In our previous study, we have produced a neutralizing mAb of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3), specifically BDD073, which could inhibit angiogenesis in the CAM model. However, the clinical application of BDD073 is restricted due to its mouse origin, which might cause human anti-mouse antibody reactions. Herein, we generated functional recombinant single-chain variable fragments (scFv) from mAb BDD073 producing mouse hybridoma cells. The scFv gene containing variable regions of heavy and light chains of BDD073 was cloned into an expression vector with trx tag and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant scFv was purified and refolded with Ni-NTA agarose metal affinity column. The bacterially expressed scFv showed moderate potency and specificity to the human VEGFR-3. It may serve as a potential candidate of anti-VEGFR3 treatment for biotechnological and therapeutic applications.


To the individual physician, public health statistics sometimes have a way of seeming so awesome as to appear abstract and remote. In a way, the grim numbers of teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are reminiscent of the casualty reports from the Viet Nam War. One recognizes that something large and awful is taking place, but the problem is perceived to be so massive that any control measures attempted would have as much influence as spitting in the ocean. Though the public at large may not appreciate the full dimensions of the teenage pregnancy problem, physicians, and especially pediatricians, cannot hide behind a shield of ignorance. Most of us have daily dealings with the offspring of children who are too young biologically and emotionally to be parents. The most obvious example is the inordinate number of low-birth-weight infants that are born to teenage mothers. Imagine the impact on the


Drawing on the Academic Literacies perspectives of Lea and Street and key genre theorists, this mixed-methods case study explored multilingual student experiences of academic literacy practices in one postgraduate social-science school in an English-medium university in Kazakhstan. Two questions guided the research: (1) To what extent and in what ways do students develop genre knowledge in their school EMI contexts?; (2) Which pedagogical approaches and strategies do students identify as beneficial in supporting genre knowledge development? The study found students developed genre awareness for research-related literacy practices, involving field-, tenor- and mode-related genre knowledge. The study also found student capacity to apply genre knowledge successfully across a range of text genres. Another finding was that challenge and success in genre knowledge development was a function of the extent of explicit feedback from instructors and peers and explicit assignment expectations. Each of our findings are consistent with the critique and recommendations of Lea and Street (1998; 2006) on the importance of a situated approach to developing student academic literacy practice that accounts for the larger institutional contexts and epistemological traditions in which those practices have meaning. These findings have important value for discussions and debates on student academic literacy learning and practice in higher education in Kazakhstan, across Central Asia and in other countries where policies for internationalization and research universities are rapidly transforming higher education literacy practice in the current era of globalization.


The principle of superposition is an intriguing feature of Quantum Mechanics, which is regularly exploited at various instances. A recent work [PRL \textbf{116}, 110403 (2016)] shows that the fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics restrict the superposition of two arbitrary pure states of a quantum system, even though it is possible to superpose two quantum states with partial prior knowledge. The prior knowledge imposes geometrical constraints on the choice of input pure states. We discuss an experimentally feasible protocol to superpose multiple pure states of a $d$ dimensional quantum system and carry out an explicit experimental realization to superpose two single-qubit pure states on a two-qubit NMR quantum information processor.


Despite the availability of various methods and tools to facilitate secure coding, developers continue to write code that contains common vulnerabilities. It is important to understand why technological advances do not sufficiently facilitate developers in writing secure code. To widen our understanding of developers' behaviour, we considered the complexity of the security decision space of developers using theory from cognitive and social psychology. Our interdisciplinary study reported in this article (1) draws on the psychology literature to provide conceptual underpinnings for three categories of impediments to achieving security goals, (2) reports on an in-depth meta-analysis of existing software security literature that identified a catalogue of factors that influence developers' security decisions, and (3) characterises the landscape of existing security interventions that are available to the developer during coding and identifies gaps. Collectively, these show that different forms of impediments to achieving security goals arise from different contributing factors. Interventions will be more effective where they reflect psychological factors more sensitively and marry technical sophistication, psychological frameworks, and usability. Our analysis suggests "adaptive security interventions" as a solution that responds to the changing security needs of individual developers and a present a proof-of-concept tool to substantiate our suggestion.


