Here we provide a new assessment of the global mean energy fluxes from a surface perspective and present an associated diagram of the global mean energy balance, adapted from the study by Wild et al. (2013) [1] with two slight modifications as outlined in this paper. The radiative energy exchanges between Sun, Earth and space are now accurately quantified from new satellite missions. Much less has been known about the magnitude of the energy flows within the climate system and at the Earth surface, which cannot be directly measured by satellites. In addition to satellite observations, we make extensive use of the growing number of surface observations to constrain the global energy balance not only from space, but also from the surface. We combine these observations with the latest modeling efforts performed for the 5th IPCC assessment report to infer best estimates for the global mean surface radiative components. Our analyses favor global mean downward surface solar and thermal radiation values near 185 and 342 Wm−2, respectively, which are most compatible with surface observations. Combined with an estimated surface absorbed solar radiation and thermal emission of 161 Wm−2 and 398 Wm−2, respectively, this leaves 105 Wm−2 of surface net radiation available for distribution amongst the non-radiative surface energy balance components. Considering an imbalance of 0.6 Wm−2, the global mean sensible and latent heat fluxes are estimated at 20 and 84 Wm−2, respectively, to close the surface energy balance. The global mean surface radiative fluxes derived here in combination with a latent heat flux of 84 Wm−2 may be able to reconcile currently disputed inconsistencies between energy and water cycle estimates. The findings of this study are compiled into a new global energy balance diagram.


aggressive behaviour. Their findings could be echoed anecdotallv elsewhere. Such behaviours are widely considered to be environmentally determined and are learnt and positively reinforced by the institutional environment. Following the principles of normalisation, therefore, these patients should also have been discharged. The paper reinforces our experience that despite the piety of much that is written concerning normalisation and deinstitutionalisation the general population and social services departments may be reluctant to integrate such people into the community.


Summary: We performed a retrospective study of 30 patients with presumed intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent chronic intracranial EEG monitoring (CIEM). Multicontact depth electrodes were stereotactically implanted through the medial occipital lobe into amygdala and hippocampus. All patients had previously undergone extracranial ictal EEG monitoring that proved inadequate to localize the epileptogenic zone. No morbidity as associated with CIEM in the 30 patients. Twenty‐five patients were shown to have exclusively or predominantly unilateral temporal lobe seizures, and 5 patients had bitemporal seizures without unilateral predominance; 24 patients subsequently underwent an anterotemporal lobe cortical resection. Twenty‐one patients have been followed a minimum of 1 year postoperatively. Nine patients (43%) had a class I outcome (seizure‐free, auras only, or provoked seizures), 3 patients (14%) had a class I1 outcome (≥95% seizure reduction), 4 patients (19%) had a class III outcome (≥50% seizure reduction); and 5 patients (24%) had a class IV outcome (<50% seizure reduction or no change). A prolonged interhemispheric propagation time (p <0.01) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR1)‐identified hippocampal atrophy (p <0.01) correlated with a favorable surgical outcome. Results of this study may prove useful in counseling patients who undergo CIEM before temporal lobe surgery.


PURPOSE
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has been shown to be an important therapeutic intervention after the development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but historically has been underused. Inpatient CR often represents cardiac patients' first exposure to risk factor modification education and acts as a gateway to outpatient programs.

METHODS
The authors performed a longitudinal study of the use of inpatient CR in 5204 Worcester residents hospitalized with validated AMI in seven 1-year periods between 1986 and 1997.

RESULTS
The overall rate of referral to inpatient CR was 68%, with a slight decline in use to less than 60% in the authors' most recent study year of 1997. Referred patients were significantly more likely to be younger, male, or enrolled in a health maintenance organization; they were less likely to have a history of heart failure or stroke. They were significantly more likely to receive medications shown to be of benefit in the management of AMI and to undergo cardiac interventional procedures. In 1997, patients participating in inpatient CR were more likely to have documented inpatient counseling about nutrition, exercise, smoking, and stress reduction.

DISCUSSION
The results of this multihospital community-wide study suggest relatively stable, but recently decreasing, use of inpatient CR over the past decade. Women and the elderly are underrepresented in these programs. Patients not referred to inpatient rehabilitation were less likely to be prescribed effective cardiac medications and undergo risk factor modification counseling prior to discharge. Further studies are needed to better understand the reasons for patient exclusion from the benefits of inpatient CR.


BACKGROUND
The presence of virus and bacteria in the airways of subjects with asthma is common and seems to be associated with a deterioration due to the disease. The microbiologic study of airways in asthma is foreseen by guidelines with induced sputum that is often ineffective and contraindicated in severe asthma.

AIM
To analyze the fungal microbiome in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of subjects with asthma by evaluating a possible correlation with anthropometric and asthma severity data.

METHODS
We enrolled 47 consecutive subjects with asthma (28 with atopic asthma and 19 with nonatopic asthma) and 20 controls. Enrolled subjects underwent EBC and sputum collection. Fungal microbiome was assessed by culture on EBC and sputum samples by using Czapek yeast extract agar.

RESULTS
A fungal colonization in the EBC of 70% of enrolled subjects with asthma was detected (none detected in the controls). An overlap of fungal microbiome in EBC and sputum was observed (100% of overlap). Fungal colonization was higher in subjects without atopic, obesity, and severe and uncontrolled asthma.

CONCLUSION
When considering the high morbidity and mortality of patients with severe asthma in whom we found an important fungal airways colonization, we support the use of the analysis of exhaled fungal microbiome in these subjects.


Abstract : This report documents the bathymetric and shoreline response to a three-segment detached breakwater and beach-fill shore protection project constructed in 1982 at Lakeshore Park, Ashtabula, OH. The beach fill was rapidly lost from the project area, and a monitoring program was established in 1984 to document the loss of beach material and to evaluate the performance of the project. Data collected during the monitoring program include bathymetric surveys, aerial photography, and Littoral Environment Observation (LEO) data. Results from the monitoring program and subsequent analysis indicate the placed beach material was finer graded than was specified; the majority of this material was shoaled in a boat launch area at the western end of the park. Based on LEO data, a volume change analysis, and a frequent need in the postproject period to dredge the boat launch area at the western end of the park, an east to west direction of sediment transport was indicated. Comparisons with other segmented detached breakwater- projects indicate that performance of the Lakeshore Park structures may be improved by adding stone to decrease the gap width between segments or to increase the crest elevation. Recent modifications to Lakeshore Park, two groins built at either end of the project area and coarser graded beach fill, are discussed in the report. Based on results from the monitoring program, the west groin should present an effective trap for littoral sediment provided it extends out to intercept longshore moving material. In addition, the coarser graded fill should provide a more stable beach. (fr)


Chloraserrtone A (1), a new sesquiterpenoid dimer with two lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid monomers bridged by two six-membered rings, was obtained from Chloranthus serratus. A combination of UV, IR, NMR, HRESIMS, and X-ray diffraction data were used to elucidate the structure of 1. Compound 1 represents the first lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid dimer with extremely unique C-15-C-15', C-4-C-6', and C-6-C-11' linkages to form two six-membered rings between the monomeric units. A plausible biosynthesis toward chloraserrtone A is proposed. This new compound (1), together with the known lindenane dimers (2-11), were assessed for their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Compound 6 showed activity with an IC50 value of 3.7 μM.


. We introduce a platform which supplies an easy-to-handle, interactive, extendable, and fast analysis tool for time series analysis. In contrast to other software suits like Maple, Matlab, or R, which use a command-line-like interface and where the user has to memorize/look-up the appropriate commands, our application is select-and-click-driven. It allows to derive many different sequences of deviations for a given time series and to visualize them in different ways in order to judge their expressive power and to reuse the procedure found. For many transformations or model-fits, the user may choose between manual and automated parameter selection. The user can define new transformations and add them to the system. The application contains efficient implementations of advanced and recent techniques for time series analysis including techniques related to extreme value analysis and filtering theory. It has been successfully applied to time series in economics, e.g. reinsurance, and to vibrational stress data for machinery. The software is web-deployed, but runs on the user's machine, allowing to process sensitive data locally without having to send it away. The software can be accessed under http://www.imm.dtu.dk/~paf/TSA/launch.html.


Abstract Broad variation in egg hatching success observed in gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) populations led us to investigate hatching success and other reproductive attributes within a unique, high-quality site in the eastern portion of the species' range. We documented use of a juvenile tortoise burrow as a nest site, a mean clutch size of 5.9 eggs, long oviposition-to-hatchling emergence times (96–128 d), and 73% hatching success for predator-protected eggs. Although consistent with previous reports of greater hatching success in eastern gopher tortoise populations than in western ones, hatching success at our eastern site was on the low end of values from other eastern populations, possibly reflecting above average rainfall during this study.


Abstract This paper analyses the model of interaction at the heart of Axel Honneth's social philosophy. It argues that inter action in his mature ethics of recognition has been reduced to intercourse between human persons and that the role of nature is now missing from it. The ethics of recognition takes into account neither the material dimensions of individual and social action, nor the normative meaning of non-human persons and natural environments. The loss of nature in the mature ethics of recognition is made visible through a comparison with Honneth's initial formulation of his project. As an anthropology of intersubjectivity combining the teaching of the German philosophical anthropologists and G.H. Mead, his first model sought to ground social theory in the natural preconditions of human action. The last part of the article argues that a return to Mead's theory of practical intersubjectivity informed by Merleau-Ponty's germane theory of intercorporeity provides essential conceptual tools to enable the integration of the natural and the material within the theory of recognition.


