In contrast to mammals, the spinal cord of lampreys spontaneously recovers from a complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Understanding the differences between lampreys and mammals in their response to SCI could provide valuable information to propose new therapies. Unique properties of the astrocytes of lampreys probably contribute to the success of spinal cord regeneration. The main aim of our study was to investigate, in the sea lamprey, the release of aminoacidergic neurotransmitters and the subsequent astrocyte uptake of these neurotransmitters during the first week following a complete SCI by detecting glutamate, GABA, glycine, Hu and cytokeratin immunoreactivities. This is the first time that aminoacidergic neurotransmitter release from neurons and the subsequent astrocytic response after SCI are analysed by immunocytochemistry in any vertebrate. Spinal injury caused the immediate loss of glutamate, GABA and glycine immunoreactivities in neurons close to the lesion site (except for the cerebrospinal fluid‐contacting GABA cells). Only after SCI, astrocytes showed glutamate, GABA and glycine immunoreactivity. Treatment with an inhibitor of glutamate transporters (DL‐TBOA) showed that neuronal glutamate was actively transported into astrocytes after SCI. Moreover, after SCI, a massive accumulation of inhibitory neurotransmitters around some reticulospinal axons was observed. Presence of GABA accumulation significantly correlated with a higher survival ability of these neurons. Our data show that, in contrast to mammals, astrocytes of lampreys have a high capacity to actively uptake glutamate after SCI. GABA may play a protective role that could explain the higher regenerative and survival ability of specific descending neurons of lampreys. GLIA 2014;62:1254–1269


Extension activities are being pulled in many directions, and are being called on to respond more effectively to the needs of farmers to produce and to forge links with markets. In the USA, for example, State Cooperative Extension Services have a variety of purposes in urban areas and operate in cooperation with other government agencies. Thus extension services, while concentrating on production agriculture, especially via privatized and private extension-type service companies, are simultaneously broadening out to include new purposes and a new clientele. While extension's role is straightforward in contract farming and other commercial ventures, such is not necessarily the case with public sector extension. Its structure, organization and operating system may differ from country to country, even from region to region. Nonetheless, whether in the private or public sector, a major concern for extension is to operate in the context of agricultural innovation systems (AIS) so that new knowledge is applied and used. A key objective in reforming extension, as argued in this paper, is to make it a better instrument, or engine, for the promotion of innovation, the dissemination of knowledge and the facilitation of development.


Crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter provide new product developers with a novel and readily accessible platform to interact with potential customers, seek funding, and gain valuable feedback from target users. Successful startup design processes are often praised due to startups' agility and ability to adapt to changing markets under extreme resource constraints. The COVID-19 pandemic changed the market in a number of significant ways, and publicly available data on Kickstarter provides valuable insight into the fundamental ways that product developers adapt to volatiles markets created by a global crisis. Leveraging linguistic analysis, topic modelling, k-means clustering, and principal component analysis, startup data was analyzed to identify overarching trends in startup launch campaigns across years. Specifically, this work identifies emerging trends in the Kickstarter market in 2020 to understand how external factors affect launch practices. Subtle yet significant changes in Kickstarter campaigns show that new clusters of campaigns emerged during 2020, not present in prior years, indicating that product developers adapted language to meet the needs of a changing market. Findings motivate a more thorough investigation of the relationships between startup market trends and external events to build a deeper understanding of the fundamental ways developers adapt design processes due to external stimuli.


Attracted by their released pheromone, anthranilic acid, the females of the black chafer, Holotrichia loochooana loochooana, form aggregations on their food-plant colonies. To investigate the benefits they derive from joining such aggregations, the process of aggregation formation was observed, and the frequency of males landing on lures with or without anthranilic acid [(+)- or (−)-lure] was studied as a function of the lure positioning. Subsequently, within 30 min after the first females settled on a plant, several females would form a small aggregation. Thereafter, the females would land, near the landing spot of the first females, and the aggregation would expand in both the leeward and windward directions. Since there are very large daily and individual variations in the amount of pheromone released by the females, we conducted our field experiments using two extreme pheromone-release models, i.e., a (+)-lure that releases anthranilic acid in a quantity corresponding to the maximum amount released by a female (major female), and a (−)-lure that releases no pheromone (minor female). While no male was observed to land on a single, solitary (−)-lure, the males would land on a (−)-lure when it was positioned within 20 cm, particularly if it was leeward of the (+)-lure. This means that it is possible for females that had released no pheromone to still get mates provided they land within 20 cm from the females that had released a large amount of the pheromone. When a (+)-lure was surrounded by four (+)- or (−)-lures at 10- and 20-cm intervals, the frequency of male landings on the lure was not significantly different from the case of the solitary (+)-lure, except that the landing frequency on the windward (+)-lure was lower than that on other (+)-lures. Thus, it would be more advantageous for minor females to join female aggregations rather than remaining in a solitary mode.


In spite of an array of effective antibiotics, tuberculosis is still very common in developing countries where overcrowding, malnutrition and poor hygienic conditions prevail. Over the past 30 years associated
 HIV infection has worsened the situation by increasing the infection rate and mortality of tuberculosis. Of those diseases caused by a single organism only HIV causes more deaths internationally than tuberculosis. The tubercle bacillus probably
 first infected man in Neolithic times, and then via infected cattle, but the causative Mycobacteriacea have been in existence for 300 million years. Droplet infection is the most common way of acquiring tuberculosis, although ingestion (e.g. of
 infected cows' milk) may occur. Tuberculosis probably originated in Africa. The earliest path gnomonic evidence of human tuberculosis in man was found in osteo-archaeological findings of bone tuberculosis (Pott's disease of the spine) in the
 skeleton of anEgyptian priest from the 21st Dynasty (approximately 1 000 BC). Suggestive but not conclusiveevidence of tuberculotic lesions had been found in even earlier skeletons from Egypt and Europe. Medical hieroglyphics from ancient Egypt
 are silent on the disease, which could be tuberculosis,as do early Indian and Chinese writings. The Old Testament refers to the disease schachapeth, translated as phthisis in the Greek Septuagint. Although the Bible is not specific about this
 condition, tuberculosis is still called schachapeth in modern Hebrew. In pre-Hippocratic Greece Homer did not mention phthisis, a word meaning non-specific wasting of the body. However. Alexander of Tralles (6th century BC) seemed to narrow the
 concept down to a specific disease, and in the Hippocratic Corpus (5th-4th centuries BC) phthisis can be recognised as tuberculosis. It was predominantly a respiratory disease commonly seen and considered to be caused by an imbalance of bodily
 humours. It was commonest in autumn, winter and spring, tended to affect groups of people living close together, and young people in particular. Pregnancy exacerbated phthisis which was characterised by a chronic cough (worse at night), prominent
 sputum, often blood streaked and presumably arising from necrotic lung tissue. The face was typically flushed with sunken cheeks, sharp nose and very bright eyes. There was atrophy of all muscles with prominent ("winged") shoulder blades, fever
 and perspiration often associated with shivering. Symptoms were described which would fit in with complicating lung abscess and empyema. Hippocrates also mentions disease entities which would fit in with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, like Pott's
 disease of the spine and cervical lymphadenopathy (scrofula), although he did not associate this with phthisis. Minimal specific therapy was prescribed. Subsequent writers in the Hellenistic and Roman eras added little to the classic Hippocratic
 clinical picture of phthisis, but Celsus (1st century AD) and Galen (2nd century) first suggested that it was a contagious condition. From Themison (1st century BC) onwards, therapeutic regimes became more drastic with the addition of inter alia
 strict dietary regimes, purges, enemas and venesection. Celsus suggested long sea voyages with ample relaxation and a change of climate. Aretaeus (1st century AD) stressed the importance of not exacerbating the suffering of people with chronic
 disease by imposing aggressive therapy. Except for the introduction of more drastic therapy the concept of phthisis (tuberculosis) had thus not progressed materially in the course of the millennium between Hippocrates and the end of the Roman era
 – and it would indeed remain virtually static for the next 1 000 years up to the Renaissance. There is, however, some evidence that the incidence of tuberculosis decreased during the major migration of nations which characterised the late Roman
 Empire.


