The Nouna1 1#AS and VL have contributed equally to the manuscript. Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) is located in rural Burkina Faso and has existed since 1992. Currently, it has about 78,000 inhabitants. It is a member of the International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health in Developing Countries (INDEPTH), a global network of memberswho conducts longitudinal health and demographic evaluation of populations in low- and middle-income countries. The health facilities consist of one hospital and 13 basic health centres (locally known as CSPS). The Nouna HDSS has been used as a sampling frame for numerous studies in the fields of clinical research, epidemiology, health economics, and health systems research. In this paper we review some of the main findings, and we describe the effects that almost 20 years of health research activities have shown in the population in general and in terms of the perception, economic implications, and other indicators. Longitudinal data analyses show that childhood, as well as overall mortality, has significantly decreased over the observation period 1993–2007. The under-five mortality rate dropped from about 40 per 1,000 person-years in the mid-1990s to below 30 per 1,000 in 2007. Further efforts are needed to meet goal four of the Millennium Development Goals, which is to reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015.


Professor George Miller, who has died at the age of 66, was primarily an epidemiologist interested in cardiovascular disease, with the considerable advantage that he was unusually knowledgeable in the fields of biochemistry, haematology, and medical statistics, on which much of his work depended. But he had even wider ranging interests, having also worked on the economics of land and tax policies, based on his study of British history over 1000 years, and which led to two major publications.

George James Miller was born in Liverpool. He graduated from Manchester University's medical school in 1963. After appointments in Manchester, he moved to the University Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica, before joining the clinical scientific staff of the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit there. It was during this time that his aptitude for epidemiology emerged. By careful studies of lung function and smoking habits in the community, he showed how a form of pulmonary fibrosis unique to the region was attributable to the habit of smoking black-fat tobacco. In 1971 he returned to the United Kingdom to join the MRC Pneumoconiosis Unit, Penarth, South Wales. While there, he collaborated with his brother, Norman, then working in Edinburgh, to write a paper that was to become the most cited ever published in the …


This article seeks to explore the area of  women's writing as to provide additional material for a discussion on the psychoanalytic perspective of gender development and the importance it has in the formation of female identity. With the attempt to review old debates on the existence of phallic and ovarian art, this article will contribute to it by providing a comparative study of Freudian and Lacanian theories of gender development. Oedipus myth and Freud's theories based on the phallus will be confronted with Lacan's theories. The main innovation of this article compared to the previous achievements in this field is the introduction of Lacan's term jouissance and its connection to female identity and the understandings of the childbirth metaphor. Jouissance represents surplus of enjoyment that can be explained through the resistance to prohibition, while the childbirth metaphor illustrates how gender creates and forms inscriptions of rules in female discourse. What can be concluded is that the significant number of female authors follow three phases: she tries to imitate her masculine colleagues, then she experiences the great feeling of resistance, and at the end she creates her own discourse, born through the processes of obedience and rebellion. While male writers can only create, women are able to both create and procreate. The childbirth metaphor has also served for centuries as a linguistic reunion of what culture and patriarchal literary tradition have sundered. By linking missing parts together, this article serves as a metaphor for one psychoanalitic movement towards jouissance of women's writing.


The protein product of the proto-oncogene c-src is a membrane- associated tyrosine kinase of unknown function. Identification of pp60c- src target membranes may elucidate the function of the c-src protein. The available evidence indicates that pp60c-src associates with distinct membranes within single cell types and has different distributions in different cell types. Our experiments demonstrate targeting of pp60c-src to an isolatable and biochemically identified membrane fraction in the neuroendocrine cell line PC12. The c-src protein was found to be specifically associated with synaptic vesicles since: (a) the pp60c-src immunofluorescent pattern overlapped with a synaptic vesicle marker, synaptophysin; (b) a significant proportion (44%) of the pp60c-src from PC12 but not fibroblast postnuclear supernatants was recovered in a small vesicle fraction; (c) an anti- synaptophysin cytoplasmic domain antibody immunodepleted all of the pp60c-src vesicles in this fraction, and (d) pp60c-src copurified during a 100-fold purification of PC12 synaptic vesicles. These results suggest a role for the c-src protein in the regulation of synaptic vesicle function.


BACKGROUND
Data on the rate of dementia is essential for planning and developing appropriate services at the national level.

OBJECTIVE
We report the prevalence and incidence of dementia, based on electronic health records available for the whole population.

METHODS
This national dementia dataset was established as a part of the National Program to Address Alzheimer's and Other Types of Dementia. Data from medical health records for all persons aged 45+ in Israel, for 2016, were extracted from the databases of the four health maintenance organizations. Dementia cases were identified based on either recorded dementia diagnosis, through International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 and ICD-10) or dispensation of anti-dementia drugs. The date of first diagnosis was determined by the earliest recording.

RESULTS
A total of 65,951 persons with dementia, aged 45+, were identified from electronic health data. Based on both ICD codes and anti-dementia drugs, the prevalence rates of dementia among individuals aged 45+ and 65+ in 2016 were 2.5%and 6.4%, respectively, and the incidence rates were 0.49%and 1.3%, respectively. Based on ICD codes alone, the prevalence rates of dementia among individuals aged 45+ and 65+ in 2016 were 2.1%and 5.4%respectively, and the incidence rates were 0.36%and 0.96%respectively. The rates were higher among females compared to males and paradoxically lower in lower socioeconomic status compared to higher statuses.

CONCLUSION
This data collection reflects the present access of dementia patients to medical care resources and provides the basis for service planning and future dementia policies.


Securing the country s long term hydrocarbons self-suf ciency will require the adoption of a new set of advanced technologies such as offshore engineering, enhanced recovery (EOR), production of unconventional hydrocarbons, and environmental techniques suitable for these new types of projects. These technological changes present an opportunity to develop, in Colombia, a new type of advanced oil industry with international projection. To create this new type of industry, we must abandon the traditional extractive model based simply on the bringing to the surface and selling of the raw resource, to become an industry based on the generation of added value and knowledge. This resource-based development model will not only be more pro table but will also give the country independence and autonomy to formulate and execute its energy policies with the national interest as the top priority.


This paper aims to explore the relationship between the Republic of Indonesia and the Sultanate of Oman. Oman is one of the Middle Eastern countries which have strengthened its relationship with Indonesia. In recent years, Jakarta-Muscat ties have gradually developed in various spheres, although the cooperation remains limited compared to Indonesia's ties with other regional states. Despite these developments, Indonesia's ties with Middle Eastern countries has received little attention in the literature. This paper thus aims to examine the nature and scope of the relationship between Indonesia and Oman in a number of spheres based on Eberling (2017)'s five-dimensional framework, which includes political-diplomatic relations, economic-trade relations, military- security relations, cultural relations, as well as petroleum-energy relations. At the same time, the paper also intends to identify the opportunities available for the two countries to expand their ties.


BACKGROUND
Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol product, is used in plant defense from fungal and microbial aggression. It is found naturally, especially in plants such as grapes, peanuts, and berries. It has the highest concentrations in blueberries, mulberries, blackberries, and the skin of red grapes. Resveratrol has various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antineoplastic activities.

METHODS
We conducted a literature survey using standard tools such as Google, Reaxys, Scifinder, Scihub, and patent Espacenet to compile the biosynthetic pathways, all organic synthetic methods, and biological activities reported for resveratrol till date.

RESULTS
More than one hundred research articles and patents were referred to write this review. About twenty-five of them are related to chemical synthesis, and the rests are about the source, pharmacological activity, and other properties of resveratrol. This study reveals that many common pathways are involved in various pharmacological activities, which can be useful for treating various diseases based on the pathways involved. Reactions such as Pfitzner-Moffatt oxidation, WittigHorner condensation, Mizoroki-Heck, Perkin, Wittig, etc. have been used in resveratrol synthesis. A structure-activity relationship was also established based on its analogs and derivatives.

CONCLUSION
This review examined and reported all the published biological activities and chemical syntheses of resveratrol apart from the biosynthetic pathway. Due to its valuable biological activities, various synthetic approaches have been reported till date. The reported synthetic operations are suitable for large-scale industrial production. Moreover, these comprehensive synthetic procedures could be utilized in the preparation of stilbenes and other related compounds in future endeavors.


This article endeavors to profile the types of research published in the Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) from 2000 to 2007. An analysis of the published material includes examining variables such as citation analysis, universities associated with the most publications, geographic diversity, authors" backgrounds, subject areas most often investigated, and research methodologies. Like other profiling research, this work has implications for researchers, journal editors, universities, and research institutions. Since this work has utilized variables published in a previous study, the findings will allow a comparison to be made between JECR"s profile and other Information Systems (IS) journals. Also, as this is the first profiling work for any Electronic Commerce Journal, it is thus likely to form the basis and motivation for profiling other journals in this area.


Case law stemming from the Schumacker judgment, has confirmed that the Member State of employment does not, in principle, have to grant deductions related to personal and family circumstances to a non-resident. However, the CJEU has allowed for an exception to this rule (the socalled 'Schumacker-exception'). In its judgment of 9 February 2017 in the X case, the CJEU sheds more light on the applicability of this exception and on the situation of multiple Member States of employment. In this article the author first analyses the relevant case law rendered before X that provides more clarity on when the Schumacker exception applies and follow this with an analysis of the X case and its consequences. She concludes by discussing some remaining issues.


