The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) agrees human CO2 is only 5 percent and natural CO2 is 95 percent of the CO2 inflow into the atmosphere. The ratio of human to natural CO2 in the atmosphere must equal the ratio of the inflows. Yet IPCC claims human CO2 has caused all the rise in atmospheric CO2 above 280 ppm, which is now 130 ppm or 32 percent of today's atmospheric CO2. To cause the human 5 percent to become 32 percent in the atmosphere, the IPCC model treats human and natural CO2 differently, which is impossible because the molecules are identical. IPCC's Bern model artificially traps human CO2 in the atmosphere while it lets natural CO2 flow freely out of the atmosphere. By contrast, a simple Physics Model treats all CO2 molecules the same, as it should, and shows how CO2 flows through the atmosphere and produces a balance level where outflow equals inflow. Thereafter, if inflow is constant, level remains constant. The Physics Model has only one hypothesis, that outflow is proportional to level. The Physics Model exactly replicates the 14C data from 1970 to 2014 with only two physical parameters: balance level and e-time. The 14C data trace how CO2 flows out of the atmosphere. The Physics Model shows the 14 CO2 e-time is a constant 16.5 years. Other data show e-time for 12CO2 is about 4 to 5 years. IPCC claims human CO2 reduces ocean buffer capacity. But that would increase e-time. The constant e-time proves IPCC's claim is false. IPCC argues that the human-caused reduction of 14C and 13C in the atmosphere prove human CO2 causes all the increase in atmospheric CO2. However, numbers show these isotope data support the Physics Model and reject the IPCC model. The Physics Model shows how inflows of human and natural CO2 into the atmosphere set balance levels proportional to their inflows. Each balance level remains constant if its inflow remains constant. Continued constant CO2 emissions do not add more CO2 to the atmosphere. No CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere. Present human CO2 inflow produces a balance level of about 18 ppm. Present natural CO2 inflow produces a balance level of about 392 ppm. Human CO2 is insignificant to the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. Increased natural CO2 inflow has increased the level of CO2 in the atmosphere.


Coastal saltmarshes in subtropical and temperate Australia (including Tasmania) have been listed in 2013 as a vulnerable ecological community under Federal environment legislation (EPBC Act 1999). This listing acknowledges that these wetlands have suffered habitat fragmentation and loss of community integrity coupled with threats arising from human activities, invasive species, climate change and sea level rise. In Tasmania, studies show that close to a half of these important coastal ecosystems have already been lost due to the above threats. The apparent vulnerability of Tasmanian saltmarshes is further underscored by a lack of broad awareness of the important values provided by these habitats. Saltmarsh wetlands perform important ecological functions that support a range of ecosystem services and biodiversity values in our coastal landscape, though they remain underappreciated and in many cases lack baseline mapping information. In the case of the Cradle Coast Region of Tasmania, several areas of saltmarsh wetlands had remained unmapped including in the Rubicon, Mersey, Don, Forth and Leven Rivers. Mapping these wetlands is hence an important activity and also needs to be accompanied by products aimed at both communicating the mapping results and providing tools for better understanding and engagement in conserving these habitats and their ecological functions. This booklet provides a visual summary of the mapping undertaken as part of the Coastal Saltmarsh Wetland Asset Mapping in the Cradle Coast Region project (completed in May 2016). The information presented in this booklet is drawn from the GIS mapping layer that records the location and extent of saltmarshes and the accompanying database that contains information on a range of attributes pertaining to these mapped natural assets. Detailed information on the mapping methodology used and the data collected in available in the mapping report produced as part of this project. Both the report and GIS dataset are available through Cradle Coast NRM.


In order to identify markers for developing neural cell populations and gain molecular insights into the processes of neural development and differentiation, we have selected cDNA clones of rat brain mRNAs that are expressed in brain at embryonic day 16 (E16) with at least 10-fold greater abundance than they are in adult brain. Eleven such clones were obtained from a cDNA library of E16 brain poly(A)+ RNA using a combination of differential and subtractive hybridization screens. The temporal and spatial patterns of expression of the mRNAs corresponding to these clones were characterized by Northern (RNA) blotting and by in situ hybridization. Although all the mRNAs were enriched in embryonic brain, different mRNAs demonstrated maximum abundance at different times in late embryogenesis. The mRNAs can be grouped into 3 classes on the basis of their patterns of spatial expression in the embryo: one cDNA clone from each class and its corresponding mRNAs have been characterized in more detail. Class C represents mRNAs that are highly enriched in the nervous system and may be expressed in newly differentiating neurons; the example chosen was shown by nucleotide sequence analysis to encode the brain alpha 1 isotype of tubulin. Class B mRNAs have a broader distribution in the developing embryo but are expressed predominantly in the ventricular germinal zones of the developing nervous system and may represent molecules involved with neurogenesis. A third class (Class A) includes mRNAs with a more homogeneous distribution within the embryo and developing nervous system, which may encode "housekeeping" molecules. These clones and their encoded products will provide markers for cell populations at particular stages of neural development.


The dislocation structures of dendritic ice crystals have been directly observed by x-ray diffraction topography. Growth occurs without the intervention of dislocations and very low dislocation dencities may initially prevail. Straining expands dislocations having 〈11[unknown]20〉 direction Burgers vectors from sources at grown-in inclusions. Slip of these dislocations in the basal plane (0001) and on pyramidal planes, probably (1�101), with frequent occurrence of primatic punching, is observed. Dislocation reactions of the type (a0/ 3) [11�20] + (a0/ 3) [1�210] = (a0/ 3) [2�110] and a strong preference for pure screw orientation are characteristic. These dislocations generally account for the known anisotropy of plastic flow in ice.


Studies based on labor union or party representation logics bring to light a social distinction between activists and representatives due in particular to a discrepancy in economic and cultural capital, to the advantage of the latter. A sociological analysis of the selection of national representatives by the Confederation Paysanne farmers' union, and more specifically of those considered "experts" on the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, shows further distinctive processes at work. This paper reveals not only the importance of specific activist capital but also the significance of organizational methodologies in the selection of union representatives. By focusing on the notion of experts, it further demonstrates the relativity of activist resources, whose value depends on their organizational context.


The earthquakes that struck Ōtautahi/Christchurch began September 2010 and continued throughout 2012 with the worse shock being February 22, 2011. The extended 'seismic event' radically altered the geophysical and socio-cultural environments of the city. This working paper presents a broad array of data describing the impacts of the disaster on Māori. These data frame the results of small email survey conducted 18 months after the most destructive February 22, 2011. This survey followed two projects investigating the resilience of Māori to the disaster (Lambert & Mark-Shadbolt, 2011; Lambert & MarkShadbolt, 2012; Lambert, Mark-Shadbolt, Ataria, & Black, 2012). Results show that while the term resilience has become common to the point of cliché, the Māori experience thus far is best described as endurance.


In this article, I explore the problem of sequential and irreversible technology choice in the presence of network externalities when the technologies stochastically evolve over time. Early potential users are shown to adopt an irreversible technology too early compared to the social optimum. The effect of increasing the uncertainty of the technologies on an early potential user's decision is analyzed. I find that the sponsor of new emerging technology might choose a research strategy that is too safe. I also study the consequences of allowing side payments between generations of consumers and demonstrate that an ex post optimal standardization policy can impair ex ante social welfare.


Axberg, U. (2007). Assessing and treating three to twelve-year-olds displaying disruptive behaviour problems. Department of Psychology, Goteborg University, Sweden The aim of this thesis was (a) to examine a Swedish version of a measure for early identification and treatment evaluation of children with disruptive behaviour problems and (b) to explore the effectiveness, in terms of reduction of children's disruptive behavioural problems, of interventions not specifically directed towards the children but to their caregivers and other adults in their immediate environment. The focus of this thesis has been on clinical applicability. However, their have been considerable advances in the knowledge of the origins, development and maintenance of disruptive behaviour in children. This has led to corresponding changes in treatment. In line with this, research on phenomenology, prevalence, etiology, treatment and assessment of children that display disruptive behaviour are presented as an introduction to the empirical studies. The aim of study I was to develop and examine a systemic school-based model for detection and early intervention among 4 to 12 year old children who displayed externalizing behaviour problems. The intervention was a combination of the Marte Meo model and Coordination meetings. Treatment effects in the group who had received the intervention (N= 33) were compared with a group (N=16) who had received treatment-as-usual in their ordinary school setting. Assessments were carried out before and two years after the intervention. There was a significant decrease in children's symptoms for the intervention group, but not for the comparison group. The aim of study II was to evaluate the effectiveness of the structured parent training programme Incredible Years Series in diverse clinical settings in Sweden. Parents of 113 children aged 3 to 9 participated in the study. Pre-data were collected prior to commencement of the parent training groups and post-data immediately after the training group sessions had finished. Significant reduction was found on all symptom-related measures in parents' ratings. A significant increase in the self-rated well-being of the parents was also found. The aim of study III was to examine the psychometric properties and obtain Swedish norms for the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory (ECBI). Parents of 841 children aged 3 to 10 participated. The ECBI showed sound psychometric properties and seems to be a very useful measure in a Swedish context. Normative data from the Swedish sample was also presented. The aim of Study IV was to examine a three factor solution of the ECBI in a confirmatory factor analysis based on 22 items in a Swedish sample. The same sample as in study III was used. The results were consistent with the results from an American sample indicating that the 22-item version of the ECBI is a robust and useful alternative that can be used for evaluating and measuring treatment outcome. Preliminary normative data was also presented.


