Until the early part of the twentieth century, virtually every Western philosopher could claim a treatise or text on education as part of his philosophical corpus: Plato's Republic; Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics', Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education; Rousseau's Emile; Kant's On Education; and Dewey's Democracy and Education, to name a few. At the very least, philosophers recognized the role of education in the cultivation, and occasionally even in the oppression, of the subject (see, for example, Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit and Mill's The Subjection of Women ). But with a few exceptions (namely, Dewey, Whitehead, and a few other American philosophers), twentieth century philosophy discarded education as a topic for serious philosophical inquiry, turning it over to the colleges of education where the primary focus is pedagogy.1 This essay returns to the discussion of education as a significant topic for philosophy by examining two recent works that bring together themes in education and continental philosophy.2 The first, Irene Harvey's Labyrinths ofExemplarity: At the Limits of Deconstruction, is a close reading of Rousseau's Emile through the lens of deconstruction. Harvey examines the multiple layers of exemplarity at work in this significant philosophical treatise on education in order to demonstrate the complex way in which the example "works." How does exemplarity function and convey to us what it hopes to teach us? Ultimately, Harvey offers a new theory of examples. Harvey's treatment of Rousseau's work has significant philosophical consequences, since it asks us to consider how examples, certainly not a concept limited to Rousseau's treatise, work within a philosophical framework (here she also invokes Hegel and Kant, and then finally, Aristotle). But her work also has significant consequences for education and moral development. Examples are often the primary way in which we teach children generally, and they are usually the means by which we cultivate them specifically within a moral framework. Thus, the questions Harvey raises with regard to the example, particularly as it relates to Rousseau's Emile, lead us to ask "how do we cultivate children?" One might say that the second book considered here, Sharon Todd's, Learning from the Other: Levinas, Psychoanalysis, and Ethical Possibilities in Education, continues where Harvey's book ends. Todd's book considers how Levinas's ethical project, if combined with themes in psychoanalysis, might offer us an effective pedagogical tool to educate for social justice. We might, then, consider these two books together so that questions raised in one complement questions raised in the other. Setting an Example Irene Harvey's Labyrinths of Exemplarity is well organized and covers quite a bit of territory. It begins with Part I: "Threads of Exemplarity," a careful examination of the role of examples in Rousseau's educational treatise, Emile. This first part is divided into three sections, each one offering a description of how examples function, first for Emile, then for Sophie (or woman), and then for us. That is, we are taken on an in-depth journey, one which travels through Emile's relationship to examples, then Sophie's, and then ours as the readers of Rousseau's book. Harvey then moves to Part II: "Theories of Exemplarity," where different methodologies relating to exemplarity are explained. Parts III and IV, respectively, engage us in a discussion of Derrida's reading of Rousseau and his own employment of the example, and, finally, Harvey ends with a discussion of Aristotle and a new view of exemplarity. Although Harvey's book is fascinating in its entirety, Part I is a tour deforce in its exploration of the layers of exemplarity at work in Rousseau's Emile. Let me begin by focusing on this part of the book. Harvey opens her introduction with a quote from Derrida, who is responding to a recent collection of essays devoted to his work. …


Climate-induced resource scarcity is currently cited as one of the most important drivers of human conflict, particularly in the developing world. It is predicted that in the coming years, rising global temperatures may increase aridity in a number of resource-poor regions, precipitating violence, as subsistence populations struggle to maintain livelihoods. East African pastoral communities have long adapted to unpredictable, adverse climatic conditions by modifying behaviours according to their environmental circumstance. A growing concern, however, is whether pastoralists can adapt to prolonged periods of drought, reduced rangeland productivity, and increased livelihood insecurity. A number of studies have argued that pastoralists may rely on violent livestock raids in order to recoup herd losses incurred during drought periods. This thesis investigates the apparent relationship between drought-induced resource scarcity and inter-ethnic conflict amongst three pastoral populations in northern Kenya. Through the analysis of ethnographic data and quantitative applications, this study examines the nature of the relationship between periods of increased drought and escalations in conflict episodes, testing if there is, indeed, a direct relationship between these two phenomena. Furthermore, it builds on the complexity of this relationship by identifying a number of intermediary causal and social effects that may interact and influence the nature of the resource scarcity – conflict relationship. Game theory and socio-ecological resilience models are used as explanatory frameworks, as a way of making sense of these 'chaotic' interactions. Ultimately, this thesis presents new theoretical perspectives in understanding resource-based conflicts, tests the adaptive 'limits' of subsistence populations, and examines the impact that conflict has on the resilience of pastoral communities.


pH-Sensitive hydrogels of dextran were synthesized by photochemical cross-linking reaction of methacrylate dextran (DEX-MA) at different derivatization degree, functionalized with acidic residues through reaction with phthalic anhydride. The hydrogels were characterized by FT-IR spectra, swelling measurements, experiments of chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses. The swelling data agreed with the formation of networks having pH-sensitive behaviour. This property was confirmed by the morphological examination performed by scanning electron microscopy on samples maintained in media at different pH. (S)-4-Isobutyl-2-phenylpropionic acid (ibuprofen) was loaded into the polymeric matrices. The analysis of the release profiles of the drug from the three networks showed that all the matrices were able to retain ibuprofen during the transit through the stomach, releasing it in a sustained way in the intestinal tract at a rate strictly dependent on the derivatization degree in methacrylic groups. In vivo studies verified the biocompatibility of the materials. Moreover, when the matrix loaded with ibuprofen was administered to rats, it was able to protect them from the ulcerogenic effects of the drug.


Abstract : The reason for this paper is to provide a historical synopsis of the United States' very long and very frustrating involvement in the affairs of Nicaragua, a nation that has had a direct influence on all of Central America. Beginning with the famed Monroe Doctrine, the U.S. has sought ways to formulate a viable foreign policy that would stabilize this strategically positioned southern neighbor -- No easy task. Nicaragua has been a source of consternation to U.S. policymarkers for more than 150 years. Given the present chaotic situation, are we justified in blaming past policymakers and their foreign policy initiatives? To answer that question, this study will peel away the diplomatic bandaids that were applied by our diplomats as they attempted to heal our flawed relationship. The ultimate objective is to permit the uniformed reader to be better informed so that he may judge for himself the character of U.S. past involvement in Nicaragua, and make more informed judgements as to what approach we should be taking toward Nicaragua today.


Recently, many zero-shot learning (ZSL) methods focused on learning discriminative object features in an embedding feature space, however, the distributions of the unseen-class features learned by these methods are prone to be partly overlapped, resulting in inaccurate object recognition. Addressing this problem, we propose a novel adversarial network to synthesize compact semantic visual features for ZSL, consisting of a residual generator, a prototype predictor, and a discriminator. The residual generator is to generate the visual feature residual, which is integrated with a visual prototype predicted via the prototype predictor for synthesizing the visual feature. The discriminator is to distinguish the synthetic visual features from the real ones extracted from an existing categorization CNN. Since the generated residuals are generally numerically much smaller than the distances among all the prototypes, the distributions of the unseen-class features synthesized by the proposed network are less overlapped. In addition, considering that the visual features from categorization CNNs are generally inconsistent with their semantic features, a simple feature selection strategy is introduced for extracting more compact semantic visual features. Extensive experimental results on six benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method could achieve a significantly better performance than existing state-of-the-art methods by ∼1.2-13.2% in most cases.


The social interaction habituation (SI-hab) protocol has been used to demonstrate that rats acquire Social Familiarity-induced Anxiolysis (SoFiA), a form of safety learning where rats display anxiolysis in the presence of a familiar conspecific. SoFiA acquisition and expression can be simplified into four different constructs: social memory, anxiety, safety learning and anxiolysis. The neural circuitry of SoFiA; however, has not been fully identified. As a step towards elucidating the SoFiA neural circuitry we are identifying the role of projections from the ventral hippocampus (vHIP) to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in SoFiA acquisition.
Prior work from our lab has shown that the mPFC is needed for acquisition and expression of SoFiA. The mPFC may be the location of convergence of anxiety and social memory processing, making it a loci for safety learning. The goal of the current work is to identify the inputs to the mPFC that are pivotal for SoFiA acquisition. vHIP has been implicated in social memory and projects to the mPFC leading to the hypothesis that SoFiA acquisition requires vHIP projections to mPFC.
This hypothesis will be tested via intersectional genetics where neural tracts are selectively targeted through viruses. One virus is introduced at the soma of the neuron, and another is introduced at the end of the axon. The first virus, adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) will contain Cre-dependent code for an inhibitory DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs.) The second virus, canine adenovirus 2 (CAV2) is picked up by axon terminals and transported to the soma where it will express Cre. Unfortunately, the uptake and transport of these viruses require specific receptors and the vHIP-mPFC pathway has poor CAV2 uptake. CAV2 levels will be increased by the introduction of Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus receptor (CAR) via AAV8 two weeks prior to CAV2-Cre injection.


Semantic relations are core to how humans understand and express concepts in the real world using language. Recently, there has been a thread of research aimed at modeling these relations by learning vector representations from text corpora. Most of these approaches focus strictly on leveraging the co-occurrences of relationship word pairs within sentences. In this paper, we investigate the hypothesis that examples of a lexical relation in a corpus are fundamental to a neural word embedding's ability to complete analogies involving the relation. Our experiments, in which we remove all known examples of a relation from training corpora, show only marginal degradation in analogy completion performance involving the removed relation. This finding enhances our understanding of neural word embeddings, showing that co-occurrence information of a particular semantic relation is the not the main source of their structural regularity.