Using collaborative action research, this study aimed to investigate the practice of implementing an aesthetic thematic curriculum in a preschool in Taiwan. The author served as a curriculum consultant and co-teacher with two early childhood teachers in a mixed-age preschool class. The participants were 22 young children aged 3 to 5. Data sources included classroom observations, interviews, teaching reflection notes, aesthetic ability assessment, and other documentation. The major findings are as follows. (1) Based on young children's life experiences, the co-teachers applied a thematic approach to integrating the aesthetic domain and other learning domains in the aesthetic thematic curriculum, focusing on the topic of "Beautiful Restaurants." (2) The young children's aesthetic abilities were developed in terms of exploring and perceiving, performing and creating, and responding and appreciating. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the children's aesthetic abilities. (3) The co-teachers promoted their professional development in aesthetic curriculum design and aesthetic teaching skills. Recommendations for early childhood aesthetic education and teacher education are discussed.


Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with characteristic neonatal hypotonia, followed by obesity, low height, hypogonadism and mental retardation. In this paper a case of 22-year-old man suffering from Prader-Willi syndrome is described.


Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between fetal head rotation and direction sonographically detected during the second stage of labour. Methods: A group of unselected women in the second stage of labour underwent serial digital examinations followed by translabial ultrasound. In a sagittal section of the maternal pelvis, the direction of the head was categorized as downward, horizontal or upward. In the transverse plane the angle between the midline of the fetal brain and the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis was noted and the rotation of the head was established (< or ≥ 45◦). Clinical and ultrasound data were compared using Somer's d test. Results: Sixty women were included in the study group with a total of 168 and a median of 3 ultrasound and clinical examinations performed for each fetus (see table 1). When rotation was sonographically undetectable on the axial plane (28/168 or 16.6%), fetal head was always directed downward on the sagittal plane (28/28). With a rotation ≥ 45◦ (75 cases), fetal head direction was mostly horizontal (44 or 58.7%), while a rotation < 45◦ was usually associated with upward direction of fetal head (45/65 or 69.2%). Rotation < 45◦ and upward direction of the head were more strongly correlated if only cases with occiput anterior were considered. In these cases, the probability of a clinically established low station (≥ 3 cms) was particularly high when an upward direction of the head was seen in combination with a rotation of < 45◦ (40/42 examinations or 95%). All comparisons demonstrated a statistically significant relationship with P < .0001. Conclusions: Fetal head rotation and direction as sonographically determined in the second stage of labour show a significant correlation with each other as with clinically established station, particularly in fetuses with occiput anterior.


One is about a story of experience carried through together to the professors of Sciences of the state net of education of a city of the interior of the state of the Great River of the Brazil South. The educative activity was developed together the 35 professors, having had as thematic action of sanitary monitoring and the interface with the National Curricular Parameters. It was objectified to favor spaces of reflection between professionals of health and professors, in order to promote the new to signify of its experiences for the transformation of the social reality, through the concretion of local actions of sanitary monitoring, that can effectively intervine in the prevention of injuries to the collective and individual health. Descriptors: Education in health; Health surveillance; Health promotion.


The study argues for a reassessment of the role of state supported faith schools in plural civic societies. In England, government policy supports their expansion. Problems associated with this policy are hard to resolve. A particular difficulty arises from OFSTED reports pointing to faith schools' apparently greater academic achievement and better experience in them of social, moral, cultural and spiritual development.
Aiming towards a resolution of the problem the study addresses intellectually the concerns which such privileging of religion in education raises in modern times alongside developing an appropriate methodology to illuminate further OFSTED findings about faith schools. Here Lawton's hierarchical plotting of the beliefs, values and behaviours of a school culture has been formative, emphasising many aspects of life additional to goals and success or failure seen not only in terms of league table results.
An empirical study of four Catholic schools in three countries aims to interrogate the educational cultures which sustain them. It combines Lawton's conceptual mapping with Flynn's self-review tool, devised to encourage students to clarify their beliefs, attitudes and values while studying in Catholic schools. The student voice is prioritised in evaluating a faith school education. It tells of cohesive and inclusive communities, their capacity to act for themselves in their 'worlds', from principled positions for the common good and the fit between personal, spiritual and academic goals and the school culture.
The meta-narrative resulting from this study is offered as a potential evidence base through which citizens and politicians might involve themselves in a deliberative engagement with the policy question: Should plural societies operate common schools which will ensure the full educational entitlement of all students, from whatever social, cultural, ethnic or religious background or a plurality of schools, in which religious groups are accorded the right to their own schools?


One recommendation of the National Construction Safety Team for the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster [1] is to enhance the capability of available computational software to predict the effects of fires in buildings, for use in the design of fire protection systems and the analysis of building response to fires. This paper presents two new interfaces in fire-thermal-structural analysis. The first interface uses adiabatic surface temperatures to provide an efficient way of transferring thermal results from a fire simulation to a thermal analysis. It assigns these temperatures to surface elements of structural members based on proximity and directionality. The second interface allows the transfer of temperature results from a thermal analysis modeled with solid elements to a structural analysis modeled with beams and shells. The interface also allows the reverse, namely the geometric updating of the thermal model with deflections and strains obtained from the structural analysis. This last step is particularly useful in intense fires of long duration, where significant deflections and strains could cause damage to insulation and displace the structure to a different thermal regime. The procedures can be used for a variety of fire simulation, thermal and structural analysis software.


To talk about rock music is usually to talk about powerful sounds, cool, confident and sexually attractive characters, nice cars, scandals without consequences, money and careless lifestyle. But this is only one side of the medal. Other, hidden from the audience, includes life full of stressors, alcohol and drug abuse and occupational illnesses. Highly competitive atmosphere, high expectations and need of steady money income exhaust young musicians and they become prone to alcohol and drug abuse. Easy availability of those substances in their workplace (bars, pubs, clubs, festivals...) has contributed to their addictive health-damaging behavior. In one study by Raeburn,1 80% of the examined musicians drank alcohol regularly, 30% used drugs regularly and 50% used drugs on occasion. They uniformly reported that their use of substances increased considerably when performance schedules increased and they spent more time in bars and clubs.Rock stars have significantly higher mortality from 3 to 25 years after becoming famous (1 .7 times higher) than demographically matched populations in the USA and the UK as proved by Bellis et al.2 A rock star is 70% more likely to die early then an average population member, and this risk is 240% higher in the first 5 years of fame. The leading cause of death in this study was the drug and alcohol abuse (one in four deaths), but cancer, accidents and cardiovascular diseases are also ranked high. According to other studies on premature rock star deaths,3 the average age of death was 36.9 years on a sample of 32 1 subjects, and the leading death causes were accidents (7 1), followed by drug and alcohol abuse (49), heart attack (42), suicides (36), neoplasms (32) and murders (24). If we analyze premature rock stars' deaths by decades of the 20th and the 21st century,4 we can notice how a progressively larger number of premature deaths has occurred. In the 1950s and the 1960s accidents were a leading cause of death, while during the next decades substance abuse occupied a bigger share. This trend diminished in the 1990s and 2000.Whether a coincidence or not, many famous and prominent rock musicians died at the age of 27. This gave rise to popular myths about »Club 27« and »white lighter« that victims supposedly had with them at the time of their death. The inducement of stories about Rock club 27 were the deaths of a seemingly unusual number of exposed rock stars at the age of 27 within a period of two years. They were Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison. The list of rock stars that died at the same age of 27 years is much longer and only some of them are presented here.5,6Brian Jones (1942-1969) was a multi-instrumentalist and founding member of the »Rolling Stones«. His relationship with other members of the group became strained when they found out that he was making more money than others by the contract that he had signed for all band members. He was arrested a few times during his lifetime for drug possession and regularly used LSD, marijuana and alcohol. His evolvement in band matters slowly decreased and he was given only minor roles. As tensions grew, he was finally expelled from the band in 1969. He died under suspicious circumstances, but probably under the influence of substances that he abused. His body was found by his girlfriend at the bottom of his swimming pool. The coroner noted his liver and heart were heavily enlarged by drug and alcohol abuse. His relationship with other band members was so poor that they performed at a concert two days after his death.Jimi Hendrix (1942-1970) is considered to be the greatest electric guitar player by many rock fans. His career lasted only for three and a half years. He was expelled from his high school for poor grades and attendance problems and he actually could not read music. Problematic behavior followed him through his life. Alcohol, cannabis, hashish, amphetamines and heroin are on a list of substances that he abused, but he is widely associated with use of LSD. …


A microfluidic chip approach utilising integrated electrically connected stationary SERS targets based on inkjet-printed silver nanoparticles is presented. It enables multiple interference-free consecutive surface-enhanced Raman measurements inside chip channels by electrically assisted regeneration of the stationary SERS substrate. Thereby it circumvents common adsorption and memory effect problems associated with stationary SERS targets allowing multiple consecutive measurements in a continuous-flow system.


The New Media landscape is diverse and complex. More importantly, as noted by Lev Manovich, it is fundamentally new. This paper will explore one instance of New Media, the social news site reddit, in terms of several theoretical frameworks, situating the site both in terms of its historical precedents and novel contributions to the New Media landscape. The analysis will show that the affordances of New Media embodied in reddit, including expansions on Ritual Communication and Distributed Cognition, along with a Web 2.0 ethos that highly values interactivity and user-control, have made reddit a site of 21st century community building.


