the poor integration of the existing community outcomes into institutional decision-making, a weak institutional commitment to the economic valuation procedure of the GPI, and the desire on the part of the present local government minister to reduce the scope of local government. In light of these challenges, a 'good practice' approach has been developed with a normative component: deliberation, influence & inclusion, and a methodological component: purpose, process & context. Deliberation was stressed as a particularly important tool to facilitate institutional and social learning around the WRGPI and to build the value case and a constituency for the WRGPI across the local authorities and community, and therefore increasing the likelihood that conventional notions of 'progress' will be replaced with more holistic ones. While this case study provides insights into the challenge of integrating a GPI into local governance, it is still too early to judge whether the initiative will emerge as a viable alternative to the GDP for the Wellington region.


The digital imaging revolution has made the camera ubiquitous; however, image quality has not improved at the same rate as the increase in camera availability. Increasingly more cameras are small, with inexpensive lenses, no flash, and lightweight bodies that are difficult to hold steady, and this results in images with blur, noise, and poor color-balance. Consequently, there is a strong need for simple, automatic, and accurate methods for image correction. This dissertation, presents work that uses "content-specific" image models and priors for image enhancement.
Image enhancement is a challenge problem—corrections such as deblurring, denoising, and color-correction are ill-posed, where the number of unknown values outweighs the number of observations. As a result, it is necessary to add additional information as constraints. Previous work has focused on using generic image priors that are applicable to a large number of images. In this work, we develop constraints that are tuned to the specific content of an image.
First, we discuss a fast, accurate blur estimation method that models all edges in a sharp image as step-edges. The method predicts the "sharp" version of a blurry input image and uses the two images together to solve for a PSF.
Second, we discuss a framework for image deblurring and denoising that uses local color statistics to produce sharp, low-noise results. Even when the blur function is known, deblurring an image is still quite difficult due to information loss during blurring and due to the presence of noise. In our work, we investigate using local-color statistics of an image in a joint framework for deblurring and denoising of images.
Lastly, we discuss work in methods that use "identity-specific" priors to perform corrections for images containing faces. These priors provide the guidance needed to perform high-quality corrections needed for known, familiar faces. Deblurring, super-resolution, color-balancing, and exposure correction operate independently, so that a user can correct selected image properties, while still retaining certain desired qualities of the original photo. We have also developed a prototype application for performing these corrections.


Despite the launching of a family planning programme in Ghana about 5 decades ago, the country's family planning prevalence rate remains relatively low and its total fertility rate is still considerably high compared with other African countries. One of the factors that may contribute to the low family planning prevalence rate and thus the slow fertility decline in Ghana is the perception of family planning use among married men and women in Ghana. This study sought to examine the perception of family planning use among married men and women at Anomabu community in the Mfantseman Municipality of the Central Region of Ghana. Data were collected among married men and women who were in their reproductive ages (15-49 years). Questionnaires were administered to 200 randomly selected respondents. The data collected were analyzed with Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) software version 21 and presented using graphs and tables. The results revealed that 82.5% of the respondents had knowledge about family planning with media (radio, TV and internet) being the major source of information about family planning. Fifty-two percent of the respondents had ever used at least a type of family planning with 59.5% ever used modern type of family planning. However, 81% of the respondents were currently using at least a type of family planning of which 87.5% were also using modern family planning method. In conclusion, the findings indicate that respondents had high knowledge about family planning, especially the modern family planning method.


Fingering, veining, channelling and focussing of porous fluids are widely observed phenomena in the Earth's interior, driving a range of geo-processes across all scales. While observations suggest fairly localized flow patterns induced by fractures, the classical Darcian model predicts diffusive behaviour that leads to never-ending spreading and delocalization. We here investigate an alternative physical mechanism without the need to involve fractures. Decompaction weakening leads to the formation and propagation of localized flow-pathways in fluid-saturated porous media. We numerically solve the coupled equations using high-resolution 2-D and 3-D numerical modelling to predict non-linear porous flow in a non-linearly viscously deforming matrix. We show that high-porosity channels may be a dynamic and natural outcome of sufficiently resolved hydromechanical coupling and decompaction weakening. We propose an efficient solution strategy that involves an iterative pseudo-transient numerical method to solve the coupled system of equations in a matrix-free fashion. We discuss benefits and limitations of this approach that performs optimally on hardware accelerators such as graphical processing units and is well-suited for supercomputing. We benchmark the pseudo-transient routines against commonly used direct-iterative solving strategies and show convergence towards identical results. Furthermore, we use the fast solver to systematically study in 2-D the high-porosity channel propagation velocity as a function of bulk and shear viscosity ratios and report discrepancy between 2-D and 3-D configurations. We conclude that the fluid-flow rate in the channels is up to three orders of magnitude higher than expected by pure Darcian flow regimes and show that the high-porosity channels occurrence remains with strain rate dependant shear viscosity. We provide both the 2-D MATLAB-based direct-iterative and pseudo-transient routines for full reproducibility of the presented results and suggest our model configuration as a key benchmark case to validate the implementation of hydromechanical coupling in 2-D and 3-D numerical codes. The routines are available from Bitbucket and the Swiss Geocomputing Centre website, and are also supporting information to this paper


