Introduction: In sub-Saharan Africa, a paucity of data exists in respect of the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of patients on maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) regarding the dietary adaptations they should make. Methods: In a descriptive, cross-sectional study, conducted in 2017, questionnaires were administered during structured interviews with 75 participants in five MHD-units in Bloemfontein to assess socio-demographics and KAP regarding the 'renal' diet. Results: The median age was 50.5 years; 70.7% of participants were male. Overall, 49.4% scored low (< 50%) on knowledge regarding restricted foods, food content of restricted minerals, and phosphate binders; 60.0% reported negative attitudes towards the diet, and 61.4% reported poor adherence practices. Participants with tertiary education (28.0%) had significantly higher knowledge scores than participants with only primary school education (6.7%) (95% CI 3.9%; 73.5%), or those who had only partially completed secondary school (17.3%) (95% CI 6.3%; 64.0%). Only 21.0% reported having received written, and 30.7% verbal, nutrition education in their home language, while 24.0% reported never receiving nutrition education in either their home or second language. Having received nutrition education in a home language and/or second language was associated with significantly higher knowledge scores (95% CI 3.7%; 49.5%). Most (77.3%) reported zero to one consultation with a dietitian per MHD year (NKF-K/DOQI recommends at least three/MHD year). Conclusion: This population on MHD presented with poor KAP regarding the 'renal' diet, and inadequate involvement of dietitians in their treatment. Receiving nutritional education in a first or second language significantly increased knowledge of, and insight into, the required dietary adaptations.


A new method was proposed for the preconcentration/separation of zinc at trace levels using a modified organo-bentonite with dithizone (D-O-bentonite) and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The influences of some experimental parameters including pH of the sample solution, contact time, and volume of eluent have been investigated. The influences of some matrix elements were also examined. The results show that the zinc ion could be adsorbed on the D-O-bentonite. The adsorbed quantitively was affected by the pH value of medium and contact time. In the medium of pH 4-5, the contact time was 20 min, and capacity of adsorption was 32.0 mg·g-1. The zinc adsorbed on the sorbent could be completely eluated by using 0.5 mol·L-1 HNO3. The method has a good tolerance to matrix interference. The detection limit of the method for zinc ion was 0.013 µg·L-1. The method was successfully applied to the pre-concentration/separation of zinc ion in the tap water and human urine with satisfactory results.


Using performance to prompt new cultural practice/energy around recent trauma Humanitarian responses - how might we be able to build new knowledge from this by bringing it into dialogue with contemporary takes of plague - e.g. Madagascar - or even situations like Ebola, and in Sierra Leone - self quarantining

The potential that the novel offers are to explore how pandemic threats are managed and conceived particularly relevant to the Ebola crisis. There are many directions that the project could follow and great potential for cross disciplinary arts/science research themes to be explored in the research:
Health
Superstition
Documentary
Women finding their voice
Cultures which limit women
Facing change
Ignorance reason knowledge
Learning to change
Stoicism
Good story
Against Dogma
Women constantly having to adjust themselves to cultures where men don't have to
Arnfield's work is situated in Theatre of the Real focusing on the politics of memory and biographical narrative methodologies such as:
Remembering hindsight
Reliving
Factual Objective
Finding it so painful trying to avoid telling
Trying to be accurate, to recapture
Emotion of now present and if remembering
Biographical interviews top story


We pushed back the limits of molar mass control in aqueous RAFT/MADIX polymerisation through a fast and quantitative gel polymerisation of a series of acrylamido monomers. Unprecedentedly high Mn up to 106 g mol−1 with low dispersities (Đ < 1.2) was achieved in homopolymerisation, statistical and block copolymerisation of a selection of acrylamido monomers such as AM, DMA, AMPS and NIPAM. The reasons for access to an abnormally high kinetic chain length in the presence of a RAFT/MADIX agent are discussed.


ABSTRACT Lifestyle and informal sports have been recognised by policy makers as offering opportunities to increase participation in physical activity, particularly amongst hard to reach groups. Lifestyle sports are, however, double edged in their potential to achieve these goals. Their playful and non-traditional features may attract new participants less interested in traditional sports but the very liquidity of these activities may mean that the engagement of participants is fragmented and not sustained beyond a particular period in their lives. This article presents the perspective of mountain biking user-managers; those involved in the delivery, clubs and communities of mountain bikers across the United Kingdom. Findings suggest that whilst lifestyle sport communities are dependent on the work of formalised clubs to gain access to the funding and resources they need to sustain their activities, core participants will not always want to have to liaise or become involved formally within a club structure. In addition, clubs will not succeed in delivering sustained activities in line with sport policy to increase and maintain participation by relying on individual grants and without the support of an active informal user community. Accounts highlight the importance of engaging informal user communities with a sense of ownership such as locals to ensure new participants are integrated and the community is able to replenish.


In contemporary culture risk is ubiquitous, filtering through a range of activities, practices and experiences. In line with rising public concerns about the management of current threats - such as crime, terrorism and global warming - interest in risk has gathered momentum in the social sciences, galvanized by Ulrich Beck's risk society thesis. Bringing together cutting edge academics and researchers, "Beyond the Risk Society" provides an understanding of the relevance and impact of the concept of risk in various subject areas. Contributions by domain experts critically evaluate the way in which theoretical risk perspectives have influenced their fields of interest, offering the opportunity to reflect upon the problems and possibilities for future work on risk. In assembling this collection, the editors propose a holistic and trans-disciplinary approach to understanding the nature and consequences of risk in everyday life. This text is key reading for social sciences students in a range of disciplines, including sociology, criminology, cultural studies, media studies, psychology and social policy. The contributors include: Alison Anderson, Rob Flynn, Jane Franklin, Hazel Kemshall, Deborah Lupton, Phil Macnaghten, Jim McGuigan, Peter McMylor, Gabe Mythen, Pat O'Malley, Teela Sanders, Steve Tombs, Sandra Walklate, Dave Whyte, and Iain Wilkinson.


In our current economic situation, business activities are said to be knowledge-demanding. The awareness of companies on the importance of managing individual and collective knowledge has increased. There are high requirements of knowledge in the knowledge driven economy where specialized expert knowledge and problem solving know-how are crucial to bring a firm towards better performance. Most organizations have valuable knowledge contributing to better processes, management and technologies. Better processing and lower cost are among the determinants for high performance of a company. Knowledge is considered as one of the intellectual materials in organizations that could create wealth. This is known as the intellectual capital where it can create assets of higher value (Kannan and Aulbur, 2004). Consequently, the involvement of management accountants in the knowledge sharing process is very crucial. A research by Edward, Collier and Shaw (2005) shows that their role is to identify the essential knowledge, develop, utilize and analyze the knowledge for the organization to the benefit of the business performance. A performance measurement process would assist the company to achieve its strategic goals that would lead towards high performance. Many companies consider knowledge as vital resources for contributing to management and competitiveness. This research to focus and explores on the aspects of knowledge sharing with the influencing factors and also determine its relationship with the business performance of companies in Malaysia. The main two influencing factors identifies in this research are individual factors and organizational factors. Research results from the survey of 119 respondents from several organizations in Malaysia show that individual factors and organizational factors are positively influence the willingness of employees to donate and collect knowledge. Findings also show that knowledge sharing processes have positive influence of the overall business performance.


Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive drug the efficiency of which has been established in renal transplantation. Recent studies suggest that it may also be effective in the treatment of variant skin diseases especially if the skin lesions are triggered by lymphocytes. Studies have shown efficacy in autoimmune bullous dermatoses, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. However, there are no placebo-controlled trials that support the use of MMF as first line therapy in these skin diseases.


Making Russian Democracy Work: Social Capital, Economic Development, and Democratization, Christopher Marsh. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Meilen Press, Ltd., 2000. 202 pp. $109.95 hardcover.One of the more intriguing questions in world politics today is whether Russia will be able to consolidate its young and still very fragile democracy. The developments that have occurred lately show signs of clear attempts from Russian state authorities to focus their strengths on the consolidation of state power rather than on the consolidation of democracy. A recent development in the media sector is only one of many that point in this direction. Swedish media in covering the hostage situation at the theater at Melnikov Ulitsa in Moscow reported that Russian journalists were instructed by government agencies to erase everything in their texts covering the police use of gas to stop the terrorists. ' That limitation on freedom of expression and freedom of the press indeed poses a serious threat toward the fragile Russian democracy. A highly justified question therefore is whether Russia will be able to overcome the many obstacles it currently faces and make democracy work; that is the inquiry that poses the point of departure for Dr. Marsh's study Making Russian Democracy Work: Social Capital, Economic Development, and Democratization. The book, which is devoted to the prospects for further democratization in the Russian Federation, investigates the impact of history as well as social capital, socioeconomic development, and regime support on the democratization process.2Perhaps the most important contribution of the book is its attempt to trace the foundation on which Russian democracy rests, focusing on the people who make up the newly democratic Russia, and their readiness to support their political system through participation and understanding. It is a focus that has been in the shadow of the core of democracy, the institutions, for far too long. By combining an understanding of Russian culture from the historical as well as contemporary perspective with statistical analysis based on a cross-regional approach of Russia's eighty-nine regions and possible requisites of democratization, the study and its conclusions become solid and trustworthy.The theoretical perspective rests mainly on the scholarship of Seymor Martin Lipset and Robert D. Putnam, who respectively have devoted their research to the explanation of functioning democracies and the necessary prerequisites of democratization and consolidation processes. The study begins with a historical expose of Russia's troubled transition to democracy. It proceeds through the turbulent development of the Russian state, characterized by struggle and autocracy, starting with the rise of the Kievan state in the late 80Os and ending with the Russian democracy under Boris Yeltsin at the end of the twentieth century. The period is explained as an evolutionary path toward democracy, with an interregnum in the shape of the seventy years of communist dictatorship. After the first two chapters, Marsh invites us to follow his search for Russian democracy and its prospects for further development through a cross-regional investigation of the impact of socioeconomic development, regime support, and social capital on Russian democratization.In defining and assessing the Russian democracy, Marsh turns to authorities in the area such as Joseph Schumpeter, Anthony Downs, and Robert Dahl, where he decides to go with Dahl's criteria for functional democracy, polyarchy. This choice is legitimized by the fact that Dahl's criteria are more flexible and include an aspect that is ignored or not considered explicitly by the other two scholars, namely civic activity. That is an amendment to the minimalist democratic theory (primarily represented by Schumpeter), and is necessary for understanding the complex Russian situation. Marsh then concludes that Russia meets the most stringent definition of democracy, and asks to what degree the Russian Federation can be considered a democratic state. …


