ABSTRACT Kerans, A.J., and Cartwright, N., 2016. Testing versions of the Bruun rule for low energy macro-tidal tropical beaches against a theoretical late Holocene sea-level high-stand and beach ridge evidence of late Holocene beach faces. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 740–744. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Significant evidence of late Holocene beach faces is presented in beach ridges along the North Queensland coast between Mackay and the Daintree region. The ages of these ridges has in some cases been dated giving confidence that the rearmost ridges are the result of a combination of cyclone activity and a late Holocene sea level high-stand. The height of this high-stand is the subject of debate, however the level may be confidently predicted through careful and extensive measurement of relict oyster beds in the region. Using pre-existing beach ridge research together with existing and new measurements of oyster beds on Magnetic Island, North Queensland a value for the late Holocene sea level high-stand is proposed which can be compared to the position of the coast on certain beaches during this period. These measurements are a good basis to test the applicability of the Bruun rules and some proposed modifications for the low energy beach systems of tropical North Queensland. This paper firstly examined the late Holocene sea level evidence stored in relict oyster beds and from that proposes a sea level to be used in the analysis. This sea level is then used to test the Bruun rule and variants and examine the differences between dated Holocene beach faces and the recession predicted by these models.


Research shows that after layoffs, employees often report decreased commitment and performance which has been coined the survivor syndrome. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect remain underexplored. The purpose of the paper is to show that reduced organizational identification can serve as an explanation for the survivor syndrome. We conducted a laboratory experiment, in which participants work as a group of employees for another participant who acts as employer. In the course of the experiment, the employer decides whether one of his or her employees should be laid off or not. Mediation analysis supports a social identity-based explanation for the emergence of the survivor syndrome: downsizing causes lower identification with the employer which in turn relates to lower performance of employees.


In this paper, we study the fundamental limits of secret-key agreement over MIMO quasi-static fading channels. We provide closed-form expressions for the secret-key capacity in both the asymptotic high-power and low-power regimes. The optimal signaling strategy for the low-power regime is shown to be independent of the eavesdropper's channel and secret-key capacity is achieved by transmitting random Gaussian symbols along the direction corresponding to the maximal eigenvalue of the legitimate channel matrix. Hence, by beamforming and waterfilling over the main channel alone, one obtains a semi-blind key-agreement strategy in which the knowledge of the eavesdropper's channel is only required for privacy amplification. We also derive the probability that a target secret-key rate is not achieved by the optimal low-power signaling when assuming only statistical CSI about the eavesdropper's channel.


The elastic properties and mechanical behavior of trabecular bone are largely determined by its three‐dimensional (3D) fabric structure. Recent work demonstrating a correlation between the primary mechanical and material axes in trabecular bone specimens suggests that fabric orientation may be used to infer directional components of the material strength and, by extension, the hypothetical loading regime. Here we quantify the principal orientation of trabecular bone in the femoral head and relate these principal fabric directions to loading patterns during various locomotor behaviors. The proximal femora of a diverse sample of prosimians were scanned using a high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography scanner with resolution of better than 50 μm. Spherical volumes of interest were defined within the femoral heads and the 3D fabric anisotropy was calculated using the mean intercept length and star volume distribution methods. In addition to differences in bone volume and anisotropy, significant differences were found in the spatial orientation of the principal trabecular axes depending on locomotor behavior. The principal orientations for leapers (Galago, Tarsius, Avahi) are relatively tightly clustered (α95 confidence limit: 8.2; angular variance s: 18.2°) and oriented in a superoanterior direction, while those of nonleapers are more variable across a range of directions (α95: 16.8; s: 42.0°). The mean principal directions are significantly different for leaping vs. nonleaping taxa. These results further suggest a relationship between bone microstructure in the hip joint and locomotor behavior and indicate a similarity of loading across leapers despite differences in kinematics and phylogeny. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Induction of resistance in plants to herbivorous insects may supplement biological control strategies relying on combinations of control measures. It is well known that herbivore feeding and pathogen attack induce defense mechanisms in plants and that the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathways are centrally involved in the signaling cascade leading finally to temporary accumulation or activation of defense compounds. Besides pest or pathogen attack, defense reactions can be enhanced by the external application of JA and SA. Plant responses are species specific in terms of plants and pests; hence plant responses vary with plantpests systems. Former studies using application of JA and/or SA were mainly directed towards chewing insects. We intend to study the effects of resistance induction in tomato towards Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) using preference, development, and fecundity as main resistance/suitability parameters. Treatments included different concentrations of JA, Benzothiadiazole (BTH; an analogue to SA) and water as control. Plant reaction to inducers was confirmed by measuring the activity of proteinase inhibitors and peroxidase, well characterised enzymes responding to JA and SA pathway activation respectively. In choice experiments, we found avoidance reaction of whitefly adults for inductor treated leaves of tomato plants when insects were released one or two days after spraying. In order to study the development of whiteflies on treated plants in comparison to control plants, we investigated oviposition intensity and development of subsequent larval, late larval (pupal), to adult stages. When plants were treated with JA and BTH before egg deposition, 75–80 % of eggs developed to adults' stage in all cases. On the other hand, when plants were treated one week after egg deposition and treatments were repeated after two weeks at larval stage, we found a significant reduction in relative amount of eggs (compared to untreated control) that reached the adult stage on both BTH and JA treated plants. Newly emerged females from different treatments showed distinct differences in fecundity. Females from BTH treated plants had significantly lower fecundity (5.25 eggs female-1 day-1) compared to JA treated (8.04) and control (8.22) plants. Yet the feeding intensity of early as well as late instarts larvae was not different among any treatments.


The influence of high concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and readily metabolizable carbon on the activity and viability of a PCP-degrading Flavobacterium sp. was examined in a mineral salts medium. Lags preceding PCP removal by glutamate-grown Flavobacterium cells were greatly attenuated by the addition of glutamate, aspartate, succinate, acetate, glucose, or cellobiose. The effect of these supplementary carbon sources on the apparent lag was not mediated entirely through the stimulation of growth since PCP metabolism accompanied the onset of growth. The specific activity of PCP-degrading cells in the absence of supplementary carbon was 1.51 x 10(-13) +/- 0.08 x 10(-13) g of PCP per cell per h and in the presence of supplementary carbon was 0.92 x 10(-13) +/- 0.09 x 10(-13) g of PCP per cell per h. Glutamate in combination with glucose or cellobiose partially repressed PCP metabolism. PCP removal by PCP-induced, glutamate-grown cells suspended in the presence of 4 g of sodium glutamate per liter was sensitive to shock loads of PCP, with a Ki of about 86.8 micrograms/ml. Subsequent removal rates, however, were more resistant to PCP. Optimal stimulation of PCP removal by sodium glutamate required 3.0 g/liter, about the same concentration as that which saturated growth in the absence of PCP. PCP removal rates decayed within minutes following the transfer of PCP-induced, glutamate-grown cells to media containing PCP without supplementary carbon, and increasing PCP concentrations accelerated the decay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Considerable potentials with regard to mobility in unstructured environment offer actively articulated mobile robots equipped with powered wheels or tracks. These potentials are obvious when dealing with a system's trafficability and terrainability. However, maneuverability and steerability of articulated mobile robots are challenging. This is due to the fact that these robots represent a form of truck-trailer systems leading to interactions and influences between the individual vehicles resulting in significant problems like e.g. off-tracking with regard to a given path. Further on, when dealing with a mobile robot's maneuverability there are only few scientific contributions covering articulated vehicles with actively powered trailers using tracks as propulsive elements. The described systems differ significantly with regard to their configuration with respect to the multi-redundant mobile robot in this work. To investigate the maneuverability of articulated tracked mobile robots a demonstrator has been developed. It is built up out of three identical modules which are connected with each other in a rowby means of a rotational and a translational degree-of-freedom. Each module has two tracks which can be powered independently. Overall, the system has got ten degrees-of-freedom whereas six of them are active and four passive. The developed demonstrator has been used for investigations dealing with maneuverability and steerability as well as modularization of the system's control architecture. The paper summarizes the development of the mobile robot, its feedback control strategy as well as the tests carried out. The achieved results show a satisfying performance with regard to the implemented control strategy and the system's maneuverability.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


This book deconstructs a popular legend concerning a 1915 uprising against the British rule led by To' Janggut, or "Old Longbeard", in the Malay state of Kelantan. The story of To' Janggut's rebellion is recounted in folk tales, newspaper reports and scholarly publications, and the author uses previously classified official reports and hitherto unknown photographs to shed further light on the episode. In his account, incidents presented in one version are revised, contradicted, or denied in others, but as the story unfolds the author also reveals unexpected links between different presentations of events. Although the 1915 rising was a relatively minor incident in a remote part of rural Kelantan, it has captured the imagination of the people of Malaysia. In revisiting the event, Cheah's purpose is not to establish the facts of what took place but to consider the broader significance of the uprising by reassessing the meanings and functions of history, biography, photography and other genres. The author's reconstruction of various versions of the incident serves as a form of argumentation, and raises a number of questions. For example, did To' Janggut rebel against the Sultan, or was he used by the Sultan? Did the Kelantan aristocracy support the Sultan, or were they attempting to unseat him? Was the incident a tax rebellion, or an anti-colonial rising? In the end, the reader is left to ponder which version (if any) can be said to represent historical truth.


