The accident rate for general aviation remains high. While most general aviation accident studies have been pilot-focused, there is little research on the involvement of aircraft maintenance errors. We undertook a study to answer this question. The Microsoft Access database was queried for accidents occurring between 1989 and 2013 involving single engine piston airplanes operating under 14CFR Part 91. Pearson Chi-Square, Fisher's Exact Test, and Poisson probability were used in statistical analyses. The rate of maintenance-related general aviation accidents was 4.3 per million flight hours for the 1989–1993 period and remained unchanged for the most recent period (2009–2013). Maintenance errors were no more likely to cause a fatal accident than accidents unrelated to a maintenance deficiency. Inadequate/improper maintenance (e.g., undertorquing/non-safetied nuts) represented the largest category causal for, or a factor in, accidents. Maintenance errors involving the powerplant caused, or contributed to, most accidents, but did not carry a disproportionate fraction of fatal accidents. Noncertified airframe and powerplant (A&P) aircraft maintenance technicians (AMTs) performed maintenance on 13 out of 280 aircraft involved in maintenance-related accidents. While there is current concern as to the safety of the aging general aviation fleet, the fraction of fatal accidents for aircraft manufactured prior to 1950 was not higher than those manufactured more recently. We conclude that the general aviation accident rate related to maintenance deficiency, while low, is static. Increased emphasis should be placed on tasks involving torquing and improper rigging as well as maintenance related to installation/assembly/reassembly. Whether a maintenance error decision aid plan, shown to reduce maintenance errors at airline facilities, would benefit general aviation deserves consideration.


Today, important fisheries have become commercially extinct and others are threatened. The dominant presence of this scientific uncertainty indicates the need to rethink the existing fishery management system. This book examines in detail the underlying root causes of our failure to successfully manage the fishery resources of the world's oceans and offers alternative solutions that will allow human society to maximize the long term benefits form ocean resources. This monograph will be of great interest to academics in economics, business, environmental sciences and sociology, in addition to the core market of natural resources management, environmental policy, resource conservation, economic development and geography. In addition, it is relevant for those working in fisheries management for government bodies and NGOs.


Objectives
Following dietary recommendations should ensure adequate consumption of essential nutrients, including key nutrients that tend to be underconsumed. The objective of this analysis was to determine if Americans are meeting nutrient needs, especially for shortfall nutrients, as defined by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, by assessing average food intakes with data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013-2016.

Methods
Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data from children age 2-18 years (n = 5670) and adults age 19-99 years (n = 10,112) participating in NHANES 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 were analyzed using day one sample weights. Usual intake of nutrients was determined using the National Cancer Institute method with two dietary recalls. The percentage of population with inadequate (intake below the Estimated Average Requirement) or sufficient (intakes above the Adequate Intake, AI) intake of shortfall nutrients was determined using the cut-point method. With iron, the probability method was used instead.

Results
Nearly half of the population does not consume adequate calcium (47.4 ± 1.8% children; 44.5 ± 1.1% adults). Even more of the population does not consume enough vitamin D (93.7 ± 0.8% children; 94.8 ± 0.5% adults). Non-Hispanic black children and adults had higher rates of inadequate calcium and vitamin D consumption than other ethnic groups. Large proportions of the population also do not consume enough magnesium (36.2 ± 1.4% children; 53.3 ± 1.2% adults), vitamin A (23.8 ± 2.0% children; 45.5 ± 1.1% adults), vitamin C (22.6 ± 1.6% children; 48.3 ± 1.3% adults) or vitamin E (67.2 ± 1.3% children; 79.0 ± 1.3% adults). Approximately 2.95 ± 0.47% children and 6.02 ± 0.30% adults had inadequate iron intake. Only a small proportion of children and adults consumed more dietary fiber and potassium than the AI for their age groups. Additionally, 20.0 ± 1.1% children and 8.31 ± 0.73% adults had choline intake above the AI.

Conclusions
Large percentages of American children and adults do not meet recommendations for underconsumed "nutrients of public health concern" or shortfall nutrients. Encouraging children and adults to consume nutrient-rich foods, such as dairy, fruits and vegetables, can help close these gaps.

Funding Sources
National Dairy Council.


Staying up-to-date with current medical research can be a challenge for doctors and other medical decision-makers. Systematic reviews are one of the key tools that doctors use to stay informed. These are meta-analyses of all the relevant research with the intention of answering one specific question within the healthcare domain. Cochrane produces systematic reviews of medical research that are globally considered as a gold standard for highquality healthcare information. However, because of the high volume of papers published and the fact that Cochrane's review authors are volunteers, it can take up to three years to write and publish one of these reviews. Our research focuses on speeding up this process. We propose a hybrid human-AI system to establish the topical area of a newly published paper faster, easing the process of searching for papers to include in a review.


Cognitive deficits caused by dementing illnesses are chronic and progressive problems, which should be tackled both by biological and non‐biological approaches. Among the various techniques of non‐biological approaches (cognitive rehabilitation), centered is cognitive training intervention for individuals with dementia. Cognitive training is further divided into two different types of setting: group and individualized. Among group training techniques, the reality orientation training and day care/day services are known to have evidence‐based efficacy. Individually tailored cognitive training aims to directly and explicitly improve cognitive functioning of people with dementia specifically in the early stages. Increasing evidence demonstrates the efficacy of various individualized training programs for dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, three techniques, known as spaced retrieval, dual cognitive support and procedural memory training, have shown promise in their ability to enhance learning in people with dementia. In addition, recent studies have suggested that a combination of pharmacotherapy and cognitive training may benefit individuals with AD. Cognitive training appears to be particularly effective for people with mild memory impairment who are on cholinergic treatment. It is now widely accepted that the theoretical framework of 'errorless learning' is also a guiding principle in the realm of cognitive training for people with dementia. Although the effect of factors, namely effort (effortful vs effortless) and stimulus features (perceptual vs conceptual), has not been fully determined, error elimination during learning sessions is essential for favorable outcomes.


The objective of this paper is to determine the IT Sophistication (technological, informational, functional, and managerial sophistication) implementation among the Indonesian state owned bank. The result of this survey shows that shows a relatively high level on the implementation of IT sophistication on state owned banks in Indonesia. The result of this study shows a high level of technological sophistication among the Indonesian state owned banks. The majority of state owned banks have adopted high technologies, high level of informational sophistication, high participation on information system development (functional sophistication), and high plan on information system development (managerial sophistication) on state owned banks in Indonesia. The result of this study would contribute to the development of IS research, particularly to extend the use of comprehensive dimension of IT sophistication dimension in banking sector and provide information that would help the managements of state owned banks to improve the implementation of IT. Keywords: IT Sophistication, Technological Sophistication, Informational Sophistication, Functional Sophistication, Managerial Sophistication, State Owned Banks, Indonesia JEL Classifications: M15, L86


Small flake industries are a commonly identified component of Lower Paleolithic archaeological assemblages in Eurasia. Utilized as blanks for tools, at many sites, their functions are often poorly understood. Here we present a preliminary traceological analysis of lithics from Marathousa 1 (MAR-1; Megalopolis, Greece). MAR-1 dates to ca. 400-500 ka BP and is one of the oldest open-air sites in South-Eastern Europe. It has yielded a lithic assemblage made almost exclusively of small-sized flakes found in direct association with diverse megafauna including elephants, hippo and deer.
For this preliminary study, a total of 223 artifacts were sampled for a taphonomical analysis and 13 for a functional analysis. The lithic artifacts from MAR-1 are exceptionally well-preserved and are only slightly affected by chemical alterations. They are therefore ideal for a techno-morpho-functional analysis. Use-wear traces confirm on-site butchery. Our results also confirm that plants were worked at the site, whereas technological traces, rarely observed on lithics from this age, can also be seen on a number of specimens. Whereas both retouched and unretouched tools contribute significantly to the MAR-1 toolkit, shapes are varied, and at this phase of the study do not appear morphologically or technologically standardized. However, backing (natural or retouched) opposite to a sharp edge can be observed on numerous specimens. When compared to the sparse functional data available on small tools from Lower Paleolithic Europe and the Levant, small flake tools include a wide variety of techno-functional types. To fully begin to understand this diversity, lithic toolkits must be considered in relation to the rest of the assemblage and the accompanying contextual data, including information from technological, archaeozoological, and palaeoenvironmental datasets.


