Formation and repair of O6‐medG and N7‐medG (O6‐ and N7‐methyldeoxyguanosine) in glutathione S‐transferase‐P form (GST‐P)‐positive liver cell foci, nodules, primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and transplanted hepatocellular carcinoma (TRP) induced by N‐ethyl‐N‐hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN) were immunohistochemically assessed following a single exposure to dimethyl‐nitrosamine (DMN). Male Fischer 344 rats received a 0.1% solution of EHEN as their drinking water for 4 weeks and were maintained on basal diet until week 40, when a single 50 mg/kg body weight dose of DMN was administered intraperitoneally. Nude rats (NIH rnu/rnu) bearing TRP were similarly treated. Sequential Killing 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h thereafter revealed significantly decreased indices of cells binding antibodies to O6‐medG and N7‐medG adducts in GST‐P‐positive foci and nodules, and particularly HCC and TRP, as compared to background parenchyma values. Similarly, differences between foci/nodules and HCC/TRP were also significant, indicating that decrease in adduct formation is associated with further malignant conversion. The rate of DNA adduct repair in foci and nodules subsequent to the peak found at the 12 h time‐point did not appear to be significantly different from that in the surrounding tissue at the dose of DMN studied. The results indicate decreased formation of DMN‐associated DNA damage, in line with the known metabolic profile of carcinogen‐induced focal liver lesions.


A crucial feature of our individual biography is grounded in our common corporeal structure. Our life begins with a strong bodily intertwining that has an essential biographical and existential meaning. To elucidate this pre-egological form of connection between subjects, I refer to a peculiar form of sympathetical experience which precedes the intersubjective experience proper. From the genetic phenomenological point of view, sympathetical experience is characterized by a prereflective form of intentionality, which I describe as trans-bodily intentionality, as well as by fusional dynamics realised through a special kind of immediate corporeal fantasy. Focusing on the individuation processes of personal life, I show to which degree trans-bodily intentional dynamics result in the dissolution of the subject's centricity or at least in its fluidification. Such a fluidification, moreover, should be systematically understood as a condition of possibility for the very process of becoming a Self. In my contribution, I discuss to which degree the corporeal phantasy plays a decisive rule in the creative process of becoming a Self.


Abstract Garnet pyroxenite xenoliths from the Delegate nephelinitic breccia pipes, New South Wales, Australia, contain relict garnets (py40 alm39 gr21) which are replaced by dark kelyphitic rims resulting from garnet breakdown. The kelyphite is composed of a lamellar intergrowth of secondary minerals, in which the lamellae are <1 μm in width. Analyses by SEM and ICPMS reveal that the kelyphite has an identical bulk chemical composition to the primary garnet. Kelyphitic rims on garnet are well known from xenoliths and xenocrysts in kimberlite pipes and from tectonically-uplifted mafic and ultramafic rocks in some metamorphic terranes. Orthopyroxene occurs in metamorphic kelyphites and it has been assumed that orthopyroxene is also the breakdown product of garnet transported in basic-ultrabasic magmas. However, TEM study of Delegate kelyphite shows that the ultrafine lamellae do not contain orthopyroxene but are instead composed of magnesian clinoferrosilite (En45Fs55), and lesser ferroan spinel and anorthite. The clinoferrosilite is probably the inversion product of initially-formed magnesian protoferrosilite. The breakdown reaction is believed to result from a sudden change to lower temperature and pressure conditions when the xenoliths were transported in the Delegate magma from ~40 km depth to the surface.


Case 1. D.J.S., a 4i-year-old boy, was admitted to the medical wards of Alder Hey Children's Hospital with a diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. On the tenth day the child showed signs of intestinal obstruction and a mass was palpable in the right iliac fossa. He was transferred to the surgical wards with a diagnosis of intussusception. At operation an ileo-ileal intussusception was reduced with some difficulty. The bowel was viable but there was some subserosal haemorrhage. The immediate post-operative period was very satisfactory, but, on the fifth post-operative day, the patient suddenly collapsed and on examination had signs of generalized peritonitis. After adequate intravenous therapy he was taken to the theatre. At the second operation, on opening the peritoneal cavity, gas and faecal material were encountered. Two inches of the ileum were gangrenous and numerous large perforations were found in the healthy segment of gut, one foot proximal to the intussuscepted area. Resection of the gangrenous segment was carried out and the two ends of the bowel were exteriorized, as the condition of the patient did not permit an anastomosis. Postoperatively he was critically ill and died four days later.


: Five male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were subjected, under ketamine anesthesia, to repeated hypothermia treatments that produced an average rectal temperature of 28.3 degrees C. Following hypothermia induction, the subjects were rewarmed using either a ventrally applied surgical heating pad supplied with 35 degrees C water or a radio-frequency (RF) induction coil operating at 13.56 MHz with an average specific absorption rate (SAR) calculated to be approximately 5.5 W X kg-1. A special temperature probe, nonperturbing to RF, was used in the RF rewarming experiments. Control experiments were also conducted in which only ketamine was administered over a 3-h period. RF rewarming to 35 degrees C typically required only 50 min; whereas, an average of 137 min was required for heating-pad rewarming. Analyses of blood serum collected during and up to 48 h after hypothermia treatments showed elevations at 24 h in creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and these elevations were highest for the ketamine controls and lowest for the RF rewarming experiments. The subjects have been periodically examined since these experiments, and all appear to be in good health. It is concluded that the careful application of RF energy to the central core of the body can successfully be used for rewarming purposes, is more effective than externally applied rewarming techniques, and is potentially useful in remote locations.


We present a feasible scheme to implement the 1 → 2 optimal cloning of arbitrary single particle atomic state into two photonic states, which is important for applications in long distance quantum communication. Our scheme also realizes the tele-NOT gate of one atom to the distant atom trapped in another cavity. The scheme is based on the adiabatic passage and the polarization measurement. It is robust against a number of practical noises such as the violation of the Lamb–Dicke condition, spontaneous emission, and detection inefficiency.


This paper describes the results of a study on the influence of two rather different factors on the quality of a translation: L2 proficiency on the one hand and familiarity with translation theory on the other. Three groups of Dutch university students were asked to translate a French advertisement text on tourism into their first language: two groups (students of French studies en students of German studies) attended the translator's training programme; the third group studied only French. The model for translation quality assessment used here is based on a functional concept of translation: a translation is an independent text functioning in the target culture. The analysis revealed that students from the first two groups, who had reflected on translation processing, had better results than the third group: they made less functional errors beacause they were trained in taking the function of the translation into account and produced a Dutch text that was more adequate. L2 proficiency had only a secondary positive effect on the translation.


Effect of different aging treatment on microstructure and properties of Cu-3Si-2Ni alloy was studied by measurements at room temperature tensile properties, XRD and fracture analysis. The results show that the strengthening phase particles are precipitated along grain boundaries and inside grains after aging treatment of Cu-3Si-2Ni alloy, which benefits the yield and tensile strength at room temperature except for the elongation. In addition, the fracture surface shows that mixed ductile and brittle features, while as-soluted Cu-3Si-2Ni alloy presents the typical ductile fracture. The appropriate aging treatment is 450°C×2h after care experiments in this paper.


Human re-identification is an important task in surveillance system to determine whether the same human re-appears in multiple cameras with disjoint views. Mostly, appearance based approaches are used to perform human re-identification task because they are less constrained than biometric based approaches. Most of the research works apply hand-crafted feature extractors and then simple matching methods are used. However, designing a robust and stable feature requires expert knowledge and takes time to tune the features. In this paper, we propose a global and local structure of Siamese Convolution Neural Network which automatically extracts features from input images to perform human re-identification task. Besides, most of the current human re-identification task in single-shot approaches do not consider occlusion issue due to lack of tracking information. Therefore, we apply a decision fusion technique to combine global and local features for occlusion cases in single-shot approaches.


Studies are reviewed in which the roles of insulin and glucagon in normal physiology and in diabetes are examined. In normal man, glucose ingestion is accompanied by a rise in insulin and fall in glucagon and is primarily disposed of in the liver, an organ sensitive to both hormones. However, infusions of glucagon in physiologic amounts indicate that insulin secretion rather than glucagon inhibition is the primary factor determining glucose disposal. Furthermore, minor elevations in blood glucose elicit increments in insulin concentration and inhibition of hepatic glucose output in the absence of changes in plasma glucagon. The primary physiologic role of glucagon is to prevent the hypoglycemia that would otherwise accompany noncarbohydrate (protein)-mediated insulin secretion. In diabetic as well as normal patients the stimulatory effect of glucagon on hepatic glucose production is evanescent. Increases in glucagon or changes in the I/G ratio can bring about deterioration in glucose tolerance or in diabetic control only so long as absolute insulin deficiency is present or pharmacologic elevations in glucagon are produced. After somatostatin administration, prolonged hypoinsulinemia in normal subjects is observed to result in fasting hyperglycemia in the absence of basal glucagon secretion. In diabetic patients the improvement in postprandial hyperglycemia produced by somatostatin can be accounted for by its inhibitory action on carbohydrate absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It is concluded that insulin deficiency is the primary pathophysiologic disturbance in diabetes. While glocagon may worsen the consequences of insulin lack, it is neither sufficient nor necessary for the development of diabetes.