Feature points can be used to match images. Candidate feature points are extracted through SIFT firstly. Then feature points are selected from candidate points through singular value decomposing. Distance between feature points sets is computed According to theory of invariability of feature points set, images are matched if the distance is less than a threshold. Experiment showed that this algorithm is available.


An analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC–FLD) was developed for the simultaneous quantification of five aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1) in dairy products. The extraction and HPLC separation parameters of the analytes were optimized. The ultrasonically homogenized samples were extracted using 84% (v/v) acetonitrile aqueous solution. The samples were purified using a Mycosep®226 Aflazon+ multi-functional purification column. After filtration and concentration, the analytes were separated using a DIKMA Diamonsil-C18(2) column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) and then eluted with methanol/acetonitrile (4 : 7)–water for analysis. Aflatoxins were separated by elution with a retention time of 20 min. The LOQ of selected analytes ranged from 0.07 μg kg−1 to 0.43 μg kg−1. Moreover, high correlation coefficients (r2 > 0.999) were obtained for the five aflatoxins within the respective linear range of 0.06–40.6 ng mL−1. In addition, the recovery rate was within 82.8–104.5%. Given its simple pretreatment, rapid determination, and high sensitivity, the proposed quantitative method can be successfully used to determine and quantify aflatoxin contaminants in complex matrices.


This work provides a procedure and methodology for the design of an electro-magnetic sensor based on induction due to ferromagnetic and pure electrically conduc-tive hidden targets. The electromagnetic sensor is made of one or several excitation coils, which induce eddy currents in the target(s) and one or several sensing coils, which measure the target response. The latter signals are then processed to obtain the wanted properties of the target. Detection by induction at radio frequencies (medium frequen-cies) is famous for its relative simplicity, cost effective, and precise size discrimination but has disadvantages mainly in signal strength (especially for far hidden targets) and it is less effective in material discrimination in the case where multi-material targets are present. The presented methodology links three main design fields: excitation, sensor design, and post-processing. Its objective is to improve detection by induction in allow-ing for selectivity in detection or the possibility to distinctively detect targets made of different materials. Implemented simulation models together with experimental verifi-cation led to a highly improved procedure in target feature discrimination. Features are defined here as: size, depth, location, and even material of the target(s). A forward mod-el helped in linking the physical aspects of the defined targets to mathematical para-metrized equations that contributed easily in a flexible discrete inverse model for both transient (pulse induction) and time harmonic (harmonic induction). Feature discrimi-nation is a necessary step to reach the final aim defined here as distinctive detection. It means being able to distinguish between single material targets and mixed material targets at the same time and still discriminate their features. The proposal is flexible even for relative target orientation, robust in changing environmental conditions, relia-ble even for relatively far targets, balanced and robust to overcome manufacturing toler-ances, precise enough to meet industrial sensor specifications of such technology, and can combine different excitations with their benefits and give the required outcome se-lectively.


Semiparametric estimation has gained significant attention in the study of wage inequality between men and women in recent years. By extending the wage gap at the mean towards the entire wage distribution using quantile regression, it enables researchers to ascertain the direction and the proportions of differences in characteristics and returns to these characteristics at different parts of the wage distribution. This line of research has been prominent in western society but has not yet been explored in the context of the Malaysian labor market. To fill the gap, this paper examines the gender earnings gap in Malaysia between 1994 and 2004 using Malaysia Population and Family Survey data. The gender earnings differential, as measured by the log percentage point is 53% in 1994. The difference reduces to 45% for a restricted sample and 42% for the unrestricted sample in 2004. However, it was found that the gender wage gap reduces as we move up the wage distribution. This suggests that women suffer from a sticky floor effect, i.e., the gender wage gap is bigger at the bottom of distribution. More importantly, the observed gender wage differentials do not reflect differences in the productive characteristics of the workers. In fact, it accounts for very little, if any, of the gap in Malaysia. However, the extent of the price effect is larger at the bottom end of the distribution than at the top.


In this article, we highlighted the stories of university student mentors who are involved in the Australian Indigenous Mentoring Experience (AIME). The AIME program works with young Indigenous school students, at primary and secondary school levels, to encourage continued participation in education and to consider university as a viable life goal. The AIME program is explored from the perspective of the university students who are selected to mentor young Australian Indigenous school students. Adopting a narrative inquiry approach, the article presents richly descriptive insight into the motivations of these mentors and highlights how this experience has impacted upon them. While the research presented focuses on narratives of mentors, the data indicate that the AIME program employs an innovative approach to mentoring that enhances cultural understanding for mentors.


Combined with the flume experiments and 1D unsteady flow numerical model, the paper has investigated the overtopping breach process of the non-viscous embankment. The breach expansion and the variation process of water level above the breach gate have been studied by series of experiments. Considering the difficulty to monitor the discharge through the breach, 1D unsteady flow numerical model has been applied to simulate discharge variation process. It is found that the width of breach gate and water level above the breach gate are the two key factors which influence the discharge through the breach significantly. Discharge variation process through the breach gate is consistent with the flow rule of side weir. The calibrated flow coefficient is from 0.389 to 0.696. The investigation results can provide scientific basis for disaster prevention and evaluation of embankment burst.


INTRODUCTION
Events, specifically those where excessive alcohol consumption is common, pose a risk to increase alcohol-related presentations to emergency departments (EDs). Limited evidence exists that synthesizes the impact from events on alcohol-related presentations to EDs.

STUDY OBJECTIVE
This integrative review aimed to synthesize the literature regarding the impact events have on alcohol-related presentations to EDs.

METHODS
An integrative literature review methodology was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Guidelines for data collection, and Whittemore and Knafl's framework for data analysis. Information sources used to identify studies were MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE, last searched May 26, 2021.

RESULTS
In total, 23 articles describing 46 events met criteria for inclusion. There was a noted increase in alcohol-related presentations to EDs from 27 events, decrease from eight events, and no change from 25 events. Public holidays, music festivals, and sporting events resulted in the majority of increased alcohol-related presentations to EDs. Few articles focused on ED length-of-stay (LOS), treatment, and disposition.

CONCLUSION
An increase in the consumption of alcohol from holiday, social, and sporting events pose the risk for an influx of presentations to EDs and as a result may negatively impact departmental flow. Further research examining health service outcomes is required that considers the impact of events from a local, national, and global perspective.


Identifying natural factors of the progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D) provides a unique opportunity to develop novel preventative strategies for this disease. Our laboratory has identified serpin B13 proteinase inhibitor as a potential player, activity of which is involved in modifying the timing of T1D development. In this study we examined whether blocking of serpin B13 with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) in early life causes any changes in pancreatic islet development that may explain beneficial impact of this activity later in life. First, our animal studies showed that blocking of serpin B13 during mid-pregnancy caused robust increase in the number of Ngn3+ progenitor cells at day E16.5 and accelerated conversion of these cells to beta cells. Similar changes were observed in embryonic pancreatic buds in vitro. On the other hand, the serpin B13 protein significantly downregulated the output of Ngn3+ cells in these in vitro cultures. Importantly, at 2 to 3 months after birth, the offspring of serpin B13 mAb-treated mothers demonstrated increased islet cell mass and responded to the diabetes-inducing agent, streptozotocin, with markedly improved glucose tolerance and renal function, compared with control animals. Second, our screening of 280 children, previously enrolled in a DPT-1 clinical trial, for serpin B13 autoantibody (AA) revealed an inverse correlation of this AA with risk level for T1D, as well as a positive association with longer diabetes-free interval. These data demonstrate the significant, long-term impact of serpin B13 activity on islet biology and suggest that blocking this serpin has the potential to partially prevent, or at least slow down, the development of T1D both in the mouse and human. Disclosure Y. Kryvalap: None. M.L. Jiang: None. N. Kryvalap: None. K.A. Mueller: None. J. Czyzyk: None.