This is an introductory survey on cluster algebras and their (additive) categorification using derived categories of Ginzburg algebras. After a gentle introduction to cluster combinatorics, we review important examples of coordinate rings admitting a cluster algebra structure. We then present the general definition of a cluster algebra and describe the interplay between cluster variables, coefficients, c-vectors and g-vectors. We show how c-vectors appear in the study of quantum cluster algebras and their links to the quantum dilogarithm. We then present the framework of additive categorification of cluster algebras based on the notion of quiver with potential and on the derived category of the associated Ginzburg algebra. We show how the combinatorics introduced previously lift to the categorical level and how this leads to proofs, for cluster algebras associated with quivers, of some of Fomin-Zelevinsky's fundamental conjectures.


The paper explores the existing concepts of sales, sales policy and sales promotion, in particular, specifies the definition of a marketing sales policy concept as well as provides insights about the role and significance of marketing sales promotion policy. The study discusses a range of issues related to challenges in enhancing company's competitiveness, identifies advantages and disadvantages of sales promotion along with revealing the most effective distribution channels in terms of various marketing communication tools. Specific advantages and disadvantages of particular forms and methods of sales, such as personal selling and selling via the Internet are considered. Within the context of sales promotion, special emphasis is put on the effect of such market drivers as price increase, impulsive buying tendency, increased competition, dramatic socioeconomic tension, etc. It is argued that sales policy of enterprises should rely on their respective marketing strategies, viewed as a set of tactical measures and actions to generate demand. To understand the root causes and prerequisites for the active use of sales promotion instruments in the marketing promotion mix, their core benefits and limitations have been exposed. Among a vast range of sales promotion tools, their common specific characteristic is the focus for gaining rapid sales growth in a short period of time. Thus, the research findings have revealed that this type of marketing communication as an element of integrated promotion strategy seems promising and effective, given the prompt and positive significant outcomes in the short term, and with careful planning and regular application it can lay a good background for a long-term brand loyalty. To achieve the most effective results from the implementation of sales promotion techniques, it is critical to develop a clear and specific sales promotion strategy that will entail information about the ultimate goal, tools, characteristics and the budget of the sales promotion mi, as well as the results from the sales program testing, monitoring and assessment.


Using a mass survey of young members of 15 parties in six European democracies, this article explores their motivations, perceptions, attitudes, and behavior. In a context of general disenchantment with politics and febrile participation, particularly among young citizens, this article explains why a large number of youngsters still decide to get involved in one of the most traditional forms of activism: party membership. The study uses a comparative survey of 2,919 young party members ages 18 to 25 and shows that they fit into three categories: moral-, social-, and professional-minded. Young party members significantly differ in terms of their perceptions, preferences, behavior, and desired future involvement. The findings shed unprecedented light on the hearts and minds of tomorrow's political leaders, a subgroup of professional-minded young party members who distinguish themselves from the majority of ideologically driven, moral-minded activists and some less motivated, disciplined, and reliable social-minded members.


I this paper I deal with some of the most important policy issues related to economic growth theory, and I argue that the recent literature in the field have been almost silent with respect to some of the most important concerns among policy makers. I also argue that measurement problems plague the empirical applications of the new theories, reducing greatly their degree of persuasiveness, in particular when it comes to measuring trade policy. I end my discussion by briefly tackling the relationship between politics, savings and growth.


To explore and summarize the association between treatment with tocilizumab and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis (10 RCTs including 3378 patients in the tocilizumab group and 3142 patients in the control group). We systematically searched PubMed and MedRxiv for all RCTs as of June 1, 2021, to assess the benefits and harms of tocilizumab to treat patients with COVID-19. All analyses were carried out using RevMan version 5.4.1. There were nine RCTs published in peer-reviewed journals and one RCTs published as a preprint. The summary RR for all-cause mortality with tocilizumab was 0.89 (95% CI= 0.82-0.96, P= 0.003). There was no significant between-trial heterogeneity (I= 28%, P= 0.19). However, all peerreviewed RCTs showed no significant associations between treatment with tocilizumab and reductions in all-cause mortality. We notably found that tocilizumab significantly reduced the rate of intubation or death in patients with COVID-19 with 3 RCTs. Across the 8 RCTs, the summary RR for discharge with tocilizumab was 1.10 (95% CI= 1.031.16, P< 0.00001). There was no significant association of tocilizumab with harm on other patient-relevant clinical outcomes, including increasing secondary infection risk, patients of adverse events, or patients of serious adverse events. Tocilizumab significantly increased the rate of hospital discharges in COVID-19 patients. Still, it did not decrease all-cause mortality or increase the risk of secondary infections, patients of adverse events, or patients for serious adverse events. Evidence that tocilizumab affects clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 requires further proof.


One aquaculture commodity that has a high economic value and potential to be developed in Indonesia is lobster. Lombok Island is a considerable lobster-producing area that has a great potential for the future development. However, lobster farming in this island lacks in productivity due to the management factors. Therefore, to achieve a sustainable development, the lobster farming needs a number of efforts to improve its productivity and technical efficiency. This study aims to: (1) analyze the influencing factors to the production of lobster farming and (2) analyze the level of technical efficiency and affecting factors on the technical inefficiency of lobster farming. The primary data were collected through surveys of 106 lobster - farming households. The stochastic frontier production function with Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) method was used to analyze the efficiency of the cultivation system. The results suggested that most of the farmers are technically efficient with the average of the technical efficiency level of 0.91. The production inputs that have significant effects include the quantities of seed and feed and culture period. The technical inefficiency was influenced by the farmers' age, experience, education and perceptions on sustainability of their farming. Keywords: technical efficiency, lobster farming, stochastic frontier production function, Cobb-Douglas, MLE


The work output and the mental and physical fatigue generated by a dental procedure is affected by the length and type of operation, physical facilities, the amount of cooperation given by the patient, operating techniques, and the effective teamwork and rapport of the operatory dental team. Fatigue is also generated by stresses that arise outside of the office and which, when superimposed over the normal operating stresses of the office, can have a cumulative effect of decreasing output and increasing mental and physical fatigue for the dentist, the assistant, and the patient. Probably the three most important means to compensate for both routine and nonroutine physical and mental stresses of any type or origin are: (1) learn to cope with or resolve the origin of the stress; (2) develop a pattern of healthy living; (3) cultivate job satisfaction.


Psychology
Efforts to combat prejudice in workplaces and on campuses by targeting microaggressions lack solid foundations in psychological research. Lilienfeld, who supports microaggression research, surveyed evidence and identified 18 research priorities—for example, better define what is not a microaggression, and do not confound the frequency of microaggressions with the subjective distress that they evoke. He suggests tempering assertions about causal links between microaggressions and adverse mental health and proposes a moratorium on intervention programs that may create more problems than they solve.

Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 10.1177/1745691616659391 (2017).


Current management approaches for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are imprecise and depend largely on clinical assessment. A more precise approach, which takes into account an individual patient's variations in genes, proteins, environment, and lifestyle, is beginning to receive attention with the most advanced progress seen in the treatment of cancer. Herein, the methodological approaches required for this precision medicine approach to be adopted in psoriatic disease, as well as their advantages, are reviewed. In addition, advances that are being made to address areas of unmet need in PsA, notably the use of proteomic approaches, are presented with suggestions that combine genetic and protein data (proteogenomics). Finally, progress that is being made in 2 large-scale, multipartner studies focused on the development of a precision medicine approach to the treatment of skin psoriasis is presented and discussed.


Objective To determine whether there was an increase in payments for neurologist-prescribed drugs, we performed a retrospective analysis of prescription claims in the Medicare Part D Prescriber Public Use Files from 2013 to 2017. Methods We included claims prescribed by providers with the taxonomy "neurology" and included drugs present in all 5 years. Drugs were designated in 2013 as generic (GEN), brand name only (BNO), and brand name prescribed even though a generic equivalent is available (BNGE). To observe payment trends, the percentage change in the per claim payment was compared between drug classes. Results We included 520 drugs, of which 322 were GEN, 61 were BNO, and 137 were BNGE, representing 90,716,536 claims and generating payments of $26,654,750,720. While the number of claims from 2013 to 2017 increased only 7.6%, the total payment increased 50.4%. Adjusted for inflation, claim payments for GEN drug increased 0.6%, compared to significant increases in BNO and BNGE drugs of 42.4% and 45.0% (ptrend < 0.001). The percentage of overall GEN claims increased from 81.9% to 88.0%, BNO increased from 4.9% to 6.2%, and BNGE decreased from 13.3% to 5.8%. Neuroimmunology/multiple sclerosis drugs represented >50% of the total payments despite being only 4.3% of claims. Conclusions Payments for neurologist-prescribed brand name, but not generic, drugs in Medicare Part D increased consistently and well above inflation from 2013 to 2017. Unless the overall trend stabilizes or is reversed or high cost-to-claim drugs are addressed, this trend will place an increasing burden on the neurologic Medicare budget.