Magnetite nanoparticles embedded within the pores of a mesoporous silicon template have been characterized using electron tomography. Linear least squares optimization was used to fi t an arbitrary ellipsoid to each segmented particle from the three dimensional reconstruction. It was then possible to calculate the demagnetizing factors and the direction of the shape anisotropy easy axis for every particle. The demagnetizing factors, along with the knowledge of spatial and volume distribution of the superparamagnetic nanoparticles, were used as a model for magnetic Monte Carlo simulations, yielding zero fi eld cooling/ fi eld cooling and magnetic hysteresis curves, which were compared to the measured ones. Additionally, the local curvature of the magnetite particles' docking site within the mesoporous silicon's surface was obtained in two di ff erent ways and a comparison will be given. A new iterative semi-automatic image alignment program was written and the importance of image segmentation for a truly objective analysis is also addressed.


Relevance has so far been a major evaluation criterion in information retrieval. Treating context of search results as first-class user information needs, we explore a new direction of search in the light of information comprehension, which is a new dimension of relevance criteria. In this paper, we argue that it is entailment relations that enable the modeling of media comprehension at the conceptual level. We also propose a method to construct an entailment ontology for e-learning and show its application to lecture material retrieval, which aims to identify, for user queries, not only precise search targets inside media streams but also their surrounding context for enhancing comprehension (of the search targets).


type="main"> This article looks at an important but neglected aspect of medieval sovereign debt, namely 'accounts payable' owed by the Crown to merchants and employees. It focuses on the unusually well-documented relationship between Henry III, King of England between 1216 and 1272, and Flemish merchants from the towns of Douai and Ypres, who provided cloth on credit to the royal wardrobe. From the surviving royal documents, we reconstruct the credit advanced to the royal wardrobe by the merchants of Ypres and Douai for each year between 1247 and 1270, together with the king's repayment history. The interactions between the king and the merchants are then analysed. The insights from this analysis are applied to the historical data to explain the trading decisions made by the merchants during this period, as well as why the strategies of the Yprois sometimes differed from those of the Douaissiens.


Two distinct communities of visual media users have begun to influence each other over the last few decades --- those who use media as forms of art and entertainment, and those, from a variety of knowledge domains, who use media forms as tools to explain, illustrate or communicate. From the entertainment and cinematic world, a rich grammar has evolved which describes a range of identifiable genres and basic structures --- what Davenport and her research team at MIT refer to as primitives (1991).However, in the world of academia, we have just begun to think deeply about non-print media as being other than vehicles for representing our knowledge via slides, tapes, overheads, images in books and various other visualization or acoustic aids. This article will show why these two communities have much to learn from each other in the light of emerging multimedia networks. First, I will describe the challenges facing researchers who use multimedia data, and then I will explain several features of an existing multimedia research tool which address these challenges.


ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF DIE SPACER THICKNESS WITH COMBINED COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND 3-D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY Lisa Hoang, D.M.D. Marquette University, 2014 Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of die-spacer thickness achieved by the combination of computer aided design and 3dimension printing technology. Materials and Methods: An ivorine maxillary central incisor was prepared for an all ceramic crown. The prepared tooth was duplicated by using poly (vinyl siloxane) duplicating silicone and 80 die-stone models were produced using type IV dental stone. Dies were randomly divided into 5 groups with assigned die spacer thickness of (25 μm, 45 μm, 65 μm, 85 μm, 105 μm) (n=16/group). The printed resin copings, obtained from 3D Systems ProJet DP 3000 printer, were cemented onto their respective die-stone models with Relyx Unicem 2 and stored at room temperature until sectioning into two halves, in the bucco-lingual direction. The internal gap was measured at 5 defined locations per side of the sectioned die: (A) facial chamfer, (B) facial mid-axial, (C) incisal, (D) lingual mid-axial, and lingual (E) chamfer. Images of the printed resin coping/die-stone model internal gap dimension were obtained with an inverted bright field metallurgical microscope at 100x magnification. The acquired digital image was calibrated and measurements were made using image analysis software. The results were compared using the mixed models ANOVA with repeated measurements to analyze the paired data and the level of significance was set at .05. The coefficients of variation (CV) were obtained by standard deviation divided by the mean and multiplied by 100. Results: The accuracy expressed in term of mean differences between prescribed die spacer thickness and measured internal gap width (standard deviation) were 50 μm (10) for the 25 μm group simulated die-spacer thickness, 30 μm (11) for the 45 μm group, 15 μm (14) for the 65 μm group, 3 μm (24) for the 85 μm group, and 10 μm (32) for the 105 μm group. The precision mean of the measurements, expressed in percentages, ranged between 14 33% per the groups. Conclusions: The accuracy of die spacer thickness showed statistically significant difference for all the groups. The precision of the all groups was above 10% of CV.