In this paper, we propose a new strategy, called Text Deconvolution Saliency (TDS), to visualize linguistic information detected by a CNN for text classification. We extend Deconvolution Networks to text in order to present a new perspective on text analysis to the linguistic community. We empirically demonstrated the efficiency of our Text Deconvolution Saliency on corpora from three different languages: English, French, and Latin. For every tested dataset, our Text Deconvolution Saliency automatically encodes complex linguistic patterns based on co-occurrences and possibly on grammatical and syntax analysis.


A classical inverse problem is "can you hear the density of a string clamped at both ends?" The mathematical model gives rise to an inverse Sturm--Liouville problem for the unknown density $\rho$, and it is well known that the answer is negative: the Dirichlet spectrum from the clamped end-point conditions is insufficient. There are many known ways to add additional information to gain a positive answer, and these include changing one of the boundary conditions and recomputing the spectrum or giving the energy in each eigenmode---the so-called norming constants. We make the assumption that neither of these changes are possible. Instead we will add known mass-densities to the string in a way we can prescribe and remeasure the Dirichlet spectrum. We will not be able to answer the uniqueness question in its most general form, but will give some insight to what "added masses" should be chosen and how this can lead to a reconstruction of the original string density.


Regnum Caelorum is a groundbreaking book that explores the largely overlooked connection in early Christian thought between understandings of the millennium and the intermediate state of the soul after death. Charles Hill traces Christian views of the soul's fate in Jewish texts, the New Testament, and in early Christian writers through the mid-third century A.D. His findings lead to a provocative new assessment of the development of Christian eschatology that corrects many misconceptions of earlier scholarly research. This second edition updates and substantially expands Hill's highly respected original work published by Oxford.


: The paper describes glandular formations found in marites of four species of trematodes: Macrodera longicollis, Pneumonoeces asper, P. variegatus and Skrjabinoeces similis. Differences in morphology and localisation of these formations in species belonging to different systematic groups and their similarity in closely related species are noted.


ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 11 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com This paper analyses the factors that are affecting the rate of learning interest and adoption of newer technologies extended through Veterinary University Training and Research Centre, Ramanathapuram, a recently established (June 2013) constituent unit of TANUVAS, by the farmers of Ramanathapuram district. The present study was carried out for a period of 2 years (June 2016 to May 2018). The source of database included, 1) the total number of beneficiaries enrolled themselves for the training, 2) the total turn outs out of the enrolled 3) the total missed outs after their enrolment for the training 4) total beneficiaries attended the training programme without any prior enrolment but as a result of advertisement in regional newspaper, state level magazines, Reliance voice talk messages, TANUVAS mobile apps etc., 5) data on rate of adoption of technologies by different categories of trainees towards new farm establishment and improvement in the already established farms. The analysis revealed that there was a significant improvement in their knowledge after attending two days on-campus training on various farming enterprises. The adoption level was found to be higher among the farmers attending training on country chicken farming, followed by sheep and goat farming. Although female participants showed 100% interest in attending training, none of them started new farm in this district. The adoption level is poor in case of dairy farming, due to huge initial investment and non-availability of green fodder in this district. Overall, young and lesser educated male participants were eager in adopting technologies by starting new farm after attending the training. K e y w o r d s Livestock Farmers, Training impact, Rates of adoption Accepted: 07 October 2019


Abstract This article explores how waste materials and waste practices figure in education, pointing to educational potentials of waste which have hitherto received little consideration in environmental and sustainability education practice and research. Building on empirical research on waste education in Danish schools and preschools, we discuss how an empirical and theoretical focus on waste as material and on waste practices moves beyond conventional approaches to waste in education. Seeking to overcome the shortcomings of habitual-behavioural and rational action approaches, we argue for an approach to waste education which encourages pupils to explore the socio-material aspects and trajectories of waste practices and waste materials.


Decisions about when to initiate investigations and which cases to prosecute are among the most difficult and contested choices international courts face. This chapter is part of a project aimed at developing general rules and principles of international criminal procedure. Its central aim therefore is to ascertain whether any general rules or principles govern decisions about which situations to investigate and which cases to prosecute. The chapter scans the available sources for principles or rules that either limit the discretion of decision-makers with regard to selection decisions or mandate certain considerations or courses of action. Perhaps unsurprisingly, we identify only a few applicable general principles, concluding instead that such selection decisions are largely a matter of policy. The most important principle that limits discretion in selection decisions is that of equality along with its corollary, the prohibition against invidious discrimination, and the related principle of impartiality. The law and practice also reveal a principle that charges should not be brought without sufficient evidence as well as a developing principle of independence – prosecutors should not take instruction from outside sources with regard to particular cases. After identifying these principles, we briefly suggest some issues that should be more fully considered as the law and practice related to selection decisions develops. In particular, additional attention should be focused on the manner in which selection decisions contribute to accomplishing and prioritizing the various goals and objectives of international criminal law.


This paper presents the design of a 5kW inductive charging system for electric vehicles (EVs). Over 90% efficiency is maintained from grid to battery across a wide range of coupling conditions at full load. Experimental measurements show that the magnetic field strength meets the stringent International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines for human safety. In addition, a new dual side control scheme is proposed to optimize system level efficiency. Experimental validation showed that a 7% efficiency increase and 25% loss reduction under light load conditions is achievable. The authors believe this paper is the first to show such high measured efficiencies for a level 2 inductive charging system. Performance of this order would indicate that inductive charging systems are reasonably energy efficient when compared to the efficiency of plug-in charging systems.


We present a novel paradigm of building an animatable 3D human representation from a monocular video input, such that it can be rendered in any unseen poses and views. Our method is based on a dynamic Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) rigged by a mesh-based parametric 3D human model serving as a geometry proxy. Previous methods usually rely on multi-view videos or accurate 3D geometry information as additional inputs; besides, most methods suffer from degraded quality when generalized to unseen poses. We identify that the key to generalization is a good input embedding for querying dynamic NeRF: A good input embedding should define an injective mapping in the full volumetric space, guided by surface mesh deformation under pose variation. Based on this observation, we propose to embed the input query with its relationship to local surface regions spanned by a set of geodesic nearest neighbors on mesh vertices. By including both position and relative distance information, our embedding defines a distance-preserved deformation mapping and generalizes well to unseen poses. To reduce the dependency on additional inputs, we first initialize per-frame 3D meshes using off-the-shelf tools and then propose a pipeline to jointly optimize NeRF and refine the initial mesh. Extensive experiments show our method can synthesize plausible human rendering results under unseen poses and views.


ABSTRACT Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy is a therapeutic option for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants resistant to lamivudine (LAM). We evaluated the antiviral efficacy and safety of TDF alone compared to those of TDF plus LAM or telbivudine (LdT) combination in patients harboring HBV variants with genotypic resistance to LAM. This multicenter retrospective study included consecutive patients who had LAM-resistant HBV variants and were treated with TDF alone (monotherapy group) or TDF combined with LAM or LdT (combination therapy group) for at least 6 months. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) for the entire cohort was applied to control for treatment selection bias. Overall, 153 patients (33 in the monotherapy group and 120 in the combination therapy group) were analyzed. The overall probability of achieving complete virologic suppression at month 12 was 91.6%: 88.6% in the monotherapy group and 92.6% in the combination therapy group. Combination therapy was not superior to monotherapy in viral suppression before and after IPTW (P = 0.562 and P = 0.194, respectively). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) loss, biochemical response, and virologic breakthrough did not differ between treatment groups. The probabilities of complete virologic suppression were comparable between treatment groups in the subsets according to HBeAg status and HBV DNA levels at baseline. No patient experienced any significant renal dysfunction during the treatment period. In conclusion, TDF monotherapy has antiviral efficacy comparable to that of TDF plus LAM or LdT combination therapy, with a favorable safety profile in CHB patients with LAM-resistant HBV variants.