This paper describes a unique coupling of an architectural urban design studio with an in-depth digital media course in order to explore new ways of architectural expression, form finding and communication. It reports on the variables, goals and outcomes of this design studio as well as its integration of digital parametric design that allowed the participants to create innovative urban design language, based on parametric descriptions. The paper portrays the educational approach; the way parametric computer design tools have been introduced, as well as the process and outcomes of the studio. It discusses implications on design education as well as understanding and communicating of complex design tasks that are responsive to a variety of parameters.


Since the mid to late 1990s, the World Wide Web has been used as a distributed learning mechanism, enhancing the digital learning environment to support distance and on-campus students. Web technology has been adopted to assist learners with real-time studying at a distance. Consequently, Web delivery has grown rapidly and has been used as a vehicle for learning. Many universities have developed wholly online distance education programs. These changes in distance education have been developed in an attempt to provide easier access to educational opportunities for students who are located remotely from the university, who are working or who have other constraints/commitments such as family commitments. However, online distance learning in Computer Science courses remains challenging for both instructors and students. Research has shown that there is a significant risk factor for online courses in Computer Science. Course developers and instructors need to be aware of the particular needs of Computer Science students when establishing online courses, if they wish to graduate successful and satisfied students. This is particularly true in technical subjects where teaching and learning in an online environment is even more challenging. This paper aims to identify the technological and social enablers and barriers to effective teaching of Computer Science topics in a wholly online environment from the perspective of instructors and learners by using the School of Computer Information Science (SCIS) as a case study. The paper reports the preliminary findings of historical enrolment data from SCIS, to determine if the online environment is a major factor in retention rates for online students.


Purpose To analyze the appearance of structural abnormalities due to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) toxicity by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and short-wavelength autofluorescence (SW-AF) and near-infrared fundus autofluorescence (NIR-AF) imaging. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 88 eyes from 44 patients who had a history of or were currently taking HCQ. SD-OCT, SW-AF, and NIR-AF images were analyzed by two independent graders for the detection of HCQ-associated abnormalities. Results Sixty eyes (30 patients, 68%) presented with no abnormalities for either imaging modality. Twenty eyes (10 patients, 23%) presented with parafoveal abnormalities (ellipsoid zone attenuation and/or interdigitation zone continuity loss) in SD-OCT scans but with qualitatively normal SW-AF and NIR-AF images. Eight eyes (four patients, 9%) presented with bull's-eye maculopathy in SW-AF and NIR-AF images, with corresponding outer retinal structures disrupted parafoveally in SD-OCT scans ("flying saucer" sign). No patients presented with normal SD-OCT scans and concurrent abnormalities in SW-AF or NIR-AF images. Conclusions SD-OCT was more sensitive in detecting structural abnormalities than either SW-AF or NIR-AF imaging, suggesting its superiority as a screening imaging modality for HCQ toxicity. Maculopathy and abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium from HCQ toxicity can be appreciated in both SW-AF and NIR-AF images. Translational Relevance Although debate exists regarding the best imaging modalities for screening patients for potential HCQ toxicity, our study supports the use of SD-OCT over both SW-AF and NIR-AF imaging as a screening modality.


In order to overcome the system nonlinear instability and uncertainty inherent in magnetic bearing systems, two PID neural network controllers (BP-based and GA-based) are designed and trained to emulate the operation of a complete system. Through the theoretical deduction and simulation results, the principles for the parameters choice of two neural network controllers are given. The feasibility of using the neural network to control nonlinear magnetic bearing systems with un-known dynamics is demonstrated. The robust performance and reinforcement learning capability in controlling magnetic bearing systems are compared between two PID neural network controllers.


XML is a tree-oriented meta-language and understanding XML structures can often involve the construction of visual trees. These trees may use a variety of graphics for chosen elements and often condense or elide sections of the tree to aid focus, as well as adding extra explanatory graphical material such as callouts and cross-tree links. We outline an automated approach for building such trees with great flexibility, based on the use of XSLT, SVG and a functional layout package. This paper concentrates on techniques to declare and implement such flexible decoration, rather than the layout of the tree itself.


Multiple access-based collision avoidance MAC protocols have typically used fixed transmission power and have not considered power control mechanisms based on the distance of the transmitter and receiver in order to improve spatial channel reuse. We motivate transmission power control and investigate the challenges involved in implementing power control in multiple access wireless packet networks. For this work, we focus on wireless ad-hoc networks, where the links connecting source destination pairs are all wireless. Power control has been implemented in cellular networks such as CDMA (code division multiple access) for guide some time now. However these protocols depend on centralized control (i.e. base stations) and duplex communications that are not inherently, present in wireless multiple access packet networks. Our simulation results show that implementing power control in a multiple access environment can improve the throughput performance of the non-power controlled IEEE 802.11 by a factor of 2, thus providing a compelling reason for migrating to a new power controlled multiple access wireless MAC protocol standard.


Reported is an investigation into the effect of spherical aberration caused by the mismatch of the refractive indices between the recording material and its immersion medium on the three-dimensional optical data-storage density in a two-photon bleaching polymer. It is found both theoretically and experimentally that spherical aberration can be compensated for by a change in the tube length at which a microscope objective is operated in recording and reading processes. After compensation for the spherical aberration it is possible to achieve a three-dimensional recording density of 3.5 Tbits/cm(3) for a commercial objective with a numerical aperture of 1.4.


SUMMARY In an effort to understand the arrangement of the basic 30 nm chromatin fibre within metaphase chromosomes, changes in the organization of prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) were examined as a function of progression through the cell cycle. The structural features of PCC observed under the light microscope were compared with those obtained by scanning electron microscopy. PCC with varying levels of condensation were obtained by fusing mitotic HeLa cells with interphase cells synchronized at different times in the cell cycle. PCC from G1 cells are composed of rather tightly packed bundles of tortuous chromatin fibres. The density of fibre packing along the longitudinal axis of G1-phase PCC is lower and less uniform than that of metaphase chromosomes. Early G1 PCC exhibit gyres suggesting a despiralized chromonema. The condensed domains in G1 PCC appear to be organized as supercoiled loops; whereas fibre-sparse domains consist of longitudinal fibres running along the chromosome axis. As cells progressed towards S phase, a greater proportion of highly extended regions containing prominent longitudinal fibres became evident in the PCC. The pulverized appearance of S-phase PCC under the light microscope corresponded to the highly condensed, looping fibre domains separated by more extended segments containing longitudinal fibres that are visualized using the scanning electron microscope. Active sites of DNA synthesis are implicated to be localized within extended longitudinal fibres. Post-replicative chromosome maturation extends through the G2 period and appears to involve rearrangement of the extended longitudinal fibres into packed looping-fibre clusters, which then coalesce. These observations support the model for packing DNA into chromosomes proposed in 1980 by Mullinger & Johnson. Briefly, this model suggests that the chromonema of each metaphase chromatid contains regions composed of folded longitudinal chromatin fibres as well as looping fibres that emerge from the axis at distinct foci. The final level of chromatin packing in metaphase chromosomes is attained by spiralization of the chromonema.


A resistive gas sensor under the influence of a target gas is considered as a system. The input to this system is a time-varying voltage applied to the sensor's heating element, which modulates the operating temperature of the sensor. The output of the system is the transient response of the sensor to a contaminating gas present. The properties of the system change with respect to the nature and concentration of the contaminant. The system identification technique is employed for the determination of the major parameters of this sensing system for the first time. An unknown target gas was identified based on the features extracted from the related set of system parameters.


The effect of laser radiation on the central nervous system has been studied in cases of clinical and experimental tumors. However, no report yet exists on the effects of laser radiation on the cerebral microcirculation in vivo. Cerebral fluorescein angiography permits observations of small vessels that are not possible by conventional angiography. In this study, disturbance in the epicerebral microcirculation after carbon dioxide laser radiation was localized. On fluorescein angiograms, a circular zone of nonfilling of fluorescein dye around the site of impact, 1 to 1.5 mm in diameter, was seen throughout from the arterial to later venous phase. Around the nonfilling area, thrombus formation in small vessles and extravasation of the dye were demonstrated. Such extravasation of the fluorescein remained after the dye had faded from the venules and veins. Microscopically, coagulation necrosis was observed to coincide with the area of nonfillin of fluorescein dye in the fluorescein angiograms. In areas surrounding this, edema, dilatation or rupture of the capillaries, and thrombus formation in the arterioles were observed. Such areas coincided with those of extravasation of the fluorescein dye.


This communication presents a new 4-port feeding structure with sequential phase (SP) of 0°, 90°, 180° and 270 using a circularly polarized (CP) shorted loop. A 2 × 2 single-fed circularly polarized cornertruncated patch array is connected to the loop's four shorting strips, which serve as 4 feeding ports with stable phase difference. By using the proposed SP feed, the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of the array is increased to more than 7%, wider than the previous design. A prototype of the proposed antenna is built to validate the design experimentally, and a global bandwidth of 4.86-5.12 GHz is achieved (S11 ≤ -10 dB, <;3 dB, and gain variation within 3 dB).