Purpose: Several studies have proved that poor health state is a major risk factor for numerous unwanted effects. This study aimed to assess quality of life (QoL) and determine various factors persuading QoL in health care workers (HCWs). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study using WHOQOL-BREF research tool was designed and conducted among HCWs in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia. Descriptive, comparative, and inferential statistics were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: A total of 289 HCWs participated in the final study, 48% were male and 52% were female. A total of 69% of the study HCWs were married, and 58% had <10 years of experience. Statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05) in marital status, education level, income, and year of practice were found in various domains of WHOQOL-BREF. Overall, mixed findings in various domains of WHOQOL-BREF were observed regarding HCWs' QoL in the studied cohort. Conclusion: The results indicated that HCWs had good-excellent QoL in various domains of WHOQOL-BREF in Saudi Arabia.


Globally and locally, ongoing demographic, sociocultural and economic changes have implications for unpaid carers. For those who provide unpaid care, particularly at higher intensities, there is substantial evidence of negative effects on employment, health and wellbeing, with associated individual and societal costs. For these reasons, there is increasing policy emphasis on supporting unpaid care in the UK, mirrored, and in some cases exceeded, internationally. This paper aims to provide an overview of the international evidence on effective support for unpaid carers. This evidence synthesis finds an extensive literature on a wide range of potentially effective interventions to support unpaid carers under the broad categories of indirect support (services for the care-recipient), direct support (such as psychological therapies), work conditions, and combinations of these. However, there are significant gaps in the evidence base with regards to interventions, outcomes and types of caring situation studied, with a dearth of evidence on cost-effectiveness and few evaluations of key recent policy initiatives. Evidence is strongest and most consistent for formal care services for people with care needs (so-called 'replacement' or 'substitution' care); flexible working conditions; psychological therapy, training and education interventions; and support groups. In many cases it may be that a combination of interventions is most effective. These findings have implications for social care policy and practice which aims to support carers, particularly in the context of the changing landscape of global macro-level processes and recent policy, legislative and funding changes for local authority and voluntary sector providers of support and services for carers in the UK.


This is described as the first of a series of annual volumes to be based on the series of lectures under this title which are arranged each winter by the British Postgraduate Medical Federation. Of the 39 lectures delivered during the winter of 1951-2, 18 are included in this first annual volume. The range of topics is wide, and it is not possible to summarize them in a few words. Most of the articles are transscripts of the lectures and run to 6,000-8,000 words. Two of them, however, have been expanded to over 20,000 words -" Studies of Normal and Pathological Physiology of the Kidney," by Van Slyke, and " Growth of the Human at the Time of Adolescence," by J. M. Tanner-and must therefore be regarded as reviews rather than lectures. In previous book reviews I have expressed doubts about the value of collecting series of lectures into annual volumes unless they are of the nature of a symposium. The proper place for lectures on the scientific basis of medicine is in the weekly journals, despite recent suggestions that many members of our profession are interested only in reading a strictly practical journal for general practitioners. Leaving this question on one side, I believe that most doctors who have preserved the habit of reading would enjoy each and any of the 18 lectures printed in this volume, whatever branch of medicine they are pursuing, and the British Postgraduate Medical Federation is to be congratulated on having stimulated the production of these interesting lectures.


KME Cu-DLP is a phosphorus-deoxidized copper that contains a minimum of 99.90% copper and a small amount of residual phosphorus. Owing to the presence of residual phosphorus the electrical conductivity of KME Cu-DLP is lower than that of the high-conductivity and oxygen-free coppers (Cu-ETP, Cu-FRHC, and Cu-OF). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Cu-917. Producer or source: KME Germany GmbH.


This study was conducted at Kyerima village, Kitimbwa Subcounty, Mukono district, eastern Uganda to determine the effect of watering frequency on water consumption, feed intake, feed digestibility and body weight gain of local Nganda sheep. Sixteen, fourmonths old male sheep, of approximately 16 kg each were purchased locally and housed in individual pens in the same barn. The animals were randomly assigned to the following four treatments (watering frequencies): (l) Ad-libitum water supply water available at all times (Ti); (2) Once after 24 hour (To) animals watered for 30 minutes every 24 hours; (3) Once after 48 hours (T,i) animals watered for 30 minutes after 48 hours. (4) Once after 72 hours(T+) animals watered for 30 minutes after 72 hours. The animals were subjected to a preliminary period of one month during which they were fed on the experimental diet. The results showed that watering frequency had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the amount of water consumed, dry matter consumed, dry matter digestibility and body weight gain of the sheep. The sheep in treatment Ti consumed the greatest amount of water and feed followed by those under To, T :i and T t, respectively. There was a linear positive relationship between water and dry matter intake (R= 0.94). Likewise, there was a linear positive relationship between water intake and dry matter digestibility (R= 0.86). The results showed a significant effect (P < 0.05) of watering frequency on the body weight gain. There was also a linear positive relationship between watering frequency and the body weight gain (R= 0.94). Ti sheep gained the highest weight followed by those under To, T* andTh respectively. The results of this study strongly suggest that intermittent watering inversely impacts the sheep in terms of the amount of water and feed they consume, their feed digestibility and ultimately their performance. Hence, free access to water is the ideal situation in which the sheep performance is highest. However, since free access to water is not possible in arid and semi-arid lands, our results suggest that sheep should he watered at least once daily for better performance.


This interview occurred during the New Orléans Afrikan Film and Arts Festival (NOAFEST) events dedicated to Charles Burnett and his producer Ed Santiago, held in New Orleans, Louisiana, on August 7–8, 2008. It is comprised of two parts derived from two conversations with Charles Burnett. In Part 1, Burnett engages in conversation on stage followed by the screening of To Sleep with Anger (1990) at the Ashé Cultural Arts Center. In Part 2, Burnett discusses his film practice, aesthetic and social concerns, the UCLA film school experience, and the obstacles to working in Hollywood and mainstream media. The interview concludes with a lengthy conversation about the similarities and distinctiveness of Killer of Sheep (1977) and Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation (2007), which premiered at NOAFEST, along with his six-minute documentary on Hurricane Katrina, Quiet as Kept (2007). The interview was conducted by Michael T. Martin with the participation of Eileen Julien, NOAFEST Co-President.


The earliest American forest resource management plans date to the birth of the forestry profession around 1900. For the next half century, these management plans were essentially timber production management plans. Certainly, other forest values, especially watershed protection, were important parts of the planning. But not until the second half of the twentieth century did multiple-use and a wide array of forest values become normal components of a forest management plan. Within the last twenty-five years forest management plans have developed a forest stewardship or sustainable forest management foundation. That is, a forest resource management plan is now expected to consider an entire set of forest values, to have a long-term sustainability focus, and to meet a set of expected management and operational criteria. Often, the forest management plan is the basis of a forest certification scheme. The early forest management plans were primarily timber-based and thus had a commercial or financial focus. Today's forest management plans are based on multiple forest values and may or may not have a financial focus. We contrast the traditional timber management plan with today's sustainable forest management plan, realizing the basis of both plans is by definition the forest or the timber. Involving both timber harvesting activities and the operational foundation of the sustainable forest management plan is essentially a timber management plan. One cannot ignore the fact that all forest management plans accomplish silvicultural objectives via manipulation of timber density variables, like stocking and spacing. Management of a forest still involves timber harvests. Our discussion shows that the timber management plan is still very much alive and forms the basis of modern sustainable forest management plans.


Approaches to citizen science – an indispensable means of combining ecological research with environmental education and natural history observation – range from community-based monitoring to the use of the internet to "crowd-source" various scientific tasks, from data collection to discovery. With new tools and mechanisms for engaging learners, citizen science pushes the envelope of what ecologists can achieve, both in expanding the potential for spatial ecology research and in supplementing existing, but localized, research programs. The primary impacts of citizen science are seen in biological studies of global climate change, including analyses of phenology, landscape ecology, and macro-ecology, as well as in sub-disciplines focused on species (rare and invasive), disease, populations, communities, and ecosystems. Citizen science and the resulting ecological data can be viewed as a public good that is generated through increasingly collaborative tools and resources, while supporting public participation in science and Earth stewardship.


This article focuses on the organization of space. The practices through which we grasp and conceive space are the paper's concern. Practices emanating from the visual organization of space are usually so commonplace for seeing people so that these practices are only poorly reflected in seeing people's understandings of space. This is why we turn to the experience of visually impaired people. Our understanding of this experience is based on interviews with 16 communication partners from Prague and Brno in 2014 and 2015. We use the poststructuralist approach of philosopher Gilles Deleuze, psychoanalyst Félix Guattari and geographer Marcus Doel to interpret the interviews and we show that visual impairment is not about non-seeing, but about becoming seeing differently – via the non-visual percept. Yet, such practices of seeing space differently are still shaped by the modern collective optical unconscious. Doel asserts that this unconscious has been structured by the medium of film, among others, and the film technique of montage. This has made the optical unconscious obscene. Montage unbound time and space from their firm coordinates and enabled seeing beyond screened frames. This strengthened the incorporeality of spatial experience. Visually impaired people's practices of seeing and dealing with the optical unconscious accentuate the corporeality of sight again, however. Their practices fuse the seeing via non-visual percept and the optical unconscious into new configurations, demonstrating that no way of seeing can be incorporeal.


