It was recently reported that human periapical cysts (hPCys), a commonly occurring odontogenic cystic lesion of inflammatory origin, contain mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. In this study, periapical inflammatory cysts were compared with dental pulp to determine whether this tissue may be an alternative accessible tissue source of MSCs that retain the potential for neurogenic differentiation. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis indicated that hPCy-MSCs and dental pulp stem cells spontaneously expressed the neuron-specific protein β-III tubulin and the neural stem-/astrocyte-specific protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in their basal state before differentiation occurs. Furthermore, undifferentiated hPCy-MSCs showed a higher expression of transcripts for neuronal markers (β-III tubulin, NF-M, MAP2) and neural-related transcription factors (MSX-1, Foxa2, En-1) as compared with dental pulp stem cells. After exposure to neurogenic differentiation conditions (neural media containing epidermal growth factor [EGF], basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF], and retinoic acid), the hPCy-MSCs showed enhanced expression of β-III tubulin and GFAP proteins, as well as increased expression of neurofilaments medium, neurofilaments heavy, and neuron-specific enolase at the transcript level. In addition, neurally differentiated hPCy-MSCs showed upregulated expression of the neural transcription factors Pitx3, Foxa2, Nurr1, and the dopamine-related genes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter. The present study demonstrated for the first time that hPCy-MSCs have a predisposition toward the neural phenotype that is increased when exposed to neural differentiation cues, based on upregulation of a comprehensive set of proteins and genes that define neuronal cells. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that hPCy-MSCs might be another optimal source of neural/glial cells for cell-based therapies to treat neurologic diseases.


In 1934, Italian immigrant Leonard Covello and others set up Benjamin Franklin High School in East Harlem. Its purpose was to coordinate the educational influences emanating the neighborhood's many institutions, and to inform local citizen decision-making with intensive local social research. A leader in urban education, Benjamin Franklin High pioneered a distinctive community-centered schooling. Covello insisted that "education for social living" be based on solving real community problems in order to prepare students for leadership and civic participation. Problems ranging from poor housing to leisure opportunities to intergroup relations were channeled through Franklin's system of school-community committees. This dissertation describes the evolution of the vision, one of active public purpose, that inspired Benjamin Franklin High in its early years. How did the ideas that guided such an unusual school mission evolve? How were they shaped and changed by their interaction with local events, national trends, demographics, personalities, and social conditions? Though an institutional history, this essay attempts to capture the interplay among a wide configuration of educating agents, in particular the "messy" dynamics of a public school's relationship to its community. Fundamental tensions regarding the nature of the public purposes of schooling, as well as whose purposes are pursued, underlie this intensely local struggle. Chapter I describes the social, economic, and political context of East Harlem in the early 1930s, including the campaign to establish Benjamin Franklin. Chapter II sets out the broader conversation about community schooling in the early 1930s. Chapter III presents the life of Leonard Covello, examining the complex interplay of religious, intellectual, and personal experiences that influenced his vision of public. schooling for East Harlem. In Chapters IV and V, the challenges of promoting cultural democracy through local research, storefront units, adult education, teacher training, curriculum and public rallies flesh out the idea of community-centered schooling as it evolved in East Harlem. Drawing upon varied traditions of community research, early urban sociology, social Christianity and settlement house traditions, Covello shaped a distinct vision of schooling's public role in the democratic development of a diverse people. Implications for current education policy are suggested. Comments Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in Teacher's College, Columbia University, 1995. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs/182 This is an authorized facsimile, made from the microfilm master copy of the original dissertation or masters thesis published by UMI. The bibliographic information for this thesis is contained in UMI's Dissertation Abstracts database, the only central. source for accessing almost every doctoral dissertation accepted in North America since 1861. U-M-I Diss~rtation . Services A Bell & Howell Company 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 1-800-521-0600 313-761-4700· Printed in 1995 by xerographic process on acid-free paper


A large proportion of UK children do not meet the recommended guidelines for participation in physical activity, which is a public health concern as the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children is rising. Increasing perceptions of competence and levels of fundamental movement skill proficiency are potential strategies to promote physical activity. The aims of this thesis were to, a) investigate the prevalence of skill proficiency and levels of perceived physical competence in UK children, b) examine the relationships between fundamental movement skill competence and physical self-perceptions with children's physical activity, fitness and body fatness, and c) determine the effectiveness of non-curricular interventions to increase fundamental movement skills and enhance perceptions of competence. The first stage of research presented is the cross-sectional study of 152 children (41% boys; Age mean 9.7?0.3 years), which were recruited from 8 primary schools. Children completed the Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile (CYPSPP) and were assessed on 8 skills using video-analysis and process measures. In addition, cardiorespiratory fitness was directly measured during a treadmill protocol to exhaustion; body fat (%) was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; and physical activity was assessed by accelerometers over 7 days. The results revealed that children generally had positive perceptions of their physical self. However, levels of physical self-perceptions did not significantly predict physical activity behaviour. Perceptions of physical condition and physical strength were weak predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness and percent body fat, collectively explaining 7% and 7.8% of variance. Children's perceptions of competence were not related to their actual competence levels. Prevalence of proficiency in fundamental movement skills was low-to-moderate in boys and low in girls. Chi-square tests revealed a significantly (P < 0.01) higher proportion of boys were rated as proficient than girls in the kick (x = 37.4), catch (x = 25.3), strike (x = 28.4) and throw (x = 44.1). Total skill score significantly (P < 0.01) accounted for 11% and 9.2% of the variance in physical activity and percent total body fat, respectively. Locomotor skills significantly (P<0.01) predicted 7.7% of unique variance in moderate-to vigorous physical activity, 5.6% of total physical activity, 13.4% of cardiorespiratory fitness, and 23.7% of variance in percent body fat. Object-control skills weakly predicted total body fat (2%; P=0.04) but did not account for variance in other outcomes. This study highlighted the importance of fundamental movement skills to children's health and identified the need for interventions to enhance skill competence in older children. The next stage of research sought to determine the efficacy of interventions to increase skill competence and physical self-perceptions. An exploratory study examined the effects of a 9 week afterschool multi-skills club on skill proficiency, physical self-perceptions and body mass index (BMI) in 8-9 year old children. Two schools were randomly assigned to either a comparison (n = 15) or multi-skill club (n = 19) group. The multi-skill club received 18 coaching sessions designed to improve movement skills, while the comparison group followed normal routines. Children completed the CY-PSPP and assessments of seven movement skills, and were measured for stature and mass to calculate BMI. It was found that children in the multi-skill club had higher BMI (P<0.05) and possibly lower perceptions of body attractiveness and physical condition than children in the comparison group at post-test. Participation in the multi-skill club delivered significant (P<0.01) improvements in proficiency at post-test in static balance, whilst potentially practically important improvements were observed in performance of the catch, throw and kick skills. It was concluded that an afterschool multi-skill club offers a viable opportunity for movement skill acquisition, but any such programme would need to run for a longer duration to identify if this type of activity could benefit all skills. The final study was unique in that it was the first study to assess the impact of three different 12 month interventions on children's skill levels and perceived physical competence. One hundred and fifty-two 9-10 year old children were randomised by school to one of four conditions: a bi-weekly high-intensity physical activity afterschool club (HIPA; n=36); a bi-weekly multi-skill (fundamental movement skill) after-school club (FMS; n=37); a behaviour-modification programme (PASS; n=45); or a control-comparison (CON; n=34). Outcome measures, as employed within the cross-sectional study, were assessed at baseline, 9- and 12 months. It was found that participation in the FMS group was associated with moderate positive intervention effects on skill competence and increased the likelihood of attaining proficiency at post-test skill in 7 out of 8 skills. Participation in HIPA was associated with a small positive intervention effect on locomotor skill competence, and increased likelihood of proficiency in 5 skills, while PASS had no effect on skill competence but did increase the likelihood of attaining proficiency in 3 skills. In boys, participation in FMS and HIPA were associated with higher perceptions of sports competence, condition, and physical self-worth; HIPA elevated perceptions of strength, and, FMS increased perceived body attractiveness. PASS was associated with more positive perceptions of sports competence and body attractiveness at 9- but not 12-months. In girls, there were no positive intervention effects on CY-PSPP subscales, whilst all interventions were associated with more negative perceptions of body attractiveness. No group differences were found for body fat or physical activity, which increased from baseline to mid-test but fell sharply at post test in all conditions. Boys in HIPA improved fitness levels relative to controls, whilst girls participating in the FMS and PASS groups had lower fitness at post-test. It was concluded that multi-skill afterschool clubs are most effective at improving fundamental movement skills. Afterschool clubs may provide a means to augment boys' perceptions of competence, irrespective of activity mode; however, after-school clubs do not appear to enhance physical self-perceptions in girls. Behaviour-modification programmes appear least effective at improving actual and perceived competence, but a combined structured exercise and behaviour modification programme may be necessary to improve health outcomes. A subsequent follow-up study is required to assess long term impact of the interventions. The studies within this thesis have provided a detailed insight into the effects of different interventions on children's actual and perceived competence. To summarise, it was found that many children are not proficient at fundamental movement skills, which is important given their associations with important health outcomes. A multi-skill club programme can best impact such skills, whilst other forms of physical activity can also promote skill development. Perceptions of physical competence do not appear to have strong associations with children's health at this age. The influences of interventions on perceptions of competence appear complex and gender differences suggest that different forms of interventions may be necessary for girls.