Evolutionary algorithms offer great promise for the automatic design of robot bodies, tailoring them to specific environments or tasks. Most research is done on simplified models or virtual robots in physics simulators, which do not capture the natural noise and richness of the real world. Very few of these virtual robots are built as physical robots, and the few that are will rarely be further improved in the actual environment they operate in, limiting the effectiveness of the automatic design process. We utilize our shape-shifting quadruped robot, which allows us to optimize the design in its real-world environment. The robot is able to change the length of its legs during operation, and is robust enough for complex experiments and tasks. We have co-evolved control and morphology in several different scenarios, and have seen that the algorithm is able to exploit the dynamic morphology solely through real-world experiments.


The generative cell wall in the pollen grain of Endymion non-scriptus is formed, as in somatic cells, from a cell plate between the vegetative and generative nuclei. This wall curves around the generative nucleus, and fuses with the intine to enclose the generative cell. The generative cell is subsequently freed from the intine by the constriction of the generative cell wall between the generative nucleus and the intine.


ABSTRACT
Architecture a part of exploration resourches on the earth that have implies overexploration. The fact, building as a part it, have most of component material building that important position to determine architecture environment. Architectural design process that have connection with environmetal aspect, can take more acces to manage the environment..
Building needs much about energy, needs to users activity or to construct that building development. First that building stand on the ground until users can active to play their work, have more element or factor to reach balance procces for manage environment.
This research give illustration to open our mind about management building envelope to back up the concept about sustainability in energy. Concept of sustainability, building a part of energy management, performance of energy of building envelope, sustainability determined building envelope, all of this item are topic this research.
Key words:building envelope, sustainable architecture,energy management


Based on compressive sampling theory, a novel method for high-resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging is presented in this letter by transmitting sparse probing frequencies. In this method, only a few measurements in the range frequency and cross-range time domains are needed to reconstruct the target scene by solving an inverse problem through either a linear program or a greedy pursuit. By transmitting merely a few probe frequencies instead of wideband signals, the proposed method can obtain an unambiguous ISAR image with superresolution. The validity of the proposed approach is also confirmed using numerical simulations and real data.


At a meeting on survey data fabrication in Washington, D.C., last week, Michael Robbins and Noble Kuriakose presented an update on their statistical test that has been roiling the survey research community for the past year. When they apply the test to more than 1000 public data sets from international surveys, about one in five of the surveys fail, indicating a high likelihood of fabricated data. At the meeting, they debuted an analysis, focusing on 309 international studies funded by the Pew Research Center, that found a failure rate of 30%. "Robbins and Kuriakose have uncovered a massive problem," says Michael Spagat, an economist at Royal Holloway, University of London, who has investigated high-profile cases of possible survey data fabrication in war zones. But Pew officials dismiss the test, saying it is prone to false positives. The organization has gone so far as to request that Robbins and Kuriakose desist from publishing their original analysis, which is now in press.


textabstractThe shallow water equations in spherical geometry provide a first prototype for developing and testing numerical algorithms for atmospheric circulation models. Since the seventies these models are often solved with spectral methods. Increasing demands on grid resolution combined with massive parallelism and local grid refinement seem to offer significantly better perspectives for gridpoint methods. In this paper we study the use of Osher's finite-volume scheme for the spatial discretization of the shallow water equations on the rotating sphere. This high-order finite volume scheme of upwind type is well suited to solve a hyperbolic system of equations. Special attention is paid to the pole problem. To that end Osher's scheme is applied on the common (reduced) latitude-longitude grid and on a stereographic grid. The latter is most appropriate in the polar region as in stereographic coordinates the pole singularity does not exist. The latitude-longitude grid is preferred on lower latitudes. Therefore, across the sphere we apply Osher's scheme on a combined grid connecting the two grids at high latitude. We will show that this provides an attractive spatial discretization for explicit integration methods, as it can greatly reduce the time step limitation incurred by the pole singularity when using a latitude-longitude grid only. When time step limitation plays no significant role, the standard (reduced) latitude-longitude grid is advocated provided that the grid is kept sufficiently fine in the polar region to resolve flow over the poles.


For every class $\mathscr{C}$ of word languages, one may associate a decision problem called $\mathscr{C}$-separation. Given two regular languages, it asks whether there exists a third language in $\mathscr{C}$ containing the first language, while being disjoint from the second one. Usually, finding an algorithm deciding $\mathscr{C}$-separation yields a deep insight on $\mathscr{C}$.
We consider classes defined by fragments of first-order logic. Given such a fragment, one may often build a larger class by adding more predicates to its signature. In the paper, we investigate the operation of enriching signatures with modular predicates. Our main theorem is a generic transfer result for this construction. Informally, we show that when a logical fragment is equipped with a signature containing the successor predicate, separation for the stronger logic enriched with modular predicates reduces to separation for the original logic. This result actually applies to a more general decision problem, called the covering problem.


Eleven functional plant materials were identified via a literature search, and their antioxidant capacity and inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells were tested. Yields from hot water extracts of the materials were the highest (52.10%) in Lycii fructus, and the yields from Phellinus linteus were the lowest (5.7%). The yields of another were 14.50-42.47%. Total phenol and flavonoids contents were the highest in P. linteus. The EC50 values for DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were lower than 100 μg/ml for Salvia miltiorrhiza, whereas the values for P. linteus, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Paeonia lactiflora were 100-200 μg/ml. The EC50 value for the superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of all the extracts was higher than 300 μg/ml. P. linteus for the reducing power was shown the highest activity. Fe chelating activity was the highest in the Morus alba extract. In an MTT assay, the cell viability of the RAW264.7 LPS-exposed cells was above 80% in extracts of 50 μg/ml and above 77% in extracts of 100 μg/ml in all the plant materials except Acanthopanax sessiliflorum. NO production in the RAW264.7 LPS-exposed cells showed a 12-fold increase compared to the control. The NO production level of all the extracts was 6.86-26.18 μM. Notably, 100 μg/ml of S. baicalensis extract showed a remarkable decrease in NO production (72%) compared with the control. The potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of S.baicalensis, P. linteus, S. miltiorrhiza, M. alba, and P. lactiflora suggest that they are potential candidates as functional materials.


Neural tube defects are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the South African population and occur in about 1 in 800 births. They are usually multifactorial in aetioloyy and this study analysed some of the possible risk factors, both environmental and genetic, in an attempt to establish their relative importance to the occurrence of neural tube defects in the population of Gauteng. A retrospective study was undertaken using 640 files of patients with neural tube defects seen at the Genetic Counselling Clinics of the Department of Human Genetics, University of the Witwatersrand and School of Pathology, South African Institute for Medical Research. The study showed that while maternal age was not a significant risk factor for the occurrence of neural tube defects, maternal parity did play a role. In addition, a history of spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations in other offspring seemed to increase a couple's risk of having a subsequent pregnancy affected by a neural tube defect. Maternal factors such as diet and teratogen exposure during pregnancy were also shown to be important risk factors. Correlations could not be demonstrated between season of birth, social class or history of twinning and the occurrence of neural tube defects. The study also attempted to determine the recurrence risks of neural tube defects in the population and the sex ratios of affected individuals. A recurrence risk of 2.28% was calculated for neural tube defects following the birth of one affected child and significantly more females were shown to be a fleeted by these disorders. In addition, a molecular analysis was undertaken to determine the contribution of the 677C-T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene to the aetiology of neural tube defects in the black population of Gauteng. The mutation was shown to occur significantly more frequently in the Caucasoid than in the Negroid population uf Gauteng. The occurrence of the mutation was not shown to be significantly different in the small sample of black women tested who had had pregnancies complicated by neural tube defects than in the general population from which they were drawn. The study also undertook to ascertain some of the psychosocial issues surrounding the birth of a child with a neural tube defect in the black population of South Africa. Interviews were performed with black women who had had affected pregnancies and the findings were compared to matched controls from the same population. The results indicated that awareness of and understanding of the aetiology of neural tube defects is low in this population. The results indicated however that there was a willingness to undergo prenatal diagnosis and termination of affected pregnancies in both the experimental and control groups interviewed. Significantly more women who had had children with neural tube defects were shown to suffer from depression than women from the matched control group.


Natural killer (NK) cells are the first lymphoid population to reconstitute the peripheral blood compartment of immunologically compromised bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. Recent data suggest that, among patients transplanted for leukemia, NK cells can prevent or delay disease relapse by mediating a cytotoxic graft vs leukemia (GvL) response. Although the major mechanism by which NK cells mediate target cell lysis involves degranulation and release of cytolytic effector molecules (granzymes, proteoglycans, perforin), accumulating evidence suggests that NK cells possess additional pathways to mediate target cell killing. In fact, it is well recognized that recombinant cytokines such as IL-2 enhance the in vitro cytolytic activity of NK cells. In this study, we observed that the lytic activity mediated by resting and IL-2 activated NK cells against the same target cell appears to occur via two distinct pathways, as distinguished by their differential response to R-verapamil. Specifically, we observed that 25 microM R-verapamil inhibited the lytic activity of resting NK cells against K562 targets by approximately 50%. However, the lytic activity of IL-2 activated NK cells was unaffected by this concentration of R-verapamil. Additional studies suggested that the inhibitory effect of R-verapamil on NK cytotoxic activity was associated with its ability to prevent degranulation of cytotoxic granules. Specifically, R-verapamil inhibited BLT esterase release from resting but not IL-2 activated NK cells. These data suggest that IL-2 activated NK cells can promote target cell lysis by a pathway (possibly degranulation independent) distinct from that used by resting NK cells. We speculate that the target of R-verapamil on resting NK cells is P-glycoprotein (Pgp), an ABC transporter that we recently reported was expressed on NK cells and whose functional activity is known to be inhibited by R-verapamil.


