The complicity of the Hungarian Christian church in the mass extermination of Hungarian Jews by the Nazis is a largely forgotten episode in the history of the Holocaust. Using previously unknown correspondence and other primary source materials, Moshe Y. Herczl recreates the church's actions and its disposition toward Hungarian Jewry. Herczl provides a scathing indictment of the church's lack of compassion toward--and even active persecution of--Hungary's Jews during World War II.


Design problems in engineering typically involve a large solution space and several potentially conflicting criteria. Selecting a compromise solution is often supported by optimization algorithms that compute hundreds of Pareto‐optimal solutions, thus informing a decision by the engineer. However, the complexity of evaluating and comparing alternatives increases with the number of criteria that need to be considered at the same time. We present a design study on Pareto front visualization to support engineers in applying their expertise and subjective preferences for selection of the most‐preferred solution. We provide a characterization of data and tasks from the parametric design of electric motors. The requirements identified were the basis for our development of PAVED, an interactive parallel coordinates visualization for exploration of multi‐criteria alternatives. We reflect on our user‐centered design process that included iterative refinement with real data in close collaboration with a domain expert as well as a summative evaluation in the field. The results suggest a high usability of our visualization as part of a real‐world engineering design workflow. Our lessons learned can serve as guidance to future visualization developers targeting multi‐criteria optimization problems in engineering design or alternative domains.


Ensuring food security becomes a significant issue in many countries, particularly during the coronavirus pandemic. Thus, the agriculture sector's development is critically essential to improving food availability. Despite several initiatives launched by the Malaysian authorities to support small farmers, this sector continues to suffer from accessing financial services. This paper objective is to develop a shariah based financing alternative model known as the Shariah-Compliant Fintech (SCF) Model. This model incorporates crowdfunding solutions and smart contracts into one platform to provide a seamless experience for the investors and fund seekers. This paper starts with the conceptual exploration of the literature in the areas of food security, financing challenges facing farmers, smart contract and Crowdfunding application. The sources of the literature cover secondary sources such as books, online resources and journal articles. This paper provides a conceptual framework of the shariah compliant fintech model that could be a viable solution for the global crowd investors to participate in the impactful investment opportunities. Second, the platform represents a marketplace for small farmers to seek financing from alternative sources of funds for their agricultural projects. This study offers a comprehensive shariah investment procedures and structures of the fintech industry, which can assist policymakers to create necessary policies that regulate Crowdfunding and smart contracts activities.


The phase behavior of hydrocarbon fluids confined in porous media has been reported to deviate significantly from that in the bulk environment due to the existence of sub-10nm pores. Though experiments and simulations have measured the bubble/dew points and sorption isotherms of hydrocarbons confined in both natural and synthetic nanopores, the confinement effects in terms of the strength of fluid-pore interactions tuned by surface wettability and chemistry have received comparably less discussion. More importantly, the underlying physics of confinement-induced phenomena remain obfuscated. In this work, we studied the phase behavior and capillary condensation of n-hexane to understand the effects of confinement at the molecular level. To systematically investigate the pore effects, we constructed two types of wall confinements; one is a structureless virtual wall described by the Steele potential and the other one is an all-atom amorphous silica structure with surface modified by hydroxyl groups. Our numerical results demonstrated the importance of fluid-pore interaction, pore size, and pore morphology effects in mediating the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) properties of hydrocarbons. The most remarkable finding of this work was that the saturation pressure predicted from the van der Waals-type adsorption isothermal loop could be elevated or suppressed relative to the bulk phase, as illustrated in the graphical abstract. As the surface energy (i.e., fluid-pore interaction) decreased, the isothermal vapor pressure increased, indicating a greater preference for the fluid to exist in the vapor state. Sufficient reduction of the fluid-pore interactions could even elevate the vapor pressure above that of the bulk fluid.


The entrainment process in two-phase buoyant jets differs significantly from their singlephase counterparts, and is not well understood. Entrainment models developed for singlephase flow are often used in two-phase jetting simulations, albeit with limited success. In this work, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and shadowgraph flow visualization experiments have been conducted on submerged round gas jets of varying speeds and nozzle diameters with the goal of improving our understanding of the entrainment process in a two-phase (gas-liquid) jet. The total entrainment estimated using the PIV measurements is higher than the respective values suggested by a common empirical model developed for singlephase buoyant jets. A two-phase theoretical entrainment model used for comparison shows an overestimation of entrainment, but predicts the increase in the rate of entrainment with axial distance from the jet nozzle seen in the PIV results. This thesis also presents advances in PIV processing methodology that were developed concurrently with the entrainment research. The novel Spectral Phase Correlation (SPC) allows for particle displacement to be determined directly from phase information in the Fourier domain. Some of the potential benefits of the SPC explored here include (1) avoidance of errors introduced by spatial peak-finding routines; (2) use of a modal analysis that can be used to provide information such as correlation quality; and (3) introduction of a means of incorporating information from multiple image windows. At low image noise levels, the method performs as well as an advanced CC-based method. However, difficulties unwrapping the aliased phase information cause the SPC's performance to degrade at high noise levels. This work was supported in part by the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), Dahlgren Division.


PURPOSE
Leaders in medical and physician assistant (PA) education are faced with reduced sources of funding, tuition increases, and enrollment expansion, while students compete for the same pool of federal aid. The amount of research on the cost of education for both PA students and education programs is minimal.

METHODS
This retrospective analysis of Physician Assistant Education Association (PAEA) data, 2008-2011, examined the relationship between PA program costs and student tuition and fees. Statistical analyses included descriptive and parametric testing.

RESULTS
Analyses suggest that PA programs rely on student tuition and fees as a significant source of program revenue. Statistical significance was found for mean annual comparisons, 2008-2011.

CONCLUSION
Based on trends in medical education, the burgeoning debt crisis among medical graduates, and rapid changes in the health care environment, it would benefit the PA community to complete additional research on student debt load, cost of education, and allocation of program revenue.


Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms are robust tool in solving many optimization problems. Model structure selection is a procedure in system identification procedures. This procedure counters two contradicting objective functions which are minimizing mean square error and complexity of the selected model. This paper investigates the effectiveness and the performance of multiobjective evolutionary algorithm using elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) in identifying the model structure for discrete-time multivariable dynamic systems. Two simulated multivariable systems and a real multivariable system, which is a jacketed continuous stirred tank reactor, were used to investigate the effectiveness of NSGA-II. The identified model is validated using one-step-ahead prediction. The results indicate that NSGA-II is able to optimize the model structure of the multivariable systems with good predictive accuracy and adequate model structure.


Abstract One often observed empirical regularity is a power-law behavior of the tails of some distribution of interest. We propose a limit law for normalized random means that exhibits such heavy tails irrespective of the distribution of the underlying sampling units: the limit is a t-distribution if the random variables have finite variances. The generative scheme is then extended to encompass classic limit theorems for random sums. The resulting unifying framework has wide empirical applicability which we illustrate by considering two empirical regularities in two different fields. First, we turn to urban geography and explain why city-size growth rates are approximately t-distributed, using a model of random sector growth based on the central place theory. Second, turning to an issue in finance, we show that high-frequency stock index returns can be modeled as a generalized asymmetric Laplace process. These empirical illustrations elucidate the situations in which heavy tails can arise.


In this paper, we propose a framework based on micro-level dynamic land use models to predict the adoption of cover crops in the Upper-Mississippi River Basin. We use preferences recovered using a dynamic discrete model of crop choice to build a dynamic optimization framework to evaluate a range of scenarios based on the cover crops' effect on cash crop yields, costs of cover crop operations, and government support. We use a conditional choice probability method to estimate the dynamic crop choice model based on field-scale panel data and value function iteration method to assess counterfactual cover crop scenarios. The framework is expected to be applicable to modeling decisions to adopt conservation technologies in the absence of individual-level adoption data or for cases when conservation technology is new. The dynamic crop choice model yields expected results and reveals preferences for net revenues in line with previous literature. Simulation results predict baseline cover crop adoption rates which, although in line with some recent farmer surveys, are quite a bit higher than rates reported in 2012 Census of Agriculture. We attribute these results to substitution patterns implied by a dynamic logit model estimated, and suggest using aggregated Census of Agriculture data on state-wide adoption of cover crops to calibrate the constants in the the estimated dynamic logit model as a possible remedy under paucity of data related to individual decisions on cover crops adoption.


Selenium has been long recognized as one of the essential trace elements. Although many selenoproteins have been identified in the last decade, the physiological roles of Se and selenoproteins remain to be elucidated. Since iodothyronine deiodinases (DIs), which regulate the tissue levels of thyroid hormone, are (likely to be) selenoproteins, Se might have specific roles for developing brain. In fact, when rodents are depleted of Se perinatally, the thyroid hormone economy of the fetus is disturbed, which may lead to the abnormal development of the brain and to the abnormal postnatal behavior observed in Se-deficient animals. When the animals were depleted of Se after weaning, when the role of thyroid hormone on brain development is minimal, neurochemical and neurophysiological alterations were found in the dopaminergic system. These postnatally-depleted rodents also showed abnormal open-field behavior, which was distinct from that observed with perinatally-depleted animals. The molecular events that convert Se-deficient status to these neurochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioral functions are largely unknown, and need to be further examined. The interaction between Se and mercury compounds has also been the focus of many research, but there have been few reports on the interaction between the physiological (nutritional) level of Se and the toxicity of prenatal methylmercury (MeHg). Experimental findings showed that Se-deficient rodents are more susceptible to the prenatal toxicity of MeHg. It is noteworthy that MeHg specifically altered the metabolism of Se in fetal/neonatal brain. Significance of the alteration of the activities of selenoenzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and DIs in animals by prenatal MeHg exposure are discussed in relation to the neurobehavioral toxicity of MeHg.