In the pursuit of improved platforms for computing, communications and internet connectivity, all-optical systems offer excellent prospects for a speed and fidelity of data transmission that will greatly surpass conventional electronics, alongside the anticipated benefits of reduced energy loss. With a diverse range of sources and fiber optical connections already in production, much current effort is being devoted towards forging optical components for signal switching, such as an all-optical transistor. Achievement of the desired characteristics for any practicable device can be expected to depend crucially on the engagement of a strongly nonlinear optical response. The innovative scheme proposed in the present work is based upon a third-order nonlinearity - its effect enhanced by stimulated emission - operating within a system designed to exploit the highly nonlinear response observed at the threshold for laser emission. Here, stimulated emission is strongly driven by coupling to the coherent scattering of a signal input beam whose optical frequency is purposely off-set from resonance. An electrodynamical analysis of the all-optical coupling process shows that the signal beam can significantly modify the kinetics of emission, and so lead to a dramatically enhanced output of resonant radiation. The underlying nonlinear optical mechanism is analyzed, model calculations are performed for realizable three-level laser systems, and the results exhibited graphically. The advantages of implementing this all-optical transistor scheme, compared to several previously envisaged proposals, are then outlined.


Abstract : Spiral development is a family of software development processes characterized by repeatedly iterating a set of elemental development processes and managing risk so it is actively being reduced. This paper characterizes spiral development by enumerating a few "invariant" properties that any such process must exhibit. For each, a set of "variants" is also presented, demonstrating a range of process definitions in the spiral development family. Each invariant excludes one or more "hazardous spiral look-alike" models, which are also outlined. This report also shows how the spiral model can be used for a more cost-effective incremental commitment of funds, via an analogy of the spiral model to stud poker. An important and relatively recent innovation to the spiral model has been the introduction of anchor point milestones. The latter part of the paper describes and discusses these.


The present study shows that recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2) purified to homogeneity induces a rapid and potent enhancement of spontaneous cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The cells mediating cytotoxicity after 18-h treatment with IL-2 have surface markers of natural killer (NK) cells and are generated from the peripheral blood subset containing spontaneous cytotoxic cells. A parallel production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is induced by recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2), and NK cells appear to be the major producer cells, whereas T cells are unable to produce IFN-gamma under these experimental conditions. However, the kinetics of the enhancement of cytotoxicity are faster than those of IFN-gamma production, and monoclonal anti-IFN-gamma antibodies do not suppress this effect, making it unlikely that the IFN- gamma produced is responsible for the enhancement. The enhancement of NK cell activity induced by rIL-2 precedes any proliferative response of the lymphocytes, which is instead observed in longer-term cultures of both NK and T cells.


The NASA Heavy Lift Rotorcraft Systems Investigation examined in depth several rotorcraft configurations for large civil transport, designed to meet the technology goals of the NASA Vehicle Systems Program. The investigation identified the Large Civil Tiltrotor as the configuration with the best potential to meet the technology goals. The design presented was economically competitive, with the potential for substantial impact on the air transportation system. The keys to achieving a competitive aircraft were low drag airframe and low disk loading rotors; structural weight reduction, for both airframe and rotors; drive system weight reduction; improved engine efficiency; low maintenance design; and manufacturing cost comparable to fixed-wing aircraft. Risk reduction plans were developed to provide the strategic direction to support a heavy-lift rotorcraft development. The following high risk areas were identified for heavy lift rotorcraft: high torque, light weight drive system; high performance, structurally efficient rotor/wing system; low noise aircraft; and super-integrated vehicle management system.


This paper presents development of an automatic fault diagnosis system in the nuclear power plants to minimize possible nuclear disasters caused by inaccurate diagnoses done by operators. Combined binary and decimal coding methods are employed in this work based on radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) structure. This underling RBFNN structure is further trained through genetic optimization algorithm based on known frequent failure conditions from a nuclear power plant's condensation and feed water system. It is found that the proposed Genetic-RBFNN (GRBFNN) method not only makes the original neural network smaller in terms of computation and realization but also improves diagnosis speed and accuracy.


Background The Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ, 20 questions for 8 domains, 21 for devices/aids use)[1][1] has been the gold standard functional status assessment questionnaire in rheumatology. HAQ modifications to improve feasibility by questionnaire shortening, or psychometric properties have been proposed. The modified HAQ (MHAQ, 8 items)[2][2], the multidimensional HAQ (MDHAQ, 10 items)[3][3], and the HAQ II (10 items)[4][4] are most widely used modifications. Conversion formulas have been developed to predict HAQ score from each of these shorter versions to allow comparison across different study populations.[5][5]

Objectives To compare distribution of HAQ score with MHAQ, MDHAQ and HAQII scores in a multinational cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and assess the ability of conversion formulas to predict mean HAQ score from the shorter versions.

Methods A cross-sectional study of 8488 patients in the Quantitative Standard Monitoring of Patients with RA (QUEST-RA) database who received usual care from rheumatologists in 33 countries was done. Patients simultaneously completed HAQ, MHAQ, MDHAQ & HAQII questionnaires (all scored from 0-3). Mean (SD) and median (IQR) were used to compare score distributions. Proportion of patients with no disability (score = 0) and good functional status (score ≤ 0.5) were assessed. For each of the shorter HAQ versions, proportion that differed from HAQ score by > 0.22 (usually considered minimal clinically important difference) was assessed. Means of predicted HAQ derived from the reported shorter and longer conversion formulas (please see Reference # 5) were compared with the actual HAQ mean.

Results HAQ, MHAQ, MDHAQ & HAQII scores were available for 8027 (94.6%), 7979 (94%), 7937 (93.5%) & 6926 (81.6%) patients respectively. Compared to mean HAQ, mean scores were higher for MHAQ and MDHAQ and lower for HAQII ([Table][6]). Compared to HAQ, more patients were classified as having no disability (score = 0) with MHAQ and less patients with MDHAQ and HAQII. MHAQ led to score of ≤ 0.5 in most and HAQII in least number of patients. Scores differed from HAQ by > 0.22 in 66.1%, 43.6%, and 42.5% patients for MHAQ, MDHAQ and HAQII respectively. All predicted HAQ mean scores were higher with actual HAQ mean with best results from shorter formula based on MDHAQ and HAQII (difference 0.11, 10.8%).

![Figure][7]

Conclusions HAQ and its shorter versions have different distribution and cannot be used interchangeably for individual patients. Though higher, reasonable estimates for group level HAQ mean can be made from MDHAQ and HAQII thus enabling comparison of patients in different studies.

References

1. Arthritis Rheum 1980;23:137;

2. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26:1346;

3. J Rheumatol 2005;32:1432;

4. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3296;

5. Arthritis Care Res 2010;62:1481

Disclosure of Interest None Declared

 [1]: #p-7
 [2]: #p-8
 [3]: #p-9
 [4]: #p-10
 [5]: #p-11
 [6]: #F1
 [7]: pending:yes


This thesis investigates an uncharted sector of the study of onomatopoeia in Japanese— children's literature. After briefly exploring the definition of onomatopoeia and ideophone, the linguistic characteristics of these words in Japanese, and the lack of attention given to ideophones occurring in Japanese children's literature, I proceed to investigate the linguistic properties of ideophones which occur in a corpus of Japanese children's literature that I compiled. This examination uncovers a set of novel ideophonic forms that appear in two books, prompting an informal study investigating native Japanese speakers' reactions to said forms. This study, carried out in the form of a series of interviews, seeks to explore native speakers' sound symbolic intuitions when presented with novel ideophonic items out of context. Upon completion of this study, I found several notable similarities between interviewees' answers for specific items and even across multiple items. Considering that notable and interesting results appeared despite some limitations to this investigation, at the end I discuss the need for further research to more deeply and widely explore territory scouted by this project.


The welfare of juvenile Finnraccoons (Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis) was compared between various housing conditions through the measurement of day-time behaviour and physiological variables. For the small control treatment (SC), Finnraccoons were raised in pairs in small
 cages; in the large area treatment (LA), in pairs in large cages; in the large control treatment (LC), in groups of four in large cages and in the large enrichment treatment (LE), in groups of four in large cages with access to a nest-box and a large tube, from weaning to pelting time. Study
 subjects consisted of a total of 152 Finnraccoons. As autumn progressed, day-time resting increased, especially allohuddling; while active behaviours decreased. Allohuddling was the most common type of resting; apart from in the LE treatment, resting shelters were used effectively alongside
 allohuddling. Locomotion was observed more frequently in LA and LC treatments, ie in large cages without shelters. The nest-box roof was preferred to the platform as an elevated location, and the nest-box to the tube as a resting shelter. Agonistic interactions were not observed. Males grew
 heavier than females and had heavier organs. No systematic differences in haematological and other physiological parameters were found between the treatments. Catching time was shortest in the SC treatment. The LE treatment compromised animals cleanliness. Based on the intensive positive social
 interactions and regular shelter use, group housing and access to resting shelters are recommended for juvenile Finnraccoons.