Uganda has registered more than a million deaths since the HIV virus was first offi¬cially reported in the country over 3 decades ago. The governments in partnership with different groups have implemented different programmes to address the epidemic. The support from different donors and reduction in prices of treatment resulted in the focus on antiretroviral therapy access to those affected. Presently only a quarter of the approximately 1 million infected by HIV in Uganda are undergoing antiretroviral therapy. The number of patients pause a challenge in monitoring of therapy given the overall resource needs for health care in the country. Furthermore the numbers on antiretroviral therapy are set to increase in addition to the stringent requirements in tracking and monitoring of each individual patient during therapy. This research aimed at developing a framework for adopting knowledge engineering in information systems for monitoring HIV/AIDS patients. An open source approach was adopted due to the resource constrained context of the study to ensure a cost effec¬tive and sustainable solution. The research was motivated by the inconclusive literature on open source dimensional models for data warehouses and data mining for monitor¬ing antiretroviral therapy. The first phase of the research involved a situational analysis of HIV in health care and different health care information systems in the country. An analysis of the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities of the health care system to adopt knowledge bases was done. It proposed a dimensional model for implementing a data warehouse focused on monitoring HIV patients. The second phase involved the development of a knowledge base inform of an open source data warehouse, its simulation and testing. The study involved interdisciplinary collaboration between different stakeholders in the research domain and adopted a participatory action research methodology. This involved identification of the most appropriate technologies to foster this collabora¬tion. Analysis was done of how stakeholders can take ownership of basic HIV health information system architecture as their expertise grow in managing the systems and make changes to reflect even better results out of system functionality. Data mining simulations was done on the data warehouse out of which two machine learning algorithms (regression and classification) were developed and tested using data from the data warehouse. The algorithms were used to predict patient viral load from CD4 count test figures and to classify cases of treatment failure with 83% accu¬racy. The research additionally presents an open source dimensional model for moni¬toring antiretroviral therapy and the status of information systems in health care. An architecture showing the integration of different knowledge engineering components in the study including the data warehouse, the data mining platform and user interac-tion is presented.


Summary Recent concern regarding the control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has resulted in an increased interest in the sexual health of men. This interest has primarily focused on strategies to 'encourage and enable men to take responsibility for their sexual and reproductive behaviour and their social and family roles' ( United Nations 1994 ). Whilst men are deemed to have 'responsibilities', women are said to have 'rights' with regard to making choices about reproductive health and accessing appropriate and effective services. Here it is argued that, whilst provision of services and interventions against STIs in men should never be at the expense of those for women, it is often clinically easier and more effective to diagnose and treat men with STIs compared to women in resource‐poor settings. Indeed, this may prove to be an effective strategy in controlling the spread of STIs, and hence reducing the disproportionate burden of their complications suffered by women. The paper reviews key issues in relation to improved service delivery for sexual and reproductive health in men, notably: the heterogeneity of male populations; current knowledge regarding men's sexual behaviour; the role of sexuality; methods of studying sexual behaviour in resource poor countries; men's own concerns in relation to sexual and reproductive health; and where and how they access treatment. It is argued that the time has now come to determine and address men's sexual health needs if we are to expect them to participate fully as responsible partners in improving and protecting their own and others' sexual and reproductive health.


Lung volumes and arterial blood gas tensions in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery were compared in 77 patients given an internal mammary artery graft (group 1) and 33 patients given a saphenous vein graft only (group 2). Patients in both groups developed a severe restrictive ventilatory defect after surgery, more pronounced in those receiving an internal mammary artery graft. Mean (SEM) vital capacity in groups 1 and 2 was reduced to 36% (1.2%) and 45% (2.0%) of preoperative values on the second postoperative day (1.56 and 1.85 1 respectively), with some recovery by day 4 to 56% (1.2%) and 63% (2.1%) of preoperative values. The mean (SEM) arterial oxygen tension was 7.34 (0.13) kPa for group 1 and 7.46 (0.20) kPa for group 2 on day 2, rising to 8.39 (0.13) and 9.01 (0.23) kPa on day 4. Analgesic requirements were greater in the group receiving an internal mammary artery graft. Possible explanations for the differences between the effects of the two grafts include the higher frequency of pleurotomy, the placing of pleural drains, and additional surgical trauma when internal mammary artery grafts are used.


This paper presents the modelling of an aperture coupled microstrip antenna (ACMSA) using four different Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques, which are Back Propagation Network(BPN), Radial Basis Function Network(RBF),Generalized Regression Neural Network(GRNN) and a hybrid model which is a combination of Probabilistic Neural Network(PNN) and BPN. Firstly, these ANN models have been developed using MATLAB software, thereafter with the use of IE3D software, antenna design has been simulated, and validation performed, to check the accuracy of the developed models. Error percentages have been calculated, by comparing both the simulated and ANN models, for both normalized and un-normalized data sets. Thus the neural network approach eliminates the long, time-consuming process of finding various design parameters, using costly software packages.


Hollywood productions continuously feature disasters and the human struggle against them. Recent entries from the disaster movie genre include films on tornadoes, volcanoes, and asteroids. This article is an exploration of how mass media, specifically the entertainment industry, conveys messages about disasters. For this paper, we examine eleven disaster films looking for five key disaster "myths " as identified by Jones (1993) that perpetuate common misconceptions about hazards. Specifically, we research whether the entertainment industry passes along these myths; we also provide an update for earlier work conducted by Quarantelli (1985) and conclude that the message regarding hazards provided through these films is often mixed and inconsistent. Hollywood's fascination with the disaster genre, the validity of the science portrayed, and the language used to characterize the disaster are among the topics we explore between "reel" life and "real" life.


Free-living Soay sheep (Ovis aries) on the island of Hirta, St Kilda, Scotland, are naturally parasitized by gastrointestinal nematodes, predominantly Teladorsagia circumcincta. In this paper we show that reduced faecal egg counts (FEC) are associated with an allele at a microsatellite locus located in the first intron of the interferon gamma gene (o(IFN)-γ) in Soay sheep lambs and yearlings, measured at approximately 4 and 16 months of age, respectively. The same allele was also associated with increased T. circumcincta-specific antibody (IgA) in lambs, but not associated significantly in yearlings. Flanking control markers failed to show a significant association with either FEC or IgA. These results suggest that a polymorphic gene conferring increased resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasites is located at or near the interferon gamma gene, and support previous reports which have mapped a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for resistance to this region in domestic sheep. Our data are consistent with the idea that a functional polymorphism leading to reduced expression or efficacy of (IFN)-γ could enhance the immune response to gastrointestinal nematodes by favouring the activity of the Th2 cell subset and antibody associated immune mechanisms.


PBL shear connector is a recently developed shear connector for steel-concrete composite structure that making the two element work as a unique piece. In this work, model test has been carried out to investigate the mechanical characteristics of 21 specimens in 7 types of PBL connectors. Combining the model test with finite element simulation, the main work has been done as follows:Load transfer behavior, load-slippage rule and static load mechanical property of PBL have been analyzed. Research on main factors that could influence the mechanical characteristic of PBL has also been conducted. Based on comparison of results of model test and finite element analysis, the feasibility of push-out simulation by nonlinear FEM has been analyzed. Compared to typical push-out tests results in mainland China, recommendations of push-out test of PBL are presented.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose voyeurism as one possible lens to analyse the experiential nature of dark tourism in places of socio-political danger, thus expanding psychoanalytic understandings of those who travel to a ''dark'' place. Design/methodology/approach – Freud's and Lacan's theories on voyeurism are used to examine the desire to travel to and gaze upon something that is (socially constructed as) forbidden, such as a place that is portrayed as being hostile to international tourists. A qualitative and critical analysis approach is employed to examine one tourist's experience of travelling to Iran and being imprisoned as a result of taking a photograph of what he thought was a sunrise but also pictured pylons near an electrical plant. Findings – The authors' analysis of the experiences of this tourist in Iran reveals that tourism, in its widest sense, can be experienced as ''dark'' through the consumption and performance of danger. This finding moves beyond the examination of dark tourism merely as ''tourist products'', or that frame a particular moment in time, or are merely founded on one's connection to or perception of the site. Research limitations/implications – Whilst the authors recognise the limitations of the case study approach taken here, and as such, generalisations cannot be inferred from the findings, it is argued that there is merit in exploring critically the motivational and experiential nature of travel to places that may be considered forbidden, dangerous or hostile in an attempt to further understand the concept of dark tourism from a tourist's lived perspective. Originality/value – As the authors bring voyeurism into the debate on dark tourism, the study analyses the voyeuristic experiences of a dark tourist. In short, the authors argue that the lived and ''deviant'' experiential nature of tourism itself can be included in the discussion of ''dark tourism''. Keywords Tourism, Experience, Dark tourism/tourist, Emotions, Online interviewing, Psychoanalysis, Voyeurism Paper type Research paper


Some thirty years ago Teisserenc de Bort announced the discovery that the temperature gradient in the atmosphere, which amounts to some 6*5 . 10-5 degree/cm. for the first 10 km., becomes negligibly small at greater heights. Since this time it has become usual to treat the tem perature as constant for all heights above this limit, and various detailed numerical estimates, extending to heights of hundreds of kilometres, have been published, which are based on this assumption. So far, however, no evidence for it has been adduced beyond the " ballon sonde " observations, which scarcely extend above 25 km. The purpose of this note is to examine how much information about conditions at greater heights may be gained from a study of meteors. For this purpose it is necessary to study in considerable detail the theory of what happens when a meteor appears. I t will be seen that a consistent theory can be developed, which accounts for all the observed phenomena, and that this theory enables one to derive a considerable amount of informa tion about conditions in the upper air. I t will be shown that existing observations enable us to say with considerable certainty that the density at heights above 65 kilorn. is very much higher than is commonly supposed, and that the temperature must increase from its value of something like 220° abs. at heights between 12 and 50 km., to something like 300° abs. at these heights. It is evident that accurate results can only be obtained when the required quantities, viz., heights of appearance and disappearance, length of path, velocity and luminosity have been determined for a number of meteors. I t is hoped that experiments, now in progress to determine these quantities photographically, will enable more accurate calculations to be made. In the meantime, the broad results obtained from the data due to W. F. Denning and his co-workers may be outlined.*


Business communities are networked organisations with members from different industries aiming at coordinating their activities for production of the final product/service. Forming a network of companies requires "understanding" of the different companies' organisational competences. Competence management can help solving this task. This paper starts with presenting our earlier work in competence management projects aimed at supporting creation of business networks. Three cases are introduced: formation of business relationships with developing countries, competence supply in flexible supply networks, and collaborative product innovation. Based on experiences from these projects, competence management requirements for business community creation are identified and a conceptual framework for supporting the identified requirements is proposed. This framework considers competence management as an essential part of participation in business communities and conceptually integrates organisational and individual competence development. Enterprise models can be employed for supporting competence management and competence development in business community within the framework.