This article seeks to identify and proffer solutions to the problems confronting the theatre arts teacher training in Nigerian colleges of education. It also advances the prospects of effective theatre arts teacher training in the educational sector and the society at large. In doing these, the researcher adopts the interview, focus group discussion (FGD) and observation methods to collect data. Given that many colleges of education in Nigeria offer theatre arts as a course, the researcher narrows down the scope of the research to Katsina-Ala and Oju Colleges of Education in Benue State. The major finding of the study is that, the theatre arts teacher training programme is confronted with numerous problems which militate against its effective execution, thereby making the aim of the programme to be almost defeated. It argues that the theatre arts teacher occupies a central place in equipping school children with creative and imaginative skills, which are capable of building their lives through the teaching of drama, creative arts and music in primary and post primary school levels. It is in view of this that the study recommends that the government, college management and lecturers of theatre arts in colleges of education should show a high sense of commitment in improving the quality of theatre arts teachers trained at that level of tertiary education. Keywords: Theatre arts teacher, Nigerian colleges of education, Learning, NCCE, NUC, Theatre arts


Thermotolerant yeasts, which are expected to be applicable for high-temperature fermentation as an economical process, were isolated from four provinces in Laos. Of these yeasts, five isolates exhibited stronger fermentation abilities in a 16% sugars-containing medium of glucose, sucrose, sugarcane or molasses at 40°C than that of Kluyveromyces marxianus DMKU 3-1042, one of the most thermotolerant and efficient yeasts isolated previously in Thailand. One of the five strains, BUNL-17, exhibited the highest ethanol fermentation performance at 45°C. Yeast identification was achieved by whole-cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis as well as by nucleotide sequencing of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene, revealing that the isolated strains can be categorized into Pichia kudriavzevii, Cyberlindnera rhodanensis and K. marxianus and that all of the five strains are K. marxianus. The results of this study showed that the former analysis is much faster than the latter and reliable and equivalent to the latter.

 Key words: Ethanol fermentation, thermotolerant yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus.


Landslides are critical natural disasters characterized by a downward movement of land masses. As one of the deadliest types of disasters worldwide, they have a high death toll every year and cause a large amount of economic damage. The transition between urban and rural areas is characterized by highways, which, in rugged Himalayan terrain, have to be constructed by cutting into the mountains, thereby destabilizing them and making them prone to landslides. This study was conducted in one most landslide-prone regions of the entire Himalayan belt, i.e., National Highway NH-44 (the Jammu–Srinagar stretch). The main objectives of this study are to understand the causes behind the regular recurrence of the landslides in this region and propose a landslide early warning system (LEWS) based on the most suitable machine learning algorithms among the four selected, i.e., multiple linear regression, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), random forest, and decision tree. It was found that ANFIS and random forest outperformed the other proposed methods with a substantial increase in overall accuracy. The LEWS model was developed using the land system parameters that govern landslide occurrence, such as rainfall, soil moisture, distance to the road and river, slope, land surface temperature (LST), and the built-up area (BUA) near the landslide site. The developed LEWS was validated using various statistical error assessment tools such as the root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), confusion matrix, out-of-bag (OOB) error estimation, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). The outcomes of this study can help to manage landslide hazards in the Himalayan urban–rural transition zones and serve as a sample study for similar mountainous regions of the world.


Studies that have addressed the question of whether adults and children respond differently to male and female infants because o factual differences in the infants or because of preconceived sex stereotypes are reviewed, and the overall conclusions from these studies are evaluated. Twenty-three studies were identified in which neutrally clothed infant stimuli were labeled male in some conditions and female in other conditions. The strength and consistency of gender labeling effects on perceptions and behaviors in these studies were appraised. The results indicate that knowledge of an infant's gender is not a consistent determinant of adults" reactions, but more strongly influences young children's reactions. The implications of these findings for research on early sex role socialization are considered.