This work reports an investigation into human factors involved in religious attitudes, beliefs and experiences. The inquiry arises from problems encountered by the investigator in pastoral work, in the study of theology, and in ecumenical discussion. Its basic questions are: (l) To what degree do the subjects conform to a common pattern of religious belief? (2) To what degree are the separate items of their beliefs related to one another? (3) To what degree do subjects differ from one another in the patterning of their religious beliefs? (4) To what degree are the religious beliefs of the subjects related to their upbringing, their experience and personality needs, and their education? The methods of inquiry followed the familiar lines of empirical research, with Questionnaires and Tests specially devised for the purpose. The Subjects were 230 volunteer helpers, including 100 Anglican Theological Students, 50 Freechurch Theological Students, 40 Laymen, and 40 Women. The work is in three Parts. Part One outlines the problems which led to the inquiry, and details contributions made by earlier empirical studies. Part Two describes the methods employed and reports the findings in relation to factors in religious development, to the ideational content of the religious beliefs of the subjects, and to the belief-patterns of the various groups and sub-groups within the Sample. Part Three summarises the findings and seeks to relate them to current religious problems. As an exploratory study it draws attention to the main categories, or sub-items, of belief under each of the more important doctrines of the Christian Faith, and demonstrates the possibility of studying the religious orientations of individuals and of groups, and of ascertaining not only the ideational content but also the patterning of their beliefs. The evidence appears to suggest that upbringing is the most potent factor in religious development. Education and personality needs play an important but less prominent role. Sixty per cent of the subjects adhere in adult life both to the denomination and to the particular school of thought within the denomination in which they were brought up; 20% report a shift in theological emphasis resulting from their college studies; whilst 16% experienced a reorientation in respect of their theological beliefs, or changed their denominational affiliation, from motives of personal need or emotional attraction. The study illustrates the inwardness and personal nature of religion for the individual. It is submitted as a contribution in the field of the psychological study of religion.


According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), nowadays, 65,3 million individuals have been forcibly displaced worldwide. In Europe, Italy is one of the countries with the highest number of asylum seeker arrivals per year and the emergency nature of the present-day migratory flows are increasingly involving researchers and clinicians to come up with and develop new models of research and interventions. This article aims to conduct a review of the Italian psychological research in the field of forced migration in order to systematise the Italian studies, to compare the Italian situation with the international one and to define limits, resources and future directions of current Italian research. A literature review in the databases Scopus, PubMed and Web of Knowledge for documents published from 2012 to 2017 was conducted. From the analysis, twelve articles emerged principally following two main trajectories of investigation: a clinical and mental health-related trajectory and a psychosocial and community-based one. Compared with the wider international field of research, a general underdevelopment of Italian research emerged. Research into protective factors with regard to the development of psychopathological outcomes and on interventions is highly recommended. Results highlighted support for future research on the theme of asylum seekers and refugees. Some cause for reflection as regards levels of criticality, the direction of future research and specific links between research and Italian social policies were given.


A fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite cellular deck system was used to rehabilitate a historical cast iron thru-truss structure (Hawthorne Street Bridge in Covington, Virginia). The most important characteristic of this application is reduction in self-weight, which raises the live load-carrying capacity of the bridge by replacing the existing concrete deck with an FRP deck. This bridge is designed to an HL-93 load and has a 75-ft clear span with a roadway width of 22 ft. The panel-to-panel connections were accomplished using full width, adhesively (structural urethane adhesive) bonded tongue and groove splices with scarfed edges. To ensure proper construction, serviceability, and strength of the splice, a full-scale two-bay section of the bridge with three adhesively bonded panel-to-panel connections was constructed and tested in the Structures Laboratory at Virginia Tech. Test results showed that no crack initiated in the joints under service load and no significant change in stiffness or strength of the joint occurred after 3,000,000 cycles of fatigue loading. The proposed adhesive bonding technique was installed in the bridge in August 2006.


Nest site selection is likely to be important for the fitness of sea turtle populations, but data on the environmental drivers of nest site selection and other important parameters like nest site fidelity and inter-nesting and remigration intervals are limited. We address these questions using data on flipper tag resightings and track counts from flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from Delambre Island in Western Australia collected over 2–3 weeks each nesting season across six nesting seasons. The median inter-nesting interval was 13 days (range 9–17 days) and the mean±s.d. remigration interval was 1.99±0.95 years. Turtles had around 10% probability of returning to the same sector of the beach (150-m-long sections). The median distance between subsequent emergences (whether false crawls were included or not) was ~450m. The number of turtles both emerging and successfully nesting was higher when air temperature and humidity were lowest and emergences increased slightly with tide height. Sector of the beach was by far the strongest predictor of nest site, with turtles showing preference for the less exposed side of the island. The results of this study will assist with future monitoring of this population and the management of threats related to coastal development and activities.


A national task force consisting of members from the American College of Radiology, the American College of Surgeons, and the College of American Pathologists examined the issues surrounding stereotactic core-needle biopsy for occult breast lesions. Their report includes indications and contraindications, informed consent, specimen handling, and management of indeterminate, atypical, or discordant lesions.


Moisture is a key environmental factor that affects many aspects of the composting process. Biodegradation kinetics are affected by moisture through changes in oxygen diffusion, water potential and water activity, and microbial growth rates. These relationships are made more complex by the dynamic nature of the composting process, with changes in particle size and structure occurring over time. A deductive model of the effects of moisture on composting kinetics has defined these relationships based on fundamental physical properties and biological mechanisms. This study applies this model to experimental data from a manure and papermill sludge composting system. The results demonstrate that the optimum moisture content for biodegradation can vary widely for different compost mixtures and times in the composting process, ranging from near 50 to over 70% on a wet basis. While there is a significant reduction in biodegradation rate when operating outside the optimum range, the results also suggest opportunities to mitigate this effect through manipulation of substrate density and particle size. This framework for engineering analysis demonstrates the importance and challenges of maintaining optimum moisture content in dynamic composting systems, where biological drying, metabolic water production, and changes in compaction and porosity are all occurring over time.


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and consumption of L-carnitine supplements on HMG-CoA reductase and LDL receptor in the liver of male Wistar rats toxicated by Boldenone. 30 male Wistar rats aged 12 weeks (weight 195±7.94g) were randomly divided into five groups: control, sham, boldenone (5mg/kg), L-carnitine, aerobic training- L-carnitine.The endurance moderate intensity training program (55-50% of maximal oxygen consumption) performed for 6 weeks and 5 times a week. Injection once a week, on an appointed day, and in the quadriceps and hamstring was conducted in depth. After anesthesia, autopsy was performed and the testes Isolated. The HMG-CoA reductase and LDL receptor expression in the samples was measured by Real Time PCR and the quantification of gene expression levels using the formula 2-I"I"ct were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe at the significant level P<0. 05.  The results showed that aerobic training and supplementation with L-carnitine was significant effect on HMG CoA reductase and LDL-R in the liver of male Wistar rats toxicated by boldenone (P=0/000). The results showed that the expression of HMG-CoA reductase changes in the liver of male Wistar rats in Group training - L-carnitine significantly lower than the control group (P=0/000). Changes in the expression of LDL-R in groups training - L-carnitine and L-carnitine increased significantly compared to control group (P=0/000). According to the findings, it seems to supplementation with L-carnitine with regular aerobic training modulating the biosynthesis of cholesterol in liver tissue.


The use of passive samplers in extensive monitoring, such as that used in national forest health monitoring plots, indicates that these devices are able to determine both spatial and temporal differences in ozone exposure of the plots. This allows for categorisation of the plots and the potential for cause-effect analysis of certain forest health responses. Forest exposure along a gradient of air pollution deposition demonstrates large variation in accumulated exposures. The efficacy of using passive samplers for in situ monitoring of forest canopy exposure was also demonstrated. The sampler data produced weak relationships with ozone values from the nearest "continuous" monitor, even though data from colocated samplers showed strong relationships. This spatial variation and the apparent effect of elevation on ozone exposure demonstrate the importance of topography and tree canopy characteristics in plant exposure on a regional scale. In addition, passive sampling may identify the effects of local pollutant gases, such as NO, which may scavenge ozone locally only to increase the production of this secondary pollutant downwind, as atmospheric reactions redress the equilibrium between concentrations of this precursor and those of the generated ozone. The use of passive samplers at the stand level is able to resolve vertical profiles within the stand and edge effects that are important in exposure of understorey and ground flora. Recent case studies using passive samplers to determine forest exposure to ozone indicate a great potential for the development of spatial models on a regional, landscape, and stand level scale.


htmlabstractDecades after Turing proposed his model of computation, we still lack suitable means to tackle the complexity of getting more than a few Turing Machines to interact with one another in a verifiably coherent manner. This dearth currently hampers software engineering in unleashing the full potential of multi-core platforms. The coordination language Reo, developed by the Foundations of Software Engineering group at CWI, offers a promising approach to overcome this obstacle by fulfilling the role of a domain specific language (DSL) for compositional specification of protocols.