Due to the possibility of adding yams to beverages, it is believed that the yam added to the whole grape juice will make it even more nutritious by raising the content of vitamins, minerals, and mainly antioxidant compounds, besides possibly obtaining a more creamy juice, i.e., with innovative technological characteristics. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of different yam concentrations on the sensory characteristics of whole grape juice. Juice formulations were evaluated through acceptance tests with 75 consumers. Two analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of the product health benefits information on the consumer acceptance. Based on the results of the sensory analysis, it can be concluded that it is possible to add up to 15% of yam in the whole grape juice without depreciating its sensory quality. This addition of yam to the juice can contribute favorably with the nutritional value of this beverage and hence with its sensory acceptance by the consumer. It was possible to observe that information and health concern by consumers contributed to increasing the product acceptability, however, the sensory properties are decisive to elaborate a new product.


Purpose: To evaluate our experience in the combined treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and bladder lithiasis with GreenLight and holmium laser, respectively, on an outpatient basis. Patients and Methods: From August 2006 to May 2009, 20 patients with prostatic hyperplasia and bladder lithiasis were treated. First, the lithiasis was treated, and then the GreenLight laser vaporization of the prostate was performed, both at the same surgical time and under general anesthesia. Discharge of patients was scheduled 3 to 4 hours after completion of the procedure. Results: The procedure was simultaneously completed in 19 of 20 patients. The mean stone size was 2.3 (1–4) cm, and the mean prostate volume was 56.5 (30–108) cc. The mean operating time was 115 (50–190) minutes. There was a significant percentage change in maximum flow, postmicturition residual volume, and International Prostate Symptom Score, which were 129.5%, 88.4%, and 68.3%, respectively. All patients were stone free after the procedure. Conclusions: The combined transurethral treatment of BPH associated with bladder lithiasis by means of GreenLight laser vaporization and holmium laser lithotripsy on an outpatient basis can be performed safely and yields excellent results.


Acknowledgments. Introduction. Part I: Roots. 1. Extracts from Leviathan (1651) (Thomas Hobbes) 2. Of the First Principles of Government (1758) (David Hume) Part II: Institutions, Markets, and Political Power. 3. The Place of Institutions in the Economy: a Theoretical Perspective (1998) (Kenneth J. Arrow) 4. Transaction Cost Economics and Organization Theory (1996) (Oliver Williamson) 5. The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade: the Law Merchant, Private Judges, and the Champagne Fairs (1990)Paul R. Milgrom, Douglass C. North, and Barry R. Weingast) 6. Institutions and International Trade: Lessons from the Commercial Revolution (1992) (Avner Greif) 7. Implications from teh Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions (1980) (William H. Riker) Part III: Alternative Conceptions of the State. 8. The Coase Theorem and the Theory of the State (1973) (James M. Buchanan) 9. Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development (1993) (Mancur Olson) 10. Will Free Trade with Political Science Put Normative Economists out of Work (1997) (Brendan O'Flaherty and Jagdish Bhagwati) 11. On Misunderstanding Government: an Analysis of the Art of Policy Advice (1997) (Kaushik Basu) Part IV: Government and Agency. 12. Multitask Principal Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership, and Job Design (1991) (Bengt Holmstrom and Paul R. Milgrom) 13. The Internal Organization of Government (1994) (Jean Tirole) 14. Power of Incentives in Private versus Public Organizations (1997), and extracts from The Making of Economic Policy (1996) (Avinash Dixit) Part V: The Political Process, Voting, and Public Choice. 15. The Statics and Dynamics of Party Ideologies (1957) (Anthony Downs) 16. Rationality and Social Choice (1995) (Amartya Sen) 17. An Economic Model of Representative Democracy (1997) (Timothy Besley and Stephen Coate) 18. Distributive Politics and Economic Growth (1994) (Alberto Alesina and Dani Rodrick) 19. Is Inequality Harmful for Growth (1994) (Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini) 20. Social Norms and Economic Incentives in the Welfare State (1999) (Assar Lindbeck, Sten Nyberg, and Jorgen W. Weibull) Index.


Science in India is on the move in a big way. The government has initiated multibillion dollar investments to kick start research, education, and innovation over the next five years. Though several challenging issues remain for the country, India9s best and brightest expats living in the United States and Europe are being enticed back to 9Mother India9 with the promise of world-class research infrastructure and solid funding. Read the Feature (Full-Text HTML) Read the Feature (PDF) Read New Products (PDF)


ABSTRACT How and why did African households under colonial rule make the decision to educate their children or not, and how did this micro-level decision making affect the diffusion of education in colonial Ghana? This paper addresses these questions and shows that many households were reluctant to enrol their children in school because the costs of colonial education were prohibitive, and the benefits were limited. Unemployment of school leavers was a major social problem throughout the colonial era and returns to education did not justify investments in education. The demand for education was relatively high in areas where the demand for skilled labour was high, and from the late 1930s when there were growing pay-offs to colonial education. Overall, the paper points to the need to examine interactions between supply and demand factors in order to understand variations in human capital accumulation in sub-Saharan Africa.


Interview with Michael Crone, veteran of Operation of Iraqi Freedom, as part of the Tarrant County Veterans Oral History Project. The interview includes Crone's personal experiences of childhood in Texas, enlisting in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserves, boot camp at Camp Pendleton, California, training as a diesel mechanic, and being deployed to Kuwait and Al Asad, Iraq. Crone also talks about his family's tradition of military service, realizing that he would be activated and shift in reservist training following September 11 attacks, the birth of his first child while in Iraq, aspects of daily life for American soldiers stationed in Iraq, his work as a repair mechanic, and returning to the U.S. and his family.


We introduce a large-scale dataset of human actions and eye movements while playing Atari videos games. The dataset currently has 44 hours of gameplay data from 16 games and a total of 2.97 million demonstrated actions. Human subjects played games in a frame-by-frame manner to allow enough decision time in order to obtain near-optimal decisions. This dataset could be potentially used for research in imitation learning, reinforcement learning, and visual saliency.


A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), which was suitable for recognizing epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), was prepared by using EGCG as template molecule and biocompatible chitosan as a functional matrix in aqueous medium. Molecular recognition ability of the EGCG-imprinted polymer (EIP) was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that the EIP has a high imprinting factor (1.32) for EGCG and was used to purify EGCG from crude tea polyphenol efficiently. The percentage of EGCG can be improved from 78.6% in crude tea polyphenol (TP) to 90.1% in product and the adsorption quantity per unit can reach 4.02 mg · g−1. EIP shows potential excellent prospect in the application of separating and purifying EGCG from TP.


Traditionally, frequency regulation in power system is achieved by balancing generation and demand through load following, i.e., spinning reserve and non-spinning reserves. In such cases, energy storage and responsive loads show great promise for balancing generation and demand. This paper investigates delay-dependent stability of load frequency control (LFC) emphasizing on multi-area and deregulated environment. Based on lyapnov theory and the linear matrix inequality technique, a new stability criterion is proposed to improve calculation accuracy and to reduce computation time, which makes it be suitable for handling with multi-area LFC schemes. The interaction of delay margins between delay margins and control gains are investigated in details. Case studies are carried out based on two-area traditional, two-area and three-area deregulated LFC schemes, all equipped with PID-type controllers, respectively. The main objective of this paper is to proposing an improved stability criterion with higher accuracy and less computation time to determine delay margins of multi-area LFC schemes and to reveal the interaction effects between different areas. The presented principles and controls have been verified by MATLAB simulation techniques.


Decisions on land use have become progressively more difficult in the last decade. The main reasons for this development lie in the increasing population combined with an increasing demand for new land and resources and in the growing consciousness for sustainable land and resource use. The objective of this paper is to incorporate the concept of multiple land use into geographic information systems (GIS)-based land suitability analysis using the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) approach. The effective environmental factors and vegetation parameters on apiculture were described as map layers within GIS so that each map layer represented one alternative. Three alternative land suitability patterns for beekeeping are presented. The study indicated that decreasing nectar or pollen species and shortening of the flowering period were the most limiting factors in land suitability for beekeeping. In contrast suitable distribution of water resources, the good climate condition and dominant unpalatable species by over grazing with extended flowering period increased the land suitability for beekeeping. Generally, 54% of the area had an acceptable score of excellent suitability for beekeeping. Therefore, apiculture may have an important role in increasing and promoting better land use.

 Key words: geographic information systems (GIS), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), land-use suitability analysis, landscape pattern, apiculture.


Granites may be subdivided according to their intrusive settings into four main groups—ocean ridge granites (ORG), volcanic arc granites (VAG), within plate granites (WPG) and collision granites (COLG)—and the granites within each group may be further subdivided according to their precise settings and petrological characteristics. Using a data bank containing over 600 high quality trace element analyses of granites from known settings, it can be demonstrated using ORG-normalized geochemical patterns and element-SiO2 plots that most of these granite groups exhibit distinctive trace element characteristics. Discrimination of ORG, VAG, WPG and syn-COLG is most effective in Rb–Y–Nb and Rb–Yb–Ta space, particularly on projections of Y–Nb, Yb–Ta, Rb–(Y + Nb) and Rb–(Yb + Ta). Discrimination boundaries, though drawn empirically, can be shown by geochemical modelling to have a theoretical basis in the different petrogenetic histories of the various granite groups. Post-collision granites present the main problem of tectonic classification, since their characteristics depend on the thickness and composition of the lithosphere involved in the collision event and on the precise timing and location of magmatism. Provided they are coupled with a consideration of geological constraints, however, studies of trace element compositions in granites can clearly help in the elucidation of post-Archaean tectonic settings.