Traci Warkentin Hunter College, City University of New York Abstract Donna Haraway's contribution to the theorization of feminist, post-structural and radical geographies has been immense, and critical scholars working across the spectrum have drawn on her work as part of larger projects rethinking the epistemological and ontological foundations of modern geography. The purpose of this conversation, held at the 2010 aag meetings in Washington, D.C., was to bring together a diverse field of geographers who are currently engaging with Haraway's work. We hoped to foster this conference space in order to share research and to grapple with the possibilities and limitations of Harawayian thought as it has and continues to open up new spaces across the discipline – both theoretically and practically. To that end, we welcomed panelists that engage with any aspect of Haraway's work, and encouraged participation from a wide variety of geographic sub-fields, including, but not limited to: anti-essentialist feminist research praxis, cyborg politics, relational ontologies, hybrid epistemologies, impure landscapes, god-trickery, inappropriate/d others, companion species, and (non)human/techno-bio-nature-science relationships. Aether: The Journal of Media Geography • Fall 2011 42


Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are characterized by the presence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and/or masticatory muscle pain and dysfunction. Low-level laser is presented as an adjuvant therapeutic modality for the treatment of TMD, especially when the presence of inflammatory pain is suspected. Objective To systematically review studies that investigated the effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on the pain levels in individuals with TMD. Material and Methods The databases Scopus, embase, ebsco and PubMed were reviewed from January/2003 to October/2010 with the following keywords: laser therapy, low-level laser therapy, temporomandibular joint disorders, temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome, temporomandibular joint, temporomandibular, facial pain and arthralgia, with the inclusion criteria for intervention studies in humans. exclusion criteria adopted were intervention studies in animals, studies that were not written in english, Spanish or Portuguese, theses, monographs, and abstracts presented in scientific events. Results After a careful review, 14 studies fit the criteria for inclusion, of which, 12 used a placebo group. As for the protocol for laser application, the energy density used ranged from 0.9 to 105 J/cm2, while the power density ranged from 9.8 to 500 mW. The number of sessions varied from 1 to 20 and the frequency of applications ranged from daily for 10 days to 1 time per week for 4 weeks. A reduction in pain levels was reported in 13 studies, with 9 of these occurring only in the experimental group, and 4 studies reporting pain relief for both the experimental group and for the placebo. Conclusion Most papers showed that LLLT seemed to be effective in reducing pain from TMD. However, the heterogeneity of the standardization regarding the parameters of laser calls for caution in interpretation of these results. Thus, it is necessary to conduct further research in order to obtain a consensus regarding the best application protocol for pain relief in patients with TMD.


The purpose of this study was to select the manageable diseases which are prevalent in Korea for periodic health examinations and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of periodic health examination in detecting these diseases. The data was derived from reimbursement data of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation over a two year period (April 15, 1986 to April 14,1988) and interviews with Yonsei Medical School professors. This study demonstrated that: 1. The manageable diseases which were selected for periodic health examinations are pulmonary tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, diabetes mellitus, syphilis groups, essential hypertension, renal disease groups, and iron deficiency anemia. 2. The sensitivity of the health screening for each disease was as follows: pulmonary tuberculosis 51.5%, viral hepatitis 60.3%, diabetes mellitus 64.7%, syphilis groups 63.3%, essential hypertension 49.9%, renal disease groups 44.0%, and iron deficiency anemia 80.9%. We conclude that peiodic health esaminations should focus on the manageable diseases that we have defined. The number of items in periodic health screening tests and hospital quality control should be increased for the diseases with a demonstrated low sensitivity.


Since the Lab on a Chip concept was introduced in the 1990s, a lot of scientific advancements have occurred. However, large scale commercial realization of microfluidic technology is being prevented by the lack of standardization. There seems to be a gap between Lab on a Chip systems developed in the lab and those that are manufacturable on a large scale in a fab. In this paper, we propose a modular platform which makes use of standardized parts. Using this platform, a functional-based method of designing microfluidic systems is envisioned. To obtain a certain microfluidic function, a bottom-up design is made. This results in micro fluidic building blocks that perform a microfluidic function. This microfluidic building block is then stored in a library, ready for reuse in the future. Key characteristics are shown for several basic microfluidic building blocks, developed according to a footprint and interconnect standard by various ommercialization icrofluidic design haracterization players in the microfluidic world. Such a library of reusable and interoperable microfluidic building blocks is important to fill the gap between lab and fab, as it reduces the time-to-market by lowering prototype time cycles. The wide support of key European players active in microfluidics, which is shown by an ISO workshop agreement (IWA 23:2016), makes this approach more likely to succeed compared to earlier attempts in modular microfluidics. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Professor Blumm traces the evolution of the modern public trust doctrine in the West. He claims the doctrine is best understood by focusing on the remedies courts prescribe for trust violations. Although he sees four distinct categories of remedies in the case law, he asserts that they all possess the unifying theme of promoting public access to trust resources or to decision makers with authority to allocate those resources. Thus, the trust doctrine s a democratizing force--preventing monopolizing of trust resources and promoting decision making that is accountable to the public. Professor Blumm predicts that state courts will continue to expand the public trust, relying especially on constitutional provisions declaring water to be publicly owned. Finally, replying to Professor Huffman's criticisms of the public trust doctrine, he argues that the doctrine is a coherent body of law that supplies a necessary complement to prior appropriation principles, is not inconsistent with fifth amendment 'takings' jurisprudence, and has sufficient grounding in various state constitutions and statutes to continue to infuse public concerns into Western water law in the years ahead.


There is increasing pressure being placed on government agencies both in Australia and internationally to act in a more collaborative, integrated manner. Community and welfare programs are being conducted in new "shared" or "whole‐of‐government" ways, which pose a challenge to traditional models of public sector reporting. Existing accountability mechanisms are designed for vertical accountability relationships, and these are inadequate for horizontal or "networked" accountability across government agencies. This paper uses the case of the Community Renewal Program based in the Queensland state government department to illustrate the problems which arise when reporting on "shared" programs. The paper offers a different approach to improve reporting and accountability for shared programs.


As wireless networks become more pervasive, the amount of the wireless data is rapidly increasing. One of the biggest challenges of wide adoption of distributed data storage is how to store these data securely. In this work, we study the frequency-based attack, a type of attack that is different from previously well-studied ones, that exploits additional adversary knowledge of domain values and/or their exact/approximate frequencies to crack the encrypted data. To cope with frequency-based attacks, the straightforward 1-to-1 substitution encryption functions are not sufficient. We propose a data encryption strategy based on 1-to-n substitution via dividing and emulating techniques to defend against the frequency-based attack, while enabling efficient query evaluation over encrypted data. We further develop two frameworks, incremental collection and clustered collection, which are used to defend against the global frequency-based attack when the knowledge of the global frequency in the network is not available. Built upon our basic encryption schemes, we derive two mechanisms, direct emulating and dual encryption, to handle updates on the data storage for energy-constrained sensor nodes and wireless devices. Our preliminary experiments with sensor nodes and extensive simulation results show that our data encryption strategy can achieve high security guarantee with low overhead.


Myocardial preconditioning with brief coronary artery occlusions before a sustained ischemic period is reported to reduce infarct size. To determine the number of occlusive episodes required to produce the preconditioning effect, we performed single or multiple occlusions of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) followed by a sustained occlusion (60 minutes) of the LCx. Anesthetized dogs underwent one (P1), six (P6), or 12 (P12) 5-minute occlusions of the LCx. Each occlusion period was followed by a 10-minute reperfusion period. A 60-minute occlusion of the LCx followed the preconditioning sequences. A control group received a 60-minute occlusion of the LCx without preconditioning. All groups were subjected to 6 hours of reperfusion after which the heart was removed for calculating infarct size (IS), area at risk (AR), and left ventricular mass (LV). The IS/AR ratio for the control group was 29.8 +/- 4.4% (n = 17), which was substantially greater (p less than 0.001) than that of the preconditioned groups: P1, 3.9 +/- 1.3% (n = 14); P6, 0.4 +/- 0.3% (n = 5); and P12, 2.9 +/- 2.8% (n = 5). There were no significant differences in the IS/AR ratio among the three preconditioned groups. The AR/LV ratio was comparable among all groups and did not differ statistically: control, 40.4 +/- 1.3%; P1, 36.2 +/- 1.7%; P6, 36.1 +/- 1.7%; and P12, 37.3 +/- 2.1%. Collateral blood flow to the inner two thirds of the risk region determined with radiolabeled microspheres during ischemia did not differ significantly between the control group (0.03 +/- 0.01 ml/min/g, n = 8) and single occlusion group (0.06 +/- 0.02 ml/min/g, n = 8), indicating that the marked disparity in infarct size could not be attributed to differences in collateral blood flow. The data indicate that preconditioning with one brief ischemic interval is as effective as preconditioning with multiple ischemic periods.