It is a hot August day in Washington, DC, but I am freezing cold. For the better part of a week I have spent eight hours a day in the Prints and Photographs Room of the Library of Congress, where temperature control is in place not to freeze out researchers like me but to protect the photographs and negatives stored here. Lips blue and teeth chattering, I move among hundreds of bureaucratically gray file cabinets, trying to track down photographs in the Farm Security Administration-Office of War Information (FSA-OWI) file. From the mid1930s until the middle of World War II, the U.S. government sponsored this massive documentary photography project to chronicle American life in a time of great social upheaval. Photographers such as Walker Evans, Arthur Rothstein, and Dorothea Lange produced thousands of photographs under the auspices of the FSA-OWI; these images and related records are now archived in the Library of Congress. My research project is a study of how magazines of the 1930s used FSA photographs to frame discussions of rural poverty.1 I came to the Library of Congress carrying a sheaf of photocopies of FSA images as they appeared in magazines like U.S. Camera and Survey Graphic. My goal is to locate their "original" versions in the file. This is sometimes a difficult task. The magazines often did not give the name of the photographer or offer information about where the photograph was made. I need this information, as well as negative numbers, in order to identify accurately the images I am using. More importantly, I want to compare the magazine versions of the photographs to the versions cataloged in the FSA file. I will make inferences about cropping, for example, to show how magazine editors framed certain images to make particular ideas about poverty more or less rhetorically available. The search is slow going, yet even with incomplete information I have been modestly successful at tracking down most of what I need. One photograph, however, remains elusive. It features a ragged, middle-aged white man standing on the porch of a rough-hewn cabin in a rural area. His shirt and coveralls have stains and holes, yet the man stands confidently with his hands on his hips, gazing past the right edge of the frame.2 As published in the


Traditionally, the computer method of delineation requires to establish ore block model. The block-by-section scanning operation is slow, which does not meet the large amount of data calculation., In this paper, we use the ore body in the modeling of the surface model in order to overcome the above problem. This model uses modeling method that reproduces a traditional hand-paintedtechnique, describe the spatial distribution of ore bodies through a series of plan view or profile of the ore body boundary polygon for wireframe modeling, i.e., the frame modeling method. For reading the plan view or profile of the ore body, the graphics and fractal theory are needed in the work to achieve the extraction of vector graphics map elements. After completing the extraction of ore, the wireframe modeling of the ore bodies can be established by using wireframe modeling method. Finally the wireframe model is filled by using the OpenGL technology and the surface model orebody is generated.


In this paper we present two options for a new lattice of the 1 GeV Duke FEL Storage Ring reducing horizontal beam emittance from existing 18 nm*rad to 1.4 nm*rad and 0.9 nm*rad respectively. One of proposed lattices reuses existing magnetic elements, another is based on completely new design. The use of combined function magnets with dipole, quadrupole and sextupole components allows us to keep the ring compact and fit it into existing footprint. 2D and 3D field simulations for such a magnet showed good quality of magnetic field. Preliminary results for dynamic aperture simulations are also presented. We also discuss the choice of lattice cell and tune advances and the concept of local compensation of nonlinear aberrations.


We introduce the Kullback-Leibler dissimilarity measure of Markov-chain models for unaligned DNA sequences with application to the phylogenetic tree reconstruction of complete mammalian mitochondrial genomes. The tree obtained by our approach is generally in agreement with those obtained from other methods. Our proposed method is computationally efficient and very easy for computer implementation.


Some students prefer to learn by themselves in their own pace, in familiar surrounding rather than in groups. Students tend to perceive information differently, such as by "viewing and listening, reflection and action, to reasoning logically and intuitively and also scrutinizing and visualising" (Felder & Henriques, 1995). This has resulted in education institutions paying great detail to students' learning styles to nurture them to be responsible towards their own learning process. With this in mind, a study was conducted to investigate the most preferred learning styles of students taking English 1119 paper in SMK Tengku Intan Zaharah and if the teachers were aware of these learning styles. More specifically, the study aims to identify the most preferred learning styles of students learning the 1119 English paper according to gender and academic streams (Pure Science and Account). In addition, this study investigated whether their teachers are aware of the learners' language learning needs. This study was carried out among 60 selected form 4 students and 48 form 5 students selected using cluster random sampling. A questionnaire was used for the students, adapted from Perceptual Learning Styles Preferences (PLPS) Survey by Joy Reid (1984) while for the teachers, the researcher used a closed format questionnaire adapted from Brindley (1984). Data were analysed and presented in the form of descriptive statistics, frequency and independent T-tests. This research found out that the most preferred learning styles of the students is Visual learning style while the major factor that influenced their learning style is that they are 'digital natives'. Finally, this study revealed that the teachers were aware of the students' preferred learning style and tried their best to match their teaching styles to suit the students' preferences. From these findings, a few recommendations suggested that it is crucial to understand the importance of learning styles, to be effective and sensitive in teaching styles, to have flexible and wide-ranging instructional planning, and use diversity of teaching aids.


Gene expression, both tissue specific or inducible, is controlled at the level of transcription by various transcription factors interacting with specific sequences of DNA. Anticancer drugs and other potential therapeutic agents alter interactions of regulatory proteins with DNA by a variety of different mechanisms. The main ones, considered in the review, are: i) competition for the transcription factor DNA binding sequences by drugs that interact non-covalently with DNA (e.g. anthracyclines, acridines, actinomycin D, pyrrole antibiotics and their polyamide derivatives); ii) covalent modifications of DNA by alkylating agents (e.g. nitrogen mustards, cisplatin) that prevent transcription factors from recognizing their specific sequences, or that result in multiple "unnatural" binding sites in DNA which hijack the transcription factors, thus decreasing their availability in the nucleus; iii) competition with binding sites on the transcription factors by synthetic oligonucleotides or peptide nucleic acids in an antigene strategy. The latter compounds may also compete for binding sites on regulatory proteins, acting as decoys to lower their active concentration in the cell. In this review, we have summarized recent advances which have been made towards understanding the above mechanisms by which small molecules interfere with the function of transcription factors.


This study involves an examination of the download rates for The Ohio State University's freely available electronic theses and dissertations. The Graduate School has required submission of doctorial (2002) and masters (2008) for over a decade, with limited exceptions, including embargos. Older digitized theses and dissertations have been made available over the past several years, resulting in over 51,000 titles in the online holdings. Download data from the OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center were analyzed to determine how well the theses and dissertations were used and what departments saw noted success for their students' works.


Hysteresis loops and energy products have been calculated systematically by a three-dimensional (3D) software OOMMF for Sm—Co/α-Fe/Sm—Co trilayers with various thicknesses and β, where β is the angle between the easy axis and the field applied perpendicular to the film plane. It is found that trilayers with a perpendicular anisotropy possess considerably larger coercivities and smaller remanences and energy products compared with those with an in-plane anisotropy. Increase of β leads to a fast decrease of the maximum energy product as well as the drop of both remanence and coercivity. Such a drop is much faster than that in the single-phased hard material, which can explain the significant discrepancy between the experiment and the theoretical energy products. Some modeling techniques have been utilized with spin check procedures performed, which yield results in good agreement with the one-dimensional (1D) analytical and experimental data, justifying our calculations. Further, the calculated nucleation fields according to the 3D calculations are larger than those based on the 1D model, whereas the corresponding coercivity is smaller, leading to more square hysteresis loops and better agreement between experimental data and the theory.


Automatically detecting shifts of meaning over time is desirable for Natural Language Processing tasks as well as research in the Digital Humanities. We train diachronic word embeddings on Dutch newspaper data and compare representations of the same terms from different times to each other. The aim is verifying whether such comparison can highlight the emergence of a new (figurative) meaning for a given term. The most interesting outcome of this experiment is methodological: while in some cases we observe that this method is efficient, as it has been shown to be in previous work on Italian, we also observe that in many other cases results are not what we would expect. This leads us to an in-depth analysis of interfering aspects and to a discussion of methodological choices, towards the development of what we believe is a timely and needed roadmap for developing diachronic studies on meaning shifts that rely on distributed representations.


To the Editor.— Onycholysis through a phototoxic mechanism, in patients taking a tetracycline derivative, was described by Orentreich et al 1 . The following is a report of an unusual manifestation of this reaction. Report of a Case.— A 20-year-old undergraduate had painful, swollen fingertips. One week earlier, she had experienced paresthesias in both hands, which had lasted a full day. Two days prior to her visit, her left fourth fingertip became tender and edematous; by the next morning, all fingers, except the thumbs, were similarly involved. There was no history to suggest contact dermatitis or trauma. Apart from studying, her activities included only sunbathing, which she does frequently, and has always tolerated well. Current medications were limited to levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid) (dose unknown) and tetracycline hydrochloride, 250 mg/day, taken for two years. The patient was well tanned and healthy-appearing, and had edematous fingertips. The nail beds were pale, and the


This paper applies the quantile regression methodology to the study of the determinants of the distribution of earnings among the native born and immigrants in the United States and Australia. The analysis for immigrants is performed separately for those from English-speaking and non-English speaking origins. Using Census data, the quantile regressions permit the measurement of the partial effect of explanatory variables (such as schooling and experience) and the native born-immigrant earnings differential at the different deciles of the earnings distribution. Among other findings, the effects on earnings of schooling and labor market experience are shown to increase at higher deciles. The native-immigrant earnings gap varies by decile, and in particular increases in the U.S. at higher deciles. Minimum wages in the U.S. appear to compress earnings at low deciles, while the Australian minimum (administered) wage system appears to compress earnings across the distribution of earnings.