Our goal is to enable deeper learning by undergraduate engineering students via experience with an open-ended design project. In addition to knowledge, comprehension, and application, engineering design requires students to analyze and synthesize. Furthermore, students must practice divergent thinking to explore the entire design space, which is an immensely important skill for developing creative and effective solutions. Learning design via a team-based design project promotes cognitive skills, social skills, management skills, and positive personal traits. Design and development of an open ended design project is discussed. The team-based project progresses over approximately ten weeks in an elementary strength of materials course. This provides a significant design experience for engineering students that helps bridge the gap between the first-year engineering design course and the capstone design project that engineering students typically do in their senior year. The project requires student teams to: work together, apply standards, create a conceptual design, select appropriate materials, identify applied loading scenarios, perform the design analysis, check design calculations from another team, create design drawings, estimate the cost, and write a design report. In order to accomplish all this in a course like strength of materials, which is laden with analysis, the project must be well organized and accompanied with web-based tools. This paper discusses design of the design project, course content that is beyond the traditional strength of materials course coverage, and development of web-based tools that make this possible. The web-based tools provide guidance on: the design process with interactive examples, analysis and simulation, materials properties and selection, administering team projects (for instructors), working team projects (for students), as well as environmental, economical, social, and ethical issues.


This paper serves as a double purpose in the context of local administrations' information on line disclosure of Social Responsibility (SR). First, this study examines how levels of information dissemination of SR are evolving. Second, some fiscal, political, population, and socioeconomic factors were investigated as determinants of this information disclosed. A content analysis of the websites of the local government in a region of Spain was carried out. This region is the first which has a Corporate Social Responsibility Lay. Later, according to literature review, the authors propose a multiple linear regression model based on disclosure index scores calculated previously. On the one hand, the results show an increase in the amount of SR information disclosed between 2013 and 2016. On the other hand, the study concludes that larger municipalities with more resources, progressive party governments, and intense political competition present higher levels of information disclosure of social responsibility.


Polynucleotides enhance T cell-dependent antibody production in culture. Impaired antibody production in mice fed a nucleotide-free diet can be easily restored by in vivo supplementation of both a mononucleotide-nucleoside mixture (OG-VI) and polynucleotides. Polynucleotides appear to act partly by modulating antigen presentation processes mediated by cell surface molecules. We examined whether dietary fatty acid manipulation alters nucleotides' actions on humoral immunity. Antibody production was studied in C57B1/6 mice fed I) a nucleotide-free diet high in saturated fatty acid (SFA diet), 2) a nucleotide-free diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA diet), and 3) a regular nucleotide-free diet (control). In vivo and in vitro T cell-dependent antibody production decreased in all groups, but mice fed the SFA diet produced more antibody in vivo than did mice in the other diet groups. Spleen cells from mice fed the SFA diet also produced more interferon-alpha when stimulated with mitogens than did those from mice fed the control diet. In contrast, polynucleotides enhanced in vitro antibody production much less efficiently in mice fed the SFA diet than in the other mice and in vivo supplementation of OG-VI was also less effective in restoring impaired antibody production in these mice. A diet with a high content of SFA may alter nucleotides' action on humoral immune responses, in addition to its direct effects on immune functions.


Slurry-phase hydrocracking employing a dispersed catalyst is an efficient technology for the upgrading of residue to clean fuels. The green synthesis of 2D nanosheet hierarchical composites when carrying out some intrinsic functionalities is interesting for both scientific and technological applications. Herein, we present our effort in simultaneously enhancing the residue upgradation and synergistic fabrication of 2D MoS2 nanosheets/carbon hierarchical structures based on amorphous molybdenum sulfide nanocatalysts. The amorphous molybdenum sulfide nanocatalysts (MoSx-AM, x ≈ 2.79) are constructed in an inverse microemulsion system and are then either modified by oleic acid to synthesize oleophilic MoSx nanocatalysts (MoSx-OL) or annealed to obtain MoS2 nanocatalysts with the typical layered structure (denoted as MoSx-AN). Benefiting from the decomposition into 2D MoS2 nanosheets with a length less than 20 nm during the residue slurry-phase hydrocracking, MoSx-AM and MoSx-OL exhibit superior hydrogenation and anti-coke activity compared with MoSx-AN. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveal that the residue macromolecules with a polycyclic aromatic structure and heteroatoms show strong interaction with 2D MoS2 nanosheets, which disturbs the formation of a layered-structure of MoS2 and results in isolated 2D MoS2 nanosheets. The generated 2D MoS2 nanosheets with abundant active sites lead to the superior performance in residue slurry-phase hydrocracking. These results demonstrate a dispersed nanocatalyst for slurry-phase hydrocracking and also provide a perspective for the anti-coke of petroleum refining. In particular, this process also enabled the dispersed 2D MoS2 nanosheet/carbon hierarchical structure formation synergistically.