INTRODUCTION
Manual bladder washouts (MBWs) are an integral skill for healthcare workers dealing with urological patients. Despite this they are often overlooked by educators and omitted from formal teaching curricula. We aimed to determine the level of competence and training among healthcare workers in performing a MBW.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Following a literature review for correct MBW technique, a 15-question survey was developed to assess knowledge and self-reported competency of doctors and nurses in performing a MBW. Two hundred paper and email-based surveys were distributed to doctors and nurses in the urology wards of Australian public and private hospitals.

RESULTS
The survey response rate was 79% with the majority of responses received from senior nurses and surgical registrars, comprising a final study population of 133 respondents. Reported levels of education pertaining to MBW were poor, with only 5% of doctors and 35% of nurses claiming to have been taught the skill as a student. Opinions surrounding the technical aspects of MBW varied significantly across both clinician and nursing subgroups. Interpretation of completion of a MBW was inconsistent, with 72% of nurses stating this occurred when continuous irrigation ran freely compared to only 25.3% of registrars. Despite this, confidence in performance of a MBW in clinicians was high (> 95% agree or strongly agree). Confidence levels in knowledge and procedural skills were significantly lower in the nurse cohort than the registrar cohort (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
The indications and technique for MBW are poorly described in the literature. Despite high self-reported competency, MBW appears poorly understood by both doctors and nurses. This valuable and common skill is rarely taught to healthcare students, suggesting better education may improve expertise and patient outcomes.


In this study we present a design for a multi-frequency microwave radiometer aimed at prolonged monitoring of deep brain temperature in newborn infants and suitable for use during hypothermic neural rescue therapy. We identify appropriate hardware to measure brightness temperature and evaluate the accuracy of the measurements. We describe a method to estimate the tissue temperature distribution from measured brightness temperatures which uses the results of numerical simulations of the tissue temperature as well as the propagation of the microwaves in a realistic detailed three-dimensional infant head model. The temperature retrieval method is then used to evaluate how the statistical fluctuations in the measured brightness temperatures limit the confidence interval for the estimated temperature: for an 18 degrees C temperature differential between cooled surface and deep brain we found a standard error in the estimated central brain temperature of 0.75 degrees C. Evaluation of the systematic errors arising from inaccuracies in model parameters showed that realistic deviations in tissue parameters have little impact compared to uncertainty in the thickness of the bolus between the receiving antenna and the infant's head or in the skull thickness. This highlights the need to pay particular attention to these latter parameters in future practical implementation of the technique.


The purpose of this study was to analyze social media techniques utilized by some of the dominant clothing companies in the industry. This will provide a base of information to strategize a social media approach to increase followers for the Birds Apparel clothing company across multiple social media platforms. This study investigated the impact social media marketing techniques had on consumer response, and their effectiveness in translating this into a paying customer. Collaborations with photographers, a revamped website, and giveaways were all used as methods to draw new followers. Results from data collected from surveys and on the Birds Apparel social media accounts and website indicated that social media platforms are essential in the success and growth of a clothing business. Along with approaches taken to directly increase followers via social media, word of mouth was paramount in the spread of this clothing company.


We present a case of pseudo-meigs' syndrome caused by a metastatic ovarian tumor of rectal cancer origin, and examine the possible involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of refractory fluid retention. A 42-year-old woman with advanced rectal cancer underwent a laparoscopic anterior resection of the rectum. During systemic chemotherapy treatment, she complained of severe abdominal distension 16 months following the operation. We failed to improve massive ascites by diuretics and repeated abdominocenteses. Without any definite evidence of carcinomatous peritonitis, we chose to extirpate an enlarged ovarian tumor on the presumptive diagnosis of pseudo-meigs' syndrome. Ascites disappeared promptly after resecting the ovarian tumors and the subject resumed systemic chemotherapy. Preoperative high levels of serum VEGF were normalized promptly after the operation. Levels of VEGF expression in metastatic ovarian tumors were as weak as in the primary tumor upon immunohistochemical staining. In contrast, increased VEGF expression was evident in epithelial cells of oviducts. For patients with massive and refractory ascites, we need to keep in mind the disease entity of pseudo-meigs' syndrome, since surgical intervention possibly improves conditions. Furthermore, the hypersecretion of VEGF from oviducts may play a role in the pathogenesis of clinical manifestations of pseudo-meigs' syndrome.


In the landmark ruling Salzberg v. Sciabacucchi, the Delaware Supreme Court upheld the validity of a corporate charter provision restricting the rights of shareholders to bring federal securities law claims. Although rights arising under federal securities law lie beyond the internal affairs doctrine, which has traditionally defined the boundaries of state corporate law, the Salzberg court ruled that such rights may be regulated by the "corporate contract," created by state corporate law and comprised of a corporation's charter and bylaws. Embracing contractarian precepts, the Salzberg court thus rejected the lower Chancery Court's concession theory of the corporate contract as inextricably bound by the internal affairs doctrine.

Salzberg's contractarianism has wide-ranging implications for the role of the internal affairs doctrine, the reach of the corporate contract, and the rights of shareholders arising under both state corporate law and federal securities law. For one, Salzberg suggests that the corporate contract may be used to impose all types of restrictions to deter shareholders from bringing federal securities class actions. Most significantly, the decision opens the path to using the corporate contract to compel bilateral arbitration for all shareholder claims. In this respect, Salzberg reflects a growing divergence in corporate law between a judicial rhetoric wedded to contractarianism and a statutory framework that still bears concessionary hallmarks of state power. Whether a mandatory arbitration provision set forth in a corporation's governing documents is enforceable against shareholders will turn on how the Delaware legislature or the federal courts ultimately resolve this contract-concession tension.


Wave propagation in a random medium with the fluctuating index-of-refraction structure constant Cn2 is considered. Under certain conditions, these fluctuations can essentially influence the results of field-moment measurements. The randomized probability-distribution function of the index of refraction is used to derive equations for arbitrary field moments in such a medium. With respect to the mean field and the two-point coherence function, it is shown that Cn2 fluctuations lead to an increase in these moments and also to the change in their analytical expressions as compared with the case of the unperturbed Cn2. For certain field moments the small-angle approximation for the radiative-transport equation and that of the equation for the radiant intensity autocorrelation function are derived. The relations among various spatial scales, such as the propagation distance, the local and global variation scales, and the coherence radius, are shown to play an important role in the outcome of the field-moment measurements.


The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is conserved from Drosophila to humans and plays a key role in embryonic development. In addition, activation of the pathway in somatic cells contributes to cancer development in several tissues. Suppressor of fused is a negative regulator of Hh signaling. Targeted disruption of the murine suppressor of fused gene (Sufu) led to a phenotype that included neural tube defects and lethality at mid-gestation (9.0-10.5 dpc). This phenotype resembled that caused by loss of patched (Ptch1), another negative regulator of the Hh pathway. Consistent with this finding, Ptch1 and Sufu mutants displayed excess Hh signaling and resultant altered dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. Sufu mutants also had abnormal cardiac looping, indicating a defect in the determination of left-right asymmetry. Marked expansion of nodal expression in 7.5 dpc embryos and variable degrees of node dysmorphology in 7.75 dpc embryos suggested that the pathogenesis of the cardiac developmental abnormalities was related to node development. Other mutants of the Hh pathway, such as Shh, Smo and Shh/Ihh compound mutants, also have laterality defects. In contrast to Ptch1 heterozygous mice, Sufu heterozygotes had no developmental defects and no apparent tumor predisposition. The resemblance of Sufu homozygotes to Ptch1 homozygotes is consistent with mouse Sufu being a conserved negative modulator of Hh signaling.


The World Wide Web (WWW) on the Internet has been recognized as an effective environment to create new distributed applications that have the potential to bring instruction beyond the bounds of the classroom. The availability of browsers (e.g. Mosaic, Netscape, Hot Java) has enormously simplified the access to the WWW, and there have been numerous initiatives to take advantage of this new technology for teaching. This work will illustrate recent developments of tools for engineering education and technology transfer which take advantage of WWW browsers, Java applets, and virtual reality. We have developed modules based on WWW browsers incorporating educational and research software, including advanced visualization, which find use for multimedia classroom presentations accessible by Internet users, and which can also improve interaction among academic groups and industry. Therefore, the material is suitable for asynchronous distance learning and technology transfer. Examples of interactive WWW applications include device simulation, semiconductor band structure calculation, numerical techniques, and electromagnetics.


Opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) is a suitable approach to increase spectrum efficiency for the current spectrum management. This paper considers the secondary user (SU) multi-rate multi-hop impact under the temporal dynamic aspect of OSA. Firstly, we investigate the SU multi-rate transmission and number of hops impact under the temporal dynamic aspect of OSA. The observed metrics include both SU and PU performance. Numerical analysis and simulation results show the existence of multi-rate and multi-hop diversity. To obtain the optimal performance, the balance between high enough transmission rate and few enough number of hops is essential. Secondly, according to the multi-rate multi-hop investigation, we propose a rate adaption scheme with PU activity consideration, called Auto Rate Increase (ARI). ARI is based on the Auto Rate Fallback (ARF) scheme with the aims to select the best transmission rate under limited PU idle duration. ARI also adopts ARF simplicity, hence, there is no need for any prior nor additional knowledge of the networks environment. Simulation results show, under tight OSA environment, ARI scheme can increase the SU performance up to 37% compared with the original ARF scheme.