The last species list of the European herpetofauna was published by Speybroeck, Beukema and Crochet (2010). In the meantime, ongoing research led to numerous taxonomic changes, including the discovery of new species-level lineages as well as reclassifications at genus level, requiring significant changes to this list. As of 2019, a new Taxonomic Committee was established as an official entity within the European Herpetological Society, Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH). Twelve members from nine European countries reviewed, discussed and voted on recent taxonomic research on a case-by-case basis. Accepted changes led to critical compilation of a new species list, which is hereby presented and discussed. According to our list, 301 species (95 amphibians, 15 chelonians, including six species of sea turtles, and 191 squamates) occur within our expanded geographical definition of Europe. The list includes 14 non-native species (three amphibians, one chelonian, and ten squamates).


Author(s): Pan, Alexandra; Shaheen, Susan, PhD | Abstract: Shared mobility is gaining traction in the transportation community as a potentially more environmentally friendly alternative to automobile travel and complement to public transit. However, adoption and use of shared mobility by low-income individuals lags behind other demographic groups. Additional research is needed to better understand the transportation needs of low-income travelers and how public agencies, community-based organizations, and shared mobility operators can work together to best serve those needs.This research fills gaps in understanding the potential policy strategies that could be effective at increasing the access, awareness, and use of shared mobility by low-income individuals. We employ Oakland, California as our primary study site (see Figure 1 and Table 1 for more detail). In this report, we present our findings on barriers to shared mobility from a review of existing shared mobility social equity initiatives, expert interviews (n=13) and focus groups with rent burdened residents of East Oakland (n=24). We further investigate barriers and implications for transportation use in an online survey (n=177), as well as longitudinal panel of phone and video interviews (n=31) with rent burdened Oakland residents. Rent burden refers to the percentage of income spent on rent and can more widely capture the population of Oakland residents who are struggling to keep up with rising housing costs.


Traffic accidents occur frequently during snowfall and freezing rain in winter. Therefore, it is desirable that snow and ice be removed effectively and rapidly without using chemical salt or mechanical devices. In this paper, the influences of carbon fiber with different contents on mechanical properties, microwave reflectivity, and microwave deicing time of micro surfacing asphalt mixtures were investigated. The results indicate the percentage of carbon fiber has significant influences on the mechanical properties of the mixtures. The flexural strength of the mixtures with 0.75 % carbon fiber was 1.5 times and the compressive strength with 0.45 % was 1.3 times higher than those of the mixtures without carbon fiber. At the percentage of 0.45, the minimum reflectivity was reached as –13.5 dB in the frequency range of 2.3–2.6 GHz. The carbon fiber addition can evidently enhance the ability of the mixtures to absorb the microwave. The deicing time keeps decreasing as the carbon fiber percentage increases from 0.15 % until 0.45 %; then increases gradually and rises sharply until 0.75 %. The minimum deicing time reaches 55 s for the mixtures with 0.45 % carbon fiber. The lower the microwave reflectivity is, the shorter the deicing time. The thickness of ice is also found to be an important factor affecting the deicing time of the mixtures. The mixtures with around 15 mm thick ice obtain the shortest deicing time.


The unexpected success of the Swiss ballot measure banning the construction of new minarets in the country sent shockwaves across the world. The measure, drafted by the right-wing Swiss People's Party, had earned condemnation from a majority of the Swiss political establishment and most of the press, as well as Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, and Jewish religious leaders. Indeed, the last polls before the vote predicted the measure would fail with 53 percent of voters opposing it. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] It was thus a huge surprise when Swiss officials announced on the evening of November 29, 2009 that the measure had passed with 57.5 percent of the vote. In an international political context still informed by narratives of a clash between the West and the Muslim world, the measure attracted significant political attention. One Pakistani observer qualified the vote as symptomatic of a new instance "of moral panic and mass hysteria [against] foreigners, and Muslims in particular," throughout Western Europe. In the Netherlands, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom, far right parties applauded the measure and called for similar initiatives in their countries. After being overshadowed by economic concerns for over a year, questions of immigration and religion, among the favorite questions of this wing, re-emerged across the continent. The ban on minarets, more than ever, raised the question of the compatibility between Europe and Islam. Indeed, the Swiss vote placed many of its neighbors in an unbearably uncomfortable situation. Though the media, religious, and political establishments in other Western European countries decried the measure, as they had in Switzerland, the recognition that the same could very well have occurred in their own countries placed political authorities in awkward positions. Outside of Switzerland, the effects of the referendum may have been most strongly felt in France, where a few weeks prior, President Nicolas Sarkozy had announced a debate over what he termed "national identity" in France. Although the debate had garnered substantial criticism before the Swiss referendum, the ban on minarets irreversibly transformed the debate into a trial of Islam, thus intensifying the rift between supporters of the debate and its detractors. The focus of the debate on Islam is in certain ways surprising. The subject had been left broad enough to capture a number of issues dear to the far right electorate, including immigration, security, and religion. By shining the spotlight on Islam, however, the Swiss referendum and the French debate on national identity demonstrate an emerging willingness to reinterpret the separation of church and state in Europe. The Secular Republic Although public life has probably become more secular in Western Europe than in almost anywhere else in the world, France remains one of the few European countries without a state-recognized religion. The country's tumultuous relationship with religion dates back to the days of the 1789 French Revolution. The revolutionaries, inspired by Enlightenment thinkers and resentful of the incestuous relationship between the Catholic Church and the monarchy, orchestrated a witch-hunt against the clergy. During the short lifetime of the First Republic, the state confiscated Church lands, revoked the clergy's privileges, and replaced state-sponsored religious worship with the cult of reason, the imprimatur of the belief" in a progressive rationalism over religious belief. Relations between the French state and the Catholic Church resumed only after Napoleon Bonaparte's accession to power. According to the terms of the Concordat, an 1804 agreement between Napoleonic France and the Church, the state recognized equally the three religions established in France at the time of the signing: the Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish faiths. The Concordat established an era of religious freedom in France that lasted for a century and ended with the 1905 law on the separation of church and state. …


This paper showcases the demonstration of a system called CSK-SNIFFER to automatically predict failures of an object detection model on images in big data sets from a target domain by identifying errors based on commonsense knowledge. CSK-SNIFFER can be an assistant to a human (as sniffer dogs are assistants to police searching for problems at airports). To cut through the clutter after deployment, this "sniffer" identifies where a given model is probably wrong. Alerted thus, users can visually explore within our demo, the model's explanation based on spatial correlations that make no sense. In other words, it is impossible for a human without the help of a sniffer to flag false positives in such large data sets without knowing ground truth (unknown earlier since it is found after deployment). CSK-SNIFFER spans human-AI collaboration. The AI role is harnessed via embedding commonsense knowledge in the system; while an important human part is played by domain experts providing labeled data for training (besides human commonsense deployed by AI). Another highly significant aspect is that the human-in-the-loop can improve the AI system by the feedback it receives from visualizing object detection errors, while the AI provides actual assistance to the human in object detection. CSK-SNIFFER exemplifies visualization in big data analytics through spatial commonsense and a visually rich demo with numerous complex images from target domains. This paper provides excerpts of the CSK-SNIFFER system demo with a synopsis of its approach and experiments.


Abstract Background and purpose: Influenza virus induces cell death in animals and human through necrosis and apoptosis. The present study is an attempt to experimentally examine the type of cell death in lymphoid tissue of chicken infected by avian influenza serotype H9N2 (A/chicken/Iran/772/2000). Methodology: Twenty SPF three weeks old chickens were grouped in two identical groups. The treatment group was infected by influenza virus (0.2ml, dilution 1:10, titration EID 50 10 7.5 ) and the control group received saline serum of the same volume through intranasal inoculation. Spleen, thymus, bursa of fabricius tissue specimens were collected after 72hrs. Afterward, microscopic intersections (5-6µm) stabilized in buffer formalin (10%) and marked by hematoxylin-eosin were prepared from the specimens. Findings: Histopathological examination of lymphoid tissues of the treatment and control chickens showed necrosis, apoptosis, and lymphoid depletion in lymphoid tissues of the treatment group. The difference between treatment and control groups in terms of apoptosis in spleen tissue was significant (p<0.001); however, the difference in thymus and bursa of fabricius tissues was not significant. As to necrosis and lymphoid depletion, there was a significant difference between the two groups with regard to spleen, thymus, and bursa fabricius tissues. (p<0.001) Conclusion: The survey showed that avian influenza serotype H9N2 can cause damages to lymphoid tissues through inducing apoptosis and necrosis


The polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) is virtually absent in the alveoli in the healthy subject. On the other hand, in certain infectious and fibrotic pathological states the PMN can invade, sometimes massively, the alveolar and interstitial pulmonary structures. The mechanism of recruitment of the PMN involves both exogenous and endogenous factors including secretory products of the macrophages. PMN is a defensive phagocyte which is often necessary to clear bacteria from the lung. However, through the release of toxic derivatives of oxygen and of proteolytic enzymes the PMN are capable of producing lesions within the pulmonary parenchyma. This double role of defense and aggression makes the PMN an effector cell, which is certainly important but whose activity is not isolated because its function depends mostly on interaction with other cells and mediators.


A broad band of radiation near 5 μ has been observed from free carriers in both n- and p-type germanium. The mechanism involves the modulation of the emissivity due to the pulsed injection of excess carriers. This produces the measured periodic increase of the spontaneous emission. A calculation based on the interaction of the germanium with the background radiation gives good agreement with the experimental results. The exitance increases with increasing pulse current and sample temperature, and the spectrum contains structure due to transitions between the branches of the valence band.