Abstract Apparently, it is neither the type nor the length of education or psychotherapists' clinical experience that are responsible for their performance. The present study is part of a larger research which aims at identifying the variables (emotions, cognitions, behaviors, personality traits) that predict psychotherapists' performance in therapy. The main objective of this study is to assess psychotherapists' personal variables and compare them with those identified in the general population. The study included 126 psychotherapists under supervision (psychologists and psychiatrists) in two Cognitive Behavioral Therapy training programs (Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy). During the final stage of the training program, the psychotherapists under supervision filled in self-reported check-lists; psychotherapists' personal variables were analyzed and compared with those of 122 participants from the general population. The possible implications of the results in predicting psychotherapists' performance and their impact on psychotherapy training programs are also taken into consideration. Key words: psychotherapists' performance, cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, psychotherapists' personal variables. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Recent studies (Christensen & Jacobson, 1994; Dawes, 1994) indicate that there are no significant differences between professionals and paraprofessionals in psychopathology. On the other hand, there are no significant differences between professionals with long or brief training when the efficiency of treating emotional disorders is taken into consideration. Moreover, clinical experience doesn't seem to improve psychotherapists' performance (Garb, 1998). Inevitably, the existing literature leads us to an honest reflection: if, at least not apparently, neither the type nor the length of studies or the clinical experience is responsible for the clinical performance, than what is? Systematic research that explicitly approaches psychotherapists' performance predictors is not well-articulated yet. Also, there are no systematic studies concerning the relationship between psychotherapists' psychopathology and their performance. The prevalence and incidence of psychological disorders seem similar among psychopathologists and in the general population. Is this fact relevant? The psychotherapists referred to in several studies (Deacon et al., 2000; Pope & Tabachnick, 1994) indicated marital problems (66%), depressive episodes (45%), anxiety disorders (31%), problems with their own children (35%), divorce (29%), life stress (27%), sexual difficulties (12.6%), countertransference (14.4%) etc. Is psychotherapists' performance affected by this? Is it important for psychotherapists to be not only skilled but also psychologically healthy in order to assist their clients? Most of the research concerning psychotherapists' performance has focused on such matters as demographic variables (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity or religion), psychotherapists' theoretical orientation, and personality traits or aspects characteristics of their experience (e.g. years of practice). The results are not conclusive; most of the differences identified between psychotherapists are either not significant or signific ant only under strict circumstances (Beck, 1988; Beutler et al., 1994; Huppert et al., 2001; Greenspan & Kulish, 1985). Research addressing the questions stated above might allow for the identification of some "key" variables responsible for psychotherapists' performance, variables that might suggest the need for adapting the psychotherapists training programs, by including or developing training levels that address specific aspects that predict psychotherapists' performance. There is an unanimous consensus over the fact that psychotherapists' performance can be explained by several factors; but the precise factors, their nature and impact is still unknown (see Najavits, 1997). …


OBJECTIVE
Studies on the use of wideband tympanometry (WBT) for the evaluation of middle ear pathologies have been increasing gradually in recent years. However, studies regarding normative data of WBT are not sufficient. The aim of this study was to determine normative values of WBT for different age groups in Turkish population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred fifty volunteers from five age-related groups were included in this study. Values of resonance frequency (RF), absorbance percentage according to frequency, maximum absorbance ratio, and maximum absorbance frequency were obtained using WBT. Measurements were recorded at a pressure of 0 decapascal (daPa) using a sound stimulus given at 90±3 decibel sound pressure level (dB SPL).

RESULTS
The RF was detected to be significantly lower only in the group of subjects in the age range of 0-1 month. The absorbance value at 250 Hz was detected to be significantly higher in the age groups of 0-1 month and 1 month-2 years than in the other groups.

CONCLUSION
We believe that the findings obtained in this study would be helpful in determining normative data regarding WBT; by the determination of this normative data, the clinical use of WBT would become widespread.


This paper presents an investigation on the impact of solar panels (SPs) on the power quality of distribution networks and transformers. Both solar farms and residential rooftop SP are modeled with the distribution network according to Canadian Utility data. Total harmonic distortion of voltages and currents on both sides of the distribution transformer are monitored under different operation conditions. A laboratory setup employing a single-phase inverter and three-phase transformer is used to test system performance in the presence of phase unbalance and harmonics. Core and winding temperatures are measured under various loads. Simulation and experimentation results show that the performance of distribution networks and transformers under the impact of SPs is within standard limits.


The purpose of this study was to collect normative data and test for the reliability of a new strategy index, quantified using a computer-assisted algorithm on the Five-Point Test (FPT), developed by Regard, Strauss, and Knapp (1982). Additionally, the study was aimed at investigating the influence of the new index on the total number of designs and preservative errors. Participants included one hundred and fourteen individuals from Cleveland State University and the community for time one, and sixty two individuals for time two. Participants were administered the Five Point Test and the Delis-Kaplan Design Fluency Test developed by Delis, Kaplan & Kramer (2001) across two time periods approximately two months apart. Total designs and perseveration errors were recorded for both tests. The new index consists of three types of strategy: rotation, addition, and deletion; and was quantified using a computer-assisted algorithm developed by Dr. Amir Poreh. The results of this study show a test-retest correlation of (r = .755, p=.000) for the new strategy index across two administration periods, and an overall higher reliability for the Five Point Test in comparison to the Delis-Kaplan Design Fluency Test . Furthermore, the study using a stepwise regression analysis showed the new strategy index significantly predicted the number of total designs (F = 38.39, p=.000), and significantly predicted the number of perseveration errors (F = 16.33, p=.000).


Abstract Counterinsurgency and occupation wars. The development of asymmetric warfare by Western states. In spite of contradicting the concept "low intensity confl icts", the military occupations of Iraq and Afghanistan are strongly infl uenced by the older concepts "small wars" and "low footprint interventions". In this article the author outlines the development of the concept "asymmetric war". It is argued that asymmetric warfare has been an element of Western military strategies throughout the 20th century – long before the end of the block confrontation of the Cold War and the emergence of so called "new wars". In the context of asymmetric conflicts, the author identifies three tendencies of state warfare: 1. A reorientation from military issues to a focus on controlling the population; 2. The irregularization of state violence, implying a rupture of laws and international conventions; and, 3. The outsourcing of warfare to irregular, but allied, forces, such as: private military companies, militias, paramilitary groups, warlords and even organized crime.


The purpose of this research is looking for the importance of corporate identity in promoting Kota Bharu Flying Club. This approach will help the club to get a better identity corporate and able to come out with a good promoting to expose their service.Corporate identity is a system of recognized to club or organisation. It is about perception of the services that are provided. It also can build confidence and pride in the work. The Kota Bharu Flyng Club was established in December 2009 in Collaboration with APFT.The club was set up to being people of all walks of lie to come togehther and share their passsion for flying. Research objective for this club is to give the public the trust and let them know this club can be join or enter by all level of income.This was due to the change of perception among the public that they are not afford to join this.One of the key consuderations in terms of successful branding is the nature of the business,product or service.lt will be important to keep these aspects of the company. Images,colors and even the style of artistry used in any logo or brand image will all prompt customers or potiential clients to make assumptions.Corporate identity branding will give rise to them irrespective and appear vibrant and up to date with their best design or logo. This research is done to find out how far the effectiveness of best design in their corporate identity such as logo and other corporate items for promoting their services. In this research, 50 publics were involved to achieve the objective for this study. In this case, from the research corporate identity is very important on creating positive significance and has a strong identity in the globalizing world of today to well be known organization.


We present an approach to learn a dense pixel-wise labeling from image-level tags. Each image-level tag imposes constraints on the output labeling of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier. We propose Constrained CNN (CCNN), a method which uses a novel loss function to optimize for any set of linear constraints on the output space (i.e. predicted label distribution) of a CNN. Our loss formulation is easy to optimize and can be incorporated directly into standard stochastic gradient descent optimization. The key idea is to phrase the training objective as a biconvex optimization for linear models, which we then relax to nonlinear deep networks. Extensive experiments demonstrate the generality of our new learning framework. The constrained loss yields state-of-the-art results on weakly supervised semantic image segmentation. We further demonstrate that adding slightly more supervision can greatly improve the performance of the learning algorithm.


Cement is a crucial part of well construction. If a good cement bond between the casing and well bore wall cannot be achieved in the primary cementing, expensive remedial cementing jobs or possible loss of the well bore can occur. When cementing casings and liners in deep waters or pressure depleted reservoirs there is often a small pressure margin between pore pressure and fracture pressure, this makes cement operations more complex. New cementing techniques and cements are being developed to solve the problems in these areas. Light weight cements have for a long time been used as a means to avoid fracturing the cemented formations. The first light weight cements used water and water absorbing solids to lower the cement slurry density. More modern techniques involve using nitrogen gas, hollow glass spheres or a combination of both to make the cement slurry light enough. These methods have proven useful and clearly have their advantages in certain areas. However, the light weight methods also have their limitations so a new method for getting heavy conventional cement down in narrow pressure margin areas has been evaluated. The method is based on reducing the hydrostatic head of fluid above the cement column by displacing the mud in the riser by a lighter fluid. A choke valve placed in bypass over a closed BOP will make it possible to control the pressure so that a constant bottom hole pressure is achieved. The Macondo well in Gulf of Mexico has been used as a case to evaluate the new method. Hydraulic simulations have been done for cementing a full casing string and for cementing a liner as a production casing in this well. Results from the simulations together with a standard liner cementing procedure have been used to make complete cementing procedures for the new method. Results from the simulations show that the new method could be used with success on the Macondo well. Further analyses of the results show large differences in case of what well geometry the method is used in, and limitations on where the method can be used in terms of water depth. The new method is not applicable in shallow waters as the riser volume in these conditions will be too small. As the riser volume is a limiting factor for the method, completing a well with a full casing string will also reduce the chances it can be used. Even though this thesis shows promising results for the new method for cementing in narrow pressure windows, there is still much work to be done in examining the different aspects of the method further, before an eventual field test.