This paper demonstrates that increasing income inequality can contribute to the trends we see in American higher education, particularly in the selective, private nonprofit and public sectors. Given these institutions' selective admissions and commitment to socioeconomic diversity, the paper demonstrates how increasing income inequality leads to higher tuition, costs, and financial aid. A numerical example is presented that estimates how much lower tuition, spending (costs), and financial aid would have been if household incomes in the United States had grown by the same aggregate amount between 1971 and 2009, but with no increase in income inequality. The policy implications include the government addressing rising income inequality directly or changing the incentives facing higher education and will be of interest to those concerned with the rising cost of higher education and issues of access and affordability.


Salt marshes are valuable ecosystems that provide important ecosystem services. Given the global scale of marsh loss due to climate change and coastal squeeze, there is a pressing need to identify the critical extrinsic (wind exposure and foreshore morphology) and intrinsic factors (soil and vegetation properties) affecting the erosion of salt marsh edges. In this study, we quantified rates of cliff lateral retreat (i.e., the eroding edge of a salt marsh plateau) using a time series of aerial photographs taken over four salt marsh sites in the Westerschelde estuary, the Netherlands. In addition, we experimentally quantified the erodibility of sediment cores collected from the marsh edge of these four marshes using wave tanks. Our results revealed the following: (i) at the large scale, wind exposure and the presence of pioneer vegetation in front of the cliff were the key factors governing cliff retreat rates; (ii) at the intermediate scale, foreshore morphology was partially related to cliff retreat; (iii) at the local scale, the erodibility of the sediment itself at the marsh edge played a large role in determining the cliff retreat rate; and (iv) at the mesocosm scale, cliff erodibility was determined by soil properties and belowground root biomass. Thus, both extrinsic and intrinsic factors determined the fate of the salt marsh but at different scales. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the scale dependence of the factors driving the evolution of salt marsh landscapes.


Tolerance is an ambivalent attitude. It allows living in plurality but not in equality. The tolerant tradition of the Ottoman Empire, for example, is based on a very clear political and social hierarchy between different religions. Dominants boast of their tolerant tradition. Tolerance is also about imposing limits on the other in a unilateral way. In Republican Turkey where theoretically all citizens are equal, the majority of Turkish-speaking Sunnis tolerate non-Muslim minorities, Alevis, Kurds. It is the 'liberal' currents of this ethno-religious majority that pronounce themselves tolerant of others. However, minorities do not demand tolerance but equality because the history of Turkey for more than a century with the genocide of Armenians, pogroms, massacres, deportations have shown those who say they are tolerant can switch to each moment in extreme violence against those whom they now consider intolerable. In this framework, the discourse of tolerance prepares the ground for the reproduction of the domination of a double nationalism, religious and ethnic, under cover of a republican equality all theoretical.


Highly dense Y2O3 ceramics have been fabricated by a magnetic pulsed compaction (MPC) which is capable of reaching a sufficiently high pressure (~1GPa) in a very short duration (a few microseconds), and a subsequent pressureless sintering at 1600°C. The Y2O3 green bodies with a relative density of about 68% were achieved by the application of the MPC process due to the effect of an enhanced rearrangement and a high speed movement of the particles, without the help of ceramic binder. Those compacts showed densities greater than 95%, which is very close to the theoretical density, after the subsequent pressureless sintering process at 1600 oC. The shrinkage rates of the diameter for the samples compacted by the MPC process were markedly reduced, when compared to those for the ones by the conventional compaction (CC) process.


This thesis focuses on developing an alternative system for membrane electrode assembly (MEA) formation to use with a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The approach involves incorporating inorganic fillers with an industry standard Nafion polymer as part of a methanol resistant composite barrier layer at the anode/membrane interface of MEA featuring Nafion 117 membranes. This procedure is used to reduce the fuel cell losses related to the crossover of un-oxidised methanol through the membrane and prevent its subsequent reaction at the cathode. The inorganic filler used within this study was mordenite that has Si/Al ratio of 5 and by incorporating this into the barrier layer a superior DMFC performance has been achieved in comparison to a standard MEA featuring a Nafion 117 membrane. The voltage, current density and power density used as a measure of DMFC performance under a range of methanol molarities (1M-4M) and cell temperatures (40�C-70�C) have been taken for both the novel and standard MEA. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and AC impedance spectroscopy (ACIS) were used to give some insight into what was occurring within the MEA with regards to methanol crossover current and the proton conductivity within the DMFC. To obtain the best possible DMFC performance a range of mordenite loadings from 0wt%1.0wt% were utilised and an optimum loading of 0.5wt% was reached. MEA which featured mordenite that had undergone ion exchange into a protonated form (from the sodium form) and had a silane functional group (glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane) grafted onto the surface, gave DMFC performances that were as much as 50% better than the standard. The highest power density obtained with this MEA was 43.6mW/cm-2 compared to the 35mW/cm-2 obtained using the standard. Values obtained for the methanol crossover current and proton conductivity under working DMFC operating conditions showed that this novel MEA had as much as 16% lower methanol permeability compared to the standard combined with comparable proton conductivity when using a 1M methanol feed. The durability of a novel MEA featuring the 0.5wt% functionalised H-mordenite composite barrier layer was tested in the DMFC and compared to a standard MEA at a constant current of 50mA/cm-2 over 100 hours. The cell potential fell by 0.1mV/h in comparison to a 0.23mV/h loss observed with the standard. The work reported within this study aims to show that by incorporating a thin Nafion/mordenite composite layer at the anode/membrane interface within an MEA will result in improvements in DMFC performance. The development of this technology has led to the application for a patent due to the potential for the commercial development of DMFC using this novel approach.


chosen will influence the results. This type of debate exposes our basic lack of both techniques and data to tackle the question of objectives of the Health Service. I am sure Mr. Teeling-Smith would agree with these deficiencies; as an economist he will, I hope, join us in remedying our shortcomings rather than in indulging in polemic.-I am, etc., H. A. F. DUDLEY Surgical Unit. St. Mary's Hospital, London W.2


Smoking is known to be one of the main causes for premature deaths. A reliable smoking detection method can enable applications for an insight into a user's smoking behaviour and for use in smoking cessation programs. However, it is difficult to accurately detect smoking because it can be performed in various postures or in combination with other activities, it is less-repetitive, and it may be confused with other similar activities, such as drinking and eating. In this paper, we propose to use a two-layer hierarchical smoking detection algorithm (HLSDA) that uses a classifier at the first layer, followed by a lazy context-rule-based correction method that utilizes neighbouring segments to improve the detection. We evaluated our algorithm on a dataset of 45 hours collected over a three month period where 11 participants performed 17 hours (230 cigarettes) of smoking while sitting, standing, walking, and in a group conversation. The rest of 28 hours consists of other similar activities, such as eating, and drinking. We show that our algorithm improves recall as well as precision for smoking compared to a single layer classification approach. For smoking activity, we achieve an F-measure of 90-97% in person-dependent evaluations and 83-94% in person-independent evaluations. In most cases, our algorithm corrects up to 50% of the misclassified smoking segments. Our algorithm also improves the detection of eating and drinking in a similar way. We make our dataset and data logger publicly available for the reproducibility of our work.


Abstract. While state-of-the-art complex chemical mechanisms expand our understanding
of atmospheric chemistry, their sheer size and computational requirements
often limit simulations to short lengths or ensembles to only a few members.
Here we present and compare three 25-year present-day offline simulations
with chemical mechanisms of different levels of complexity using the
Community Earth System Model (CESM) Version 1.2 CAM-chem (CAM4): the Model
for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) mechanism, the
Reduced Hydrocarbon mechanism, and the Super-Fast mechanism. We show that,
for most regions and time periods, differences in simulated ozone chemistry
between these three mechanisms are smaller than the model–observation
differences themselves. The MOZART-4 mechanism and the Reduced Hydrocarbon
are in close agreement in their representation of ozone throughout the
troposphere during all time periods (annual, seasonal, and diurnal). While
the Super-Fast mechanism tends to have higher simulated ozone variability and
differs from the MOZART-4 mechanism over regions of high biogenic emissions,
it is surprisingly capable of simulating ozone adequately given its
simplicity. We explore the trade-offs between chemical mechanism complexity
and computational cost by identifying regions where the simpler mechanisms
are comparable to the MOZART-4 mechanism and regions where they are not. The
Super-Fast mechanism is 3 times as fast as the MOZART-4 mechanism, which
allows for longer simulations or ensembles with more members that may not be
feasible with the MOZART-4 mechanism given limited computational resources.


A promising receiver structure for LST (layered space-time) MIMO (multi-input/multi-output) schemes employs SC (single-carrier) modulation and IB-DFE (iterative block decision feedback equalization) receivers. We present a channel estimation method for these schemes. The channel estimates are obtained with the help of predefined reference blocks. These reference blocks are designed to have reduced envelope fluctuations in the time domain and the corresponding frequency domain samples have constant absolute value. This allows efficient channel estimation, and also efficient power amplification. Moreover, the reference blocks associated with the different layers are transmitted simultaneously and remain orthogonal, even for severe time-dispersive channels, allowing the estimation of all channels with a single training interval.