In the present study, novel dry-contact sensors for measuring electro-encephalography (EEG) signals without any skin preparation are designed, fabricated by an injection molding manufacturing process and experimentally validated. Conventional wet electrodes are commonly used to measure EEG signals; they provide excellent EEG signals subject to proper skin preparation and conductive gel application. However, a series of skin preparation procedures for applying the wet electrodes is always required and usually creates trouble for users. To overcome these drawbacks, novel dry-contact EEG sensors were proposed for potential operation in the presence or absence of hair and without any skin preparation or conductive gel usage. The dry EEG sensors were designed to contact the scalp surface with 17 spring contact probes. Each probe was designed to include a probe head, plunger, spring, and barrel. The 17 probes were inserted into a flexible substrate using a one-time forming process via an established injection molding procedure. With these 17 spring contact probes, the flexible substrate allows for high geometric conformity between the sensor and the irregular scalp surface to maintain low skin-sensor interface impedance. Additionally, the flexible substrate also initiates a sensor buffer effect, eliminating pain when force is applied. The proposed dry EEG sensor was reliable in measuring EEG signals without any skin preparation or conductive gel usage, as compared with the conventional wet electrodes.


A field experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research and Extension Centre (HREC), Somanahallikaval, Hassan during 2016 to study the effect different micronutrients and their formulation on growth, yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cv. KufriJyoti. The experiment was conducted with Randomized Complete Block Design with twelve treatments and three replication. Treatments included were T1 (control)RDF (FYM 25 t/ha + N:P:K at 75:75:100 kg/ha), T2: T1+ boron, T3: T1+ zinc, T4: T1 + zinc + boron, T5: T1 + IIHR vegetable special, T6: T1 + IIHR potato special, T7: T1 + UHSB 1, T8: T1 + UHSB 2, T9: T1 + UHSB 3, T10: T1 + UHSB 4, T11: T1 + UHSB 5, and T12: RDF of N:P:K without FYM. In each formulation different concentration of micronutrients were used. The micronutrients and their formulation were sprayed at 30, 45 and 60 days after sprouting of tubers. Among the different formulations, T11-foliar spray of UHSB-5 micronutrient formulation along with RDF recorded the maximum plant height (66.87 cm) whereas, T9-foliar spray of UHSB-3 micronutrient formulation along with RDF recorded significantly highest number of branches per plant (4.60), number of compound leaves per plant (24.67) and plant canopy spread (1612.64 cm 2 ) at 60 days after sprouting of tubers. Same treatment was also recorded significantly highest tubers per plant (7.87), tuber weight per plant (687.87 g/plant), tuber yield per hectare (25.18 t/ha) and dry matter content (19.76%). K e y w o r d s


Abstract A series of Zn doped copper materials were investigated upon their crystal and electronic structure with the general formula Cu1-xZnx. CuZn alloys were produced via electrodeposition method. Galvanostatic deposition was preferred for the deposition. Crystal properties of the samples were studied via X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and supported by the X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) data. According to the crystal structure analysis, crystal geometries of the substituted samples were mainly determined in bcc cubic. The study has revealed that, low amount of Zn substitution (0.1M) are inactive in the molecular interplays and treated as an impurity in fcc copper environment. However, higher Zn concentrations (> 0.1 M) have built bcc structure under the influence of the highly overlapped 4p levels wavefunctions of the neighbouring Cu and Zn atoms. Thus, 0.1 M zinc substitution has been determined as a threshold of the phase transition from fcc to the bcc structure.


OBJECTIVE: One major problem in counselling couples with a prenatal diagnosis of a correctable fetal anomaly is the ability to exclude associated malformations that may modify the prognosis. Our aim was to assess the precision of fetal sonography in identifying isolated malformations.
METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the prenatal and postnatal records of our center for cases with a prenatal diagnosis of an isolated fetal anomaly in the period 2002-2007.
RESULTS: The antenatal diagnosis of an isolated malformation was made in 284 cases. In one of this cases the anomaly disappeared in utero. Of the remaining cases, the prenatal diagnosis was confirmed after birth in 251 (88.7%). In 8 fetuses (7 with a suspected coarctation of the aorta, 1 with ventricular septal defect) the prenatal diagnosis was not confirmed. In 24 fetuses (8.5%) additional malformations were detected at postnatal or post-mortem. In 16 of these cases the anomalies were mild or would not have changed the prognosis. In 8 cases (2.8%) severe anomalies were present (1 hypoplasia of the corpus callosum with ventriculomegaly, 1 tracheal agenesis, 3 cases with multiple anomalies, 1 Opitz Syndrome, 1 with CHARGE Syndrome, 1 COFS Syndrome). Two of these infants died.
CONCLUSIONS: the prenatal diagnosis of an isolated fetal anomaly is highly reliable. However, the probability that additional malformations will go undetected albeit small remains tangible. In our experience, it was 2.8%.


Federal law enforcement agencies are increasingly relying on "parallel construction" to pursue criminal cases against U.S. persons. Parallel construction is the process of building a separate -- and parallel -- evidentiary basis for a criminal investigation. The process is undertaken to conceal the original source of evidence, which may have been obtained unlawfully. Clandestinely used for decades, this process raises serious constitutional questions.

Parallel construction allows law enforcement agencies to capitalize on sensitive or secret national security techniques in the domestic criminal context, without any form of oversight or accountability. The result: parallel construction insulates surveillance techniques from judicial review, undermines checks and balances, and deprives individuals of the privacy benefits that court review would require. It also undermines fundamental principles of due process. Parallel construction enables law enforcement agencies to engage in questionable investigative practices, the concealment of which deprives criminal defendants of any challenges they might raise and prevents courts from reviewing the constitutionality of the practice in the first place.

Addressing parallel construction is a pressing issue, especially in light of the current events surrounding the 2013 global surveillance disclosures by Edward Snowden, the ongoing War on Drugs and War on Terror, and the efforts to reform the criminal justice system. As this Article explains, using this process is a deliberate attempt to bypass constitutional guarantees in ways that will unduly prejudice criminal proceedings. There is much to be gained by ensuring that law enforcement refrains from practicing parallel construction in the future.


Plastic pollution in the marine environment is a pervasive, global problem that threatens wildlife and human health. Routine monitoring is required to determine pollution hotspots, focus clean-up efforts, and assess the efficacy of legislation implemented to reduce environmental contamination. The shoreline represents an accessible area, relative to open water, from which to monitor this. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer a low-cost platform for remote sensing that operates below cloud coverage, which can interfere with satellite imagery. Detection of plastic using visible light is limited however, and results may be improved by using short-wave infrared (SWIR) imagery to collect chemical information. Within the commercial recycling industry, plastic items are sorted successfully based on their composition using SWIR instrumentation that measures the chemical spectra of waste items under controlled illumination. Here, proof of concept is established for aerial detection of domestic and shoreline-harvested plastic items on a beach under natural sunlight with a lightweight (800 g), hyperspectral SWIR camera deployed at an altitude of ∼ 5 m over ∼ 30-m transects. The results of spectral correlation mapping to compare imagery spectra to polyethylene and polypropylene reference spectra demonstrate that these two polymers can be successfully detected with this novel method.


For many years soils have been used to remove ammonium ions from wastewater with the resulting renovated water being used for groundwater recharge. This process relies on the cation adsorption capacity of the soil.

In Perth, Western Australia it has been found that the local soil has very little adsorption capacity. This work investigates the potential of alumina refinery solid residues (red mud and process sand) to be used for
removal of ammonium from wastewater.

A mix of 32% red mud with 68% process sand has been shown to give the required percolation rate and to satisfactorily remove ammonia from simulated wastewater. However the effluent from the red mud-sand mix has high pH and sodium content rendering the treated effluent suitable only for recharge where the end use is industrial or to prevent saline intrusion.

The literature regarding utilization of red mud and wastewater treatment by soil systems is reviewed. No previous reference is found to the use of red mud for wastewater renovation for groundwater recharge.

Theoretical curves approximating the data have been obtained using the optimisation method of Cameron and Klute (1977). However better rate data must be obtained from batch tests to give credance to the models.

It is concluded that -

(i) Ammonium nitrogen can be removed from secondary sewage effluent to a desired level by flooding and drying operations using a soil of sufficiently high cation exchange capacity.

(ii) Red Mud-process sand mixes can be used as the soil for such a recharge operation, but the results obtained are little better than those obtained by Mathew (1981) using a Pyrton loam - Spearwood sand mix with a lower measured cation exchange capacity.

(iii) The adsorption mechanism is complicated by the presence of compounds in the red mud which hydrolyse under near neutral conditions.

(iv) A major portion of the adsorption takes place very quickly, but is dependent upon ammonia concentration. In addition the time dependent portion of the adsorption capacity is significant.

(v) Batch equilibrium isotherm results provide information which correlates to the column data.

(vi) Dispersion effects do not appear to affect the pattern of the breakthrough curve within the range of recharge velocities normally used.

(vii) The effluent from the red mud-process sand mix when ammonium solutions are passed through it has too high a pH and too high a sodium content to be suitable for groundwater recharge for reuse for either domestic or agricultural purposes.

(viii) Waste water renovated through a layer of the mix could conceivably be used for recharge of groundwater for industrial use or for preventing saline wedge intrusion into heavily pumped coastal aquifers.