OBJECTIVE Determination of the relevance of identification of microorganisms found by microbiological Environmental Monitoring (isolates from EM) during aseptic handling. METHODS Identification of isolates from EM by microscopical examination, gram and spore staining and/or by MALDI-TOF. Isolates from EM in five hospital pharmacies were collected during one year and subdivided in 7 groups: Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci. Gram-positive non-spore forming rods. Gram-positive spore forming rods. Gram-negative rods, fungi and yeast. RESULTS Gram-positive cocci were found in most cases (70-80 %). followed by Gram-positive rods (non-spore forming and spore forming; around 20%). Our results are comparable with the cleanroom microflora found in the pharmaceutical industry. The two cases described in this article, show that auditing gives more information about possible sources and causes of contamination than identification of micro-organisms. CONCLUSION The aim of identification is finding sources of contamination. resulting in corrective actions if EM results exceed the alert or action levels. We believe that the added value of identification, as a routine activity during aseptic handling is doubtful. However, knowing it is important to check if the cleanroom microflora is comparable to the expected microflora, we advise to do this once by using around 100 isolates from EM out of the LAF or biosafety cabinet and to repeat this every 3 years. Identification is also valuable while building activities are taking place in the neighborhood of the cleanroom. Deviations from the expected cleanroom microflora will be indicative for inadequate preventive measures against contamination resulting from the building activities.


A real coded genetic algorithm based PID controller (RCGAPID) is presented in this paper to improve power system dynamic stability. The proposed RCGAPID parameters are optimized using real coded genetic algorithm (RCGA). The design problem of the proposed controller is formulated as an optimization problem and RCGA is employed to search for optimal PID controller parameters. Integral absolute error (IAE) and integral squared error (ISE) performance indexes have been used for the determination of the PID controller parameters in power systems stabilization. The performance of the proposed RCGAPID under various loading and small disturbance conditions are analyzed and compared in single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system. Simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of proposed controllers to improve the stability performance of power system. Copyright © 2010 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.


Hairy cell leukemia is a chronic, clonal disease of the hemopoetic stem cell. Although our knowledge on its pathogenesis has increased a lot during the previous years, further details are needed to provide a more personalized, and therefore more successful treatment for patients. New advancements in the growing field of epigenetics may contribute to the finding of novel therapeutic target molecules. Similarly to acute leukemia, hairy cell leukemia also possesses a unique microRNA expression pattern. Decreased levels of tumor suppressor microRNAs lead to the elevation of the expression levels of their oncogenic targets. During our investigations on the level of let-7b and miR-124 in the bone marrow sample of a patient suffering from hairy cell leukemia, decreased expression levels have been found in the case of both microRNAs. These alterations also influence the activity of the MAPK signaling pathway, resulting from the regulation of its members by microRNAs including those mentioned above. Our results support new details about the connection between altered microRNA expression levels and signal transduction pathways in hairy cell leukemia.


Patients with neurogenic claudication do not usually exhibit symptoms at rest. The diagnosis is uncertain when there are no signs of lumbar radiculopathy. However, the functional deficiary could show up during a brief time at presentation of the symptoms if appropriate electrophysiological techniques are used to measure nerve conduction at the radicular segment. In 8 patients with neurogenic claudication, we examined the curve of recruitment of the soleus H reflex and in four of them the chronodispersion of the F wave of the posterior tibial nerve, before and after walking was also examined. Both studies showed normal results before walking in all patients. The H wave showed a transient diminution of excitability in 6 patients after walking, which lasted for a mean period of 7 min. Only one of these patients also showed an increase in the chronodispersion of the F wave. Our data suggest that conduction is transiently blocked in large myelinated fibers at a radicular level in patients with neurogenic claudication after walking. This could partially explain the symptoms of neurogenic claudication.


Summaries Health care researchers have documented that in many settings male social prerogatives powerfully condition women's relationship to health care systems. Particularly in the area of reproductive health care, the decision‐making privileges enjoyed by men fundamentally affect women's health status. Yet population policy and reproductive health programming has been slow to respond to this insight. Unrecognized or unacknowledged assumptions about women's 'natural' responsibility for childbearing and child‐rearing, coupled with an acceptance of the rights of men to make family health care decisions have impeded policy responses to these research findings. By accepting these static characterisations of men rather than assuming that gender relations are dynamic and that men are as capable of change as women, research and programmes have often implicitly accepted men's power and women's subordination. Effective reproductive health care programming needs to recruit men's support and participation in creative ways.


We collect data on trust and trustworthy behavior from eighty-four iterations of the Berg, Dickhaut, and McCabe Investment game (the "trust" game). We perform a meta-analysis of these games in order to identify the effect of experimental protocols and cross-country cultural differences on trust and trustworthiness. We find that approximately 40% of the variance in trust and 30% of the variance in trustworthiness is explained by changes to experimental protocols. We also find that cultural variables that are highly correlated with a country's stock of social capital, such as ethnic fractionalization and income inequality, are most closely related to trustworthiness rather than trust. We use these findings to show that the negative relationship between diversity and social capital disappears as competitive free markets become more prevalent in a country. JEL Classification: C90, D03, Z13


The Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is a severe acute viral disease caused by the Junin virus of the Arenaviridae family. The AHF endemic area coincides geographically with the largest grain export agro-industrial complex of the country [Argentina]. Since the implementation of vaccination with the Candid #1 vaccine, a significant reduction in incidence was achieved and risk patterns were modified. A previous study allowed characterizing these changes and identifying three transmission scenarios: classic, emergent-reemergent, and traveler. The latter scenario includes seasonal migrant workers who move each year, mainly from the province of Santiago del Estero, the endemic area to work in the detasseling of maize. With the objective of protecting this group of workers, a prevention campaign was initiated which included: capacity building of health personnel in the province, health education, and immunization with the vaccine Candid #1. 3,021 workers were vaccinated. Prior to vaccination, serum samples were taken from a group of 104 volunteers. Tests for neutralizing antibodies specific to the Junin virus were performed and 6 (5.76%) tested positive. The unexpected finding of a high percentage of workers with antibodies suggests the need to evaluate several hypotheses: a) that the result is the product of non-probabilistic sampling; b) that it could be people who fell ill in previous travels, c) or who were vaccinated in previous travels; or d) consider this region as an emerging scenario.


In parallel architectures that have a Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) behavior, the mapping of memory pages to NUMA nodes influences the performance of parallel applications. In order to improve traditional data mapping policies, two basic strategies can be employed: optimizing locality or balance of memory accesses. In a locality-based policy, memory pages are mapped to nodes that access the page the most. In a balance-based policy, memory pages are mapped such that the number of memory accesses resolved by each memory controller is similar. In this paper, we perform an in-depth exploration of these data mapping policies on the performance of parallel applications. We introduce metrics that describe their memory access behavior and evaluate their suitability for data mapping. We also present new mapping policies that focus on locality, balance or both. These policies were evaluated on three different NUMA architectures with applications from the NAS-OMP and PARSEC benchmark suites. Results show that the performance improvements of each policy depend on the characteristics of the applications and machines. Choosing the wrong policy can actually hurt the performance compared to the default first-touch mapping. Compared to traditional mapping policies and to policies that only focus on either locality or balance, taking into account both locality and balance results in the highest improvements. Furthermore, it avoids the performance reduction caused by the wrong data mapping.


This article considers Chile and South Africa's agricultural policy evolutions in terms of trade. It also looks at Chile and South Africa's trade with the rest of the world, particularly with regards to agricultural trade. From an agricultural trade perspective, Chile's position as a direct competitor of South Africa for the EU and USA markets is clearly apparent, primarily due to their joint location in the southern hemisphere. Furthermore, the movement of agricultural products between these nations from a South African export perspective is discussed. This article explores the potential for South Africa to increase its exports to Chile by deepening existing trading and investigating the expansion of trade lines. Two policy observations can be identified from this study with a view to improving South Africa's current agricultural sector and increasing its exports trade to Chile. The first observation is the manner in which the agricultural budget is allocated (following Chile's successful budget allocation as a guide). The second observation is, should South Africa negotiate a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Chile, the opportunities for agricultural export expansion from the products listed in the annexe shown on the final page.


The functional roles of ferritin H and L subunits in ferrous iron oxidation and ferric iron hydrolytic polymerization were studied by combination of electrode oximetry and pH stat utilizing horse spleen and recombinant human H and L ferritins. Previous work has investigated ferrous ion oxidation kinetics, but no information on ferric core formation and its relationship to ferrous ion oxidation had been obtained. The kinetic pattern of iron oxidation/hydrolysis in H-chain homopolymer ferritin showed that the rate of iron hydrolysis is regulated by the rate of iron oxidation, and that both follow the iron ferroxidation pathway. In the early stage of the reaction with less than 10 Fe(II)/protein, it was observed that the stoichiometric ratio of proton release to ferrous iron consumption approaches zero, the ferrous iron to dioxygen ratio equals two and the kinetic ratio of proton release to dioxygen consumption approaches one. These results enable one to write a detailed mechanism for iron ferroxidation occurring in ferritins containing the H-subunit. The L-chain homopolymer ferritin was also shown to facilitate iron oxidation, but iron deposition occurs by a mineral core surface mechanism as evidenced by the kinetic ratio of eight protons released per dioxygen consumed. These results suggest that the H-subunit serves as a ferrous iron oxidation source and the L-subunit acts as a ferric iron sink during iron incorporation into native heteropolymer ferritins. Two types of ferritin radicals were observed by epr spectroscopy. One radical is a tyrosyl radical formed in the H-subunit only and is possibly generated from a superoxide intermediate produced during the one electron oxidation of iron(II). This radical gives a characteristic tyrosyl radical doublet with a g-factor of 2.0066 and a hyperfine splitting of 18 G. This radical is centered on a Tyr-34 as shown by measurements with site directed mutants. The other type of ferritin radical produced is a secondary radical derived from hydroxyl radical attack on ferritin. This radical is possibly formed on an iron binding site of the L-subunit. Neither of these ferritin radicals play an important role in iron ferroxidation. However, confinement of radical production to the inside of the ferritin shell could be a protective mechanism against iron toxicity.