The implications of the spirituality of South Asian women for adult learning were examined through semistructured interviews of five South Asian women who resided in Canada. The women, who included students, working professionals, mothers, and single women, originated from Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka and were from Hindu, Moslem, and Buddhist backgrounds. Each interview lasted 30-60 minutes. Lack of clarity regarding the terms "spirituality" and "religion" was a common theme in all five interviews; however, all five women, shared a common understanding of what religion entails. Times of struggle served as stimulus for many of the women to reflect on their spiritual practices, and many of the women described their spirituality as a source of personal strength. All five women's perspectives on and views of spirituality were holistic in nature. The women's views were discussed in the context of Western developmental theories, including Kohlberg's theory of moral development, current feminist spirituality literature, transformative learning theory, and contemporary adult education practices. Adult educators in Canada were advised to increase their awareness of South Asian cultures and affirm and allow for their community orientation to meet South Asian women's needs in formal adult education classrooms. (Contains 31 references.) (MN) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************************


Previous work have suggested approaches to introduce dynamic element matching (DEM) into the reference net of a flash analog-to-digital converter. No implementations of such circuits have however been reported. In this work the authors evaluate the suitability and estimate the performance enhancements of a recently proposed DEM architecture by using this in the design of a 6-bit Nyquist rate converter. The converter is sent for manufacturing in a 130 nm partially depleted silicon-on-insulator CMOS technology. It was simulated at transistor level in Cadence using the foundry provided BSIM3SOI Eldo models. These simulations yield a maximum sampling frequency of at least 350 MHz. The simulations also indicate a performance improvement in terms of spurious free dynamic range when using dynamic element matching


Historical and anthropological encounters between culture and capital are conventionally staged in India, as elsewhere in Asia and parts of Europe such as Italy, as encounters between relationships and practices defined as cultural, and some set of definitional meanings, logics, institutions, and practices associated with capitalism and the market. Though few serious scholars now view 'culture' as ever fully formed, fixed, or unchanging, the modular stability of the relationships that are understood to constitute culture, and its habitations, meanings, deployments, and boundaries, have largely remained unshaken. This stability mirrors in turn the stability of the 'economy' as a domain of reason and calculation whose constitution and structure obey capital's compelling logic. In recent years the economy's seeming given-ness has been challenged in different ways by anthropologists, critical philosophers, and postcolonial theorists, all however emphasising what Susan Buck-Morss enunciates as its logical significance as a 'fundament of collective life' attendant on the constitution of the market as the 'null point of the social community'. Stages of Capital astutely picks its way through 'culture' and 'community' to map their mobile redoubts, expressions, relationships, power arrangements and boundaries in relation to the correlative constitution of the market as an object of regulation and governance, and to trace the mutual yet incomplete 'disembedding', as it were, of 'market' and 'culture'.


Purpose
There is a need for research that examines how digital networks can support all learners in open access to people, resources and experiences that were previously inaccessible in K-12 learning contexts. This study aims to examine the potential of open education theories and open practices in high school learning environments.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a design-based research approach, this study used the open learning design intervention framework to examine the experiences of a researcher, a teacher and Grade 10 students who expanded their learning from formal to informal learning environments by integrating open educational practices (OEP). The research occurred through three specific phases with iterative cycles that were responsive to research participants and data analysis at each phase.

Findings
The key findings suggest that open learning in high school is dependent upon opportunities for learners to co-design personally relevant learning pathways. The emerging design framework highlighted the need to emphasize the complexity of the students' lived experiences in connection with the curriculum (formal learning environments) to promote a diversity of perspectives and shared connections (in informal learning environments). Second, learners need the opportunity to share their learning experiences collaboratively and individually by transparently demonstrating their learning processes in relevant ways and open practices provide the digital and community spaces to share knowledge. Finally, open learning occurs through stages and continuums and is a personal learning experience that transcends the boundaries of formal learning environments.

Originality/value
This study expands the current conceptual framework of open learning design by contributing a K-12 lens from which to consider the potential of OEP to promote personal learning pathways. Although the research considered a K-12 context, the OLDI Framework can be extended upon and used in any open learning design context including higher education.