It is recommended that further laboratory work and a field trial be undertaken.


Aspects Early identification of dying patients in hospital setting/Empowerment of hospice nurses/New income from collaborative initiatives/Increased access for patients with non-malignant diagnosis to hospice Background Many patients do not wish to die in hospital but the majority do. Death in a patients' usual place of residence is often difficult to achieve because of rapidly increasing care needs particularly for patients who deteriorate as a result of an acute (often non-malignant) illness. Many of these patients would not meet referral criteria to a specialist palliative care hospice bed. Aim To develop a service allowing patients with generalist palliative care needs to access nurse led hospice end of life care Approach used Collaborative approach involving CCG, York Foundation Trust and Saint Catherine's Hospice. Referral criteria, process for identification and assessment of patients developed. Positive engagement from hospice nursing staff with multi-disciplinary team support as required. Pilot period extended to 18 months allowing development of business case for ongoing funding (agreed till 2017) Outcomes Between 1st Jan 2014–31st December 2014 147 patients assessed as suitable for transfer to Nurse Led Bed 100 patients transferred to hospice 98% of patients seen on day of referral by hospital palliative care team 73% of patients transferred to hospice on day of assessment (27% following day) 61% of patients had non-malignant diagnosis Average length of stay 4.2 days >350 hospital bed days saved Conclusions The nurse led bed service has encouraged hospital teams to identify dying patients earlier, afforded dying patients an alternative choice for end of life care and empowered hospice nursing staff to lead on patient care. Application to hospice practice Has already been used as a model for similar services elsewhere in the Yorkshire region


In this article we review theory and comparative and historical research on US social policy. We discuss first the conceptual frameworks used to think about social policy, the changing images of American social policy implied by these different frameworks, and the questions they raise. From there we examine the arguments offered to answer questions about US social policy as well as the research strategies and evidence used to appraise the arguments. We address work that situates US social policy in comparative perspective as well as work that examines the development of American social policy historically or across states. Although many lines of argumentation have some empirical support, we find that some lines of political and institutional analyses provide the best supported answers to the questions and the greatest potential for wide usage in comparative and historical studies. We conclude that scholars would do well not to treat American social policy as so exceptional as to require separate images, e...


A 46-year-old man presented with nodular skin lesions, a biopsy specimen of which demonstrated a poorly differentiated malignancy. Touch preparations with histochemical staining and electron microscopy confirmed leukemia cutis. Results from a bone marrow aspirate disclosed focal areas of increased myeloblasts, and cytogenetic analysis revealed an abnormal karyotype as follows 46,XY, t(1;2) (q44p13). Antileukemic therapy resulted in prompt disappearance of the skin nodules, and a return of the patient's bone marrow to normal was noted, but after six months of intensive chemotherapy leukemia cutis recurred without morphologically identifiable leukemia in the bone marrow. The patient underwent successful bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling but died 70 days after the transplant from disseminated aspergillosis.


SUMMARY Globally, a range of agronomic factors have been reported to have an impact on the performance of conservation agriculture (CA) and often determine its performance in relation to conventional agriculture (CONV). To assess this performance in Zimbabwe, 48 CA experiments were conducted by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in the semi-arid areas of southern Zimbabwe from 2004 to 2010, to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD) through meta-analytical methods. The two CA practices, planting basins (Basins) and ripper tillage (Ripper), were compared with CONV. It was hypothesised that CA results improved yield compared with CONV and that the effect of CA practices on yield is affected by soil type, rainfall amount and distribution and selected management practices, which included rates of inorganic fertilisers and manures and mulching. Basins were superior to CONV in 59% of the experiments and the overall effect was significant (p < 0.001). The effect of Ripper was non-significant. The hypothesis that CA practices result in improved maize grain yield over CONV was accepted for Basins. The WMD for experiments conducted on sandy soils was 0.365 t ha−1 for Basins and 0.184 t ha−1 for Ripper, and in both cases was significant (p < 0.05). For clay soils, only the WMD for Basins was significant. A higher rainfall regime (500–830 mm) resulted in a lower WMD for Basins (0.095 t ha−1) and Ripper (0.105 t ha−1) compared with 0.151 t ha−1 for Basins and 0.110 t ha−1 for Ripper under lower rainfall (320–500 mm). The overall effect of Basins under the higher rainfall regime was not significant. There was better yield performance for Basins when the rainfall was well distributed; the reverse was noted for the Ripper. The application of 10–30 kg ha−1 of N (micro-dose range) resulted in a higher WMD for Basins than zero N application. Without N application, the WMD of Basins was not significant. For zero manure application in Basins, the WMD was 0.043 t ha−1 compared with 0.159 t ha−1 when manure was applied. The application of mulch depressed the WMD in Basins by 44% and Ripper by 89%. The hypothesis that yield performance under CA is influenced by soil type, rainfall amount and distribution, inorganic fertiliser and manure application was accepted.


The LGBT issue re-emerged in Indonesia and has become a warm polemic in society, this issue has split the community into two groups, the supportive and the rejecting groups. Each side expressed their views on this issue with different reasons and approaches. The two most distinct groups of differing views on this issue are the Indonesian Ulama Council and the Liberal Islam Network. This study examines the evolutionary thinking dynamics among LGBT Indonesian Muslim scholars, with the aim of understanding the basis, approach and reasons used by each in determining opinions about LGBT behavior. The approach used in this study is descriptive comparative, namely the type of research used to compare between two groups or more than a certain variable. As for the conclusion of this study that MUI strongly opposes LGBT behavior under the pretext of contradicting the Qoran-Hadis and human nature created in pairs. While JIL groups support LGBT under the pretext of sexual preference and human rights.


Literacy researchers might develop a richer understanding of how literacy practices construct communities and writers within those communities through more detailed attention to what writers do when they write. Very little is currently known about the processes by which individuals are actually composing in digital writing environments. However, in this cultural moment of sweeping social, linguistic, and technological literacy transformations, research on digital composing processes involves unique methodological challenges. Contemporary writing technologies intersect with digital literacy composing processes in ways that require critical ethical and methodological decision-making by literacy researchers at all stages of the research process. In this article, I argue that research on contemporary composing processes provides a crucial window onto literacy as a social practice, and further, that such research poses unique methodological challenges for researchers. Through an examination of Facebook writers' composing processes, I articulate some of these challenges and offer guidance for future research.


In recent years, the impulse and energy concepts have been proposed as a means of improving the prediction of sediment particle entrainment. Because they account for temporal aspects of the applied hydrodynamic forces, impulse-based or energy-based approaches provide a better representation of a highly fluctuating phenomenon compared to the more traditional time-averaged Shields parameter or constant force magnitude-based model. In the present paper, we elaborate further on the simulation of particle migration by applying a theoretical model based on hydrodynamic pressure data. Three common movement scenarios and the dynamic critical drag force, allowed to vary during particle motion, are qualitatively discussed here. Also, the possible inaccuracy in entrainment prediction of three different models is addressed with reference to our simulation results. It is demonstrated that the multi-parcel impulse model has the best performance when compared to the single-parcel impulse and force magnitude-based models.


In an attempt to study age-related metabolic abnormalities, glucose intolerance and serum insulin were examined in normal subjects and hyperthyroid patients. For comparison, serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and total cholesterol were also measured in normal subjects and hyperthyroid patients. Although serum T4 concentration remained unchanged, serum T2 concentration decreased significantly in an elderly group of normal subjects. Similarly, serum T4 did not change with age and serum T2 decreased slightly but progressively with age in hyperthyroid patients. In addition, serum total cholesterol concentration increased progressively with age in normal subjects. Oral glucose tolerance decreased with age in normal subjects despite the same timing, peak level attained, and total magnitude of insulin response for old and young subjects. Although the severity of hyperthyroidism decreases with age, age-related glucose intolerance was much more apparent in hyperthyroid patients because of the age-related decrease of basal concentration, the peak level attained, and the total magnitude of insulin response. It is suggested that age-related glucose intolerance is magnified by the hyperthyroid state.


In previous research, we found that the Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge (SMB), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, accelerates orthodontic tooth movement. In the present study, to characterize the actions of SMB on bone remodeling, we investigated the effect of SMB on DNA synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity of murine osteoblast like cell-clone, MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. Treatment of the cells with SMB for 72 hours caused significant increase in ALPase activity. It was found that SMB increased ALPase activity in a dose-dependent manner, and up to maximum at the concentration of 5.0 mg/ml. At that concentration, ALPase activity was about 135% greater than that of control. SMB at 5.0 mg/ml significantly stimulated ALPase activity of the cells in multilayer on day 8 or calcification stage on day 16, but inhibited it in the sparse stage on day 2 or subconfluency stage on day 4. SMB had no effect on DNA synthesis in any stage of culture. ALPase activity significantly increased at 48 hours and was up to 300% greater than that of control activity at 96 hours. These findings suggest that SMB directly stimulates ALPase activity of MC3T3-E1 cells in multilayer stage or calcification stage without any effect on proliferation. Locally administrated SMB may affect the differentiation of osteoblasts in vivo.