Title STAP-2 interacts with and modulates BCR-ABL-mediated tumorigenesis Author(s) Sekine, Y.; Ikeda, O.; Mizushima, A.; Ueno, Y.; Muromoto, R.; Yoshimura, A.; Kanakura, Y.; Oritani, K.; Matsuda, T. Citation Oncogene, 31(40): 4384-4396 Issue Date 2012-10-04 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/52665 Type article (author version) Additional Information There are other files related to this item in HUSCAP. Check the above URL. File Information Supplementary_information.pdf (Supplementary Information)


Our current understanding of the Universe depends on the interplay of several distinct "matter" components, which interact mainly through gravity, and electromagnetic radiation. The nature of the different components, and possible interactions, tends to be based on the notion of coupled perfect fluids (or scalar fields). This approach is somewhat naive, especially if one wants to be able to consider issues involving heat flow, dissipative mechanisms, or Bose-Einstein condensation of dark matter. We argue that a more natural starting point would be the multi-purpose variational relativistic multi-fluid system that has so far mainly been applied to neutron star astrophysics. As an illustration of the fundamental principles involved, we develop the formalism for determining the non-linear cosmological solutions to the Einstein equations for a general relativistic two-fluid model for a coupled system of matter (non-zero rest mass) and "radiation" (zero rest mass). The two fluids are allowed to interpenetrate and exhibit a relative flow with respect to each other, implying, in general, an anisotropic Universe. We use initial conditions such that the massless fluid flux dominates early on so that the situation is effectively that of a single fluid and one has the usual Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) spacetime. We find that there is a Bianchi I transition epoch out of which the matter flux dominates. The situation is then effectively that of a single fluid and the spacetime evolves towards the FLRW form. Such a transition opens up the possibility of imprinting observable consequences at the specific scale corresponding to the transition time.


In the case of media and feature streams, explicit inter-stream constraints exist and can be exploited in the evaluation of continuous queries in the spirit of semantic query optimization. We express these properties using a media stream declaration language MSDL. In the demonstration, we present IMMERSI-MEET, an application built around an immersive environment. The IMMERSI-MEET system distinguishes between continuous streams, where values of different types come at a specified data rate, and discrete streams where sources push values intermittently. In MSDL, any dependence declaration must have at least one dependency specifying predicate in the body. As stream declarations are registered, the stream constraints are interpreted to construct a set of evaluation directives.


Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of attenuated Salmonella carrying siRNA-STAT3 plasmid on transplanted prostate cancer in mice, and investigate the mechanism of siRNA-STAT3 inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer cells in mice. Methods The transplanted prostate cancer models of mice were built, and then the mice were randomly divided into Mock group, pGC-Si-Scramble group and pGC-Si-STAT3 group. The general status of the mice was observed and the changes of tumor volume were recorded. The expression levels of mRNA and protein of STAT3 and its downstream genes such as Bcl-2, c-Myc, HIF-1, cyclinD1 were analyzed with RT-PCR and western blotting, and the apoptosis of tumor cells was detected with flow cytometry. Results Compared with the Mock group, the tumor weight and tumor volume in pGC-Si-STAT3 group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The result of flow cytometry revealed that the early apoptotic rate of tumor cells in pGC-Si-STAT3 group was (29.1±1.6)%, which was significantly higher than that of pGC-Si-Scramble group (14.7±1.4)% and Mock group (8.9±1.8)% (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of STAT3 and its downstream genes Bcl-2 and c-Myc in the pGC-Si-STAT3 group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the protein expression levels of STAT3 and its downstream genes HIF-1 and cyclinD1 were also decreased (P<0.05), compared with the Mock group. Conclusion The attenuated Salmonella carrying siRNA-STAT3 plasmid could inhibit the growth of transplanted prostate cancer in mice by regulating the expressions of STAT3's downstream genes and inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells.


Pazopanib, an antiangiogenic agent, has shown promising results in controlling tumor growth and metastasis in patients with renal cell carcinoma. The use of pazopanib in the management of malignancies has increased over recent years, with more patients at risk of developing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). This paper presents the first case report of MRONJ associated with pazopanib monotherapy. A 59-year-old man was referred to the dental clinic with complaints of dysphagia and dysgeusia. The patient was prescribed pazopanib (400 mg) daily following surgical treatment and chemotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. He had undergone extraction of the maxillary left second premolar nine weeks previously. Intraoral examination revealed exposed necrotic bone, which was treated effectively with leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (LPRF). The patient was followed up for 150 days after dental treatment with no signs of relapse.


Adsorption isotherms of alizarin red S on hydroxyapatite were supplemented with additional data to provide a simple model of adsorption. The model treats the adsorbing surface as a mosaic of unit cell a-c faces which have an area of 65 A2 each. The adsorbate of the model has molecular dimensions consistent with a 1:1 relationship between adsorbate and adsorption site. By comparing slurries of hydroxyapatite which differed by a factor of 4 in surface area of the solid, it was found that the isotherm based on edge-on adsorption was best simulated by the model. A method for compensating for differing degrees of surface coverage is described.


My dissertation argues that while Thaw cultural producers believed that they had abandoned Stalinist cultural practices, their works continued to generate, in revised form, the major tropes of Stalinist culture: the positive hero, and family and war tropes. Although the cultural Thaw of the 1950s and 60s embraced new values, it merely reworked Stalinist artistic practices. On the basis of literary and cinematic texts, I examine how these two media reinstantiated the fundamental tropes of Russo-Soviet culture.In the first two chapters, I discuss approaches to Thaw literature and film in Western and Soviet scholarship, and my methodology, which is best defined as cultural semiotics. Chapter Three discusses the instantiations of the positive hero in Thaw literature and film. As case studies I adduce Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago (1957) and Grigorii Kozintsev's film adaptation of Hamlet (1964). The fourth chapter examines how Thaw culture redefines the family and war tropes in trench prose and film melodrama. As case studies I discuss Viktor Nekrasov's war novel In the Trenches of Stalingrad (1947) and Mikhail Kalatozov's melodrama Cranes Are Flying (1957). The fifth chapter treats the ironic reworkings of the major tropes in Soviet culture of the 1960s. My case studies consist of Vasilii Aksenov's novel Ticket to the Stars (1961) and El'dar Riazanov's film Beware of a Car (1966). Irony, as one of the major taboos of socialist realism, was absent during Stalinism and early Thaw culture but became an increasingly dominant mode of late Soviet aesthetics. The dissertation traces the evolution of Soviet cultural tropes in literature and film of the Thaw: from the project of redefining them to the project of distancing from them. While the majority of writers on the period argue the radical departure of Thaw producers from the Stalinist cultural practices, I argue for the understanding of the Thaw as the period sharing basic cultural tropes with Stalinism while their specific instantiations in various modes of cultural production became different due to the changes in cultural capital, technologies, and values.


ABSTRACT This paper examines the dynamics of care arrangements for children, persons with disabilities (PWD), and the elderly, who constitute the group of 'the invisible' in social policy in Turkey. The invisibility of these three groups stems from their systematic, consistent and diffuse exclusion from the social, political and economic life of the country. The context of social inclusion policies for these groups in Turkey presents a challenge to assess their implications in three important respects: (I) the lack of data concerning these groups, (II) the lack of policy tools and instruments assessing the existing assistance and services for these groups, to allow comparative evaluations, and (III) general orientation of care services and policies towards families, therefore not targeting the direct correspondents of these policies. This paper outlines existing care policies for children, PWD and the elderly in Turkey, with a view to assessing their implications for promoting social inclusion, in two different aspects. While social inclusion literature is predominantly focused on the implication of social policies for the care-receivers, this paper examines the social inclusion implications of care policies also for those who are traditionally assigned the role of caregiver, namely, women. The latter dimension is a consequence of the increasing familialization of care policies in Turkey, which leads to the exclusion of women from economic and social life, thus reproducing the invisibility of these three groups while sustaining an overarching invisibility, that of women.


This study was designed to investigate the effects of the interaction among genetic group, sex and age on the frequencies and cross-sectional areas of myofiber types in rabbits. A total of 48 straightbred and crossbred Botucatu rabbits, males and females, were involved in a split plot design with a 2 × 2 (genetic groups × genders) factorial arrangement. Young rabbits were weaned at 35 days of age and sequentially slaughtered, four per genetic group × sex combination, at 42, 63 and 84 days of age. The flexor carpi radialis muscle was dissected, histological sections (10 μm) were obtained and the frequencies and cross-sectional areas of myofiber types: I, IIA and IIB/X were determined. An effect of the genetic group × sex × slaughter age interaction was found on the frequency distribution of myofiber types. A transition from type IIA to type IIB/X fibers was observed (P < 0.01) with advancing age, except in crossbred females, but the frequency of IIA fibers was already lower (57.3%) and of IIB/X fibers numerically higher (33.7%) in this group at 42 days. The proportions of IIA fibers in straightbred males, crossbred males and straightbred females decreased from 80.1%, 89.4% and 68.8% at 42 days to 43.9%, 52.3% and 40.1% at 63 days, respectively, whereas the proportions of type IIB/X fibers, in the same groups, increased from 10.3%, 1.6% and 22.3% at 42 days to 42.2%, 37.0% and 49.8% at 63 days, respectively. In all three age points, type IIA fibers showed the largest cross-sectional areas, followed by type I and IIB/X fibers. The cross-sectional areas of IIB/X fibers were larger in crossbreds, but no differences were found between genetic groups concerning fiber types IIA and I. All three types of fibers showed positive linear association with age, but relative to the initial area type IIB/X fibers presented a higher degree of hypertrophy (144% up to 84 days) than type IIA and I fibers (86% and 85%, respectively). The flexor carpi radialis muscle was, on average, heavier in crossbred than in straightbred females, but no difference was observed between crossbred and straightbred males. Differences in the weight of flexor carpi radialis muscle were attributed to the hypertrophy of type IIB/X fibers in the crossbreds.