Personality is a dynamic organization of psychological
system within an individual that will determine one's adaptation
to the environment. Dynamic Organization means an integration
and connection between various aspects of personality. Personality
can change, expand and is not statistical. 'Psychophysical
system' is the habit, attitude, values, beliefs, emotional state, sentiment
and motive in the form of psychology but posses physical
basis in the nerve system, glands and body in general. Personality
as behavior of individuals that are displayed in their everyday
lives, this implies that every work or activity done in individual
can provide an impression of their true personality. Sometimes
our different perceptions are a cause of conflict and misunderstanding
in our family, work and social lives in the environment,
some of the factors affecting the personality, such as, food,
peers, friends, education, upbringing genetics depression and
diseases, traumatic experiences in childhood


BACKGROUND
Neuroanatomical abnormalities, including cingulate cortex volume abnormalities, are a common feature in psychosis. However, the extent to which these are related to a vulnerability to psychosis, as opposed to the disorder per se, is less certain. AIM UND HYPOTHESES: The aim of the present study is to compare cingulate gray matter volumes in different stages of psychosis. We reviewed previous studies of subjects in a prodromal stage of psychosis and tested cingulate volume changes during the transition to psychosis.

METHODS
A cross-sectional MRI study of manually traced cingulate gray-matter volumes in 37 individuals with an at risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis, 23 individuals with a first-episode psychosis (FEP), and 22 healthy controls (HC) was performed using a 1.5 T MRI-scanner. 16 of 37 ARMS individuals (43 %) developed psychosis during follow up (ARMS-T), whereas 21 did not (ARMS-NT). The mean duration of follow up in ARMS was 25.1 months. 8 cingulate subregions were analysed in a region-of-interest analysis.

RESULTS
Compared to HC, subjects with an ARMS had significantly reduced left caudal anterior cingulate cortex volume (p < 0.027). This finding was also evident at a trend level (p: 0.069) in FEP patients. Within ARMS, the ARMS-T group showed a significantly reduced whole right cingulate cortex (p: 0.036), right subgenual cingulate cortex (p: 0.036) and right posterior cingulate cortex (p: 0.012) compared to ARMS-NT.

DISCUSSION
These results suggest that the at risk mental state is associated with cingulate volume reductions, in particular in the left caudal anterior cingulate cortex (CACC). These abnormalities do not only seem to occur with transition to psychosis, but may be a correlate of an increased vulnerability to psychosis.


Abstract Introduction. Within a trauma system, pre-hospital care is the first step in managing the trauma patient. Timely and appropriate transport of the injured patient to the most appropriate facility is important. Many trauma systems mandate that serious trauma cases are transported directly to a level I trauma center unless transfer to a closer hospital is deemed necessary to resuscitate and stabilize the patient prior to onward transfer to definitive care. Statistical and clinical heterogeneity is often high and is likely to be influenced by the heath care context. Methods. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare patient outcomes for patients with serious trauma transported directly to a Level I/II trauma center ('direct' group) to those transported to a healthcare facility before transfer to the Level I/ II trauma center ('transfer' group). A search of bibliographic databases and secondary sources that focus on trauma was made. Studies were grouped by region: United States of America, Canada, Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand and South Africa. Results. The review included 43,554 patients from the 30 studies that met the selection criteria. Heterogeneity of the studies was high (I2 71%) overall but low for European, Asian, and Australian and New Zealand studies. There was considerable variation between studies in the structure, policies and practices of the respective trauma systems. The effect of "directness" on patient outcomes was inconsistent. Conclusion. The current research evidence does not support nor refute a position that all serious trauma patients be routinely transported directly to a level I/II trauma center. As this is a complex issue, local health-care context and injury profile influence trauma policy and practice. Key words: trauma; trauma center; emergency medical services; transport


: The use of current diagnostic methods in a pathologist's practice, including the assessment of the bacterial microflora by the molecular microbiological technique fluorescence in situ hybridization is important and promising. The detection of bacteria and changes in the microbial flora makes it possible to clarify the nature of found morphological changes and to expand the diagnostic value of a postmortem study.


Objectives To evaluate the completeness of descriptions of non-pharmacological interventions in randomised trials, identify which elements are most frequently missing, and assess whether authors can provide missing details. Design Analysis of consecutive sample of randomised trials of non-pharmacological interventions. Data sources and study selection All reports of randomised trials of non-pharmacological interventions published in 2009 in six leading general medical journals; 133 trial reports, with 137 interventions, met the inclusion criteria. Data collection Using an eight item checklist, two raters assessed the primary full trial report, plus any reference materials, appendices, or websites. Questions about missing details were emailed to corresponding authors, and relevant items were then reassessed. ResultsOf 137 interventions, only 53 (39%) were adequately described; this was increased to 81 (59%) by using 63 responses from 88 contacted authors. Themost frequently missing itemwas the "interventionmaterials" (47% complete), but it also improved the most after author response (92% complete). Whereas some authors (27/70) provided materials or further information, other authors (21/70) could not; their reasons included copyright or intellectual property concerns, not having the materials or intervention details, or being unaware of their importance. Although 46 (34%) trial interventions had further information or materials readily available on a website, many were not mentioned in the report, were not freely accessible, or the URL was no longer functioning. Conclusions Missing essential information about interventions is a frequent, yet remediable, contributor to the worldwide waste in research funding. If trial reports do not have a sufficient description of interventions, other researchers cannot build on the findings, and clinicians and patients cannot reliably implement useful interventions. Improvement will require action by funders, researchers, and publishers, aided by long term repositories of materials linked to publications.


Background This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of exercise intervention in reducing body weight and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korea. Methods Cochrane, PubMed, Embase, KoreaMed, KMbase, NDSL, KCI, RISS, and DBpia databases were used to search randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials that compared exercise with non-exercise intervention among patients with non-insulin-treated T2DM in Korea. The effectiveness of exercise intervention was estimated by the mean difference in body weight changes and HbA1c level. Weighted mean difference (WMD) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used as the effect size. The pooled mean differences of outcomes were calculated using a random-effects model. Results We identified 7,692 studies through literature search and selected 23 articles (723 participants). Compared with the control group, exercise intervention (17 studies) was associated with a significant decline in HbA1c level (WMD, −0.58%; 95% CI, −0.89 to −0.27; I2=73%). Although no significant effectiveness on body weight was observed, eight aerobic training studies showed a significant reduction in body weight (WMD, −2.25 kg; 95% CI, −4.36 to −0.13; I2=17%) in the subgroup analysis. Conclusion Exercise significantly improves glycemic control; however, it does not significantly reduce body weight. Aerobic training can be beneficial for patients with non-insulin-treated T2DM in Korea.


Blood lymphocytes from 53 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 44 controls were cultured with the polyclonal B cell activator Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Culture supernatants were removed at weekly intervals and the amount of IgM secreted by the lymphocytes measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three major differences in the pattern of EBV-induced IgM synthesis by RA versus control lymphocytes were observed. Lymphocytes from RA patients, in general, produced less IgM after one week in culture than controls. In contrast, they increased their IgM secretion significantly by the end of the second week, whereas control lymphocyte cultures showed little change in IgM secretion at this time. Control lymphocytes from EBV seropositive individuals produced undetectable amounts of IgM after five weeks in culture. However, lymphocytes from 40% of the RA patients, even though they were EBV seropositive, secreted greater than 2000 ng/ml (microgram/l) IgM after five weeks. The data are discussed in terms of defective B and T cell responses to EBV in lymphocytes from patients with RA.


The paper aims at contributing to the discussion about planning theory and participatory practices in the Global South by focusing on a planning experience for the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, led by faculty, researchers and students at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, between 2009 and 2019. The initiative unveils the University autonomy in designing and carrying out the metropolitan analyses and planning proposals, in adopting theoretical principles and methodologies and, in developing an outreach programme tightly linked to education and research, resulting in significant improvements in planning education, innovations in planning methodology and the potential for rooting radical planning practices in the metropolitan context. First, objects and subjects of the experience are introduced, together with the three phases of the process: the drafting of a metropolitan plan known as the Integrated Development Master Plan for the RMBH; the Metropolitan Macro-Zoning; and the review of municipal Master Plans within RMBH. Secondly, the trajectory and influences of Brazilian urban and metropolitan planning are reviewed to the extent that they fed into the experience. The discussion of municipal planning processes leads to an assessment of the experience's main achievements. The concluding section offers some thoughts on rooting metropolitan and urban planning in critical theory and participatory practices, as a means to contribute to discussions of planning practices in the Global South.


Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to explore the impact that increased availability of digital distribution has on physical distribution. The focus is on the effects that digital distribution has on the value creating processes of game developers with regard to distribution alternatives, strategic networks and consumer interaction. Additionally we examine if there is a future for physical distribution of games in an increasingly digital market. Background: It is estimated that only the online gaming market alone will turn over more than $13 billion in 2013. In terms of market potential this means that video gaming has already surpassed the movie industry and is closing in on the music industry (Jöckel, Will & Schwarzer, 2008). Digital distribution is gaining ground in the game industry (Cook, 2012), and access to high-speed internet connectivity is also increasing at a rapid pace. This creates a choice for game developers to adapt their strategies to the new ways of distribution. The previous view of the market was a linear value chain where developers must use intermediaries to reach an end consumer (Williams, 2002). The network dynamics appear to have changed, consumers have an impact on development and there are more complex interactions between the actors in order to generate better value. Method: The thesis uses an exploratory qualitative research method by conducting semistructured interviews with developers on how the distribution channels have changed. Secondary data concerning the value chain, networks, and value constellations and was gathered to support the empirical background of the market. Conclusion: The value chain has been reconfigured from the classical value chain to a value constellation as increased online availability has changed the distribution possibilities allowing reciprocal relationships and user co-production as well as disintermedation of middle-hands. Value is created for the game developers through three different paths in our own value constellation: portals, direct sales homepage, and through publisher. In all three paths consumers play an important role through user participation in the value creation through user created content and user feedback through community and fan-base activities.. Our conclusion is that the future of physical distribution in the current format is threatened by digital alternatives, and will likely be discontinued in the long run and/or radically changed to include more physical value adding content.