Connectionist models apply various mathematical rules within neural network computer simulations in an effort, among other things, to mimic and describe human memory associations and learning. Learning involves the interaction of information provided by instruction with existing information already in the learner's memory (Ausubel, 1968; Bruner, 1990). When a learner commits to a lesson response, that response reflects the learner's immediate understanding of that instructional instance, thus initial lesson response (ILR) provides a measure of a learner's existing information. Describing what happens to memory traces of ILRs that are errors is necessary for determining whether errors interfere with attaining correct responses, and so is one key to understanding how feedback works. Among a number of connectionist learning rules, the delta rule (Shanks, 1995; Widrow & Hoff, 1960) is one of the simplest and most common that includes the effects of feedback on learning. Clariana (1999) has suggested that a connectionist approach using the delta rule can be used to predict posttest memory activation levels of ILR errors and of correct responses for immediate and delayed feedback. This experimental investigation provides empirical support for the potential of a connectionist approach to predict instructional feedback effects. Posttest data from high school students is compared to values predicted by the delta rule. Results and implications are provided. (Contains 27 references.) (AEF) PERMISSION TO'3EpRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE.THI; MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


Motivated by the recent experimental observation of negative absolute temperature states in systems of ultracold atomic gases in optical lattices [Braun et al., Science 339, 52 (2013)], we investigate theoretically the formation of these states. More specifically, we consider the relaxation after a sudden inversion of the external parabolic confining potential in the one-dimensional inhomogeneous Bose-Hubbard model. First, we focus on the integrable hard-core boson limit which allows us to treat large systems and arbitrarily long times, providing convincing numerical evidence for relaxation to a generalized Gibbs ensemble at negative temperature T<0, a notion we define in this context. Second, going beyond one dimension, we demonstrate that the emergence of negative temperature states can be understood in a dual way in terms of positive temperatures, which relies on a dynamic symmetry of the Hubbard model. We complement the study by exact diagonalization simulations at finite values of the on-site interaction.


Abstract Ecotourism is supposed to make efficient, responsible and sustainable use of tourism resources at the destination. The aims of ecotourism can be accomplished by encouraging the appropriate activities, enhancing eco-tourist experiences, and managing tourism resources in a sustainable manner. Smart ecotourism application refers to the innovative tools and approaches to improve the ecotourism practices and experiences. The smart application focusing ecotourism aspect has emerged as a result of the rise of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the need for sustainability. This study emphasis on young people who are likely to be first-time eco-tourists or to have little experience of ecotourism. However, young people are a great capacity to spread ecotourism awareness both in the present and the future. This study was designed and developed a smart application which aimed to allow young people to learn about ecotourism. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach, utilizing a case study in Klong Noi Community in Surat Thani Thailand. The results of this study will contribute to the current ecotourism literature and broaden understanding of the ICTs-based ecotourism, particularly on the Thailand context. Moreover, they will provide suggestions for ecotourism business in Thailand to develop the smart application attractive to the targets of young people.


The most popular and widely used search engines are from the United States where search engine technology originated. However, a lot of European search engines have emerged during the last ten years, the most important of these being EuroSeek and AlltheWeb. European search engines are often developed with a more limited user group in mind, such as the speakers of a certain language or a particular country. They can be a better choice if your interests have a local European focus. A good place to start is for instance combined news and blog search engines. There are also at least two sizable web search engines in Europe with their own unique web indexes. One of these, Exalead, in fact offers more advanced search functions than any other web search engine today. In this context it is important to remember that the overlap between results from different search engines are generally overstated. The difference between relevance ranking algorithms employed by different search engines also means that the first few screens with results will vary considerably between search engines. Therefore using only one search engine is never recommendable. Particularly interesting experiments have been made by search engine developers in France. Examples are the visual interactive maps used by the meta search engine Kartoo and the graphically innovative user interface of Ujiko. The earlier mentioned Exalead offers many ways to refine search queries and also browse results using previews of web pages with keywords marked out. Wikio is the name of a news and blog search engine with Web2.0 aspirations in which you can contribute with articles of your own, vote on articles and create personalised news pages. In Sweden there have been developments in image search technology including content-based search, facial recognition and more secure family filters. Of particular interest among other European search engine advances is the interface of Quintura from Russia. With Quinturas interactive word clouds it is easy to preview how adding new search terms would change query results, before actually applying these terms. The European Union has contributed funding to European search engines project during the last few years. The most ambitious, the joint French-German Quaero project, unfortunately failed but two different branches have continued separately as Quaero and THESEUS. Another project is PHAROS and like Quaero it is focused on multimedia search whereas THESEUS is text-oriented and concerned with the semantic web. In 2007 The Article 29 Working Party of the European Union has been pushing the issue of protecting the search engine users privacy. They have corresponded with Google and as an outcome there have indeed been changes to the privacy policies of the four dominant US search engines. In Europe there have also been concerns about the use of copyrighted texts in news search engines. In fact there have been several legal disputes and in some cases Google has lost like in Belgium and Norway. Additionally some prominent Europeans have feared that the popular Google Book Search would be entirely dominated by English-language literature. It is therefore satisfying to see that during the last two years some major European libraries with big collections of French, German and Spanish literature have joined the Google Book Search.


Despite the reported association between aural plaques and the presence of Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV), there are few data regarding the distribution of viral types in different geographic regions or possible correlations for different papillomaviruses and lesion characteristics. We detected the presence and frequency of EcPV (1–7) DNA in aural plaque biopsies of horses from different regions of Brazil and identified the patterns of these infections or coinfections and their possible association with lesion severity. A total of 108 aural plaque biopsies from horses in the 5 geopolitical regions of Brazil were examined. We performed PCR to detect EcPV DNA in the biopsies. At least 1 type of EcPV was detected in 97% of the samples. EcPV coinfection was observed in 59% of the samples. Compared to the other viruses, EcPV-4 was found at the highest frequency in coinfection (84%) or individually identified (32%). EcPV-2 and -7 were not detected. No significant association was found between lesion characteristics (type and distribution) and either the viral type detected or the presence of coinfection. EcPV is widely distributed in Brazil, both isolated and in coinfection; the viral type does not appear to influence the clinical characteristics of equine aural plaques.


Portfolios weighted by fundamental measures of company size, such as assets, dividends, sales, earnings, and employees, have recently attracted a lot of attention. Pioneering research has showed that these fundamental value–weighted portfolios, especially dividend-weighted portfolios, can achieve better mean returns and better Sharpe ratios than could be attained with the traditional market value– weighted portfolio. In this article, the authors examine three portfolios weighted by the additional fundamental measures of firm size—share repurchases, total payout, and earnings retention—and find that the repurchase-weighted portfolios and total payout–weighted portfolios have higher excess returns and higher Sharpe ratios than the other fundamental value–weighted portfolios, including the dividend-weighted portfolio. The repurchase-weighted portfolio shows a positive and statistically significant alpha of 2.77% after controlling for the Fama–French factors (market, size, and book-to-market) and Carhart's momentum variable. The total payout–weighted portfolio also has a positive and significant alpha, albeit smaller than that of the repurchase-weighted portfolio.


In the $W+2,3$ jet data collected by Collider Detector at Fermilab during the 1992\char21{}1995 Fermilab collider run, 13 events were observed to contain a superjet when $4.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6$ events are expected. A previous article detailed the selection and the kinematical properties of these events. The present paper provides estimates of the probability that the kinematics of these 13 events is statistically consistent with the standard model prediction.


A cluster of patients with unidentified pneumonia cause emerged among people in a city of China named Wuhan, at the end of 2019, which then by laboratory analysis, was considered to be caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV) called 2019-nCoV. It has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. By the spread of pandemic novel coronavirus, it is revealed that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is genetically related to SARS-CoV of the 2003 outbreak. However, the latest study showed that angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 is the receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 to enter into the human cells, alike its predecessor (SARS-CoV). Both excessive immune reactions and lytic effects of the virus on host cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Commonly, the antivirals, corticosteroids, antibiotics, Immunoglobulin, and some other drugs are used as a pharmacological treatment in COVID-19 patients. Recently, the food and drug administration (FDA) has authorized the emergency use of remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 under an emergency use authorization (EUA). The majority of the current drugs are recommended based on the treatment of previous epidemic viruses. Due to its pandemic prevalence, and the insufficient of specifically approved drugs and vaccines, COVID-19 is becoming an emergency public health concern. Furthermore, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge about pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19. Thus, this review answers to the questions about pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment of COVID-19 and provide the newest information in term of the pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment of COVID-19, inclusively, and simultaneously.