Health care personnel's experiences and thoughts on the use of volunteers in palliative care in a social perspective The government of Norway is planning for the municipalities' health care resources, including volunteering. The purpose of this study was to shed light on the experiences and thoughts of a group of health care personnel on the use of volunteers in palliative care in the community health care services, and to discuss the findings in a social perspective. Individual interviews were conducted with seven nurses and three nursing assistants. Using a qualitative content analysis three categories emerged: "The importance of organization, clarification and responsibility," "Qualifications" and "Different types of tasks," with the overarching theme: "Close monitoring and good clarification of roles can contribute to suitable volunteers functioning as an appropriate supplement for patients in palliative care in the community health care services". The informants stated that trained health care personnel must perform the nursing tasks in palliative care while volunteers can be a positive supplement for the patient.


This Article recounts the first history of sex in public accommodations law—a history essential to debates that rage today over gender and sexuality in public. Just fifty years ago, not only LGBTQ people but also cisgender women were the subject of discrimination in public. Restaurants and bars displayed "men-only" signs. Women held secondary status in civic organizations, such as Rotary and Jaycees, and were excluded altogether from many professional bodies, such as press clubs. Sports—from the Little League to the golf club—kept girls and women from achieving athletic excellence. Financial institutions subsumed married women's identities within those of their husbands. Over the course of the 1970s, the feminist movement protested and litigated against sex discrimination in public accommodations. They secured state laws opening up commerce and leisure for "full and equal enjoyment" by both sexes. When "sex" was added to state public accommodations laws, feminists, their opponents, and government actors understood sex equality in public to signify more than equal access to public spaces. It also implicated freedom from the regulation of sexuality and gender performance and held the potential to transform institutions central to dominant masculinity, like baseball fields and bathrooms. This history informs the interpretation of public accommodations laws in controversies from same-sex couples' wedding cakes to transgender people's restroom access.


Theoretical studies predict that the pattern of functional groups, or defects, will substantially affect the electrical and optical properties of low-dimensional systems such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and graphene [1, 2]. Experimentally, it has been challenging to spatially control the defect generation and propagation on the graphene lattice. Recent experiments have demonstrated that diazonium chemistry and oxidative reactions occur on a SWNT sidewall at completely random atomic sites [3, 4]. The covalent modification of even a single site results in a substantial drop of electrical conductance[3] and stepwise quenching of exciton fluorescence in semiconducting nanotubes [4].


Master each key skill on the soccer field with "Soccer, Third Edition: Steps to Success." This comprehensive guide contains progressive instruction for optimal learning of individual techniques and team tactics.Improve your skills in dribbling, passing, receiving, shooting, defending, tackling, heading, and goalkeeping with the help of clear, detailed descriptions and accompanying illustrations of all fundamental techniques and variations. Then learn how and when to apply those skills in game situations, such as winning one-on-one matchups or attacking and defending individually or as part of a team. More than 155 drills hone your skills and gauge your readiness to move on to the next step through a clear, easy-to-follow scoring system.Become a complete player able to perform a variety of skills and execute basic tactics consistently and successfully. "Soccer, Third Edition: Steps to Success" has helped more than 80,000 players like you take their game to a much higher level.See all the titles available in the Steps to Success Series.


Melbourne—Australia's research community breathed a little easier last week after the newly elected conservative government issued a budget that protected science from the wholesale cuts many had predicted. One important agency that will escape the ax is Australia's national science agency, the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization). Even so, most research institutions will be squeezed by reductions in administration and other costs, and universities—which are responsible for a large part of the country's research effort—are preparing for a 5% cut in total government support over the next 3 years. "[The budget] is basically telling people to forget it if they want a career in science," says John Rice, president of the Australian Council of Deans of Science.


The result of the first (and the subsequent) contact between the West and the East is an Oriental documentation, colonial establishment and notional subject-making of the East by the supposedly civilised and advanced West. Like all Orients, the Pacific has been much represented and made subjects of theoretical discourses, characterised as bare-breasted and sexually available women, murderous and lecherous men, idly tropical islands inhabited by primitive people with little or no culture. Samoa has, specifically, been a subject of anthropological discourse for many decades, following the Mead-Freeman controversy. Margaret Mead concludes that in Samoa, the transition from childhood, through adolescence, and into adulthood was one of relative ease and that sexuality is so free that women usually defer marriage to enjoy casual sex. Derek Freeman questions Mead's findings, gives contrary views and unified the whole Samoan Islands as one and same. However, some Samoan (and non-Samoan) academics, writers and researchers debunk such Oriental representations. This paper analyses Sia Figiel's explication of Samoa in Where We Once Belonged as a response to these Western anthropological studies and assertions on Samoan sexuality, coming-of-age, and the unification of Samoan Islands and overgeneralisations of Samoans' dispositions. It argues that such claims are not so accurate but rather, made up of exaggerated instances and furnished imaginations for foregrounding Orientalism. It highlights scenes or instances that reveal how Figiel manifests her rebukes by drawing upon Edward Said's Orientalism which offers a model for analysing the exotic and romantic imaginations and formations IJAPS, Vol. 14, No. 2, 105–120, 2018 The Samoan Side 106 the West have attached to East, and it concludes that Figiel debunks Orientalism of Samoa in her work by presenting the Samoan side of the debate.


Methods for correcting reflections for near-surface effects are among the earliest techniques developed for seismic processing. Most fall into the category of statics correction techniques, which attempt to remove near-surface effects by applying a simple time shift (or "static") to each seismic trace to align corresponding events before stacking. The time shift applied to each trace has contributions associated with the surface locations of both source and geophone, and sometimes a contribution from residual moveout, an error attributable to slightly incorrect moveout velocity.


The task of finding optimal policies in stochastic dynamic systems is challenging. The theory of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) is quite complex and the available software packages are not intended for non-specialists. Furthermore, SDP is traditionally limited to quite small and well defined problems. Stochastic optimisation in policy space (SOPS) seems to be an attractive alternative, particularly for people with a background in simulation of dynamic systems. However, to date no user friendly software has been available for this method. In this paper we present and demonstrate a new program package for this task. The resulting software allows the user to formulate the model in a well-known simulation program, Powersim Studio 2005. The model is automatically transferred to a standalone program. The SOPS program allows the user to reset model parameters, to specify search criteria, and to study the results of repeated searches for optimal policies.


Wireless transmission systems fed by ambient harvested energy power sources can operate continuously, without needing battery replacement. Such systems are ideal for applications with limited or difficult accessibility. Ambient energy sources exhibit a stochastic nature, so an energy storage device must store the harvested energy. In this work, a control method that minimizes the use of storage is developed. The strategy is to match data transmission rate as close as possible to the availability of harvested power, so the energy storage capacity can be reduced. An audio recording sensor is designed and simulated using SPICE to validate the proposed controller. For this system, the size of storage device is reduced by a factor of 24.


Adolescence is a developmental stage between childhood and adulthood associated with numerous brain and behavioral changes. It is also a period of vulnerability, as adolescents tend to take more risks, and various psychiatric problems first typically manifest at this time. Yet little is known about the neuronal basis of these vulnerabilities. Although extracellular electrophysiological recording is a useful technique for measuring the neural activity of awake behaving animals, it had not yet been used to address the neural correlates of adolescent motivated behavior. This dissertation therefore had two primary objectives. The first was to characterize a novel behavioral task suitable for testing adolescent and adult rats. The second was to record the neural activity of brain regions involved in motivated behavior, as adolescents and adults performed it. The behavioral task was a simple instrumental learning paradigm, in which rats associated poking into a hole with the delivery of a food pellet reward. While the learning and performance of this task was similar between the two groups, adolescents persisted in this activity more than adults when reward was withheld. It was determined that this was due to different age-related sensitivities to the presence of certain motivational factors.After characterizing the task, it was performed by adolescent and adult rats that had electrode arrays implanted in their orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), or dorsal striatum (DS). Neural activity was examined in the context of similar instrumental behavior to determine whether adolescents processed salient events in a fundamentally different way from adults. Several interesting neural processing differences were observed, along with some notable similarities. The greatest phasic activity differences were found in the OFC and DS, particularly during the period immediately before reward. Local field potential oscillations also tended to differ, with particular disparities found in the DS. In contrast, NAc activity tended to look similar between adolescents and adults, with a few exceptions. In addition to demonstrating fundamental age-related neural processing differences during motivated behavior, these findings address existing hypotheses and raise new questions relevant to the neural basis of the increased vulnerabilities of adolescence.