There are many problems associated with night shift work, involving both the disruption of social activities and the desynchrony between internal biological clock timing and the forced regimen. Both short term problems (e.g. sleep deficiency, reduced alertness and reduced performance) and potential long term problems (e.g. coronary heart disease and diabetes) may be critically dependent on whether or not the worker is able to adapt to the shift regimen. In the first of two baseline studies, the 6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythms of offshore oil workers on a two-week 12-hour night shift (1800h to 0600h) were shown to adapt to the regimen within the first seven days of the shift. The rates of phase shift (mean +/- sem) were 1.51 +/- 0.16 h/day (n=5), 1.32 +/- 0.41 h/day (n=5) and 1.77 +/- 0.31 h/day (n=17) for a winter drill crew, winter maintenance crew and summer maintenance crew respectively. The rate of adaptation was not significantly affected by the type of work conducted or the season. The second baseline study assessed the 6-sulphatox-5-onelatonin rhythms of offshore drill crews on a one-week day shift (1200h - 0000h), one-week night shift (0000h - 1200h) 'swing' shift. A crew studied in winter showed no change in their 6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythm during night shift, while a crew studied in spring showed a significant phase advance to an acrophase position of 0051h +/-1.7 hours (mean +/- sem). This data, together with that of the first baseline study, indicate that both the type of shift and the season influence the direction and degree of adaptation. A simulation study was conducted to assess the hormonal and metabolic response to a test meal during the first night of night shift (1800h to 0600h). Both plasma glucose and insulin levels were elevated on night shift compared to day shift, suggesting a degree of glucose intolerance during this period. Treatment with bright light (1500 lux) throughout the night shift reduced the glucose intolerance observed and also lowered plasma triacylglycerol levels. The use of exogenous melatonin to help shift workers acclimatise to day shift following night shift was examined. Exogenous melatonin significantly increased sleep duration compared to placebo. There was also evidence of increased daytime napping and stabilization of sleep onset time under this treatment. While no specific adaptation rates could be observed, exogenous melatonin did not appear to have an adverse effect on the adaptation of the melatonin and alertness rhythms when taken at the desired bedtime. The data clearly show that adaptation of the melatonin rhythm to night shift is possible in certain environments. Further evidence of the deleterious effects of night shift on metabolic and hormonal responses to a nighttime meal has been observed, but the use of bright light treatment may be a potential solution to this problem. While the benefits of exogenous melatonin treatment on sleep may be of use offshore, an increased incidence of daytime napping, observed during melatonin treatment, may be of concern for its use in an offshore environment.


The preBotzinger complex located at the ventrolateral medulla in the brainstem is believedto have an important role in generating the respiratory rhythm in mammals, specially theinspiratory process [56]. Keeping this in mind, we will study a small network of such cellsby means of a minimal model suggested and experimentally tested by Butera et al [6, 7]. Athorough analysis of the Butera model was done for two very small networks of pre-Botzingercells: a self coupled single cell and a network of two coupled cells [5]. In order to understandthe role of coupling and heterogeneity in these two particular networks we reduce the selfcoupled single cell network to a one dimensional map using a similar approach as in [37].Using this one dimensional map, some analytical conditions for switching from one regime toanother are determined and numerical results are shown. Using the same idea as for the selfcoupled single cell case, two identical coupled cells are reduced to a two dimensional iteratedmap which is a composition of many one dimensional maps. Using the form of these maps,mechanisms for the transition between previously observed regimes [5] are determined andlinear analysis is performed for a particular set of parameters.Introducing heterogeneity on the network of two coupled identical cells, for a fixed levelof synaptic input, shows that depending on the level of the synaptic input some differentbehaviors arise which were not previously observed in a network of homogenous cells [5].These results suggest that introducing heterogeneity can increase the range in the parameterspace for which cells are bursting. This is desirable, since from experiments it is observedthat bursting is associated with the inspiratory rhythm of respiration.


Credit rating agencies play a key role in financial markets, as they help to reduce asymmetric information among market participants via credit ratings. The credit ratings determined by the credit rating agencies reflect the opinion of whether a country can fulfil the liability or its credit reliability at a particular time. Therefore, credit ratings are a very valuable tool, especially for investors. In addition, the issue that credit rating agencies are generally criticised is that they are unsuccessful in times of financial crisis. Credit rating methodologies of credit rating agencies have been subject to intense criticism, especially after the 2007/08 Global Financial Crisis. Some of the criticised issues are that credit rating agencies' methodologies are not transparent; they are unable to make ratings on time, and they make incorrect ratings. In order to create a more reliable credit rating methodology, the credit rating industry and the ratings determined by rating agencies need to be critically examined and further investigated in this area. For this reason, in this study credit rating model has been developed for countries. Supervisory and regulatory variables, political indicators and macroeconomic factors were used as independent variables for the sovereign credit rating model. As a result of the study, the new sovereign credit rating calculates exactly the same credit rating with Fitch Rating Agency for developed countries, but there are 1 or 2 points differences for developing countries. In order to better understand the reason for these differences, credit rating agencies need to make their methodologies more transparent and disclose them to the public.


Berlioz. Past, Present, Future. Bicentenary Essays. Edited by Peter Bloom. (Eastman Studies in Music.) Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2003. [xviii, 212 p. ISBN 158046-047-X. $70.]. Music examples, illustrations, index. Hector Berliox's bicentennial in 2003 witnessed a large number of celebrations. Besides exhibitions, festivals, concert series, and opera productions around the world, official conferences-including those initiated by the Comite International Hector Herlioz-had already started by 2001, considering and reconsidering every topic imaginable, referring to the composer and his context, his music, his personality, his reception in different countries, his relationships to other composers, artists, and writers. At the beginning of this series of conferences was the one at Smith College; its papers are presented in this volume, edited with the highest scholarly accuracy by Peter Bloom. Among the myriad of publications emanating from this jubilee, the present tome is worth considering for some new and uncommon perspectives on Berlioz's research. It focuses foremost on historical context, starting with Berlioz and his times, then looking at Berlioz's understanding of history and earlier music, as well as Berlioz's presence in the musical world around 1900 and even today. The twelve authors that Bloom presents in this volume generally avoid the popular type of "Berlioz and . . ." papers which discuss who influenced Berlioz and who was influenced by him. Only one article refers to this type of topic, but it does so in a very individual way. The title is "Berlioz's Berlioz," and with his autobiographical writings in mind, one cannot negate the impression that this reflection upon "Berlioz and Berlioz" may be the only appropriate approach to the composer. This article comes from the Sigmund Freud biographer and Yale historian Peter Gay. His article undertakes an investigation of Berlioz's personality as the composer himself defined it, focusing on his attitude towards women, politics, and art. Gay's most striking thesis is Berlioz's obsessive pursuit of his chosen artistic path. Berlioz's belief was fueled by an amazingly strong selfconsciousness and a love of music that can only be understood as a reflection of his love for himself. Moreover, this love of music was "erotic": Gay discovers that, according to descriptions in the memoirs, "his appetite for composing came along with physical passion when he was twelve" (p. 8). The fight for art, as Berlioz wanted to have this term understood, was a fight for his own existence. In a letter, Berlioz confessed that he would fight for success "with teeth and nails through gates that refuse to open." And he concluded, with bitter awareness of his possibly useless undertaking, that "it is possible that the day [of success] will come when I have no longer teeth and nails" (p. 5). Gay points out that Berlioz's obsessive approach to the arts was nourished by opposition that came not only from the public, but also from his family. Opposing his father's insistence on becoming a physician was a critical challenge that seemed to leave no choice between abandoning his ideals or dying of hunger. Berlioz's political consciousness and contemporary awareness of his political altitudes interest a number of contributors. This topic is extremely complex and requires further basic research as Bloom appropriately states in his foreword. It has even become a matter of current politics. When the French government declared in 2000 its intention to translate Berlioz's remains to the Pantheon, many expressed concern about Berlioz's seeming appreciation for Napoleonic imperialism. As a result, the year 2003 passed without accomplishing this overdue gesture of honor. This incident-as a matter of "collective consciousness" of historical and current political values and strategies-forms the background of Katherine Kolb's article. She extracts Berlioz's political views by analyzing some of his major fictional stories and their autobiographical references. …


Attention is given to the way in which Methodist scholars and ministers, ranging from A.S. Peake to Leslie Weatherhead and Donald Soper to Kenneth Greet, have sought to relate questions of war and peace to broader considerations of Christian faith and practice. Chapters focus on responses within British Methodism to the Boer War and its aftermath, the First World War, the inter-war years and the rise of fascism, the Second World War, the Cold War, debates about the relationship between economic justice and conflict in the post-1945 period, and the international situation since the end of the Cold War.Looking at official Conference documents and 'grass roots' material, the author shows how Methodists, alongside other Christians, have wrestled with questions such as whether it can ever be right for Christians to take up arms or support their country in times of war? Does the state have the right to conscript its citizens to fight in times of war, and should individuals have the right to object to military service on grounds of conscience? Is it ever morally acceptable to possess weapons of mass destructions or to target civilians in times of war? Is it possible to identify new ways of promoting global economic justice in order to reduce the incidence of war and conflict (debt relief, new trading patterns, etc.)?