Barium sulfate (BaSO4) is a common impurity in recycled lead paste that is challenging to eliminate completely during hydrometallurgical recycling of spent lead acid batteries, so the effect of this impurity in positive active materials on the performance of recycled lead acid batteries was investigated. The BaSO4 doped lead oxide composite was used as a positive active material in positive plates of lead acid batteries with theoretical capacities of 2.0 A h. BaSO4 was retained in the solid phase throughout the battery fabrication process. Different BaSO4 dosages affected the phase of the positive plates during the curing process, with the highest content of metallic lead obtained at a BaSO4 dosage of 0.06 wt%. Morphology analysis indicated that aggregates were formed in the positive plates and the particles became rougher with increasing addition of BaSO4 during the formation process. BaSO4 also demonstrated a large impact on charge/discharge cycles with 100% DOD in battery testing. Analysis of disassembled failed batteries indicated that the expansion and shedding-off of the positive active material were mainly responsible for the failure of these batteries, and this could be attributed to the non-uniform growth of lead oxide on the BaSO4 nucleus, and the accumulation of internal stress.


Innovate or die" is one of the mantras of today's economy. In order to survive, companies are forced to innovate. It is extremely essential to develop innovative ability to constantly cope with rapid changes in different industries such as Telecom, IT and Media. The research aim is to design an innovation framework which helps to assess the innovativeness of a department and thereafter, derive management implications for improving the innovativeness. A single descriptive case study of a high-tech department has been chosen. The triangular research design consisted of literature study, qualitative interviews and online surveys. In the first step, various factors that influence the innovativeness of departments are identified. Consequently, key learnings from other departments within the same corporation will be discussed. The results of survey, propositions and interviews will be compared to identify parameters of the innovation framework. The framework helps to structure valuable insights that link to management implications. The novelty of this paper can be claimed since it is the first research which combines assessing innovativeness via triangulation method and deriving management implication from the results in the field of innovation research.The outcome is an innovation framework with 17 different dimensions that have an influence on innovativeness at the department level. The study demonstrates a deep understanding of the current innovativeness of the investigated department and draws most relevant managerial implications based on other departments' best practice.


Background Female athletes have a higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury than their male counterparts who play at similar levels in sports involving pivoting and landing. Hypothesis The competitive female basketball players who participated in a sports injury prevention training program would show better muscle strength and flexibility and improved biomechanical properties associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury than during the pretraining period and than posttraining parameters in a control group. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods A total of 22 high school female basketball players were recruited and randomly divided into 2 groups (the experimental group and the control group, 11 participants each). The experimental group was instructed in the 6 parts of the sports injury prevention training program and performed it during the first 20 minutes of team practice for the next 8 weeks, while the control group performed their regular training program. Both groups were tested with a rebound-jump task before and after the 8-week period. A total of 21 reflective markers were placed in preassigned positions. In this controlled laboratory study, a 2-way analysis of variance (2 × 2) experimental design was used for the statistical analysis (P < .05) using the experimental group and a testing session as within and between factors, respectively. Post hoc tests with Sidak correction were used when significant factor effects and/or interactions were observed. Results A comparison of the experimental group's pretraining and posttraining results identified training effects on all strength parameters (P = .004 to .043) and on knee flexion, which reflects increased flexibility (P = .022). The experimental group showed higher knee flexion angles (P = .024), greater interknee distances (P = .004), lower hamstring-quadriceps ratios (P = .023), and lower maximum knee extension torques (P = .043) after training. In the control group, no statistical differences were observed between pretraining and posttraining findings (P = .084 to .873). At pretraining, no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups for any parameter (P = .067 to .784). However, a comparison of the 2 groups after training revealed that the experimental group had significantly higher knee flexion angles (P = .023), greater knee distances (P = .005), lower hamstring-quadriceps ratios (P = .021), lower maximum knee extension torques (P = .124), and higher maximum knee abduction torques (P = .043) than the control group. Conclusion The sports injury prevention training program improved the strength and flexibility of the competitive female basketball players tested and biomechanical properties associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury as compared with pretraining parameters and with posttraining parameters in the control group. Clinical Relevance This injury prevention program could potentially modify the flexibility, strength, and biomechanical properties associated with ACL injury and lower the athlete's risk for injury.


The use of supplementary cementitious materials has attracted attention in recent years both for their potential applications and beneficial cost in the construction industry. Supplementary cementitious materials can be of mineral or plant origin. Agricultural waste (agro-waste) is under focus especially in low and middle income countries as a source for fuel and also as a construction material. Such use comes either as a stand-alone material or as a cement replacement in concrete materials. The wider use of such materials in construction is considered as potential sustainable alternatives to Portland cements. This paper discusses the prospective use of certain agro-wastes as a partial replacement for cement in concrete mixes and stabilised earth bricks. The materials considered in this study have included: corncob, sorghum husk, sorghum stalk, peanut husk and sesame stalk ashes. Selected agro-wastes have been incinerated under controlled temperature conditions at 500°C and 700°C. The resultant ashes have been characterised using Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analyser (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) methods. Silica, used as a pozzolanic indicator, was found to be present in varying quantities. More tests to verify suitability and determine the feasibility of these agro-wastes are currently underway. The paper presents the preliminary results and outcomes, and describes proposed methodology for future tests.


We develop a multiexposure image fusion method based on texture features, which exploits the edge preserving and intraregion smoothing property of nonlinear diffusion filters based on partial differential equations (PDE). With the captured multiexposure image series, we first decompose images into base layers and detail layers to extract sharp details and fine details, respectively. The magnitude of the gradient of the image intensity is utilized to encourage smoothness at homogeneous regions in preference to inhomogeneous regions. Then, we have considered texture features of the base layer to generate a mask (i.e., decision mask) that guides the fusion of base layers in multiresolution fashion. Finally, well-exposed fused image is obtained that combines fused base layer and the detail layers at each scale across all the input exposures. Proposed algorithm skipping complex High Dynamic Range Image (HDRI) generation and tone mapping steps to produce detail preserving image for display on standard dynamic range display devices. Moreover, our technique is effective for blending flash/no-flash image pair and multifocus images, that is, images focused on different targets.


Anaemia is prevalent in South East Asia and Fe deficiency (ID) is considered to be the main cause, but the role of subclinical inflammation in the aetiology is uncertain. In the present study, we determined the influence of inflammation on the biomarkers of Fe status in women and children, and herein, we discuss the proportion of anaemia associated with ID. As part of the 2006 Lao People's Democratic Republic (The Lao PDR) National Nutrition Survey, blood collected from 482 young children and 816 non-pregnant women was analysed. Plasma ferritin, transferrin receptor (sTfR), Hb, C-reactive protein (CRP) and α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentrations were measured. ID was assessed using ferritin concentrations ( < 12 (children) or < 15 (adults) μg/l), sTfR concentrations (>8·3 mg/l) and body Fe stores (BIS < 0). Elevated CRP (>5 mg/l) and/or AGP (>1 g/l) concentrations were used to categorise inflammation status in order to correct the Fe biomarkers for inflammation. Inflammation was present in 14 % of adults and 43 % of children. Anaemia was present in 37·6 % of both women (Hb concentrations < 120 g/l) and children (Hb concentrations < 110 g/l). Correcting ferritin concentrations for inflammation increased the prevalence of ID from 24·3 to 26 % for women and from 18 to 21 % for children (P< 0·001 for both). Ferritin concentrations were more helpful in detecting ID than sTfR concentrations or BIS, but regression analysis found that sTfr concentrations explained more of the variance in Hb concentrations in both women (20 %) and children (17 %) than ferritin concentrations (5 and 1·4 %, respectively). Nevertheless, the total variance in Hb concentrations explained was only 26 and 18 % in women and children, respectively, and other factors may be more important than ID in contributing to anaemia in The Lao PDR.


Strategic product development in the offer of specific forms of tourism takes place very dynamically and is an example of using the diversification strategy as the dominant development strategy. Once relatively inelastic market offers, it becomes more elastic and with the market demand realizes new forms of partnership based on meeting the demand of each tourists individually. A large number of tourist offer products are adjusted to a smaller segment of consumers, i.e. tourists. The life span of tourism products and services is relatively short. The research for this paper is of a scientific character; it is motivated by the applicative need and in that sense it is applicable. Within the framework of economic science, the basic goal of the paper is to establish and analyze elements in the market that determine the development of medical tourism. The aim is to explore the place and role of strategic management in the function of products and services distribution for medical tourism. The paper attempts to explore the relevance of the valorization potential of medical tourism in the continuous efforts to improve tourism in the Republic of Croatia. This is shown by an analysis of the implementation of the priority tourism policy measures defined by the Strategy for development of tourism of the Republic of Croatia to 2020, i.e. the implementation of the Action Plan for development of health tourism of the Republic of Croatia in relation to the anticipated dynamics of the implementation of the proposed programs. Regarding the programs, in order to increase the competitiveness of medical tourism, the paper discusses the improvement of quality offers in the field of medical tourism through the implementation of quality, accreditation and certification of health facilities. Also, activities carried out at the current moment in the field of medical tourism in the Republic of Croatia are also shown.


OBJECTIVE
Acute confusional state (ACS) is an uncommon but severe central nervous system (CNS) syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) defined by clinical manifestations. To develop useful and reliable diagnostic tools for ACS, we evaluated the association of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) tests with ACS and their predictive values for the diagnosis of ACS in SLE.

METHODS
We performed a prospective study using a cohort of 59 patients with SLE and compared those with and without ACS. Associations between ACS and each CSF test [interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-alpha, IgG index, and Q-albumin] were statistically evaluated. Each patient underwent all CSF evaluations.