There is still controversy about the optimum dose and formulation of aspirin for prophylaxis of thrombo-embolic events in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Enteric coated formulations of aspirin have po tential advantages over rapidly absorbed formulations in terms of fewer side effects and more selective platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition. We compared 7-day courses of 100 mg and 650 mg per day enteric coated aspirin in young, healthy subjects and in two groups of elderly sub jects of 70 years and above, one group without vascular disease and the other with cerebrovascular disease. Prior to aspirin treatment, the elderly with cerebrovascular dis ease had higher levels of the urinary thromboxane A2 (TXA2) metabolite 11-dehydro-TXB2; the mean in the el derly ill was 4,064 ± 1,762 pg/mg creatinine (n = 8) com pared to levels of 982 ± 139 pg/mg creatinine (n = 17) in the young, and 1,560 ± 380 pg/mg creatinine (n = 14) in the healthy elderly (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Aspirin (100 mg) inhibited serum TXB2 generation in all groups, with the greatest percentage inhibition occurring in the elderly with cerebrovascular disease. In the ill el derly serum TXB2 was 1.9 ± 0.05% (n = 8) of control compared to 4.2 ± 0.6% (n = 17, p < 0.05) in the young and 9.4 ± 3.5% (n = 14, p < 0.01) in the healthy elderly. All young and diseased elderly subjects achieved greater than 90% inhibition with 100 mg aspirin, but 4 of 14 healthy elderly subjects achieved less than 90% inhibi tion. The 650-mg dose of aspirin produced further inhibi tion in serum TXB2 in the young and healthy elderly sub jects and inhibited serum TXB2 to greater than 90% of control levels in all subjects. The higher dose also pro duced greater reductions in 11-dehydro-TXB2 levels, and these were statistically significant in the young and ill elderly. Urinary-6-keto PGF1α was not significantly de creased at either dose, except in the elderly ill taking 650 mg a day in whom it was reduced to 55 ± 18% of control (n = 8, p < 0.05). Thus enteric coated aspirin at doses of 100 and 650 mg taken daily for 7 days inhibited platelet cyclooxygenase with relative sparing of endothelial cy clooxygenase. The elderly with cerebrovascular disease were more sensitive to the platelet and endothelial cyclo oxygenase inhibition effects of enteric coated aspirin than the healthy elderly and healthy young groups.


To encourage the use of research-based information (RBI) in education in Quebec, the Centre de transfert pour la reussite educative du Quebec CTREQ and the RENARD team, a knowledge transfer research team, developed the Competency Model for Knowledge Translation to Support Educational Achievement among Quebec Youth. They then developed a pilot project involving 24 school practitioners working in seven schools in Quebec to validate the content of this framework and to encourage its implementation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the processes and outcomes of this pilot project's implementation.  Qualitative methods were used, involving data from: 1) three series of interviews with project participants, and 2) tracking sheets used to monitor activities carried out by project participants as well as by the project leaders supporting them in its implementation. Results showed the RAC implementation was able to influence participants' perceptions regarding their role in the process of fostering RBI use and provided them with resources to fulfil that role. It also appeared that participants were able, to varying degrees, to extend this learning into their professional practice. The present article also highlights elements of the pilot project that facilitated or impeded the achievement of these outcomes and suggests areas to be considered for future interventions and studies related to the implementation of a competency model to encourage RBI use.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between utilization of home care services under the national long-term care insurance system and family caregiver distress. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted in this study using data collected in 2011 and 2012 from the Korean version of International Resident Assessment Instrument (interRAI) Home Care assessment system. The study sample included 228 clients receiving community based home care and their family caregivers in Korea. Descriptive statistics, χ² test, t-test, and Heckman selection model analysis were conducted using SAS 9.3. Results: Presence of family caregiver distress was significantly associated with days of nurse visits (s=-.89, p=<.001) and home helper visits (s=-.53, p=.014). Level of caregiver distress was also significantly associated with days of nurse visits (s=-.66, p=.028). Other factors which were significantly associated with caregiver distress were depression, cognitive function, inadequate pain control, social support for older adult, and caregiver relationship to the older adult. Conclusion: The results of this study show that visiting nurse service and appropriate support programs for Older Adults and family caregivers experiencing caregiver distress should be developed and provided to families based on the health care needs of older adults and their family caregivers for effective and sustainable home care.


Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a facultative anaerobic gram negative rod responsible of sea food-associated diarrhoea. Although less common, it also causes wound infections and bacteraemia. We present a case of bacteraemia by this agent and a review of the literature.


Additive manufacturing represents a new frontier in the design and production of rotor machines. This technology drives the engineering research framework to new possibilities of design and testing of new prototypes, reducing costs and time. On the other hand, the fast additive manufacturing implies the use of plastic and light materials (as PLA or ABS), often including a certain level of anisotropy due to the layered deposition. These two aspects are critical, because the aero-elastic coupling and flow induced vibrations are not negligible for high aspect ratio rotors. In this work, we investigate the aeroelastic response of a small sample fan blade, printed using PLA material. Scope of the work is to study both the structure and flow field dynamics, where strong coupling is considered on the simulation. We test the blade in two operating points, to see the aero-mechanical dynamics of the system in stall and normal operating condition. The computational fluid-structure interaction (FSI) technique is applied to simulate the coupled dynamics. The FSI solver is developed on the base of the finite element stabilized formulations proposed by Tezduyar et al. We use the ALE formulation of RBVMS-SUPS equations for the aerodynamics, the non-linear elasticity is solved with the Updated Lagrangian formulation of the equations of motion for the elastic solid. The strong coupling is made with a block-iterative algorithm, including the Jacobian based stiffness method for the mesh motion.


Failure in treating number of patients of joint disorders with diagnoses other than Vaatarakta made to think in depth about the concept of Vaatrakta. Objective of the article is to understand a disease as mentioned in ancient classical texts of Ayurveda (samhitas) without making any alterations which helps not only in treating cases of joint disorders successfully but also help understand various important principles of Ayurveda treatments.
Understanding aetiology (hetu), clinical features (linga), pathophysiology (samprapti),differential diagnosis and prognosis (sadhyasadhyata)are essentials factors to reach absolute diagnosis upto vyakta and bhed levelof kriya kaal of the disease which is the first and foremost important part of classical approach. Charts of hetu, lakshan and sadhyasadhyata make it easy to chalk out samprapti and hence samprapti vighatan becomes relatively easier. Line of Treatment, its principles to be followed and cautions mentioned while considering line of treatment is second essential part to decide classical way of treatment as mentioned in Samhitas. Treatment (Chikitsa) of vaatrakta is mentioned stepwise to counter samprapti systematically which seems to be easier task if diagnosis is precise and error free. This approach seems to be very effective which can prevent reoccurrence of the disease i.e. apuanrbhav chikitsa.
Most of the times diagnosis Vaatrakta is confused with Aamavaata samprapti(a stage of a disease) which hasn't been given any importance in Bruhatrayee as it seem to be ancondition of several diseases and not a separate disease entity.
Importance of classical approach towards vaatrakta assures its successful treatment to achieve Dhatu Samya and Apunarabhava.


The emergence of different drug resistant strains of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV RT) remains of prime interest in relation to viral pathogenesis as well as drug development. Amongst those mutations, M184V was found to cause a complete loss of ligand fitness. In this study, we report the first account of the molecular impact of M184V mutation on HIV RT resistance to 3TC (lamivudine) using an integrated computational approach. This involved molecular dynamics simulation, binding free energy analysis, principle component analysis (PCA) and residue interaction networks (RINs). Results clearly confirmed that M184V mutation leads to steric conflict between 3TC and the beta branched side chain of valine, decreases the ligand (3TC) binding affinity by ∼7 kcal mol(-1) when compared to the wild type, changes the overall conformational landscape of the protein and distorts the native enzyme residue-residue interaction network. The comprehensive molecular insight gained from this study should be of great importance in understanding drug resistance against HIV RT as well as assisting in the design of novel reverse transcriptase inhibitors with high ligand efficacy on resistant strains.


This chapter addresses the need for study abroad programs that prepare students for moral responsibility and democratic civic engagement in an increasingly globalized world. We examine how notions of citizenship, democratic education, and civic engagement can be expanded to a global knowledge community beyond the borders of home campuses and countries. This entails recognition of a global ecology of learning based on reciprocity, recognition of civic identities, and responsibility for one's actions and representations abroad. We explore the literature on global citizenship associated with study abroad and global civil society in order to understand how the norms, affiliations and markers of citizenship are being redefined. We conclude with a proposal that responsible, high road study abroad entails preparing students as global citizen diplomats, representing their own culture while developing the intercultural awareness to comprehend, respect, and represent the perspectives of another culture.