This paper has analysed the import demand for virgin olive oil in the EU and more precisely in the Italian market, as it concentrates more than 80% of EU imports, aiming to determine the relative position of Mediterranean EU and non-EU countries exports and their degree of substitutability or complementarity. The methodology used is based on the specification of a Threshold Almost Ideal Demand System in which special attention has been paid to the stochastic properties of the series involved. In an empirical context, the paper has aimed to provide a set of import demand elasticities that can be useful in trade models. Results point to Spain as the leader in the Italian virgin olive oil market. It is expected that this position will be maintained in the future. Greece has improved its relative position after its accession into the EU. However, imports coming from Greece are highly dependent on the situation in Spain. Tunisia has good potential for future exports development as a consequence of new perspectives of trade liberalisation taking into account its relative position in the Italian market, in spite that its exports are currently constrained due to existing quotas.


Homologous recombination can produce directed mutations in the genomes of a number of model organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster. One of the most useful applications has been to delete target genes to generate null alleles. In Drosophila, specific gene deletions have not yet been produced by this method. To test whether such deletions could be produced by homologous recombination in D. melanogaster we set out to delete the Hsp70 genes. Six nearly identical copies of this gene, encoding the major heat-shock protein in Drosophila, are found at two separate but closely linked loci. This arrangement has thwarted standard genetic approaches to generate an Hsp70-null fly, making this an ideal test of gene targeting. In this study, ends-out targeting was used to generate specific deletions of all Hsp70 genes, including one deletion that spanned ∼47 kb. The Hsp70-null flies are viable and fertile. The results show that genomic deletions of varied sizes can be readily generated by homologous recombination in Drosophila.


Technology-Based Startups (TBSs) are newly emerged entrepreneurial ventures typically launched by a team with the purpose of bringing innovative products or services to market and achieving the scalability of their business models. Today, it is widely recognized that TBSs play a very important role in the economy as a source of disruptive and radical innovations and creation of new jobs. However, most TBSs face significant challenges associated with conflicts among team members and with changes in the environment, which affect their innovation performance and survival. In fact, despite the potential novelty of their products and services, many TBSs fail and even disappear together with their innovations. In this thesis we propose the concept "Team Collaboration Capabilities" (TCCs) referred to the interaction among TBS team members as an essential organizational condition to allow the construction of new strategic dynamic capabilities. In particular, the thesis focuses on the relationships between TCCs, operational capabilities and innovation performance. We consider four elements as the main dimensions of TCCs: trust, communication, problem solving and team efficacy. Firstly, team trust, which allow team members to be open to sharing their ideas, be confident and expressing their feelings and constructive feed-back. Secondly, team communication that encourages open sharing of ideas about information that favors the commitment between members and benefit the projects and the organization. Thirdly, team problem-solving encouraging the establishment of protocols that give solutions to the disagreements that may arise in the daily basis. Fourthly, team efficacy in achieving teams' goals, solving difficult tasks through joint efforts, manage together unexpected problems, be competent and increase the self-efficacy to perform the tasks and the efficient management of resources. The empirical study is based on a survey of TBSs based in Spain, aimed to the analysis of TCCs and their relationships with the operational capabilities and the TBS innovation performance. We draw on 45 valid responses of TBSs. Most of the companies in our sample were participants in accelerator programs such as STARTUPV, EIT Climate KIC Valencia Accelerator Program, Fundacion Repsol Entrepreneurs Fund, Social NEST and Scientific Park of Madrid. The sample covers TBSs with activities focused on the development of products and services in a wide range of sectors, including environment, renewable energies, clean technologies, transport, consulting, industrial management services, art, leisure and entertainment. Given the particular conditions of our sample and the type of data collected through the survey, we use structural equation modeling (SEM). This method allows a component-based estimation for cause-effect modeling with latent variables. The model has been estimated using Smart PLS 3 software. The findings suggest that the development of TCCs in TBSs contribute to building new operational capabilities that result in greater innovation performance. We also propose future lines of research for the role of TCCs in external collaborations. For example, to assess public initiatives that take into account the critical phases of TBSs development, the promotion of talent attraction and the furtherance of compensation schemes that retain it. Finally, it would be interesting to study the collaboration between the TBSs and other external agents in open innovation projects. We believe that these collaborations would favor their survival and competitiveness.


A new MoSi/sub 2/-CVD-Al double-level interconnection system is developed to obtain a high packing density in I/sup 2/L circuits. Taking advantage of MoSi/sub 2/, a fine pattern consisting of a Iinewidth of 2.5 /spl mu/m aid a spacing of 1 /spl mu/m is achieved for the first-level interconnections. This new system has a higher reliability than the normaf Al-CVD-Al structure because of the stability of the MoSi2 surface. The fundamental properties of 1/sup2/L gates with MoSi2 interconnections, namely, gain, propagation delay time, and toggle frequency of a T flip-flop, are measured. At practical injector currents, they show nearly the same values as with Al interconnectiorm The resistance effects of MoSi/sub 2/ interconnections are calculated with regard to the unbalance of the injector currents and increase of the propagation delay time. The calculations show that these effects can be ignored at an injector current of 1 /spl mu/A/gate. At higher injector currents, the MoSi/sub 2/ interconnection resistance must be taken into account in I/sup 2/L pattern layout.


In order to design good product and improve the efficiency of design process, a correct product conceptual design process is discussed in the paper. The conceptual design of All-in-one (AIO) computer is studied. The sketch design and configuration, function analysis, the expression and formation of the scheme are also taken into account. This study is based on the requirements of market and user. A survey is designed to investigate user's demand and the results are analyzed, according to the analysis results and aesthetics analysis, scheme design and model making are finished. The research on conceptual design process of AIO computer can provide a practical reference for designer.


Atom redistribution during crystallization of a B and P co-doped amorphous Si layer produced by Si and P chemical vapor co-deposition and B implantation has been investigated. The crystallization of the entire layer is quasi-instantaneous for annealing temperature greater than 650 °C. The crystallization rate is well reproduced by the Avrami-Johnson-Mehl-Kolmogorov model of transformation. The Avrami n is found equal to 4, which is corresponding to 3D bulk crystallization. Crystallization promotes a non-Fickian redistribution of B atoms, allowing for an abrupt interface between B-doped and B-undoped regions. After crystallization, B diffuses in the polycrystalline Si layer for concentrations lower than 1.5  1020 at cm3 via the type B kinetic regime. Crystallization has no significant (or detectable) influence on the P profile. For temperatures higher than 750 °C, P diffuses in the poly-Si layer towards the region of highest B concentration via the type B kinetic regime, leading to P uphill diffusion. This phenomenon can be simulated considering chemical interactions between B and P atoms in both grains and grain boundaries.


This study engages in research of interpreting as a socially-situated practice and explores two main foci: police officers' experiences of interpreting and the factors shaping decision-making regarding the means of language support they use to communicate with non-native speakers of English. Given its pivotal role in any investigation, most police interpreting research has focused on investigative interviews. The work carried out by police officers and interpreters in police settings involves a wide range of communicative scenarios inside and outside the police station. Drawing on a thematic analysis of data gathered through focus groups, this study explores police officers' experiences in interacting with non-native speakers of English across the various scenarios that are part of community and response officers' day-to-day operations, and examines the factors shaping officers' decision to book an interpreter or to resort to other means to communicate when a language barrier is identified. Officers highlighted the key role of interpreters in enabling communication, issues related to practicalities when booking an interpreter, and reported on the difficulties associated with telephone interpreting. The discussions illustrate the range of means used by police officers while on duty, the impact of linguistic and non-linguistic factors on the decision-making process, such as the urgency of a given situation, and the findings corroborate the complexity of assessing proficiency. Whereas, overall, officers showed a high degree of awareness of language and communication aspects, the need for more informed guidance on the potential risks of different types of solutions emerged as a pattern in the discussions.


It is widely recognized that anthropogenic activities have resulted in significant changes to the ecology and hydromorphology of riverine ecosystems globally. Across much of lowland England a number of riverine habitats and the flora and fauna inhabiting them, have been lost or disadvantaged by historic channel modifications. Many of the most significant modifications took place in the decades following World War II, in a drive to increase food security through improved land drainage and associated flood management. A better understanding of the geomorphological, hydrological and biodiversity elements that have been compromised or lost is required in order to characterise the benefits of planned measures to restore and reinstate channel form and function for EU WFD, Habitats Directive and other conservation designations (e.g. SSSI condition assessments). To generate this understanding in an environment where natural processes have been impacted over large spatial scales, an innovative palaeoecological approach is employed in this thesis that provides a window on historic riverine ecology and habitat conditions so that the contemporary channel and community inhabiting it can be gauged prior to the implementation of river restoration programmes. The analysis of historic archival material (maps, photographs, local authority and management records), and the detailed investigation of sedimentary records and sub-fossil insect remains (Trichoptera, Coleoptera and Gastropoda) associated with in-channel bars, weirs, bridges and palaeochannels is used in this thesis in order to achieve this. These records will provide data regarding changes to the aquatic macroinvertebrate community and instream hydromorphology within specific reaches/biotopes/habitats subjected to historical physical modification. The historic data (documents and palaeoenvironmental data) is analysed in parallel with contemporary data on instream habitats and faunal community composition to define benchmark conditions on three Site of Special Scientific Interest rivers. This approach enables a comparison between past and present channel hydromorphology and the instream faunal communities. The characterisation of benchmarks provides a baseline for future conservation and restoration policies within riverine ecosystems that can be used to help define pre-impacted or reference conditions. The research presented in this thesis has relevance to the conservation objectives of rivers with special designations (e.g. SSSI and Habitats Directive) for wildlife and to meeting the wider requirements of the Water Framework Directive.