RESULTS
ACS was diagnosed in 10 patients (ACS group), SLE-related CNS syndromes except ACS in 13, and no CNS syndromes in 36 (non-CNS group). CSF IL-6 levels in the ACS group were significantly higher than those in the non-CNS group (p < 0.05). A positive IgG index (p = 0.028) was significantly associated with ACS. No other test showed a significant association with ACS. The positive and negative predictive values for the diagnosis of ACS in SLE were 80% and 85% for elevated CSF IL-6 levels (> or = 31.8 pg/ml), and 75% and 83% for the IgG index, respectively.

CONCLUSION
No single CSF test had sufficient predictive value to diagnose ACS in SLE, although CSF IL-6 levels and the IgG index showed statistical associations with ACS. Use of CSF tests combined with careful history and clinical examinations is recommended for proper diagnosis of ACS in SLE.


According to Nadkarni and Hofmann's model (2012), a major motivator of social networking sites (SNS) use is the need to belong, i.e., the basic drive to form and maintain relationships. This need can be fulfilled through two kinds of belongingness-related behaviours: information-seeking (using SNS to learn about others) and communication (using SNS to communicate with others). The present study aimed at examining the role of gender, personality traits and emotional competence on each of these two belongingness-related behaviours. A total of 995 self-selected Italian Internet users (67.1% women; age range: 18-56) participated in the study. Results showed that the two online behaviours are influenced by different variables. Among them, the most relevant appear to be emotional competences, as managing emotions reduces both behaviours, using emotions fosters communication, and understanding emotions decreases information-seeking. Extraversion plays a key role as well, promoting both behaviours in women and information-seeking in men, whereas openness to experiences is positively linked to viewing others' profiles. Finally, men use social networking sites to communicate and express their opinions more often than women. Implications are discussed.


We report on the dynamics of confined zero-dimensional polaritons. We excite resonantly discrete polariton states optically with a tailored picosecond laser pulse and observe their emission time resolved in the two-dimensional k space or real space. We are able to distinguish between three regimes. When the laser excites only one state no dynamics are observed. When a small number of well separated states are excited, the dynamics are described in terms of interference. When a quasicontinuum of states is excited, the dynamics are described in terms of ballistically propagating two-dimensional (2D) polaritons which scatter elastically at the potential barriers. The measured propagation velocities are reproduced with the theory of 2D polaritons, which sustains our interpretation.


Oil prices affect the U.S. economy in many ways. For example, fluctuations in the price of oil can influence inflation, unemployment, and disposable income. Some local economies with close ties to the oil industry, however, are affected even more directly in both positive and negative ways. This essay covers one recent example of the local impact of oil prices.


The epistemological foundation of the pedagogy is one of the current priorities for the educational research strategies. The research approach of the educational field is revalued and redesigned in a period in which new information and communication technologies have become instruments of research processes inherent in any field of social sciences knowledge. E-research is a broad term used to describe a set of activities that harness the power of advanced information and communication technologies for research. It is obvious that any quantitative research does not properly validate assumptions can study without proper harness these e-tools. A less explored territory, in this perspective, is historical research educational phenomena. This article aims to identify and analyze historical research in the educational field design in terms of capitalization ICT resources.
E-Research methodologies and capabilities can be applied in all research fields , not just those with a traditional affiliation to a high-performance computing. We consider issues underscores the importance of developing and improving the skills to use ICT and digital resources in historical research design development and implementation of education and skills for communication within research groups through the implementation and use of specific ICT tools within the program initiated research. The important aim is to identify several theoretical and methodological guidelines in the specificity of the historical research in education using the ICT resources. The article concludes with some recommendations for an appropriate exploitation of digital resources as opportunities to practice new skills specific for the current profile of the historical -researcher in the educational field.


The paper intends to research into the mind-body problem and examine an aspect of the current issue in the debate. An attempt to solve the mind/body problem has moved to the examination of the nature and property of consciousness. It is hoped that sufficient study and understanding of the nature and characteristics of consciousness could suffice for the solution to the age-old problem. This has generated series of arguments between the physicalists such as Paul and Patricia Churchland and the anti-physicalists such as Frank Jackson, about the possibility of the complete empirical explanation and reduction of the nature and property of the subjective aspect of consciousness. The former argue for the possibilities of the project while the latter dissent. That which would be left unexplained and unreduced is termed 'qualia' or the phenomenal experience. The paper intends to examine some of the arguments on both sides and conclude that though much objective nature of consciousness could be explained, the phenomenal aspect of consciousness is going to be left unexplained and so unreduced by the physicalists. I will, in this respect, argue that the understanding of the nature of the phenomenal aspect of consciousness may assist some experts dealing with mental illnesses to tackle the problem of mental disorderliness in our society.

 Key words: Qualia, phenomenal experience, what it is to see red, raw feels, physicalists, anti-physicalists.


A numerical simulation procedure for studying deposition of aerosol particles in a laminar convection flow of radiating gas over a backward-facing step including the effect of thermal force is developed. In the gas flow, all of the heat transfer mechanisms consisting of conduction, convection and radiation take place simultaneously. Behavior of solid particles is studied numerically based on an Eulerian–Lagrangian method. Two dimensional Navier-Stokes and energy equations are solved using CFD techniques, while the radiating transfer equation (RTE) is solved by discrete ordinate method (DOM) for calculating radiative heat flux distribution. The objective of this research is to study the effect of Reynolds number variation and also radiation on thermophoretic deposition of particles. Numerical results show a decrease in deposition percent by increasing in Reynolds number and the radiation effect is negligible. The results are compared with the existing experimental and numerical data and good agreement is found.


More than half of the species in Namanereis Chamberlin, 1919 (Nereididae: Namanereidinae), are adapted to life in subterranean waters. We document the taxonomy, distribution, and adaptations of the groundwater-inhabiting species in this genus for the first time, starting from the description of two new stygobitic species. The first, Namanereis pilbarensis sp. nov. from water-table carbonate deposits in the Pilbara region of north-west Australia, is representing the first record of a stygobitic polychaete from Australia, and the second, Namanereis socotrensis sp. nov., from karstic groundwater on Socotra Island (Yemen) is the second stygobitic Namanereis species from Socotra. Troglomorphic adaptations observed include the absence (or reduction) of eyes and cuticular pigment, and cirriform appendages of the head, parapodia, and pygidium that are all considerably longer than in their marine counterparts. The chaetae and jaws differ in some groundwater species but not others, so the troglomorphic nature of these features is less certain. Remarkably, the two species of the Socotra Archipelago (Namanereis gesae Fiege & Van Damme, 2002, from Abd al Kuri and the new species) seem to derive from different ancestors, respectively single terminal tooth and bifid tooth-jawed lineages. Based on the jaw morphologies, we suggest that the groundwater polychaetes of this genus might not have entered groundwater from freshwater/anchialine habitats during a single colonization event, as previously suggested, but at different times. Different geographical origins of two groups of species (Gondwanan and Tethyan) are suggested based on recent distribution patterns. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London


When performing Bayesian computations in practice, one is often faced with the challenge that the constituent model components and/or the data are only available in a distributed fashion, e.g. due to privacy concerns or sheer volume. While various methods have been proposed for performing posterior inference in such federated settings, these either make very strong assumptions on the data and/or model or otherwise introduce significant bias when the local posteriors are combined to form an approximation of the target posterior. By leveraging recently developed methods for Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based on Piecewise Deterministic Markov Processes (PDMPs), we develop a computation -- and communication -- efficient family of posterior inference algorithms (Fed-PDMC) which provides asymptotically exact approximations of the full posterior over a large class of Bayesian models, allowing heterogenous model and data contributions from each client. We show that communication between clients and the server preserves the privacy of the individual data sources by establishing differential privacy guarantees. We quantify the performance of Fed-PDMC over a class of illustrative analytical case-studies and demonstrate its efficacy on a number of synthetic examples along with realistic Bayesian computation benchmarks.


With a focus on 310 "green" companies, in the industries of biomass, biofuels, clean tech indexes, efficiency, energy storage, fuel cells, geothermal, recycling, green chemicals, environmental building, renewable energy project developers, solar energy, environmentally conscious transportation, and water and wind energy, this article tests the hypothesis that green companies' financial performance follows that of traditional companies. It also examines how different countries excel at developing environmental solutions in different areas and illuminates the reasons for their successes. Such reasons might include government investment or tax incentives. Finally, this article analyzes how different industries have been performing over time. Key variables investigated include differences in capital expenditures, such as research and development and the sources of firms' financing. Findings suggest that Nasdaq firms outperform the green firms, although certain green industries dominate the Nasdaq. Other significant results relate to larger equity shares held by insiders in environmental firms. Finally, green firms have larger R&D and capital expenditures compared and better corporate governance than Nasdaq firms.