The project presents a design to develop an ETA (Electronic Travel Aid) the visually impaired people to navigate independently within an enclosed environment. It is linked to the other components of this design through the RF wireless communication.              The blind person can perceive obstacles in front by means of an ETA from head height to foot level. The vision sensor, which is mounted on the head of the user, captures the image that is in front of him. The server processes the captured image and enhances the significant vision data by employing a set of image processing procedures. The processed information is presented as a structured form of acoustic signal and is conveyed to the user through a set of earphones.  The blind rod (guide cane) is used for foot level obstacle detection. The obstacle sensor senses the obstacle that lies ahead of the user and informs him.          This system also incorporates position and direction information. The remote server does optimal path planning. The user issues the commands to ETA and receives direction response through audio signals. The directions are given to the user based on the environmental map that is stored in the predetermined database through RF communication.


1 How do Muslims in South Africa recount the experience of pilgrimage? This paper considers the genre of oral and written South African hajj narratives and reflects on the insights they hold about Muslim subjectivity and history in South Africa. Pilgrimage is a complex theme, or, as Barbara Cooper (1999) phrases it, 'the hajj presents an immensely complex "ethnoscope" of human movement of tremendous historical depth' (p. 103). In this article, I take a literary and historical rather than sociological or quantitative approach to the topic of the hajj and examine one of the earliest published accounts of the hajj from the Cape – that of Hajji Mahmoud Mobarek Churchward, who performed the hajj in 1910, along with oral testimonies about pilgrimage by ship in the 1950s and recently published accounts of pilgrimage by Na'eem Jeenah and Shamima Shaikh (2000), Rayda Jacobs (2005) and Rashid Begg (2011). In my analysis I consider the nature of the self and the voice, the relation of the spiritual to the quotidian, and the place of South Africa and South Africanness in these accounts. The article reveals that South African pilgrimage narratives are deeply compelling as an autobiographical practice and as an historical archive. They relate the universality of Islamic religious observance with the particularity of South Africa's political and social realities in a seamless and illuminating nexus. I therefore argue that the hajj narrative as literary form offers new insights about the relation of the sacred and the profane, nation and religion, and gender and authenticity in South African Muslim life.


Apgar score 6). Mean birth weight was 2670. There were 3 deaths in utero, nine deaths after deliveries on 1–4th day of life, despite Prostin infusion. The autopsy in addition to the presence of cardiac defects confirmed lung hypoplasia in 10 cases. Four newborns had heart surgery and two survived, however one of them died at the age of 4 months. One baby did not require surgery in 1st year of life. Conclusions: Despite the transfer in utero, normal karyotypes, digoxin treatment prenatally, Prostin infusion after birth, elective CS, cardiac surgery available in the referral center, fetal Ebstein's was lethal condition in 90% of cases, mostly due to lung hypoplasia.


OBJECTIVES
This study sought to determine the relationships between race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and cardiovascular health behaviors among youths and whether neighborhood characteristics are associated with such behaviors independently of individual characteristics.

METHODS
Linear models determined the effects of individual and neighborhood characteristics (SES, social disorganization, racial/ethnic minority concentration, urbanization) on dietary habits, physical activity, and smoking among 8165 youths aged 12 to 21 years.

RESULTS
Low SES was associated with poorer dietary habits, less physical activity, and higher odds of smoking. After adjustment for SES, Black race was associated with poorer dietary habits and lower odds of smoking. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with healthier dietary habits, lower levels of physical activity, and lower odds of smoking than non-Hispanic ethnicity. Low neighborhood SES and high neighborhood social disorganization were independently associated with poorer dietary habits, while high neighborhood Hispanic concentration and urbanicity were associated with healthier dietary habits. Neighborhood characteristics were not associated with physical activity or smoking.

CONCLUSIONS
Changes in neighborhood social structures and policies that reduce social inequalities may enhance cardiovascular health behaviors.


Dongle is a hardware device which is bound with software application in such way, that application functions only if dongle is plugged in. The most modern dongles are able to hide some parts of application's code and execute this code directly inside the dongle, but today's market has a lot of dongle types, which are not able to execute code. This paper presents our investigation regarding evaluation of software protection using dongles without code execution ability. Commercial dongle is used for the case study, combining it with well known software protection methods to hide application communication with dongle. The experimental results show that even inexperienced attackers can quite easily break dongle without code execution protection using widely known tools and information found on Internet. Ill. 4, bibl. 11, tabl. 1 (in English; abstracts in English and Lithuanian). http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.112.6.459


We present the results of a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the dynamics of drinking in ruby-throated hummingbirds. In vivo observations reveal elastocapillary deformation of the hummingbird's tongue and capillary suction along its length. By developing a theoretical model for the hummingbird's drinking process, we investigate how the elastocapillarity affects the energy intake rate of the bird and how its open tongue geometry reduces resistance to nectar uptake. We note that the tongue flexibility is beneficial for accessing, transporting and unloading the nectar. We demonstrate that the hummingbird can attain the fastest nectar uptake when its tongue is roughly semicircular. Finally, we assess the relative importance of capillary suction and a recently proposed fluid trapping mechanism, and conclude that the former is important in many natural settings.


Carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope data for calcites and dolomites from the Devonian Obed platform in Alberta, Canada, demonstrate that (1) both limestones and dolostones of the Obed platform underwent significant deep-burial cementation and recrystallization, (2) calcites experienced more extensive geochemical alteration than did dolomites under deep-burial conditions, and (3) the fluids that facilitated deep-burial carbonate diagenesis probably were partially derived from the Rocky Mountain fold-and-thrust belt. The more extensive degree of recrystallization of calcite is shown especially by its higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios. A lesser degree of 13 C depletion in dolomites indicates that dolomite recrystallization partially coincided with hydrocarbon oxidation. Evidence supporting interpretation 3 (above) includes fractures and vugs bearing late-diagenetic calcite cements that have extremely high 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios, including the highest ratios reported thus far for any diagenetic carbonates from western Canada (0.7252). In carbonates, values this high are found only in tectonic veins in Proterozoic clastic rocks in the Rocky Mountains and in the Obed platform about 100 km into the foreland basin. The late-diagenetic calcite cements also have highly depleted δ 13 C values (minimum −27.1‰ relative to PDB [Peedee belemnite]), indicating incorporation of oxidized carbon from thermochemical sulfate reduction. The process of carbonate cementation and recrystallization in strata of the Obed platform probably occurred during deep burial (maximum 5–7 km) and was effected by a hot (>100 °C) mixture of connate brines and hydrothermal or metamorphic fluids that were expelled from the Rocky Mountain fold-and-thrust belt during the Laramide orogeny. The data also suggest that (1) the common practice of using limestones to establish marine or original geochemical baselines for stable and radiogenic isotope interpretations must be conducted with caution, and (2) replacement burial dolostones are quite resistant to burial recrystallization. Finally, the geochemical trace of tectonically expelled fluids may be limited to about 100 km into the foreland basin, implying that the volumes and/or fluxes of fluids produced by tectonic expulsion are rather low.


On September 24, 2001, only 13 days after the tragic events in New York, Washington, and Pennsylvania, the US House of Representatives approved a US$582 million payment in back dues to the United Nations. Despite a history of squabbling and heated debates, this measure's passage faced almost no opposition. In the context of the US-led international campaign against terrorism, it may have seemed a way to reach out to an international community long neglected by Washington. In August 1995, UN member states owed a total of US$3.7 billion in outstanding assessments. Of this amount. US$850 million constituted dues owed for UN regular activities, and US$2.85 billion was owed for UN peacekeeping. Although several UN member states had some responsibility for these dues, the United States owed almost one-third of the debt: US$525 million in regular funding and US$740 million for peacekeeping operations. The US Congress continuously refused to cooperate; in 1994 it rejected a bill that would have paid US$300 million for UN peacekeeping, and in 1995 it turned down a proposal that would have given the United Nations US$672 million. It seems ironic that the United States, which was establishing itself as a leader in the resolution of international conflicts-as illustrated by its actions in Somalia and the Balkans-was unconcerned with assuming such a role in the international body created specifically for that purpose. By 1995, many members of the international community, particularly countries that paid their dues on time, were frustrated with the situation. British Secretary of State Malcolm Rifkind explained that there was no way the UN system could work correctly under such circumstances. He described the United Nations as "on the verge of financial collapse" and demanded a policy reminiscent of the American Revolution: "No representation without taxation." Andre Quellet, the Canadian foreign minister at the time, also spoke out, complaining that Canada "cannot accept that member states, some of which rank among the richest in the world, fail to meet their financial obligations to this institution. This is even more difficult to accept when we consider that a number of the poorest countries in the world meet their payments in full and on time." The situation did not get any better in following years. Not only did the United States continue to default on payments but also other countries felt less obliged to pay dues. In 1996, of US$689 million in unpaid dues, the United States was responsible for US$527 million, 76 percent of the total debt. In peacekeeping, the total dues amounted to US$1.72 billion, of which the US share was 53 percent. Furthermore, countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom, and Russia, which had fulfilled their payments in previous years, began accumulating debts in both budgets. The United States was becoming a model to follow and to the detriment of the United Nations, which found itself the subject of a growing international change in prioritization. As the problem grew, the US Congress saw the need to respond; in October 1998 it passed a bill that would have paid US dues. However, US President Bill Clinton, though a strong proponent of paying off the debt, vetoed the legislation on grounds that it was inappropriately linked to an unrelated abortion issue. Instead, he signed a separate bill allowing the United States to pay just enough to retain its voting rights in the UN General Assembly. In June 1999, the chairman of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Jesse Helms, proposed a bill that would allocate the necessary funds to pay back US debt in exchange for reforms in the UN management structure and an overall reduction of the US share in the UN budget. Although Helms's legislation passed, failed negotiations for the implementation of reforms left the United States in the same situation as it had been the previous year, barely a week away from losing its vote in the UN General Assembly-but not its Security Council seat-because of accumulated back dues. …


In teaching at university, gender and equality sensitive situations occur. What can be done to support teachers in detecting and managing such situations? By presenting selected cases, we hope to increase awareness about the need for better recognition of and preparedness for such situations. Sharing cases that faculty members can discuss and reflect on can help to decrease the risk of subsequent occurrences and reduce possible negative effects. Lund University's policy for gender equality, equal treatment and diversity can be used as a tool and justification for teacher reactions when such are needed.