Relapsed small cell lung cancer (SCLC) carries a poor prognosis. Topoisomerase I and II inhibitors and DNA-damaging agents are considered among the most active agents against SCLC. Rebeccamycin analog (RA, Becatecarin) is an antitumor antibiotic with inhibitory activity against both topoisomerase I and II, and DNA-intercalating properties. We performed a phase-II trial of RA in relapsed, sensitive SCLC with the primary end point of response rate. Patients with previously treated SCLC who relapsed more than 60 days after the completion of first-line chemotherapy were treated with RA-administered intravenously at a dose of 140 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 of 21-day cycles for a maximum of six cycles. Eligibility included Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 2 and adequate organ function. A two-stage design was employed. Twenty evaluable patients were enrolled. Median age was 61 years. Two patients (10%) had a partial response and six had stable disease. The clinical benefit rate was 40% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23–64%). The median progression-free survival was 2 months (95% CI, 1.2–5.2 months). The median survival was 6.7 months (95% CI, 3.3–8.0 months). No treatment-related deaths occurred. Grade-4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 23% and 14% of the patients, respectively. In conclusion, RA has single-agent activity in relapsed, sensitive SCLC with manageable toxicities but is unlikely to provide any superiority compared to existing agents for this disease.


The integration and adoption of eHealth systems within the health sector faces challenges. As health care practitioners are the end users of eHealth systems, their perceptions of these systems are critical in order to address the issues surrounding their implementation and application. This paper presents the views that a group of health care professionals hold regarding the eHealth systems that they use as part of their day to day work. These views were analysed according to the perceptions of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with eHealth systems that these professionals expressed. They expressed satisfaction with the information consistency, work efficiency, access to information, quality of information, and availability of technical support associated with their systems use. They expressed dissatisfaction with a lack of communication and compatibility between systems, deficiency in terms of system functionality, a lack of system reliability, a lack of initial and ongoing training, and a need to develop workarounds in order to achieve work goals. Overall this research indicates that satisfaction with eHealth systems is a complex issue, and that the negative aspects of system satisfaction need to be addressed and the positive aspects carefully built upon.


PURPOSE
To conduct a detailed content analysis of the theme "I'm still Mom" as described by young women living with advanced breast cancer.

PARTICIPANTS & SETTING
12 young adult women living with advanced breast cancer were recruited from across the United States.

METHODOLOGIC APPROACH
van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenologic method was used to analyze qualitative data from interviews and establish subthemes.

FINDINGS
Women were a mean age of 36 years and had at least one child. The following three subthemes emerged from the overarching theme of I'm still Mom.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
This study provides a foundation for additional research that can inform family-centered education and interventions to help align the parenting priorities of this cohort of women, as well as optimize their quality of life.


A peer-reviewed conference paper given at the Digital Fabrication: methods, tooling and processes panel at the Digital Fabrication 2011 Conference, NIP 27, 27th International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies.

This paper describes the design and fabrication of novel "soft" structures and mechanisms employing
"smart" shape-changing materials. These structures and mechanisms incorporate shape memory alloy (SMA) micro-actuators, enabling them to exhibit lifelike movement when stimulated by the application of electric current. Fabricated by 3D printing in a soft elastomer material, their design includes internal channels into which the SMA actuators are easily mounted. Other design features allow flexibility of movement and facilitate cooling of the SMA actuators. A tentacle-like active structure is described, which incorporates an antagonistic pair of SMA microactuators, allowing it to exhibit two-way motion. Results are presented for the speed and range of motion of
the tentacle-like structure.

The paper goes on to describe a creative arts application for smart active structures and mechanisms which exploits the technologies under investigation: an interactive puppet which exhibits lifelike, expressive movement. This research in digital fabrication and smart materials has implications for the fields of interactive and robotic art and design, soft robotics and physical computing.


The application of computational techniques to the analysis of heritage artifacts enables scholars to bring together diverse fragments of surviving evidence, construe "best-fit" strategies and unearth implicit or hidden relationships. This paper reports a hybrid approach for recovering the surface geometry of temples. The approach combines physical measurements, architectural photogrammetry and generative rules to create a parametric model of the surface. The computing of surface geometry is broken into three parts, a global model governing the overall form of the superstructure, local models governing the geometry of individual motifs and finally the global and local models are combined into a single geometry. In this paper, the technique for recovering surface geometry is applied to a tenth century stone superstructure: the temple of Ranakdevi at Wadhwan in Western India. The global model of the superstructure and the local model of one individual motif are presented.


With the development of deep learning techniques and large scale datasets, the question answering (QA) systems have been quickly improved, providing more accurate and satisfying answers. However, current QA systems either focus on the sentence-level answer, i.e., answer selection, or phrase-level answer, i.e., machine reading comprehension. How to produce compositional answers has not been throughout investigated. In compositional question answering, the systems should assemble several supporting evidence from the document to generate the final answer, which is more difficult than sentence-level or phrase-level QA. In this paper, we present a large-scale compositional question answering dataset containing more than 120k human-labeled questions. The answer in this dataset is composed of discontiguous sentences in the corresponding document. To tackle the ComQA problem, we proposed a hierarchical graph neural networks, which represent the document from the low-level word to the high-level sentence. We also devise a question selection and node selection task for pre-training. Our proposed model achieves a significant improvement over previous machine reading comprehension methods and pre-training methods. Codes, dataset can be found at https://github.com/benywon/ComQA.


Child done doing an injustice [of] pursuant to decision from justice to can be educated and placed in correctional institution of Child or on the request of his/her Parents or his sponsor [is] obtained stipulating from justice to can be educated [in] correctional institution of Child in order to get construction and tuition, education and also the skill. In order to hopeable later that child can become human being which is as intact as, realizing its mistake and will not repeat acceptable to doing an injustice so that return by environment socialize. This research take problem formula :1. How accomplishment of educative children right according to Law of No.23 of Year 2002 About Protection of Child in correctional institution of Child Blitar ; 2. What is constraints faced by correctional institution of Child of Blitar in accomplishment of rights of protege and how [his/its] solution ? This research use method of research of Yuridis Sosiologis, technique of his/her data collecting in the form of interview with protege in correctional institution of Child of Blitar of through technique of Random Sampling. Later;Then result of research analysed descriptively. From 24 protege becoming responder, conducting various doing an injustice type, obtained by a data hit accomplishment of rights of protege as according to section 11 Lawnof No.23 of year 2002 About Child Protection. Conclusion, rights of child as according to section 11 Law of about Child Protection, dont all protege obtaining it, there are some educative protege is which dont feel some of his/her rights. As does the rights for create as according to his/her enthusiasm and talent. Keyword : LEMBAGA PEMASYRAKATAN ANAK Related Link : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/345/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2009-seqlyintan-17219-PENDAHUL-N.pdf


This Article considers whether the Geneva Act (2015) of the 1958 Lisbon Agreement achieved a reconciliation between the common-law approach to protecting certain GIs as trademarks and the (currently) mostly European approach of using a sui generis system to protect GIs. In "Old Lisbon" as in many parts of Europe — and perhaps more strikingly in France — GIs have deep roots in the terroir. And the terroir matters: it is not an exaggeration to say that some countries link terroir to national identity. New World producers see things differently, but they also recognize the value of geographic origin, at least for certain products: Napa Valley wines, Vidalia onions, Idaho potatoes and many other products are sold with symbols identifying their geographic origin. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is directly relevant in this context. TRIPS does three main things in respect of GIs. First, it creates a dual layer of protection for GIs. It arguably provides protections for wines and spirits beyond the traditional trademark law standard. Second, TRIPS provides a set of rules for the interaction between GIs and (other) trademarks. Third, TRIPS obligates WTO Members to negotiate concerning the establishment of a GI registration and notification system. No significant progress has been made on the TRIPS register since the entry into force of the TRIPS Agreement in 1995. Part of the issue is that WTO Members pushing for international protection of GIs disagree on the scope and purpose of their effort. Europe's focus has been on the establishment of the TRIPS Article 23.4 register. Other WTO Members, many of them developing countries, have insisted on an extension of the higher level of protection contained in Article 23.1 of TRIPS to products other than wines and spirits. They consider the emphasis in TRIPS on alcoholic beverages to be both culturally discriminatory and a commercial impediment to the ability to collect potentially higher rents associated with GIs on other types of protected products. No common law jurisdiction is party to the Lisbon Agreement. There are a number of reasons that explain this lack of enthusiasm. Many common law jurisdictions can use trademarks, collective marks, and certification marks to protect geographic symbols and names. This has a number of both normative and administrative implications, including use requirements, possible loss or diminution of right due to acquiescence and abandonment or genericness, and the payment of maintenance fees, to mention just the main ones. This could be described as the gap that needed to be bridged between the Lisbon system and the common law before the Diplomatic Conference of May 2015. Did the Diplomatic Conference that adopted the Geneva Act succeed in building a bridge between the two Lisbons? To answer this question, this Article begins by briefly explicating the functioning of the Lisbon system and then compares the Lisbon system with the common law system of protection for geographic identifiers as certification marks, with a specific focus on U.S. law. The Article argues that the revised Lisbon Agreement fails to build a solid bridge between the two Lisbons though it may yet succeed in becoming a global GI registry due to exogenous trade pressures.