Health reform is now moving beyond academic dialogue toward governmental implementation. Across the nation, a consensus has emerged that the nation's health system is in need of repair. President Clinton has made health reform one of his top priorities, and Hillary Rodham Clinton headed the task force that developed the administration's proposal for reform. Many other key players, including members of Congress, business leaders, health care providers, health insurance companies, and professional organizations have made it clear that they, too, are ready to work together toward a plan for the reform of the nation's health system. While it is not yet clear precisely what form the new American health system will take, we do have some indications as to what it might include based on recent discussions and debate. To date, discussions of health reform have focused almost exclusively on questions of how to extend health insurance to the nation's 35-40 million uninsured and, at the same time, bring medical care costs under control. These are, unquestionably, issues of great importance. There is danger, however, in limiting the discussion to issues of access and financing within the medical care sector. While the importance of increasing efficiency and improving access cannot be overstated, these issues alone do little to address the broader mission of the nation's health system--improving the health of the American people. While improvements in the medical care sector may contribute to better health outcomes for some individuals, it is unlikely that such changes alone will have a significant impact on measures of the nation's health. For health reform to be successful, health care reform must be accompanied by reform of the nation's public health system. That is: Health Reform = Health Care Reform + Public Health Reform Taken together, health care reform and public health reform can produce a more efficient, more equitable health system that actually improves the health and quality of life of the American people. We appreciate the opportunity to comment on this timely topic, in conjunction with Rundall's article, "The Integration of Public Health and Medicine." In many respects, our thinking, which reflects many discussions during 1992 and 1993 at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, parallels that of Rundall. We believe that health (care) reform offers a real opportunity to reform our overall health system, bringing public health and medical care into proper focus and integrating them in a sensible fashion. WHAT IS PUBLIC HEALTH? The American health system can be viewed as the union of two components--the health care (or medical care) system and the public health system. These two components are not independent and should not be viewed in such a way; indeed, the more independent each is, the less effective both become. Rather, the health care and public health systems do, and must, complement and interact with each other. Whereas the health care system tends to focus on the treatment of medical problems, the public health system's emphasis is on disease prevention and health promotion. While the health care system provides medical services to individuals seeking care, the public health system targets health services through community programs directed at population groups. Indeed, many definitions of public health exist, but nearly all share the recognition that prevention and the health of the community are central to public health. While most people have a general idea of what public health is, the public health system's organization and scope of activities are unclear even to many health professionals. In broad terms, as described in the Institute of Medicine's report, The Future of Public Health (1988), public health agencies perform three core functions: 1. Assessment: regularly and systematically collecting, assembling, and analyzing information on the health of populations, factors affecting people's health, and the health system itself. …


The t(11;17) has been described in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and the AF17 gene was previously cloned as a fusion partner of the MLL gene in t(11;17)(q23;q21)-AML. We analyzed one patient with de novo AML and one with therapy-related AML with t(11;17)(q23;q25) and identified the AF17q25 gene on chromosome 17q25, a putative septin family gene, fused with MLL. AF17q25 encoded at least three kinds of proteins [type I (568 a.a.), type II (594 a.a.), and type III (574 a.a.)] that contained two kinds of different amino acid sequences at the COOH terminus. The MLL-AF17q25 fusion transcript consisted of type I AF17q25 transcript. The AF17q25 protein is homologous to septin family proteins, including H5, NEDD5, CDC10, and hCDCrel, which is one of the fusion partners of MLL in t(11;22)(q23;q11)-AML. These results suggest that AF17q25 and hCDCrel might define a new septin family particularly involved in the pathogenesis of 11q23-associated leukemia.


Poultry investment became one of the most important farming activities in Sudan. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary treated cowpea seeds on the performance of broiler chicks. Four rations were formulated that contained 0 cowpea for the control diet (A) and 15% cowpea for the three tested rations. The test diets contained cowpea soaked with no enzyme addition (B), soaked with enzyme addition (C) or roasted (D). One hundred and sixty unsexed chicks were used in a complete randomized design. The results indicated that roasted seeds contained low crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash and metabolizable energy than soaked seeds, while it contained high nitrogen free extract than soaked seeds. Treatment differences had no significant effects on weekly and overall feed intake. There were only significant differences on weight gain in third and fourth weeks. Chicken  fed diet C gained the highest weight in week (3267.6) while chicken fed diet C and D gained the highest weight in week 4 (350.6 and 354.1g). Overall weight gain in the four treatments was not significantly different (1598.2 -1737.2 g). Treatments significantly affected feed conversion ratio in week 3 and 4 only diet C and D showed best results in the two weeks than the control and D diet. Over all feed conversion ratio was significantly better for chicks fed cow pea incorporated diets than those fed the control diet (2.40 vs. 2.60 kg feed / kg weight).


The purpose of this dissertation is to identify the factual business value of the evolving virtual world communities. The computer-based simulated environment has overcome the game stage and has become a phenomenon. The current virtual commerce activity is broad, from the purchase of virtual property to the creation of presence in the virtual worlds through marketing campaigns sponsored by real corporations. The exploratory case study of the unprecedented Second Life (SL) examines the economic aspects of the virtual world through multiple primary sources of evidence, particularly direct observation, documentation and interviews.

This dissertation unveils the current and potential business opportunities and marketing practice in virtual world communities and investigates their growth critical aspects as well as the business model presented by this type of environment. Findings show that the virtual economy derived from the virtual reality of Second Life includes similar prospects than the physical world along with those generated by the fiction environment. The virtual world represents yet another presence on the web - a 3D-page that facilitates unlimited interaction possibilities - and consequently, any business could benefit from linking a presence in the virtual world with their physical presence in the real world. However, the results of this research indicate that while Second Life empowers its users to explore and discover a virtual world, it lacks to provide a narrative to bond visitors or residents. The virtual world is still at an enfant stage and further efforts in building communities and developing activities to recurrently engage the users would be fundamental to the evolution of this business model.


We analyze a class of neural networks that solve convex programming problems. In carrying out the analysis we use concepts from the theory of differential equations with discontinuous right-hand sides and Lyapunov stability theory. We show that irrespective of the initial state of the network the state converges to a solution of the convex programming problem. The dynamic behavior of the networks is illustrated by two numerical examples.<<ETX>>


A model for predicting student performance on introductory programming modules is presented. The model uses attributes identified in a study carried out at four third-level institutions in the Republic of Ireland. Four instruments were used to collect the data and over 25 attributes were examined. A data reduction technique was applied and a logistic regression model using 10-fold stratified cross validation was developed. The model used three attributes: Leaving Certificate Mathematics result (final mathematics examination at second level), number of hours playing computer games while taking the module and programming self-esteem. Prediction success was significant with 80% of students correctly classified. The model also works well on a per-institution level. A discussion on the implications of the model is provided and future work is outlined.


The development of a new energy vehicle industry is considered a sustainable approach to solving the global energy crisis and the problem of environmental pollution. The sales of new energy vehicles in China are the highest in the world, and China's new energy vehicle enterprises have played an important role in this. The business model, as a method for enterprises to achieve their strategic goals, utilizes resource advantages to deliver value to consumers, and is affected by enterprises' ownership, competitive strategy, and resources. Based on the resource-based view (RBV) theory, the article uses a mixed quantitative and qualitative methodology, selects 30 vehicle enterprises from the mainstream market, and takes product value, suppliers, dealers and external relations, research capabilities, shareholders, and profitability as potential explanatory elements to analyze business model differentiation between different ownership categories. The article explores the reasons for the differences in business models between different ownership classes through case studies and data comparisons. It examines the characteristics and types of business model based on resources and competitive strategy. This study suggests that the ownership of enterprises plays a decisive role in strategic choices and resource acquisition and has a differential impact on the business model in resources and revenue dimensions. A business model represents the result of the interaction between competitive strategy and historical resources, which in turn demonstrates that ownership determines business model.


Anecdotally, clinicians have known that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients may report alleviation of what appears to be pain arising from peripheral structures, in response to dopaminergic medication. Drs. Nebe and Ebersbach contribute to the small literature documenting this phenomenon. They report that 14 of 15 PD patients with motor fluctuations experience less intense pain (of various types, the majority with degenerative osteoarticular changes) after administration of a supra-threshold dose of levodopa (L-dopa). So-called ''central'' pain has been reported in various studies to account for as little as 0–10% of pain/sensory complaints in PD; however, central mechanisms underlying primary PD pain are also likely to mediate pain arising from peripheral structures. In a recent study, 50 PD outpatients were carefully classified according to L-dopa response (stable responders, fluctuators, and patients with dyskinesia). We reported a marked improvement in experimentally evoked pain responses after L-dopa administration in patients with dyskinesia, but not in stable responders. We would like to expand on our investigations of the response of spontaneous pain to L-dopa, which were previously reported in brief only. After L-dopa challenge, we found a 6-point reduction in Gracely pain scores (range of scale 0– 20) for spontaneous pain that was not clearly nociceptive in origin in 21 patients. Taking patients who endorsed Gracely scores 6 in the off-medication state as the denominator, the proportion of patients whose pain improved with L-dopa was 50% (2 of 4), 89% (8 of 9), and 100% (11 of 11) for the stable responder, fluctuator, and dyskinetic groups, respectively (P 1⁄4 0.029, Fisher's Exact Test). The commonest complaint was shoulder/upper limb pain (9 of 21 cases; in all but one patient, this pain was ipsilateral to the side of worse Parkinsonism). This was followed by dystonic leg pain (5 patients), neck pain (2 patients), low back pain (2 patients), thigh pain (1 patient), rib pain (1 patient), and painful restless legs syndrome (1 patient). Thus, our results provide support for the findings of Nebe and Ebersbach, at least with respect to patients with motor fluctuations and/or dyskinesia. Interestingly, another patient (a stable responder), who had rib pain from a fall 5 weeks prior (i.e., clearly nociceptive pain), also experienced significant improvement after L-dopa (scores for pain intensity and unpleasantness reduced from 13 and 9 to 1 and 1). We also prospectively administered the McGill pain questionnaire (in the off-medication state) to 28 patients reporting any pain (regardless of cause and severity) on the day of the L-dopa challenge. In our cohort, only 32% (9 of 28) of patients endorsed both, or either of the terms ''fearful'' and/ or ''punishing-cruel'' (i.e., similar to Nebe and Ebersbach's historical non-PD cohort), with median/mean scores of 1/1.3 and 2/1.8, respectively, in patients who endorsed these terms (0 1⁄4 none, 1 1⁄4 mild, 2 1⁄4 moderate, 3 1⁄4 severe). Thus, these data do not support the authors' finding that PD patients frequently (in 87% of their cases) describe pain in terms related to fear and punishment. We observe that while PD-related pain can be strongly influenced by the effects of dopaminergic medication, a common experience in clinical practice is for pain not to improve, despite optimization of dopaminergic medication. The authors suggest that the impact of L-dopa on pain may be underestimated by retrospective evaluations, but other factors may also need to be considered. For instance, pain responses are highly susceptible to placebo, and none of the published experimental studies (including ours) have investigated the effects of L-dopa versus placebo on pain. Moreover, it was recently reported that the highest rates of a placebo response in treatment trials may occur in PD patients manifesting motor response complications. A more complex relationship may exist between pain and dopaminergic treatment effects, and PD-related pain is likely to be multifactorial in origin, with varying degrees of contribution from peripheral and central mechanisms. A range of nondopaminergic structures involved in the neurodegenerative process of PD, in the spinal cord, brainstem, diencephalon, and limbic system, are also likely to mediate pain processing in PD. In light of these considerations, while we agree with Nebe and Ebersbach that modification of dopaminergic therapy should underpin treatment of PD patients presenting with pain, clinicians should be ready to adopt alternative measures to augment this approach. We are concerned that PDrelated pain is currently already under-treated compared with pain in non-PD subjects, despite PD patients' report of greater pain intensity and impact on quality of life. Lim: Research project: conception, organization, and. execution; statistical analysis: Design, execution, and review and critique; Manuscript: Writing of the first draft and review and critique. Farrell: research project: organization and execution; Statistical analysis execution and review and critique of the manuscript. Evans: Research project: conception, organization, and execution; review and critique of statistical analysis and the manuscript.