Lower leg lymphatics, taken from seven volunteers, were investigated in vitro. Isometric contractions were induced by noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), and the thromboxane A2 (TXA2)-mimetic U-44069. Noradrenaline induced phasic contractions in 6 of 7 segments. The amplitude of the contractions were up to 100% of a previous K+ (124mM)-induced contraction and the frequency at 10(-6)M of noradrenaline was 5-13 min-1. These contractions were unaffected by propranolol (10(-6)M), but they were abolished by phentolamine (10(-6)M). Noradrenaline had an Emax (tonic contraction) of 7% of the K+ (124mM) contraction (n = 7) and the pEC50-value was 6.9 (n = 3). The corresponding values for 5-HT were 21% (n = 5) and 6.4 (n = 3). PGF2 alpha elicited contractions in all segments investigated (Emax = 87%, pEC50 = 5.8, n = 5). U-44069 had high contractile capacity and potency in all investigated segments (Emax = 137%, pEC50 = 8.9, n = 7). Phasic contractions were elicited also by 5-HT, PGF2 alpha and U-44069. Compared to earlier studies of human peripheral lymphatics, these results show that there are regional differences in susceptibility to these vasoactive agents.


This study was designed to evaluate the effects of chemical blend additives to duck litter on pH, ammonia (NH3) fluxes, total nitrogen (TN) under a small pen trial. One hundred twenty 1-day-old duck (pekin) were randomly assigned to 6 pens in a completely randomized design during 6 weeks. Control received no litter treatment whereas topdressed treatment at rates of 50 g aluminum sulfate + 50 aluminum chloride/kg duck litter were mixed into the upper 1 cm of duck litter. Duck litter pH at 2 weeks through 5 weeks was significantly affected (p<0.05) by chemical blend treatments compared to controls, but not at 6 weeks. During the experimental periods, NH3 fluxes decreased (p<0.05) in chemical blend treatments. However, there were no remarkable difference (p>0.05) between treatments at 0 and 1 week. Reductions of NH3 fluxes at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks were 31, 16, 29 and 24%, respectively. Chemical blend treatments as a function of time resulted in increase in TN contents compared with control. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in TN between treatments at 2 and 3 weeks, except for 4, 5 and 6 weeks. Chemical blend decreases NH3 fluxes and increases TN positively by reducing duck litter pH.


Objective To investigate whether glomerular density (GD) could be an independent prognostic factor for patients of IgA nephropathy with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30 to 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, or for patients with time-average proteinuria < 0.5 g/d. Methods A total of 173 patients with biopsy-confirmed IgA nephropathy diagnosed from January 2000 to December 2010 were included. All of these patients were followed up for more than 5 years. The endpoint was a > 30% of decline in eGFR from baseline after 5-year follow-up. The optimal cut-off value of GD was calculated by ROC curve. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis was used for survival analysis. Results A 30% of decline in eGFR occurred in 14.5% of all patients. The optimal diagnostic cut-off value of GD was 1.99/mm2 (AUC = 0.90, sensitivity = 84.0%, specificity = 81.8%) determined by ROC curve. The low GD group (GD < 1.99 per mm2) experienced a significant increase in renal endpoint for patients with eGFR of 30 to 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (six patients in lower GD group, while one patient in the other group). For patients with time-average proteinuria < 0.5 g/d, the lower GD group showed a higher eGFR decline from baseline (4.5±16.7 ml/min per 1.73 m2 vs. -8.1±21.4 ml/min per 1.73 m2, P = 0.038); two patients in this group reached the endpoint, while no patients in the higher GD group did. Conclusion GD could be an independent prognostic factor for patients of IgA nephropathy with eGFR at 30 to 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 of body surface, particularly for those with time-averaged amount of urine protein less than 0.5 g per day.


Abstract In this paper, we suggest that positive Indian Ocean dipole events could be triggered by the occurrence of severe cyclones over the Bay of Bengal during April–May. All positive Indian Ocean dipole events during 1958–2003 are preceded by at least one such severe cyclone. Severe cyclones over the Bay of Bengal strengthen the meridional pressure gradient across the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) and hence lead to the intensification of the upwelling favourable southeasterlies along the Sumatra coast. Severe cyclones can also lead to a decrease in the integrated water vapour content and suppress convection over the EEIO. We suggest that the suppression of convection over the EEIO in turn, leads to the enhancement of convection over the western equatorial Indian Ocean (WEIO) and hence to the weakening of the westerlies along the central equatorial Indian Ocean (CEIO). This can lead to a positive feedback between suppression of convection over the EEIO and enhancement of the convergence and convection over the WEIO. If this positive feedback continues until the winds over the CEIO become easterlies, the convection over the EEIO remains suppressed for a period much longer than the synoptic scale. The strong upwelling caused by the easterlies along the equator and southeasterlies along the Sumatra coast decreases the sea surface temperature of the EEIO very rapidly and a positive dipole event gets triggered.


With new cryptocurrencies being frequently introduced to the market, the demand for cryptomining - a fundamental operation associated with most of the cryptocurrencies - has initiated a new stream of earning financial gains. The cost associated with the lucrative cryptomining has driven general masses to unethically mine cryptocurrencies using "plundered" resources in the public organizations (e.g., universities) as well as in the corporate sector that follows Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) culture. Such exploitation of the resources causes financial detriment to the affected organizations, which often discover the abuse when the damage has already been done. In this paper, we present a novel approach that leverages magnetic side-channel to detect covert cryptomining. Our proposed approach works even when the examiner does not have login-access or root-privileges on the suspect device. It merely requires the physical proximity of the examiner and a magnetic sensor, which is often available on smartphones. The fundamental idea of our approach is to profile the magnetic field emission of a processor for the set of available mining algorithms. We built a complete implementation of our system using advanced machine learning techniques. In our experiments, we included all the cryptocurrencies supported by the top-10 mining pools, which collectively comprise the largest share (84% during Q3 2018) of the cryptomining market. Moreover, we tested our methodology primarily on two different laptops. By using the data recorded from the magnetometer of an ordinary smartphone, our classifier achieved an average precision of over 88% and an average F1 score of 87%. Apart from our primary goal - which is to identify covert cryptomining - we also performed four additional experiments to further evaluate our approach. We found that due to its underlying design, our system is future-ready and can readily adapt even to zero-day cryptocurrencies.


Based on observations made by researchers at MTs Kebunrejo Genteng, it turns out that there are still many weaknesses and obstacles faced, especially in learning (SKI). This was strengthened based on the results of interviews with some eighth grade students, their understanding in the learning process was felt to be lacking because most of them assumed that subjects (SKI) were subjects that tended to be less interesting and boring, because students had to memorize years or names. figure. Because it is considered a boring subject which in the end has an impact on the students' lack of understanding in receiving the subject matter, this can be seen in the odd semester scores on the material of the Islamic dynasty. This can be proven from 34 students of which 14 students scored below the minimum completeness criteria (KKM), namely 7. Based on the above problems, the researcher intends to describe the problem by using a learning medium that can help students understand the learning material. The learning media used were documentary films. The results of research on the use of documentary film learning media in class VIII C students at MTs Kebunrejo Genteng are that students are easier to understand and memorize Islamic dinasty subject matter (Ayyubiyah), student interest in learning is better than before, and students can achieve the above score (KKM) that is the value 7.


ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to identify how the learning activities elicited in a lesson study project contributed to self-perceived change in supervisors' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). Lesson study is a method which combines both professional and educational development. During a lesson study project, teachers collaborate in a team and develop, teach, evaluate, and redesign a research lesson. During the 4-month lesson study project described here, four supervisors designed a protocol for research supervision meetings aimed at enhancing undergraduate students' learning. During the project, they experimented with open questioning and giving positive feedback instead of giving instruction and explanations. A mixed-methods design was used in this study. Data on the supervisors' learning activities and PCK were gathered using learner reports, video-recordings of meetings, and exit interviews. The analyses of these data showed that the lesson study project contributed to the development of the supervisors' PCK on instructional strategies and student understanding. The learning activity that contributed most to these changes was reflecting on their own practice and that of their students.


Dataflow programming models are suitable to express multi-core streaming applications. The design of highquality embedded systems in that context requires static analysis to ensure the liveness and bounded memory of the application. However, many streaming applications have a dynamic behavior. The previously proposed dataflow models for dynamic applications do not provide any static guarantees or only in exchange of significant restrictions in expressive power or automation. To overcome these restrictions, we propose the schedulable parametric dataflow (SPDF) model. We present static analyses and a quasi-static scheduling algorithm. We demonstrate our approach using a video decoder case study.


Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D), historically known as Wolman's disease or cholesteryl ester storage disease, is a severe, underdiagnosed, and rare disease associated with significant morbidity and premature mortality. LAL is involved in lipid hydrolysis, and deficiency induces lipid metabolism abnormalities, which affect multiple organ systems including the liver, cardiovascular system, spleen, and gastrointestinal (GI) system.

The most rapidly progressive cases of LAL-D are apparent during infancy. In these cases, the disease progresses very rapidly and is likely to be fatal within the first 6 months of life. At the same time, LAL-D can also progress less rapidly, in which case clinically severe manifestations may not be observed until later in childhood or adulthood. Low awareness of the disease contributes to under and misdiagnosis of LAL-D.

LAL-D can be difficult to distinguish from other conditions as the signs and symptoms are non-specific and overlap with more commonly occurring liver or lipid abnormalities such as heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). When LAL-D is suspected, it can be rapidly diagnosed using a dry blood spot enzymatic test.
Sebelipase alfa is a LAL enzyme replacement. It is the first drug therapy for the treatment of LAL-D and was recently approved in the European Union and the USA. Sebelipase alfa has been shown to both improve survival and slow disease-progression markers in patients with LAL-D.