On December 28, 1817, the painter Benjamin Robert Haydon hosts what he refers to in both his diaries and "Autobiography" as "the immortal dinner." What follows is the second half of the first chapter of a book about that dinner, its guests, and the implied world surrounding it—a moment in cultural and literary history framed by the Regency and Romanticism. The stated reasons for the dinner are, one, that Haydon wants to introduce his young friend John Keats to the great William Wordsworth and, two, that Haydon wishes to celebrate his progress on his most important and largest historical painting so far, "Christ's Entry into Jerusalem." Haydon has invested three years in this work, with three more to go. Keats, Wordsworth, and Charles Lamb (also a dinner guest) appear as spectators in the most vivid quadrant of the painting, along with anachronistic versions of Newton and Voltaire. Later arriving guests include John Landseer, Joseph Ritchie, and John Kingston. After thoughtful and entertaining discussions of poetry and art and their relation to Enlightenment science, the dinner party evolves into a lively, even raucous evening. Haydon also refers to this memorable event as "an immortal evening." The title of the book is The Immortal Evening.


The optimum timing of lumbar discectomy for sciatica is imprecise. We have investigated a number of prognostic factors in relation to the outcome of radiculopathy after lumbar discectomy. We recruited 113 consecutive patients of whom 103 (91%) were followed up at one year. We found a significant association between the duration of radiculopathy and the changes in the Oswestry Disability Index score (p = 0.005) and the low back outcome score (p = 0.03). Improvement in pain was independent of all variables. Patients with an uncontained herniated disc had a shorter duration of symptoms and a better functional outcome than those with a contained herniation. Our study suggests that patients with sciatica for more than 12 months have a less favourable outcome. We detected no variation in the results for patients operated on in whom the duration of sciatica was less than 12 months.


The effect of hydrogen on the adsorption and dissociation of the oxygen molecule on a TiO2 anatase (001) surface is studied by first-principles calculations coupled with the nudged elastic band (NEB) method. Hydrogen adatoms on the surface can increase the absolute value of the adsorption energy of the oxygen molecule. A single H adatom on an anatase (001) surface can lower dramatically the dissociation barrier of the oxygen molecule. The adsorption energy of an O2 molecule is high enough to break the O=O bond. The system energy is lowered after dissociation. If two H adatoms are together on the surface, an oxygen molecule can be also strongly adsorbed, and the adsorption energy is high enough to break the O=O bond. However, the system energy increases after dissociation. Because dissociation of the oxygen molecule on a hydrogenated anatase (001) surface is more efficient, and the oxygen adatoms on the anatase surface can be used to oxidize other adsorbed toxic small gas molecules, hydrogenated anatase is a promising catalyst candidate.


A Josephson sequential logic family with a very wide operating margin (+or-67%) and insensitivity to global parameter variations is proposed. Derived from the original idea of the edge-triggered latching comparator by C. Hamilton et al. (see IEEE Trans Magnetics, vol.MAG-21, p.197-9, 1985), this logic gate consists of a pair of conventional gates in series biased by a delay clock. In normal operation, switching occurs in one and only one of the gates, depending on which one has the smaller critical current. The authors have built and tested a few circuits to illustrate this logic gate design: a 32-b shift register designed by OR gates with +or-42% bias margin and +or-89% input margin, a 4-b pseudorandom sequence generator designed by exclusive-OR gates with +or-27% bias margin and +or-78% input margin, and cross section of a 6-b NOR gate decoder with +or-33% bias margin.<<ETX>>


In everyday life a complexity of sounds provides us with information about sound sources, their locations, and their surroundings. In the interaction with systems in their environment, this wealth of information may be of use to the user. In order to create suitable auditory interfaces we require a better understanding of how people perceive everyday sounds. We have chosen to study the sounds of rolling balls, because a rolling ball can be used as a metaphor for cursor movement resulting from moving a mouse or a trackball. In three experiments the perception of recorded sounds of rolling balls was investigated. In the first experiment subjects were presented with pairs of sounds of rolling balls with different sizes and equal velocity in which they had to decide which of the two sounds was created by the larger ball. In the second experiment the velocity of rolling balls was varied and subjects had to choose the faster of two balls equal in size. The results showed that subjects are able to identify the size of rolling balls and that most subjects can clearly discriminate between rolling balls with different velocities. However, some subjects had difficulties in labelling the velocity correctly, probably due to lack of feedback about the correctness of their responses. In the third experiment both size and velocity varied. The results showed a clear interaction between the auditory perception of size and velocity of rolling balls.


This study examines the spatial distribution of surface charcoal after a managed fire and its relationship to fire intensity and site characteristics. Such studies are lacking for the southern Appalachian Mountains. In April 2010, The Nature Conservancy conducted a ~150ha prescribed burn in pineand oak-dominated forests on the eastern slope of Middle Mountain in western Virginia. Data were from three randomly located transects totaling 2751m from the base of the slope extending to the highest elevations. At 50m intervals I collected 400cm 2 surface samples (n=56) down to mineral soil, and recorded the nearest four trees, their diameters and bole char height, and other site and understory characteristics. Charcoal fragments >2mm were wet-sieved from 200mL subsamples of the surface material, dried, and weighed. Charcoal deposition and char heights on trees examined in this study showed high spatial variability in fire intensity. Average charcoal deposition across all samples was 103 kg/ha, with individual samples ranging from 0–884kg/ha, which was in the range of findings from other studies. Char height was weakly correlated with charcoal abundance suggesting a relationship between fire intensity and charcoal production. Slope was moderately correlated with charcoal deposition, with higher deposition on steeper slopes. Average char height for all trees and species was in the range of 1–3m, but char height on pines averaged 7.3m, where fires intensity appeared to increase. This work can inform land managers on fire behavior and carbon flux and has implications for reconstructions of longterm fire history from soil charcoal.


Utilization and metabolism of ammonium citrate in growing pigs fed diets deficient in non-essential amino acid-nitrogen Wilfredo D. Mansilla Advisors: University of Guelph, 2017 Dr. C. F. M. de Lange Dr. J. P. Cant With reductions in crude protein (CP) levels and higher supplementation of crystalline essential amino acids (EAA) in swine diets, the supply of non-essential amino acids (NEAA), or nitrogen (N) required for the synthesis of NEAA, is also reduced increasing the ratio between EAA-N and total N in the diet. When diets are deficient in NEAA-N, non-protein N (NPN) could supply additional N required for the endogenous synthesis of NEAA. The main objective of the present thesis was to assess the efficiency of ammonia for providing extra N when diets are deficient in NEAA-N. Secondary objectives were to determine the effects of ammonia supplementation on the amino acid (AA) profile of retained protein as an indicator of AA requirements and quantification of ammonia absorption and metabolism in the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver. Added ammonia to a NEAA-N deficient diet increased body weight (BW) gain and N retention and rendered similar efficiencies as supplemented Glu and a mix of NEAA indicating that the capacity for NEAA synthesis was not limiting. Moreover, ammonia did not modify (P > 0.05) the AA profile of retained protein compared to the NEAA mix implying that feeding ammonia, and consequently increasing the endogenous synthesis of NEAA, does not alter utilization of EAA for protein deposition, maintaining estimated requirements for EAA in growing pigs. When added in the diets, ammonia was rapidly absorbed by the PDV with the peak of absorption within 15 min after feed intake. Recovery of ammonia in the portal vein only accounted for 53% of added ammonia without increasing urea net flux, implying ammonia utilization in the PDV. Across splanchnic organs, appearance of Ala, Glu and citrulline (Cit) increased with ammonia supplementation. The results demonstrate that dietary ammonia is an efficient N source when diets are deficient in NEAA-N, and that the capacity for de novo synthesis of NEAA is not limiting under these circumtances. The latter should be considered when estimating minimal inclusion levels of NEAA in the diet.


This paper characterizes the retailer's loss aversion by introducing a loss aversion coefficient and proposes a new loss aversion utility function for the retailer. To hedge against the risk arising from the uncertain market demand, we use the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) measure to quantify the potential risks and obtain the optimal order quantity for the retailer to maximize the CVaR objective of loss aversion utility. It is shown that that the optimal order quantity for a retailer to maximize the expected loss aversion utility is smaller than expected profit maximizing (EPM) order quantity in the classical newsvendor model, which can help to explain decision bias in the newsvendor model. This study shows that the optimal order quantity with the CVaR objective can decrease in retail price under certain conditions, which has never occurred in the newsvendor literature. With the optimal order quantity under the CVaR objective, it is proved that the retailer's expected loss aversion utility is decreasing in the confidence level. This confirms the fact that high return means high risk, while low risk comes with low return. Based on the results, several management insights are suggested for the loss-averse newsvendor model.


Age related macular degeneration is the commonest cause of severe loss of central vision in people aged over 50 in the Western world.1 The vision loss results from loss of function of the macula, the centre of the retina, which is responsible for central visual tasks such as reading, driving, and recognising faces. Macular degeneration has until recently been untreatable, but laser treatments have become available within the past few years that can halt progression of the disease and the consequent loss of vision in some patients.

The early stages of macular degeneration (usually without significant vision loss) include the formation of drusen,2 which can be seen with the direct ophthlamoscope (after dilatation of the pupil) as small yellow deposits in the centre of the retina. Drusen are extremely common, detected in at least 10% of everyone over 65.1 Although their cause is unknown, their progression is well documented.