Neuronal currents produce local electromagnetic fields that can potentially modulate the phase of the magnetic resonance signal and thus provide a contrast mechanism tightly linked to neuronal activity. Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of direct MRI of neuronal activity in phantoms and cell culture, but in vivo efforts have yielded inconclusive, conflicting results. The likelihood of detecting and validating such signals can be increased with (i) fast gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging, with acquisition rates sufficient to resolve neuronal activity, (ii) subjects with epilepsy, who frequently experience stereotypical electromagnetic discharges between seizures, expressed as brief, localized, high‐amplitude spikes (interictal discharges), and (iii) concurrent electroencephalography. This work demonstrates that both MR magnitude and phase show large‐amplitude changes concurrent with electroencephalography spikes. We found a temporal derivative relationship between MR phase and scalp electroencephalography, suggesting that the MR phase changes may be tightly linked to local cerebral activity. We refer to this manner of MR acquisition, designed explicitly to track the electroencephalography, as encephalographic MRI (eMRI). Potential extension of this technique into a general purpose functional neuroimaging tool requires further study of the MR signal changes accompanying lower amplitude neuronal activity than those discussed here. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Abstract The temperature of the deposits (Tdep) emplaced by the pyroclastic density current (PDC) generated by the seven major explosive eruptions from Somma–Vesuvius during the last 22 kyr were investigated using the thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) of lithic clasts embedded within the deposits. New data are presented for the Pomici di Base, Greenish Pumice, Mercato and 1631 AD deposits and compared to the literature data from the Avellino, 79 AD-Pompeii and 472 AD-Pollena eruptions. The Tdep mainly fall in the range 270–370 °C and no significant correlation is evidenced between sedimentological features, eruptive and depositional processes and the final Tdep. The admixture of ambient air during the run-out appears the most effective process to cool the temperature of the ash and gases of the PDC, and is therefore the main factor affecting the deposit temperature.


The topic of tolerant property testing, that of distinguishing input instances that are far from satisfying a property from those that are close enough to satisfying it (as opposed to distinguishing the far instances only from the satisfying instances), has recently become an active topic of research in the field of combinatorial property testing [13]. In the general setting, there exist properties that are testable but not tolerantly testable [10]. However, we show here that in the setting of the dense graph model, all testable properties are not only tolerantly testable, but also admit a constant query size algorithm that estimates the distance from the property up to any fixed additive constant.In the course of the construction of this algorithm we develop a framework for extending Szemerédi's Regularity Lemma, both as a prerequisite for formulating what kind of information about the input graph will provide us with the correct estimation, and as the means for efficiently gathering this information. This work is also connected to the question of finding a combinatorial characterization of the testable graph properties, and to the question of efficiently finding a regular partition.


The latter part of the twentieth century saw considerable efforts at the harmonization of international intellectual property laws through international agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS). Efforts at harmonizing international intellectual property laws are nothing new, however. Countries have been attempting to harmonize their laws since the nineteenth century. Increasingly, the United States has altered its intellectual property laws in order to comport with international standards. All of these treaties and agreements retain a key feature of intellectual property: the rights afforded are territorial in nature. At this time, any intellectual property rights within the United States are products of national law, and their geographic scope generally is limited to within the United States. The ability of the United States federal government to make law is not unlimited, even with respect to intellectual property. The U.S. federal government is one of limited powers, as enumerated by the Constitution. In the context of international patent harmonization, therefore, the ability of the U.S. to harmonize necessarily implicates the enumerated powers of the federal government. The constitutional provisions most relevant to harmonization efforts are the Patent and Copyright Clause and the Treaty Power. The Patent and Copyright Clause is found in Section 8 of Article I of the U.S. Constitution. Article I governs the structure of, powers granted to, and limitations on the U.S. Congress. Clause 8 of section 8 specifically grants Congress the power "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."The Treaty Power is found in Article II, which defines the scope of the executive branch of the federal government. Specifically, section 2 of Article II affords the President the "Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur." Other than the requirement for concurrence by a supermajority of the Senate, there is no express limitation on the President's power under the Treaty Power. The question remains, though, as to whether the limitations of the Patent Clause constrain the ability of the federal government to act pursuant to the Treaty Power. In other words, could Congress, under the auspices of a treaty, pass an intellectual property law that contravenes the limitations of the Patent Clause, such as affording a patent of infinite duration? Recent scholarship analyzing such constitutional conflicts generally has focused on these two clauses in isolation. With respect to the Patent Clause, professors Sherry and Heald have analyzed whether any perceived limitations in the Patent Clause transcend that clause and limit Congress' powers elsewhere, such as under the Commerce Clause. The potential conflict between co-equal powers of Congress could be viewed as horizontal conflicts. Similarly, a healthy debate has developed over the scope of the Treaty Power vis-a-vis the Commerce Clause and the rights of the states in a federal system, which is more of a vertical conflict. Little scholarship, however, has rigorously addressed the potential for horizontal conflicts between the Patent Clause and the Treaty Power. Nor have the courts expressly addressed this issue. This Article addresses this omission, paying attention to the implications for international patent harmonization. This Article concludes that, under the current regime of nationally-based patent rights, the Patent Clause does limit the authority of Congress to harmonize U.S. law with international standards. If harmonization evolves into supranational patent rights, however, then the Patent Clause would no longer eclipse the authority of the Treaty Power. Such a result is possible because, in a supranational regime, the source of granting authority for the exclusive rights is no longer the U.S. federal government, but rather the international agreement itself.


Sequence variations in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene are associated with melanism in many different species of mammals, birds, and reptiles. The gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), found in the British Isles, was introduced from North America in the late 19th century. Melanism in the British gray squirrel is associated with a 24-bp deletion in the MC1R. To investigate the origin of this mutation, we sequenced the MC1R of 95 individuals including 44 melanic gray squirrels from both the British Isles and North America. Melanic gray squirrels of both populations had the same 24-bp deletion associated with melanism. Given the significant deletion associated with melanism in the gray squirrel, we sequenced the MC1R of both wild-type and melanic fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) (9 individuals) and red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) (39 individuals). Unlike the gray squirrel, no association between sequence variation in the MC1R and melanism was found in these 2 species. We conclude that the melanic gray squirrel found in the British Isles originated from one or more introductions of melanic gray squirrels from North America. We also conclude that variations in the MC1R are not associated with melanism in the fox and red squirrels.


PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This systematic review aimed to explore the recent trends in the epidemiology, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility of two emerging opportunistic pathogens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Elizabethkingia anophelis.

RECENT FINDINGS
Since 2020, numerous outbreaks of S. maltophilia and E. anophelis have been reported worldwide. Most of these outbreaks have been associated with healthcare facilities, although one outbreak caused by E. anophelis in France was considered a community-associated infection. In terms of antimicrobial susceptibility, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), levofloxacin, and minocycline have exhibited good efficacy against S. maltophilia. Additionally, cefiderocol and a combination of aztreonam and avibactam have shown promising results in in vitro susceptibility testing. For E. anophelis, there is currently no consensus on the optimal treatment. Although some studies have reported good efficacy with rifampin, TMP-SMZ, piperacillin/tazobactam, and cefoperazone/sulbactam, minocycline had the most favourable in vitro susceptibility rates. Cefiderocol may serve as an alternative due to its low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. anophelis. The role of vancomycin in treatment is still uncertain, although several successful cases with vancomycin treatment, even with high MIC values, have been reported.