This experiment was designed to examine the possible physiological mechanisms underlying the formation of critical periods in development. It was hypothesized that experientially-modulated neuronal death, coupled with an overconnected neural network, and acting early in the developmental sequence, could produce a learning effect similar to that described as a "critical period effect." A computer-based associative memory model was used to simulate a simple neural network representing the associative cortex. Three different independent variables were manipulated in the experiment. The first was the type of connectivity matrix used when the model was initialized prior to training. Four different developmental paradigms were modeled. One matrix simulated a neural structure with specific, genetically-determined characteristics. A second matrix simulated a "tabula rasa" or blank slate paradigm. A third matrix simulated an initially overconnected netw ork. The last was a randomly generated connectivity matrix that reflected no particular paradigm, used as a control. A second independent variable was the experiential sequence in which the model was trained. Each developmental model was trained on four different stimulus sets simulating different experiential sequences. The third independent variable was the presence or absence of an experientially-modulated neuronal death component. All developmental models were trained across all experiential sequences with and without the neural death component acting on the model. The model's behavior was assessed using 2 dependent variables the ability of the model to learn later in development, and the structural fit of the model to the prototype stimulus set. In addition, the model's output was examined for evidence of a critical period effect. The results of the experiment indicate that a critical period effect can be induced simply by the use of an experientially-modulated neural death, operating on a plastic neural structure. A genetically-determined structure is not necessary for the manifestation of critical period phenomena. All models performed similarly. It would appear that a hardwired, genetically-determined neural structure may not be the optimum paradigm to support later learning in a noisy environment, that is, one where the environmental stimuli differ in some degree from those that the model has been structured to deal with. Surprisingly, both the ability to learn and the structural fit of the overconnected and experiential models were significantly better than that of the genetic model in noisy environments. Only the randomly-connected model performed worse than the genetic model. It appears that genetically specifying a neural structure that must respond to a noisy environment produces problems similar to those of overfitting an analytical model. The ability of all models to learn a specific stimulus was expected to increase as exposure to the stimulus increased. This behavior was, in fact, observed for all models. The findings of this experiment indicate the formation of critical periods may be the natural consequence of rapidly removing unused neural pathways early in devel opment, while stabilizing the pathways that are used . If the o rganism is not exposed to certain types of stimuli, the neural pathways associated with processing those stimuli are lost. If the organism is exposed to those stimuli early in development, the circuits are stabilized, and are available for learning later in development.


We evaluate feedback methods for oral presentations used in training non-quantitative research skills (literature review and various associated tasks). Training is provided through a credit-bearing module taught to MSc students of banking, economics and finance in the UK. Monitoring oral presentations and providing 'best practice' feedback is very resource-intensive. Do we withdraw oral presentations from the module, because best feedback practice is prohibitively expensive in a world of limited resources, or choose a second-best alternative? To what extent might the latter compromise intended learning outcomes? We used the same provision of video feedback for all students but used two verbal feedback regimes. For one regime, we decreased the amount of verbal feedback and increased the number of presentations. The impact was measured by academic outcome, rating scales and questionnaire. Overall satisfaction with the module was very high for both feedback regimes, and there were no statistically significant differences between regimes, suggesting that less resource-intensive methods need not compromise learning outcomes.


To improve the mechanical properties and the MR effect of MRE, we use flexible epoxy as the matrix of MRE. It shows that both the mechanical properties and the MR effect of epoxy based MRE improved. At room temperature the highest absolute modulus increase was 203 MPa when the intensity of magnetic field was 0.2T while the carbonyl iron content was 71.4%. Temperature influenced the MR effect. When at -40°C the maximum storage modulus increased more than 2356 MPa and changed with the temperature. Meanwhile, the morphology of the epoxy based MRE was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).


Laurence is a young ex-sailor who can't resist the lure of the good life, and when he finds a job as chauffeur to the wealthy Mr and Mrs Bannister, his occasional work leaves him free to indulge. Bannister himself is bitter - his twisted leg keeps him on the sidelines while his ravishingly beautiful wife endures his moods with saintly patience. Or does she? It's the Bannisters' closest friend, Grisby, who starts stirring, getting Laurence to agree to a crazy plot. It will net him thousands, no strings attached. But is it all too easy?


In this study, Al-17Si-4Cu-0.6Mg-0.2Ti which is based of the EN AC-48100 alloy not containing zinc, Al-17Si-4Cu-0.6Mg-0.2Ti-1Zn, Al-17Si-4Cu-0.6Mg-0.2Ti-2Zn, Al- 17Si-4Cu-0.6Mg-0.2Ti-3Zn, Al-17Si-4Cu-0.6Mg-0.2Ti-4Zn and Al-17Si-4Cu-0.6Mg-0.2Ti-5Zn alloys were produced by permanent mold casting method. Chemical composition of the produced alloys was determined by the spark optical emission spectrometer method. The microstructures of the alloys were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The hardness and microhardness of the alloys were determined by Brinell and Vickers measurement methods, respectively, and their mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests performed by a universal test machine.  It was observed that the microstructure of the Al-17Si-4Cu-0.6Mg-0.2Ti-(0-5) Zn alloys consisted of aluminum-rich α, eutectic Al-Si, primary silicon, copper-rich θ (CuAl 2 ), Mg 2 Si and π phases. It was also observed that zinc additions did not lead to a new phase formation in the Al-17Si-4Cu-0.6Mg-0.2Ti alloy. The hardness of the produced alloys increased with increasing zinc content, but yield and tensile strength and wear resistance increased up to 3% zinc content and decreased after this ratio. Smearing layers, fine scratches and peeling occurred are seen on the surfaces of the wear samples. The morphology of the wear particles collected after wear tests did not show significant change with the zinc content. The results obtained from the mechanical and tribological tests of the produced alloys were discussed in terms of the microstructural features of the alloys.


Studies were conducted to determine the cause of high mortalities of cultured half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. Gross signs of disease included loss of appetite, erratic swimming, and haemorrhages on the head, opercula and base of fins, dorsal fin rot, swollen abdomen filled with ascitic fluid and herniation of the intestine. Histological examination of the liver showed focal areas of necrosis and extensive haemorrhages. Virtually pure, dense bacterial cultures were obtained from liver, kidney and spleen tissues, and high pathogenicity of the isolates to tongue sole was confirmed. The phenotypic characteristics of the isolates including morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics were determined. The 16S rRNA and gyrB genes of the isolates were sequenced, and the phylogenetic trees representing genetic relatedness between the isolate and publicly available 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences from GenBank were constructed. The results confirmed that the diseased tongue soles were infected with Vibrio aestuarianus. The sequenced 16S rRNA gene of strain TS1 (GenBank Accession No. GQ372983) was 1446bp, the gyrB gene of strain TS1 (GenBank Accession No. GQ372984) was 1200bp and the two genes exhibited high similarity (98~99%) to those of V. aestuarianus from GenBank. In addition, the activities of extracellular enzymes and haemolysin were also studied; the results showed that the isolates produced beta haemolysis on rabbit blood agar, lecithinase, proteinase, DNase and lipase, but gelatinase was not produced.


ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is a crucial element in sustaining oil palm production. However, assessing N status of tall perennial crops such as oil palm is complex and not as straightforward as assessing annual crops, due to complex N partitioning, age, and larger amounts of respiratory loads. Hence, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of spectral measurements obtained from leaf scale and machine learning approaches as a rapid tool for quantifying oil palm N status. This study involved assessing the performance of discriminant analysis (DA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers for discriminating spectral bands sensitive to N sufficiency levels and comparing the predictive accuracy of DA and SVM for classifying N status of immature and mature oil palms. The experiment was conducted on immature Tenera seedlings (13 months old) and mature Tenera palm stands (9 and 12 years old) that were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with treatments varied from 0 to 2 kg N. Generally, the discriminant function of both classifiers was age-dependent. A clear trade-off between the classifiers' number of spectral bands and their accuracies was observed; the DA with a larger number of optimal spectral bands could discriminate N sufficiency levels of all maturity classes with higher accuracies compared to the SVM, yet the latter could produce reasonable accuracies with a lesser number of spectral bands. N status of all maturity classes could be classified satisfactorily with SVM (71–88%) via the satellite-simulated blue and green bands, signifying the possibility to develop spectral index or an N-sensitive sensor for oil palm.


Due to the promising potential for environmental sustain-ability, there has been a significant increase of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) in the market. To support this increasing demand for EVs and PHEVs, challenges related to capacity planning and investment costs of public charging infrastructure must be addressed. Hence, in this paper, a capacity planning problem for EV charging stations is developed and aims to balance current capital investment costs and future operational revenue. The charging station considered in this work is assumed to be equipped with solar photovoltaic panel (PV) and an energy storage system which could be electric battery or the recently invented hydro-pneumatic energy storage (GLIDES, Ground-Level Integrated Diverse Energy Storage) system. A co-optimization model that minimizes investment and operation cost is established to determine the global optimal solution while combining the capacity and operational decision making. The operational decision making considers EV mobility which is modeled as an Erlang-loss system. Meanwhile, stochastic programming is adopted to capture uncertainties from solar radiation and charging demand of the EV fleet. To provide a more general and computationally efficient model, main configuration parameters are sampled in the design space and then fixed in solving the co-optimization model. The model can be used to provide insights for charging station placement in different practical situations. The sampled parameters include: the total number of EV charging slots, the PV area, the maximum capacity of the energy storage system, and daily mean EV arrival number in the Erlang-loss system. Based on the sampled parameter combinations and its responses, black-box mappings are then constructed using surrogate models (RBF, Kriging etc). The effectiveness of proposed surrogate modeling approach is demonstrated in the numerical experiments.


Abstract. Raman spectroscopy (RS) has been extensively used to characterize bone composition. However, the link between bone biomechanics and RS measures is not well established. Here, we leveraged the sensitivity of RS polarization to organization, thereby assessing whether RS can explain differences in bone toughness in genetic mouse models for which traditional RS peak ratios are not informative. In the selected mutant mice—activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) or matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) knock-outs—toughness is reduced but differences in bone strength do not exist between knock-out and corresponding wild-type controls. To incorporate differences in the RS of bone occurring at peak shoulders, a multivariate approach was used. Full spectrum principal components analysis of two paired, orthogonal bone orientations (relative to laser polarization) improved genotype classification and correlation to bone toughness when compared to traditional peak ratios. When applied to femurs from wild-type mice at 8 and 20 weeks of age, the principal components of orthogonal bone orientations improved age classification but not the explanation of the maturation-related increase in strength. Overall, increasing polarization information by collecting spectra from two bone orientations improves the ability of multivariate RS to explain variance in bone toughness, likely due to polarization sensitivity to organizational changes in both mineral and collagen.