State officials responsible for the regulation of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) operations used in the production of oil and gas resources will inevitably confront a key policy issue; that is, to what extent can statewide regulations be developed without reducing land use autonomy typically exercised by local officials? Most state regulators have historically recognized the economic importance of industry jobs and favor the adoption of uniform regulatory requirements even if these rules preempt local policymaking authority. Conversely, many local officials seek to preserve land use autonomy to provide a greater measure of protection for public health and environmental quality goals. This paper examines how public officials in three states-Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Texas-address the question of state control versus local autonomy through their efforts to shape fracking policy decisions. While local officials within Texas have succeeded in developing fracking ordinances with relatively little interference from state regulators, Colorado and Pennsylvania have adopted a tougher policy stance favoring the retention of preemptive oil and gas statutes. Key factors that account for between state differences in fracking policy decisions include the strength of home rule provisions, gubernatorial involvement, and the degree of local experience with industrial economic activities.


Massive MIMO has been shown to greatly improve spectral and transmit-energy efficiency. When implementing a massive MIMO system, one challenge is high hardware complexity. A solution is to reduce the number of radio frequency (RF) transceiver chains by performing antenna selection. However, a full RF switch that connects the antennas and RF chains can be highly complex and incurs significant loss in output signal quality, especially when the number of antennas and RF chains are large. We therefore propose a simpler solution - binary switching architecture, which is suboptimal but provides better signal quality, as compared to the full switching network. To evaluate the proposed technique, we compare the sum-rate capacity when using several different configurations of binary switching with the performance of the full switching. Full MIMO performance obtained without antenna selection is also presented as a reference. The investigations in this paper are all based on measured channel data at 2.6 GHz, using a uniform linear array and a cylindrical array, both having 128 antenna elements. It is found that the proposed binary switching gives very competitive performance that are close to the full switching, for the measured channels. The results indicate a potential to simplify massive MIMO hardware by reducing the number of RF chains, and performing antenna selection with simple binary switching architecture.


OF DISSERTATION COMPUTATIONAL MULTIMEDIA FOR VIDEO SELF MODELING Video self modeling (VSM) is a behavioral intervention technique in which a learner models a target behavior by watching a video of oneself. This is the idea behind the psychological theory of self-efficacy – you can learn or model to perform certain tasks because you see yourself doing it, which provides the most ideal form of behavior modeling. The effectiveness of VSM has been demonstrated for many different types of disabilities and behavioral problems ranging from stuttering, inappropriate social behaviors, autism, selective mutism to sports training. However, there is an inherent difficulty associated with the production of VSM material. Prolonged and persistent video recording is required to capture the rare, if not existed at all, snippets that can be used to string together in forming novel video sequences of the target skill. To solve this problem, in this dissertation, we use computational multimedia techniques to facilitate the creation of synthetic visual content for self-modeling that can be used by a learner and his/her therapist with a minimum amount of training data. There are three major technical contributions in my research. First, I developed an Adaptive Video Re-sampling algorithm to synthesize realistic lip-synchronized video with minimal motion jitter. Second, to denoise and complete the depth map captured by structure-light sensing systems, I introduced a layer based probabilistic model to account for various types of uncertainties in the depth measurement. Third, I developed a simple and robust bundle-adjustment based framework for calibrating a network of multiple wide baseline RGB and depth cameras.


This paper presents C-MAC, a new MAC protocol designed to achieve high-throughput bulk communication for data-intensive sensing applications. C-MAC exploits concurrent wireless channel access based on empirical power control and physical interference models. Nodes running C-MAC estimate the level of interference based on the physical signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) model and adjust the transmission power accordingly for concurrent channel access. C-MAC employs a block-based communication mode that not only amortizes the overhead of channel assessment, but also improves the probability that multiple nodes within the interference range of each other can transmit concurrently. C-MAC has been implemented in TinyOS-1.x and extensively evaluated on Tmote nodes. Our experiments show that C-MAC significantly outperforms the state-of-art CSMA protocol in TinyOS with respect to system throughput, delay and energy consumption.


In pursuing high expected return from investment, families are willing to sacrifice the high expected risk associated with stock. This study is designed to focus on the ability of financial management practices to predict participation of Malaysian family in risky asset. Micro-data are obtained through questionnaire responses and self-administered by 800 family financial managers. Quota sampling used a ratio of 60 to 40 for the urban and rural areas in Peninsula Malaysia. Information on socio-economic characteristics, time orientation, risk preference and financial management practices are gathered. Stock is taken as risky asset, thus family participating in stock is said to participate in risky assets. Results from binary logistic regression revealed that for the likelihood to participate in risky asset, a family saves more for short-term and long-term financial needs, and purchases insurance to overcome various financial risks. However, doing record-keeping does not predict much of the occurrence of participation in risky assets. Credit practices construct is inversely predicting the probability to invest in risky asset. Hence, families participating in risky assets performed other financial practices to hedge against financial risks. Consumers themselves should ensure that they are financially prepared via high liquidity in terms of savings and managing risk appropriately to cushion them from financial losses. Their financial preparedness would most probably lead to enhanced wellbeing, financially and psychologically.


From composition transmitter is detached in indicator to individual load direction of 4 channels and adding up display by load cell indicator indication method of Bluetooth way is identifying marks.


The European Union introduced Regulation 236/2012 in 2012 to address short selling and certain aspects of credit default swaps (CDS). Consequently, a uniform short position disclosure regime was developed, which is used in this paper to examine CDS spreads as a proxy for credit risk around public short sale announcements and evaluate the disclosure policy's relevance from the debtholder's perspective. Existing literature documents short selling regulations' impacts on the stock market, but no evidence exists from the CDS market. Therefore, we first conduct an event study to examine the effects of different short sale events on corresponding firms' CDS spreads between 2012 and 2018. Moreover, we use regression analyses to control for several credit risk determinants that may also affect CDS spreads. Our evidence suggests that opening and increasing short positions are perceived as negative information, and in this regard lead to higher CDS spreads. In contrast, CDS spreads tend to be lower if short positions decrease or close. Additionally, we find that negative information ceteris paribus more strongly affects CDS spreads than positive information. Finally, we investigate certain anticipatory reactions when negative news enters the CDS market.


Surface roughness is inherently a product of manufacturing process and is often undesirable. In surface metrology, the term "roughness" is typically applied to the highfrequency and short-wavelength parameters of a finished surface. In practical applications, the surface roughness is directly associated with the quality of the manufacturing. This study proposes the use of ultrasonic surface guided waves to characterize the surface roughness amplitude and frequency during the manufacturing process. Finite element modeling (FEM) of acoustic wave propagation along a rough surface has revealed that there is a cut-off threshold for Rayleigh wave propagation, which is indicative of the surface roughness description. This cut-off occurs for a particular ratio of the spatial surface waviness and the acoustic wavelength, and the detection of the resulting wave attenuation and decay characterizes the surface roughness. If such a measurement system can be used in-line with the production process then it could signal adjustment of the material deposition rate when needed to achieve the required product quality.


This paper reports on two studies into the skills required to develop software. In the first, senior software practitioners in four companies, across seven roles were interviewed. However, the architect role proved difficult to characterize, because architects did not seem to carry out any architecture work. It was hypothesized that this was because the five architects interviewed were all working on mature products. In a second study, five senior architects in a single company were interviewed and the realisation from this study is that, unlike most other software practitioners, architects are not so much project focussed as product and market focussed. This discovery suggests that focussing the interviews on projects rather than on products is inappropriate for architects.


Fidelity may be defined as the extent to which delivery of an intervention adheres to the protocol or program model originally developed. Fidelity measurement has increasing significance for evaluation, treatment effectiveness research, and service administration. Yet few published studies using fidelity criteria provide details on the construction of a valid fidelity index. The purpose of this review article is to outline steps in the development, measurement, and validation of fidelity criteria, providing examples from health and education literatures. We further identify important issues in conducting each step. Finally, we raise questions about the dynamic nature of fidelity criteria, appropriate validation and statistical analysis methods, the inclusion of structure and process criteria in fidelity assessment, and the role of program theory in deciding on the balance between adaptation versus exact replication of model programs. Further attention to the use and refinement of fidelity criteria is important to evaluation practice.


The authors present the clinical case of an 87-year-old Caucasian male admitted to the emergency room with hematemesis. He had a history of intermittent dysphagia during the previous month. Endoscopic evaluation revealed an eccentric, soft esophageal lesion located 25-35 cm from the incisors, which appeared as a protrusion of the esophagus wall, with active bleeding. Biopsies were acquired. Tissue evaluation was compatible with a melanoma. After excluding other sites of primary neoplasm, the definitive diagnosis of Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Esophagus (PMME) was made. The patient developed a hospital-acquired respiratory infection and died before tumor-directed treatment could begin. Primary malignant melanoma represents only 0.1% to 0.2% of all esophageal malignant tumors. Risk factors for PMME are not defined. A higher incidence of PMME has been described in Japan. Dysphagia, predominantly for solids, is the most frequent symptom at presentation. Retrosternal or epigastric discomfort or pain, melena or hematemesis have also been described. The characteristic endoscopic finding of PMME is as a polypoid lesion, with variable size, usually pigmented. The neoplasm occurs in the lower two-thirds of the esophagus in 86% of cases. PMME metastasizes via hematogenic and lymphatic pathways. At diagnosis, 50% of the patients present with distant metastases to the liver, the mediastinum, the lungs and the brain. When possible, surgery (curative or palliative), is the preferential method of treatment. There are some reports in the literature where chemotherapy, chemohormonotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy, with or without surgery, were used with variable efficacy. The prognosis is poor; the mean survival after surgery is less than 15 mo.