The Author in his article takes up the issue of human right and freedom. He analyzes the problem from philosophical and legal points of view. The point of departure is legal reality presented in various documents – legal sources, which are called: declarations of rights, constitutions, or legal instruments and their general understanding among people. From the ambiguity of legal understanding of human freedom, the Author differentiates two essential ones: "freedom from" perceived as space left for individual's autonomy regarding state authorities' interference, from which later in contemporary times human rights and constitutional freedom developed and "freedom to", which is understood as state's duty to provide essential political and economical spheres assuring man a dignifi ed life.


The concept of the punitive damage class has a long and dubious lineage, extending back more than thirty years. During the 1980s and the 1990s the concept of the punitive damage class excited plaintiffs' attorneys, inspired countless academics, riveted at least a few defense counsel, and caught the attention of a scattering of federal judges. Nonetheless, certification of actual punitive damage classes has proved elusive, as court after court refused to give their imprimatur to the punitive damage class. In truth, the history of the punitive damage class has been one of repeated repudiation, punctuated by scattered, anomalous success (a point which its advocates have difficulty acknowledging). The punitive damage class's Waterloo, however, clearly arrived with the Supreme Court's decision in Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp. ― celebrated, or at least commemorated in this symposium. Because the Rule 23(b)(1)(B) limited-fund class category has been the usual procedural vehicle for the punitive damage class, the Court's exacting requirements for certification of a limited-fund class action in Ortiz foredoomed almost every subsequent attempt to certify a punitive damage class. And yet the punitive damage class has proved enduring and hard to stave off. Hence, the Supreme Court's string of punitive damage cases, decided in the 1990s and into the twenty-first century, breathed new life into the moribund idea of the punitive damage class. The Court's suggestions of constitutional constraints on punitive damage awards provided a basis for advancing the argument for the Rule 23(b)(1)(B) limited fund. Seizing this jurisprudence, Judge Jack Weinstein cobbled together an innovative theory to undergird certification of a punitive damage class in In re Simon II Litigation, thus providing renewed hope to the advocates of the punitive damage class. Nevertheless, in 2005 ― more than twenty-five years after the first suggestion of a punitive damage class ― the Second Circuit unceremoniously buried the punitive damage class once again. For those who have lived through thirty years of mass-tort litigation, this renewed advocacy on behalf of the punitive damage class presents a rather intriguing, if not preposterous, prospect. The renewed arguments in favor of the punitive damage class take three forms. First, it is urged that courts take an expansive view of the Supreme Court's holdings in both Ortiz and Phillip Morris USA v. Williams, and interpret such decisions to support certification of punitive classes under Rule 23(b)(3). Second, other commentators suggest that the Supreme Court ought to grant review of a certified 23(b)(1)(B) punitive damage class, in order to create a specific exception to Ortiz that would authorize courts to certify punitive damage classes under 23(b)(1)(B). Third, plaintiffs' attorneys argue that CAFA opens the door to creative use of the punitive damage class through the law's authorization for "mass-action" cases. This Article examines these theories currently urged in support of the punitive damage class and assesses whether there actually is a viable means of sustaining a punitive damage class in the post-Ortiz, post-Simon II class action era. The Article concludes that prevailing class action jurisprudence, integrated with the Court's punitive damage jurisprudence, is unlikely to support certification of a Rule 23(b)(3) punitive damage class. In addition, the Supreme Court is extremely unlikely to create an Ortiz exception for punitive damage classes. Finally, the article suggests that CAFA cannot and does not support any Congressional intent to approve punitive damage classes as "mass actions" under this new jurisdictional statutory scheme.


The use of detention as a tool of immigrant enforcement has grown in the United States and around the world. In this article, I examine the practices used to structure the physical detention of immigrants and explore the role that carceral immigrant control plays as a form of labor market governance. I argue that the same security and detention practices that equate being out of status with criminality are also used to tag immigrants as unskilled. Through the delineation of skill categories, which are vested with certain political rights, I posit that this carceral enforcement of skill categories shapes how immigrants are able to navigate the labor market, with particular attention to the implications for recipients of DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) protections.


Hepatology is still a relatively young discipline in medicine. The birth of hepatology in the 1950s was largely dependent on the introduction of liver biopsy performed with the Menghini's needle1 and its modifications. Ever since, diagnosis and staging of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) has been based on the morphological evaluation of liver tissue associated with grading and staging according to established scoring systems.2 3 The introduction of ultrasound scanning, practically the first easily available imaging tool, at the end of the 1970s, provided further diagnostic advantages for the hepatologist, and made liver biopsy a safer procedure. Nowadays, liver biopsy remains an essential tool for the diagnosis of the majority of liver diseases, while its clinical relevance is more limited to the staging of the disease in settings where the diagnosis is based on other established parameters, ie, viral markers in chronic viral hepatitis. Even though the prevalence of biopsy-related complications is very limited in tertiary centres, this procedure still carries a burden of potentially severe events.4 Moreover, sampling error and intra- and inter-observer variability represent major drawbacks.5 6 Overall, liver biopsy should be considered the "best possible reference standard" and does not allow discrimination of adjacent stages of fibrosis (ie, F2 vs F1 or F3 vs F2)6 7 with adequate diagnostic accuracy. Along this trend, hepatologists have started to develop non-invasive systems able to provide a surrogate estimate of disease staging, ie, semi-quantitative assessment of fibrosis. Overall, these attempts are aimed at fulfilling the dream of developing an accurate, easy and cost/effective non-invasive test that allows (1) fast screening, (2) longitudinal follow-up, (3) efficacy of therapeutic treatments; and (4) prognostic evaluation. This assumes a particular relevance in the paediatric setting, where the use of liver biopsy is perceived as bearing higher risks and is less …


Nivolumab is an antibody against programmed cell death 1 and functions as an immune checkpoint inhibitor for various malignancies, including unresectable melanomas. Nivolumab causes several immune-related adverse events, which typically include skin rash, pneumonitis, thyroid dysfunction, hepatitis, and colitis; in rare cases, anemia may be present. There are several reports of autoimmune hemolytic anemia that has developed in response to nivolumab; however, there are few reports of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). We describe a patient who developed PRCA during nivolumab administration. A 70-year-old Japanese woman received nivolumab for cardiac metastasis from malignant melanoma from an unknown site. Twenty-one months after nivolumab administration (31 courses), treatment was discontinued because she developed severe anemia. Blood test results indicated normocytic, normochromic anemia, and reticulocytopenia, but all other components were normal. Bone marrow aspiration showed increased megakaryocytes and decreased erythroblasts; these findings were consistent with PRCA. Anemia improved without recurrence after treatment with corticosteroids and blood transfusions. The steroid dosage was reduced gradually, and to date, the patient has not experienced recurrence of anemia. The tumor decreased in size and the patient has shown a continued response to treatment with decrease in disease for 3 years. Although it is unclear how nivolumab causes PRCA, hematological toxicities have been reported in patients treated with immunotherapy drugs. PRCA might be an unrecognized immune-mediated adverse event that did not manifest during the clinical trial phase.


The present article examines how employees cope with an organizational setting that is institutionally complex. The empirical setting is a French energy corporation that simultaneously pursues a logic of science and a logic of market through multiple research partnerships with public and private actors engaged in the energy transition. We draw on the literature on institutional logics and hybrid organizations to examine how employees of this French energy corporation deal with this institutionally complex environment. Our findings point to three strategies that individuals use to cope with institutional complexity in their organizational setting: aggregating, selective coupling and compartmentalizing. Each individual uses only one strategy. The findings further suggest three psychological factors that seem to explain which of these strategies a given individual adopts for coping with institutional complexity: tolerance for ambiguity, preference for holism, and preference for reductionism. We integrate these findings into a two-dimensional model. These findings contribute to illuminating how individuals cope with institutional complexity in their organizational setting, an insight that can help shed light on why organizations respond somewhat differently to the same institutionally complex field.


Event processing is an approach that can capture and process the data about the events. Complex event processing is the merging the information from multiple origins. Event processing systems has a procedure that continuous event streams will be further applied operation of event streams. In distributed-applications like a large warehouse (where items can be shipped) when we are processing the events. This will be transmitting in between many security authorities. Using the access-policy every incoming event can be secured. We can increase the processing of events by calculating the measure of obfuscation values for events. Calculate the threshold for obfuscation as one of the part of access-policy and avoid the access-requirements and events will be delivered more reliable. In this way we can deliver the more events.. We also perform some experiments to assess engines scalability with respect to number of queries and propose ways for evaluating their ability in adapting to changes in load conditions. Lastly, we show that similar queries have widely different performances on the same or different engines and that no engine dominates the other two in all scenarios.


Summary

1
Corals are clonal organisms and show a plastic growth. We study a partial differential equation model for the dynamics of size distribution of corals and predict the trajectory of recovery after a catastrophic disturbance, such as the recent bleaching that killed most corals in southern Japan.