In this notes, we summarize numerical methods for solving Stokes equations on rectangular grid, and solve it by multigrid vcycle method with distributive Gauss-Seidel relaxation as smoothing. The numerical methods we concerned are MAC scheme, nonconforming rotate bilinear FEM and nonconforming rotate bilinear FVM. 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT We consider Stokes equation (1.1) 8 >< >: μ ~ u +rp =~ f in ⌦, r · ~ u =0 in ⌦. ~ u =0 on @⌦ where ~ u = (u, v), and ~ f = (f1, f2). 2. MAC DISCRETIZATION


The Moho depth can be determined using seismic and/or gravimetric methods. These methods will not yield the same result as they are based on different hypotheses as well as different types, qualities and distributions of data. Here we present a new global model for the Moho computed based on a stochastic combination of seismic and gravimetric Moho models. This method employs condition equations in the spectral domain for the seismic and gravimetric models as well as degree-order variance component estimation to optimally weight the corresponding harmonics in the combination. The preliminary data for the modelling are the seismic model CRUST2.0 and a new gravimetric Moho model based on the inverse solution of the Vening Meinez-Moritz isostatic hypothesis and the global Earth Gravitational Model EGM08. Numerical results show that this method of stochastic combination agrees better with the seismic Moho model (3.6 km rms difference) than the gravimetric one. The model should be a candidate for dandifying the frequently sparsely data CRUST2.0. We expect that this way of combining seismic and gravimetric data would be even more fruitful in a regional study.


: It is demonstrated in 30 rats that implantation of a cup-shaped silicone prothesis upon the head and the tail of the epididymis can serve as an alloplastic spermatocele. The implantation of six similar protheses upon the epididymis in bulls confirms the results obtained in rats. Spermatozoa aspirated from this prothesis up to 4 months after operation showed good morphology and motility which improved: (1) the earlier they were obtained after surgery, and (2) the nearer the tail of the epididymis, the prothesis was implanted.


Monitoring body movements and vital parameters during sleep provides crucial information regarding the general health of a subject, and can therefore be used to detect trends leading to severe illnesses such as dementia or heart defects. With the development of new sensors and the general improvement in computing power, ballistocardiography has been recently revived and is again seen as a promising technology specifically for heart rate monitoring. In this paper, we present a low-cost, low-complexity, unobtrusive system for assessing the heart rate, the breathing rate, the body movement and the sleep type based on the signal from an EMFI sensor. All algorithms have been implemented on an iMote2 wireless module that sends the estimated values of the aforementioned quantities to a server or a remote computer using the .NET Microframework SDK. We validated our test-bed results by comparing with a more sophisticated and costly system, Embla N7000. The proposed system paves the way for affordable large scale epidemiology studies of health parameters during sleep using unobtrusive sensors.


This paper presents new results on the formal design of distributed coordinating agents in a discrete-event framework. In this framework, agents are modeled to be individually equipped with a coordination module, through which they interact and communicate. In terms of existing control-theoretic concepts, we first define the concept of a coordinable language and show that it is the necessary and sufficient existence condition of coordination modules for distributed agents to achieve conformance to a prespecified interagent constraint language. Following, we present a synthesis algorithm to compute near-optimal coordination modules. An example is provided to illustrate the design synthesis using the proposed algorithm. Finally, a discussion with related work distinguishes our coordination design problem from related problems in the literature.


We propose and demonstrate a simple scheme of a highly efficient polarization-independent wavelength converter utilizing the two-pump fiber optical parametric amplification. First, binary phase-shift-keying modulation is applied to two pump waves, which allows us to suppress stimulated Brillouin scattering without broadening the idler spectrum. Then, polarization states of the two pumps are aligned orthogonally to realize the wavelength conversion which is insensitive to the signal polarization. Using this method, we achieve polarization-independent wavelength conversion with an efficiency larger than 0 dB over a 30-nm signal bandwidth.


Despite their ecological and economic importance, coastal biological communities and ecosystem processes in large lakes have been understudied compared to those offshore. We investigated temporal variability in the abundance and assemblage composition of coastal organisms in northern Lake Michigan. We sampled nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, periphyton, benthic invertebrates, and fish along the east coast of Beaver Island, Michigan, USA, with high temporal frequency (every d to every 2 wk) over 2 summers. We also examined connectivity between coastal and offshore habitats with both hourly water current data from the Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System and sampling offshore 2 to 3× per summer. The abundance of littoral zone organisms varied markedly on daily to weekly timescales for both benthic invertebrates and water-column organisms (phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish). For example, zooplankton abundance changed by a mean of 297% between sampling dates at the same location. Within-season peaks in plankton abundance also differed among years. Specifically, peak chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations were observed 1 mo earlier in 2016 than 2015, and early summer (Jun) zooplankton abundance was 333% higher in 2016 than 2015. Furthermore, our data suggest that water currents may influence the abundance and assemblage composition of plankton, possibly by altering the flux of nutrients and organisms from offshore to coastal habitats. Specifically, zooplankton abundance increased by a mean of 194% when surface currents moved eastward before we sampled, and eastward surface velocity significantly altered zooplankton assemblage composition. Chl a concentration increased by a mean of 106% when surface currents moved northward prior to sampling. In contrast, the abundance and composition of benthic invertebrates and fish differed among sites and was not significantly related to water currents. The abundance of these organisms also declined throughout the summer. Therefore, benthic and water-column organisms are controlled by different processes, so patterns in their local abundance are out of sync. Understanding variability in coastal communities may enhance monitoring and design of effective protocols for investigating large lake ecology. Further, understanding the importance of regional movement of nutrients and organisms may be key to understanding community and ecosystem structure in coastal areas.


Following the global success of the principle of proportionality in human and constitutional rights adjudication, there is now an emerging debate among academics and judges in the United States as to whether proportionality ought to be introduced into U.S. constitutional law. My goal in this paper is to correct what I see as a misleading simplification in this discussion, namely the view that the United States could introduce proportionality while leaving the other features and characteristics of its constitutional rights jurisprudence intact. I argue that if proportionality is adopted, coherence requires that the other features of what in previous work I have labelled "the global model of constitutional rights" be embraced as well: rights inflation, positive obligations, socio-economic rights, and horizontal effect. Thus, proportionality is not just an isolated standard of review but part and parcel of a conception of rights that must be adopted or rejected as a whole.


We present some new findings concerning branched covers in topos theory. Our discussion involves a particular subtopos of a given topos that can be described as the smallest subtopos closed under small coproducts in the including topos. Our main result is a description of the covers of this subtopos as a category of fractions of branched covers, in the sense of Fox [10], of the including topos. We also have some new results concerning the general theory of KZ-doctrines, such as the closure under composition of discrete fibrations for a KZ-doctrine, in the sense of Bunge and Funk [6].


The anomaly of supernumerary teeth has been noted by some of the earlier writers, but cases have not been carefully studied or classified until within the last twenty years. Supernumerary teeth may be defined as those in excess of the normal number of twenty in the deciduous dentition or in excess of thirty-two in the permanent dentition. If there are more teeth than the regular number, of one type, such as incisors or molars, these extra teeth may be classed as supernumerary. This anomaly is not to be confused with the presence of extra teeth, which really are normal teeth of the former dentition. There is no embryologic evidence to show that there are any dentitions in man other than the two mentioned. Supernumerary teeth are common in animals; the higher animals have them less frequently than the lower forms. They also are common in primitive man. In present-day


Several models have been previously suggested for learning correlated representations between source and target modalities. In this paper, we propose a novel coupled autoassociative neural network for learning a target-to-source image representation for heterogenous face recognition. This coupled network is unique, because a cross-modal transformation is learned by forcing the hidden units (latent features) of two neural networks to be as similar as possible, while simultaneously preserving information from the input. The effectiveness of this model is demonstrated using multiple existing heterogeneous face recognition databases. Moreover, the empirical results show that the learned image representation-common latent features-by the coupled auto-associative produces competitive cross-modal face recognition results. These results are obtained by training a softmax classifier using only the latent features from the source domain and testing using only the latent features from the target domain.


Globally as well as in China, cities have contributed to most of economic output and have accordingly given rise to most of CO2 emissions. In particular, given unprecedented urbanization, cities will play an even greater role in shaping energy demand and CO2 emissions. Therefore, cities are the key to meeting its proposed carbon intensity target in 2020 and whatever climate commitments beyond 2020 that China may take. Given the paramount importance of cities, China is practicing low carbon city (LCC) development. Against this background, this paper first summarizes the general situation and main characteristics of China's LCC development. The paper then indentifies eight problems and challenges for China's LCC development including the absence of sound carbon accounting systems, lack of low-carbon specific evaluation system, rare use of market-based instruments, insufficient government-enterprise interactions, excessive budget dependence on land concession, increasing difficulty in further carbon mitigation, inevitable emissions growth due to rising living standards, and coal-dominant energy structure in the foreseeable future. Since these challenges are not applied to one or few cities, but are to all cities across the country, finally, the paper discusses how governments, in particular the central government, should address these problems and challenges. Given that China has faced great difficulty ensuring that local governments act in accordance with centrally-directed policies, the paper in particular discusses ways to incentivize local governments not to focus on economic growth alone and to move away from a heavy reliance on land concession. The paper ends with emphasizing on putting a price on carbon a crucial step for China's endeavor of harnessing the market forces to reduce its energy consumption and carbon emissions and genuinely transiting into a low-carbon economy.