Unilateral high-axial myopia can be associated with amblyopia and relative proptosis due to elongation of the eye and staphyloma formation. It is important to consider addressing any relative proptosis at the time of a lower eyelid blepharoplasty as the proptotic eye often creates a significant negative vector and increases the likelihood of postoperative retraction and scleral show. We present twin sisters who presented for a lower eyelid blepharoplasty evaluation; each sister had unilateral proptosis with high-axial myopia. Both underwent bilateral lower eyelid blepharoplasty and unilateral fat decompression in the proptotic eye. One sister required additional medial wall bony decompression to resolve the proptosis at the time of the aforementioned surgery. Therefore, it is important to consider globe position and degree of proptosis at the time of lower eyelid blepharoplasty surgery to optimize surgical results.


In these essays, written during the last fifteen years, Whitaker analyses the paradoxes of federalism and democracy in a society which is deeply divided by region, language, and class. He examines the thought and action of such diverse figures as Mackenzie King, Harold Innis, William Irvine, and Pierre Trudeau and evaluates their impact on Canadian society both then and now. With an astute critical eye he surveys constitutional reform and the question of Quebec sovereignty as it has developed from 1981 through Meech Lake and beyond, and explores federalism, democratic theory, and the practice of politics in the real world. In the final essay, "Quebec and the Canadian Question," written especially for this volume, he evaluates the major changes which have occurred in Canadian politics during the last fifteen years and assesses their resounding impact on the future possibilities for Canadian democracy. The dominant political discourse, Whitaker argues, is increasingly based on human rights. This, in combination with the ascendance of free-market conservatism, the turn to continentalism under free trade, and the resurgence, since the failure of Meech Lake, of serious tensions between Quebec and the rest of Canada, has led to a compounded crisis that requires an examination not only of what Quebec wants, with or without Canada, but what Canada wants -- with or without Quebec. The Canadian idea of democracy is still evolving. Together in one volume for the first time, Whitaker's essays describe the process of that evolution and show what lies beneath the constitutional debate on the future of Canada.


Background: Worm infestation is a major public health problem in children of developing countries because of poor socioeconomic conditions and lack of good hygienic living. It causes not only nutritional deficiencies and anaemia but can lead to intestinal obstruction in the infested children. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of intestinal worms' infestation in children of rural Peshawar area.
 Material & Methods: This cross-sectional community based study was undertaken in rural area of Peshawar. The study population included 200 primary school children of 5-10 years age group of both sexes. Stool examination for ova detection was performed at Department of Pathology, Khyber Medical College Peshawar on three consecutive days. The results obtained were analyzed using SPSS software.
 Results: Out of 200 children examined, 132 (66%) were found positive for various intestinal helminths infestation. There were 6 different types of helminths found in the specimens examined. The highest frequency of 45.5% (91 cases) was noted for Ascaris lumbricoides. Relatively high frequency of 8% (16 cases) was also seen for Hymenolepis nana. Other helminths found were Enterobious Vermicularis 4% (16 cases), Hookworm 3.5% (7 cases), Whipworm 3.5% (7 cases) and Tapeworm 1.5% (3 cases).
 Conclusion: A high percentage of primary school children from rural Peshawar have intestinal worm infestation and majority of them have Ascaris lumbricoides.


Uterine anomalies are congenital malformations caused by fusion or resorption defects during embryogenesis. Uterus didelphys, or a double uterus, is a rare condition that occurs in female fetuses as they develop in the womb. Here we report a case of a 46 year old virginal female with uterus didelphys along with multiple fibroids of both uteri and a right ovarian cyst. The patient underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy with adnexa removal. The specimen showed leiomyoma of uterus with ovarian endometriosis. 1


The use of high-performance ceramic materials in electronics holds the potential for the development of a wide array of novel, high-value products. These include: ferroelectric ceramic capacitors for ferroelectric nonvolatile random access memory (FRAM); high-dielectric capacitors for dynamic random access memory (DRAM); low-dielectric aerogels and mesoporous materials; electro-optical materials for waveguides, filters and switches; electronic packaging and interconnects for microelectronics; and wide-bandgap materials for blue LEDs and high-temperature devices. The key to the application of any of these materials is the method of deposition (thin films) or fabrication (bulk). Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) continues to be an area of research together with new and improved precursors, delivery systems for low-vapor pressure precursors and improved processing and materials properties. Solution processing of films is also a central theme. Topics include: chemical vapor deposition of oxide ceramics; chemical vapor deposition of nonoxide ceramics; solution routes to ceramic materials; characterization and application of ceramic materials and novel processing of ceramic materials -process characterization.


Modern cities have always been the locus of both inequality and opportunity. However, neoliberal policies pursued since the 1980s have intensified urban disparities. Cities are increasingly shaped more by the logic of the market than the needs of their inhabitants. This article, which introduces a collection of papers on the topic, examines the implications of the neoliberal turn for the 'right to the city' as the fundamental tenet of urban citizenship. While evidence suggests a formidable challenge from market forces to the 'right to the city', the authors argue that the neoliberal city remains a highly contested urbanity in which poor inhabitants continue to struggle for citizenship in highly diverse ways. The challenge for scholarship is to discover and document those intricate modes of claim-making.


Streamflow forecasts are critical to guide water resource management, mitigate drought and flood effects, and develop climate-smart infrastructure and governance. Many global regions, however, have limited streamflow observations to guide evidence-based management strategies. In this paper, we propose an attention-based domain adaptation streamflow forecaster for data-sparse regions. Our approach leverages the hydrological characteristics of a data-rich source domain to induce effective 24hr lead-time streamflow prediction in a data-constrained target domain. Specifically, we employ a deep-learning framework leveraging domain adaptation techniques to simultaneously train streamflow predictions and discern between both domains using an adversarial method. Experiments against baseline cross-domain forecasting models show improved performance for 24hr lead-time streamflow forecasting.


A quiet revolution that impacts several sectors, ranging over transport, home automation, energy, industrial control, and health services is undergoing with addition of new networked devices leading to enhanced services. In this paper, we aim to identify information security requirements that are common over several (vertical) sectors, and in particular, ones that impact critical societal services, namely, the energy, water, and health management systems. We present the results of an interview-based study where actors in these sectors were asked about their perceptions and attitudes on the security of Internet of Things (IoT). We set these perceptions and attitudes in context through a literature review of IoT security, and relate to current challenges in this area. This paper demonstrates that despite an overall optimistic view on IoT in critical societal services, there is a lack of consensus on risks related to IoT security.


Recently within the framework of nonlocal patch-wise estimation a family of the Block Matching 3-D (BM3D) algorithms has been developed for various imaging problems [1], [2]. In [3] we demonstrated that BM3D modeling allows frame interpretation and constructed the corresponding analysis and synthesis frames which we call BM3D-frames. In this paper we use the BM3D-frames to develop an image deblurring algorithm based on the alternating optimization of two objective functions corresponding to decoupled denoising and deblurring operations. Compared to the standard approach based on minimization of a single objective function, decoupling allows to achieve both better reconstruction performance and essential simplification of the algorithm. Simulated experiments demonstrate numerical and visual superiority of the proposed algorithm over the current state-of-the-art methods confirming the advantage of the BM3D-frames as an image modeling tool.


This study presents the outcomes of a series of computational fluid dynamics analyses conducted to obtain unsteady solutions of the flowfields around single rotor helicopter configurations. We use a methodology to obtain the time dependent solutions of the 3D, compressible Navier Stokes equations adapted for a rotating frame of reference. In order to carry out the simulations, the developed mathematical model is solved on hybrid meshes to optimally benefit the advantages of both the structured and the unstructured grids. For the entire flowfield calculations, one-equation Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model is employed. To decrease the computational time and memory requirements, parallel processing with distributed memory is utilized. We validate the developed model and the simulation methodology by comparing the results with the published experimental data. In the following phase of the study, the unsteady calculations of the flowfields around single, two bladed helicopter rotor configurations are conducted for hover and forward flight cases. As the forward flight speed increases, development of the dissymmetry of lift on advancing and retreating blades has been observed for six advance ratios. These time–accurate computations help to analyze the adverse effect of increasing forward flight speed in order especially to determine the never-exceed speed for single rotor helicopter configurations.


The ability to accurately forecast and control inpatient census, and thereby workloads, is a critical and longstanding problem in hospital management. The majority of current literature focuses on optimal scheduling of elective inpatients, but largely ignores the process of accurate estimation of the trajectory of patients throughout the treatment and recovery process. The result is that current elective scheduling models are optimizing based on inaccurate input data. In this paper, we develop a Clustering and Scheduling Integrated (CSI) approach to capture patient flows through a network of hospital services. CSI functions by clustering patients into groups based on similarity of trajectory using a Semi-Markov model-based clustering scheme, as opposed to clustering by admit type or condition as in previous literature. The methodology is validated by simulation and then applied to real patient data from a partner hospital where we see it outperforms current methods. Further, we demonstrate that optimization methods achieve significantly better results on key hospital performance measure under CSI, compared with traditional estimation approaches, increasing elective admissions by 97% and utilization by 22% compared to 30% and 8% using traditional estimation techniques. From a theoretical standpoint, the SMM-clustering is a novel approach applicable to any temporal-spatial stochastic data that is prevalent in many industries.