Summary Granulosa cells influence the growth and acquisition of the developmental competence of oocytes. We investigated the effects of ageing on the proliferative activity, global genomic DNA methylation, relative telomere length and telomerase activity of bovine granulosa cells. The proliferative activity of cells was examined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay, genomic DNA methylation was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and relative telomere length and telomerase activity were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We first compared the proliferative activity of the granulosa cells of the medium follicles between in dominant phase ovaries and growth phase ovaries. We observed that the proliferative activity of the granulosa cells of dominant phase ovaries was significantly lower than those of growth phase ovaries. In addition, the proliferative activity of granulosa cells was inversely associated with follicular size. Based on the results, we used granulosa cells harvested from the medium follicles (3–5 mm in diameter) on the surfaces of the dominant phase ovaries collected from cows at a slaughterhouse. The proliferative activity of the granulosa cells harvested from the ovaries of old cows (N = 8; average age 165.1 months) was lower than that of the cells from young cows (N = 8; average age 30.9 months). Global loss of cytosine methylation was detected in the granulosa cells of old cows (N = 12; average age 141.0 months) compared with young cows (N = 15; average age 27.4 months). Although the relative telomere lengths of cumulus cells were similar in the two age groups, the relative telomere lengths and telomerase activity of the granulosa cells from old cows (N = 17 and 9; average age, 164.6 and 151.3 months, respectively) tended to be shorter than those of the cells from young cows (N = 17 and 10; average age 30.6 and 28.1 months, respectively); however, this difference was not significant p = 0.09 and 0.053, respectively). In conclusion, the proliferative activity and genomic global DNA methylation significantly decreased, and the relative telomere lengths and telomerase activity of granulosa cells tended to be shorter with the age of donor cows.


Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Cendrawasih Gubug was rising the membersand their SHU from year to year untill 2010. It needs an evaluation to detect how actuallythe level of that cooperation. This research method used descriptive analysis. TheResearcher didnt used population and example because it was reseach study case . Toknow the health level at level at Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Cendrawasih at 2011 groundedon KEP MEN20/per/M.KUKM/XI/2008. The health score of this cooperationCendrawasih at 2011 was health enough , it was showed from from health scoregrounded to 7 aspect is Capital aspect get 15 point, aspect of activa productive is 20point, The aspect of management is 8,7 point, the aspect of eficiency ir 8.5 point, aspectof independence and development is 3,75 point, then aspect of identity cooperation is 3point. The entire of total score is 60,2. Grounded to category ( 60-80 ) Keywords: aspect of capital, aspect of productif, aspect of management, aspect of liquidity


During positive acceleration in man, a stage is reached at which there is a limitation of ocular motility. These limitations can be overcome by voluntary effort, but the superseding movements are ataxic. The lower motor neurons to the extraocular muscles are not involved in LOMA. The pupils dilate as the visual fields constrict during positive acceleration and reach a maximum luith loss of central vision. The optokinetic reflex does not continue during blackout. However, a form of horizontal nystagmoid movement of the globes may persist in eyes previously stimidated by the optokinetic drum. Vertical nystagmus is observed during high rates of change of positive acceleration. With a modified skin diver's mask, 30 mm. Hg of negative pressure was applied to the orbit, and under these conditions vision was restored, ataxic voluntary movements became coordinated, optokinetic reflexes were restored to their original frequency, and the pupils remained partially dilated. The pupillary dilatation which accompanies blackout is prevented by the local application of pilocarpine and is unaffected by morphine. The observation of LOMA is a useful objective end point for the evaluation of response to positive acceleration. The observation of pupillary dilatation is a useful quantitative sign for evaluation of response to positive acceleration.


A major U.K.-based multinational is reevaluating its leverage policy as it restructures its business. The treasury team models the tradeoffs between the benefits and costs of debt financing, using Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the savings from the interest tax shields and expected financial distress costs under several sets of leverage policies. The group treasurer (CFO) must decide whether and how the simulation results should be incorporated into a recommendation to the board of directors and, more generally, what recommendation to make regarding the firm's leverage policy.


We report on 71 consecutive patients with de novo myelodysplastic syndromes referred to physicians belonging to the Société française de greffe de moelle from 1982 through 1991 and transplanted with marrow from HLA-identical siblings. There were 16 cases of refractory anemia, 27 of refractory anemia with excess of blast cells, and 28 of refractory anemia with excess of blast cells in transformation. Seventeen patients had received cytoreductive chemotherapy before the graft. The disease progressed in 17 patients between diagnosis and grafting. Twenty-three patients are alive with a median follow-up of 6 years, whereas 24 died from relapse and 24 from transplant-related complications. Kaplan-Meier estimates of event-free survival, relapse and transplant-related mortality at 7 years were 32%, 48%, and 39%, respectively. The log-rank test and Cox's model revealed better outcome among young patients, patients in an early stage of the French-American-British (FAB) classification or with a low percentage of marrow blasts before transplantation, patients who did not undergo cytoreductive chemotherapy before transplantation, and patients conditioned with total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide. The high rate of relapse in advanced FAB stages has led us to graft patients earlier in the course of the disease, and we are currently conducting a multicenter, randomized study to determine the value of intensive chemotherapy before grafting in patients with an excess of marrow blasts.


Consideration of how people respond to the question What is this? has suggested new problem frontiers for pattern recognition and information fusion, as well as neural systems that embody the cognitive transformation of declarative information into relational knowledge. In contrast to traditional classification methods, which aim to find the single correct label for each exemplar (This is a car), the new approach discovers rules that embody coherent relationships among labels which would otherwise appear contradictory to a learning system (This is a car, that is a vehicle, over there is a sedan). This talk will describe how an individual who experiences exemplars in real time, with each exemplar trained on at most one category label, can autonomously discover a hierarchy of cognitive rules, thereby converting local information into global knowledge. Computational examples are based on the observation that sensors working at different times, locations, and spatial scales, and experts with different goals, languages, and situations, may produce apparently inconsistent image labels, which are reconciled by implicit underlying relationships that the network's learning process discovers. The ARTMAP information fusion system can, moreover, integrate multiple separate knowledge hierarchies, by fusing independent domains into a unified structure. In the process, the system discovers cross-domain rules, inferring multilevel relationships among groups of output classes, without any supervised labeling of these relationships. In order to self-organize its expert system, the ARTMAP information fusion network features distributed code representations which exploit the model's intrinsic capacity for one-to-many learning (This is a car and a vehicle and a sedan) as well as many-to-one learning (Each of those vehicles is a car). Fusion system software, testbed datasets, and articles are available from http://cns.bu.edu/techlab .


Background:Immigrant HIV-infected adults in industrialized countries show a poorer clinical and virologic outcome compared with native patients. We aimed to investigate potential differences in clinical, immunological, and virologic outcome in Dutch HIV-infected children born in the Netherlands (NL) versus born in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in a national cohort analysis. Methods:We included all HIV-infected children registered between 1996 and 2013. Descriptive statistics, mixed-effects models, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate differences between groups. Results:In total, 319 HIV-infected children were registered. The majority of these children were born in SSA (n = 148, 47%) or NL (n = 113, 36%) and most were black (n = 158, 61%). Children born in NL were diagnosed at a median age of 1.2 years and initiated combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) at a median age of 2.6 years, compared with 3.7 and 5.3 years, respectively, for children born in SSA (HIV diagnosis: P < 0.001; cART initiation: P < 0.001). Despite a lower initial CD4+ T-cell Z-score in children born in SSA, their immunological reconstitution was similar to children from NL. Virologic suppression was achieved in the majority of all cART-treated children (NL: 96%, SSA: 94%). There was no difference in the occurrence or timing of virologic failure. Conclusions:Most immigrant HIV-infected children living in NL were born in SSA. Children born in SSA were diagnosed and initiated cART at an older age than children born in NL. Despite initial differences in CD4+ T-cell counts and HIV viral load, the long-term immunological and virologic response to cART was similar in both groups.


Nigerians are finding it difficult to adequately feed and provide basic necessities of life to their families. This is in spite of the country's numerous and diverse natural resources. For rural Nigerians to be provided with much needed animal protein, efforts have to be doubled towards producing meat at a reasonably affordable price and at the shortest possible time. The study investigated how backyard rabbitory can bring about economic recovery and self-sufficiency in Oyo State, Nigeria. Two hundred and twenty (220) farmers were randomly drawn from thirty-two villages in the study area. Structured questionnaires were used to collect information from the respondents. Statistical analysis was accomplished by means of frequency distribution, means, percentages, budgetary analysis, profitability ratio and multiple regression technique. The results of the analysis showed that average total cost per head of rabbit was N190.33 and the average total revenue per head of rabbit was N465.62k. This gives a gross margin of N357.20k and net return of N 275.29k per head rabbit. The multiple regression results showed that there is a significant relationship between total revenue and the educational level, farms size, labour and cost of feed. The study further revealed that the sum total of elasticities of variables was less than unity (0.977) which indicates that rabbit production in the study area fell in the rational stage of production (stage II). It is concluded that the backyard rabbitory can be used as a source of protein and cash income thereby enabling the farmers to attain both nutritional, self sufficiency and economic recovery.