Spatial Transcriptomics is an emerging technology that adds spatial dimensionality and tissue morphology to the genome-wide transcriptional profile of cells in an undissociated tissue. Integrating these three types of data creates a vast potential for deciphering novel biology of cell types in their native morphological context. Here we developed innovative integrative analysis approaches to utilise all three data types to first find cell types, then reconstruct cell type evolution within a tissue, and search for tissue regions with high cell-to-cell interactions. First, for normalisation of gene expression, we compute a distance measure using morphological similarity and neighbourhood smoothing. The normalised data is then used to find clusters that represent transcriptional profiles of specific cell types and cellular phenotypes. Clusters are further sub-clustered if cells are spatially separated. Analysing anatomical regions in three mouse brain sections and 12 human brain datasets, we found the spatial clustering method more accurate and sensitive than other methods. Second, we introduce a method to calculate transcriptional states by pseudo-space-time (PST) distance. PST distance is a function of physical distance (spatial distance) and gene expression distance (pseudotime distance) to estimate the pairwise similarity between transcriptional profiles among cells within a tissue. We reconstruct spatial transition gradients within and between cell types that are connected locally within a cluster, or globally between clusters, by a directed minimum spanning tree optimisation approach for PST distance. The PST algorithm could model spatial transition from non-invasive to invasive cells within a breast cancer dataset. Third, we utilise spatial information and gene expression profiles to identify locations in the tissue where there is both high ligand-receptor interaction activity and diverse cell type co-localisation. These tissue locations are predicted to be hotspots where cell-cell interactions are more likely to occur. We detected tissue regions and ligand-receptor pairs significantly enriched compared to background distribution across a breast cancer tissue. Together, these three algorithms, implemented in a comprehensive Python software stLearn, allow for the elucidation of biological processes within healthy and diseased tissues.


Calcium (Ca(2+)) and magnesium (Mg(2+)) are important metal elements that regulate a variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, in cancer cells. Among the ionic channels mediating intracellular entry, the transient receptor potential melastatin type 7 (TRPM7) channel is of particular interest, it being a non-selective, cationic channel mediating both Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) influx. TRPM7 is highly expressed in a number of human cancer tissues and cell lines. In this review, we summarise current knowledge on the physiological role of the dual function TRPM7 chanzyme, the potential application of TRPM7 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of cancer progression with respect to clinical and pathological characteristics, and the molecular mechanisms implicated in cancerogenesis that specifically involve Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) influx through TRPM7 or kinase activity and interaction with cytoskeletal proteins.


The 1990s were years of great optimism in Europe. As the Europeans were putting the finishing touches on their economic community, observers predicted that political and military integration would soon follow. Optimism has turned to pessimism since the turn of the century, however. Most analysts believe that the economic community is in crisis, and hardly anyone predicts the creation of a political or military counterpart to it. Why has the European project run into trouble and what does the future hold? The answers to these questions are largely to be found in the distribution of power. It was the overwhelming power of the Soviet Union that drove the Western Europeans to consider a variety of integration initiatives and to build and maintain the European Community (EC) during the Cold War. In 1991 the collapse of the Soviet Union deprived them of a compelling geostrategic reason to pursue further integration or even to preserve their economic community. As a result, the Europeans have made no real effort to establish a political or military community over the past two decades, and the EC has slowly started to fray. As long as there are no significant changes in the balance of power going forward, worse times lie ahead.


It is evident that there are a large number of studies dealing with the problem of osteoporosis due to the exponential growth of fracture occurrence in elderly population. The risk for fracture is closely related to the natural loss of bone mass in women and men as a result of aging. Due to obvious demographic changes in age, i.e. an overall process of population aging, the number of fractures is higher than expected which indicates that bone quality is deteriorating from one generation to the next. In order to prevent the deterioration it is necessary to come up with appropriate prophylactic and therapeutic methods. Apart from standard methods comprising of calcium and vitamin D supplementation which don't have a great effect on bone, one of the best non- pharmacological methods for lifelong improvement of bone mass is physical exercise, or participation in quality training, as evidenced by number of studies. Of course, practical work and scientific research indicate that not all exercise modalities are equally efficient in improving bone mass, i.e. there are modalities that can significantly affect the bone quality and there are those that don't have a notable influence on the same. Therefore, it is necessary to determine most efficient physical exercise modalities for in improving bone mass quality in different age groups through inspection of previous studies. The importance of physical activity in enhancing bone quality, i.e. increasing bone mass and strength is evidenced by number of studies showing positive effects of sport and various types of training on above mentioned properties. This is supported by results of studies which indicate that training is potentially superior to supplementation of essential minerals for metabolism and bone mass. Regarding type of training, or type of physical activity with the highest potential for increasing bone mass, there are two activities that stand out – performing with great loadings and jump exercises, that is, strength training and plyometric training. Another type of training focused on increasing bone mass that stands out lately is vibration training, but compared to other two which are more appropriate for young population, due to its simplicity and safety it is appropriate for elderly population. Aerobic training significantly effects cardiovascular health and shows certain indications for improving or at least maintaining bone mass. Therefore, if we want to maintain optimal bone mass throughout life it is recommended to participate in systematic sports training from early childhood and to regularly involve oneself in physical activities, especially those creating greater ground reaction forces and with external loading larger than those of everyday life, on a regular basis over longer periods of time. It is a challenging task to give valid conclusion about optimal loading parameters for specific types of training due to inconsistency in methodological approaches and, often, controversial findings. Hence, future research should focus on: a) determining optimal loading parameters for specific types of training and age groups with a uniform methodology ; b) topological effects of specific exercises, especially in strength and jump trainings ; c) determining effects of agility training as a potential protocol for developing bone mass in young population ; and d) determining residual effects of training focused on gaining bone mass, that is, the effects of detraining.


A stepwise method of deriving the high-performance implementation of a set of operations is proposed. This method is based on the ability to organize the data into a multilevel data structure to provide an efficient implementation of all the operations. Typically, for such data organization the performance may deteriorate over a period of time and that can be corrected by reorganizing the data. This data reorganization is done by the introduction of maintenance processes. For a particular example, the multilevel data organization and the different models of maintenance processes possible are considered. The various models of maintenance process provide varying amounts of concurrency by varying the degree of atomicity in different operations. Performance behavior for the different models is derived and a correctness proof for the developed implementation is outlined. >


Some thirty years ago Klaus Reich claimed that Kant's abandonment of feeling as the source of our moral appraisals was due to his reading of Plato and the Stoics, and more interestingly that it led him to the fundamental concept of his mature moral theory, the autonomy of the will. Despite the obvious importance of the latter claim, it seems to have gone either unnoticed or unchallenged, at least in the English philosophical literature. This is particularly surprising since, apart from holding any view as to the legitimacy of singling out the source of Kant's mature moral theory, more obvious influences than those of Plato and the Stoics seem to have played such a role : the variant of Lutheran Christianity, Pietism, Rousseau, and the cultural context of the Enlightenment.


Electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) process was exploited to prepare drug-loaded microparticles for colon-targeted drug delivery. Field emission scanning electron microscope results showed that the particles had a size of 1.3±0.7 μm. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses and wide-angle X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) results similarly demonstrated that the drug DS had been totally converted into an amorphous state in the EHDA microparticles with Eudragit® L-100 as the polymer matrix. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared analysis disclosed that the secondary interactions presented between DS and Eudragit® L100 molecules. In vitro dissolution tests verified that the microparticles had a pH-dependent and sustained drug release profile. The present study provides an easy way for developing colon-targeted drug delivery microparticles.


When a low-viscosity drop coalesces with a pool surface of the same liquid, it often portrays partial coalescence, where it pinches off a daughter droplet from its top. Such partial coalescence can also occur for a drop spreading on a strongly hydrophilic solid surface. Herein, we investigate the partial coalescence of a low-viscosity drop with a pool surface, when the viscosity of the miscible pool is changed from low to very high, in other words, spanning the conditions from a pool to a solid surface. We find that above a certain pool viscosity, the partial coalescence transitions to second-stage coalescence with a much smaller satellite droplet. This occurs because higher pool viscosity prevents drainage from the drop into the pool, which, in turn, increases the axial curvature in the neck connecting the primary satellite to the drop, thereby preventing the first-stage pinch-off.


Abstract This article is an attempt to apply a systematic use of theory to gender inequalities in education. It expands on the tenets of liberal, radical, and socialist feminist perspectives to account for differential gender outcomes in terms of educational access, attainment, and field of study choices. The State emerges as a key actor regulating and promoting educational processes and outcomes, and the perspective that most accurately captures the State's practices is socialist feminism. There has been a recent convergence in feminist thought toward the meshing of ideological and material elements in the explanation of women's subordination, bringing closer than ever the radical and socialist feminist perspectives. These perspectives detect severe limits in the State's ability to improve women's conditions while groups outside the State, particularly women‐run organizations, are identified as the most likely sources of significant educational change and thus social change, in the interests of women.