This paper presents a wireless power transfer system for a motion-free capsule endoscopy inspection. Conventionally, a wireless power transmitter in a specifically designed jacket has to be connected to a strong power source with a long cable. To avoid the power cable and allow patients to walk freely in a room, this paper proposes a two-hop wireless power transfer system. First, power is transferred from a floor to a power relay in the patient's jacket via strong coupling. Next, power is delivered from the power relay to the capsule via loose coupling. Besides making patients much more conformable, the proposed techniques eliminate the sources of reliability issues arisen from the moving cable and connectors. In the capsule, it is critical to enhance the power conversion efficiency. This paper develops a switch-mode rectifier (rectifying efficiency of 93.6%) and a power combination circuit (enhances combining efficiency by 18%). Thanks to the two-hop transfer mechanism and the novel circuit techniques, this system is able to transfer an average power of 24 mW and a peak power of 90 mW from the floor to a 13 mm × 27 mm capsule over a distance of 1 m with the maximum dc-to-dc power efficiency of 3.04%.


SIR,-May I put forward a solution to the problem of operation for hallux rigidus and valgus? The two conditions are essentially different ; in one the patient complains of a stiff and painful joint, in the other of an unsightly splayed fore-foot with metatarsalgia and pressure over the first metatarsal head. The operations in vogue have grave disadvantages. Resection of the metatarsal head gives a good cosmetic result, but by lessening the weight-bearing capacity of the first metatarsal head not uncommonly leads to intractable metatarsalgia. On the other hand, hemiphalangectomy with remodelling of the non-weight-bearing part of the first metatarsal head sets the fore-foot free to splay unchecked, for the fore-foot is held together by the structures inserted into the proximal phalanx of the big toe, and by them alone. In 1934 I devised an operation by which the adductor structures are not detached but are given a firmer hold with better control, and the weight-bearing surface of the metatarsal head is not diminished but is made bigger and better. The metatarsal head is remodelled, the adjoining surface of the proximal phalanx erased, and the phalanx itself is completely detached except for the structures running into the fibular side of its base. The phalanx is then grasped with lion forceps and drawn round to cap the tibio-distal aspect of the metatarsal head (as the phalanx is drawn round the head is pushed inwards). The distal part of the phalanx is then cut away, leaving a phalangeal cap, which is closely fitted over the metatarsal head and fixed in place with a bone peg. This cap, which is modelled to choice, enlarges the weight-bearing surface of the head, and the adductor structures are made taut and given direct control of the metatarsal head. An article describing this operation and the end-results of thirty cases is in the press. I am glad to say the results contfirm the soundness of the design.-I am, etc.,


This article examines the place of film comedy in Jacques Lacan's psychoanalysis. It takes as its starting point Lacan's most extensive consideration of a single film, the comedy Never on Sunday (1960), directed by Jules Dassin and set in the Greek port of Piraeus. It places Lacan's reading of the film in relation to his other interventions on cinema, which are scattered throughout his seminars and are more numerous and heterogeneous than generally assumed, drawing especially on cinema of the late 1950s and early 1960s. The article shows how Lacan's analysis of Never on Sunday contributes to the articulation of a theory of comedy in The Ethics of Psychoanalysis, a seminar best known for its treatment of Antigone and tragic drama. It then locates this theory of comedy and reading of Never on Sunday in relation to key concepts of the Ethics such as jouissance and the moral good(s). It finishes by proposing a general model of Lacanian reading as "cut" rather than interpretation, that is, an analysis that does not seek to account for a text as a whole but, rather, to find the correct point at which to break into it.


Plant Genomics
Parasitism has evolved multiple times in plants and resulted in some major agricultural pests, including relatives of the morning glory family called dodder or strangleweed. To examine the effects of parasitism on the genome, Vogel et al. and Sun et al. respectively sequenced the genomes of field dodder ( Cuscuta campestris ) and Australian dodder ( Cuscuta australis ). Both studies identified major gene losses, likely facilitating the transformation into leafless, rootless plants unable to photosynthesize. Vogel et al. documented more than 50 examples of gene transfer into field dodder from their hosts. Sun et al. examined transcriptomes of the haustoria, which are specialized organs that allow dodder to extract water and nutrients from host plants.

Nat. Commun. 10.1038/s41467-018-04344-z, 10.1038/s41467-018-04721-8 (2018).


Recent studies on mouse and human skeletal muscle (SM) demonstrated the important link between mitochondrial function and the cellular metabolic adaptation. To identify key compensatory molecular mechanisms in response to chronic mitochondrial distress, we analyzed mice with ectopic SM respiratory uncoupling in uncoupling protein 1 transgenic (UCP1-TG) mice as model of muscle-specific compromised mitochondrial function. Here we describe a detailed metabolic reprogramming profile associated with mitochondrial perturbations in SM, triggering an increased protein turnover and amino acid metabolism with induced biosynthetic serine/1-carbon/glycine pathway and the longevity-promoting polyamine spermidine as well as the trans-sulfuration pathway. This is related to an induction of NADPH-generating pathways and glutathione metabolism as an adaptive mitohormetic response and defense against increased oxidative stress. Strikingly, consistent muscle retrograde signaling profiles were observed in acute stress states such as muscle cell starvation and lipid overload, muscle regeneration, and heart muscle inflammation, but not in response to exercise. We provide conclusive evidence for a key compensatory stress-signaling network that preserves cellular function, oxidative stress tolerance, and survival during conditions of increased SM mitochondrial distress, a metabolic reprogramming profile so far only demonstrated for cancer cells and heart muscle.-Ost, M., Keipert, S., van Schothorst, E. M., Donner, V., van der Stelt, I., Kipp, A. P., Petzke, K.-J., Jove, M., Pamplona, R., Portero-Otin, M., Keijer, J., and Klaus, S. Muscle mitohormesis promotes cellular survival via serine/glycine pathway flux.


A number of national, regional and global land cover classification systems have been developed to meet specific user requirements for land cover mapping exercises, independent of scale, nomenclature and quality. However, this variety of land-cover classification systems limits the compatibility and comparability of land cover data. Furthermore, the current lack of interoperability between different land cover datasets, often stemming from incompatible land cover classification systems, makes analysis of multi-source, heterogeneous land cover data for various applications a very difficult task. This paper provides a critical review of the harmonization of land cover classification systems, which facilitates the generation, use and analysis of land cover maps consistently. Harmonization of existing land cover classification systems is essential to improve their cross-comparison and validation for understanding landscape patterns and changes. The paper reviews major land cover classification standards according to different scales, summarizes studies on harmonizing land cover mapping, and discusses some research problems that need to be solved and some future research directions.

Keywords: land cover; classification system; standard; harmonization


Mini-EUSO is a telescope observing the Earth in the ultraviolet band from the International Space Station. It is a part of the JEM-EUSO program, paving the way to future larger missions, such as K-EUSO and POEMMA, devoted primarily to the observation of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays from space. Mini-EUSO is capable of observing extensive air showers generated by ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays with an energy above 1021 eV and to detect artificial showers generated with lasers from the ground. Other main scientific objectives of the mission are the search for nuclearites and strange quark matter, the study of atmospheric phenomena such as transient luminous events, meteors, and meteoroids, the observation of sea bioluminescence and of artificial satellites and man-made space debris. Mini-EUSO will map the nighttime Earth in the UV range (290–430 nm), with a spatial resolution of about 6.3 km and a temporal resolution of 2.5 μs, through a nadir-facing UV-transparent window in the Russian Zvezda module. The instrument, launched on 2019 August 22, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, is based on an optical system employing two Fresnel lenses and a focal surface composed of 36 multianode photomultiplier tubes, 64 channels each, for a total of 2304 channels with single-photon counting sensitivity and an overall field of view of 44°. Mini-EUSO also contains two ancillary cameras to complement measurements in the near-infrared and visible ranges. In this paper, we describe the detector and present the various phenomena observed in the first months of operations.


Geometry has an important place in mathematics education because it forms the basis of mathematical thinking and allows us to see the emergence of logical theory. As in all fields, academic journals, which are among the official communication languages of science, play an important role in the construction, dissemination and use of scientific knowledge in the field of geometry teaching. With reference to this fact, the aim of the study was to examine articles published in the field of geometry teaching and indexed in SSCI (1975-2020) and ESCI (2015-2020) in the Web of Science Core Collection database by bibliometric analysis method. 109 articles related to geometry teaching (72 within the scope of SSCI and 37 within the scope of ESCI) were reached for the given periods. According to the findings of the research, while there has been a recent interest in geometry education within the scope of SSCI and ESCI, the number of articles still published is limited. Therefore, in mathematics teaching, geometry teaching lags behind areas such as arithmetic and algebra. Especially in recent years, it is noted that the keyword "Van Hiele Levels" and the keywords of innovations that technology brings to geometry education such as "Dynamic Geometry", "Virtual Reality", "Geogebra" and "Geometry Thinking" are frequently used in articles in the field of geometry teaching. It is observed that, while quantitative research methods are widely preferred in studies within the scope of SSCI in the field of geometry teaching, qualitative research methods are preferred within the scope of ESCI.