An outbreak of knemidocoptic mange caused by Knemidocoptes pilae is described in caged Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in a public park in LEliana (Valencia, Spain). Five individuals (5 out of 70) displayed severe malformation of the beak, with the rhamphotheca, rhinotheca, and gnathotheca affected and a slight lateral deviation of the jawbone, which did not, however, impede feeding or grooming.


A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, motile by a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped strain, designated DSW25-10T, was isolated from the deep-sea water of the East Sea, Republic of Korea. Strain DSW25-10Tgrew at 4-35 °C (optimum, 20-35 °C), at pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-6.0 % NaCl (optimum, 0.5-2 %), and could assimilate valerate, but not assimilate d-mannitol and 3-hydroxy-butyrate. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain DSW25-10T belongs to the genus Zhongshania in the family Spongiibacteraceae and is most closely related to Zhongshania guokunii ZS6-22T, Zhongshania borealis CL-AS9T, Zhongshania aliphaticivorans SM-2T and Zhongshani antarctica ZS5-23T with a similarities of 97.1, 97.0, 96.7 and 96.6 %, respectively. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 49.1 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol were identified as the major cellular polar lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids in strain DSW25-10T were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C17 : 1ω8c. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain DSW25-10T and related strains were clearly lower than 70 %. On the basis of evidence from a polyphasic analysis, strain DSW25-10T is proposed to represent a novel species, Zhongshania marina sp. nov. The type strain is DSW25-10T (=KCCM 43273T=JCM 17372T).


In a previous article, we reported on the evolution of the morphological and rheological properties along the length extruder for blends of a liquid-crystalline polymer (LCP), Rodrun LC3000, and polypropylene (PP). In this work, we extended this study to compatibilized PP/Rodrun LC3000 blends, containing 10 wt % LCP and different compatibilizers, to determine the influence of the addition of a compatibilizer during the processing and, consequently, on the final properties of such systems. The results revealed that the addition of compatibilizers led to a decrease in the mean diameters of the LCP structures, in comparison with those presented by the noncompatibilized blend containing the same LCP content. This phenomenon occurred more quickly for those blends in which compatibilization was carried out in an efficient way. Linear oscillatory shear was mainly sensitive to the type of morphology present in the blends, whereas nonlinear oscillatory shear was more sensitive to the evolution in the droplet/fibril size and along the extruder length. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 347–359, 2006


An evoked potential is the recorded brain electrical response to a stimulus such as an auditory click. In most evoked potential experiments, the response is studied as a function of covariates such as stimulus characteristics and drug states. We propose a frequency domain model of multichannel evoked potential data that includes parameters representing the effects of covariates on the amplitude and latency (time from stimulus presentation) of the response. The variability of the response among scalp electrodes is modeled by the activity of one or more equivalent electrical dipoles. The frequency domain representation allows considerable data reduction, facilitates modeling of the noise, and leads to a simple approximate expression for the latency effects. We describe maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters and construction of approximate confidence intervals for the covariate effects. We report the results of a simulation study in which we evaluated the bias of the estimators and the coverage rate of the confidence intervals. We also report the results of an application to auditory evoked potentials recorded from five subjects.


This study explored the experience of hope for informal caregivers of palliative patients. Interviews were conducted with 10 caregivers living with and providing care to a palliative patient. The interview data were analyzed using grounded theory qualitative methods. "Eroding hope" was their main concern—a result of bad days, negative messages, and experiences with the health care system. The participants dealt with eroding hope by "hanging on to hope." Hanging on to hope had four subprocesses: a) doing what you have to do, b) living in the moment, c) staying positive, and d) writing your own story. The support of friends, family, and health care professionals, and spiritually connecting with something bigger and stronger were subprocesses. These findings have application for informal caregivers providing palliative care at home, as a basis for assessment and interventions. Health care professionals need to recognize and value the experience of hope for the informal caregivers of palliative patients.


This study investigated the source, transport, and occurrence of human enteric viruses in municipal well water, focusing on sanitary sewer sources. A total of 33 wells from 14 communities were sampled once for wastewater tracers and viruses. Wastewater tracers were detected in four of these wells, and five wells were virus- positive by qRT-PCR. These results, along with exclusion of wells with surface water sources, were used to select three wells for additional investigation. Viruses and wastewater tracers were found in the groundwater at all sites. Some wastewater tracers, such as ionic detergents, flame retardants, and cholesterol, were considered unambiguous evidence of wastewater. Sampling at any given time may not show concurrent virus and tracer presence; however, given sufficient sampling over time, a relation between wastewater tracers and virus occurrence was identified. Presence of infectious viruses at the wellhead demonstrates that high-capacity pumping induced sufficiently short travel times for the transport of infectious viruses. Therefore, drinking-water wells are vulnerable to contaminants that travel along fast groundwater flowpaths even if they contribute a small amount of virus-laden water to the well. These results suggest that vulnerability assessments require characterization of "low yield-fast transport" in addition to traditional "high yield-slow transport", pathways.


The bi-level programming problem (BLP) is a suitable method for solving the real and complex problems in applicable areas such as management, economics, policies and planning and so on. There are several forms of the BLP as an NPhard problem. The linear-quadratic bi-level programming (LQBP) and the linear-fractional bi-level programming (LFBP) are important forms of the BLP. In this paper, we attempt to develop two effective approaches, one based on modified simplex method and the other based on the genetic algorithm for solving the LQBP and LFBP. To obtain efficient upper bound and lower bound we employ the Karush -Kuhn -Tucker (KKT) conditions for transforming the LQBP into a single level problem. By using the proposed penalty functions, the single problem is transformed to an unconstraint problem and then it is solved by modified simplex method and genetic algorithm. The proposed approach achieves efficient and feasible solution and it is evaluated by comparing with references. Keyword: The linear-quadratic bi-level programming, the penalty function method, simplex method, Karush-Kuhn– Tucker conditions.


Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are a promising technology for environmentally friendly automobiles, among other applications. However, performance losses due to oxygen transport hindrances in the PEFC's cathode continue to be an issue in widespread commercialization. This dissertation focuses on the transport of oxygen through the thickness of the PEFC cathode, and the effect of the cathode's microstructure on that transport. In order to react in the cathode, oxygen travels from gas flow channels down through a diffusion medium, through the pores of a catalyst layer, and finally, into and through the ionomer covering the catalyst particles. Transport resistances throughout this path lead to oxygen starvation at some of the catalyst particles. Due to these transport resistances, much of the platinum is underutilized when the fuel cell is operating at appreciable currents. This dissertation aims to characterize the transport resistance in each of these phases. We study (1) oxygen transport throughout the diffusion medium using a commercial electrochemical microsensor at multiple points, (2) oxygen transport through the entire diffusion medium using a thin film oxygen microsensor at one point, (3) transport through the catalyst layer pores using a device that allows oxygen microsensors to contact the side of the catalyst layer at multiple points, (4) the effect of the catalyst layer's microstructure on oxygen transport using x-ray computed tomography, and (5) transport into and through ionomer-covered catalyst agglomerates using ex-situ experiments. We go on to discuss the application of similar methods to solid oxide fuel cells. Using the methods developed in this work, we determine that the two dominant oxygen transport resistances are the diffusion medium, and a "local" resistance at the interface of the platinum catalyst and the ionomer binder that has previously generated some controversy in the field. The oxygen transport resistance of the diffusion medium in this work (defined as the ratio of the drop in concentration across a component to the flux through it) is 65 s/m, with about 2/3 of that coming from its microporous layer. This value can rise to double or more in the case of liquid water condensation in the diffusion medium's pores. We find that the oxygen transport resistance in the catalyst layer's pores is an order of magnitude less than that of the diffusion medium. That value, too, can change depending on liquid water flooding.