This study used a consumer marketing approach to investigate the market for sport psychology positions in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) institutions. Athletic administrators' (AA) preferences for various sport psychology positions were compared based on time commitment, affiliation, payment, services, and clients. Results indicated that AAs were most attracted to positions that included (a) part-time commitment, (b) athletic department employment, (c) payment via annual salary, (d) both performance and mental health related services, and (d) work with athletes, teams, and athletics staff members. Over two thirds of the 478 AAs sampled were interested in hiring a sport psychology professional to fill that position. It was concluded that the field of sport psychology collaborate across disciplines and emphasize multiple options for meeting the perceived needs of NCAA athletic departments.


The growth of digital image and video archives is increasing the need for tools that eeectively lter and eeciently search through large amounts of visual data. Towards this goal we propose a technique by which the color content of images and videos is automatically extracted to form a class of meta-data that is easily indexed. The color indexing algorithm uses the back-projection of binary color sets to extract color regions from images. This technique provides for both the automated extraction of regions and representation of their color content. It overcomes some of the problems with color histogram techniques such as high-dimensional feature vectors, spatial localization, indexing and distance computation. We present the binary color set back-projection technique and discuss its implementation in the VisualSEEk content-based image/video retrieval system for the World Wide Web. We also evaluate the retrieval eeectiveness of the color set back-projection method and compare its performance to other color image retrieval methods.


The philosophy of simplicity as a key value, underlying and driving design and decisions, is strategically important yet poorly understood and rarely systematically applied in IT. Instead, design principles attempt to focus predominantly on increased functionality within thinly disguised complexity, often at the expense of life cycle costs and total cost of ownership issues (e.g., training, system malfunctions, system upgrades). Designers and researchers alike must be challenged in their current thinking in order to make salient these trade-offs and impacts. This special issue presents five points of view of how simplicity focused work can provide intrinsic and long lasting gains in improving the philosophy, methods, and tools behind the practice of design and processes in IT systems. With the increased use of IT in socially critical areas as healthcare, transportation, banking, and international telecommunication infrastructure, society can no longer afford systems that do not perform as specified, causing costs and grief, and are designed in such a fashion that system modifications turn out to be administratively and economically infeasible. We examine here aspects of simplicity in the domains of design, deployment and provision, and evolution along the IT lifecycle.


ABSTRACT Intentionally generated transient waves are used in the detection of defects in pipelines. Experience to date in these applications shows that the wider the band of injected wave frequencies the better is the detection effectiveness. Thus, as these technologies develop further, models that can handle high frequency waves will be required. Finite volume (FV) methods are well suited for high frequency wave phenomena, but their use in the water hammer field has been limited to date compared with other fields such as open channel flow. A major reason for this is that FV methods are formulated for simple boundary conditions such as no-flux or no-slip, but have not been well developed for the typically more complex boundary conditions found in pressurized pipeline systems (e.g. junctions, control valves, orifices, tanks and reservoirs). In those few instances in the literature where FV has been applied to water hammer problems, the approach has been to use FV for internal sections and method of characteristics (MOC) at the boundaries. The global order of accuracy of FV–MOC is governed by the MOC solution. To our knowledge, this paper constitutes a first attempt at handling boundary conditions within the FV framework. The approach places the boundary element within a FV to enforce mass and momentum conservation within this volume. The fluxes between the FV and the adjacent elements are then formulated in the usual manner. The approach is illustrated for the case of a valve, a reservoir and a junction. The finite volume method used is the Boltzmann-type scheme. The accuracy and efficiency of all schemes with the proposed non-iterative FV formulation of the boundary conditions are demonstrated through the following test cases: (i) water hammer wave interactions with a junction boundary characterized by a geometric discontinuity, (ii) water hammer wave interactions with a junction boundary characterized by a discontinuity in the value of wave speed, and (iii) water hammer wave interactions with a junction characterized by a flow rate discontinuity. The pure FV formulation guarantees mass and momentum conservation. The Boltzmann-based FV schemes capture discontinuity as well as wave interactions with boundary elements accurately. The stability of the proposed FV schemes is satisfied when .


We provide a complete classification of three-dimensional associative algebras over the real and complex number fields based on a complete elementary proof. We list up all the multiplication tables of the algebras up to isomorphism. We compare our results with those given by mathematicians in the 19th century.


Intersubjectivity, moral, and human rights – an existentialistic and discourse ethical
approach
This paper examines the phenomena of intersubjectivity, moral and human rights and reviews
these topics on three levels of analysis: one ontological, one moral and one moral-practical
level. These matters are approached in an existentialistic and discourse ethical manner in
which Jean-Paul Sartre and Jurgen Habermas are exponents of these philosophical movements.
Sartre"s theory of intersubjectivity is founded in a phenomenological ontology in which the
self-conscious individual "is condemned to be free� and in which this individual confronts a
contingent world of inanimate things whose meaning entirely depends upon what he freely
chooses. Each consciousness is fundamentally self-constituting, but stands opposed to nature,
history, and other consciousnesses, and is defining and redefining itself, others and the world
by choosing his future. The human consciousness is then completely responsible for what it
makes of itself. The original meaning of the other and the social world for Sartre is conflict
which is revealed in the experience of "the look� in and through which the self is initially
constituted, experiencing itself as an object for others. But this paper suggests that the
intersubjectivity revealed in the experience of the "the look� has normative implications in
which the ontological concept of freedom is connected to a moral concept of responsibility.
Habermas theory of intersubjectivity is communicative based, and presupposes a community
of investigators who endeavour to perform their common task communicatively in which the
linguistic domain is the only place where the validity claims of speech acts can be clarified. A
presupposition of this discursive validation is that the condition for the truth of statements is
the potential agreement of everyone else. Then, by way of argumentation and a rational
consensus, to which all speakers have equal access and in which only the "force of the better
argument prevails� the communicative community can reach a mutual recognition and
normative self-legislation. This communicative theory lays the foundation for the discourse
ethics which presupposes that normative validity claims have a cognitive meaning and that the
grounding and validity of all norms is tied to an actually discursive opinion- and willformation
and in the last instance is not possible monologically. Here Habermas converts his
discourse ethics into democratic theory and institutionalizes the rational discourse through a
system of rights and law-making. This represents a tension between facticity and validity and
is exemplified by the question of how to transform communicative power into administrative
power. Foremost Habermas suggest that only through open public argument and discourse,
complex societies can engage in moral and political decision-making. Moral and political
decision-making can only be validated through open and intersubjective argumentation where
only those norms which can meet with the approval of all affected parts, can claim legitimacy.
Politics must therefore be understood as a process of collective opinion- and will-formation,
characterized by reasoned dialogue and of self-legislation according to which the addressees
of law are simultaneously the authors of their rights - and not the simple aggregation of
subjective preferences through voting. This opinion- and will-formation is most importantly
diverted through the public sphere. Here Sartre contributes with his idea that political
engagement is an ontologically grounded moral imperative. This paper then suggests a
concept of an engaged, public sphere.


1Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aurobindo College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, India; 2Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Purpose: Dietary supplements (DSs) are popular in many countries, and their use among individuals is increasing worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and use of DSs among pharmacy students in King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design targeting male senior pharmacy students in their fourth and fifth years of Bachelor and Doctor of Pharmacy courses. The data were collected between August and October 2019 using paper-based questionnaires. Results: A total of 46.8% of the students used DSs. Of all students surveyed, 19% used branded supplements whereas 9.7% used generic or local supplements and 12.3% used both generic and branded supplements. Furthermore, 8.2% students suffered from side effects, including 5.6% who suffered from nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and 2.6% who suffered from headache, confusion, and disorientation. Approximately 24.6% of students used fiber DSs whereas 19% and 16.4% used DSs for protein and glucosamine/omega 3 fatty acids, respectively. Conclusion: The study findings indicated that the prevalence of DS use is increasing. However, approximately half of the respondents encourage the use of DSs only with a doctor's recommendation. Educating about the safe use of DSs is warranted.