To investigate the efficacy of using recombinant human interleukin 11 (rhIL-11) to reduce the need for platelet transfusions, we performed a randomized, double-blind phase II/III study with 110 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients in the first complete remission. Following chemotherapy patients were subcutaneously administered either placebo (n = 37) or rhIL-11 at a dose of 25 μg/kg (n = 37) or 50 μg/kg (n = 36). rhIL-11 administration was well tolerated. There was no difference between the rhIL-11 and placebo groups in the frequency and volume of platelet transfusions. In a perprotocol analysis set (101 patients), the platelet transfusion frequency in the 50-μg/kg group (3.0 ± 1.76 times) was significantly lower than in the placebo group (3.9 ±2.35 times; multiplicity-adjusted P = .049). We analyzed infection-related events retrospectively. The frequency of fever was significantly decreased in the 50-μg/kg, 25-μg/kg, and placebo groups (66.7%, 70.3%, and 89.2%, respectively; P = .018, Cochran-Armitage test). Stomatitis was less frequent in the 50-μg/kg and 25-μg/kg groups (2.8% and 0%, respectively) than in the placebo group (21.6%, P = .0012). These results show that rhIL-11 does not reduce the platelet transfusion requirement in AML patients, but the retrospective analysis confirms the previous finding that rhIL-11 reduces infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy.


Since the discovery of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in the United States in December 2003, U.S. beef exports have declined approximately 85 percent. A number of countries, including Japan and Korea (the top export markets for U.S. beef), have banned imports of beef from the United States, while U.S. exports to other important markets, such as Mexico and Canada, have been well below previous levels. Domestic demand in the United States was not significantly affected by the BSE discovery, but the effect of decreased beef exports on U.S. price is significant. This study examines the effect of exports and other supply and demand factors on U.S. meat prices, and estimates the effect of the drop in exports on U.S. beef and cattle prices. Results indicate that if all other factors remain the same, the drop in exports results in a $0.22 per pound reduction in retail beef prices and a $0.04 per pound reduction in the slaughter steer price. Prices in 2004 remained relatively high, however, possibly due to a decline in U.S. production and strong domestic demand.


Neutrophil granulocytes are important leukocytes in the innate immune system. They are the most
abundant white blood cells and are capable of phagocytosis. They can engulf pathogens like bacteria,
and digest them via an respiratory burst. This respiratory burst is activated by fusion of the phagosome
with lysosomes and includes the enzyme myeloperoxidase and reactive oxygen species from the
NADPH oxidase complex.
These neutrophils can be imaged with Raman spectroscopy. This technique is based on molecular
vibrations. A laser beam radiates on a focus point on the cell. The molecules in this focus point can
scatter the photons with the same or a different frequency than the incident beam. Changes in the
frequency are caused by the molecular vibrations of the molecules. Each kind of molecule causes a
very specific shift in wavelength. By measuring the full spectra in a raster of focus points it is possible
to visualize composition of a cell. When a Raman spectrum is measured in the near vicinity of a metal
with free electrons, called surface plasmons, the Raman signal is immensely enhanced.
The neutrophils are capable of phagocytosis, and an investigation is done to see if it is possible to
use this mechanism to adhere the cells to a surface coated with gold islets.
Glass and CaF2 substrates are vapor deposited with a 3 nm thick layer of gold. The absorption spectra
of both substrates showed different absorption peaks, which indicate differences in the morphology
of the gold. These differences are measured with SEM and AFM and showed that on CaF2 the gold
formed islets of 40 nm in size. The glass substrates showed no differences in grain size between empty
glass and vapor deposited gold on glass.
NGs are isolated from donor blood using a dextran solution, which promotes erythrocytes rouleaux
formation, a Ficoll-Paque centrifugation, which separates cells based on their density, and a hypotonic
lysis of remaining red blood cells. The cells are added to substrates, which are opsonized in FBS, immersed
in a phagocytosis buffer. After fixation with formaldehyde the cells should be ready for measuring
with Raman spectroscopy. Unfortunately the cells did not adhere to the surface via the phagocytosis
mechanism.
Further investigation of the possibility to adhere NGs to a gold coated surface might include different
distributions of the gold islets. Also a opsonization with human serum instead of FBS might be
considered.
Detection