Failure to measure the impacts on women's time and other maternal outcomes implicitly sets their value at zero Over 250 million children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are at risk of failing to meet their developmental potential, primarily because of a lack of adequate nutrition and stimulation in early childhood (1). Well-designed early childhood development (ECD) interventions can have substantial impacts on children's physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development, as well as their eventual schooling attainment, wages, and other outcomes (1–3). Although the potential indirect effects of interventions on mothers and other household members are generally acknowledged, few studies explicitly quantify outcomes related to labor market activities, health, or well-being of household members other than young children. This may lead policy-makers to overinvest in programs that impose substantial costs on women and to underinvest in those that improve women's well-being. Systematically ignoring impacts on specific subgroups—particularly vulnerable groups such as women in LMICs—risks exacerbating inequalities in the name of evidence-based policy.


cases were heterotopic cervical and intrauterine pregnancies, three cases were tubal pregnancies, and one case was cornual pregnancy. In cases of cervical pregnancies, careful dilatation and curettage, ultrasound guided local injection of potassium chloride (KCL), and aspiration of cervical pregnancy was performed. Three cases of tubal pregnancies were treated with laparoscopic salpingectomies. One cornual pregnancy was treated with local KCL and subsequent MTX injection. SFR was performed from 6+2 to 9+4 weeks of gestation (Table 1). The normal cardiac activity of the intrauterine fetus was shown after the procedure in each case. On follow up examination for a first trimester of pregnancy, the sonographic finding of each intrauterine fetus was found to be normal. Conclusions: In the heterotopic pregnancies, treatment with appropriate SFR for the type of ectopic pregnancy might be a viable option to continue intrauterine pregnancy.


The next era of chemical manufacturing Producing mass quantities of chemicals has its roots in the industrial revolution. But industrial synthesis leads to sizeable sustainability and socioeconomic challenges. The rapid advances in biotechnology suggest that biological manufacturing may soon be a feasible alternative, but can it produce chemicals at scale? Clomburg et al. review the progress made in industrial biomanufacturing, including the tradeoffs between highly tunable biocatalysts and units of scale. The biological conversion of single-carbon compounds such as methane, for example, has served as a testbed for more sustainable, decentralized production of desirable compounds. Science, this issue p. 10.1126/science.aag0804 BACKGROUND Environmental, geopolitical, and economic factors are reshaping our view of global energy and manufacturing demands. Addressing these challenges may require a shift from the current model of industrial chemical manufacturing, which employs large-scale megafacilities that benefit from economies of unit scale. Contrary to the traditional approach, a model based on economies of unit number is proposed to reduce capital costs per unit capacity. Industrial biomanufacturing, which exploits biological processes for manufacturing, offers one way to address these changing global factors while using the economies of unit number model. This model employs both facility-level mass production of small-scale, modular units and improvements to process design resulting from repetition in a "learning-by-doing" approach. The lower investment and financial risk associated with smaller-scale, lower–capital cost facilities allow a larger number and more diverse group of technology players to be involved, in turn enabling faster innovation and novel technology adoption as well as a faster response to market drivers. ADVANCES In contrast to current chemical manufacturing methods, characteristics inherent to bioconversion processes—such as the ability to operate at mild temperatures and pressures and achieve high carbon- and energy-conversion efficiencies in single-unit operations—result in more streamlined and less technologically complex processes. These characteristics enable flexible, smaller-scale, and capital expenditure–efficient operation that can both support and benefit from a large number of facilities, according to the economies of unit number model. For example, the capital expenditure entry-level cost of corn-grain ethanol facilities, the most widely developed current example of a bioconversion process, has substantially decreased as the number of plants has increased over the past few decades. This has facilitated rapid, small-scale, and widespread deployment resulting in a more than 10-fold increase in U.S. ethanol production from 1995 to 2015. Advances in metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, genomics, and industrial process design have pushed industrial biomanufacturing closer to more widespread adoption. Particular emphasis on single-carbon feedstocks, such as methane or CO2, in applications where large-scale chemical manufacturing is infeasible or too costly can leverage both economies of unit number for mass production of facilities and the benefits of manufacturing automation to reduce capital expenditure per unit scale. Current research efforts focused on the design of carbon- and energy-efficient metabolic pathways have been particularly beneficial. Advances in tool development for metabolic pathway design have included in silico organism design strategies, genome mining techniques, and computational enzyme design efforts. The integration of these with systems biology techniques, such as next-generation sequencing and high-sensitivity "omics" methods, has allowed for the design and potential development of millions of chemical production pathways. The use of genome engineering technologies—such as clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–associated protein Cas9 systems and multiplex automated genomic engineering—and recent advances in screening and selecting for edited organisms using biosensors have reduced the time required to complete genomic editing to a fraction of the traditional time requirements. Automation-based process design improvements of these biotechnology advances have also facilitated rapid advances in industrial biomanufacturing. OUTLOOK Continued development of industrial biomanufacturing in the 21st century will require further advances in biocatalyst design and process design engineering. To facilitate a future based on industrial biomanufacturing, further development of genomic tools and industrial design automations suited to these purposes is paramount. Furthermore, reducing the time required from concept design to industrial relevance is essential. Specific developments in the area of one-carbon feedstocks stand to exploit the opportunity presented by currently wasted, distributed methane through the increased adoption of an economy of unit numbers approach in industrial biomanufacturing. Although much work remains, the future of industrial biomanufacturing holds great promise in meeting the evolving demands of chemical production in the current century and beyond. Methane-based industrial biomanufacturing for fuel and chemical production. Exploiting biological processes can enable the conversion of single-carbon feedstocks, like methane, to the array of chemical products currently produced through industrial chemical manufacturing with considerable economic, environmental, and societal advantages. The current model for industrial chemical manufacturing employs large-scale megafacilities that benefit from economies of unit scale. However, this strategy faces environmental, geographical, political, and economic challenges associated with energy and manufacturing demands. We review how exploiting biological processes for manufacturing (i.e., industrial biomanufacturing) addresses these concerns while also supporting and benefiting from economies of unit number. Key to this approach is the inherent small scale and capital efficiency of bioprocesses and the ability of engineered biocatalysts to produce designer products at high carbon and energy efficiency with adjustable output, at high selectivity, and under mild process conditions. The biological conversion of single-carbon compounds represents a test bed to establish this paradigm, enabling rapid, mobile, and widespread deployment, access to remote and distributed resources, and adaptation to new and changing markets.


Turbocharger compressors operate under pulsating flow due to continuous opening and closing of engine valves placed downstream of the compressor but exhibit a hysteresis loop deviating from steady characteristics. As the flow in a compressor is throttled, both pressure and flow discharge unstably oscillate. The instability is known as surge and it affects not only the compressor itself but also its whole engine-turbocharger system. For estimating the stable operation range, partial flow tests of a turbocharger compressor under pulsating flow were conducted. Using a compressor test apparatus with a pulsating flow generator and a tank whose capacity can be changed, the flow rate was controlled by a valve. Under steady flow, surge hysteresis loops caused by oscillating pressure and flow rate were obtained in each rotational speed. By Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of pressure signals, the occurrence of surge with different frequencies was confirmed depending on the tank capacity. Next in pulsating flow tests, a compressor rotational speed is fixed, and pulsating frequencies given by the pulsating flow generator are changed. The obtained surge frequencies were different from those in steady flow tests. Especially, it is likely to be drawn to the frequency that is equal, two times and a half rate of the pulsating frequency. Numerical computation with one-dimensional calculation is conducted to investigate such a phenomenon.


Public communication during natural and man-made disasters is a key issue that must be addressed to protect lives and properties. The choice of the best protective actions to take depends on a global situation-awareness that is not available to the general public. Emergency personnel and public authorities have the duty to inform the population before, during and after catastrophic events to support the disaster response. In this paper we describe the design and the implementation of PWS (Policy-driven Warning System), a system for public warning dissemination. PWS is not intended to replace existing systems or procedures, but to serve on top of them in order to leverage the current emergency response knowledge.


The energy-loss spectrum associated with scattering of 100-keV H+ ions from K, Rb, and Cs atoms adsorbed on Al(111) has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Theoretical simulations were conducted based on calculations of the energy loss experienced in specific ion trajectories at the surface, using coupled-channel calculations to describe inner-shell ionization and excitation as a function of impact parameter. The energy losses can be attributed entirely to single atomic collisions from the alkali atoms, and the experiments reproduce the markedly increased asymmetry in scattering from Rb and Cs relative to K, attributable largely to the role of 3d and 4d excitations, respectively, and particularly the role of multiple excitations of these states. For Rb and Cs scattering, the data show excellent quantitative agreement between theory and experiment; for the K scattering, a discrepancy of a low-energy shoulder is attributed to a problem associated with the sample preparation.


Biomechanical Big Data is of great significance to precision health applications, among which we take special interest in Physical Activity Detection (PAD). In this study, we have performed extensive research on deep learning-based PAD from biomechanical big data, focusing on the challenges raised by the need of real-time edge inference. First, considering there are many places we can place the motion sensors, we have thoroughly compared and analyzed the location difference in terms of deep learning-based PAD performance. We have further compared the difference among six sensor channels (3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope). Second, we have selected the optimal sensor and the optimal sensor channel, which can not only provide sensor usage suggestions but also enable ultra-low-power application on the edge. Third, we have investigated innovative methods to minimize the training effort of the deep learning model, leveraging the transfer learning strategy. More specifically, we propose to pre-train a transferable deep learning model using the data from other subjects and then fine-tune the model using limited data from the target-user. In such a way, we have found that, for single-channel case, the transfer learning can effectively increase the deep model performance even when the fine-tuning effort is very small. This research, demonstrated by comprehensive experimental evaluation, have shown the potential of ultra-low-power PAD with minimized sensor stream and minimized training effort.