It's much easier to grasp complex data relationships with a graph than by scanning numbers in a spreadsheet. This introductory guide shows you how to use the R language to create a variety of useful graphs for visualizing and analyzing complex data for science, business, media, and many other fields. You'll learn methods for highlighting important relationships and trends, reducing data to simpler forms, and emphasizing key numbers at a glance. Anyone who wants to analyze data will find something useful here-even if you don't have a background in mathematics, statistics, or computer programming. If you want to examine data related to your work, this book is the ideal way to start. Get started with R by learning basic commands Build single variable graphs, such as dot and pie charts, box plots, and histograms Explore the relationship between two quantitative variables with scatter plots, high-density plots, and other techniques Use scatterplot matrices, 3D plots, clustering, heat maps, and other graphs to visualize relationships among three or more variables


Over the years a wealth of knowledge resources has been developed and collected in the Himalayan region, but very often the people who need these resources either don't know that they exist or cannot access or
understand them. Traditional methods of knowledge delivery are often not integrated with electronic sources of knowledge and means of transmission.The beekeeping project described here addresses the issue through
preparation of multimedia information materials by domain experts and automatic generation of a browser to be used by people who have no training in computing.A data structure composed of multimedia objects (texts, images, video and audio clips) in a local language provides the input to a system that generates the browser. Local specialists with a basic knowledge of computing can modify and customise the system by adding new materials relevant to the local environment.


Abstract. A 3-D hybrid ice-sheet model is applied to the last deglacial retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet over the last  ∼  20 000 yr. A large ensemble of 625 model runs is used to calibrate the model to modern and geologic data, including reconstructed grounding lines, relative sea-level records, elevation–age data and uplift rates, with an aggregate score computed for each run that measures overall model–data misfit. Two types of statistical methods are used to analyze the large-ensemble results: simple averaging weighted by the aggregate score, and more advanced Bayesian techniques involving Gaussian process-based emulation and calibration, and Markov chain Monte Carlo. The analyses provide sea-level-rise envelopes with well-defined parametric uncertainty bounds, but the simple averaging method only provides robust results with full-factorial parameter sampling in the large ensemble. Results for best-fit parameter ranges and envelopes of equivalent sea-level rise with the simple averaging method agree well with the more advanced techniques. Best-fit parameter ranges confirm earlier values expected from prior model tuning, including large basal sliding coefficients on modern ocean beds.


Long-term stability of perovskite solar cells appears to be the bottleneck that limits its large-scale industrialization. Herein, we innovatively introduce gallium(III) acetylacetonate (GaAA3) as the precursor additive to in situ induce a metal–organic-complex monomolecular intermediate ([GaAA3]4), which allows to realize CsxFA1−xPbI3–[GaAA3]4 (0 < x < 1) hybrid perovskite materials. The formed hybrid perovskites are proven to possess a thus far unreported structure with CsxFA1−xPbI3 core and [GaAA3]4 shell, and the presence of thin [GaAA3]4 shells remarkably enhances the hydrophobicity of the perovskite thin films. As a result of an effective passivation effect by the core/shell heterostructure, the formed perovskites demonstrate superior photoelectronic performance in comparison with the independent archetype 3-dimensional (3D) counterparts, e.g., they show low defect-state density, strong luminescence, and long lifetime of photo-generation charge carriers, which finally result in a high power conversion efficiency of 18.24% for core–shell planar perovskite solar cells. Equally important, the stabilized power output (SPO) of the unencapsulated cell remains over 18% for 5 h in an adverse atmosphere with 50% relative humidity (RH). The present study provides a facile approach to fabricate core–shell perovskite solar cells with high efficiency and long-term stability against moisture.


Magnetic reconnection can power spectacular high-energy astrophysical phenomena by producing nonthermal energy distributions in highly magnetized regions around compact objects. By means of two-dimensional fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we investigate relativistic collisionless plasmoid-mediated reconnection in magnetically dominated pair plasmas with and without a guide field. In X-points, where diverging flows result in a nondiagonal thermal pressure tensor, a finite residence time for particles gives rise to a localized collisionless effective resistivity. Here, for the first time for relativistic reconnection in a fully developed plasmoid chain, we identify the mechanisms driving the nonideal electric field using a full Ohm law by means of a statistical analysis based on our PIC simulations. We show that the nonideal electric field is predominantly driven by gradients of nongyrotropic thermal pressures. We propose a kinetic physics motivated nonuniform effective resistivity model that is negligible on global scales and becomes significant only locally in X-points. It captures the properties of collisionless reconnection with the aim of mimicking its essentials in nonideal magnetohydrodynamic descriptions. This effective resistivity model provides a viable opportunity to design physically grounded global models for reconnection-powered high-energy emission.