Drought is a natural disaster that occurs globally when water availability is significantly below normal levels. Drought assessment is important for water resource planning, and therefore indexes can be used to characterize drought magnitudes. Using the monthly streamflow data at 47 stations from 1972 to 2011, the streamflow drought index (SDI) series with 3- (SDI-3), 6- (SDI-6), and 12-month (SDI-12) time scales were calculated, and the hydrological drought of the upper Tigris Basin in Turkey has been assessed. The results showed that almost all stations experienced at least one severe drought during the study period. The results revealed that since the early 1990s the study area has become drier. Using the data for a 12-month period and the area of the sub-basins for each flow monitoring station, area-weighted SDI-12 (WSDI) values were constructed. According to the WSDI results, the intensity and number of drought conditions increased during every 10-year period. This outcome has been verified using the maps of averaged SDI-12 values over the Tigris Basin. We noticed from observations of the maps that the time domain zones in lower latitudes experienced drought earlier as compared with zones in higher latitudes.


Air-to-air heat pumps have gained an increasing popularity to supply domestic heating and cooling in the building service sector since the 1990s. Due to the challenge from depletion of fossil energy sources as well as global warming, it is essential for the manufacturers to improve the heat pump efficiency in order to satisfy the requirement of living standard without consuming excessive electricity.
This diploma work focuses on studying different air-to-air heat pump COP (Coeffi-cient of Performance) field testing methods and standards. Practical measurements with three test methods were carried out in parallel in the laboratory, namely SP Method, Climacheck Method and Calorimeter Method. Results were collected from both long and short term testing with the corresponding outdoor weather conditions. Hence, heat pump performance characteristics can be studied. Furthermore, uncer-tainty evaluation and limitation analysis of each testing method were made so that further improvement could be suggested for field measurement. While defrosting is a key factor to ensure high efficiency, the dynamic performance within that period is extremely hard to monitor, and it is critical for the long term HSPF (Heating Seasonal Performance Factor) measurement of air-to-air heat pumps.
In this study it has been discovered that neither the SP Method nor the Climacheck Method is optimal for the field test, due to the inaccuracy during the defrosting proc-ess. The Calorimeter Method is feasible to serve as the reference method but it is not suitable for field testing. Results achieved by the SP Method seem to be in accord with what is achieved by the Calorimeter Method. However, the influence of the air volume flow measurement devices upon the testing unit itself, and the bulky equip-ment setup, make the SP Method infeasible for field testing during long time periods. The Climacheck Method is designed as a convenient way to carry out continuous measurement, with a user friendly interface and less bulky instrument. But it does not work properly if, for instance, the superheat is too low to avoid liquid droplets in the suction line to the compressor. Droplets result in an overestimated isentropic effi-ciency and consequently the heating capacity is also overestimated. On the other hand, the Climacheck unit warns the user and indicates the cause of the problem.
Based on this study, further improvements could be suggested for each testing method. For the Climacheck method, an additional testing point is available and should be mounted close to the inlet of the condenser. For the SP Method, pre-testing in the lab could be made concerning air volume flow rate under different indoor fan speeds, so that the bulky air collecting system would be avoided for field testing af-terwards. Nevertheless, how to measure air volume flow rate accurately, especially under dynamic conditions, remains a challenge for the external COP testing method.


Multiple forms of cytochrome P450 exist some of which are selectively inducible by exposure of the organism to a variety of foreign compounds. In this study, a monoclonal antibody specific for 3-methyl-cholanthrene-inducible cytochrome P450, Mab 1-7-1, was used to detect, localize and quantify CYP1A1/CYP1A2 in livers of C57BL/6 mice. Mab 1-7-1 recognized a faint band in the range between 45-66 Kd in Western immunoblots of liver microsomes from control mice, and a strong band in the same range, in liver microsomes from beta-naphthoflavone-treated mice. Microsome from control liver contained minimal levels of CYP1A1/CYP1A2; pretreatment with beta-naphthoflavone caused an increase in their expression. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to demonstrate the cellular localization and quantification of these isozymes in the liver. The immunolabeling procedure confirmed the endoplasmic reticulum as the primary site of CYP1A1/CYP1A2 induction in hepatocytes. This organelle showed the highest labeling density after treatment with beta-naphthoflavone. Increase in CYP1A1/CYP1A2 was 33.4-fold by morphometric analysis in induced hepatocytes in comparison to non-induced cells. In conclusion, CYP1A1/CYP1A2 is highly induced by beta-naphthoflavone in C57BL/6 mouse liver, and the cellular site of expression is the endoplasmic reticulum.


Deep metric learning has recently received special attention in the field of remote sensing (RS) scene characterization, owing to its prominent capabilities for modeling distances among RS images based on their semantic information. Most of the existing deep metric learning methods exploit pairwise and triplet losses to learn the feature embeddings with the preservation of semantic-similarity, which requires the construction of image pairs and triplets based on the supervised information (e.g., class labels). However, generating such semantic annotations becomes a completely unaffordable task in large-scale RS archives, which may eventually constrain the availability of sufficient training data for this kind of models. To address this issue, we reformulate the deep metric learning scheme in a semi-supervised manner to effectively characterize RS scenes. Specifically, we aim at learning metric spaces by utilizing the supervised information from a small number of labeled RS images and exploring the potential decision boundaries for massive sets of unlabeled aerial scenes. In order to reach this goal, a joint loss function, composed of a normalized softmax loss with margin and a high-rankness regularization term, is proposed, as well as its corresponding optimization algorithm. The conducted experiments (including different state-of-the-art methods and two benchmark RS archives) validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for RS image classification, clustering and retrieval tasks. The codes of this paper are publicly available.


The 2S albumins are one of the major protein families involved in severe food allergic reactions to nuts, seeds and legumes, thus potentially making these proteins clinically relevant for allergic sensitisation and potential diagnostic markers. In this study, we sought to purify native 2S albumin protein from pecan to further characterise this putative allergen. The purified 2S albumin, Car i 1, from pecan was found to be resistant to digestion by pepsin in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and comparatively stable to proteolysis by trypsin and pancreatin in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Digestion of purified Car i 1 in SGF and SIF resulted in formation of different digestion-resistant peptides that were capable of binding IgE antibodies from allergic individuals. Digestion stability of Car i 1 and formation of digestion-resistant antigenic peptides may explain why it is a potent sensitising protein in pecan for susceptible individuals. The observation that digestion-resistant peptides are able to bind IgE implies that pecan can trigger systemic allergic reactions even after digestion in the stomach and small intestine.


Recently, the advancement in industrial automation and high-speed printing has raised numerous challenges related to the printing quality inspection of final products. This paper proposes a machine vision based technique to assess the printing quality of text on industrial objects. The assessment is based on three quality defects such as text misalignment, varying printing shades, and misprinted text. The proposed scheme performs the quality inspection through stochastic assessment technique based on the second-order statistics of printing. First: the text-containing area on printed product is identified through image processing techniques. Second: the alignment testing of the identified text-containing area is performed. Third: optical character recognition is performed to divide the text into different small boxes and only the intensity value of each text-containing box is taken as a random variable and second-order statistics are estimated to determine the varying printing defects in the text under one, two and three sigma thresholds. Fourth: the K-Nearest Neighbors based supervised machine learning is performed to provide the stochastic process for misprinted text detection. Finally, the technique is deployed on an industrial image for the printing quality assessment with varying values of n and m. The results have shown that the proposed SAML-QC technique can perform real-time automated inspection for industrial printing.


This analysis examined data from a variety of sources to estimate the benefit of enhancing Iowa's current law to require all passengers to use seat belts. In addition to assessing Iowans' opinions about changing the law, a literature review, a legislative policy review, and analysis of Iowa crash data were completed. Currently 28 states enforce seat belt laws for all passengers. Belted passengers riding with an unbelted passenger are 2 to 5 times more likely to suffer fatal injuries in a crash relative to when all occupants are using seat belts. Iowans are highly compliant (90%-94%) with the current seat belt law for front seat occupants. Of more than 1000 Iowans surveyed, 85% said they always use a seat belt when riding in the front seat, but only 36% always do so when they ride in the back seat. The most common reasons given for not using seat belts in the back seat are forgetting to buckle up and because it is not the law. Iowans widely support strengthening Iowa's seat belt law — 62% said Iowa law should require all rear seat passengers to use seat belts. Four out of five respondents said they would use seat belts more often when sitting in the rear seat if it was the law. It is estimated rear seat fatalities would decrease about 48%, from 13 to 7 fatalities annually, if an all-passenger law was implemented in Iowa.


Central America is an ideal region in which to study patterns of historical divergence and population genetic differentiation, because of its extraordinarily dynamic biogeographical, tectonic, and climatic history. The rodent Ototylomys phyllotis is the only extant species of the genus Ototylomys and is distributed within this region from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, to central Costa Rica, offering an excellent opportunity to study spatial and temporal patterns of population structure of the species and to explain the ecological and evolutionary processes responsible for those patterns. We estimated the genetic diversity and structure within and between populations of O. phyllotis, times of divergence, and migration patterns using mitochondrial DNA and a comprehensive combination of phylogenetic and phylogeographical computational analyses. Our results support monophyly of the genus Ototylomys. We identified three major phylogeographical lineages within O. phyllotis that are linked to its diversification and coincide with the main geological features that shaped Middle America. The origin of the genus was before 3.35 Mya, prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), and its initial occurrence was near the centre of its current distribution (Honduras/El Salvador), from which it later spread (3.20–2.84 Mya) following a series of GABI pulses. The species showed an initial northward dispersal to the Chiapas and Guatemala highlands (2.27 Mya) followed by diversification. A later dispersal (1.82 Mya) occurred toward both the south (Nicaragua, Costa Rica) and the north (Belize). The Yucatan peninsula was colonized (0.8 Mya) by individuals from Belize. Extremely high radiation and range expansion occurred throughout the entire range, the highest of which was in the Yucatan peninsula (0.125 Mya). © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 107, 593–610.