We suggest a novel switchable plasmonic dipole nanoantenna operating at mid-infrared frequencies that exploits phase-change materials. We show that the induced dipole moments of a nanoantenna, where a germanium antimony telluride (Ge3Sb2Te6 or GST for short) nanopatch acts as a spacer between two coupled metallic nanopatches, can be controlled in a disruptive sense. By switching GST between its crystalline and amorphous phases, the nanoantenna can exhibit either an electric or a balanced magneto-electric dipole-like radiation. While the former radiation pattern is omnidirectional, the latter is directive. Based on this property exciting switching devices can be perceived, such as a metasurface whose functionality can be switched between an absorber and a reflector. The switching between stable amorphous and crystalline phases occurs on timescales of nanoseconds and can be achieved by an electrical or optical pulse.


Correction of hyperopia (far-sightedness) is accomplished by decreasing the radius of curvature of the cornea. Radio frequency (RF) current at 350 kHz is presently being used to the required correction. The procedure is termed Conductive Keratoplasty and temperature increases induced by the RF current shrink corneal collagen. Finite difference method (FDM) numerical models of the electric and current density fields, thermal fields, and resulting damage and collagen shrinkage fields have been used to study the effects of electrode voltage and power on transient tissue impedance and diopter change obtained from this process. Water is by far the most thermodynamically active tissue constituent, and must be taken into account in order to obtain realistic results. Thermal damage processes are highly non linear, typically following Arrhenius kinetic rate-limited process formulations, or their equivalent. The FDM model calculations predict water loss and thermal damage in the form of loss of birefringence in corneal collagen, which can be directly compared to histologic section using Transmission Polarizing Microscopy. Numerical model results compare well with experimental measurements and have been used to study the relative importance of the governing physical phenomena and the feasibility of constant power RF activation.


Living organisms exist as a complex set of levels of organization arranged in a pattern of strong ordering with none of these levels being more important than others for a full understanding of life. Central to biological strong ordering is the organismal level. Individual organisms are of special interest to biologists because they are relevant to all biological processes regardless of the operational level of the process. This is especially true for investigations of the morphological-physiological properties of organisms. For such studies, living organisms must be considered as complex machines with all of the sophisticated integration and multifarious interactions of component parts typical of complex systems. Understanding of the properties of any individual feature in an organism depends as much, or possibly even more, on an appreciation of its connections and interactions with other features of that organism than on an understanding of its intrinsic attributes. Learning the connectivity skills, including the modes of thinking, needed to comprehend the integration of diverse components of any complex system requires a different training than that needed to determine the detailed attributes of individual parts; both are necessary, however, to achieve proper advances in biological knowledge. Case studies of several vertebrate features will be used to illustrate types of interactions which exist between structural/functional attributes, and how their recognition can lead to new and interesting questions. This "feeling for the organism" may be the major factor separating those biologists who are able to make important discoveries from those who will only provide the subsequent, less exciting details of normal science.


CRM or customer relationship management is a continuous process consisting of creating and applying knowledge and market intelligence to establish and maintain the relationships with customers that have the most efficiency. The customer relationship management (CRM) software is an important application in e-commerce. The concept of customer relationship management has come into the consideration in today's world. Nowadays, the organizations put their customers in the heart of all their activities, and their marketing and sales strategies are being revised based on this. On the other hand, it should be kept in mind that the most crucial concern of all today firms and enterprises can be recognized as how to communicate with the customers and the customer relationship management. Today's organizations consider themselves committed to provide the bests for their customers, and the goal of customer relationship management is to develop permanent and long-term dependencies between company and customers. Sometimes even the CRM is known as a customer-oriented strategy that deals with the most valuable assets of a business, which are the customers. Two important influencing factors on the performance of customer relationship management include the customer' profile and the customer participation.


Paulson's book is about the influence of Don Quijote on the evolution of the aesthetics of laughter and satire in eighteenth-century England. Cervantes' novel was immensely popular in that period, being a key reference-point for its foremost writers; and, because of the rise of empiricism and the decentralizing of political power, they used it in a way that was unmatched in contemporary France and Spain. It put in question--Paulson argues--the conventional equation of comedy with satire and laughter with ridicule, as expounded by Hobbes in his Leviathan. For the royalist and Anglican Jonathan Swift, Don Quijote's madness symbolizes the Moderns' quest to change the world: using the norm of common experience, it exposes the folly of the unfettered enthusiasm of Dissenters and radical nonconformist sects. The Whig Joseph Addison, on the other hand, in the Spectator (1711-12), takes Quixotic madness as a model for revaluing the imagination that Swift treats as transgressive, and transforms Swiftian satiric ridicule into pure comedy, based on an aesthetics of pleasurable response or sympathetic laughter, an area which he designated as the Novel, New, or Uncommon. In this Addison follows the Earl of Shaftesbury, who, in his "Letter Concerning Enthusiasm and Sensus Communis: An Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour," upholds civilized, good-humored raillery, which he sees as a test of gravity, and while criticizing Enthusiasm in its fanatical religious form, defends it, in poetry, as an instrument of the Sublime. The engraver and cartoonist William Hogarth, a prominent figure in Paulson's story, adopts a position akin to Addison's. His transformation of religious symbols into aesthetic equivalents involves secularizing and humanizing them, assimilating them to a Sanchopanzine ideal of blemished but living beauty, which is experienced as Novelty and grounded in a response of laughter. Many other writers and themes figure in Paulson's account: Henry Fielding's debunking and transformation of Richardson's Pamela, the Quixotism of the hero of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Sterne's conception of the hobby-horse in Tristram Shandy, and the conversion of Marcela (Don Quijote I, 14) into the heroine of Charlotte Lennox's The Female Quixote (1742). Cervantes' masterpiece is a paradigm in all these cases, which bring four contentious problems into play: the madness of the imagination, the cruelty of laughter and ridicule, the question whether there are objective norms of beauty, and the extension of madness to religious belief. Paulson's book takes its cue from two seminal texts. The first is Milan Kundera's essay "The Day Panurge No Longer Makes People Laugh," in which the Czech novelist defines humor as bound up with the birth of the novel and as an imaginary terrain where moral judgement is suspended. …


The second messenger function of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins-1,4,5-P3) was investigated in carbamylcholine-stimulated RINm5F cells by analysis of the early changes in inositol phosphates, cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), and insulin secretion. After a lag of 2 s, [Ca2+]i rose to a peak at 13 +/- 2 s, a response which was due mainly to mobilization from intracellular stores since it persisted even in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. The Ca2+ response had already declined toward prestimulatory levels by the time insulin secretion reached its maximal rate (2-3 min). Although the rises in inositol trisphosphate preceded those of both inositol bisphosphate and monophosphate, all three attained maximal concentrations after 1 min and remained elevated for at least 10 min. The accumulation of inositol trisphosphate was truly Ca2+-independent since it persisted under conditions in which the rise in [Ca2+]i was abolished by prior depletion of intracellular Ca2+ pools. Further analysis by high performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of the two isomers, Ins-1,4,5-P3 and Ins-1,3,4-P3 in stimulated cells. The latter was virtually absent under nonstimulatory conditions but started to accumulate after a 5-s lag and reached maximal levels after 30 s of stimulation. Ins-1,4,5-P3 doubled within 1 s of carbamylcholine addition, reached a peak after 5 s, and, although declining thereafter, remained slightly elevated for at least 3 min. Hence, both the onset and peak of the rise of Ins-1,4,5-P3 preceded that of [Ca2+]i, which in turn preceded the peak in insulin release. These results strongly suggest that Ins-1,4,5-P3 acts as the second messenger by which carbamylcholine mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ during the initiation of insulin release.


Nowadays, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) has become a powerful technique to investigate the electronic structure of surface-molecule hybrid systems due to the huge enhancement of the Raman signal. It is established that the origin of this enhancement has two main contributions; the electromagnetic (EM), related to surface plasmons, and the chemical mechanism, due to resonant charge transfer (CT) processes between the adsorbate and the metal. With the aim to investigate the SERS-CT of bipyridine and to identify charge transfer process, the spectra were recorded on silver electrode by using three different wavelengths (473, 532 and 785 nm) in a range from 0.0 up to -1.4 V electrode potential. The electrode potential was modelled in the calculations with atomic silver wires of different size and charge attached to the BPy molecule (AgnBPy, with q = 0 for n = 2 and q = ±1 for n = 3, 5, 7) and were computed with Density Functional Theory (DFT). Although BPy shows a trans conformation in solution, a cis conformation was chosen for its chelating properties. The results indicate that the intensification of the ~1550 cm-1 band at negative potentials is due the Franck-Condon factors related to the resonant CT process from the metal to the BPy molecule (Figure 1).