Background Initial treatment for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is not standardized. Current conventional upfront chemoimmunotherapies are generally not curative and can be deferred in some patients. This presents an opportunity to evaluate novel therapeutic approaches in the first line setting. Lenalidomide, an immunomodulatory compound which targets both the tumor cells directly and the tumor microenvironment, has shown clinical efficacy either alone or in combination with rituximab in relapsed MCL. We report findings of the first study of a chemotherapy-free approach as initial treatment for MCL, using lenalidomide and rituximab as a combination biologic doublet.

Methods The study protocol includes both an induction phase and a maintenance phase. During the induction phase, lenalidomide is administered at 20 mg daily on days 1-21 of a 28-day cycle for a total of 12 cycles, with dose escalation to 25 mg daily if tolerated. Standard dose rituximab is administered weekly x 4 during cycle 1, then once every other cycle, for a total of 9 doses. During the maintenance phase which starts with cycle 13, lenalidomide is administered at 15 mg daily on days 1-21 of a 28-day cycle, with rituximab maintenance once every other cycle until progression of disease. The primary objective was to evaluate overall response rate (ORR). Secondary objectives included safety analysis, progression-free survival, overall survival, and QOL assessment. Based on a Simon two-stage design comparing an ORR of ≥60% with treatment to an unacceptable ORR of ≤40% (alpha=10%, power=80%), 15 or more overall responses out of 28 enrolled patients were required to declare the treatment effective and worthy of further testing.

Results From 7/2011 to 2/2013, 31 subjects with previously untreated MCL were enrolled at 4 centers, and the study met its accrual. At study entry, median age was 65 years (range 42-86), and the M:F ratio was 3:1. All patients had stage III/IV disease, 12 (39%) had elevated LDH, and 27 (87%) had bone marrow involvement. MIPI scores were evenly distributed between low-, intermediate-, and high-risk (36%, 32%, and 32% respectively). Ki67 index was <30% in 23 (74%) subjects. Treatment was generally well tolerated with expected side effects. Grade 3-4 hematologic toxicities included neutropenia (39%), thrombocytopenia (13%) and anemia (7%). Grade 3-4 non-hematologic toxicities included rash (23%), tumor flare (7%) and serum sickness associated with rituximab (7%). Grade 1-2 infections included URI (29%), UTI (10%), pneumonia (10%) and sinusitis (7%). One incidence each of DVT and PE were observed and resolved with treatment. As of July 2013 at a median follow-up of 12 months (range 5-23 months), 27 (87%) patients remain on study without evidence of disease progression, including 18 who have completed induction and now in the maintenance phase. Four patients went off study – one withdrew consent, two had progression of disease, and one could not tolerate tumor flare associated side effects. Thirty patients are evaluable for efficacy with at least one response assessment. The preliminary ORR for evaluable patients is 77% (95% CI = 57% to 89%) with 40% CR/CRu (95% CI = 23% to 59%), and may further improve with additional follow-up on continued treatment. Median time to objective response was 2.8 months, with CR typically confirmed between 6-12 months. Four patients (13%) have stable disease with ongoing clinical benefit at 5+, 6+, 12+ and 13+ months. Median progression-free survival and duration of response have not been reached. Neither MIPI score nor Ki67 index correlated with response. All patients have maintained or improved quality of life parameters during treatment by FACT-Lym analysis.

Conclusions This study provides the first demonstration that a chemotherapy-free, combination biologic approach is feasible as initial therapy for mantle cell lymphoma. Lenalidomide up to 25 mg daily given 21 out of 28 days can be safely combined with rituximab as frontline therapy for MCL. Preliminary efficacy data on response rates are encouraging. More precise assessment of response rate and durability will require more follow-up with additional subjects. However, these data justify further evaluation of the lenalidomide + rituximab regimen both alone and as a platform for the integration of novel agents in combination approaches in MCL both in the upfront and relapsed settings.

Disclosures: Ruan: Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Off Label Use: Lenalidomide in the frontline treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. Martin: Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Millennium: Research Funding; Genentech: Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Teva: Consultancy, Research Funding. Shah: Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Schuster: Celgene: Research Funding. Smith: Micromet: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Allos: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy; Onyx: Consultancy. Furman: Celgene: Research Funding. Coleman: Celgene: Consultancy. Leonard: Celgene: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy.


We read the recent article by Houghton et al ( Gut 2007, Apr 19 [Epub ahead of print]), reporting that pregabalin, a new generation of α2δ ligand, increased sensory thresholds to normal levels in 26 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and baseline rectal hypersensitivity, in a randomised double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study. The authors concluded that α2δ ligands are worthy of further physiological and clinical investigations for diseases affecting gut sensory function. Experimental studies to date indicate that pregabalin prevents colorectal allodynia and hyperalgesia in rats exposed to intracolonic trinitrobenzene-sulphonic acid1 or septic shock.2 Visceral hyperalgesia and symptoms in IBS are, however, characterised by the absence of overt colonic damage or mucosal abnormality. In the study we describe here, pregabalin given orally in a rat non-inflammatory model of repeated tonic colorectal-distension-induced hypersensitivity3 prevented visceral hyperalgesia and blunted lumbosacral spinal neurone activation.

Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats with or without electrodes implanted in the abdominal muscles were given orally (po) either vehicle (water, 1 ml/rat) or pregabalin (10 or 30 mg/kg; Parke Davis, Fresnes, France) and placed individually in Bollman cages. After a 60 minute stabilisation period, basal abdominal contractions were monitored for 10 minutes, then isobaric colorectal distension …


Psychosomatic disorders have become increasingly important as a reason for premature retirement. To identify specific characteristics of pension applicants, we broke a random sample consisting of 1,109 patients admitted to Burg Hospital within the framework of psychosomatic rehabilitation programmes into three main groups: a) patients who had not applied for any kind of pension benefits and 'high-risk groups' of pension aspirants who b) had either already submitted an application or c) intended to do so. The comparison of the sociomedical data from the two groups showed that the high-risk group contained a markedly larger percentage of unemployed patients and patients who had been on sick leave for longer periods. The average age of the pension aspirants was higher. Moreover, this group contained a larger percentage of male patients than did the non-applicant group. An assessment of rehabilitation potential uncovered a distinctly depressed potential in the high-risk group. Moreover, the assessment of individual patient performance conducted at the end of each rehabilitation programme yielded significantly lower scores for the high-risk groups in comparison with the non-applicant group. On the basis of the decrease in symptoms, it is evident that only small therapeutic success can be achieved with these patients, who as a group display a significantly lower therapeutic motivation than their non-applicant counterparts. Furthermore, there was a higher incidence of recurrent depressive disorders and somatic pain disorders in the high-risk groups. The development of pension aspirations can be described as a process starting with a disorientation phase, proceeding to an ambivalence phase and culminating in a rigid terminal phase. Patients who have reached this stage are generally resistant to rehabilitation efforts. For this reason, early recognition of pension aspirations is of critical importance.


The Missoula Valley in western Montana is home to nearly 800 wintering elk (Cervus elaphus), including the North Hills, Evaro, Jumbo, O'Brien Creek and Miller Creek herds. With the City of Missoula as the hub, the Valley has experienced substantial human population growth over the last 30 yrs. This increased growth and subsequent development has consumed and fragmented wildlife habitat and placed additional recreational demands on adjacent public lands. Wildlife biologists with Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks have worked cooperatively with local governments, federal agencies, land trusts, other non-governmental organizations, and the general public to conserve and protect important elk winter range and habitat connectivity within the wildland/urban interface of the Missoula Valley. From a biological perspective, we have been extremely successful in managing for the persistence of elk populations. However, protecting winter range adjacent to and fragmented by human development has additional management challenges and costs. Since 1980, the North Hills elk herd has grown an average of 11 percent per year, with a 48-percent growth rate occurring between 2000 and 2007. Without an effective harvest, this population is expected to double in less than seven years. To protect elk winter range and to continue to keep elk wild, wildlife biologists have needed to become more creative with their management and conservation strategies. This presentation discusses those strategies, as well as the dichotomy of conserving elk winter range and managing elk on human developed landscapes.


Admission website or well-known as PMB in University of Muhammadiyah Malang is used by millions of people every year. The accessibility of the website for mobile platform should be elevated to meet the standard of modern website by taking note of User Experience (UX) aspect. This study aims to evaluate the prototype of admission website for mobile platform using Expressing, Emotions and Experiences (3E) method. 3E is a self-report method allowing both pictorial and verbal reporting. A set of questionnaires in a form of a paper with human body sketch and a box dialog are compiled and distributed to respondents. The result shows that the prototype has 60% positive responds.


Lowland-Cordillera relations have always been treated from a perspective of dichotomization. This view has its own value—as political rhetoric or as a form of characterization—considering the variations in features and historical experiences of the said regions. The late William Henry Scott posed: "Who can really say what makes the lowlander different from the Cordillera?" The concept of historical confluence attempts to draw occasions of encounter between the lowlander and the peoples of the Cordillera. That the lowlands (with specific reference to Northern Luzon) and the Cordillera have maintained social ties in history is the focus of this paper. What are these historical confluences? What conditions led to this lowland-upland shared experiences? The paper concludes with some notes on how historiographies of interethnic relations (both from the methodological and substantive dimensions) could fill the gaps or enrich the data on lowland-Cordillera historical confluences.