SUMMARY
Immunocompromised patients are particularly vulnerable to infections caused by S. maltophilia and E. anophelis, but the optimal treatment strategy remains inconclusive. Further research is necessary to determine the most effective use of conventional and novel antimicrobial agents in combatting these multidrug-resistant pathogens.


ABSTRACT Vegetation and topography of the limestone islands on Caicos Platform, British West Indies, are decisive factors in controlling the morphologic, petrographic, and geochemical characteristics of calcretes forming on Pleistocene exposure surfaces. Valley calcretes form in low areas as a result of vegetative and soil-forming processes which penetrate downward and reconstitute host limestone. Valley calcretes vary in degree of maturity which is expressed petrographically and geochemically. Enrichment in Fe and Al in valley calcretes is caused by gradual concentration of aerosol-derived material in topographically low and therefore stable settings. Ridge caleretes form on ridge crests and slopes and are associated with downward penetrating roots, but they undergo a cycle of formation and destruction (ridge calcrete cycle) which prevents them from achieving the progressive maturity seen in valley calcrete profiles. The vegetative role in the calcrete cycle is twofold. First, root mats spreading out laterally within the host limestone enhance dissolution of limestone and subsequent reprecipitation of carbonate cements. These processes result in well indurated calcrete layers. Second, once formed, these indurated layers are uprooted by downward and laterally displacive rooting and subjected to physical and chemical erosion. Recognition of the two different modes of calcrete formation in the rock record can yield valuable information about paleotopography and erosional history.


The links in this section contain information on programs and associations that help Aboriginal people with diabetes or other chronic diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and cancer.


To say cinema production, distribution, and exhibition is going through a paradigma shift is an understatement – and that is not taking into consideration COVID19. Adding EU accessibility requirements, in a multi lingual Europe elevates the pressure to all sectors of the film industry: from script writing, subtitlers to online ticketing. The European Council signed in 2006 the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Person with Disabilities (CRPD). This means a double obligation to all EU countries to fulfil CRPD since separately each EU country has also signed it. This means each country has to comply with the UN and EU will supervise and regulate through the European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media (ERGA). This article describes the EU legal requirements regarding media accessibility. It will then describe the most popular accessibility services for media content, and it will finish describing the new network funded to help to adapt and fulfil EU legislation towards cinema for all.


Sources of growth in U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) are analyzed in a general equilibrium, open economy framework using time-series data. Contributions from labor and capital account for 75% of the economyÂ''s average growth, with total factor productivity (TFP) accounting for the remainder. Changes in the domestic terms of trade appear to be biased in favor of the services sector and against the agricultural and industrial sectors. A number of Rybczynski and Stolper-Samuelson-like linkages between the agricultural sector and the rest of the economy are identified. Labor-using technological change and favorable terms of trade appear to be the major contributors to the growth of the services sector. These changes have led to a decline in the competitiveness of the industrial and agricultural sectors for economy-wide resources. Technological change has tended to be neutral toward the production of farm output.


In this study we evaluate stress evolution and change in seismic hazard after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake sequence. We take a methodology usually used in areas with well-established seismic monitoring and apply it to an area with a sparse dataset and a limited time observation window. Our goal is to validate this approach as a rapid response tool for seismic forecasting after large earthquakes. We propose a long-term seismic forecasting model of the Main Himalayan Thrust using the historical earthquake catalogue and regional paleo-seismicity. Through application of the rate-and-state friction model, we evaluate short-term rate evolution after the Gorkha earthquake. The long elapsed time since the last megathrust event and the mainshock coseismic stress increase on the Main Himalayan Thrust suggest high seismic potential in the Lalitpur and Lamjung areas along the fault system. To infer rate evolution after the Gorkha earthquake, we modelled the coseismic Coulomb stress change on optimally oriented planes (OOPs). To determine regional OOPs, we used the GCMT mainshock focal mechanism to infer the regional stress orientation and assumed a low deviatoric stress for the regional stress state based on the stress estimation. As the coseismic stress impact away from the rupture patch becomes insignificant, the OOPs outside the coseismic slip patch keep the mechanism imposed by the regional stress. In contrast, the orientations of OOPs are diverse close to the rupture zone due to comparable stress magnitudes of the regional stress and the coseismic Coulomb stress change. Using the stress change on OOPs and the regional seismicity rate model through a smoothing kernel method and seismicity since 1921, we quantify the seismicity rate evolution in the region after the mainshock. The location of the consequent earthquakes coincides with areas of high background seismicity rate and areas where stress was enhanced by the Mw7.9 mainshock and Mw7.3 aftershock. We model the change of seismic rate over time and project a fast decrease, due to the short aftershock duration assumption we use.


BACKGROUND: Despite the proven efficacy of prescription regimens in reducing disease symptoms and preventing or minimizing complications, poor medication adherence remains a significant public health problem. Medicare beneficiaries have high rates of chronic illness and prescription medication use, making this population particularly vulnerable to nonadherence. Failure to fill prescribed medication is a key component of nonadherence. OBJECTIVES: To (1) determine the rates of self-reported failure to fill at least 1 prescription among a sample of Medicare beneficiaries in 2004, (2) identify the reasons for not filling prescribed medication, (3) examine the characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries who failed to fill their prescription(s), and (4) identify the types of medications that were not obtained. METHODS: The study is a secondary analysis of the 2004 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS), an ongoing national panel survey conducted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Medicare beneficiaries living in the community (N = 14,464) were asked: During the current year [2004], were there any medicines prescribed for you that you did not get (please include refills of earlier prescriptions as well as prescriptions that were written or phoned in by a doctor)? Those who responded yes to this question (n = 664) were asked to identify the specific medication(s) not obtained. Rates of failure to fill were compared by demographic and income categories and for respondents with versus without self-reported chronic conditions, identified by asking respondents if they had ever been told by a doctor that they had the condition. Weighted population estimates for nonadherence were calculated using Professional Software for Survey Data Analysis for Multi-stage Sample Designs (SUDAAN) to account for the MCBS multistage stratified cluster sampling process. Unweighted counts of the prescriptions not filled by therapeutic class were calculated using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). RESULTS: In 2004, an estimated 1.6 million Medicare beneficiaries (4.4%) failed to fill or refill 1 or more prescriptions. The most common reasons cited for failure to fill were: thought it would cost too much (55.5%), followed by medicine not covered by insurance (20.2%), didn't think medicine was necessary for the condition (18.0%), and was afraid of medicine reactions/contraindications (11.8%). Rates of failure to fill were significantly higher among Medicare beneficiaries aged 18 to 64 years eligible through Social Security Disability Insurance (10.4%) than among beneficiaries aged 65 years or older (3.3%, P less than 0.001). Rates were slightly higher for women than for men (5.0 vs. 3.6%, P = 0.001), for nonwhite than for white respondents (5.5% vs. 4.2%, P = 0.010), and for dually eligible Medicaid beneficiaries than for those who did not have Medicaid coverage (6.3% vs. 4.0% P = 0.001). Failure-to-fill rates were significantly higher among beneficiaries with psychiatric conditions (8.0%, P less than 0.001); arthritis (5.2%, P less than 0.001); cardiovascular disease (5.2%, P = 0.003); and emphysema, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6.6%, P less than 0.001) than among respondents who did not report those conditions, and the rate for respondents who reported no chronic conditions was 2.5%. Rates were higher for those with more self-reported chronic conditions (3.2%, 4.0%, 4.3%, and 5.9% for those with 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more conditions, respectively, P less than 0.001). Among the prescriptions not filled (993 prescriptions indentified by 664 respondents), central nervous system agents, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, were most frequently identified (23.6%, n = 234), followed by cardiovascular agents (18.3%, n = 182) and endocrine/metabolic agents (6.5%, n = 65). Of the reported unfilled prescriptions, 8.1% were for antihyperlipidemic agents, 5.4% were for antidepressant drugs, 4.6% were for antibiotics, and 29.9% were for unidentified therapy classes. CONCLUSIONS: Most Medicare beneficiaries fill their prescriptions, but some subpopulations are at significantly higher risk for nonadherence associated with unfilled prescriptions, including working-age beneficiaries, dual-eligible beneficiaries, and beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions. Self-reported unfilled prescriptions included critical medications for treatment of acute and chronic disease, including antihyperlipidemic agents, antidepressants, and antibiotics.