Significant vision loss may occur from neovascular or non-neovascular abnormalities. In neovascular (sometimes termed "wet") age related macular degeneration, abnormal new blood vessels from the choroidal layer of the eye that nourishes the outer retina grow and proliferate with fibrous tissue within drusen material.2 This choroidal neovascularisation causes acute loss of vision as transudate or haemorrhage accumulates within and …


EDITOR,-The article on use and effect ofpaediatric life support skills for paediatric arrest in the accident and emergency (A&E) department has three conclusions': (1) the poor outcome, well supported in the literature2 3; (2) advanced life support training in the receiving hospital has not improved the outcome; and (3) the timing of initiation of life support is a critical factor affecting outcome. A large recent study of children presenting with apnoea with or without a cardiac output found that good prognostic indicators included a short time between arrest and arrival at hospital, a cardiac output at presentation, and a short duration of resuscitation in the A&E department (two or fewer doses of adrenaline or resuscitated within 20 minutes).' Training of pre-hospital personnel in life support thus would seem indicated, but this must highlight the importance of not unduly delaying transportation by untimely out of hospital interventions. Owing to the poor outcome of paediatric cardiopulmonary arrests, courses such as the Advanced Paediatric Life Support (APLS) and the Paediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) have been developed, focusing on structured intervention in critically ill children with emphasis on early recognition and aggressive management to prevent cardiac arrest. The teaching, however, is aimed at hospital personnel so the Advanced Life Support Group (ALSG) have now also developed the Pre-hospital Paediatric Life Support (PHPLS) course, specifically designed to allow the continuity of care from the prehospital arena to the A&E department. It uses most of the core material of APLS but incorporates specific pre-hospital problems with emphasis on prompt transportation to hospital. The standard is comparable to APLS and it is suitable for any doctors, paramedics, and nurses working with critically ill children outside hospital. Further information can be obtained from Sue Wieteska, National Coordinator, ALSG, Second floor, The Dock Office, Salford Quays, Manchester M5 2XB.


A reflectarray element with electronic phase control implemented by ohmic MEMS switches is characterized and validated in the X-band. The proposed element is based on two patches aperture-coupled to a microstrip network with a common delay line, forming a sub-array, in order to reduce both cost and manufacturing complexity in large reflectarrays. The electrical length of the line can be modified through the inclusion of a series switch between different segments of the microstrip line. The ohmic electrostatic switch has been designed for RF applications and manufactured on a coplanar line. The transition between the coplanar line of the MEMS and the microstrip delay line has been implemented using gold wires which have been bonded to the printed pads. This connection leads to a high impedance line. The MEMS switches have been characterized using reflection and transmission measurements on microstrip lines for deducing an equivalent circuit, which has been used in the validation of the gathered element with electronic phase control measured using waveguide simulator. The same approach has been applied to evaluate a 2-bit reflectarray element.


Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is considered a safe procedure, but it causes massive neck swelling and airway obstruction rarely. Neck swelling after FNAC is caused by two mechanisms: by hematoma or by release of vasodilator substances in thyroid cells and nerve terminals. The latter condition was previously reported as an acute and frightening swelling of the thyroid, but is not named appropriately. For convenience, we therefore refer to the condition as dTSaFNA (diffuse thyroid swelling after fine-needle aspiration) in this report. dTSaFNA is usually transient and rarely results in airway obstruction. We report one case of thyroid hematoma and two cases of dTSaFNA. All three cases were treated in hospital and recovered completely.


Word embeddings, i.e., low-dimensional vector representations such as GloVe and SGNS, encode word "meaning" in the sense that distances between words' vectors correspond to their semantic proximity. This enables transfer learning of semantics for a variety of natural language processing tasks.Word embeddings are typically trained on large public corpora such as Wikipedia or Twitter. We demonstrate that an attacker who can modify the corpus on which the embedding is trained can control the "meaning" of new and existing words by changing their locations in the embedding space. We develop an explicit expression over corpus features that serves as a proxy for distance between words and establish a causative relationship between its values and embedding distances. We then show how to use this relationship for two adversarial objectives: (1) make a word a top-ranked neighbor of another word, and (2) move a word from one semantic cluster to another.An attack on the embedding can affect diverse downstream tasks, demonstrating for the first time the power of data poisoning in transfer learning scenarios. We use this attack to manipulate query expansion in information retrieval systems such as resume search, make certain names more or less visible to named entity recognition models, and cause new words to be translated to a particular target word regardless of the language. Finally, we show how the attacker can generate linguistically likely corpus modifications, thus fooling defenses that attempt to filter implausible sentences from the corpus using a language model.


Shotgun proteomics technology has matured in the research laboratories and is poised to enter clinical laboratories. However, the road to this transition is sprinkled with major technical unknowns such as long-term stability of the platform, reproducibility of the technology and clinical utility over traditional antibody-based platforms. Further, regulatory bodies that oversee the clinical laboratory operations are unfamiliar with this new technology. As a result, diagnostic laboratories have avoided using shotgun proteomics for routine diagnostics. In this perspectives article, we describe the clinical implementation of a shotgun proteomics assay for amyloid subtyping, with a special emphasis on standardizing the platform for better quality control and earning clinical acceptance. This assay is the first shotgun proteomics assay to receive regulatory approval for patient diagnosis. The blueprint of this assay can be utilized to develop novel proteomics assays for detecting numerous other disease pathologies.


The known members of the Hydrellia crassipes species group in North Amerisa are described or redescribed, including H. crassipes Cresson, H. procteri Cresson, H. saltator Deomer, H. amplecta n.sp., H. bryani n.sp., H. ocalae n.sp., and H. tibiospica n.sp. Adults of these species exhibit the following synapomorphies: dilated male metafemur and expanded (and flanged in some) male metatibia and striate (fibrillate) distiphallus. Only a single species (H. tibiospica n.sp.) was reared from its host-plant species, Juncus debilis Gray, but there are associated habitat data to indicate that the entire species group may have sedges and rushes as host plants.


Background: Although day care laparoscopic cholecystectomy (DCLC) has been shown to be safe in centres with adequate infrastructure for day care surgery, its feasibility and safety in developing countries has never been studied. Because of differences in the quality of health care delivery, western guidelines for day care surgery cannot be universally applied to developing countries. Patients and methods: Patients less than 65 years who were graded I and II on the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score, irrespective of their educational status, living within 20 km, and willing to make their own arrangements for a return to hospital in case of problems were selected for DCLC. Follow up was done by patients calling the hospital the morning after surgery. Results: 50% of the eligibility criteria were new; 313/383 patients were suitable for DCLC. The commonest cause for rejection was that the patient lived out of the defined area (50%). Altogether 92% were discharged within eight hours of surgery. The reasons for failure to discharge were the presence of abdominal drains in four (2%), nausea and vomiting in nine (3%), and conversion to open surgery in five (2%). Ten patients (3%) were readmitted; of these only two (<1%) had complications needing re-exploration. Analysis of results showed that the inclusion and discharge criteria were valid and that the readmission and complication rates as well as the ease and accuracy of follow up were comparable to published data. DCLC reduced waiting times and increased patient turnover and may have a positive impact on resident training. Conclusions: DCLC is safe, feasible, and has potential benefits for health care delivery in developing countries. Each surgical service needs to develop their own guidelines based on local patient demography.


Detailed studies in the Western Limassol Forest Complex, Cyprus have revealed plutonic and structural histories that differ markedly from the Penrose type ophiolite of the Troodos Massif to the north. A tectonized harzburgite of upper mantle origin acts as host to multiple mafic and ultramafic intrusions, forming a plutonic core complex. Mafic and picrite dykes cut and are cut by E–W trending shear zones, demonstrating syn-tectonic magmatism. A retrogressive metamorphic and progressive cooling history of the intrusive suite indicates uplift of the host, mantle harzburgite while in a sea-floor setting. It is suggested here that the geological evolution of the Western Limassol Forest Complex indicates formation of anomalous oceanic lithosphere in the active domain of an Upper Cretaceous, leaky transform fault.


Planewave pseudopotential calculations of supercell total energies were used as bases for firstprinciples calculations of the CaCO3–MgCO3 and CdCO3–MgCO3 phase diagrams. Calculated phase diagrams are in qualitative to semiquantitative agreement with experiment. Two unobserved phases, Cd3Mg (CO3)4 and CdMg3(CO3)4, are predicted. No new phases are predicted in the CaCO3–MgCO3 system, but a lowlying metastable Ca3Mg(CO3)4 state, analogous to the Cd3Mg(CO3)4 phase is predicted. All of the predicted lowest-lying metastable states, except for huntite CaMg3(CO3)4, have dolomite-related structures, i.e. they are layer structures in which AmBn cation layers lie perpendicular to the rhombohedral [111] vector.


This guide lists the equipment the library has available for student and faculty use as well as the policies for using this equipment.


A static chamber technique for measuring emissions of nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs) from soil surfaces and herbaceous vegetation in a natural setting has been developed. The technique involves the insertion of a polymethyl methacrylate frame into the ground. A polycarbonate chamber is placed in a water-containing trough on the frame to seal the chamber to the surface. The soil surface and vegetation are covered for various lengths of time, and samples of the chamber are are passively collected in preevacuated stainless steel canisters. The samples are analyzed in the laboratory by a whole-air cryogenic-preconcentration/high-resolution gas chromatographic technique with flame ionization detection. Changes in the concentrations of the NMOCs with time in the chamber are used to derive emission rates. The technique is sensitive and precise, but the occasional observation of nonlinear changes in NMOC concentrations in the chamber with the length of the covering period limits the accuracy of emission rates derived by this technique. Despite this limitation, the method is effective for identifying NMOC emissions and investigating seasonal variations of emission rates. 46 refs., 3 figs., 5 tabs.