Mapped to the new CompTIA Security+ SY0-501 Certification Exam, best-selling COMPTIA SECURITY+ GUIDE TO NETWORK SECURITY FUNDAMENTALS, 6e, thoroughly prepares readers for professional certification and career success. The text covers threats, attacks, and vulnerabilities; technologies and tools for combating attacks, architecture, and design; identity and access management; risk management; and cryptography. It also includes expansive coverage of embedded device security, attacks and defenses, and the latest developments and trends in information security, including new software tools to assess security. New Hands-On Projectsand case activities help readers put what they learn into practice, while end-of-chapter exercises direct them to the Information Security Community Site for additional activities, blogs, videos, and up-to-the-minute news and insight from the field.


The Mahogany species are economically valuable members of the Meliaceae family. In Sri Lanka, Swietenia macrophylla widely distributed in home gardens and forest plantations of wet and intermediate zones. However, recently large-scale Khaya senegalensis plantations are started to establish. S. macrophylla is a well aware timber species in the local market; conversely, knowledge of locally grown K. senegalensis is limited. The external appearance of wood of both species is similar. Therefore, this study aimed to compare mechanical and physical characteristics of wood of both species to assist on future applications. The wood samples were collected from randomly selected 05 felled trees per each species in Kurunagala district that 03 samples were extracted from heart wood at diameter at breast height of every tree, aged around 25-30 years. The specimens were prepared according to code of BS 373:1957. For physical property analysis, wood densities were determined and for mechanical property analysis, Module of Rupture (MOR), Module of Elasticity (MOE), compression parallel to grain and compression perpendicular to grainwere tested. All tests were conducted in wood science laboratory of State Timber Corporation, Battaramulla. K. senegalensis recorded higher mean wood density (772 kgm) than S. macrophylla (600 kgm). Mean of MOR of K. senegalensis and S. macrophyllaare 74 Nmm and 53 Nmm respectively. Mean of MOE of K. senegalensisis 8,514 Nmm while S. macrophylla recorded 4,809 Nmm. Compression test results also show higher mechanical properties in K. senegalensis. Mean compression parallel to grain values in K. senegalensis and S. macrophylla are 38 Nmm and 30 Nmm respectively. Mean compression perpendicular to grain test reported 13 Nmm in K. senegalensis though S. macrophylla recorded only 08 Nmm. Higher wood density might be thereason for higher mechanical properties in K. senegalensis. Analysing the resultscan be summarised that tested mechanical and physical properties are comparatively higher in K. senegalensis. However, Mahogany species are generally harvested at age 40-45 years. Therefore, wood of more matured trees should be tested and compared in future studies. Moreover, working property comparison for both speciesis also required because the timber demand of the market does not on solely depend on mechanical and physical properties of wood.


As part of its work on setting standards and establishing guidelines for nutrigenomics research, the European Nutrigenomics Organisation (NuGO) is developing bioethical guidelines for those engaged in human nutrigenomics studies. A NuGO working group developed a set of draft guidelines addressing four areas: (1) information and consenting prior to a nutrigenomicsstudy; (2) the generation and use of genotype information; (3) the establishment and maintenance of biobanks; (4) the exchange of samples and data. NuGO convened a workshop with a panel of invited external experts to assess the draft guidelines. The panel of experts confirmedthat these areas are important and that the development of specific bioethical guidelines for nutrigenomics research would therefore enhance the application of established international guidelines in this field of biomedical research.


Dental caries is a highly prevalent multifactorial disease and has been a major public health problem for many centuries. The goal of modern dentistry is to manage non-cavitated caries lesions non-invasively through remineralization in an attempt to prevent disease progression and improve aesthetics, strength, and function. Remineralization is defined as the process whereby calcium and phosphate ions are supplied from an externalsource to the tooth thereby converting ion deposition into crystal voids in demineralized enamel, thus producing net mineral gain. Biomimetic approaches to stabilization of bioavailable calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions and the localization of these ions to non-cavitated caries lesions for controlled remineralization shows great promise for the non-invasive management of dental caries. The aim of this article is to give a brief update about current remineralization agent aiming to "treat early caries lesion" noninvasively.


walls of which, though distended, can be advanced caudally and united to the perineum.1 The use of a free skin graft to line a pocket newly created between the bladder and rectum may be a simple procedure but an annular construction often develops at the site of union between the graft and vaginal epithelium, which necessitates the frequent use of moulds in order to retain vaginal patency. Secondly, in the absence of a functioning uterus Williams's vulvovagino,Dlasty,2 a form of long perineorrhaphy, is particularly easy to perform. The operation is not only brilliantly simple in design but healing usually occurs quickly and without the troublesome formation of postoperative granulation tissue. As soon as the perineal skin is united the new vouch is immediately functional as a vagina. It does not depend for its patency upon coitus or the insertion of vaginal moulds. Any anatomical disadvantages which may attend vulvovaginoplasty are more theoretical than practical and are perhaps quite overshadowed by the singular advantage of the operation-namely, that it may safely be performed at a time which will assist the natural sociosexual development of the teenager. Free skin graft procedures, though reFulting in a normally situated vagina, are best deferred until regular coitus is expected; otherwise vaginal patency must be mnaintained by the regular use of dilators, instruments which sometimes Ferve chiefly to remind the young female of her fundamental abnormality as a woman. While accepting Mr. Cobbett's comment that the use of a free skin graft to line a newly created pocket is a simple operation, I submit that in amenorrhoeic women a vulvovaginoplasty is simpler and preferable and that in Datients with a functioning uterus advancement of the vagina is probably the treatment of choice.-I am, ec.,


AIM
To investigate 2-methoxyestradiol induced apoptosis and its mechanism of action in CNE2 cell lines.

METHODS
CNE2 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium and treated with 2-methoxyestradiol in different concentrations. MTT assay was used to detect growth inhibition. Flow cytometry and DNA ladders were used to detect apoptosis. Western blotting was used to observe the expression of p53, p21(WAF1), Bax, and Bcl-2 protein.

RESULTS
2-methoxyestradiol inhibited proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE2 cells with IC(50) value of 2.82 micromol/L. The results of flow cytometry showed an accumulation of CNE2 cells in G2/M phase in response to 2-methoxyestradiol. Treatment of CNE2 cells with 2-methoxyestradiol resulted in DNA fragmentation. The expression levels of protein p53 and Bcl-2 decreased following 2-methoxyestradiol treatment in CNE2 cells, whereas Bax and p21(WAF1) protein expression were unaffected after treatment with 2-methoxyestradiol.

CONCLUSION
These results suggest that 2-methoxyestradiol induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis of CNE2 cells which was associated to Bcl-2 down-regulation.


Entrepreneurship is the 'lifeblood' of every economic development. It is a process of identifying ideas and launching a venture, allocating and organising the needed resources and facing the risks and rewards of it. As a research field entrepreneurship is one of the most researched subjects in entrepreneurial finance. Entrepreneurial finance has mainly focused on formal financing sources, like business angels, banks and venture capitalists. Since 2008, crowdfunding appeared as a financing source and become very popular. Many people – the crowd – can fund different ideas, which they think are worth to get realised. The global scale surpasses $ 5,1 billion in industry revenue by the end of 2013. Compared to traditional financing, crowdfunding allows not only to get debt and equity-based financed. Also donation- or reward-based financing is possible. This thesis involves crowdfunding in a debate if it is an appropriate tool for ventures. Beyond the obvious financial benefits, the motivations of entrepreneurs, who opt for crowdfunding, is going to be researched. That thesis uses an explorative approach, meaning qualitative method will be used. In order to get in-depth information, 60 entrepreneurs in Germany have been asked to participate in interviews. The results out of 5 interviews were used. The outcome of this thesis, crowdfunding is perfect to attract attention and to market ideas or projects. It is an opportunity to sell products or services to early adopters. Additionally, crowdfunding is ideal to get funded quickly and can bridge financing gaps. The research is meaningful for the field of entrepreneurial finance. Still, crowdfunding has its pitfalls, which should not be underestimated. These findings inspire other scientists to further the analysis on entrepreneurial finance and motivation by including crowdfunding.


Al-Quran and al-ahadith reveal a lot about the personality of morality, both in the context of the vertical dimension of the relationship with Allah SWT. as well as horizontal relationships between men and their environment. As a matter of research, feedback main theories in both these sources is needed. That is why morality is defined into the operational level that can be observed from the symptoms appear. This study focused on the role of religious teachers of Islam in teaching students to become human morality in SMPN 29 Bandar Lampung, includes objectives to be achieved, the material presented, the role played and the methods used Islamic religious teachers, motivated students to become a man of morals noble, as well as changes in behavior and attitudes that result from learning morals in school, using a qualitative approach, in which the learning process and results are described, interpreted, and discussed to find the essence of meaning. The series of answers to the problems above, a finding which is very beneficial for Islamic religious teachers to understand, appreciate, and carry out its function as educators, so that the learning process morals students they can do in a situation education comprehensively in order to produce a human figure that is more potent noble. Keywords: Teacher Islam and morals.


With a population of over 150 million people, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with a GDP second only to South Africa. Yet, following several years of military rule and poor economic management, Nigeria experienced a prolonged period of economic stagnation, rising poverty levels and the decline of public institutions. In view of the afore-mentioned anomalies that characterised the socio- economic and political existence of this nation, before the comprehensive reform programme during the second term of Obasanjo administration, one begins to wonder where the nation is heading to despite several efforts that have been made to enlist Nigeria into the global scheme of things as popularised by the concept of globalisation. This paper therefore focuses on the issues of globalisation as it affect the Nigeria economic restructuring programmes from 2004-2010. Also, the issues of competitiveness are analysed with a focus on the financial sector. We conclude and recommend that Nigeria should completely restructure her financial sector, enhance corporate governance culture, diversify her productive base and transform her political economy in order to frontally confront contemporary global challenges.