2
We assume that the mean growth rate of colony size, measured in projected area, is a linear function of colony size, and that the variance in growth rate is proportional to the size, which is consistent with the growth data of a coral Acropora hyacinthus Dana 1846.

3
The model incorporates the space-limitation in colony growth and recruitment. The growth rate and recruitment rate are proportional to the fraction of free space within the local habitat.

4
In many corals, including A. hyacinthus, recruitment occurs in a short period once a year. However, our model illustrates that the colony size distribution does not show distinguishable cohorts since the observed variance in growth rate is large. The model with discrete settlement and a large variance in growth rate results in size distributions that are very well approximated by an explicitly soluble model with constant recruitment and no growth variance.

5
When mortality is low, the dynamics of size distribution show two different phases in the recovery process. In the first phase, size distribution is determined by recruitment and growth, and can be predicted well by the case without mortality. After free space is depleted, recruitment and growth slow down and become balanced with mortality. The equilibrium size distribution is controlled by all the three processes. Both for the transient and the equilibrium size distribution, the average colony size increases with growth rate but decreases with recruitment rate.

6
Strongly skewed colony-size distributions in which small size classes have the largest numbers are generated for a wide range of parameters by the space-limitation in growth, even without partial death of colonies.


Large systems of linear equations over $mathbb{F_2$ with sparse coefficient matrices have to be solved as a part of integer factorization with sieve-based methods such as in the Number Field Sieve algorithm. In this report, we first discuss the Wiedemann algorithm to solve these systems and investigate the relation between the sparsity of the matrix and the performance of (a slightly adapted version of) the algorithm. Then we turn to the more efficient block algorithms and discuss a new version of the block Wiedemann algorithm, proposed by Villard, based on the FPHPS algorithm by Beckermann and Labahn. Finally we compare the performance of our implementation of this version of the algorithm with that of Lobo's implementation of the classical block Wiedemann algorithm and that of Montgomery's implementation of his block Lanczos algorithm. The latter is shown to be much faster, even more than expected theoretically.


European countries introduced the concept of social protection of survivors, primarily spouses and children, in their respective legislations back in the 19th century. Since its introduction, the concept has undergone significant changes in the majority of EU Member States. This paper will provide an overview of the concept of social security survivors benefits, with the main focus on the survivors benefits for surviving spouse in the European Union, and in particular on the differences in regulation of this concept in Western European and the Eastern European countries. The author of this paper will endeavor to point out the ways the survivors benefits follow, and to establish whether this form of social security will survive in the future, in spite of the numerous changes Europe witnesses. The paper offers a comparison among three different systems of social protection for surviving spouse in the European Union, as follows: (i) the Scandinavian concept, (ii) the Western European concept and (iii) the Eastern European concept. Finally, on the basis of the characteristics of these three models and a comparative analysis of their effects, this paper will try to propose grounds of new European model for the social protection of surviving spouse.


Abstract Non-obligatory control constructions (NOC) are sentences which contain a non-finite clause with a null subject whose reference is determined pragmatically. Little is known about how children assign reference to these subjects, yet this is important as our current understanding of reference-resolution development is limited to less complex sentences with overt elements, such as pronouns. This study explores how seventy-six children (aged six to eleven) consult pragmatic leads when assigning reference in two examples of NOC. Children undertook three picture-selection tasks, containing no lead, a weak lead, and a strong lead, and their reference choices in the critical sentences were monitored. The novel results pinpoint children's baseline interpretations of the ambiguous sentences and expose an age trend in the degree to which they consult strong pragmatic leads when resolving reference. These trends illustrate how reference assignment in more complex discourse-governed contexts progresses, thereby contributing an important dimension to the pragmatics acquisition literature.


Background Motoric Dominance is defined as the preferential use of an upper or lower limb in a variety of common tasks, while the term Functional Dominance refers to laterality evidenced by performing different specialised sport techniques. The main purposes of this study were knowledge about the relations between motoric dominance and functional dominance in a group of high-level Spanish judokas significantly diversified in terms of the age and the training experience. We solve the three research tasks: 1) to assess laterality of hand, foot/leg and preference in turning (i.e., motoric dominance); 2) to assess the preferences (right-dominant, left-dominant, or symmetrical) while executing three specific judo techniques (uchi mata, seoi nage and o soto gari) (i.e. functional dominance); 3) to analyse the relationship between motoric dominance and functional dominance. Material & Methods: The sample was composed of 64 high-level Spanish judokas (39 males and 25 females). Their average age and training experience were 19.5 years (range 16–28) and 10.3 years (range 7–18), respectively. Besides descriptive statistics (percentages of motoric and functional dominance), the categorical data were analysed with a Pearson chi square (p-value ≤ 0.05); when the relation was significant the adjusted residuals were also analysed. The strength of association was calculated with the corrected contingency coefficient (Ccorr). Results: Motoric dominance for hand was 7.8% (left-handers), for foot/leg 15.6% (left-footers) and preference in turning was 23.4% (left-turn). The analysis of functional dominance showed that the vast majority of the observed judokas presented right dominance (66–86%) for executing specific judo techniques. Finally, no relationship (p > 0.05) was detected in 8 out of 9 evaluated associations between motoric and functional dominance. We only found an association (p = 0.027) between motoric dominance of turn and execution of o soto gari. Conclusions: These results suggest that laterality expressed as functional dominance is likely to be acquired through specific practice of judo motor skills.


Maori mental health nurses undertake alternative ways to practice which are informed by Maori philosophies and principles. This includes a view of health that is holistic and incorporates ideas of the entire rather than the part. This research project investigates the experiences of Maori nurses working in District Health Board (DHB) Maori Mental Health (MMH) services in order to illuminate the practices, skills and knowledge bases that Maori nurses utilise to work with Maori people. This study was undertaken using a Kaupapa Maori research framework. This particular approach permits the validation of nursing practice and knowledge that MMH nurses acquire, develop and use to "walk in two worlds", te ao Maori (the Maori world) and te ao Pakeha (the Western world). The underlying philosophy and principles of a Kaupapa Maori approach provided the cultural framework that was familiar to the participants as Maori nurses. The five participants were MMH nurses who had previously worked or were currently working in services for a period of at least six months. Two semi-structured focus group interviews were used to gather the nurse's discussions of their experiences. Their stories were analysed using an integrated Kaupapa Maori (Maori philosophy) and interpretive-narrative approach. Dissemination of the findings resulted in the development of four dimensions of Maori nursing practice. These were Whanaungatanga (Affiliation); Manamotuhake (Affirmation); Nga whawhai kia haere nga tahi ana (Alignment); and Te kai o te Rangatira, ko te whaikorero (Articulation). These dimensions are broad concepts that capture the unique practice and knowledge necessary to work effectively as a MMH nurse. Understanding these dimensions will assist other nurses in preparing to work within MMH services. They will also help services to identify and implement strategies to support nurses to work more effectively and safely, ultimately enhancing the provision of care and treatment for Maori people.


Al-Mg alloy sheets with high Mg contents (3~10wt%Mg) were fabricated by twin roll strip casting. The optimum process conditions to get a good surface quality of Al-Mg strip have been suggested in this experiment. Controlling the cooling rate of cast roll was important to improve the surface quality of the strip and a compositional homogeneity through the thickness. The size of intermetallic particle like Al-Fe compound was reduced down to 1~2μm due to a high cooling rate of Al melt during strip casting. In addition, the dendrite structure was fine and the segregation of Al8Mg5 phase between grains was remarkably reduced. Therefore, the strips with a thickness of 3mm have good workability during additional hot/warm rolling processes. The hot/warm rolled Al-5wt%Mg sheets show high strength and elongation. When the rolled sheets were annealed at 300 oC for 1hr., the tensile strength and total elongation of the sheets reached at 290 MPa and 30%, respectively.


In greenhouses, reducing water consumption by increasing water efficiency is of high interest. Water need is linked to the plant transpiration, which itself depends on the stomatal resistance (Rs). Up until now however, prediction of Rs through models was mainly conducted for well-watered plants in open field conditions and very few models exist for greenhouse plants grown in pots. The aim of this work was to develop a dynamic model of Rs based on the full factorial design (FFD) under water restriction conditions. Then, the model was validated inside a greenhouse. The FFD is based on an optimization process to establish a polynomial relationship between Rs and the radiation, humidity and temperature. To implement the model, a set of experiments was conducted inside a 10 m2 growth chamber equipped with Impatiens New Guinea planted in 0.74-L pots under well-watered conditions. Rs was measured with a porometer and nine climatic scenarios were tested. First the FFD model was implemented for well-watered conditions. Then it was adapted to calculate Rs under water restriction, through the introduction of a new multiplicative function depending on the growing media matric potential. Once these parameters had been determined, the obtained transpiration model was validated against experimental data recorded inside a greenhouse Impatiens crop. The transpiration model derived from the FFD method showed its ability to correctly simulate Rs under water restriction conditions. Hence, it could be useful to accurately predict the evolution of transpiration.