A novel impedance spectroscopy technique has been developed for high speed single biological particle analysis. A microfluidic cytometer is used to measure the impedance of single micrometre sized latex particles at high speed across a range of frequencies. The setup uses a technique based on maximum length sequence (MLS) analysis, where the time-dependent response of the system is measured in the time domain and transformed into the impulse response using fast M-sequence transform (FMT). Finally fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied to the impulse response to give the transfer-function of the system in the frequency domain. It is demonstrated that the MLS technique can give multi-frequency (broad-band) measurement in a short time period (ms). The impedance spectra of polystyrene micro-beads are measured at 512 evenly distributed frequencies over a range from 976.5625 Hz to 500 kHz. The spectral information for each bead is obtained in approximately 1 ms. Good agreement is shown between the MLS data and both circuit simulations and conventional AC single frequency measurements.


This paper introduces a methodology to assess the mobility of a road transport network from the 3 network perspective. In this research, the mobility of the road transport network is defined as the 4 ability of the road transport network to connect all the origin-destination pairs within the network with 5 an acceptable level of service. Two mobility attributes are therefore introduced to assess the physical 6 connectivity and the road transport network level of service. Furthermore, a simple technique based 7 on a fuzzy logic approach is used to combine mobility attributes into a single mobility indicator in 8 order to measure the impact of disruptive events on road transport network functionality. 9
The application of the proposed methodology on a hypothetical Delft city network shows the ability of the technique to estimate variation in the level of mobility under different scenarios. The method allows the study of demand and supply side variations on overall network mobility, providing a new tool for decision makers in understanding the dynamic nature of mobility under various events. The method can also be used as an evaluation tool to gauge the highway network mobility level, and to highlight weaknesses in the network.


Networked systems, such as cloud infrastructures, are growing in size and complexity.They hold and generate a vast amount of configuration and operational data, whichis maintained in various locations and formats, and changes at various time scales.A wide range of protocols and technologies is used to access this data for networkmanagement tasks. A concept called 'network search' is introduced to make all thisdata available in real-time through a search platform with a uniform interface, whichenables location-independent access through search queries.Network search requires a network of search nodes, where the nodes have identicalcapabilities and work cooperatively to process search queries in a peer-to-peer fashion.A search node should indicate good performance results in terms of low query responsetimes, high throughputs, and low overhead costs and should scale to large networkedsystems with at least hundred thousands nodes.This thesis contributes in several aspects towards the design and implementation of anetwork search node. We designed a search node that includes three major components,namely, a real-time data sensing component, a real-time database, and a distributedquery-processing component. The design takes indexing of search terms and concurrencyof query processing into consideration, which accounts for fast response timesand high throughput of search queries. We implemented a network search node as asoftware package that runs on a server that provides a cloud service, and we evaluatedits performance on a cloud testbed of nine servers. The performance measurementssuggest that a network search system based on our design can process queries at lowquery latencies for a high query load, while maintaining a low overhead of computationalresources.


OBJECTIVE
Although gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a very common disorder worldwide, is considered to be a lifestyle disease, the pathogenic role of lifestyle factors and consequently the efficacy of lifestyle interventions, remains controversial. Lifestyle factors associated with GERD and the beneficial effect of specific recommended lifestyle interventions in the primary care setting were evaluated as a post-hoc analysis of the LEGEND study which investigated the effect of lansoprazole in patients with GERD who reported dyspeptic symptoms.

METHODS
GERD patients with dyspepsia were treated with lansoprazole 15 mg or 30 mg daily for four weeks. Reflux and dyspeptic symptoms were evaluated using patient-reported questionnaires before and four weeks after the administration of lansoprazole.

RESULTS
Among 12,653 patients, "feelings of continued stress" was the most common lifestyle factor (45.6% of patients), and >30% of the patients reported "eating sweet foods at least once every two to three days," "eating greasy foods at least once every two to three days" and "drinking coffee almost daily." Introducing lifestyle interventions had a significant effect on both reflux and dyspeptic symptoms.

CONCLUSION
Lifestyle interventions are thus considered to be important in GERD patients with dyspepsia who receive a proton pump inhibitor.


This study analyzes the dimensions of the vitality of development for banking systems. Fuzzy synthetic decisions are used to construct and evaluate a vitality of training, assigning and development index, to offer banks new perspectives and methods of assessment. In this study, we analyze the vitality index for human resources development of banking system. For the uncertainty, the factor weight for vitality index will be determined by using Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM). Through the process of fuzzy synthetic decision (FSD), the model calculated the relative importance for each dimension of the mean factor. In this empirical study of commercial banks, the priority rank for the five dimensions are as follow: Efficiency, Leadership, Business Culture, Talents and Strategy.


Compared with traditional two-level inverter, the multilevel inverter has many advantages such as large output power and small output harmonic. And also it is one of the hot research subjects in recent years. Although SVPWM control is an excellent control method, its space vectors is exponential with the increase of the number of output levels of the multilevel inverters. If the SVPWM is controlled by DSP, a lot of components can be used. So this paper puts forward a new method which SVPWM signals generate by PGFA directly. The fact has proved that pure hardware design is feasible and has rapid response rate, facile programming and online configuration.


Macroeconomic stability is one of the most important national objectives in any
country. However, economies are often subjected to a number of shocks
(internal and external), which can be destabilising, produce volatility and make it
difficult to achieve and maintain economic stability. Consequently, various
policies are used to help deal with the various shocks that may affect the
economy. Of all the available policies, monetary policy appears to have been
ever more at the centre of macroeconomic policymaking. Meanwhile, for
monetary policy to be effective, there is a need for a better understanding of the
transmission mechanism, i.e., the process through which monetary policy
decisions are transmitted into changes in real output and inflation.
Whereas extensive research on the transmission mechanism has been conducted
in developed countries, such work in developing countries, especially in Africa is
lacking. This could be due to the fact that it was not long time ago, around the
1990s that countries in Africa started adopting the more modem central bank
operations in a market-based economic and financial system characterised by
indirect monetary policy. Such operations require an understanding of the
transmission mechanism. Lack of empirical analysis of the monetary
transmission mechanism in Botswana and developing countries of Africa in
general, is the main motivating factor behind this thesis. The main objective of
this thesis is, therefore, to estimate the transmission mechanism of monetary
policy in Botswana. Three different, but complementary techniques (the
Narrative Approach, Vector Autoregression (VAR) analysis and the Structural
Approach involving the estimation of a small structural model for Botswana
economy) are used. Results from these methods tell a consistent story and
indicate that monetary policy in Botswana affects real output and inflation
through the interest rate channel, while the exchange rate channel is not
operational. The credit channel is also active but not strong. The structural
approach also indicates that devaluation is contractionary in Botswana, but more
research is necessary before firmer conclusions could be made.


We show that recent explanations of the consumption-real exchange rate anomaly which rely on goods and financial market frictions are not robust to introducing just one additional international asset. When portfolios are selected optimally, international trade in two nominal bonds implies a consumption-real exchange rate correlation that is too high compared to the data even when there are many shocks. Monetary policy specification plays a potentially important role for the degree of risk sharing provided by nominal bonds, both in the benchmark model with only tradable and non-tradable sector supply shocks and also in the model which allows for news or quality (i-pod) shocks.


Interactions between humans and autonomous systems are always necessary. They could be very simple interactions such as a person pushing a button to trigger a specific function, or more complicated interactions such as an autonomous vehicle interacting with other human drivers. Therefore, a safe and efficient interaction is crucial for advancing autonomous systems, especially those requiring persistent interactions with humans. One common type of such systems is the human-assistance system such as warning systems in the aircraft and automatic braking systems in automobile. Traditionally, they only monitor the states of the machine to prevent human errors and enhance safety, but not take into account the state of the human in their decision-making processes, arguably the greatest variability affecting the safety. In light of the above drawbacks, we believe that more desirable autonomous systems should take the human state into account in their decision-making processes. In other words, other than the task completion, the exploration, estimation or even control of the human state should be a part of the decision-making loop in such human-in-the-loop systems. Moreover, to estimate the state of the human, most autonomous systems just passively gain information from their sensors, while ignoring the fact that the action of the autonomous system can actually help understand and estimate the human state better, and a better understanding of the human state will better achieve its goal as well. In this thesis, we will develop frameworks and computational tools for human-in-the-loop systems to achieve a safe and efficient interaction. Beginning with a general form of the interactive model using a partially observable discrete-time stochastic hybrid system, we describe how its discrete form, partially observable Markov decision process, can be used to integrate the human model, the machine dynamical model and their interaction in a probabilistic framework. We will further advance the discrete version to hidden mode stochastic hybrid systems that can consider continuous states with discrete hidden modes used to model the hidden human intents. We tackle the computational challenge of the optimal control problem in hidden mode stochastic hybrid systems and show a significant improvement in the computational time. A driver-assistance application shows the efficacy of our proposed method. Finally, we propose to incorporate the safety constraint by a novel model predictive control based framework, which will encourage the exploration of the hidden human intent as well as achieving its goal with hard safety constraints. Taking them together, these contributions advance the computational framework for next generation human-in-the-loop systems, which are capable to monitor both the human and the machine states, actively explore the human intent, and give appropriate feedbacks to them in order to enhance both safety and efficiency.


During family and population studies in a Finnish isolate (Salla), a variant of α1-antitrypsin, tentatively called PI MSAL was found. On isoelectric focusing this variant was slightly cathodal to M3. With the aid of acid starch gel electrophoresis, differentiation from M3 proved reliable, because the variant was unstable in that system. The variant also showed an increased lability at + 56 °C and physiological pH and a decreased stability at pH 4.5 and room temperature compared to the other M subtypes. By genealogical studies it was possible to trace a common ancestor, a settler arriving to the parish around 1680, for the three families where the variant was found.