The toxic and teratologic effects of caffeine on chick embryos explanted at stages 4-7 and cultured for 19-22 hours were investigated. Caffeine, at 200-300 micrograms/ml, significantly increased the incidence of neural tube defects regardless of the developmental stage at treatment. Concentrations of 500 micrograms/ml or higher inhibited morphogenesis of nearly all organ primordia. In general, the effects of caffeine were concentration dependent and younger embryos were more susceptible to treatment than their older counterparts. Microscopic studies confirmed that the developing neuroepithelium was most sensitive to treatment. Caffeine, at concentrations sufficient to inhibit neural tube closure, caused no apparent alteration in the ultrastructure of cellular components except that apical microfilament bundles were thinner and less conspicuous than usual. Furthermore, caffeine (400 micrograms/ml) selectively inhibited uplifting of neural folds (and hence, closure of the neural tube) in embryos explanted at stage 8 and cultured for 4-6 and 16 hours. Affected neuroepithelial cells lacked the typical bottle-shaped characteristic and folded apical surfaces. Overall results of this study suggest that caffeine causes neural tube defects, at least in part, through its inhibitory action on the contractile activity of apical microfilament bundles in developing neuroepithelial cells.


The second International Congress of the International Federation of Family Life Promotion (IFFLP) held in Ireland in September 24 to October 1 1980 was conducted to provide a forum for issues relating to natural family planning (NFP). The Congress was divided into 3 components: 1) scientific status program development and NFP programs in their cultural contexts; 2) the IFFLP general assembly; and 3) trainers workshop. 2 NFP effectiveness studies (Los Angeles study and Colombia study) both comparing the ovulation method and the sympto-thermal method were discussed in terms of recruitment training dropouts and conclusions. Recruitment in both studies was very low (2-3% of population in the Los Angeles study and less for the Colombia study) raising questions relating to the measure of acceptability of natural methods in the population concerned and the nature of the constraints of the study. Dropout rate reached an alarming 70% at the end of a year in both studies raising the questions of the validity of the life-table analysis presented. The Pearl Index values for both studies were very high: for the LA study 18.5/100 woman-years for the sympto-thermal method and 32/100 woman-years for the ovulation method; for the Colombia study 33/100 for the sympto-thermal method and 35/100 for the ovulation method. The following were deemed as important scientific advances in NFP: 1) clarification of the concept of "basic infertile" pattern of preovulatory mucus (unchanged pattern day after day means continuing infertility); 2) use of cervical mucus as one of the most important indices in infertile/subfertile patients and also during lactation and premenopause; and 3) development of methods for measuring levels of estrone-3-glucuronide and pregnanediol-3-alpha-glucuronide to predict start and end of fertile phase. A paper presented on the use of the Billings Ovulation Method by 82 postpartum women followed up for an average of 16 months showed that only 4 unplanned pregnancies occurred (2 method and 2 user failures) and 97.8% of the women learned to recognize their postpartum mucus pattern. The Pearl Index was 7.3/100 woman-years and overall method failure rate was 3.6. Other topics discussed were NFP program services and developments in NFP by zonal groups.


Approaches to landscape are characterised by an unresolved distinction between political representation on the one hand and phenomenology on the other. In this paper we address this distinction by demonstrating how those living in close quarters with landscape (farmers) translate their lived experience into political representation. Through the use of rhetoric culture theory we show how farmers use narrative and symbolism to stake their political claims. Moreover, we argue that a focus on lived experience should not deprive our ethnographic encounters of political significance. On the contrary, we demonstrate how by focussing on the lived experience of farmers we can better appreciate how they: are motivated to act politically; have the skills to act politically, and; gain political legitimacy in the eyes of others. We argue that whilst phenomenological approaches provide fertile grounds for political analysis the majority of such research remains politically empty. We demonstrate how, contrary to much of the literature, farmers can and do aesthetically fix the landscape for rhetorical effect, and how narrative as rhetorical representation always already serves to politicise time. We suggest rhetoric, therefore, as an appropriate conceptual tool for mediating and advancing our understanding of the relationship between landscape experience and landscape politics.


A procedure to control all six DOF (degrees of freedom) of a UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) without an external reference system and to enable fully autonomous flight is presented here. For 2D positioning the principle of optical flow is used. Together with the output of height estimation, fusing ultrasonic, infrared and inertial and pressure sensor data, the 3D position of the UAV can be computed, controlled and steered. All data processing is done on the UAV. An external computer with a pathway planning interface is for commanding purposes only. The presented system is part of the AQopterI8 project, which aims to develop an autonomous flying quadrocopter for indoor application. The focus of this paper is 2D positioning using an optical flow sensor. As a result of the performed evaluation, it can be concluded that for position hold, the standard deviation of the position error is 10cm and after landing the position error is about 30cm.


ABSTRACT Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is characterized by demyelination of the central nervous system. Emodin is an anthraquinone derivative with comprehensive anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects and is widely used in the treatment of inflammatory, tumor, and immune system diseases. However, none of the clinical or experimental studies have explored the therapeutic efficacy of emodin in EAE/multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, we evaluated the protective effect of emodin on EAE mediated via inhibition of microglia activation and inflammation. Wild-type mice were randomly divided into the normal control, EAE, low-dose emodin, and high-dose emodin groups. Clinical scores and pathological changes were assessed 21 days after immunization. The network pharmacology approach was used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by using an online database. Molecular docking, polymerase-chain reaction tests, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were performed to verify the network pharmacology results. An in vivo experiment showed that high-dose emodin ameliorated clinical symptoms, inflammatory cell infiltration, and myelination. Pharmacological network analysis showed AKT1 was the main target and that emodin played a key role in MS treatment mainly via the PI3K–Akt pathway. Molecular docking showed that emodin bound well with PI3K, AKT1, and NFKB1. Emodin decreased the expression of phosphorylated(p)-PI3K, p-Akt, NF-κB, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 and the levels of markers (CD86 and CD206) in M1- and M2-phenotype microglia in EAE. Thus, the emodin inhibited microglial activation and exhibited anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects against EAE via the Myd88/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signalling pathway. In conclusion, emodin has a promising role in EAE/MS treatment, warranting further detailed studies.


We estimate the age of humid lowland tropical forests in Rondônia, Brazil, from a somewhat densely spaced time series of Landsat images (1975-2003) with an automated procedure, the Threshold Age Mapping Algorithm (TAMA), first described here. We then estimate a landscape-level rate of aboveground woody biomass accumulation of secondary forest by combining forest age mapping with biomass estimates from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS). Though highly variable, the estimated average biomass accumulation rate of 8.4 Mg ha -1 yr -1 agrees well with ground-based studies for young secondary forests in the region. In isolating the lowland forests, we map land cover and general types of old-growth forests with decision tree classification of Landsat imagery and elevation data. We then estimate aboveground live biomass for seven classes of old-growth forest. TAMA is simple, fast, and self-calibrating. By not using between-date band or index differences or trends, it requires neither image normalization nor atmospheric correction. In addition, it uses an approach to map forest cover for the self-calibrations that is novel to forest mapping with satellite imagery; it maps humid secondary forest that is difficult to distinguish from old-growth forest in single-date imagery; it does not assume that forest age equals time since disturbance; and it incorporates Landsat Multispectral Scanner imagery. Variations on the work that we present here can be applied to other forested landscapes. Applications that use image time series will be helped by the free distribution of coregistered Landsat imagery, which began in December 2008, and of the Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite Vegetation Product, which simplifies the use of GLAS data. Finally, we demonstrate here for the first time how the optical imagery of fine spatial resolution that is viewable on Google Earth provides a new source of reference data for remote sensing applications related to land cover.


BACKGROUND
Conservative treatment of anal fisures are reserved for acute forms. Many different treatments are available for chronic anal fissures, which offer different responses and risks for complications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study describes various surgical and non-surgical treatment modalities offered for chronic anal fissure with their advantages and complications.

CONCLUSION
Considering the various pros and cons, we are of the opinion that treatment of chronic anal fissure must be individualized, depending on the clinical condition of patients. Explaining all the available options to the patient, the clinician should suggest a good and safe choice to achieve the optimum results for the particular patient. (Tab. 2, Ref. 26.)


This study investigated the influence of the addition of Magnesium Stearate (MgSt) with commercial grade (Lactochem®) and smoothed carrier lactose particles (Nanolac®) on the performance of a budesonide-lactose dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation. A Multi Stage Liquid Impinger (MSLI) was used to investigate the in vitro deposition profile of the budesonide-lactose formulations containing different concentrations of Magnesium Stearate (MgSt), a widely used lubricant in the manufacture of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Upon pre-blending Magnesium Stearate using high shear blending process the aerosolisation performance of the DPI generally increased. This study suggested that the addition of 0.25% w/w MgSt in the formulation with Lactochem (63-90 m sieved lactose) resulted in the greatest aerosolisation efficiency amongst the other Lactochem formulations, while for the Nanolac formulations the addition of 0.5% w/w MgSt resulted in the most efficient aerosolisation. This difference could be attributed to the different surface morphology between the two carriers used and therefore the difference in their interparticulate forces between the drug particles and the surface of the carrier. The study suggested that an optimum concentration of the MgSt needs to be reached in order to get balanced interparticulate forces between the drug particles and the carrier surface which will enable maximum aerosolisation deposition. The influence of storage humidity on the aerosolisation efficiency and therefore the adhesion properties of the same formulations were also investigated. The formulations were stored for 3 months at 25°C, 75%RH and 40°C, 75%RH. Storage humidity had a significant effect on the aerosolisation efficiency of all formulations except from the formulation containing 0.5% w/w MgSt. This could be due to the formation of a hydrophobic layer on the surface of the powder formulation, making it less sensitive to moisture. In addition, at high humidity, surface amorphous regions may have the ability to re-crystallize and effectively fuse to the lactose carrier surface, reducing the ability for the powder to be aerosolized and decreasing the FPF. This study suggests therefore, that an optimum concentration of the MgSt needs to be reached in order not only increase aerolisation efficiency but to maintain formulation stability upon exposure to elevated conditions of temperature and relative humidity.