This research considered aspects of balance and bias in radio broadcasting, focusing on
thirty-nine editions of the Today programme (Radio Four) during the last general
election campaign period. The rationale for such a selection was that during a
campaign, broadcasters are under the greatest obligation, both morally and legally, to
ensure overall 'balance' in their coverage.
In Chapter One, a literature survey compares different perspectives on balance and bias,
both professional and academic, and relates them to public controversies about political
coverage in the period preceding the election. In Chapter Two, the survey extends to
interviewing techniques and the presence of confrontation in political interviews. Both
chapters set Today in a wider context.
Chapter Three considers the research methodology. Attention is paid to the potential for
reflexivity in such an analysis, and the possibility of textual readings being distorted
through additional hermeneutic layers.
During the campaign period, a self-selected but coincidentally representative group of
listeners provided both quantitative and qualitative feedback via an original
questionnaire. This is reported in Chapter Four as producing some interesting
conclusions about audience reading of radio texts and perceptions of balance and bias.
These data were compared with readings by a party political monitor whose role during
the campaign was to analyse political coverage on Today. Chapters Five and Six present a detailed textual analysis, by both quantitative and
qualitative means, of the programmes themselves. Emphasis is placed on the objective
rather than the subjective, determining common points of reference and comparing like
elements.
Finally, a number of specific conclusions are reached, about the conduct of the
programme makers themselves and about more general practices in political coverage by
broadcasters.


are augmented by summary charts (there are 159 illustrations), and many sections include a differential diagnosis. As in prior editions, the techniques of history taking and performing the neurological examination are omitted. Besides its conciseness, a major strength is the citation of nearly 5,000 references. Throughout the text, one is guided to relevant reviews or pertinent articles for greater detail. The references are as recent as 1985. The text ends with an


To the Editor. —I read with interest the article by Kardon et al 1 on the use of the cocaine test in the diagnosis of Horner's syndrome. Their study supports the fact that cocaine can distinguish a patient with Horner's syndrome from a patient without. The major emphasis of their article is that the degree of physiologic anisocoria after instillation of cocaine provides a better prediction of Horner's syndrome than the actual change of anisocoria noted between the precocaine and postcocaine conditions. They note that with a 1.0-mm anisocoria after cocaine instillation, the odds of having Horner's syndrome were 5990 to 1. Although this odds ratio may be valid for their study, in which the control population had no anisocoria, I believe it may be misleading. Clinically, one rarely has to distinguish between normal pupils, as in their control patients with no anisocoria, and Horner's syndrome. In practice, one must


Background Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals is essential for public health surveillance. To enhance interpretation of monitoring data, evaluation and optimisation of AMR trend analysis is needed. Aims To quantify and evaluate trends in AMR in commensal Escherichia coli, using data from the Dutch national AMR monitoring programme in livestock (1998–2016). Methods Faecal samples were collected at slaughter from broilers, pigs and veal calves. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were obtained by broth microdilution for E. coli for 15 antimicrobials of eight antimicrobial classes. A Poisson regression model was applied to resistant isolate counts, with explanatory variables representing time before and after 2009 (reference year); for veal calves, sampling changed from 2012 represented by an extra explanatory variable. Results Resistant counts increased significantly from 1998-2009 in broilers and pigs, except for tetracyclines and sulfamethoxazole in broilers and chloramphenicol and aminoglycosides in pigs. Since 2009, resistant counts decreased for all antimicrobials in broilers and for all but the phenicols in pigs. In veal calves, for most antimicrobials no significant decrease in resistant counts could be determined for 2009–16, except for sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic acid. Within animal species, antimicrobial-specific trends were similar. Conclusions Using Dutch monitoring data from 1998-2016, this study quantified AMR trends in broilers and slaughter pigs and showed significant trend changes in the reference year 2009. We showed that monitoring in commensal E. coli is useful to quantify trends and detect trend changes in AMR. This model is applicable to similar data from other European countries.


Aim: To evaluate the frictional force between the archwire and orthodontic bracket generated by elastomeric ligatures with polymer coating (Super slick, TP Orthodontics) and conventional ligatures (Morelli) using two types of insertion techniques. Methods: Forty elastomeric ligatures, 20 with polymer coating and 20 conventional, were evaluated. Each type of ligature was separated into two groups (n=10), according to the insertion mode: conventional or crossed (from mesial to distal region crossed in front). To analyze friction, 40 5-cm-long segments of stainless steel orthodontic archwire 0.019" x 0.025" (Morelli) and Edgewise brackets (slot 0.022" x 0.028"; Morelli) were used. Each set (bracket, wire and elastic) was submitted to frictional testing in a universal test machine (Instron 4411) at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Each bracket was moved 5 mm on the wire, with maximum friction and mean friction being recorded by software. Three readouts were taken for each bracket. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results: It was shown that for maximum and mean friction, the polymer-coated ligature did not differ statistically from the conventional type in a dry environment condition. Ligatures placed in crossed mode promoted significantly greater friction than those placed in conventional mode, irrespective of the type of elastomeric ligature. Conclusions: Friction depended on the insertion mode, but not on the type of elastomeric ligature.


The inclusion of some paraphyletic groups in a temporally and taxonomically comprehensive phylogenetic classification is inevitable because cladistic methodology is incapable of excluding the possibility that a structurally (i.e., based on the branching pattern of a given cladogram) monophyletic group contains the ancestor of another group, i.e., that it is historically paraphyletic. Paracladistics is proposed as a pragmatic synthesis of phylogenetic and evolutionary taxonomy in which true monophyly is distinguished from structural monophyly with historical paraphyly, some structurally paraphyletic groups are retained in the interest of nomenclatorial continuity and stability, and both unranked and suprageneric ranked taxon names are defined phylogenetically. Ancestral groups are structurally paraphyletic or structurally monophyletic but historically paraphyletic sets of species that are believed to contain the ancestor for the most recent common ancestor of a descendent group. Historical paraphyly is determined by considering evidence of nesting in cladistic analyses, timing of first appearances in the fossil record, polarity in character evolution, and taxa that are morphologically intermediate between groups of species. The decision to name an ancestral group is based on the same criteria as the decision to name a clade. Ancestral groups are defined in the same manner as clades, except that their descendent group(s) are designated as external specifiers. Recognizing that two supposedly monophyletic, cladistically defined sister taxa can represent ancestral and descendent groups has implications for inferring their times of origination. To illustrate the advantages of the paracladistic approach to phylogenetic taxonomy, alternative paracladistic and phylogenetic classifications of the crown group families of Nuculanoidea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) are presented.


We present the absolute enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, and free energy of liquid water at ambient conditions calculated by the two-phase thermodynamic method applied to ab initio, reactive and classical molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the absolute entropy and heat capacity of liquid water from ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) is underestimated, but falls within the range of the flexible empirical as well as the reactive force fields. The origin of the low absolute entropy of liquid water from AIMD simulations is due to an underestimation of the translational entropy by 20% and the rotational entropy by 40% compared to the TIP3P classical water model, consistent with previous studies that reports low diffusivity and increased ordering of liquid water from AIMD simulations. Classical MD simulations with rigid water models tend to be in better agreement with experiment (in particular TIP3P yielding the best agreement), although the TIP4P-ice water model, the only empirical force field that reproduces the experimental melting temperature, has the lowest entropy, perhaps expectedly. This reiterates the limitations of existing empirical water models in simultaneously capturing the thermodynamics of solid and liquid phases. We find that the quantum corrections to heat capacity of water can be as large as 60%. Although certain water models are computed to yield good absolute free energies of water compared to experiments, they are often due to the fortuitous enthalpy-entropy cancellation, but not necessarily due to the correct descriptions of enthalpy and entropy separately.


Microelectrode array recordings of neuronal activity present significant opportunities for studying the brain with single-cell and spike-time precision. However, challenges in device manufacturing constrain dense multisite recordings to two spatial dimensions, whereas access to the three-dimensional (3D) structure of many brain regions appears to remain a challenge. To overcome this limitation, we present two novel recording modalities of silicon-based devices aimed at establishing 3D functionality. First, we fabricated a dual-side electrode array by patterning recording sites on both the front and back of an implantable microstructure. We found that the majority of single-unit spikes could not be simultaneously detected from both sides, suggesting that in addition to providing higher spatial resolution measurements than that of single-side devices, dual-side arrays also lead to increased recording yield. Second, we obtained recordings along three principal directions with a multilayer array and demonstrated 3D spike source localization within the enclosed measurement space. The large-scale integration of such dual-side and multilayer arrays is expected to provide massively parallel recording capabilities in the brain.


A historical perspective of men in dietetics. The pioneer spirit of Lenna Cooper is exemplified in the gradual emergence of the male dietitian. It was not an easy task for the early female dietitian to accept the concept of male membership. From the acceptance of the first known qualified male dietitian in 1921 and of the first male intern in 1934 to the final acceptance of male dietitians in the U.S. Army in the early 1950s, there is recorded female resistance. As the status of the profession grew, so did men's interest in it.


This letter proposes a resource allocation scheme to mitigate the effect of sensing errors in cognitive radio networks. When a spectrum sensor misses primary signals, the secondary transmission can be interfered with by the primary transmission, whereas the interference to the primary system can be limited to a tolerable level. To deal with this problem, we consider the utility for inaccurate sensing in the proposed resource allocation scheme. Simulation results show that a higher outage performance is achieved by the proposed scheme than the resource allocation scheme that does not consider the utility for inaccurate sensing.


Background The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in Russia is high. Young sexually active individuals it is at highest risk to be infected, therefore increased access for consultations and testing is of great importance. Methods .The data was collected during the site visit from the records of the Center in February, 2013. Results The Regional Center for Prevention of the Reproductive Health of Teenagers and Youth "Your world.ru" (Твой мир.ru) was established in Tver, Russia in 2006. One of the multiple activities of the centre is prophylaxis and early detection of reproductive tract disorders, including STI and HIV infections. Medical and psychological help for the young population, aged from 15 to 24 years, of Tver city and region of Tver is provided free of charge by a team including young medical professionals, namely dermatovenereologists, gynaecologists, endocrinologists, urologists-andrologists and psychologists. In 2012, 2,000 young persons (more than 6,000 visits) attended the STI centre for testing and a genital tract infection was diagnosed in 15.3% of these. Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 8.8% (71/805) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 4.0% (8/202) of the young persons tested. During the same year three new cases of syphilis and nine cases of HIV were also diagnosed. It is of grave concern that spread of HIV among the young population of Tver is exclusively sexual and is increasing! Conclusion The STI morbidity of the young population, aged 15–24 years, is high in Tver and Tver region, Russia. Among the risk factors for acquiring STIs in Tver and Tver region are early sexual debut, active sexual life with frequent change of sexual partners, casual sex and unprotected sex. More active sexual education within this young age group is essential.