The 'sense of agency'—the feeling of doing—is a phenomenological experience that cannot be taken for granted in infants. Researching the development of this phenomenon hinges on its conceptualization. Although it may seem natural to ask "When do infants have sense of agency?", this binary view on the presence (or absence) of a sense of agency seems conceptually problematic. Cognitive phenomenological research reveals that sense of agency is a complex set of agentive experiences with different contents (e.g. 'the experience of acting', 'the experience of volition') that are often conflated. Given that different contents presuppose different representational capacities, developmental psychology may better target the question "What senses of agency can infants have at different developmental stages?" We show how this re-conceptualization impacts the interpretation of existing empirical findings in infant research, and how it can improve our understanding of the developmental trajectory of infants' experiences of agency.


Programmability will be increasingly important in future multi-standard radio systems. We are proposing an architecture for fully programmable baseband processing, based on a programmable DSP processor and a number of configurable accelerators which communicate via a configurable network. Acceleration of common cycleconsuming DSP jobs is necessary in order to manage wide-band modulation schemes. In this paper we investigate which jobs are suitable for acceleration in a programmable baseband procsessor supporting a number of common Wireless LAN and 3G standards. Benchmarking show that with the proposed set of accelerators, our architecture can support the discussed standards, including IEEE 802.11a 54 Mbit/s wireless LAN reception, at a clock frequency not exceeding 120 MHz.


Background Several US risk stratification schemas for assessing adnexal lesions exist. These multiple-subcategory systems may be more multifaceted than necessary for isolated adnexal lesions in average-risk women. Purpose To explore whether a US-based classification scheme of classic versus nonclassic appearance can be used to help appropriately triage women at average risk of ovarian cancer without compromising diagnostic performance. Materials and Methods This retrospective multicenter study included isolated ovarian lesions identified at pelvic US performed between January 2011 and June 2014, reviewed between September 2019 and September 2020. Lesions were considered isolated in the absence of ascites or peritoneal implants. Lesions were classified as classic or nonclassic based on sonographic appearance. Classic lesions included simple cysts, hemorrhagic cysts, endometriomas, and dermoids. Otherwise, lesions were considered nonclassic. Outcomes based on histopathologic results or clinical or imaging follow-up were recorded. Diagnostic performance and frequency of malignancy were calculated. Frequency of malignancy between age groups was compared using the χ2 test, and Poisson regression was used to explore relationships between imaging features and malignancy. Results A total of 970 isolated lesions in 878 women (mean age, 42 years ± 14 [SD]) were included. The malignancy rate for classic lesions was less than 1%. Of 970 lesions, 53 (6%) were malignant. The malignancy rate for nonclassic lesions was 32% (33 of 103) when blood flow was present and 8% (16 of 194) without blood flow (P < .001). For women older than 60 years, the malignancy rate was 50% (10 of 20 lesions) when blood flow was present and 13% (five of 38) without blood flow (P = .004). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the classic-versus-nonclassic schema was 93% (49 of 53 lesions), 73% (669 of 917 lesions), 17% (49 of 297 lesions), and 99% (669 of 673 lesions), respectively, for detection of malignancy. Conclusion Using a US classification schema of classic- or nonclassic-appearing adnexal lesions resulted in high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of malignancy in ovarian cancer. The highest risk of cancer was in isolated nonclassic lesions with blood flow in women older than 60 years. © RSNA, 2022 See also the editorial by Baumgarten in this issue.


of the original article: Cognitive science typically postulates unconscious mental phenomena, computational or otherwise, to explain cognitive capacities. The mental phenomena in question are supposed to be inaccessible in principle to consciousness. I try to show that this is a mistake, because all unconscious intentionality must be accessible in principle to consciousness; we have no notion of intrinsic intentionality except in terms of its accessibility to consciousness. I call this claim the "Connection Principle." The argument for it proceeds in six steps. The essential point is that intrinsic intentionality has aspectual shape: Our mental representations represent the world under specific aspects, and these aspectual features are essential to a mental state's being the state that it is. Once we recognize the Connection Principle, we see that it is necessary to perform an inversion on the explanatory models of cognitive science, an inversion analogous to the one evolutionary biology imposes on pre-Darwinian animistic modes of explanation. In place of the original intentionalistic explanations we have a combination of hardware and functional explanations. This radically alters the structure of explanation, because instead of a mental representation (such as a rule) causing the pattern of behavior it represents (such as rule-governed behavior), there is a neurophysiological cause of a pattern (such as a pattern of behavior), and the pattern plays a functional role in the life of the organism. What we mistakenly thought were descriptions of underlying mental principles in, for example, theories of vision and language were in fact descriptions of functional aspects of systems, which will have to be explained by underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. In such cases, what looks like mentalistic psychology is sometimes better construed as speculative neurophysiology. The moral is that the big mistake in cognitive science is not the overestimation of the computer metaphor (though that is indeed a mistake) but the neglect of consciousness. Comments on the Connection Principle


The Consumer Confidence Index of APOYO Consultoria (INDICCA) is computed based on the responses to ten questions of a monthly survey in the city of Lima which aim to reflect the consumers' spending intentions. We evaluate some sub-components of INDICCA in terms of their predictive and explanatory power of private consumption. In this process, we also evaluate the disaggregation on socioeconomic levels of this index, and a synthetic indicator of confidence based on dynamic factor models suggested by Jonsson and Linden (2009) as an alternative way to combine the information contained in the sub-components of this index. We find that the explanatory and predictive power of private consumption models in Peru is enhanced when consumer confidence indices are included. However, this improvement is only marginal when other control variables such as employment or inflation are added. In particular, the optimal consumer confidence indicator is the synthetic indicator constructed with the dynamic factor model procedure. The results presented in this paper, although valid for some sub-components, are still inconclusive for the overall INDICCA.


In this paper, a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/μc-SiGe:H triple-junction solar cell structure is proposed. By the analyses of microelectronic and photonic structures (AMPS-1D) and our TRJ-F/TRJ-M/TRJ-B tunneling-recombination junction (TRJ) model, the most preferably combined bandgap for this structure is found to be 1.85 eV/1.50 eV/1.0 eV. Using more realistic material properties, optimized thickness combination is investigated. Along this direction, a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/μc-SiGe:H triple cell with an initial efficiency of 12.09% (Voc = 2.03 V, FF = 0.69, Jsc = 8.63 mA/cm2 , area = 1 cm2 ) is achieved in our laboratory.


BACKGROUND
Ankle fractures with syndesmotic injury treated via standard trans-syndesmotic fixation have a high percentage of syndesmotic malreduction.(10) We established a protocol involving both direct syndesmosis visualization and meticulous tibial incisura reconstruction via the posterior malleolus fracture fragment, when present, via the attached, intact PITFL, then compared this with historic controls to assess improvement after this type of syndesmosis reconstruction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred forty-nine consecutive direct visualization patients were treated prospectively with either open posterior malleolus reduction and fixation, regardless of fragment size ("PM'': 38 patients), or, with no posterior malleolar fracture, open fixation with locked syndesmotic screws ("S'': 97 patients); fracture-dislocations combined both fixation types ("C'': 16 patients). The syndesmosis was opened and debrided in all. All patients had preoperative MRI and postoperative CT. Distances between the fibula and anterior and posterior incisura facets were measured on axial CT. An incongruent joint was defined as an A-P difference greater than 2 mm. Our historic controls were 25 patients previously fixed via indirect, fluoroscopic reduction and syndesmotic screws.

RESULTS
In the direct visualization group, 24 ankles (16%) had incongruity, compared with 13 controls (52%). The average difference between anterior and posterior colliculi measurements between PM and C was significant (p = 0.017).

CONCLUSION
Malreductions were significantly decreased in the direct visualization group. However, our reduction sometimes remains imprecise, even with direct visualization and attention to detail. Also, posterior malleolar reconstruction was more accurate than syndesmotic screw fixation in our study.


Several experiments were conducted to find effective ways of utilizing gibberellin 4+7 (GA 4+7 ) and benzyladenine (BA) to prevent leaf chlorosis during greenhouse production of Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) while minimizing the undesirable side effects on stem elongation. On an absolute concentration basis, GA 4+7 was much more effective than BA in preventing leaf chlorosis. Excessive levels of GA 4+7 , however, tended to cause stem elongation. When applied at around the visible bud stage, if the foliage was well covered with the spray solution, 25 mg.L -1 of GA 4+7 was adequate for maximum protection against leaf chlorosis. Increasing the GA 4+7 concentration above 25 mg.L -1 gave no additional benefit on leaf chlorosis. Two possible modes of GA 4+7 uptake during a foliar spray application (absorption through leaves and stems, and root uptake of the extra run-off) were studied in terms of their relative contribution to leaf chlorosis and stem elongation. Although both modes of uptake prevented leaf chlorosis, foliar uptake was much more effective than root uptake. However, GA 4+7 taken up by the roots contributed mainly to stem elongation. When sprayed to leaves on only the lower half of the plant, a 10-mL spray of either 25 or 50 mg.L -1 of each GA 4+7 and BA was enough for complete protection against leaf chlorosis. Increasing volumes had no additional benefit on leaf chlorosis, but increased the chances of unwanted stem elongation.