This study addressed the question whether the second language (L2) of bilinguals can access conceptual memory as directly as their first language (L1). Swedish undergraduates, with English as their second language, performed two tasks in both L1 and L2. Exp. 1 used a picture-name verification task, where pictures induced automatic semantic priming. Exp. 2 used a category-exemplar verification task, where pictures induced strategic priming. The primary measure was reduction of the N400 amplitude in the ERP. Experiment 1 showed a fronto-central priming effect that did not differ between L1 and L2 in amplitude, topographical distribution, or peak latency. Experiment 2 showed a different, centro-parietal priming effect that was similar in amplitude between L1 and L2, but differed in peak latency, and lateral distribution. The study indicates that L2 provides direct automatic access to conceptual memory, although strategic use may recruit partly different neuronal resources in L2 than in L1.


This study presents the characteristics of aerosol black carbon (BC) from a rural continental site, Agartala, located in the North-Eastern part of India using two year measurements from September 2010 to September 2012. Diurnal and seasonal variations are examined in relation to the unique geographical location, changeable meteorological conditions and distinct source characteristics. Winter season is characterized by extremely high BC concentration (17.8 ± 9.2 µg/m 3 ) comparable to those seen in urban environments of India, dropping off to much lower values during the monsoon (2.8 ± 1.7 µg/m 3 ). Even this lowest seasonal mean is rather high, given the rural nature of Tripura. Examination of the spectral dependence of aerosol absorption coefficients indicates that the main source of aerosol to total BC burden at Agartala is the fossil fuel combustions. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis indicate that the characteristic high BC during winter is mostly associated with the advection from the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), while the air mass pattern is constricted to the oceanic region during monsoon making BC aloft due to local pollution only.


This report presents methods and technologies used to investigate the use of commercially available Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) radiolocation technology in the positioning of autonomous vehicles. UWB radio has unique transmission characteristics which make pico-second resolution timing possible, a requirement for centimetre accuracy in positioning applications.

Firstly, an investigation into the performance capabilities of UWB positioning infrastructure was undertaken, followed by the development of relative positioning algorithms utilising a relative and decentralised control approach. These algorithms are based on feedback provided by radiolocation data in combination with sensor fusion elements, including inertial (accelerometers), optical (optical flow sensors) and absolute ranging sensors such as Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR).

Performance of the UWB infrastructure was determined utilising static and dynamic measurement techniques to verify overall positioning accuracy and statistical characteristics, with respect to two different ranging algorithms, Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Two Way Ranging (TWR).

Data collected from an array of static collection points has shown, in the recommended infrastructure configuration, that commercially available UWB technology has a positional accuracy with an average offset from the real coordinate system of 7.30-15.28%. Logic-based tests using statistical inputs indicate the TDOA algorithm succeeds in more accurate positioning in 79.63%, 58.33% and 85.19% of test cases across twenty-seven points in three vertical planes respectively.

Data collected from autonomous flight-path algorithms has provided practical insight into applications of the technology and its dynamic capabilities. Results demonstrate that in a high radio interference environment, performance of the UWB positioning system and drone achieve a 0.11% and 1.23% error on average from the programmed flight path gradient for TDOA and TWR respectively.

The results of this investigation suggest that the technology is ready and capable of being implemented on real-world systems, with the recommendation that the technology be coupled with sensor fusion elements in relative positioning applications.


We present absolute physical and orbital parameters for three double-lined detached eclipsing binary systems from the All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS) catalogue with subgiant and giant components. These parameters were derived from archival V-band ASAS photometry and new radial velocities. The radial velocities were calculated from high quality optical spectra we obtained with the 8.2 m Subaru/HDS, ESO 3.6 m/HARPS, 1.9 m Radcliffe/GIRAFFE, CTIO 1.5 m/CHIRON, and 1.2 m Euler/CORALIE using the two-dimensional cross-correlation technique (TODCOR) and synthetic template spectra chosen for every system separately as references. The physical and orbital parameters of the systems were derived with the phoebe and jktebop codes. We checked the evolutionary status of the systems with several sets of isochrones and determined distances for each system. The derived uncertainties for individual masses of ASAS J010538-8003.7, ASAS J182510-2435.5, and V1980 Sgr components vary from 0.7% to 3.6% while the radii are in the range 1% to 24% . For all of the investigated systems such a detailed orbital and physical analysis is presented for the first time.


Evolution processes of graphite morphology in ductile iron were investigated by quenching specimens during a long time holding of iron melt in a Ar atmosphere. Results show that spheroidal graphite is only observed at the early stage of melt holding. There are no evident changes in morphology of spheroidal graphite with increasing holding time up to 180 min. Subsequently chunky graphite precipitates directly after holding for 240 min as spheroidizing ability (Mg residual and RE residual) is insufficient. The number and size of eutectic chunky graphite cells increase with prolonged holding time. It should be noted that vermicular graphite forms around eutectic chunky graphite cells after holding for 360 min. When holding time reaches 420 min, graphite morphology is flake-like together with some chunky graphite. The graphite morphology in ductile iron changes from spherical to chunky, then chunky to vermicular, finally to flake with an increase in melt holding time. Both spheroidizing ability and numbers of effective nucleus decrease with prolonged holding time of melt, which affect graphite morphology.


Due to persistent increase in loan default in developing countries especially Nigeria, several lending institutions resort to group lending that is based on joint liability approach to mitigate default. This study analyzes the mitigation of loan default in Nigeria through joint liability approach: The case of beneficiaries of microfinance bank agricultural loan in Calabar metropolis, Cross River State.  It specifically analyzes the determinants of loan default among sampled beneficiaries and compares the mean repayment amount between beneficiaries of joint and individual liability. The study used 120 respondents from the selected microfinance institutions in the study area. Data collection was done with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The study used probit model and the Z test to analyze the data. The result revealed that household size and business experience were the key determinants of loan default. There was a significant difference in amounts of loan repaid between joint and individual loan beneficiaries. The study concluded that joint liability is a better approach when it comes to borrowing than the individual liability.  The study further shows that the key determinants of loan default were household size and business experience; therefore, beneficiaries are encouraged to reduce their household size as this will reduce default.

 Key words: Beneficiaries, default, joint, mitigating, lending, liability, loan, and probit model.


An increasing number of studies have proposed a strong correlation between reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress (OS) and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). With over five million people diagnosed in the United States alone, AD is the most common type of dementia worldwide. AD includes progressive neurodegeneration, followed by memory loss and reduced cognitive ability. Characterized by the formation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques as a hallmark, the connection between ROS and AD is compelling. Analyzing the ROS response of essential proteins in the amyloidogenic pathway, such as amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and beta-secretase (BACE1), along with influential signaling programs of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), has helped visualize the path between OS and Aβ overproduction. In this review, attention will be paid to significant advances in the area of OS, epigenetics, and their influence on Aβ plaque assembly. Additionally, we aim to discuss available treatment options for AD that include antioxidant supplements, Asian traditional medicines, metal-protein-attenuating compounds, and histone modifying inhibitors.


Abstract The article focuses on revealing the nature of defamiliarization, foregrounding, and defeated expectancy from a linguo-stylistic and cognitive perspective. It has been stated that defamiliarization, composed by different types of foregrounding and defeated expectancy as deviation, generated with a certain stylistic purpose are complex phenomena. The article highlights cognitive factors which ensure the creation of defamiliarization and defeated expectancy in the literary texts.


Since Rawls's Political Liberalism is by now the subject of a wide and deep philosophical literature, much of it excellent in quality, it would be foolhardy to attempt to say something about each of the major issues of the work, or to sort through debates that can easily be located elsewhere. I have therefore decided to focus on a small number of issues where there is at least some chance that a fresh approach may yield some new understanding of the text: Rawls's distinction between 'reasonable' and 'unreasonable' comprehensive doctrines; the psychological underpinnings of political liberalism; and the possibility that political liberalism might be extended beyond the small group of modern Western societies that Rawls's historical remarks suggest as its primary focus. I also include a discussion of the much-debated issue of civility and public reason, which could hardly be avoided given its prominence in the book's reception. This paper should therefore be read not as a comprehensive account of the work but as one person's attempt to grapple, very incompletely and imperfectly, with a book that is as great as any philosophy has seen on this topic of great human urgency.


Broadband infrastructure is currently being implemented throughout Australia as part of a government funded National Broadband Network (NBN). Ultimately successful universal provision will require that metropolitan installations subsidize rural adoption. It is important for the success of the project that rural adoption is maximized. This will require an understanding of the complex social, political and technical aspects affecting the adoption process for rural regions. The paper argues that critical realism can provide a useful meta-theoretical position to examine the important social and physical aspects of the adoption process. Drawing on the work of Raduescu and Vessey (2008) on critical realist explanatory frameworks, it supports using 3 commonly used critical realist frameworks to guide the examination process – that of Pawson and Tilley (2007) and Danermark et al. (2002), together with Archer's (1995, 1998) morphogenetic model as the meta theory that underpins the examination. The frameworks and model are introduced briefly and examples provided as to how they can contribute to the examination of the rural broadband adoption process.


In Urban Sprawl and Public Health, three of the nation's leading public health and urban planning experts explore an intriguing question: How does the physical environment in which we live affect our health? For decades, growth and development in our communities has been of the low-density, automobile-dependent type known as sprawl. The authors examine the direct and indirect impacts of sprawl on human health and well-being, and discuss the prospects for improving public health through alternative approaches to design, land use, and transportation. Urban Sprawl and Public Health offers a comprehensive look at the interface of urban planning, architecture, transportation, community design, and public health. It summarizes the evidence linking adverse health outcomes with sprawling development, and outlines the complex challenges of developing policy that promotes and protects public health. Anyone concerned with issues of public health, urban planning, transportation, architecture, or the environment will want to read this book.