Esophageal cancer is the eighth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death. For esophageal cancer patients without contraindications, esophagectomy remains the vital remedy despite great achievement of adjuvant therapy and neoadjuvant therapy. However, esophagectomy involves two or three compartment dissection, leading to high morbidity and mortality as well as profound decrease in quality of life. Since Dr. Franz Torek successfully conducted the first transthoracic esophagectomy in 1913, various surgical approaches have been established to resect the esophagus and reconstruct the alimentary canal. Facing with the huge trauma caused by traditional open esophagectomy, thoracic surgeons have been making every effort to make esophagectomy minimally invasive. Among these attempts, the emergence and improvement of video-assisted thoracic surgery is the milestone event. Nowadays video-assisted esophagectomy has been performed worldwide and proved to induce less surgical trauma with uncompromised efficiency. This is a review of the pertinent literature regarding this technique.


Ashley Montagu. Ever, 1948, $1.45. This volume is also e88entially on the subject of human nature, oot oriented around the theme of education. The author prefaces this collection of previously published essays by obeerving "that education must consist in the training in the theory and art of human relations. . .. In order to understand the meaning of human relations, it is necessary to have some grasp of the facts of human nature." Included are easays on race, culture, curriculum and teaching, and other topics germane to a better understanding of man and aociety in our day of mass education.


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This is a study of John Steinbeck"s Of Mice and Men. Its major influences, two of the cornerstones of western civilization – the Bible and the Arthurian legends – are analyzed, for these works shape the progressive aspect of the novel. The theme of the quest is thus developed through different genres and theories such as the formative novel or Bildungsroman, initiation rites and sacrificial patterns, among others. These theories are applied to the story along with an analysis of the characters and their role in the hero"s initiation. Eventually, the end is the object of a close study, for its violence and the impression of fated existence it gives to the reader has given the book the reputation of a strongly pessimistic novel. Utopia and naturalism are tackled in this part in order to apprehend Steinbeck"s critical vision of the society his characters live in and the way out he offers to solve the problems of selection this evolved version of the American dream encounters. This solution will be developed in his following novel and perhaps his most achieved one, The Grapes of Wrath.


Ni-based superalloy weld overlays are widely used in electricity generating plants to significantly reduce high temperature corrosion problems of ferritic steel components under service conditions. Welding a nickel alloy similar to IN625 onto the outer bore of a 2.25Cr1Mo steel tube enhances its service life as a superheater tube in the highly corrosive environment of a Waste-to-Energy boiler. For the purposes of studying the effects of high temperature service on the microstructure of this laid tube with a weld overly, a series of thermal exposure tests at 650˚C was performed for different times from 1 day up to 128 days. The microstructural evolution was studied using a combination of analytical techniques along with changes in hardness profile across the interface. Changes in the microstructure were examined using OM, SEM, EPMA, EBSD and FIB-STEM.

Hardness survey results indicate significant changes in the interfacial region during ageing. Formation of a soft zone ~300 μm wide and its subsequent re-hardening was observed in the steel side while the hardness of the bulk steel remained unchanged. Development of a hard band ~30 μm wide adjacent to the interface in the weld overlay region and hardening of the bulk overlay material occurs in the early stages of ageing and remained unchanged with ageing time. Thermodynamic calculations were performed using Thermo-Calc software and TCFE6 and TTNI7 databases to aid interpretation of experimental data.

Microstructural evolution in the steel region is related to the carbide transformation process and carbon migration. In the bulk of the steel tube, the bimodal microstructure is stable and in the tempered martensite/bainite areas, the initial M3C transform to M23C6 through a series of metastable carbides while in the ferrite grains, M2C carbide precipitates and transforms directly to the equilibrium carbide. The main process for supply of carbon atoms is transformation of carbides and the rates of transformation are related to the as-welded microstructure. On the steel side of interfacial region where bainite was formed after welding, the stability of metastable carbides is related to the carbon content. Long term ageing causes Mo replenishment in the coexisting ferrite and fine grains have formed in this region following long term ageing.

Experimental observations confirmed that a network of alloyed M23C6 carbide precipitates was formed at the interface in the steel side which are believed to interrupt the carbon migration across the interface. Moreover, there is a carbide precipitation region within ~100 μm from the interface in the weld overlay. Beyond this region intermetallic phases like Mo-rich μ and Nb-rich δ were formed in the interdendritic regions and along the grain boundaries. Hard band formation is related to precipitation of the σ phase.


Aim: The aim is to evaluate the inflammatory response of root canal irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite, mixture of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) versus a new root canal irrigant mixture of tetracycline isomer, an acid, and a detergent (MTAD). Materials and Methods: Eighteen Charles foster rats were injected with 0.1 ml of the irrigant solution; normal saline served as control. Biopsies of the skin were obtained at 2 h, 2 days, and 2 weeks. The chronic and acute inflammatory responses were studied in specimen. Results: Three percent NaOCl-induced maximum acute inflammatory response, followed by mixture of 3% NaOCl with 17% EDTA. MTAD did not evoke any significant acute inflammatory response. All the irrigants evoked almost equal chronic inflammatory reaction. During 2 h study 3% NaOCl, being the most inflammatory, mixture of 3% NaOCl with 17% EDTA being the least inflammatory. Chronic inflammatory reactions further aggravated in each treatment group at 2 days except in MTAD-treated rats skin which sloughed before 2 weeks with no sign of resolution of chronic inflammation. Conclusion: This study suggests that NaOCl evokes rapid acute inflammatory response compared to other irrigants under study, but subsided in 2 days. Its combination with EDTA also had similar inflammatory response as NaOCl alone, but of lower magnitude, suggesting NaOCl with EDTA as better root canal irrigant. MTAD caused necrosis of the skin tissue at 2 days and sloughing; thereafter, this study does not suggest its use as a root canal irrigant.


While additional training data improves the robustness of deep neural networks against adversarial examples, it presents the challenge of curating a large number of specific real-world samples. We circumvent this challenge by using additional data from proxy distributions learned by advanced generative models. We first seek to formally understand the transfer of robustness from classifiers trained on proxy distributions to the real data distribution. We prove that the difference between the robustness of a classifier on the two distributions is upper bounded by the conditional Wasserstein distance between them. Next we use proxy distributions to significantly improve the performance of adversarial training on five different datasets. For example, we improve robust accuracy by up to 7.5% and 6.7% in $\ell_{\infty}$ and $\ell_2$ threat model over baselines that are not using proxy distributions on the CIFAR-10 dataset. We also improve certified robust accuracy by 7.6% on the CIFAR-10 dataset. We further demonstrate that different generative models bring a disparate improvement in the performance in robust training. We propose a robust discrimination approach to characterize the impact of individual generative models and further provide a deeper understanding of why current state-of-the-art in diffusion-based generative models are a better choice for proxy distribution than generative adversarial networks.


This thesis acknowledges the role of the designer and design in constructing and communicating the meanings that become attached to materials. This critically engaged study of wood is informed by Roland Barthes's semiological analysis and seeks to expose the myth of wood as a natural material. It demonstrates that complex technical and cultural processing result in a series of connoted meanings becoming attached to wood. By referring to Jean Baudrillard's distinct 'Phases of the image' (in Simulacra and Simulation, 1981) it is able to question critically examples that include the use of wood in the work of twentieth century and contemporary artists and designers. It asks whether the role of wood in the examples presented is to reflect reality, mask reality, mask the absence of reality or ultimately to reject reality altogether. The thesis is organised into a series of eight interconnected thematic chapters that present an essentially industrialised understanding of wood. It concludes that wood is a tremendously varied material, able to describe its substance at its surface. In spite of its variety, a simplified graphic depiction of wood benefits from the cultural understanding of the material that has been developed over a lengthy period of time, during which the product of the natural landscape has become cultivated and commodified.


Co-innovation has gained interest in recent years as an approach to tackle issues in agriculture and natural resource management. Co-innovation requires new roles for researchers supporting these processes and enabling settings in the programs they work in and the organizations they pertain to. The contributions to this special issue explore experiences with co-innovation in different settings from different angles. The special issue presents several studies on co-innovation in a large program in New Zealand, a study based on an EU Horizon 2020 project in the Czech Republic, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom as well as co-innovation experiences from Uruguay and Tanzania. Cross-cutting findings and emergent issues include (i) the need to consider the issue of simultaneously scaling both co-innovation project results and the co-innovation practice, (ii) the issue of flexibility in pace of co-innovation to allow different participants to converge and the flexibility in learning space needed to enable reflection, (iii) the issue of changing the dominant logics of the innovation systems in which co-innovation is embedded and (iv) the need for reflexive monitoring to support processes of co-innovation and their institutional embedding.