Automated feature extraction capability and significant performance of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) make them suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, deploying DNN on edge devices becomes prohibitive due to the colossal computation, energy, and storage requirements. This paper presents a novel approach for designing and training lightweight DNN using large-size DNN. The approach considers the available storage, processing speed, and maximum allowable processing time to execute the task on edge devices. We present a knowledge distillation based training procedure to train the lightweight DNN to achieve adequate accuracy. During the training of lightweight DNN, we introduce a novel early halting technique, which preserves network resources; thus, speedups the training procedure. Finally, we present the empirically and real-world evaluations to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach under different constraints using various edge devices.


Complaints about frivolous patents abound in academic, business, and policy circles, and the focus of blame is usually on the large number of junk patents that have issued from the Patent Office that are actually invalid. The underlying cause is said to be the relatively modest examination performed by the Patent Office. Most popular proposals for change suggest methods for segregating patents into two or so bundles based on whether the patents should be subject to closer examination. A so-called "second window of review" has been proposed to allow competitors to make the choice of which patents get closer examination; and a so-called "gold-plated approach" has been proposed to allow patentees to make the election. Applying a back-to-basics approach, this Article points out two core problems with these popular proposals: (1) they do not adequately account for the information costs, error costs, and risks of capture that accompany any system premised on flexible and discretionary administrative review, and (2) they overlook the central lessons learned through debates over civil litigation generally about how to balance the conflicting goals of speed, cost, accuracy, and finality. The Article then elucidates how some small changes to our patent system could be used to better solve the problem of bad patents than would other popular proposals. This small number of changes, which are implementable through either case law or statute, would interact to make available a symmetrical risk of fee and cost shifting for bad-faith litigation over patents to encourage parties to exchange information and resolve disputes before getting deeply into expensive litigation. Such an approach would directly address the complaints of patent critics without injecting the degree of unpredictability and political manipulability into the system that would be caused by their proposed changes. It takes seriously the importance to the economy of strong intellectual property rights as well as reforms designed to lessen the negative impact of junk patents and frivolous lawsuits.


Monotonic classification is a kind of special task in machine learning and pattern recognition. Monotonicity constraints between features and decision should be taken into account in these tasks. However, most existing techniques are not able to discover and represent the ordinal structures in monotonic datasets. Thus, they are inapplicable to monotonic classification. Feature selection has been proven effective in improving classification performance and avoiding overfitting. To the best of our knowledge, no technique has been specially designed to select features in monotonic classification until now. In this paper, we introduce a function, which is called rank mutual information, to evaluate monotonic consistency between features and decision in monotonic tasks. This function combines the advantages of dominance rough sets in reflecting ordinal structures and mutual information in terms of robustness. Then, rank mutual information is integrated with the search strategy of min-redundancy and max-relevance to compute optimal subsets of features. A collection of numerical experiments are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.


Neonatal compartment syndrome (NCS) is a rare condition that is often initially misdiagnosed because its skin lesions mimic several other more common diseases of the newborn. It has not been described in the pediatric literature thus far. Early diagnosis along with fasciotomy may be limb and function-sparing, but only in certain cases, because the exact time and duration of the initial insult and the full extent of damage at presentation is unknown in many cases. We present a case of NCS that was initially thought to be amniotic band syndrome, and delayed fasciotomy and debridement were performed once the correct diagnosis was made. We review the literature of this rare and debilitating condition and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and intervention.


This paper argues that Calvin provides an account of the radical unmaking of the human moral subject at the hands of sin and its even more radical remaking at the hands of divine grace. The moral significance of human continuity during this soteriological transit, including such things as reason and will as such, is shown to be overreached by that of what becomes of the human creature in its history at the hands of both sin and God's grace. Calvin's treatment of the first and third uses of the law confirms and illumines this claim decisively. Insight into this matter is aided by consideration of J. Louis Martyn's discussion of the status of the moral subject in Pauline paraenesis A Reformed theological ethic that takes its cues from Calvin's teaching in this regard will thus regard the adventitious realities of sin and grace, and their serial consequences for the constitution of the human moral agent, to represent the most important meta-ethical realities to be considered.


Describing the repertoire of sounds produced by wild cetaceans is necessary for understanding their function, for acoustic population monitoring and for measuring the potential influence of anthropogenic impact. Geographic variation in the types and parameters of sounds makes regional assessment of vocal behaviour necessary. We describe the acoustic repertoire of a small population of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting Walvis Bay, Namibia from recordings made over 59 encounters (72 h) between 2009 and 2012. The characteristics of burst pulse (BP) sounds, low-frequency narrow-band (LFN) sounds, brays, whistles and chirps are described. The BP sounds identified were generated at 150–1050 pulses per second, and most were short, lasting less than 1 s in duration. Bottlenose dolphins from Walvis Bay produce the lowest frequency LFN sounds described for the species. Whistles ranged in frequency from 1.58 to 23.24 kHz, and the mean acoustic parameters were within the range of those described from other geographic regions. Chirps were identified infrequently and usually as single occurrences. Although several sound types were often produced in close temporal succession, we found little evidence of stereotyped bray production, even during recordings of animals feeding. Our results demonstrate geographic variation in both the characteristics and sound types used by bottlenose dolphins and highlight the importance of regional data collection as a pre-curser to passive acoustic monitoring programmes.


The Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) Effect exists everywhere, but the existing researches on actual damping of SSI system are not so sufficient, and the analysis of its real dynamic response becomes unsuitable to engineering applications. In this paper, the possibility of regarding SSI system as classical damping system in linear elastic range is studied. The motion domains and the equation of the dynamic system in each domain are confirmed with respect to boundaries. The research on Shaking Table Test of SSI system is shown as an example of supporting the feasibility of regarding SSI system as classical damping system similarly.


ABSTARCT: This study aimed at exploring Yemeni EFL students' perceived problems of speaking and enhancing their speaking performance using task-based instruction strategy. It followed a quasi-experimental research design to check the degree of enhancement in the students' speaking skills, and a qualitative design to check students' problems in speaking. To ensure effective use of strategic teaching, the researchers considered students' needs and motivation by involving them in an interview about the problems they face when communicating in English. Non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used in the present study. The sample consisted of 20 first-year college students at Socotra Faculty of Education, Hadhramout University, Yemen, in the academic year of 2018-2019. The findings revealed that students face many speaking problems pertaining to knowledge of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and problems of sustaining the oral interaction, as well as psychology -related problems. The analysis of data collected, using paired sample t-test, indicates a significant improvement has taken place in students' speaking skill compared to the pre-test and the post-test performance with t-value of 5.349 and p. value =.000,<. 0.005, with effect size of (ES = .53). Based on the findings, the study recommends that EFL teachers focus on the problems reported by students whenever they want to develop their students' communicative competence.


Recent empirical evidence based on microdata panels indicates the importance of banks' balance sheets for the monetary transmission mechanism. This paper builds a dynamic general equilibrium model to analyse the macroeconomic consequences of changes in the cost of bank capital, and thus the cost of bank credit. The model includes the interaction between the supply side (banking sector) and the demand side (corporate sector) of the credit market. The analysis suggests that bank capital channels may be an important part of the monetary transmission mechanism, particularly when there are large, direct shocks to banks' balance sheets. Such shocks could occur when there are structural changes that affect the banking system. The impulse responses are likely to be magnified due to the interaction between the supply and the demand sides of the credit market.


Scale errors occur when young children seriously attempt to perform an action on an object which is impossible due to its size. Children vary substantially in the incidence of scale errors with many factors potentially contributing to these differences, such as age and the type of scale errors. In particular, the evidence for an inverted U-shaped curve of scale errors involving the child's body (i.e., body scale errors), which would point to a developmental stage, is mixed. Here we re-examine how body scale errors vary with age and explore the possibility that these errors would be related to the size and properties of children's lexicon. A large sample of children aged 18-30 months (N = 125) was tested in a scale error elicitation situation. Additionally, parental questionnaires were collected to assess children's receptive and expressive lexicon. Our key findings are that scale errors linearly decrease with age in childhood, and are more likely to be found in early talkers rather than in less advanced ones. This suggests that scale errors do not correspond to a developmental stage, and that one determinant of these errors is the speed of development of the linguistic and conceptual system, as a potential explanation for the individual variability in prevalence.