Objective To measure the performance characteristics of an immunochromatographic rapid antigen test for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and determine how its interpretation should be contextualised in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with bronchiolitis. Design Diagnostic accuracy study of a rapid RSV test. Setting County hospital ED. Intervention We took paired nasal samples from consecutively enrolled infants with bronchiolitis and tested them with a rapid immunochromatographic antigen test and reverse transcriptase PCR gold standard. Outcome measures Sensitivity, specificity, the effect of point prevalence, clinical findings and overall context on predictive values. We used these to construct a graphical contextual model to show how the results of RSV antigen tests from infants presenting within 24 h should influence interpretation of subsequent antigen tests. Results We analysed 607 patients. The sensitivity and specificity for immunochromatographic testing was 79.4% (95% CI 73.9% to 84.2%) and 67.1% (95% CI 61.9% to 72%) respectively. We found little evidence of spectrum bias. In our contextual model the best predictor of a positive RT-PCR test was a positive antigen test OR 5.47 (95% CI 3.65 to 8.18) and the number of other infants having positive tests within 24 h OR 1.48 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.72) per infant. Increasing numbers presenting to the ED with bronchiolitis in a given day increases the probability of RSV infection. Conclusions The RSV antigen test we examined had modest performance characteristics. The results of the antigen test should be interpreted in the context of the results of previous tests.


Abstract Ghana Research Reactor-1 is a Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (MNSR) which is currently fueled with Highly-Enriched Uranium (HEU) aluminium alloy fuel. Efforts are underway to convert the research reactor fuel to a Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) oxide fuel. The project is a coordinated research work funded by the International Atomic Energy Agency through its Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on Core Conversion. The research project was started with thermal hydraulic and neutronic calculation on both fuel. A radiological dose assessment as part of safety assessment requirement needs to be carried out before the commencement of the core conversion project. As such, dose assessment was credibly estimated by employing a computer software (Health Physics Code HotSpot Version 3.0) developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The code uses Gaussian plume model for atmospheric dispersion and deposition of radionuclides based on the meteorology and demography site information.  The latest IAEA guidelines for radiological dose assessment was considered in the estimation of the released radionuclide doses. The anticipated ecological estimated radionuclides released provided a comprehensive theoretical and real bases for estimating the Committed Equivalent Dose (CED) covering the emergency and the low populated zone as expected in most severe accident scenarios. An isotope depletion analysis code ORIGEN-S coupled with MCNP5 code for neutron flux generation was used to study the possible available radionuclides present in the reactor core at shutdown. Some few released radionuclides were selected from the inventory generated from the HEU core. The selected radionuclides were used in the dispersion code for dose estimation. The total activity value of two selected radionuclides (Iodine and Cesium) from the inventory in Curies was 2.067E-03 and 6.20E-4 respectively. The values are based on the release fraction of the selected nuclides. The CED values estimated were found to be in agreement with the IAEA and US-NRC regulatory acceptable limit of 1mSv receive as public exposure and 50mSv for radiation worker exposure in a year. The study results can be recommended when establishing the required emergency planning zones around the Ghana Research Reactor-1 facility in future. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.74.1.19948


Seasonal changes in mass, fat depth, condition index and energy intake were measured in eight captive harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) over a 15-month period. Two of the five adult females were pregnant but lost their pups before term. There were large shifts in all variables measured. The range of these changes in the individual adult animals were for mass, 15–89%, blubber depth 56–240%, and condition index 13–23% (girth x 100)/length. Daily energy consumption varied from as little as 1.16 MJ to as much as 70.97 MJ. The two young males showed larger seasonal changes than the adults. Consistent with our earlier studies of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), there was either a significantly negative or no correlation between energy intake and changes in mass or fat. Mass and blubber thickness were positively related in the male seals, however, this was true of the females only during spring and summer. Water and air temperature varied indirectly with changes in blubber thickness in all but two seals. It is proposed that metabolic rate varies seasonally in seals. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of their impact on bioenergetic modelling.


This paper presents an efficient and reliable method for general semiconductor device parameter extraction. The parameter extraction technique consists of minimizing a nonlinear objective function. A hybrid approach based on strategical combinations of the Gauss method and a novel minimum search scheme is employed. Various of strategies are proposed to make the parameter extraction task more efficient and accurate. According to the proposed technique, a model-independent parameter extraction program was implemented and highly satisfactory results have been obtained. Experimentally, it is found that, if the initial guess deviates from the optimum solution within 70 percent, a unique set of optimum device parameters can be extracted in five to eight iterations. The parameter extraction technique presented in this paper can be readily applied to sensitivity analysis of device and circuit performances and to quantitative evaluation of model accuracy. It is shown that the presented method is a very useful tool for device and integrated circuit design.


We consider the problem of approximating the Pareto set of convex multicriteria optimization problems by a discrete set of points and their convex combinations. Finding the scalarization parameters that maximize the improvement in bound on the approximation error when generating a single Pareto optimal solution is a nonconvex optimization problem. This problem is solvable by enumerative techniques, but at a cost that increases exponentially with the number of objectives. The goal of this paper is to present a practical algorithm for solving the Pareto set approximation problem in presence of up to about ten conflicting objectives, motivated by application to radiation therapy optimization. To this end, an enumerative scheme is proposed that is in a sense dual to the algorithms in the literature. The proposed technique retains the quality of output of the best previous algorithm while solving fewer subproblems. A further improvement is provided by a procedure for discarding subproblems based on reusing information from previous solves. The combined effect of the proposed enhancements is empirically demonstrated to reduce the computational expense of solving the Pareto surface approximation problem by orders of magnitude.


This thesis seeks to explore the reasons why amateur musicians, specifically those in British brass
bands, do not commission and/or perform contemporary music. To give a meaningful answer, the text
seeks first to reach a working definition of the concept of an amateur musician in the opening chapter.
This chapter also provides a brief overview of the principal developments in the brass band repertoire
since 1913. Chapter two presents a hypothesis relating to the discomfort that British brass bands in
particular seem to feel when presented with musical innovation (particularly relating to harmonic
language) and discusses the 'closed shop' of brass band conducting. A significant amount of field
research with performers, conductors and audiences was undertaken to support this thesis and this is
described in the third chapter, along with some conclusions drawn directly from the research. The
fourth chapter contains commentaries on the accompanying compositions. The research as a whole
(including the accompanying compositions) is intended to act as a toolkit to assist composers,
conductors and amateur musicians not only to programme and perform contemporary music as part
of their regular practice, but to do so in an engaged and enthusiastic fashion.


There is a general lack of representative European accident data to aid the development of safety policy, regulation and technological advancement. This is proving to be a major obstacle in the European Union (EU) since data are needed to both assess the performance of road and vehicle safety policies and to support the development of further actions by stakeholders. An analysis conducted by the European Transport Safety Council identified that there was no single reporting system in place that could meet all of the data needs and that there were gaps with regard to in-depth accident data. This study describes the process of developing a data collection and analysis system designed to partly fill these gaps. A project team with members from seven EU countries was set up to devise appropriate variable lists to collect fatal crash data under the following topic levels: accident, road environment, vehicle and road user, using retrospective detailed police reports (n = 1293). The typical level of detail recorded was a minimum of 150 variables for each accident. The study describes some analyses of the data in terms of accident contributory factors, 'events' during the accident sequence and occupant details. This approach to data collection and database development has major applications in the areas of active safety systems, infrastructure and road safety developments, as well as for tailoring behavioural and policy interventions at European level.


In 1994 the United States extended copyright-like protection to live musical performances by adopting 17 U.S. C. §1101, which authorizes civil remedies that are the same as those for copyright infringement, and 18 U.S.C. §2319A, which subjects violators to fines and prison terms. These new statutes, referred to jointly as the "anti-bootlegging statute," led to raids of record stores and "sting" operations aimed at persons involved in the manufacture and distribution of live concert recordings. This Comment argues that the benefit to society of having these live recordings in circulation outweighs the minimal economic damage incurred by the music industry. Furthermore, the music industry has always had the ability to address this perceived problem through non-legal measures, that is by releasing live concert recordings and thereby eliminating the incentives for unauthorized recording and distribution. Therefore, the statute should be repealed. In its place a legal regime should be created that recognizes the presumption that fans and royaltypaying independent record companies have a right to record and distribute recordings of live concert performances.


For the accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS) main linac in China, two families of superconducting elliptical radio frequency (RF) cavities will be used to accelerate the proton beam from 180 MeV to 1.5 GeV. When the proton beam traverses in the RF cavity, the excited parasitic modes, like high order modes (HOMs) and same order modes (SOMs), may drive the beam to become unstable and increase the cryogenic load, thus putting a limitation on the normal operation of the accelerator. In this paper, by using a numerical code SMD based on the ROOT environment, the effects of longitudinal parasitic modes on the beam dynamics for the ADS driving linac in China have been investigated systematically, while parasitic modes which increase cryogenic loss have not been included in this paper. Some conclusions concerning the beam energy ranging from 180 MeV to 1.5 GeV have been obtained.