Although landfills are a common method of solid-waste disposal, reports describing the impact of landfill leachate discharge on coastal surface-water quality are rare. In order to establish the impact of anthropogenically influenced groundwater seepage on a specific coastal marine ecosystem, a field campaign was conducted within North Sea Harbor (NSH), New York, USA, an embayment located northwest of, and down-gradient from, an unlined, municipal landfill. Most groundwater entering this system had modest seepage rates (0.020 to 1.18 cm h -1 ), was well- oxygenated (278 ± 128 µM), contained moderate levels of nitrate/nitrite (57 ± 26 µM) and ammonium (5.9 ± 13 µM), and had low dissolved organic carbon levels (DOC = 71 ± 21 µM). In contrast, ground- water entering the SE portion of NSH was indicative of a landfill leachate plume, with high ammo- nium (>1 mM), and DOC (520 ± 270 µM) levels, low oxygen (20.3 ± 15.3 µM) and nitrate/nitrite (11 ± 8.9 µM) concentrations, and elevated seepage rates (8.33 ± 4.54 cm h -1 ). Quantification of inorganic nitrogen fluxes revealed that seepage of this ammonium-rich groundwater accounted for ~80% of the inorganic N supply to the embayment receiving the discharge. The water column adja- cent to this landfill-influenced groundwater seepage exhibited high levels of ammonium (61.7 ± 69.3 µM) and chlorophyll (8.4 ± 4.1 µg l -1 ), and hosted a microphytoplankton community that was comprised primarily of dinoflagellates and was N-replete. This contrasted with neighboring, non- leachate-influenced areas which had low ammonium (0.6 ± 0.6 µM) and chlorophyll (1.7 ± 0.7 µg l -1 ) levels and an N-limited microphytoplankton community dominated by diatoms. In summary, these results demonstrate that discharge of groundwater containing landfill leachate may be a significant, long-term eutrophication process in coastal environments.


Malnutrition in Indonesia continues to increase. It is needed to develop functional food source that is capable to be produced in rapid, feasible, sustainable, and meets the nutritional needs for the country. Microalgae is a type of single-celled plants, live in water by using photosynthesis to produce biomass. Microalgae such as Spirulina platensis has a high protein content. It also contains vitamins and pigments that is useful to the body. The potential of microalgae production in Indonesia is high considering that Indonesia passed the equator and has a supporting environment. Trends in the future, it is expected Indonesia could produce microalgae at high mass scale, at a cheap price and can be applied in everyday life.


In April 2016, the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission adopted a major new regulation, entitled the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 696/2016, requiring that institutions that process personal data take appropriate measures to safeguard that data. It is generally acknowledged that all European countries must adopt the rules set forth in this regulation. The main objective of the GDPR is to protect personal data privacy and obligate the holders of personal data to use it for their declared purposes only. The GDPR will come into force on 25 May 2018. It is proposed that the role of Data Protection Officer (DPO) be employed as a strategy for implementing the GDPR from the perspective of library managers. There are so far no concrete measures in place that would facilitate the application of the GDPR. The most appropriate measures would seem to be to appoint a DPO and to define adequate strategies that could be implemented at the library level. These two measures are the manager's responsibilities. The arguments for a library-level DPO arise from GDPR Article 39 regarding the responsibilities of a DPO. The conclusions are related to findings regarding the roles of library managers in Romania and Sweden and to existing library legislation in these two European countries.


Purpose – Transforming experiences is in this paper approached as a destination choice process for adventure tourists. This study seeks to explain conditions that support place identity and place dependence development in Tanzania. The study proposes a testable destination choice model of international visitors to Tanzania. Design/Methodology/Approach – The proposed order of the model is that perceived constraints and satisfaction depend on expectation and travel motivation and that these two may further predict place identity and place dependence. These measures capture our research questions. Visiting tourists to Tanzania were confronted at airport. During August and September of 2010, 700 filled questionnaires were gathered and 504 was usable for further analysis. Final questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and SEM (AMOS). Main results – The findings support that tourism policymakers and other stakeholders may consider tourists' behaviors, such as expectations, motivations, perceived constraints and satisfaction with place identity, to be related to destination attachment. Originality of the research – The paper strengthens several theoretical arguments. First, indicating the amalgamation of different tourists' behaviors formed in a path-dependent order. One stage is planning the travel, another is during their stay and finally when building their attachment. Furthermore, attachment relate to future choices.ved hotel service quality dimensions in relation to customer satisfaction, reporting the findings from Croatia. Therefore, it contributes to the existing literature on service quality and customer satisfaction relationship in hotel industry.


we so students must value the services of our teachers, because without a teacher there will be no education, even though the education staff does not match what is provided with what is obtained. This article researchers used the literature study method by collecting literature (material) taken from book sources, journals, and other sources related to the science of Educational Administration. The method of literature relating to topics of interest can help make it easier to formulate research problems..


The main objective of this study was to assess the status of ICT competencies of LIS professionals, methods of acquiring ICT skills and suggestions to survive in this digital era. A quantitative method was used and a self-administrated questionnaire distributed among 206 university library professionals working in Punjab through google form, and email. Collected data was analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings reveal that most of the LIS Professionals had advance level competencies in library management systems, simple searching techniques, proficiency in social media and search engine usage. They also possessed moderate skills in basic hardware and software installation, office management, and required computer programming skills, Linux OS and cloud computing. The majority of the university library professionals preferred personal practices, workshops, seminars and conferences for the acquisition of ICT competencies along with the role of LIS Schools. The results of this study will be useful for LIS schools, professional associations and groups for future planning and policy making to inculcate ICT competencies in the LIS professionals in the Punjab, Pakistan.


Using the generalized uncertainty relation, the new equation of state density is obtained, and then the entropy of black hole with an internal global monopole is discussed. The divergence that appears in black hole entropy calculation through original brick-wall model is overcome. The result of the direct proportion between black hole entropy and its event horizon area is drawn and given. The result shows that the black hole entropy must be the entropy of quantum state near the event horizon.


OBJECTIVES
We examined associations between trust of health care providers and the government and health service use and outcomes.

METHODS
Interviews with a sample of 611 HIV-positive individuals included an attitudinal assessment measuring beliefs concerning the creation of AIDS, information being withheld about the disease, and trust of care providers.

RESULTS
Trust in care providers was associated with increased HIV-related out-patient clinic visits, fewer emergency room visits, increased use of antiretroviral medications, and improved reported physical and mental health. Trusting the government was associated with fewer emergency room visits and better mental and physical health. More than one quarter of the respondents believed that the government created AIDS to kill minorities, and more than half believed that a significant amount of information about AIDS is withheld from the public. Ten percent did not trust their provider to give them the best care possible.

CONCLUSIONS
Distrust may be a barrier to service use and therefore to optimal health. Distrust is not isolated in minority communities but also exists among members of nonminority communities and equally interferes with their use of services and health outcomes.


A porous structure comprises pores and pore throats with a complex three-dimensional network structure, and many investigators have described the relationship between average pore size and the amount of bone ingrowth. However, the influence of network structure or pore throats for tissue ingrowth has rarely been discussed. Bioactive porous titanium implants with 48% porosity were analyzed using specific algorithms for three-dimensional analysis of interconnectivity based on a micro focus X-ray computed tomography system. In vivo histological analysis was performed using the very same implants implanted into the femoral condyles of male rabbits for 6 weeks. This matching study revealed that more poorly differentiated pores tended to have narrow pore throats, especially in their shorter routes to the outside. Data obtained suggest that this sort of novel analysis is useful for evaluating bone and tissue ingrowth into porous biomaterials.


Background We retrospectively evaluated the effectiveness and safety of computed tomography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) of metastatic liver disease in terms of 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival. Methods Institutional database research identified 32 colorectal cancer patients with oligometastatic liver-only disease who underwent percutaneous computed tomography-guided MWA. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was used for post-ablation follow up. Patient and tumor characteristics, MWA technique and complications were evaluated. In addition, the 5-year overall survival, the 5-year disease-free survival, and the potential factors affecting the survival of these patients were analyzed. Results Mean patient age was 72 years (male: female 21:11). In total 58 lesions were treated in 45 ablation sessions. Average lesion size was 2 cm (range 0.8-3.9 cm). The primary tumor for the majority of patients was in the colon (n=27), while in 5 patients it was located in the rectum. The majority of patients had 1 liver metastasis (n=16), 11 patients had 2, 4 patients had 3, and 1 patient had 4. Primary local tumor control was achieved in 91.3% (53/58) of the ablated lesions. Overall survival at 1, 3 and 5 years was 96.8%, 68.7% and 34.3%, respectively. Conclusion Computed tomography-guided percutaneous MWA for metastatic liver-only disease in oligometastatic patients is a feasible, safe and effective therapy with satisfactory long-term survival rates.


In the tannaitic corpus, a novel innovation appears: sharing bread is understood to lead to sharing a bed. As such, the Tannaim problematise and marginalise commensal interactions between Jews and non-Jews. In several instances, commensality with non-Jews is equated with idolatry, the binary opposite of Jewishness in rabbinic literature. While this connection is absent from Hebrew Bible texts and, at best, inchoate in a handful of Second Temple period sources, it is explicit in later amoraic literature. This article explores the gap between these corpora: tannaitic literature, in which we first encounter the rabbinic connection between bread and bed.