Lv Z.Z., Liu X.M., Hou H.Q., Liu Y.R., Ji J.H., Lan X.J., Feng Z.B. (2018): Effects of 29-year long-term fertilizer manage.ment on soil phosphorus in double-crop rice system. Plant Soil Environ., 64: 221–226. Rational soil phosphorus (P) management is significant to crop production and environment protection. Little information is available on soil Olsen-P balance and critical values in double-crop rice in China. The main aim of the study was to relate soil Olsen-P to apparent P balance and to determine Olsen-P critical value for early and late rice using data from a 29-year study (1984~2012) at the Jiangxi province. The results showed that Olsen-P decreased by 0.12~0.26 mg/kg/year without P addition and increased by 0.56~2.52 mg/kg/year with P fertilization. Olsen-P decreased by 0.30 mg/kg for CK and NK under an average deficit of 100 kg P/ha, and increased by an average of 9.10 mg/kg in treatments with organic manures and were 4.55 times higher than chemical fertilizers with 100 kg/ha of P surplus. The critical values for early and late rice were 22.70 and 22.67 mg/kg, respectively. The average Olsen-P content is 90.89 mg/kg after 29-year application of chemical fertilizer and manures. Therefore, decreasing the amount of total P input and increasing the compost portion should be recommended to improve food production and protect environment in red paddy soils in south China.


Transient tuning of material properties by light usually requires intense laser fields in the nonlinear excitation regime. Here, we report ultrafast ferroelectric ordering on the surface of a paraelectric topological semimetal 1T'-MoTe2 in the linear excitation regime, with the order parameter directly proportional to the excitation intensity. The ferroelectric ordering, driven by a transient electric field created by electrons trapped ångstroms away from the surface in the image potential state (IPS), is evidenced in two-photon photoemission spectroscopy showing the energy relaxation rate proportional to IPS electron density, but with negligible change in the free-electron-like parallel dispersion. First-principles calculations reveal an improper ferroelectric ordering associated with an anharmonic interlayer shearing mode. Our findings demonstrate an ultrafast charge-based pathway for creating transient polarization orders.


The aim of this study is to evaluate treatment effects of novel GBR membranes (PDLLA membranes) applied to bony defects around dental implants on new bone regeneration alone or in combination with bioceramic bone graft (BIO-OSS®) on the mongrel dog model in comparison with collagen membrane (BIO-GIDE®) and therefore to assess the clinical values of the novel GBR membranes and bioceramic bone graft material in dental implantology. 6 implants were placed in bilateral mandibular of each mongrel dog after preparation of mid- crestal defects. The defects on one side were covered with PDLLA membranes alone or with bone graft, while the contra-lateral sides received collagen membranes alone or with bone graft. These animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8,12 weeks post the GBR-operation. And gross sample examination, standardized radiographs, 99mTc-MDP SPECT and histomorphometric analysis were taken. All examinations showed similar amounts of newly formed bone beneath both types of barriers. The PDLLA or collagen membrane with bone graft groups showed better results than the membrane used alone groups. The results indicated that PDLLA membranes especially with bioceramic bone graft presented an improved response in dealing with bony defects around implants.


Face-to-face communication is a highly interactive process where participants mutually exchange and interpret verbal and nonverbal messages. Communication dynamics represent the temporal relationship between these communicative messages. Even when only one person speaks at a time, other participants exchange information continuously among themselves and with the speaker through gesture, gaze, posture, and facial expressions. The transactional view of human communication shows an important dynamic between communicative behaviors where each person serves simultaneously as speaker and listener. At the same time you send a message, you also receive messages from your own communications (individual dynamics) as well as from the reactions of the other person(s) (interpersonal dynamics).


Interacting two component Fermi gases are at the heart of our understanding of macroscopic quantum phenomena like superconductivity. Changing nature of the interaction is expected to head to novel quantum phases. Here we study the ground state of a two component fermionic gas in a harmonic potential with dipolar and contact interactions. Using a variational Wigner function we present the phase diagram of the system with equal but opposite values of the magnetic moment. We identify the second order phase transition from paramagnetic to ferronematic phase. Moreover, we show the impact of the experimentally relevant magnetic field on the stability and the magnetization of the system. We also investigate a two component Fermi gas with large but almost equal values of the magnetic moment to study how the interplay between contact and dipolar interactions affects the stability properties of the mixture. To be specific we discuss experimentally relevant parameters for ultracold $^{161}$Dy.


According to the International Energy Agency, buildings represent over one-third of total final energy consumption. Thus, a more sustainable future begins with low energy buildings which must combine comfort and function using passive systems and new evolving technologies. Policies to reduce building energy consumption and carbon emissions have been developed worldwide during the last decades. As a consequence, Building Regulations and Standards require more insulated and air tight buildings which may lead to indoor environment issues when not designed appropriately or systems are not used as designed. Detailed building modelling and simulation can provide an indication of building performance and furthermore, it can be used to assess indoor environment issues. Although there have been several previous studies of the indoor environmental quality in low energy buildings, this research is focused on the variability of overheating risk and poor indoor air quality (IAQ) at different locations in the building at different times. The impact that different occupancy profiles and ventilation strategies has on the distribution of thermal comfort levels and IAQ in low-energy houses has been assessed using the detailed thermal simulation program, ESP-r. The first part of the research involved developing a model of a low energy house in accordance with the Passivhaus (PH) standard. Comparison of modelling results and the results from the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) confirmed that the modelling results were in good agreement with the PH Standard in terms of monthly heat gains and losses of the building. Secondly, more realistic assumptions were formulated so modelling results could be compared with measured data in terms of temperature, humidity and CO2 distribution within various rooms of the building. Then a number of scenarios were formed, varying occupancy numbers and profiles with different ventilation regimes, which included natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation and mechanical ventilation with heat recovery options. These parametric variations were compared in terms of energy demand, plus temporal variation of indoor environment metrics (thermal comfort and IAQ). The general conclusion arising from the analysis is that, contrary to the usual assumption of even distribution of the indoor environmental conditions, there can be significant variations in the internal distribution. Important factors are number and location of occupants and the movement of air within the building. Although this study was focused on climate representative of conditions in Scotland, similar variations would be expected in other climates.


Energy concepts are used to develop techniques for optimizing the design and control of structural vibrations. In searching for a design that minimizes the vibrational amplitude of a structure at a number of points and frequencies, the minimization function is very irregular, having many local minima in the design parameter space. This makes it difficult for automated search algorithms to find a global minimum. The use of frequency‐averaged energy levels as the response variable provides a smoother minimization function and better results from optimization algorithms. Similarly, in active control systems, the use of measured point vibration amplitudes as the minimization function suffers when the measured points correspond to the nodes in a modal response. The use of structural intensity measurements as the minimization function helps to overcome this problem. Several examples are given for beam and plate structures.


The present experiment was conducted at one field of the research station (B) belongs to Horticulture Department/College of Agriculture/ Baghdad University during the summer season of 2017 in order to study the effect of the inoculation with the mycorrhizae and spray with FeSO4 and Anti-transpirant (Armurox) on some growth characters and yield of okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench. The experiment was lay out as a factorial experiment (2x3x2) in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The three factors used in this experiment included; the inoculation with mycorrhizae (M) (0 and 10 g. plant-1), spray with FeSO4 (F) (0, 0.5, and 1g. L-1), and the Anti-transpirant 'Armurox' (A) (0 and 5 ml.L-1). The results showed that the inoculation with mycorrhizae had positive effect on chlorophyll content, dry weight of shoot, total number of flowers and total yield with values of 51.15 mg.100 g-1, 28.73%, 116.12 flower. plant -1, 21.92 ton. hectare-1, respectively. The M1F0A0 combination treatment was superior in total number of flowers per plant (132.90), while the M1F2A1 combination treatment was superior in chlorophyll content, dry weight and total yield with values of 68.23 mg. 100 g-1, 31.82%, and 25.29 ton. Hectare-1, respectively.


Introduction An open flow of 3,500,000 cubic feet of natural gas per day in the upper part of the Tully limestone in a well northwest of Richburg in Allegany County, New York, in September, 1928, started an active drilling campaign which has extended over a large part of west-central New York and adjacent parts of north-central Pennsylvania. This led to the discovery of the Wayne-Tyrone gas pool in Schuyler County, New York, in March, 1930; the Tioga pool in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, in September, 1930; and the Hebron pool in Potter County, Pennsylvania, in November, 1931. In these three pools the gas occurs in the Oriskany sandstone. From a great many of the wells complete sets of drill cutting samples have been taken, so that accurate sections of the strata penetrated can be constructed. Through the courtesy of companies and individual operators engaged in drilling in this area, samples from . . .


his research work studied the assessment of the impact of the VAT and revenue collection on GDP -ZRB. It attempted to examine the contribution of VAT on revenue collection in ZRB, the extent to which VAT has contributed to the steady
growth in Gross Domestic Product in Zanzibar and also assessed the challenges of revenue Collection in ZRB. To attain that above, VAT inflows, revenue collection
and GDP data from 2002 to 2012 are collected from public publications which are stored both in hard copy and softy copy and 20 questionnaires were distributed and administered effectively. For this study data and information base, was built from both primary which was obtained from interviewing 20 respondents of ZRBs' staff,
and secondary sources which was obtained from annually report on economic growth, publication from economic survey published by Government of Zanzibar and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) data sources were consulted. The study
employed the Ordinary least Square method to analyze the contribution of VAT on revenue collection in ZRB and the extent to which VAT has contributed to the steady growth in Zanzibar economy. Also used SPSS to analyze the challenges facing ZRBs' staff on revenue Collection. The result of the study revealed that value added tax is beneficial to the Zanzibar economy. The behavior shows that value added tax
is statistically significant to revenue generated by ZRB in Zanzibar. From the findings, for Zanzibar to attain its economic growth and development, she must be able to generate enough revenue meet up with the challenges of her expenditures in term of provision of social facilities and the running costs of the Government.
Key words: GDP, VAT, Revenue Zanzibar


The initial management of any irradiated casualty is the early identification of the possibility of a significant exposure through dose prediction and recognition of prodromal symptoms. Subsequent management is aimed at supporting the effected systems until there is recovery. Where there is haematological failure, transplantation (bone marrow / stem cell) is possible although limited value in a mass casualty scenario. The provision of gold standard therapy within the field is unlikely to occur and early medical evacuation to an Echelon / Role 4 facility with specialist services will be required. Within the field, early assessment using the above systems of classification could be achieved at Echelon / Role 3 and may be enhanced with the establishment of Radiation Assessment Units. These would select casualties that could benefit from the advanced therapies. A summary of the levels of care is shown in Figure 3.