This paper aims to discuss the design of an online collaborative writing platform for primary school students. With minimal face-to-face input from teachers, students went through process writing (a learner-centric learning approach with brainstorming, drafting, revising and publishing stages), and created their own storybooks with visual support, online scaffolds and communicative features using this online platform. Initial findings suggest that this writing platform can be an effective approach to improve students' motivation towards English learning and writing skills. This paper also proposes that the Process Writing model can be used to facilitate students' writing of different genres.


This paper deals with the specifics of a music teacher's work in kindergarten and presents an empirical study, based on the approach of hermeneutic phenomenology. In the research outcomes, the experiences of the music teacher's work in kindergarten are presented through their stories about memorable moments of their professional activity. Initially, in accordance with the theory of Max van Manen, the research data were viewed through the prism of five dimensions (lived time, lived space, lived self-others, lived things, and lived body), typical of all phenomena. The paper discusses one of them, i.e. the teachers' experience from the perspective of the lived body. The stories demonstrate how through the looks, facial mimicry, and body language, moments of the teacher's everyday routine are revealed that would otherwise be overlooked or considered irrelevant.


In the rapidly progressing world where different sectors become more interconnected, cross-sectoral cooperation in health promotion lacks a specific set of instruments, navigating partners through the cooperation process in project implementation. Cross-sectoral cooperation is an everyday practice in business and has become an integral part of promoting health and wellbeing comprehensively and sustainably. In this paper, we propose a developed Model for cross-sectoral cooperation, which has been designed within the Interreg Baltic Sea Region project "Urban Labs for Better Health for All in the Baltic Sea Region" (Healthy Boost), aiming to boost cross-sectoral cooperation for health and wellbeing in cities and municipalities. The Model is developed based on literature research and self-assessment of cross-sectoral cooperation for health promotion in Healthy Boost partner cities and municipalities in Latvia, Poland, Russia, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Sweden. Composed of five major domains (risk identification, leadership, coordination, communication, and motivation) and four stages of cooperation (mapping, planning, implementation, and assessment), it provides a checklist of helpful questions for identifying solutions effectively and systematically. The Model can be used both as a navigational tool and as an "emergency" tool to manage cross-sectoral cooperation challenges successfully.


This report aims to investigate student's choices for studying accounting in New Zealand polytechnics. It provides information on students' motives for choosing the institute and their expectations of the accounting programmes it is offering. The gap between accounting education and practice is an increasing problem for accounting firms. The skills accounting graduates display are often not the skills the workplace is interviewing for. This creates problems for accounting students trying to make a career in the industry. If they are not showing the skills that employers are looking for, their chances of finding paid employment are much lower. Nine polytechnic students studying for an accounting degree were interviewed for this report, using convenience and then snowball methods. The researcher followed a question guide for each interview focused on gaining the student's opinions. Tentative results have found that students are satisfied with their overall level of learning. Study at the polytechnic was chosen over university because of flexible class times and being able to have a life outside of study. University was considered huge and scary, but also difficult for international students to pass entry criteria. There were 78 percent of students studying the CAANZ major, but only 56 percent wanted to study further to gain Chartered Accountant qualifications. This report will be of benefit to polytechnics as it will assist them in attracting and retaining more students.


The cause and incidence of reductions in cerebral perfusion pressure, and rises in intracranial pressure have been examined in a series of patients with severe head injury defined as an initial Glasgow Coma Sum of less than or equal to 8. Two-hundred-and-seven adults (aged over 16 years) and 84 children admitted to Newcastle General Hospital, who had intracranial pressure monitoring as part of their routine management, were studied. Intracranial pressure (ICP), arterial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were sampled and recorded every 2 min. Patients' CT findings were classified into distinct groups using the method described by Marshall. Secondary insults were defined using the Edinburgh University Secondary Insult Grades (EUSIG) and the incidence and cause (raised ICP, reduced CPP or a combination of the two) was established. Outcome was assessed at 6 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. In the majority of adults with head injury it is the combination of reduced arterial pressure and raised ICP that contributes to the reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure. This was not the case for Diffuse Injury Type I. In children similar characteristics were found across each of the CT classifications. The vast majority of falls in CPP down to 60 mmHg were caused by reduced arterial pressure. Reductions below 50 mmHg were almost always due to a combination of both reduced arterial pressure and raised ICP. The results in adults were similar, but not identical, to those of the paediatric cases. Diffuse Injury Type I stood out from all the other categories as the only one where reductions in perfusion pressure were almost exclusively due to reductions in arterial pressure and not to increases in ICP. The management of these patients should ensure the adequacy of perfusion pressure by maintaining arterial pressure at a satisfactory level. These results suggest that vigilant monitoring of both intracranial pressure and arterial pressure is required to lower the incidence of secondary insults.


Health data is considered to be sensitive and personal; both governments and software platforms have enacted specific measures to protect it. Consumer apps that collect health data are becoming more popular, but raise new privacy concerns as they collect unnecessary data, share it with third parties, and track users. However, developers of these apps are not necessarily knowingly endangering users' privacy; some may simply face challenges working with health features. To scope these challenges, we qualitatively analyzed 269 privacy-related posts on Stack Overflow by developers of health apps for Android- and iOS-based systems. We found that health-specific access control structures (e.g., enhanced requirements for permissions and authentication) underlie several privacy-related challenges developers face. The specific nature of problems often differed between the platforms, for example additional verification steps for Android developers, or confusing feedback about incorrectly formulated permission scopes for iOS. Developers also face problems introduced by third-party libraries. Official documentation plays a key part in understanding privacy requirements, but in some cases, may itself cause confusion. We discuss implications of our findings and propose ways to improve developers' experience of working with health-related features—and consequently to improve the privacy of their apps' end users.


This article attempts to offer a general framework for the protection of environmental rights in the European Union's legal order. The article discusses the Aarhus Convention, which follows the international trend for procedural protection of environmental rights. The European Commission proposes to give effect to its 'access to justice' dimension of the Aarhus Convention in a way that endorses uniformtity as a goal. I argue that this goal is mistaken. The guiding constitutional principle in this area should be that unless there are strong reasons to the contrary, EC law will only supplement the public law of the Member States by providing minimum standards. Under the scheme of environmental rights established by the Aarhus Convention each applicant or environmental activist may have slightly different rights depending on the country where he or she starts their actions or launches their campaigns. The public law of the EC, of which environmental law is now a major part, is not an attempt at harmonization nor is it a simple deduction from the principles of direct effect and supremacy.


DNA microarray technology has made it possible to simultaneously monitor the expression levels of thousands of genes during biological processes and across collections of related samples. However, the large number of genes and the complexity of biological networks greatly increase the challenges of comprehending and interpreting the resulting mass of data, which often consists of millions of measurements. A first step toward addressing this challenge is the use of clustering techniques, which is essential in the data mining process to reveal natural structures and identify interesting patterns in the underlying data. Cluster analysis seeks to partition a given data set into groups based on specified features so that the data points within a group are more similar to each other than the points in different groups. Many conventional clustering algorithms have been adapted or directly applied to gene expression data, and also new algorithms have recently been proposed specifically aiming at gene expression data. These clustering algorithms have been proven useful for identifying biologically relevant groups of genes and samples. A large number of clustering approaches have been proposed for the analysis of gene expression data obtained from microarray experiments. However, the results of the application of standard clustering methods to genes are limited. These limited results are imposed by the existence of a number of experimental conditions where the activity of genes is uncorrelated. A similar limitation exists when clustering of conditions is performed. For this reason, a number of algorithms that perform simultaneous clustering on the row and column dimensions of the gene expression matrix have been proposed to date. This simultaneous clustering, usually designated by biclustering, seeks to find submatrices that are subgroups of genes and subgroups of columns, where the genes exhibit highly correlated activities for every condition. This type of algorithms has also been proposed and used in other fields, such as information retrieval and data mining. In this paper, we first briefly introduce the concepts of microarray technology and discuss the basic elements of clustering on gene expression data. Then, we present specific challenges pertinent to each clustering category and introduce several representative approaches.


An analysis of dispersive/dissipative features of the difference schemes used for simulations of the non-linear Burgers' equation is developed based on the travelling wave asymptotic solutions of its differential approximation. It is shown that these particular solutions describe well deviations in the shock profile even outside the formal applicability of the asymptotic expansions, namely for shocks of moderate amplitudes. Analytical predictions may be used to improve calculations by suitable choice of the parameters of some familiar schemes, i.e., the Lax-Wendroff, Mac-Cormack etc. Moreover, an improvement of the scheme may be developed by adding artificial terms according to the asymptotic solution.


Based on the experiments of four connections with widened beam flange section which included two arc widened beam flange connections and two welded side-plate connections specimens and one ordinary connection under cyclic loading, 3-D nonlinear finite element models were created by using ANSYS software to analyze the mechanical properties of these two types of widened beam flange connections, such as skeleton curve, ultimate load, ductility and failure mode etc. The analytical results show good agreement with those of the experiments and prove the finite models correct and applicable. According to the experimental and element analytical failure results, the PI(PEEQ Index) was introduced to investigate the plasticity development and fracture tendency at the end of the widened flange part . Furthermore, the failure patterns of widened beam flange connection were revealed.