UNLABELLED
The surgical management of patients with symptomatic metastatic or locally advanced recurrences involving the penis remains poorly characterized. The aim of the present abstract and video is to detail our experience in the surgical management of a specific patient with a locally advanced symptomatic recurrence of penile sarcoma secondary to prostate cancer treated with primary brachytherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A 70 year old male patient initially treated for localized prostate cancer with interstitial brachytherapy at an outside facility developed an unfortunate secondary malignancy consisting of a locally advanced penile sarcoma involving as well the prostate and base of the bladder. Despite our best efforts to control his pain, he developed a very symptomatic local recurrence with a secondary penile abscess and purulent periurethral drainage. At this time, it was felt a surgical resection consisting of a total penectomy, urethrectomy, cystoprostatectomy, and ileal conduit urinary diversion would be the best option for local cancer control in this particular patient.

RESULTS
The patient underwent the surgical resection without any complications as illustrated in this surgical video, with a jejunal intestinal mass identified at the time of surgery which was resected with a primary bowel anastomosis performed. The patient was discharged from hospital uneventfully with his symptomatic local recurrence being successfully managed and the patient no longer requiring oral narcotics for pain control. The pathological report confirmed a locally advanced sarcoma involving the penile, prostate, and bladder which was resected with negative surgical margins and the jejunal mass was confirmed to represent a small bowel sarcoma metastatic site.

CONCLUSION
As highlighted in the present video, the treatment of a symptomatic sarcoma local recurrence contiguously involving the penis can be successfully managed provided the patient is informed of the potential morbidity and psychosocial implications imparted by performing a total penectomy and adjacent organ resection.


OBJECTIVE
To report the associations of plasma triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with nonlipid coronary artery disease risk factors. In particular, the associations for persons with high triglyceride and low HDL-C levels were examined.

DESIGN
A stratified random probability sample of 29,855 men and women aged 18 to 74 years from the Canadian Heart Health Surveys (1986 to 1992) in 10 provinces. Blood samples were obtained from 18,555 participants who had fasted for 8 h or more. Plasma lipids were determined at the J Alick Little Lipid Research Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, with standardization of the Centers for Disease Control Lipid Standardization Program, Atlanta.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Fasting plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C and HDL-C levels.

MAIN RESULTS
The prevalence of men with triglyceride levels above 1.7 mmol/L and HDL-C levels below 0.9 mmol/L was 10%, compared with 3% for men with triglyceride levels below 1.7 mmol/L and HDL-C levels below 0.9 mmol/L. The prevalence of women with triglyceride levels above 1.7 mmol/L and HDL-C levels below 0.9 mmol/L was 3% compared with a prevalence of less than 1% for women with triglyceride levels below 1.7 mmol/L and HDL-C levels below 0.9 mmol/L. Even when plasma LDL-C was low at less than 3.4 mmol/L, there was an age trend for increasing prevalences of the combination of triglyceride levels 2.3 mmol/L or greater and HDL-C levels less than 0.9 mmol/L in both sexes. The prevalence of a triglyceride levels 2.3 mmol/L or greater combined with an HDL-C level below 0.9 mmol/L was increased in groups who were cigarette smokers, diabetic, hypertensive, obese or sedentary, or who had higher LDL-C levels in both sexes, and the increase was even greater in the presence of two or more of these other risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS
Among men or women with low HDL-C and high triglyceride levels, smoking, diabetes, sedentariness, hypertension and obesity were much more prevalent than among those at low risk with high HDL-C and low triglyceride levels.


Anodic bonding is widely-used in the fabrication of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) devices to join silicon and glass components. The process involves the application of temperature, moderate pressure and an electric field. This paper investigates residual stresses arising during anodic bonding, focusing on the resulting induced distortions. Components of a MEMS silicon rate sensor, in which a silicon wafer is anodically bonded to Pyrex™ glass, were used as the vehicle for the investigation. Distortions generated by the anodic bonding process when using two different electrode configurations (point and planar) were measured using a surface optical profiler. These showed a particular pattern across the wafers for both configurations. An efficient FEM study was carried out to model the qualitative effect of the following residual stress sources; thermal stress, glass shrinkage due to structural relaxation and compositional gradients due to ion migration. Importantly, the FE model takes account the actual multi-device wafer-level configuration, as opposed to a single device. The results demonstrate that compositional gradients can make a significant contribution to the observed pattern of distortions.


Background Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) has proved to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing the communications skills of medical students. As a consequence of introducing the practice-oriented education of pharmacy students into the clinical pharmacy curriculum, the assessment of training success also has to be re-structured. Up till now, only very few voluntary OSCEs are being performed at the pharmacy faculties in the investigated country. Purpose To implement a reliable and valid OSCE using self-developed evaluation checklists for pharmacy students at a clinical pharmacy Institute. Material and methods 38 students in the 6th semester of their pharmacy studies took the OSCE during the summer term of 2014. The students' success was assessed by experts (pharmacists) using self-developed evaluation checklists. The reliability of the checklists was analysed by inter-rater agreement (kappa). Post-hoc all six experts separately evaluated the performance of six students in each of the six OSCE examination units (insulin administration, inhalation, compliance, interaction, over-the-counter medicines, drug information) which was video recorded during the OSCE. Results According to the results of the evaluation checklists 36 students (95%) passed the exam. The overall medium inter-rater agreement regarding the six units was moderate (k = 0.49). The highest inter-rater agreement was recorded for insulin administration (k = 0.83) and the lowest inter-rater agreement regarding the interaction check (k = 0.22). Conclusion The design of the OSCE proved to be satisfactory and the evaluation checklists developed turned out to be a reliable fair tool for assessing communication skills in clinical pharmacy. References and/or acknowledgements No conflict of interest.


A standard view in cognitive psychology is that people estimate probabilities using heuristics that do not follow probability theory. We describe a model of probability estimation where people do follow probability theory in estimation, but are subject to random error or noise. This model predicts that people's conditional probability estimates will agree closely with probability theory for certain noise-cancelling expressions, but deviate from probability theory for other expressions. We describe an experiment which strongly confirms these predictions, suggesting that people estimate conditional probabilities in a way that follows standard probability theory, but is subject to the biasing effects of random noise.


A study has been made of the effect of hypokalemia on carbohydrate and lipidmetabolism. Forty-two male Wistar rats, divided into three groups, were fed a low-potassium diet for two weeks. One group was injected with saline and fed a diet and drinking water supplemented with potassium, a second group was injected with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), while the third group was DOCA-treated and given potassium supplement. One week after the last injection, intracardiac glucose tolerance tests were performed, and blood and tissue specimens obtained for potassium, insulin, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), and glycogen. Hypokalemia, successfully induced by this regimen, was associated with: (1) retardation of growth; (2) increased liver and muscle glycogen; (3) no change in liver potassium; (4) increased fat potassium; (5) decreased muscle potassium; (6) elevation of fasting, and one- and two-hour post-glucose blood sugar concentrations; (7) no change in rate of early rapid disappearance of injected glucose; (8) no effect on fasting or post-glucose plasma FFA levels; and (9) no effect on mean fasting or post-glucose insulin levels, but a reduction in differential insulin response after glucose.


The triterpenes are one of the largest and most structurally diverse classes of plant specialised metabolites, with important commercial, agronomical and medical potential. However the structural complexity and low abundance of these compounds in nature presents significant challenges for exploiting this diversity. In recent years, advances in our understanding of triterpene biosynthesis in various plant species have greatly facilitated the ability to produce these compounds in other hosts. Plant-based host systems hold great promise because they may provide substrates, cofactors and subcellular compartmentalisation mechanisms facilitating engineering production of complex triterpenoids. Agroinfiltration is a rapid and scalable process that enables transient expression of biosynthetic genes in amenable plants such as Nicotiana benthamiana. This technique holds great promise for selective production and modification of triterpenes, but studies in this area have been limited.
In this PhD thesis, transient expression is used to produce and oxidise triterpenes in
N. benthamiana. Triterpene yields are improved through expression of rate-limiting genes in the mevalonate pathway (Chapter 3). An enzymatic 'toolkit' is established from a collection of previously characterised triterpene biosynthetic genes, allowing production of milligram quantities of a diverse array of simple and oxidised triterpenes in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, combinatorial biosynthesis is utilised to engineer production of novel oxidised triterpenes in planta (Chapter 4). A set of oxidised derivatives of β-amyrin are purified and evaluated for antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity in human cell lines, yielding insights into structural features underlying these activities in humans (Chapter 5). Finally, N. benthamiana is used for functional screening of cytochrome P450s implicated in the biosynthesis of agronomically important antifungal triterpene glycosides (avenacins) in oat, leading to identification of new P450s required for disease resistance (Chapter 6).
This work highlights the utility of N. benthamiana as triterpene engineering platform and provides a basis for future studies exploring triterpene structure-activity relationships.


Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding and its various patterns from the gynecologists across the country and the preferred therapy in the management of AUB.

Material and Methods: The survey was conducted amongst 141 gynecologists across the country. Information was collected by filling up a questionnaire that contained information regarding menstrual cycle irregularities, preferred therapy and alternatives which can be preferred over hormonal prescriptions in case of therapy failure. Statistical data analysis was performed with Microsoft excel 2010 and expressed in percentages.

Results: Prevalence of AUB as per this survey is in line with the global data which states that overall prevalence fluctuates in between 10-30%. In this survey, doctors reported 32.72% of females visit their clinic due to AUB. Females of reproductive age group accounted for a major percentage of menstrual irregularities and the most common condition quoted was menorrhagia in 16.06%. Doctors also shared their experience in terms of preferred therapy in the management of AUB and also the percentage of discontinuation/refusal by females for hormonal therapy.