The bioavailability of a generic preparation of glic1azide (Glimicron® 80 mg) was compared with the innovator products, Diamicron® 80 mg and a modified release tablet, Diamicron® MR 30 mg. Six healthy adult male volunteers participated in the study conducted according to a randomized, three-way crossover design and the plasma concentrations obtained were analyzed according to a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The bioavailability was
compared using the parameters total area under the plasma level-time curve (AUC₀-∞), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), and time to reach peak plasma concentration (tmax).
No statistically significant difference was observed between the AUC₀-∞ value of Glimicron® 80 mg and normalized AUC₀-∞ value for Diamicron® MR 30 mg. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the Cmax and tmax values for all the three pairs of the three preparation combinations. Meanwhile, after normalizing for dose difference, the 90% confidence intervals of the AUC₀-∞ and Cmax values of Glimicron® 80 mg over those of Diamicron® MR 30 mg were found to lie between 0.8-1.3 and 1.7-2.7 respectively. Similar to that observed with Glimicron® 80 mg, the Diamicron® MR 30 mg preparation also has a markedly higher extent of bioavailability over the conventional Diamicron ® 80 mg preparation, being between 4.9 and 8.0 times higher. There was no statistically significant difference among the elimination rate constant (ke) values of the three preparations and were similar to those reported in the literature. Based on these statistical inferences, it can be concluded that the extent of bioavailability of Glimicron® 80 mg was comparable to that of Diamicron® MR 30 mg with Diamicron® MR 30 mg exhibiting a sustained rate of
absorption.


4H-SiC metal-semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) [1] were characterized at 25, 100, 150, 200, and 250  ̊C and two-dimensional electro-thermal simulations [2] were performed to examine the effects of elevated device operating temperature and self-heating on DC and RF performance of the MESFETs. The gate and drain characteristics (Id-Vg & Id-Vd) were measured at room and elevated temperatures. The threshold voltage decreased with temperature and drain voltage. The shift of the threshold voltage was more prominent at low temperatures (2 V from 25 to 100  ̊C) than at high temperatures (negligible shift above 150  ̊C). No short channel effects could be seen in drain characteristics due to the self-heating effects. The measured drain saturation current decreases with increase temperature. At lower gate and drain voltages the measured drain current at room temperature is smaller than the drain current at elevated temperatures. The threshold voltage shift and the lower drain current at room temperature are believed to be caused by the substrate traps, which induce extra charges at the channel-buffer interface acting as a backside gate. The current gain and power gain were measured as a function of frequency. Decrease of fT and fmax with increase of temperature was observed for both measurements and simulations. Higher fT and fmax were obtained from simulations than from the measurements. Traps and parasitics are believed to be the cause for the differences. A strong influence of contact resistance was seen on fT and fmax in the HF simulations.


This paper presents seven unsolved mathematical problems which all relate to a new type of electronic component: digital-to-frequency converter. These problems are parts of the theoretical foundation of this new component. Even though theoretical in nature, these problems will have profound impact on future real electronic system design. These problems present themselves as an excellent example of demonstrating the significance of mathematical analysis in circuit design applications. They show the importance of fundamental research on directing the real world work.


Abstract Three different schemes for Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) based on Adaptive Control in combination with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Robust Control and Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) systems are compared. These schemes include a Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC), a MRAC with an ANN and a MRAC with an H ∞ Loop Shaping Controller for 4 operating points of an LPV system (MRAC-4OP-LPV, MRAC-NN4OP-LPV and MRAC-H ∞ 4OP-LPV, respectively). In order to compare the performance of these schemes, a coupled-tank system was used as testbed in which two different types of faults (abrupt and gradual) applied in sensor and actuators in different operating points were simulated. The simulation results showed that the use of ANN in combination with an adaptive controller for LPV-based system improves the FTC scheme, delivering a robust FTC system against abrupt and gradual sensor faults. For actuator faults, the only schemes that were fault tolerant were the MRAC-H ∞ 4OP-LPV and the MRAC-4OP-LPV (i.e. the MRAC-H ∞ 4OP-LPV was fault tolerant for actuator faults varying from 0 to 0.5 of magnitude).


The author presents clinical material from a 36-year-old female patient with depressive and hysterical traits, whose personal history shows her psychosexual development to be at a pregenital level. It is intended to demonstrate the type of clinical interpretations that enabled a change towards an oedipal transference in order to reach a psychoanalytic approach. Some of the psychoanalytic interpretations during the treatment process are described, related to several behavioural changes and a discrete structural change.


Strong representative democracies rely on educated, informed, and active citizenry to provide oversight of the government. We present Connect 2 Congress (C2C), a novel, high temporal-resolution and interactive visualization of legislative behavior. We present the results of focus group and domain expert interviews that demonstrate how different stakeholders use C2C for a variety of investigative activities. The evaluation provided evidence that users are able to support or reject claims made by candidates and conduct free-form, low-cost, exploratory analysis into the legislative behavior of representatives across time periods.


The evidence for the existence of significant rigidity in the Earth's inner core is summarised and discussed in the light of recent work. Quantum-mechanical calculations, based on a Thomas-Fermi-Dirac model, suggest that an earlier estimate of 3.6 × 10¹² dyn/cm² for this rigidity may need to be reduced by 0.5 × 10¹² dyn/cm². The theoretical travel-times of the phase PKJKP would then need to be increased by amounts ranging from zero to 40 seconds. It is shown that the use of Gutenberg's seismic data in place of that of Jeffreys would reduce the estimated rigidity of the inner core by a further 1.6 × 10¹² dyn/cm², approximately. It is suggested that Gutenberg's data lead to the lowest likely value for the rigidity of the inner core, namely 1.5 × 10¹² dyn/cm², so that, on all present evidence, it is improbable that the inner core is less than about twice as rigid as steel is at zero pressure.


The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has the potential to generate a huge amount of heterogeneous data at different geographical locations and with various temporal resolutions in environmental science. In many other areas of IoT deployment, volume and velocity dominate, however in environmental science, the more general pattern is quite distinct and often variety dominates. There exists a large number of small, heterogeneous and potentially complex datasets and the key challenge is to understand the interdependencies between these disparate datasets representing different environmental facets. These characteristics pose several data challenges including data interpretation, interoperability and integration, to name but a few, and there is a pressing need to address these challenges. The author postulates that Semantic Web technologies and associated techniques have the potential to address the aforementioned data challenges and support environmental science. The main goal of this thesis is to examine the potential role of Semantic Web technologies in making sense of such complex and heterogeneous environmental data in all its complexity. The thesis explores the state-of-the-art in the use of such technologies in the context of environmental science. After an in-depth assessment of related work, the thesis further examined the characteristics of environmental data through semi-structured interviews with leading experts. Through this, three key research challenges emerge: discovering interdependencies between disparate datasets, geospatial data integration and reasoning, and data heterogeneity. In response to these challenges, an ontology was developed that semantically enriches all sensor measurements stemmed from an experimental Environmental IoT infrastructure. The resultant ontology was evaluated through three real-world use-cases derived from the interviews. This led to a number of major contributions from this work including: the development of an ontology tailored for streaming environmental data offering semantic enrichment of IoT data, support for spatio-temporal data integration and reasoning, and the analysis of unique characteristics of environmental science around data.


GEANT4 is a Monte Carlo code originally implemented for high-energy physics applications and is well known for particle transport at high energies. The capacity of GEANT4 to simulate neutron transport in the thermal energy region is not equally well known. The aim of this article is to compare MCNP, a code commonly used in low energy neutron transport calculations and GEANT4 with experimental results and select the suitable code for gadolinium neutron capture applications. To account for the thermal neutron scattering from chemically bound atoms [S(alpha,beta)] in biological materials a comparison of thermal neutron fluence in tissue-like poly(methylmethacrylate) phantom is made with MCNP4B, GEANT4 6.0 patch1, and measurements from the neutron capture therapy (NCT) facility at the Studsvik, Sweden. The fluence measurements agreed with MCNP calculated results considering S(alpha,beta). The location of the thermal neutron peak calculated with MCNP without S(alpha,beta) and GEANT4 is shifted by about 0.5 cm towards a shallower depth and is 25%-30% lower in amplitude. Dose distribution from the gadolinium neutron capture reaction is then simulated by MCNP and compared with measured data. The simulations made by MCNP agree well with experimental results. As long as thermal neutron scattering from chemically bound atoms are not included in GEANT4 it is not suitable for NCT applications.


Abstract Some unusual lidar returns from an altostratus cloud are interpreted in terms of reflections from hexagonal ice plates falling with their long axes aligned in the horizontal. Such an explanation is consistent with the observed high backscatter coefficients and low depolarization ratios and also with the temperature range (−12 to −20°C) of the cloud layers, as well as the known fall characteristics of naturally occurring ice platelets. Backscatter efficiencies are calculated for "perfect" ice platelets when illuminated at or near an axis orthogonal to the crystal long axis. It is shown that very high backscatter coefficients can potentially be measured from a cloud of ice plates, depending on the fraction of crystals which are "perfect,r the degree to which the plates' long axes stay horizontal, and the angle of the lidar to the vertical. It is further shown that reflection from a single crystal gives an appreciable signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver and that only a few crystals will be ...


In this paper, CFD simulations of the wind environment of four typical urban spaces in Shenzhen are introduced. The boundary conditions for these numerical experiments and the criteria of assessment are chosen according to the geographical and meteorological characteristics of the city. The effects of different building configurations on air ventilation are discussed, which may probably give some useful information to urban planners when more comfortable and healthier spaces are expected.