Author(s): Coolahan, Craig C. | Abstract: The use of dogs and calls to take coyotes (Canis latrans) around dens and resting areas has been used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Cooperative Animal Damage Control program for many years. This technique, when properly employed, is highly selective, humane, and very effective. In more remote, inaccessible areas it is one of the most cost-effective control methods currently available. Current and future public sentiment, as expressed in Legislative mandate, may oblige ADC to depend on methods perceived as more humane and selective. Dogs may become a more important control tool in the not-so-distant future. This technique and its applications are described.


Choosing a distinctive strategic position involves making tough choices on three dimensions: who to target as customers, what products to offer, and how to undertake related activities efficiently. The most common source of strategic failure is the inability to make clear, explicit choices on these three dimensions.

Unfortunately, not only will aggressive competitors imitate attractive positions, but, perhaps more importantly, new strategic positions will be emerging continually. In industry after industry, once formidable companies with seemingly unassailable strategic positions are humbled by relatively unknown companies that base their attacks on creating and exploiting new strategic positions.

Markides describes incursions into established markets by strategic innovators such as Canon and the brokerage firm Edward Jones. The hallmark of their success is strategic innovation ? proactively establishing distinctive strategic positions that are critical to shifting market share or creating new markets.

To prepare for the inevitable strategic innovation that will disrupt its market, an organization should:

? Identify turning points before a crisis occurs by regularly monitoring indicators of strategic rather than financial health in the market.

? Prevent cultural and structural inertia by creating a culture that welcomes change and is ready to accept new strategic innovation even if it disrupts the status quo.

? Develop processes that allow experimenting with new ideas to reveal the potential of a new innovation.

? Develop the required competencies and skills.

? Manage a transition to the new strategic position by clearly deciding whether to adopt the new position and by ensuring that old and new coexist harmoniously.

Designing a successful strategy is a never-ending, dynamic process of identifying and colonizing a distinctive strategic position; excelling in this position while concurrently searching for, finding, and cultivating another viable strategic position; simultaneously managing both positions; slowly making a transition to the new position as the old one matures and declines; and starting the cycle again.


Predicting access times is a crucial part of predicting hard disk drive performance. Existing approaches use white-box modeling and require intimate knowledge of the internal layout of the drive, which can take months to extract. Automatically learning this behavior is a much more desirable approach, requiring less expert knowledge, fewer assumptions, and less time. While previous research has created black-box models of hard disk drive performance, none have shown low per-request errors. A barrier to machine learning of access times has been the existence of periodic behavior with high, unknown frequencies. We identify these high frequencies with Fourier analysis and include them explicitly as input to the model. In this paper we focus on the simulation of access times for random read workloads within a single zone. We are able to automatically generate and tune request-level access time models with mean absolute error less than 0.15 ms. To our knowledge this is the first time such a fidelity has been achieved with modern disk drives using machine learning. We are confident that our approach forms the core for automatic generation of access time models that include other workloads and span across entire disk drives, but more work remains.


The entry of computer network technology into the field of foreign language teaching will of course change the information transmission channel of traditional foreign language teaching, the integration of teaching content and activities, and even the teaching process. It will also make a huge change in the structure of teaching structure and its constituent elements, and promote the change of teaching concepts, leading to changes in the value of teaching and evaluation criteria. This thesis is mainly aimed at exploratory research on the integration of computer network and foreign language teaching in college English teaching reform. The key point is to overcome the problems and confusions faced by foreign language teaching after integration, and to explain the various aspects of integration by applying the applicable theory of foreign language teaching.


This thesis is an investigation into health promotion in post-Soviet Russia in the field of substance misuse defined as the problematic and chaotic as well as recreational use of alcohol, solvents and both prescription and illicit drugs. The thesis outlines and analyses developments in the provision of health promotion in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 in two areas: institutional shifts in the provision of health promotion (the relative and changing roles of state, non-state and international actors); and changes in content and form of health promotion messages. The hypothesis that health promotion in the field of substance misuse in post-Soviet Russia remains fixed within a medical model of health is tested through an analysis of the way in which health promotion is developing in two regions – Saratov and Sverdlovsk oblasts. The relative and changing roles of state, non-state and international actors in the development of health promotion interventions, and the way health education materials framed the issue of substance misuse, both illuminated significant barriers to the development of alternative community empowerment approaches and confirmed that the medical model of health is indeed still hegemonic among approaches to health promotion in post-Soviet Russia.


Agroecosystems are natural ecosystems that have been modified for the production of food and fibre. While they retain many of the characteristics of natural ecosystems, from a toxicological viewpoint they are characterized by the frequent presence of agrochemicals, including pesticides, fertilizers, and plant growth regulators. The nature and extent of the agrochemical contamination will vary considerably, depending upon the nature of the crops and/or livestock. In monocultures, the variety of chemicals will be smaller but the concentrations may well be higher while the reverse could be true in agroecosystems supporting the production of many crops. In highly mechanized agroecosystems, the presence of combustion products from fossil fuels may also present problems


An account, as non-technical as possible, is given of the invariance properties that have important applications in elementary particle physics. These can be classified in several ways. Firstly some are related to continuous groups (rotations), others to discrete groups (inversions). Secondly some are related to groups of well-known geometrical or kinematical significance (ordinary space time), others are not and are peculiar to elementary particle physics (isobaric space). Finally some are, it appears, rigorously valid while others are of approximate nature. The discussion aims to cover all cases and their interpretation. In as far as possible explicit use of quantum field theory techniques is avoided.


This paper proposes Synchronised Hyperedge Replacement (SHR) as a suitable modelling framework for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). SHR facilitates explicit modelling of WSNs applications environmental conditions (that significantly affect applications performance) while providing a sufficiently high level of abstraction for the specification of the underling coordination mechanisms. Because it is an intractable problem to solve in distributed manner, and distribution is important, we propose a new Nutrient-flow-based Distributed Clustering (NDC) algorithm to be used as a working example. The key contribution of this work is to demonstrate that SHR is sufficiently expressive to describe WSNs algorithms and their behaviour at a suitable level of abstraction to allow onward analysis.


Electron transfer in molecular wires are of fundamental importance for a range of optoelectronic applications. The impact of electronic coherence and ionic vibrations on transmittance are of great importance to determine the mechanisms, and subsequently the type of wires that are most promising for applications. In this work, we use the real-time formulation of time-dependent density functional theory to study electron transfer through oligo-p-phenylenevinylene (OPV) and the recently synthesized carbon bridged counterpart (COPV). A system prototypical of organic photovoltaics is setup by bridging a porphyrin-fullerene dyad, allowing a photo-excited electron to flow between the Zn-porphyrin (ZnP) chromophore and the C60 electron acceptor through the molecular wire. The excited state is described using the fully self-consistent ∆-SCF method. The state is then propagated in time using the real-time TD-DFT scheme, while describing ionic vibrations with classical nuclei. The charge transferred between porphyrin and C60 is calculated and correlated with the velocity autocorrelation functions of the ions. This provides a microscopic insight to vibrational and tunneling contributions to electron transport in linked porphyrin-fullerene dyads. We elaborate on important details in describing the excited state and trajectory sampling.


This brief uses national data to provide context for a 10-state audit study which found lower availability of new patient primary care appointments but similar wait times for Medicaid as opposed to private callers. It finds that the vast majority of Medicaid adults had a usual source of care and that few reported that they had had problems finding a general provider. These findings suggest that despite the more restricted number of practices with new patient appointment availability for Medicaid patients found in the audit study, Medicaid enrollees were getting connected to primary care providers at high rates in 2012.


This article examines the public status and educational background of Turkish women architects from 1908 to 1950. Writings on the history of architecture in Turkey, as in the West, have focused on heroic male figures. Key works produced before the late 1970s used data gathered mainly from Arkitekt, the first Turkish architectural magazine, whilst a second generation of Turkish architectural historians has preferred to investigate state and private archives. It is impossible to find a mention of women as architects in either bodies of work, although their contributions are indeed evident in the pages of Arkitekt. This article aims to fill some of these gaps in the highly gendered history of modern Turkish architecture by identifying and examining women's work as architects in Turkey in the first half of the twentieth century. It also explores the relationship between the women's liberation movement, the discipline of architecture, and modernization ideology associated with the Turkish Republic. It argues that women architects, who undertook important private commissions and were permitted to enter public competitions as anonymous entrants, did not encounter overt discrimination until the 1940s. Nevertheless, forms of indirect discrimination across the period served to silence women in the pages of the architectural press and to occlude them from key public commissions and offices.


Bag cell activity in Aplysia can be recorded intracellularly and extracellularly. Electrical stimulation anywhere along the connective nerves can produce prepotentials which are not synaptic potentials but represent the passive invasion of action potentials blocked in the neurites. Potentiation of these prepotentials results from progressive movement of the site of spike blockade toward the somata. This type of propagation plasticity may occur in many networks of low conduction safety.