 Conclusion: The result of the study concluded that significant number of female have issue of abnormal uterine bleeding and limitations of existing therapy leading to discontinuation/refusal opens the door for exploring still safer options in managing AUB.


ABSTRACT Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are considered an important occupational health problem with consequences for workers, employers, and society. Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) are on the rise in Malaysia as the country moves towards industrialization coupled with the rising average age of workers. Staffs working in Lembaga Tabung Haji (LTH) are considered as office workers and play roles either in the administration or support system and high accident reported under the public administration and defence/compulsory social security compared to manufacturing. Disease of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue were the second top cause from 45 lists of diseases for invalidity scheme under SOCSO. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among office workers in Lembaga Tabung Haji Kuala Lumpur. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 393 office workers who are working at the Lembaga Tabung Haji during the duration of the study. Sampling was conducted using universal sampling from the name lists obtained from the headquarters. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic factors, individual factors, occupational characteristics, work physical factors and psychosocial factors. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22. Results: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among office workers was 82.3%. The results found that the highest prevalence of MSDs for the last twelve months was on the shoulder (68.1%), followed by neck (63.8%), lower back (56.0%), upper back (54.3%), knee (39.7%), wrist/hand (30.6%), hip (24.6%), ankle (22.0%), and elbow (15.5%). Shoulder (25.4%), upper back (22.4%), lower back (20.3%) and neck (18.5%) were identified as body parts which restricted the respondents' activities in the past 12 months.  Conclusion: In conclusion, the office workers at LTHare exposed to the risk of musculoskeletal disorders especially on the upper limbs proved by the high prevalence of MSDs. The study provides insight in developing the ergonomic intervention module in reducing the musculoskeletal disorders among office workers. Keywords: prevalence, musculoskeletal disorders, office workers


The main purpose of this research is to examine the classroom teacher candidates' self-efficacy towards computer use, attitudes of internet use and education technologies in terms of different variables and to find out whether there is a relationship between them. In this research, which was followed according to there lational survey model, the data were collected with Selfefficacy Scalefor Computing developed by Işıksal and Aşkar (2003) , Attitude Scale to wards Internet developed by Tavşancıl and Keser (2002) and Technology Attitude Scale developed by Yavuz and Coşkun (2008) were used. A total of 328 teacher candidates who were chosen by random samling and who attended the first and fourth grades of Dokuz Eylül, Pamukkale and Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Education during 2015-2016 education year participated to there search. According to the results of the research while female teacher candidates had higher attitudes to wards technology than men; there was no statistically gender differences observed in computer selfefficacy and attitudes towards internet use scores. Teacher candidates' attitudes toward technology did not make a significant difference according to the university where they were educated; but there were significantly differences in computer self-efficacy andattitudes to wards the internet. In addition to these results, it was found that there was a significant low and positive correlation between computer self-efficacy scores of classroom teacher candidates andattitude scores for internet use (r = .20), between attitude scores to wards technology and computer self-efficacy scores (r = .22), and between attitude scores to wards technology and attitudes toward internet use (r = .24).


This short review paper highlights some of the research works undertaken over the years by Pollet's research groups in Birmingham, Cape Town, and Trondheim, in the use of power ultrasound for the fabrication of low temperature fuel cell and electrolyzer catalysts and electrodes. Since the publication of 'The use of ultrasound for the fabrication of fuel cell materials' in 2010, there has been an upsurge of international interest in the use of power ultrasound, sonochemistry, and sonoelectrochemistry for the production of low temperature fuel cell and electrolyzer materials. This is because power ultrasound offers many advantages over traditional synthetic methods. The attraction of power ultrasound is the ability to create localized transient high temperatures and pressures, as a result of cavitation, in solutions at room temperature.


The(1-x)BaTi0.8Zr0.2O3-xBa0.7Ca0.3TiO3 ceramics have been prepared by sol-gel technique, where x is from 0.2 to 0.6. It reveals that the dense ceramics can be obtained when the sintered temperature is above 1250°C. It is lower than that of solid state reaction ceramics. In particular, when x=0.3, at which is near the MPB composition, the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties are more excellent than the others. The maximum dielectric constant is above 9000, which can be observed in the butterfly shape curves of dielectric constant as a function of electric field. The maximum piezoelectric coefficient d33 can reach 400 pm/V, and it is obtained from the piezoelectric response loops.


There are several phenomena where the properties of vacancies and self-interstitials in silicon are manifested in straightforward ways. These include the formation of grown-in microdefects, the diffusion of metals (such as Au, Zn), self-diffusion and the installation of vacancy depth profiles in wafers by Rapid Thermal Annealing. Combining features extracted from the analysis of these phenomena, it is possible to define the diffusivities and equilibrium concentrations of the intrinsic point defects. Their diffusivities are remarkably high, and have weak temperature dependence. Their equilibrium concentrations are very low, and have strong temperature dependence.


The Philippines is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world and frequently ranks among the top three countries most impacted by disasters. Ongoing conflict with non-state armed actors results in scenarios where civilians are impacted by both conflict and natural hazards. The result is a situation where civilian relief agencies operate in proximity to the military. We argue that there is an important need for principled civil-military coordination in these contexts to ensure the integrity of security operations to support peace and stability while preserving the independence of humanitarian actors serving crisis-affected populations.

The research reveals significant challenges in protecting the integrity of independence of both military and humanitarian actors in areas impacted by both conflict and disaster and underscores the need for principled humanitarian civil-military coordination to avert threats to both humanitarian aid workers and disaster affected populations. The findings are particularly relevant to South East Asia where the use of military in disaster response is common. The findings also underscore the need for research on the role of militaries in responding to disasters in light of anticipated impacts of climate change.


I'm going to present findings from a study using grids gathered in workshop at International PCP Congress, Venice 2009 and at a further workshop in UK, which built on an earlier pilot study. We presented the findings from this pilot study at the International PCP Congress in Venice, 2009. It was based on the idea that the construction and expression of personal identity is becoming more dependent upon material goods and possessions and we are accustomed to the idea that the things we wear express the kind of person we are, or would like to be seen as, and the notion that many women are fascinated by shoes has entered popular consciousness. The idea of exploring women's identities through footwear emerged and we felt that shoes could be a route into identity that women would find meaningful, interesting and enjoyable. We were surrounded by women offering to be our participants! The pilot study involved four women between the ages of approx 30 and 45, two of whom were passionate about shoes and two for whom shoes were more of a practical necessity. We used pictures of various shoes as elements in a role construct repertory test, using triads and dyads to elicit constructs and interviewing the women further about the constructs that emerged. We found that, regardless of the women's level of interest in shoes, the method was very successful in quickly leading to important identity dimensions of meaning for the women. So what I'm reporting today is a follow-up study. We wanted to get an idea of whether the kinds of issues that had been raised in our pilot sample were shared by other women, and to try out the grid as a way of getting further information about the relationships between constructs that we might potentially analyse.


There are no endemic species of birds in the Great Basin. Nevertheless, a distinctive Great Basin avifauna exists which contains components of the Mojave Desert, Rocky Mountain, and Great Plains avifaunas as well as species obligate to sagebrush and the pinyon-juniper forest. Seemingly there has been little spread of California and Sierra Nevada species eastward, but a westward extension from the Rocky Mountains of several species is indicated. While several Rocky Mountain species reach their western limits on the eastern edge of the Great Basin, others have extended into the eastern portion. Two Great Plains respresentatives are late arrivals, namely the Baltimore Oriole and Indigo Bunting, with evidence of introgression now occuring with related western species. A similar but longstanding situation exits for the flickers. A zone of hybridization occurs in northern Utah between two species of junco. A rather abrupt junction zone between the Great Basin and Mojave Desert avifaunas exists in southern Nevada and extreme southwestern Utah. Several species representing the Mohave Desert avifauna have extended their ranges in recent years into southern Utah. Geographically variable birds show diverse patterns of distribution along with much clinal variation and intergradation. A center of differentiation for four species occurs in western Utah in the eastern portion of the Great Basin while two more occur in the western portion of the Basin. The Wasatch Front is a dividing area between western and eastern races in several species. Extreme southwestern Utah constitutes a transition area where several species are represented by different races or intergradational populations. A study of the avifaunas of 14 boreal "islands" in isolated mountain ranges in western and southeastern Utah in comparison with the Rocky Mountain "continent" in central and northern Utah shows a close correlation between number of species present and habitat diversity. In addition, a low correlation exists between the number of species that are permanent residents on isolated mountains and the distance of those mountains from the "continent."


The purpose : The aims of this study is to study critical thinking by faculty members at Islamic Azad University – Babol and its impact on their information seeking behavior. methodology: Research method is descriptive – survey and the tool used in this study is two questionnaires, including California critical thinking, form B and information seeking behavior. The statistical population consists of 120 faculty board members of Babol Islamic Azad University. The Sampling method was systematic categorical random. findings: There is no significant relationship between The faculty members' critical thinking and their Information behavior seeking. There is no significant relationship between critical thinking factors (Analysis, Induction, deduction and evaluation) of faculty member and their Information behavior seeking, but knowledge of Information channels acquisition. There is no significant difference between The faculty members' critical thinking and their Information behavior seeking in different departments.