Text Analysis is a useful process to assist teachers in the selection of the most suitable texts for their students. This task demands the analysis of several text features, which is done mostly manually (e.g. syntactic complexity, words variety, etc.). In this paper, we present an open source tool useful for linguistic and stylistic analysis, called AzterTest. AzterTest calculates 153 features and obtains 90.09 % in accuracy when classifying into three reading levels (elementary, intermediate, and advanced). AzterTest is available also as web tool.


A few of us were discussing our past efforts in recruiting our students to become school-based agricultural educators. An alarming question was consistently asked. Did we do enough to encourage students to pursue careers in teaching secondary agriculture? While recruiting potential agricultural educators requires the effort of all of those involved in secondary agricultural education, as high school teachers, had we been sifting out the top students in our programs? Effective sifting should target all students with the potential to be great agricultural educators. Coordinating our recruitment programs at the local, regional, state, and national levels can ensure that we not only sift through our students for great potential educators, but also successfully recruit future agricultural educators into the profession. The national program, Teach Ag Campaign (NAAE, 2011), lays the ground work for recruiting future agricultural educators. So, let's discuss two effective programs at the state and regional level in Illinois and Tennessee, and then propose a unique local level activity for teacher recruitment. State Level Initiative - Elite Conference in Illinois Illinois agricultural education stakeholders have designed a daylong workshop for juniors and seniors in high school who are interested in teaching agriculture. The Elite Conference is coordinated by Mrs. Mindy Bunselmeyer, District Director of the Facilitating Coordination in Agricultural Education (FCAE) in Illinois, to encourage students to enter Career and Technical Education (CTE) teaching. The conference is an all inclusive experience in high school agricultural education. The Elite Conference features university and college representatives, presentations from agricultural education organizations, and high school teachers. The event has even stretched beyond agricultural education. Starting with the 4th year of the conference in 2009, five CTE areas have been included in the event: agriculture, business, family & consumer sciences, health occupations, and industrial technology. The conference has grown to 67 students attending the workshop in 2010 for the agriculture section alone. The Elite Conference is a six hour long event and the location has rotated throughout Illinois. Students meet with university and junior college representatives about the educational requirements needed for becoming an agricultural educator. Breakout sessions allow students from the different CTE areas to meet together. Agriculture students learn about Illinois's Agriculture in the Classroom program and listen to current educators about the joys of teaching. They even have the chance to do teaching activities and talk about their experiences. A lunch is provided and snacks are offered during the breaks. Door prizes are also given out at the end of the conference. The conference is by no means a small project. Mindy has to worry about facilities to host the ever growing conference and funds for hosting the conference. She has to organize representatives and speakers from a variety of places. Agricultural educators and students must be able to take a day off from school and find transportation to the event. But, the impact that the Elite Conference has on students is great. A student who attended the conference said, "Everything was amazing; it really continued to give me the punch to keep going; the teacher panel was the best - to see real life situations" (Facilitating Coordination in Agricultural Education, 2010). These types of events are valuable tools needed to recruit every possible future educator of agriculture. Regional Level Initiative Teach Ag Rally in Tennessee Agricultural educators and university teacher educators in Tennessee are taking it upon themselves to recruit potential agricultural educators. For the past two years at the Tennessee State FFA Convention a small group of agricultural educators have organized the Teach Ag Rally. …


What are the boundaries for teachers' freedom of expression in public, secular schools in Canada? Drawing from the constitutional text, legislation, and normative expectations emerging from the literature, this article examines the scope given to teachers' expression in landmark case law. The analysis shows that the binomial of trust and responsibility guides the interpretation of this fundamental freedom for teachers, who should neither act as class monarchs, absolutely free of restraints, nor as hired mouth, narrowly limited to the official curriculum. The article concludes that the ethical duties of preventing harm to students and engaging in responsible pedagogy circumscribe Canadian schoolteachers' freedom of expression.


This study focuses on dual career women academics in a higher education (HE) institution in Nigeria. It explores the experiences of some of these women academics and exposes the internal dynamics that characterize intra-group interactions in the academe. It subsequently raises the issue of equitable participation of men and women academics in HE institutions in Africa. It attempts to understand how the constructed identities of dual career women academics intersect with their interactions in the university space, and impact on their career experiences. Paying attention to the marital institution also, this study explores how these women's academic freedom can be undermined by the power play in this arena, bearing in mind their categorization. The study thus identifies the areas in which the autonomy and academic freedom of women academics in dual career marriages are possibly undermined. Ethnographic methods provided data for this study. The article concludes that the challenge of academic freedom demands more inward examination of the 'micro politics within' in order to incorporate the interests of all stakeholders within the intellectual community in the struggle for academic freedom and academic democracy in the continent of Africa.


In this work we investigated how to measure concurrently flexion-extension and internal-external rotations in a smart knee prosthesis. A configuration of magnetic sensors and magnets were designed and embedded in knee prostheses in which each sensor measures a mixture of information related to both rotations. Using correlation analyses, angle estimators were designed to separate the flexion-extension and internal-external rotations information. The estimators were validated in a mechanical knee simulator towards a reference system. The effect of imposed abduction-adduction was also analyzed on the estimations performances. To reduce the power consumption of the internal system, we reduced the sampling rate and duty cycled the sensors and compensated the lack of information with skin-mounted sensors on four subjects. The fusion between implantable and skin-mounted sensors drastically improved the flexion-extension angle estimation, but not the internal-external estimation.


Modern malware applies a rich arsenal of evasion techniques to render dynamic analysis ineffective. In turn, dynamic analysis tools take great pains to hide themselves from malware; typically this entails trying to be as faithful as possible to the behavior of a real run. We present a novel approach to malware analysis that turns this idea on its head, using an extreme abstraction of the operating system that intentionally strays from real behavior. The key insight is that the presence of malicious behavior is sufficient evidence of malicious intent, even if the path taken is not one that could occur during a real run of the sample. By exploring multiple paths in a system that only approximates the behavior of a real system, we can discover behavior that would often be hard to elicit otherwise. We aggregate features from multiple paths and use a funnel-like configuration of machine learning classifiers to achieve high accuracy without incurring too much of a performance penalty. We describe our system, TAMALES (The Abstract Malware Analysis LEarning System), in detail and present machine learning results using a 330K sample set showing an FPR (False Positive Rate) of 0.10% with a TPR (True Positive Rate) of 99.11%, demonstrating that extreme abstraction can be extraordinarily effective in providing data that allows a classifier to accurately detect malware.


The study evaluates three background subtraction techniques. The techniques ranges from very basic algorithm to state of the art published techniques categorized based on speed, memory requirements and accuracy. Such a review can effectively guide the designer to select the most suitable method for a given application in a principled way. The algorithms used in the study ranges from varying levels of accuracy and computational complexity. Few of them can also deal with real time challenges like rain, snow, hails, swaying branches, objects overlapping, varying light intensity or slow moving objects.


Objective: The main motto of this work is to trace the cyber fraud people and moreover we had extended this work in multiple way usage in the forensic mode. Method: So in this method let us imagine a scenario in which something incorrectly happen on the server and on the off chance that if an association will misfortune some kind of information (means if an association will hack and misfortune some critical information. Yes this may happen, it may happen in light of the fact that an assailant more keen than an infiltration analyzer. So after this the time is to get the programmer, for this reason you require a scientific device, so in this article we will talk about DEFT Linux a complete distro for measurable purposes. Findings: The Digital Evidence and Forensic Toolkit or DEFT Linux, is a live distro that gives devices to investigating PC frameworks and gathering criminological confirmation. The distro contains apparatuses for scanning and breaking down circle drives, databases and system movement of Windows and Linux frameworks. Application: DEFT incorporates instruments to bolster Incident Response, Cyber Intelligence and Computer Forensics. It incorporates WINE and the Digital Advanced Response Toolkit (DART). The essential center of the distro is the precise and dependable gathering of proof for use in criminal procedures. Thus, most DEFT devices are arranged to gathering data without changing the framework being analyzed. And more over we had used FTK imager and Winhex, data recovery tools to find suspect. So, finally in this paper we are going to test an unapproved information with a planned results.


SUMMARY
All the experimental models for the induction of colon cancer
have several potential advantages, such the ability to
precisely control the animals diets and other environmental
factors, the opportunity to systematically investigate
biochemical and molecular parameters of interest during
the premalignant phase and so on. It is clear that they are
only models and that the data generated may or may not be
directly applicable to the colonic malignant transformation
processes in humans.
Key words: Chemical compounds, Carcinogens, Tumour cell
lines, Colon, Animal model


This paper reviews the most representative examples of heterometallic complexes containing three different paramagnetic metal ions, focusing on their magnetic properties. These compounds show a rich structural variety, ranging from discrete species to coordination polymers of various dimensionalities. The general synthetic strategies leading to heterotrimetallic complexes are discussed and illustrated.