Introduction Adolescents and young adults with an uncertain or poor cancer prognosis (UPCP) are confronted with ongoing and unique age-specific challenges, which forms an enormous burden. To date, little is known about the way AYAs living with a UPCP cope with their situation. Therefore, this study explores how AYAs with a UPCP cope with the daily challenges of their disease. Method We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews among AYAs with a UPCP. Patients of the three AYA subgroups were interviewed (traditional survivors, new survivors, low-grade glioma survivors), since we expected different coping strategies among these subgroups. Interviews were analyzed using elements of the Grounded Theory by Corbin and Strauss. AYA patients were actively involved as research partners. Results In total 46 AYAs with UPCP participated, they were on average 33.4 years old (age range 23–44) and most of them were woman (63%). Most common tumor types were low-grade gliomas (16), sarcomas (7), breast cancers (6) and lung cancers (6). We identified seven coping strategies in order to reduce the suffering from the experienced challenges: (1) minimizing impact of cancer, (2) taking and seeking control, (3) coming to terms, (4) being positive, (5) seeking and receiving support, (6) carpe diem and (7) being consciously alive. Conclusion This study found seven coping strategies around the concept of 'double awareness' and showcases that AYAs are able to actively cope with their disease but prefer to actively choose life over illness. The findings call for CALM therapy and informal AYA support meetings to support this group to cope well with their disease.


Dependency parsing has become an important line of research in natural language processing in recent years. This is due to its usefulness in a wide variety of real world applications. This paper presents the improvement of Vietnamese dependency parsing using distributed word representations. Our parser achieves an accuracy of 76.29% of unlabelled attachment score or 69.25% of labelled attachment score. This is the most accurate dependency parser for the Vietnamese language in comparison to others which are trained and tested on the same dependency treebank. The distributed word representations are produced by two recent unsupervised learning models, the Skip-gram model and the GloVe model. We also show that distributed representations produced by the GloVe model are better than those produced by the Skip-gram model when being used in dependency parsing. Our dependency parsing system, including software, corpus and distributed word representations, is released as an open source project, freely available for research purpose.


The present paper is a review of current knowledge about the relations between gene polymorphism and predisposition for ischemic heart disease. Many studies investigate polymorphic variants of genes whose protein products contribute to the genesis and development of atherosclerosis of coronary arteries, thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis and other processes significant for the progression of ischemic heart disease. In ischemic heart disease the most often analyzed genes are those connected with metabolism of lipids, the coagulation and fibrinolytic system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Factors of inflammation (cytokines, TNF), proliferation of smooth muscles cells and vasoactivation are also important. Manifestation of the illness is connected with accumulation of several genetic determinants, while the clinical picture is additionally modified by environmental factors. Studies of genetic etiopathogenesis of ischemic heart disease may result in effective prevention and treatment in particular patients.


In the design of robotic systems that safely interact with people, it is useful to have validated criteria for measuring injury risks. To this end, some researchers have advocated the use of metrics developed for assessing automotive safety, with the head injury criterion (HIC) receiving particular attention. The aims of this commentary are to clarify the proper use of the HIC, to briefly discuss its relationship to the risk of injury, and to give a closed-form formula for the HIC value produced by a simple mass-spring model of impact. We emphasize that there are many other factors besides HIC to consider before a robot system can be considered safe to interact with humans.


This thesis presents an approach to controlling Micromanagement in Real-Time Strategy (RTS) computer games using Potential Fields (PF) that are tuned with Multi-Objectve Optimized Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEA), specifically the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). The classic RTS title textit{StarCraft: Broodwar} has been chosen as testing platform due to its status in the competitive AI scene, the amount of detailed information available from previous research and projects, and the free open-source framework Brood War Application Programming Interface (BWAPI). The proposed AI controls its units by placing several types of Potential Fields onto the battlefield. The weights behind the PFs' calculations are optimized using NSGA-II. This work is an attempt to improve on previous methods done with PF in RTS. The results indicate that Multi-Objective Optimization is a suited method for optimizing Potential Fields in RTS games.


Objective: To investigate if systemic d-dimer activation occurs after acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and to study its influence on clinical outcome. Methods: The authors determined plasma baseline d-dimer in 98 consecutive acute (<24 hours) ICH patients. Glasgow Coma Scale and NIH Stroke Scale scores were recorded to assess neurologic status on baseline and follow-up visits (24 hours, 48 hours, 7th day, and 3rd month). They also determined the d-dimer temporal profile at follow-up visits in a subgroup of 21 patients. ICH volume was measured on baseline and follow-up CT scans. Early neurologic deterioration (END) and mortality during the 1st week were recorded. Results: ICH patients showed higher plasma d-dimer level than reference laboratory values at baseline (1,780 vs 360 ng/mL; p = 0.013) and 3 months after ICH onset (1,530 vs 470 ng/mL; p = 0.013). The d-dimer level was related to baseline ICH volume (r = 0.23, p = 0.049) and to the presence of intraventricular (2,370 vs 1,360 ng/mL; p = 0.019) or subarachnoid (4,180 vs 1,520 ng/mL; p = 0.001) extension. Nearly one-fourth of patients presented END, and 20% died as a result of ICH. As predictors of END, the authors identified d-dimer level >1,900 ng/mL (odds ratio [OR] 4.5, 95% CI 1.03 to 20.26, p = 0.045) and systolic blood pressure >182 mm Hg (OR 6.8, 95% CI 1.25 to 36.9, p = 0.026). Moreover, ICH volume >30 mL (OR 19.13, 95% CI 2.06 to 177, p = 0.009) and d-dimer levels >1,900 ng/mL (OR 8.75, 95% CI 1.41 to 54.16, p = 0.020) emerged as independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion: Increased plasma d-dimer level following acute intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with early neurologic deterioration and poor outcome.


Synchronous programming languages emerged in the 1980s as tools for implementing reactive systems, which interact with events from physical environments and often must do so under strict timing constraints. In this report, we encode inside ATS various real-time primitives in an experimental synchronous language called Prelude, where ATS is a statically typed language with an ML-like functional core that supports both dependent types (of DML-style) and linear types. We show that the verification requirements imposed on these primitives can be formally expressed in terms of dependent types in ATS. Moreover, we modify the Prelude compiler to automatically generate ATS code from Prelude source. This modified compiler allows us to solely rely on typechecking in ATS to discharge proof obligations originating from the need to typecheck Prelude code. Whereas ATS is typically used as a general purpose programming language, we hereby demonstrate that it can also be conveniently used to support some forms of advanced static checking in languages equipped with less expressive types.


Nineteen individuals are reported who represent nine familial instances of various immunopathies. Multiple myeloma was diagnosed in 10 members of five families, lanthanic (idiopathic) paraproteinemia in five members of two families and either myeloma or lanthanic paraproteinemia in four members of the remaining two families. The parent-child relationship occurred in three instances, siblings were affected in three, and first cousins in three families. Immunochemical studies revealed IgG paraprotein in nine cases; IgA in three; IgMl type in three subjects belonging to the same family; Bence-Jones protein in one case and biclonal paraproteinemia, IgGk plus IgAl in one. Three individual cases of lanthanic paraproteinemia, discovered in a prospective study of 76 relatives of subjects with immunopathies, suggest that there may be a higher frequency of immunopathies among family members than observed in the general population of comparable age. The published reports on familial paraproteinemias are reviewed. Cancer 40:2094-2101, 1977.


International trade economists made seminal contributions to general equilibrium theory, moving away from an emphasis on existence of equilibrium to algebraic formulations which enabled us to characterize key relationships between parameters and variables, such as that between tariffs and domestic factor prices and welfare. But the analysis remained limited in value for policy evaluation: the analysis was local, it provided only qualitative results, it was limited to very small models, and strictly interior solutions had to be assumed. The contribution of this paper is pedagogic and methodological, providing a primer for those wishing to do or teach general equilibrium counterfactuals on (for example) structural models. I show how the tools from early local comparative statics analyses can be generalized via the use of Shepard's lemma, duality, complementarity and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theorem into a global, quantitative analysis of large changes in high-dimension models which also allows for regime changes and corner solutions. I then show how the resulting non-linear complementarity problem directly translates into a numerical model using GAMS (general algebraic modeling system).


Government policy drives health and social care providers to continually improve and innovate (as in the 'High Quality Care for All', NHS, 2008). This is particularly evident in public health, where there has recently been a multi-stakeholder commitment to developing research and practice, in the form of a £5m UKCRC award to the north-east to establish a centre of research excellence in public health (the Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, CTRPH). One aspect of the Centre is to build research capacity and there is, therefore, a considerable potential student population.
In the School of Community, Health & Education Studies we address the supervision of professional doctorate students by drawing on soft systems methodology (Carr, Lhussier & Chandler 2009).
At the core of practice-relevant research is the need for management of the interplay between individual students and the organisation in which they function. The Framework is influenced by Cowley's (1995) argument of the inappropriateness of separating organisational and professional learning. In order to avoid imposing inappropriate or unnecessary divisions or barriers between practice and the research/learning environments, each professional doctorate supervision team includes a practice advisor. Tackling some of the enduring health and social needs of the UK requires new approaches to how need is understood and responded to (Department of Health 2004). Addressing health inequalities demands a research agenda that is in tune with the knowledge required by practitioners and a mechanism to make the necessary evidence base easily available and accessible to those who require it to underpin practice development.
The CTRPH and the educational strategies at play in the Community, Health and Education Research Centre provide exciting opportunities for research and supervision collaboration, in a way most apt to influence practice.