We present here a detailed calculation of opacities for Fe XVII at the physical conditions corresponding to the base of the Solar convection zone. Many ingredients are involved in the calculation of opacities. We review the impact of each ingredient on the final monochromatic and mean opacities (Rosseland and Planck). The necessary atomic data were calculated with the '-matrix and the distorted-wave (DW) methods. We study the effect of broadening, of resolution, of the extent of configuration sets and of configuration interaction to understand the differences between several theoretical predictions as well as the existing large disagreement with measurements. New Dirac '-matrix calculations including all configurations up to the = = 4, 5 and 6 complexes have been performed as well as corresponding Breit–Pauli DW calculations. The DW calculations have been extended to include autoionizing initial levels. A quantitative contrast is made between comparable DW and '-matrix models. We have reached self-convergencewith = = 6 '-matrix and DW calculations. Populations in autoionizing initial levels contribute significantly to the opacities and should not be neglected. The '-matrix and DW results are consistent under the similar treatment of resonance broadening. The comparison with the experiment shows a persistent difference in the continuum while the filling of the windows shows some improvement. The present study defines our path to the next generation of opacities and opacity tables for stellar modeling.


The mechanisms regarding the retinal protective and anti-inflammatory effects of capsaicin (CAP) remain unclear. Somatostatin is contained in CAP-sensitive sensory neurons, including nerve terminals, from which it can be released by capsaicin. The present study provides a novel neurohumoral regulatory mechanism for CAP-induced-endogenous somatostatin in a retinal ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) mouse model. CAP (0.5 mg kg -1 ) was injected subcutaneously 5 min after I/R. A selective somatostatin-depleting agent, cysteamine, was applied subcutaneously 4 hours before the experiment to examine the effects of endogenous somatostatin. Ischemia and oxidative stress-induced inflammatory factors (CXCL10, CXCR3 and NF-B p65) were also examined in the present study. The morphometric evaluation showed that the retinal thickness was increased 24 hours after I/R injury and attenuated 7 days after I/R injury. The number of ganglion cells was reduced 7 days after I/R injury. The application of CAP significantly prevented retinal I/R damage. Cysteamine pretreatment reversed the effects of CAP. Inhibition of CXCL10/CXCR3 and NF-B (especially in astrocytes and microglia/macrophage) was involved in capsaicin-induced retinal protection through endogenous somatostatin. CAP has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in ischemia-induced retinal injuries through endogenous somatostatin. Novel therapeutic remedies for inflammation or neuronal injuries were developed based on the systemic humoral effects related to CAP. A cc ep te d A rt ic le This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Experiential learning and reflective practice are two effective key learning and teaching strategies that many successful teachers employ as learner-centred education practices. It has been proven that many students appreciate the meaningful learning received through a learnercentred classroom environment. The aim of this paper is to share the findings of an induction programme focussing on experiential learning and reflective practice, which was designed to enhance the importance of transforming teacher-centred practice into learner-centred practice, with the teacher taking on the role of facilitator. The objectives of this induction programme were to help staff in understanding and incorporating experiential learning models in their teaching practice at a New Zealand tertiary institution. The paper contains a qualitative analysis of staff perspectives on experiential learning practice taken from their answers to a questionnaire, which followed an online Moodle course. It also contains a quantitative analysis of the data gathered from classroom observations using a digital classroom observation tool for assessment. The results showed that, although theoretical awareness about experiential learning was not a problem for new academic staff, its practical application was not always fully achieved. Even when lecturers were successfully implementing experiential learning activities in their classes, they were not incorporating reflective practice as part of a complete process. A more conscious incorporation of reflective practice by the academic staff in their classes, will ultimately help students to continue learning through experiences and reflection in their self-directed learning journeys.


We develop a method to calculate the electromagnetic field distribution in complex materials. The system contains multiple phases with different electrical and magnetic properties and also contains multiple components which can diffuse around to affect the local electromagnetic properties. Based on the calculations we are able to determine the interaction between electromagnetic field and materials microstructure and property evolutions. It is possible to use electromagnetic field to drive materials phase and compositions to redistribute. Using the theoretical predictions we have made many novel materials which are not possible to achieve by other conventional method. It is possible to use electromagnetic field to manipulate nano-scale gas bubbles, liquid droplets and solid inclusions in materials matrix.


Observing friendly social interactions makes people feel good and, as a result, then act in an affiliative way towards others. Positive visual contagion of this kind is common in humans, but whether it occurs in non-human animals is unknown. We explored the impact on female Barbary macaques of observing grooming, a behaviour that physiological and behavioural studies indicate has a relaxing effect on the animals involved. We compared females' behaviour between two conditions: after observing conspecifics groom, and in a matched control period. We found that observing grooming was associated with reduced behavioural indicators of anxiety, suggesting that seeing others groom is, in itself, relaxing. Observing grooming was also associated with a shorter latency to becoming involved in a grooming bout (and higher likelihood both of initiating that bout and being the groomer rather than groomee), and with elevated rates of other affiliative behaviours. These results provide evidence for positive visual contagion; this phenomenon may contribute fundamentally to group cohesion not just in this species, but also in the many mammal and bird species where grooming occurs. Our study highlights the importance of exploring social behaviour beyond the level of the interacting individuals, within the broader social context where it occurs.


This paper considers a crucial moment in the innovation process: the shift from a research phase to an industrial phase. The empirical study examines the development in France of Fast Breeder Reactor technology (FBR), from the 1950s to the early closure of the Superphénix plant in 1997. A turning point occurred in the late 1960s, when several European countries judged that the FBR technology was a promising electricity generation technology that would soon be mature for commercialisation, in a context of technological nationalism and future energy scarcity. In this paper, we analyse how the framing of the resulting prototype as "industrial" entailed an impact on decisions during the three decades that the project lasted. Aiming at describing the project actors in action without judging their decision-making processes, we use the 'framing' concept preferably to other approaches such as 'path dependency'. This concept choice is the subject of the discussion.


Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the long-term associations between breastfeeding duration during infancy, diet quality as measured by a diet score at 1 year of age, and cognitive performance during adolescence. Methods: Participants (n = 717) were recruited from the West Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, a prospective longitudinal study of 2868 children and their families based in Perth, WA, Australia. Breastfeeding duration and an early diet score at age 1 year were used as the main predictor variables, while a computerized cognitive battery (CogState) was used to assess adolescents' cognitive performance at 17 years. The diet score, which has seven food group components, was based on a 24-h recall questionnaire completed by the mother at 1 year of age. A higher diet score represents a better, more nutritious eating pattern. Associations between breastfeeding duration, diet score, and cognitive performance were assessed in multivariable regression models. Results: Higher diet scores at 1 year representing better diet quality were significantly associated with faster reaction times in cognitive performance at 17 years [Detection Task (DET): β = −0.004, 95% CI: −0.008; 0.000, p = 0.036; Identification Task (IDN): β = −0.004, 95% CI: −0.008; 0.000, p = 0.027]. Breastfeeding duration (≥4 months) was also significantly associated with a shorter reaction time, but only for males (DET: β = −0.026, 95% CI: −0.046; −0.006, p = 0.010). Conclusion: Nutrition in early childhood may have a long-term association with fundamental cognitive processing speed, which is likely to be related to enhanced brain development in the first year of life.


Purpose
In the transitional process of promoting market-oriented interest rate, China is confronted with an important theoretical and practical issue: how to avoid bank runs and realize the smooth operation of the financial system. The purpose of this paper is to construct a bank-run dynamic model by taking into account a market environment with the transmission of multiple rounds of noise information, a comprehensive consideration of depositors' expectation of return on assets (or earning rate/yields of assets), the efficiency of information processing and dissemination, and the different motives for premature withdrawal.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors discussed the dynamic process of bank runs, furnished the ratio and number of each round of bank run, and characterized the corresponding dynamic equilibrium as well. Furthermore, the authors expanded the benchmark model by incorporating the deposit insurance system (DIS) to discuss the action mechanism of DIS overruns.

Findings
The results show that DIS implementation has two opposite effects: stabilized expectation and moral hazard, by virtue of its influence over the two types of premature withdrawal motives of depositors; the implementation effect of DIS rests with the dual-effect comparison, which is endogenous to the institutional environment.

Originality/value
The policy implications are as follows: while implementing DIS, it is necessary to establish and improve the corresponding institutional construction and supporting measures, to consolidate market discipline and improve the supervisory role of the bank's internal governance mechanism, so as to reduce the potential moral hazards. The financial system reform shall be furthered and the processing and dissemination efficiency of information be elevated to prompt depositors to form stable withdrawal expectations, thereby enhancing the stabilizing effect of DIS.