SUMMARY Four trials were carried out to investigate the effect of inter-plot competition on seed yield and plant height of field beans using experimental designs balanced for neighbours. One trial tested four varieties ranging in final height from 25 to 100 cm and sown in four-row plots with 30 cm spacing between rows and one blank row between plots. When grown between plots of a dwarf variety, the plot yield of the tallest variety was increased by 20% compared with its pure stand yield: a complementary reduction in yield was shown by the dwarf variety when grown between plots of the tall. The effect on the yield of the inner rows of the plot was somewhat smaller than that of the outer rows but still significant. Another trial with six commercial varieties differing in final height by less than 15 cm showed no differential effects of inter-varietal competition on yield. In two trials with six varieties of widely differing heights planted with 50 cm spacing between rows, but no gap between plots, plot yield was strongly affected by the neighbouring variety in the trial with single-row plots, while yields from the four-row trial showed a large interaction between variety and inner and outer row position, again indicative of inter-variety competition. The yield response to competition could be described by a common linear regression on the excess height of plot neighbours: there was little evidence of varietal differences in sensitivity or aggressiveness. Plant height showed a positive response to height of plot neighbours in all four trials, whilst in the single-row trial, the ratio of grain yield to total dry-matter production (harvest index) was negatively related to excess height of neighbours. The results suggest that, when testing varieties differing in height by more than 20 cm, at least two buffer rows, e.g. six-row plots with the centre two rows harvested, are required to obtain a true comparison of pure-stand yield. Alternatively, when this procedure would result in an unacceptable use of resources, one of the statistical models adapted in this paper may be used to adjust variety yields for pure stands.


A wastewater biofiltration model is used to assess the potential of modeling plant-sized secondary carbon removal biofilter units. Two distinct datasets collected at the Seine-Centre biofiltration plant (Colombes, France) are used. The model is first calibrated on multiple grab samples taken at different heights inside the filter media. Data from 24 hour composite samples at the unit influent and effluent over a two year period are then simulated. Additional data are used to estimate hourly concentration profiles from composite samples in order to correctly use both composite and grab samples during modeling. The calibrated model is in most cases able to correctly predict the general nutrient behaviour for both datasets. The results of statistical scores such as the mean error and the mean absolute error are low for soluble components and remain correct for particles during years 2008-2009. Only one parameter set containing few heavily modified values is used to obtain these results. Modeling plant-sized biofilters appears to be practical and can be useful for easily evaluating plant optimization scenarios.


Extended practice on a particular cognitive task can boost the performance of other tasks, even though they themselves have not been practised. This transfer of benefits appears to be specific, occurring most when tasks are very similar to those being trained. But what type of similarity is most important for predicting transfer? This question is addressed with a tightly controlled randomised design, with a relatively large sample (N = 175) and an adaptive control group. We created a hierarchical set of nested assessment tasks. Participants then trained on two of the tasks: one was relatively "low" in the hierarchy requiring just simultaneous judgements of shapes' spikiness, whereas the other was relatively "high" requiring delayed judgements of shapes' spikiness or number of spikes in a switching paradigm. Using the full complement of nested tasks before and after training, we could then test whether and how these "low" and "high" training effects cascade through the hierarchy. For both training groups, relative to the control, whether or not an assessment task shared a single specific feature was the best predictor of transfer patterns. For the low-level training group, the overall proportion of feature overlap also significantly predicted transfer, but the same was not true for the high-level training group. Finally, pre-training between-task correlations were not predictive of the pattern of transfer for either group. Together these findings provide an experimental exploration of the specificity of transfer and establish the nature of task overlap that is crucial for the transfer of performance improvements.


Improving the current operation and maintenance activities is one of the main steps in achieving higher performance of irrigation networks. Improving the irrigation network management, influenced by different spatial and temporal parameters, is confronted with special difficulties. One of the controversial issues often faced by decision-makers is how to cope with the spatial diversity of irrigation systems. Homogeneous area detection out of the irrigation networks could improve the current management of networks. The idea behind this research is to present a quantitative benchmark for exploring the homogeneous areas with similar physical attributes out of the network region. Five physical attributes, such as length, capacity, number of intakes, number of conveyance structures and the covered irrigated area for each canal reach, are used for spatial clustering. Two fuzzy clustering algorithms, namely FCM and GK, are applied to the Ghazvin irrigation network. Using a clustering validity index, SC , shows that the GK algorithm is the more appropriate tool for clustering of the considered dataset. According to the results the optimal number of clusters for the Ghazvin irrigation project is derived as nine clusters and the irrigated district is classified into nine homogeneous areas. Physical homogeneous regions provide a context for better and easier decision-making.


The large input capacitance seen at the input of transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) used in optical receivers is usually the primary BW bottleneck. A new approach for increasing the BW of shunt feedback TIA's utilizing negative miller capacitance is presented which incurs no significant power, area or noise penalty. With this technique, 10 Gb/s performance is made possible with the usage of just a single common emitter stage resulting in a low power and low area design. The differential TIA was implemented in a 0.18 mum SiGe BiCMOS technology and consumes 10.9 mA from a 1.8 V supply. It provides 495 Omega gain, 7.7 GHz BW and has a noise density of 5.8 pA / radic(Hz) @ 1 GHz. The technique is not technology dependent and may be applied to CMOS designs as well.


A synthesis of transpressive mountain building, as evidenced by rock uplift and topography along the entire San Andreas fault, reveals a complex crustal response to oblique plate motion. Convergent deformation increases toward the fault but does not correlate with the angle of plate-motion obliquity. The shortening estimated from rock uplift is also insufficient to account for the fault-normal motion based on relative plate velocity. This suggests that near-field convergence is influenced by local structural complexity and is not purely driven by regional transpression, and that the fault-normal component of plate motion is partly accommodated elsewhere. Heterogeneity in deformation and degree of slip partitioning highlight the importance of other factors in shaping transpressive continental deformation, including surface processes, material anisotropy, and strain weakening.


The results of the comparative analysis of LPS isolated by different methods of extraction from the cultures of several Brucella species differing in their virulence are presented. Purified LPS preparations have been obtained from Brucella virulent and vaccine strains by using such methods as water-phenol extraction, Boivin's method, mild alkaline hydrolysis of the antigen according to Boivin's procedure. The presence of certain relationship between the method used for the extraction of Brucella LPS to be compared and their chemical composition, immunological characteristics and serological activity has been established. As shown in this investigation, in the process of the preparation of a highly sensitive diagnosticum for the passive hemagglutination test the use of LPS obtained from Brucella virulent strains, but not from the vaccine strain, by the method of mild alkaline hydrolysis according to Boivin's procedure is expedient. The data presented in this work indicate that the soluble complex of lipid A obtained from Brucella LPS has been found to possess serological activity. The results of the study of the serological properties of lipid A indicate that the lipid component may also play a certain role in the manifestation of the serological activity of Brucella LPS.


In this paper, the straight and T-shape single-walled carbon nanotube intramolecular junction (SWCNT-IMJ) were studied theoretically. The geometries of topological defect can be constructed by fusing two nanotubes having different helicities and diameters. For straight IMJ, the armchair (5,5) and (8,8) nanotubes segments were fused with the zigzag (n,0) segment varying from (6,0) to (10,0). T-junctions were constructed by joining a zigzag (n,0) tube, varying from n = 5 to 10, onto a fixed zigzag (9,0) tube sidewall. These junctions are composed of one or more pentagon and heptagon rings, and mixed pentagon-heptagon pairs as defects in the perfect hexagonal lattice. The study shows that the occurrence of defects geometries on SWCNT-IMJ and T-shape structures depends on the variation of tube helicity and diameter of combining nanotubes. The HOMO-LUMO energy levels exhibit the even-odd "quantum size" oscillation. The decreasing energy gap depends on variation of tube helicity and diameter of carbon nanotube. This study can be helpful as a knowledge base in the field of carbon nanotube molecular electronics.


Empathy is a cognitive and emotional reaction to an observed situation of others. Empathy has recently attracted interest because it has numerous applications in psychology and AI, but it is unclear how different forms of empathy (e.g., self-report vs counterpart other-report, concern vs. distress) interact with other affective phenomena or demographics like gender and age. To better understand this, we created the {\it Empathic Conversations} dataset of annotated negative, empathy-eliciting dialogues in which pairs of participants converse about news articles. People differ in their perception of the empathy of others. These differences are associated with certain characteristics such as personality and demographics. Hence, we collected detailed characterization of the participants' traits, their self-reported empathetic response to news articles, their conversational partner other-report, and turn-by-turn third-party assessments of the level of self-disclosure, emotion, and empathy expressed. This dataset is the first to present empathy in multiple forms along with personal distress, emotion, personality characteristics, and person-level demographic information. We present baseline models for predicting some of these features from conversations.


In the Tevatron collider, protons and antiprotons share the same beam pipe. This poses a challenge in the measurement of tunes for both species simultanously because of the possibility of signal contamination from the other species. The tune of each bunch is also very different because of beam-beam effects from parasitic crossing points. This means that the tune diagnostics must be able to differentiate between protons and anti-protons, it also has to measure tunes from each bunch. There are three different tune pickups used in the Tevatron: 1.7 GHz Schottky pickups, 21.4 MHz Schottky pickups and baseband pickups. These devices will be discussed in detail in this paper.