A set of experiments with a rainfall simulator was performed in the field to evaluate the efficiency of parallel contour seeding as a post-fire restoration strategy in the arid central Ebro Valley (NE Spain). Rainfall simulations were conducted in spring, after seeded plant development, on calcareous and gypsiferous soils, with the same experimental design (two-soil treatments—seeded and nonseeded—per two soil types and per nine replicates). The parallel contour seeding treatment increases soil cover and soil surface roughness, which significantly ameliorates the hydrological and erosional response of both calcareous and gypsiferous burned soils. Seeding decreased soil loss, both in calcareous (23-fold) and gypsiferous soils (4-fold). In addition, it decreased the sediment concentration of runoff for calcareous (6-fold) and gypsiferous soils (2-fold) and the runoff coefficient for calcareous (3.5-fold) and gypsiferous soils (1.5-fold). On the other hand, seeding increased the steady state infiltration rate (3-fold), as well as surface soil moisture (1.2-fold) and wetting front depth (2-fold), with a similar order of magnitude for both soils. Time to runoff and runoff quality (electrical conductivity [EC] and pH) were not affected by seeding. Gypsiferous soils had a higher soil loss, runoff coefficient, and EC flow and a lower time to runoff, steady state infiltration rate, and wetting front depth than calcareous soils. Some of these differences were directly related to differences in soil gypsum and carbonate content (i.e., EC and pH of water runoff) and others are related to the proportion of surface soil protection, an indirect effect of soil characteristics. The results suggest that parallel contour seeding is an effective restoration measure with a short-term response that allows conservation of water and soil on recently burned arid lands, especially in situations of high erosion risk as occurs with soils with low plant cover.


Biological control has attained immense significance. Biological control is not unknown. It has a past history of successes. Natural control consists of two major components: environmental factors (abiotic) and natural enemies (biotic). Integrated Pest Management or Crop Management is considered a valuable tool in food security. It has not only been used in Pakistan but also Pakistani biotic agents have been used elsewhere in the world giving substantial economic control. These have been mainly used in the USA. With World Trade Organization protocols in operation, biological control will be of much significance. Import and export of natural enemies will be up scaling in recent times.


We address the fundamental issue of revenue and efficiency in the combinatorial and simultaneous auction using a novel approach. Specifically, upper and lower bounds are constructed for the first-price sealed-bid setting of these two auctions. The question of revenue is important yet very few results can be found in the literature. Only for very small instances with 2 items have comparisons been made. Krishna et. al. find that allowing combinatorial bids result in lower revenue compared to a second price simultaneous auction. We formulate a lower bound on the first-price combinatorial auction and an upper bound on the first-price simultaneous auction for larger problems with several items and many bidders, in a model where bidders have synergies from winning a specific set of items. We show that the combinatorial auction is revenue superior to the simultaneous auction for a specific instance in pure symmetric equilibrium and give two generalized upper bounds on revenue for the simultaneous auction.


As Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) is increasingly applied to larger and more complex systems, the current generation of modelling and model management technologies are being pushed to their limits in terms of capacity and efficiency. Additional research and development is imperative in order to enable MDE to remain relevant with industrial practice and to continue delivering its widely recognised productivity, quality, and maintainability benefits. Achieving scalability in modelling and MDE involves being able to construct large models and domain-specific languages in a systematic manner, enabling teams of modellers to construct and refine large models in a collaborative manner, advancing the state of the art in model querying and transformations tools so that they can cope with large models (of the scale of millions of model elements), and providing an infrastructure for efficient storage, indexing and retrieval of large models. This paper attempts to provide a research roadmap for these aspects of scalability in MDE and outline directions for work in this emerging research area.


Contract law and theory have traditionally paid little attention to the processes by which contracts are made. Instead, contracts among sophisticated parties are assumed to be full articulations of the desires of the parties; whatever the process, the outcome is the same. This article compares sovereign debt contracts from US and UK firms, with different production processes, that are trying to do the same thing under very similar legal regimes. We find that that the production process likely matters quite a bit to the final form that contracts take.


This study examined two social status goals in relation to aggressive and prosocial behaviors as well as attributions for relational aggression among 477 (244 girls) Chinese early adolescents. Findings indicate that, after controlling for each other, the social preference goal was negatively related to selfreported overt aggression, and positively associated with prosocial behaviors as reported by self, peers, and teachers, whereas the popularity goal was not uniquely related to either aggressive or prosocial behaviors. Regarding attributions, adolescents with the popularity goal displayed a tendency to justify relational aggression by not attributing it to the aggressor's characteristics (e.g., jealousy). In contrast, adolescents with the social preference goal were more likely to attribute relational aggression to the aggressor's characteristics as well as neutral reasons. Findings of this study highlight the importance at DEPAUL UNIV LIBRARIES on May 30, 2012 yas.sagepub.com Downloaded from 2 Youth & Society XX(X) of investigating the social cognitive processes of peer status among adolescents.


The need for a strategic shift in senior management philosophy which encourages and promotes a culture of total employee involvement towards the attainment of service quality is one of the major competitive challenges facing the Australian banking industry in the 1990s. Some of these issues are addressed through a case‐study analysis of the origin, rationale and implementation of a quality service programme in the State Bank of South Australia. In examining these changes a historical outline of the State Bank of South Australia and an account of the research methodology used in the study form the introduction. This is followed by an analysis of the design and development of a programme of change and an identification of the key factors shaping the implementation of total quality management. In conclusion an assessment of the opportunities and constraints for the successful implementation of service‐quality delivery programmes in the Australian banking industry is given.


We consider a system subject to shocks that arrive according to a nonhomogeneous pure birth process (NHPBP). As a shock occurs, the system has two types of failures. Type-I failure (minor failure) is rectified by a general repair, whereas type-II failure (catastrophic failure) is removed by an unplanned replacement. The probabilities of these two types of failures depend on the number of shocks since the last replacement. We consider a policy with which the system is replaced at the n th type-I failure, or at any type-II failure. The aim of this paper is to determine the optimal policy n*, the number of minor failures up to replacement that minimizes the expected cost rate of the system subject to NHPBP shocks. The model is a generalization of the existing models, and is more applicable in practice. We present some numerical examples, and show that several classical models are the special cases of our model.


The separation of unburned carbon from coal-fired power plant bottom ashes was conducted in order to increase the possibility of the recycling of coal combustion wastes. A two-stage flotation technique was used for this study. In the rougher flotation experiments the amounts of collector, dispersant and frother, pulp density, pH, particle size distribution, flotation time and flotation temperature were tested as variables. After rougher flotation experiments, at optimum conditions, the carbon content of the concentrate increased from 13.85 to 51.54% at a carbon recovery of 54.54%. Under the same conditions, the carbon content was reduced to 4.54% at a weight yield of over 80% in the tailings fraction. This fraction meets the industrial specifications and can be utilized as a cement additive. After the cleaner flotation experiment the carbon content of the product was enhanced to 64.81% with a 52.16% carbon recovery. This fraction can be blended back into the coal feed to the power plant boilers.


This investigation attempts to assess quantitatively
the influence of material and particulate characteristics upon
the compaction behaviour of metal powders. The effects have
been studied mainly by isostatic compact ion to eliminate the
effects of die-wall friction. A range of powders has been
studied having a wide variation in material properties.
The application of the accurate data to existing
pressure-density formulae resulted in only limited success.
This necessitated the formulation of new relationships which
were based upon stress-strain behaviour in solid metals. A
formula has been proposed which success~llly describes the
isostatic compact ion of metal powders to densities beyond the
stage of maximum packing.


Propofol is one of the most widely used i.v. anesthetic agent. Nevertheless, pain following i.v. administration of propofol is an important problem in anesthesia induction. A wide range of studies have been performed related to lidocaine effects on propofol injection pain and hemodynamic response to intubation. However, effect of both situations are seldomly studied in the literature. In our study we compare lidocaine effects on propofol injection pain and hemodynamic response to intubation which is given by infusion or under tourniquet as i.v. bolus. 70 patients attended to the study are separated randomly into two groups of 35 patients. Prior to induction, lidocaine has been infused with infusion pump as to be completed in 2 minutes with concentration of 2%, total dosed 1mg/kg in infusion group (Group I, n=35). In this group, after half of the total lidocaine dose is infused (1st minute), anesthesia induction has been started by giving 40 mg propofol of 1% in 10 seconds with infusion pump. In tourniquet group (Group T, n=35) prior to induction 1mg/kg lidocaine has been given as bolus by applying tourniquet with 70 mm/Hg pressure to the arm that is established vascular access and tourniquet has been remained for 60 seconds. After opening the tourniquet, induction has been started by giving 40 mg propofol of 1% in 10 seconds with infusion pump. During induction, patient"s consciousness was evaluated by questioning his/her name and age after administering 1/4 (VRS0), 1/2 (VRS1), and 3/4 (VRS2) of total propofol dose. Confused patients were eliminated and the sense of pain caused by propofol was evaluated in study patients. The results were recorded according to four-point categorical verbal rating scale (VRS). For groups, the pulse rates and mean arterial pressures before lidocaine administration (T0), after lidocaine (T1), immediately after intubation (T2) and 10th minute after intubation (T3) were recorded. No differences detected among the groups with regards to demographic data and side effects. (p>0.05). No significant differences statically detected when comparing the heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pain scores of groups for all times (p>0.05). It is concluded that administering lidocaine by infusion technic may be an alternative method for tourniquet method on suppressing hemodynamic response related to tracheal intubation and on preventing injection pain related to propofol.