Guar gum is a naturally occurring alternating co-polymer derived from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Guar has high intrinsic viscosity but very poor interaction coefficient. Guar dispersions lose viscosity upon standing. Guar has been derivatized to hydroxyalkyl, alkali carboxyalkyl and quaternary ammonium guar. Derivatization of guar enhances solution stability, clarity of dispersion and resistance to microbial attack. Derivatives of guar have immense pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. The present review focuses on the various methodologies available for effecting derivatization of guar and also covers the specific application case studies in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical fields. The authors opine that guar derivatives such as hydroxypropyl guar, sodium carboxymethyl guar and cationic guar are the prominent ones and shall be accorded an official status.


Low plasma concentrations of VIP and elevated levels of other neuropeptides during exacerbations of asthma. L.O. Cardell, R. Uddman, L. Edvinsson.. ERS Journals Ltd 1994. ABSTRACT: Neuropeptides in the lung occur in neurons, neuroendocrine and inflammatory cells. Their widespread distribution and physiological effects suggest that they may play important roles in asthma. We investigated whether, during an exacerbation of asthma, patients displayed changes in plasma levels of the neuro- peptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Venous blood from 25 adult patients attending the emergency ward with an exacerbation of asthma was sampled before and after treatment. Plasma levels of VIP-, SP-, CGRP- and NPY-like immunoreactivity (-LI) were determined by immunoassay, and the results obtained were compared with findings in 21 healthy controls. The mean plasma levels of VIP-LI were lower in patients (3.4±0.4 pmol·l-1) than in controls (10.4±0.7 pmol·l-1), whereas the levels of CGRP-LI (43.7±3.4 pmol·l-1), SP-LI (4.6±0.4 pmol·l-1) and NPY-LI levels (159±6 pmol·l-1) were higher in patients than in controls (21.1±3.4; 2.2±0.2 and 105±8 pmol·l-1, respectively). A relationship was seen between the reversibility of obstruction, expressed as improvement of peak expiratory flow upon treatment, and the neuropeptide levels, such that lower VIP- LI levels and higher CGRP-LI levels correlated with less reversibility. Plasma levels of neuropeptides, VIP-LI and CGRP-LI in particular, may therefore be employed as predictors of responsiveness to bronchodilatory therapy.


This study aims to determine the current issues associated with the transfer of knowledge in the construction industry published between 1987 and December 2021 to provide insights and ideas for future research. A total of 1240 publications were analysed to offer metadata analysis, and these papers were extracted from the Scopus database. The insights gained from analysing papers from Scopus databases are presented along with classifications of the literature based on content analyses, including conceptual understanding, barriers and facilitators, a collaborative effort with knowledge management and other optimisation models, and evaluation of knowledge management practices and performance. The study's findings show a declining trend in research on drivers or obstacles analysis of knowledge management. In contrast, there is a growing trend in applying mathematical optimisation models to enhance decision-making in pursuing knowledge management performance. Furthermore, the study's findings reveal a steady increase in assessing knowledge management techniques and performance over time. Contributions by disciplines are identified, and the most significant authors, leading journals, leading nations, leading contributing institutions, and leading contributing institutions. The study's results and future research possibilities open up a new channel for further inquiry and contribution to this subject.


Transcriptional enhancers integrate the contributions of multiple classes of transcription factors (TFs) to orchestrate the myriad spatio-temporal gene expression programs that occur during development. A molecular understanding of enhancers with similar activities requires the identification of both their unique and their shared sequence features. To address this problem, we combined phylogenetic profiling with a DNA–based enhancer sequence classifier that analyzes the TF binding sites (TFBSs) governing the transcription of a co-expressed gene set. We first assembled a small number of enhancers that are active in Drosophila melanogaster muscle founder cells (FCs) and other mesodermal cell types. Using phylogenetic profiling, we increased the number of enhancers by incorporating orthologous but divergent sequences from other Drosophila species. Functional assays revealed that the diverged enhancer orthologs were active in largely similar patterns as their D. melanogaster counterparts, although there was extensive evolutionary shuffling of known TFBSs. We then built and trained a classifier using this enhancer set and identified additional related enhancers based on the presence or absence of known and putative TFBSs. Predicted FC enhancers were over-represented in proximity to known FC genes; and many of the TFBSs learned by the classifier were found to be critical for enhancer activity, including POU homeodomain, Myb, Ets, Forkhead, and T-box motifs. Empirical testing also revealed that the T-box TF encoded by org-1 is a previously uncharacterized regulator of muscle cell identity. Finally, we found extensive diversity in the composition of TFBSs within known FC enhancers, suggesting that motif combinatorics plays an essential role in the cellular specificity exhibited by such enhancers. In summary, machine learning combined with evolutionary sequence analysis is useful for recognizing novel TFBSs and for facilitating the identification of cognate TFs that coordinate cell type–specific developmental gene expression patterns.


Photocopy of a certificate given to Lee Harvey Oswald. It reads: "United States Armed Forces Institute, Madison, Wisconsin. This is to certify that Oswald, Lee H. has successfully completed the USAFI Tests of General Educational Development, High School Level, this date 3-23-59, matriculation no. 6684M230." It is signed by J.W . Poindexter, and Darrell J. Inabnit.


Abstract Little work has been carried out on management techniques to reduce stress of first machine milking in ewes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of milking parlour training before weaning on sheep milk yield and milk protein fractions. One week before weaning, an experimental group (EG) was introduced into the machine milking parlour and hand-milked once a day, to adapt them to the new environment and noise of the milking machine, while a control group (CG) was hand-milked once a day in a traditional fold parlour until weaning. After weaning, both groups were machine milked, separately, twice a day in the milking parlour. Milk yield and nitrogen fractions were recorded for the first 10 days of machine milking. Differences between samplings within group were observed for all parameters considered. Only on the first day of machine milking, differences between groups occurred for total nitrogen, total protein and casein. Higher content of nitrogen fractions in the milk of EG was due to its lower milk production. In fact, daily production of nitrogen fractions was higher in CG than in EG. High variability for most parameters was observed during the first 5 days of machine milking in both groups. A week of training to machine milking parlour was not enough to reduce the negative effects of weaning and machine milking stresses on primiparous ewes. (interaction?)


This paper shows single electron transistor at room temperature,created on macroscopic system-the two-dimensional large area surface of our hydrogenated diamond like carbon thin film. Our results, free from the limitation of lowering the size of coulomb blockade in sub-nanometer range with the existing unprofitable process,are consistent with the theoretical results and will be relevant for future practical applications in the realm of atomic physics, quantum phenomenon and metrology.


Abstract. We describe a novel, low-cost instrument to acquire both elastic and inelastic (fluorescent) scattering spectra from individual supermicron-size particles in a multi-particle collection on a microscope slide. The principle of the device is based on a slitless spectroscope that is often employed in astronomy to determine the spectra of individual stars in a star cluster but had not been applied to atmospheric particles. Under excitation, most commonly by either a 405 nm diode laser or a UV light-emitting diode (LED), fluorescence emission spectra of many individual particles can be determined simultaneously. The instrument can also acquire elastic scattering spectra from particles illuminated by a white-light source. The technique also provides the ability to detect and rapidly estimate the number fraction of fluorescent particles that could contaminate a collection of non-fluorescent material, even without analyzing full spectra. Advantages and disadvantages of using black-and-white cameras compared to color cameras are given. The primary motivation for this work has been to develop an inexpensive technique to characterize fluorescent biological aerosol particles, especially particles such as pollen and mold spores that can cause allergies. An example of an iPhone-enabled device is also shown as a means for collecting data on biological aerosols at lower cost or by utilizing citizen scientists for expanded data collection.


The paper examines economic and political challenges of joining the euro area in the case of Poland. After reviewing the economic developments since the pre-accession period and assessing economic convergence with the euro area the paper focuses on the political and institutional challenges of acceding to the euro zone. Special attention is given to the effect of the crisis triggered by the collapse of Lehman brothers in September 2008 on both political and economic dynamics of the process. The developments in parameters related to the economic and legal criteria for joining the euro area are scrutinized in detail during the entire period before and after the crisis. The paper is concluded with the review of the status quo in mid-2010 as well as summary and recommendations.


Temporal modeling is crucial for multi-frame human pose estimation. Most existing methods directly employ optical flow or deformable convolution to predict full-spectrum motion fields, which might incur numerous irrelevant cues, such as a nearby person or background. Without further efforts to excavate meaningful motion priors, their results are suboptimal, especially in complicated spatio-temporal interactions. On the other hand, the temporal difference has the ability to encode representative motion information which can potentially be valuable for pose estimation but has not been fully exploited. In this paper, we present a novel multi-frame human pose estimation framework, which employs temporal differences across frames to model dynamic contexts and engages mutual information objectively to facilitate useful motion information disentanglement. To be specific, we design a multi-stage Temporal Difference Encoder that performs incremental cascaded learning conditioned on multi-stage feature difference sequences to derive informative motion representation. We further propose a Representation Disentanglement module from the mutual information perspective, which can grasp discriminative task-relevant motion signals by explicitly defining useful and noisy constituents of the raw motion features and minimizing their mutual information. These place us to rank No.1 in the Crowd Pose Estimation in Complex Events Challenge on benchmark dataset HiEve, and achieve state-of-the-art performance on three benchmarks PoseTrack2017, PoseTrack2018, and PoseTrack21.