Abstract Recent pollinator declines highlight the importance of evaluating economic risk of agricultural systems heavily dependent on rented honey bees or native pollinators. Our study analyzed variability of native bees and honey bees, and the risks these pose to profitability of Maine's wild blueberry industry. We used cross-sectional data from organic, low-, medium-, and high-input wild blueberry producers in 1993, 1997–1998, 2005–2007, and from 2011 to 2015 (n = 162 fields). Data included native and honey bee densities (count/m2/min) and honey bee stocking densities (hives/ha). Blueberry fruit set, yield, and honey bee hive stocking density models were estimated. Fruit set is impacted about 1.6 times more by native bees than honey bees on a per bee basis. Fruit set significantly explained blueberry yield. Honey bee stocking density in fields predicted honey bee foraging densities. These three models were used in enterprise budgets for all four systems from on-farm surveys of 23 conventional and 12 organic producers (2012–2013). These budgets formed the basis of Monte Carlo simulations of production and profit. Stochastic dominance of net farm income (NFI) cumulative distribution functions revealed that if organic yields are high enough (2,345 kg/ha), organic systems are economically preferable to conventional systems. However, if organic yields are lower (724 kg/ha), it is riskier with higher variability of crop yield and NFI. Although medium-input systems are stochastically dominant with lower NFI variability compared with other conventional systems, the high-input system breaks even with the low-input system if honey bee hive rental prices triple in the future.


The success of a freeze start of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell depends on the state and spatial distribution of the water produced in the porous structures of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), namely, the gas diffusion and catalyst layers. To improve understanding of performance loss that occurs during freeze starts, the water/ice phase is imaged in the MEA by means of X-ray tomographic microscopy at temperatures between −10 and −20 °C. As the duration of the isothermal freeze starts can be as short as 20 s before a performance drop occurs, the acquisition time for one tomographic scan is reduced to only 4.9 s. Interpretation of the images and the voltage transients show three different mechanisms for the performance drop. The main difference between the three mechanisms is the lack or appearance of supercooled water in the gas diffusion layer. Fast X-ray imaging is well suited to solve this challenge.


The dairy farm Hoeve Stein was converted from a conventional into an organic nature-oriented farm. This was the result of a close collaboration between the farming family, the province, the municipality and the State Forest Service. Important building blocks were the buy-off of the devaluation of the land, solid advisory reports on the business model and the ecology, and experimentation with nature management. This report reviews the development of the farm and its ecological values. In addition, it investigates whether farmers in the neighbourhood consider Hoeve Stein as good example that is worth following, as was the intention of the project.


Gustavian Views on Human Nature This article is a pilot study for a research project named Gustaviansk manniskosyn (Gustavian views on human nature). "Gustavian" refers to the reign of Gustavus III of Sweden (1771–92); and "views on human nature" are defined as the opinion of, for instance, a collective regarding the value of various human properties – if they are good or bad – and which of them are especially important. The method used in identifying these properties is basically "quantitative content analysis" (Berelson). The article studies the diary of Duchess Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotta, sister-in-law of Gustavus III. Her views, which are considered by the author to be fairly representative of the Gustavian social elite, seem rather interesting. Many values rooted in the older (pre-Gustavian) Swedish society appear to be very much in force. There are, however, some new views – characteristically Gustavian, the author suggests – recognizable in the diary. Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotta is highly appreciative of such human properties as goodness, tenderness, friendliness, politeness, and delicacy; and is particularly contemptuous of rudeness and hot temper. It could be argued that the Gustavian era introduced a "softer" and more humane mentality and also gentler models of social behaviour in Swedish society. A process of civilization, one might say. The influence of French social culture is obvious.


The design studio is not a common classroom. Its learning model, 'learning by doing', requires practices to be integrated with theoretical knowledge if they are to be internalised by the student. Therefore 'putting into practice' is the keystone for arts and design education in this tradition. Design training consists of a 'reflective practice' with the knowledge, based on physical media such as sketches, drawings and models that will lead design students to develop the skill of 'reflection-in-action'. With the introduction of digital media in the design studio, quantitative and qualitative changes in design training and its practice are to be expected. However, currently there is little understanding of how to incorporate digital and virtual media in the design studio as learning tools, nor of the training value of e-learning technologies in this context. In this paper an experimental introductory design course in a virtual studio is discussed. The results answer some aspects of these two questions. This experience was carried out as a PhD research experiment at the Faculty of Architecture and Arts of the Universidad de Los Andes in Merida, Venezuela. It was aimed to test the feasibility of using e-learning environments for design training in distance learning and presence learning. The e-learning environment, Moodle, was used as a curriculum management system for the theory, as well as for a set of online training programs. The gathering of data to evaluate the course was carried out through two drawing tests, a questionnaire, interviews, student portfolios and direct observation of student performance in the virtual learning environment. The results reveal both the advantages and weaknesses of the e-learning environment tested in the context of a design studio. They also show a consistent development of design abilities in the students who accomplish the vast majority of the training activities in the virtual design studio.


This article analyses recent trends in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights concerned with the right to freedom of thought, belief and religion (Article 9, European Convention on Human Rights) and the right of parents to respect by the state for their religious and philosophical views in the education of their children (Article 2, Protocol 1).1 These developments include notable decisions concerned with protection from religious persecution in Georgia, with religious education in Norway and Turkey and with the display of crucifixes in state schools in Italy. It is apparent that the European Convention religious liberty jurisprudence increasingly stresses the role of the state as a neutral protector of religious freedom. For individuals religious freedom is now also recognised to include not only the right to manifest their religious belief but also freedom from having to declare their religious affiliation. As the religious liberty jurisprudence comes of age, other significant developments, for example in relation to conscientious objection to military service, can be anticipated.


The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays important roles in both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Such biological functions are mediated by the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci). Yet the transcriptional regulation of the effector Ci itself is poorly investigated. Through an RNAi-based genetic screen, we identified that female sterile (1) homeotic (Fsh), a transcription co-activator, directly activates Ci transcription. Biochemistry assays demonstrated physical interactions among Fsh, Sex combs extra (Sce), and Polycomb (Pc). Functional assays further showed that both Pc and Sce are required for Ci expression, which is not likely mediated by the derepression of Engrailed (En), a repressor of Ci, in Pc or Sce mutant cells. Finally, we provide evidence showing that Pc/Sce facilitates the binding of Fsh at Ci locus and that the physical interaction between Fsh and Pc is essential for Fsh-mediated Ci transcription. Taken together, we not only uncover that Ci is transcriptionally regulated by Fsh-Pc-Sce complex but also provide evidence for the coordination between Fsh and PcG proteins in transcriptional regulation.


A chemical explanation has been provided for the production of opalescence in human and animal sera by extracts of certain Group A streptococci. Opalescence results from the selective liberation of specific lipids from α1-serum lipoprotein. The released lipids have been quantitatively separated through the relatively simple technique of ultracentrifugal flotation, and subsequently analyzed by chemical and chromatographic means. Esterified cholesterol constitutes by far the major low density reaction product, accounting for 85 to 90 per cent of the total lipid released. A small amount of phospholipid (apparently limited to lecithin) was the only other lipid consistently found in low density product fractions. Comparative kinetics of opalescence development and cholesterol release under varying conditions of pH, extract concentration, and temperature reveal that the two effects do not run exactly parallel but are, nevertheless, probably closely related manifestations of a specific enzymic degradation of serum lipoprotein. It has been suggested that enzymic action may occur at a site within the lipoprotein remote from the cholesterol esters themselves. Although the over-all reaction appears to be mediated by an enzyme present in many Group A streptococci, it is uncertain whether this enzyme acts directly on lipoprotein or acts by causing the activation of a serum enzyme which in turn attacks the lipoprotein.


The structure of a sheeted dyke complex in relation to intrusion is important for an understanding of sea-floor spreading. Here, we provide data for a previously undescribed ~ E-W cross-strike section along the northern margin of the Troodos massif. For comparison, we also provide new information for a ~NS section along the southern margin of the Troodos massif, adjacent to the Arakapas Fault Zone, an inferred oceanic transform fault. The N-Troodos margin section is divided into two main segments with opposing dip directions, corresponding to the Solea graben in the east and the Stravros graben in the west. High-temperature, hydrothermally altered dykes occur relatively early in a relative intrusive chronology of both grabens, followed by gabbroic bodies and ubiquitous grey sheeted dykes; plagiogranite dykes intruded at relatively later stages. Chemical analysis reveals a trend towards a boninite-type composition, both in the sheeted complex as a whole and in several specific sections for which crosscutting relations were documented in detail. The relatively steeply dipping, late-stage, boninitic-type dykes are interpreted as feeders to the Upper Pillow Lavas. To the N of the Arakapas Fault Zone, large plagiogranite bodies intruded relatively early and were in turn transected by grey dykes, small gabbroic intrusions and late-stage isolated brown dykes. Chemical analyses show that both early-stage grey dykes and the later-stage brown dykes were fed by chemically similar magma. Highly depleted boninite-type dykes occur close to the Arakapas Fault Zone. The relatively late-stage brown dykes show a swing in orientation towards ~ E-W near the transform zone, reflecting an inferred up to ~ 90° relatively clockwise, vertical-axis rotation. The earlier-stage grey dykes are indicative of lesser amounts of vertical-axis rotation but show complex rotations about low-angle axes. Small-scale faults are mainly of normal and left-lateral strike-slip type. Taking alternatives into account, we infer that the faulting in the dyke section took place near a left-offset spreading axis within an overall right-slipping, transtensional transform fault zone. In addition, depleted mantle harzburgites were exposed and eroded on the seafloor within an inferred southward extension of the transform zone (now within the Late Cretaceous Moni Melange), proving additional evidence of a transtensional setting near or within the Arakapas transform. The combined evidence suggests that the Troodos sheeted dyke complex as a whole developed in response to unstable, asymmetrical spreading above a subduction zone in which relatively late-stage amagmatic extension is likely to have played an important role. The spreading crust was bounded to the south (in present coordinates) by a relatively broad transtensional transform fault zone, along which mantle rocks were locally exposed and eroded on the seafloor.