This report aims to synthesize the current theory and practice of the blue economy concept to govern economic activity linked to the ocean, and to provide a framework for the Government of Bangladesh to analyze its potential. With the peaceful resolution of maritime boundary disputes with its neighbors in 2012 and 2014, the Government has recently defined the ocean space under its jurisdiction and prioritized its use as a key source of future economic growth. The Government has prioritized the use of these spaces as a key source of future growth. However, a number of questions remain in embarking on a policy planning process to achieve Bangladesh's blue economy aspirations, including measures of the current economic uses of the ocean space, the identification of clear targets for sustainable growth of the use of this space, and a policy pathway to get there. Described as an economic frontier, the term "ocean economy" applies collectively to ocean based industry activities and the assets, goods, and services of marine ecosystems. Ocean ecosystems provide the natural capital inputs that combine with produced and human capital to underpin the ocean economy.The concept of a "blue economy" emerged in 2012 as countries around the world have grappled with the twin trends of accelerating growth in the ocean economy and change in the underlying ecosystems. A "blue economy" aims for a balance between economic opportunities and the environmental limitations of using the ocean to generate wealth. Few documents exist to describe how countries can transition their ocean economies toward a blue economy, despite much discussion since 2012. This report fills that gap by offering a conceptual framework to guide policy-makers in Bangladesh in proposing specific reforms, by illustrating the economic activities of the ocean economy together with the underlying natural capital, as well as other types of capital. The framework suggests entry points for policy reforms to change the flow of inputs from ocean ecosystems to the ocean economy over time, or conversely to reduce outputs from economic activity (such as pollution) that may impact the functioning of ocean ecosystems. The report also synthesizes principles that may help guide such policy reforms. Most importantly, the report summarizes the information base needed for the Government of Bangladesh to set realistic targets for a blue economy development pathway and monitor progress.


Although advances in stroke care have been shown to improve functional outcomes and survival, evidence suggests that stroke survivors continue to report restricted participation and dissatisfaction with life after returning home. There remains a need to identify ways to improve participation after stroke, considering the person within their context. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a valuable framework that can be useful for categorising key components associated with participation. The two parts of the ICF — (a) Functioning and Disability and (b) Contextual Factors — encourage consideration of the functions/body structures, activity and participation, and personal and environmental factors, respectively. Previous research has identified links between body functions, structures and activity, with increasing attention being given to the ways in which these link with participation. Although some of the components influencing participation poststroke are well defined, there is a need to further develop our understanding of how personal and environmental factors may affect participation. In this article, stroke literature is categorised using the ICF and a range of personal and environmental factors are investigated as potential contributors to levels of participation poststroke. This article concludes that research investigating contextual factors and their interactions with participation is warranted.


Previous studies in enterocytes isolated from the villus region of small intestinal epithelium have identified a macroscopic current carried by Cl-. In this work a single-channel patch-clamp study was carried out in the same cells, and a spontaneously active, outwardly rectifying Cl- channel was identified and proposed to underlie the whole cell current. The channel had conductances of 62 and 19 pS at 80 and -80 mV, respectively, in symmetrical Cl- solutions in excised patches. Similar activity was seen in cell-attached patches, but only outward currents could be discerned in this configuration. The activity of the channel, measured as open probability, was independent of intracellular calcium levels and voltage. The selectivity sequence for different anions was SCN- > I- > Br- > Cl- > F- > (gluconate, glutamate, SO4(2-)). The channel was inhibited by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), verapamil, and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (but not by tamoxifen), with potencies similar to those observed for Cl- channels previously described in other cells. Inhibition by trinitrophenyladenosine 5'-triphosphate was also observed but only at depolarized potentials. At 50 mV the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was 18 nM. It is proposed that this channel plays a role in transepithelial Cl- transport and certain regulatory Cl- fluxes.


Background In 2017, a diphtheria outbreak occurred in several provinces in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of mortality outcome of pediatric patients with clinical diphtheria. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using patient medical records at five referral hospitals in the Province of Jakarta and one in Tangerang District, Banten Province during January 2017 to 31 August 2018. All children in the age group of 1–18 years old discharged with diagnosis of clinical diphtheria formed the study group. All anonymized patient data were evaluated for demographic issues, clinical features, immunization status, complication, laboratory profiles and outcome. Results A total of 283 patients with clinical diphtheria were included in the study group with case fatality rate of 3.5%. All mortal patients had the complication of myocarditis. Regression analyses revealed factors for predicting mortality. Incomplete primary diphtheria toxoid immunization, stridor, bull neck, leukocytosis ≥15 x109 cells/L and thrombocytopenia ≤150 x109 cells/L in each combination for 2 predictors modeling were correlated with death. Conclusions We report key predictors of mortality in pediatric patients with clinical diphtheria. The presence of these features when admitted to the hospital must be taken into account, because they can lead to fatal outcome.


In this paper a number of numerical models are presented which have been developed to describe the processes taking place at different time and length scales in different classes of materials under the irradiation by ultrashort laser pulses. A unified drift-diffusion approach for modeling charge- carrier transport in metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics allows to elucidate the dynamics of the electric field generated in the target due to photo-emission and to get insight into the origin of the Coulomb explosion process. The widely known two-temperature model is used to follow heating dynamics of irradiated matter and to analyze its phase transformations on the basis of thermodynamic concepts. Being modified for semiconductors, this model has allowed to establish the nature of high-energeti c ion emission using laser pulse tailoring and to undertake a simplified modeling of consequences of ultrafast melting of silicon. A two-dimensiona l model of dielectric breakdown has made possible to uncover the mechanisms which enable the spatial modulation of the structures induced by temporally modulated laser pulses in wide-band-gap dielectric materials. A combined thermal/elasto-plastic model has provided a deep insight into the mechanisms and dynamics of the microbump and nanojet formation on nanosize gold films under femtosecond laser irradiation.


AIM
To study adherence to the widely accepted surveillance guidelines for patients with long-standing colitis in The Netherlands.

METHODS
A questionnaire was sent to all 244 gastroenterologists in The Netherlands.

RESULTS
The response rate was 63%. Of all gastroenterologists, 95% performed endoscopic surveillance in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 65% in patients with Crohn's colitis. The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) guidelines were followed by 27%, while 27% and 46% followed their local hospital protocol or no specific protocol, respectively. The surveillance was correctly initiated in cases of pancolitis by 53%, and in cases of left-sided colitis by 44% of the gastroenterologists. Although guidelines recommend 4 biopsies every 10 cm, less than 30 biopsies per colonoscopy were taken by 73% of the responders. Only 31%, 68% and 58% of the gastroenterologists referred patients for colectomy when low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or Dysplasia Associated Lesion or Mass (DALM) was present, respectively.

CONCLUSION
Most Dutch gastroenterologists perform endoscopic surveillance without following international recommended guidelines. This practice potentially leads to a decreased sensitivity for dysplasia, rendering screening for colorectal cancer in this population highly ineffective.


This paper addresses an important railway safety issue – Signals Passed at Danger (SPADs) – and sets out how timetable simulation can be used to give a reliable assessment of how often drivers will see red signals and hence enable railways to manage changes in risk brought about by changes to the timetable. Changes to timetables are known to be a factor in SPAD risk, as a poorly designed timetable can lead to more trains approaching signals at red than a timetable devised with SPAD risk in mind. Typically, the more times trains approach signals at red, the more the possibility of them being passed at danger. Changing the timetable can introduce new 'problem' signals (problem in the sense that they are more likely to be at danger when a train approaches) and driver over-familiarity can lead to more SPAD incidents at these signals. RWA Rail has developed a software tool that uses timetable simulation to produce data to enable a quantified assessment to be made of potential time table related SPAD risks. The tool achieves quantified assessments by calculating how often each signal in the modeled area is approached by a train whilst it is showing a red aspect. A unique advantage of using simulation is that it can also estimate the number of red signals seen by drivers under normal operating circumstances, when some trains are running late. The statistics produced highlight changes in red signals that will be seen by drivers and where there are significant instances, these can then be investigated and, where practicable, the timetable (or the infrastructure configuration) can be changed. Where this is not possible, the results can be used for driver briefing. A case study will be presented, setting out how the tool has been used in practice.


The CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS) is being implemented in ten communities in the Barotse floodplain of Zambia's Western Province. With a focus on the rural poor and vulnerable, the AAS program aims to reduce poverty and improve food security by harnessing the development potential, productivity and diversity of aquatic and agricultural systems. The development challenge in the Barotse floodplain, as identified by relevant stakeholders, is to make effective use of seasonal flooding patterns and natural resources through more productive and diversified aquatic agricultural management practices that improve the lives and livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable. Food and nutrition are essential to support the overall AAS program objective and overcome the specific development challenge of the Barotse floodplain. Zambia has very high malnutrition rates, particularly for stunting in children under five. Poor nutritional status, especially of women and children, inhibits individual growth and development, and negatively impacts the overall health, productivity and economic potential of a community. The purpose of this report is to analyze the food and nutrition security situation within the Barotse floodplain. It explores multiple sectors, including nutrition, agriculture, health, and gender, at the national, provincial and community level to provide a comprehensive understanding of food and nutrition in the ten AAS communities in relation to the country as a whole. The analysis will provide informative inputs to the AAS Barotse hub design process to develop an appropriate food and nutrition research-in-development agenda.