This article renders a text-critical comparison of the King James New Testament and select modern translations of the New Testament. Specifically, it surveys twenty-two passages in the King James New Testament that have been omitted in most modern translations. The article then clarifies and explains why these verses have been omitted and asks whether such omissions ought to be accepted. While this study demonstrates that in most cases the readings in the King James Version are inferior in a text-critical sense and that they likely represent interpolations into the biblical text, there are a few cases where the King James Version might preserve a better reading. This article also argues that even though the King James Version may be inferior on a text-critical level, when compared to certain modern translations, we can still use it with profit if we are aware of its deficiencies.


When a biomaterial is implanted in the body as part of a therapeutic or diagnostic procedure, requires the stimulation of a proper response from the body. In order to modulate the host response and reduce inflammation, the interface between the biomaterial and the body can be functionalised with polymers, proteins or molecules with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory behaviour. Chitin derivatives, extracted from crustacean shells, can be used to modulate the host response to an implant with a nanotextured coating. Since chitin is a waste product of the food industry, its use as a coating has a green approach to recycle and transform a waste into a high added value product. Titanium alloy samples are coated with chitin derivatives using different procedures to verify their efficacy both in terms of resistance of the attachment and of difficulty of the procedure. Chitin derivatives are attached to oxidised titanium through physical attachment, through a good leaving group (tresyl chloride) and through a coupling agent (polydopamine). Titanium was oxidised first to improve the adhesion possibilities and chitin derivatives were dissolved or suspended in different solutions. Physical attachment implies a direct bonding between the polymer and the substrate, while the leaving group provides an active site for the adhesion and the coupling agent act as interface to which both chitin derivatives and the substrate adhere. In the physical attachment coating chitin derivatives were dissolved in acetic acid or suspended in a PBS (phosphate buffered saline) solution. In PBS chitin derivatives generate a suspension because pH is 7.4 and chitin derivatives dissolve when pH is below 6.5. The use of a leaving group requires the activation of the substrate by immersion in tresyl chloride and chitin derivatives are suspended in a PBS solution. The procedure is carried out at room temperature or at 37°C. Polydopamine is a coupling agent that reacts with amine functional groups present in chitin derivatives. After the adhesion of polydopamine, chitin derivatives were attached through dissolution in deionized water, suspension in PBS or dissolution in a buffer containing MES, NHS and EDC. Samples are analysed with spectroscopy, microscopy, zeta potentials, contact angle and tape test. FTIR spectra allowed a qualitative assessment of the coatings through the intensities of characteristic functional groups showed by chitin derivatives (OH stretching and C=O vibration of carboxylic acid). AFM images showed that physical attachment of chitin derivatives resulted in a reduction in the overall roughness compared to oxidised titanium that is required to improve the anti-inflammatory behaviour since macrophages prefer more roughened surfaces. SEM images allowed to analyse the percentage of area coated in the samples and the type of adhesion. Zeta potential is a measure of the superficial charge on a sample via streaming potential. This analysis can be used to verify the uniformity of the coating by comparing its value for the sample with previous literature, assuming that a uniform coating shows values similar to chitin derivatives. Contact angles provide the wettability of a substrate while tape test is a measure of the resistance of the coating to taping. A classification of the sample after taping indicates a strong adhesion when the results obtained shows the presence of the coating. The analysis of all samples allowed to assess the efficacy of chitin d


'Embedding skills' has become a clear goal for some learning developers based on sound pedagogical reasons (Bloxham, 2004; Haggis, 2006; Wingate, 2006, Hill et al, 2009). For some, however, the challenges and problems associated with it may appear insurmountable (Gibbs, 2003) and for others it may appear to be simply a means by which unscrupulous employers will seek to justify their removal. This workshop aims to explore what learning developers mean when we talk about embedding skills. It will essentially be in two parts. The first part will use a short questionnaire and a student video to stimulate discussion on such practical issues as who should teach what and how; cooperation and collaboration with subject staff, and whether embedding skills in the curriculum is really more engaging for students than separate skills provision.The second half of the workshop will move on to small group discussion of case studies where skills are partially or fully embedded. Following discussion, participants will be encouraged to develop an action plan which will allow them to explore specific ways that they can influence student engagement with the skills they need to develop as learners, both at University and beyond.


In collective decision making, members of a group need to coordinate their actions in order to achieve a desirable outcome. When there is no direct communication between group members, one must decide based on inferring others' intentions from their actions. The inference of others' intentions is called "theory of mind" and can involve different levels of reasoning, from a single inference on a hidden variable to considering others partially or fully optimal and reasoning about their actions conditioned on one's own actions (levels of "theory of mind"). In this paper, we present a new Bayesian theory of collective decision making based on a simple yet most commonly observed behavior: conformity. We show that such a Bayesian framework allows one to achieve any level of theory of mind in collective decision making. The viability of our framework is demonstrated on two different experiments, a consensus task with 120 subjects and a volunteer's dilemma task with 29 subjects, each with multiple conditions.


BACKGROUND
The traumatic or degenerative internal derangement of the knee requires certain investigations for the establishment of diagnosis, in addition to clinical history and a thorough physical examination. The use of arthrography and arthroscopy improves the accuracy of the diagnosis. MRI scanning of the knee joint has often been regarded as the noninvasive alternative to diagnostic arthroscopy.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the study was to correlate clinical and low field MRI findings with arthroscopy in internal derangement of the knee.

METHODS
Forty one patients with suspected internal derangement of the knee were subjected to MR examination followed by arthroscopy. Clinical criteria used were history, mode of injury, Mc Murray, Apley grinding, Thessaly test for meniscal injury. Drawer test was considered to be essential for clinical diagnosis of cruciate ligament injury. MRI of the knee was performed in low field open magnet (0.35T, Magnetom C, Seimens). Arthroscopy was done within two months of MR examination and was considered gold standard for the internal derangement of the knee.

RESULTS
The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination were 96.1%, 33.3% and 73.1% respectively for medial meniscal tear; 38.4%, 96.4% and 78.1% respectively for lateral meniscal tear. The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy of MRI were 92.3%,100% and 95.1% for medial meniscal tear; 84.6%96.4% and 92.6% respectively for lateral meniscal tear.

CONCLUSION
Clinical examination showed higher sensitivity for medial meniscal tear compared to MRI, however with low specificity and diagnostic accuracy. Low field MRI showed high sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy for meniscal and cruciate ligament injury, in addition to associated derangement like articular cartilage damage, synovial thickening.


The infrared (IR) transmission and reflection properties of the ceramic thermal barrier coatings have great implications on the overall performance of a component operated at high temperatures, where a significant amount of heat from external IR radiation will propagate through the coating toward the underlying substrate. A high-temperature photonic structure can be used to limit this radiation transport while operating at temperatures above 1000 °C. Herein, we present the concept of a broadband and angle-insensitive IR reflector, based on 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) that consists of a ceramic material with high thermal stability and low thermal conductivity. We numerically demonstrate that the multistack ceramic 3D PhCs can provide >80% of bi-hemispherical reflectance in the wavelength region of 1–5 μm.


This thesis explores the discursive constructions of literature in GCSE English literature policy and
their implications for teaching practice. It analyses the ways in which literature is constructed
through the language of policy and identifies the differences between constructions in order to
understand the discourses that are drawn upon and their relationship to one another. It examines
the discursive contexts within which the different constructions of literature are deployed and
identifies what subject positions are made available by these constructions. Finally, this study
scrutinises the relationship between discourse and practice, exploring what can potentially be
thought, felt and experienced by teachers positioned by the discursive constructions of literature.
This is important because with the implementation of the reformed GCSE in English literature in
2015 came a tendency for teachers to perceive the subject as something over which they had no
control, resulting in a potential misconception of its purpose.
This research followed an interpretive paradigm. Six teachers of literature from a school in the south
of England took part in the research over six months. The data collected comprised policy
documentation, group and individual interviews, observations, metaphors, and creative responses to
literature. Data were analysed using Willig's (2013) procedural guidelines for Foucauldian Discourse
Analysis. The use of Foucauldian Discourse Analysis and Foucault's social theory allowed a
systematic enquiry of policy and practice in ways that threw light upon assumptions about the
reformed GCSE in English literature being a 'memory test' that undermined teacher's expertise.
This study contributes new professional knowledge because it challenges professional assumptions
about the intentions of the reformed GCSE in English literature and presents a hitherto
unacknowledged disjuncture between reality and perception. Implications for both practice and
research are discussed in light of this dissonance.


The last several years have brought a growing body of work on ensuring that recommender systems are in some sense consumer-fair -- that is, they provide comparable quality of service, accuracy of representation, and other effects to their users. However, there are many different strategies to make systems more fair and a range of intervention points. In this position paper, we build on ongoing work to highlight the need for researchers and practitioners to attend to the details of their application, users, and the fairness objective they aim to achieve, and adopt interventions that are appropriate to the situation. We argue that consumer fairness should be a creative endeavor flowing from the particularities of the specific problem to be solved.