This thesis assesses the rationale behind the shifts, ruptures and paradigm changes within the scholarship on peace-building. In particular, the thesis is concerned with examining if, and how, these shifts have significantly altered the manner in which the foundational elements of thinking about peace-building have changed beyond the 'liberal peace-building' paradigm. To do so, the thesis engages with the logic of critique that has led to the emergence of different theoretical approaches to peace-building that culminate with the 'local turn'. The thesis begins by tracing an initial shift towards more invasive forms of peace-building in the late 1990s-early 2000s, before engaging with the emergence of the local turn. The research focuses on the case of Kosovo in order to understand how a lessons-learnt approach facilitated the shift towards more invasive and intrusive forms of peace-building, which can be understood less as a deep reconceptualisation of the manner of conducting peace-building operations and more as a refinement of methods of socio-political engineering from the outside. Furthermore, the case of Kosovo is also central to the local turn, as the rise of local ownership discourses is fundamentally tied to the critiques of the extensive international mission in the territory, and of its by-products, particularly resistance and marginalisation of local agency. Along with an assessment of the theoretical underpinnings of the shift towards post-liberal, relational and non-linear approaches to bottom-up peace-building, the thesis examines the implications of the framing of the 'everyday' in order to assess the extent to which these bottom-up approaches have been able to by-pass the problems attributed to the liberal peace approach. By looking at its normative project of change, the thesis argues that despite its critical and radical intentions the local turn retains certain foundational epistemological and ontological elements of modernist and positivist approaches that have so far characterised the very mainstream approaches these critiques claim to transcend.


OBJECTIVE. Direct antibody titer–positive, blood group A or B neonates who are born to group O mothers may be at risk for hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia. Immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G3 subclasses are associated with increased hemolysis relative to immunoglobulin G2 and immunoglobulin G4. We investigated whether identification of immunoglobulin G subclass 1 or 3 may be predictive of hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia. METHODS. Direct antibody titer-positive, blood group A and B neonates born to group O mothers were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G subclasses 1 and 3 in umbilical cord blood by using a commercially available gel testing technology. By inference, neonates in whom neither immunoglobulin G1 nor immunoglobulin G3 were detected were designated immunoglobulin G2 and/or 4. Mandatory plasma total bilirubin was measured at discharge, and additional measurements performed as clinically indicated. Hyperbilirubinemia was defined as any plasma total bilirubin value >95th percentile for hour of life. Blood carboxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin concentrations were also measured on the predischarge sample. Measured carboxyhemoglobin, expressed as percentage of total hemoglobin, was corrected for ambient carbon monoxide to derive "corrected carboxyhemoglobin," a sensitive index of heme catabolism. The corrected carboxyhemoglobin/total hemoglobin ratio was calculated to correct for any differences in total hemoglobin mass between groups. RESULTS. Eighty-two infants were studied, 18 of whom were designated as immunoglobulin G1, 0 as immunoglobulin G3, and 64 as immunoglobulin G2 and/or 4. The incidence of plasma total bilirubin >95th percentile was similar between the subgroupings. Corrected carboxyhemoglobin values and corrected carboxyhemoglobin/total hemoglobin ratio were also similar between the subgroupings. CONCLUSIONS. Immunoglobulin G1 was found in 22% of direct antibody titer–positive, group A and B neonates who were born to group O mothers, whereas immunoglobulin G3 was rare. Hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia could not be predicted by this gel technique that enabled identification of these immunoglobulin G subclasses.


Copper is an essential micronutrient for human bodies. The accurate data in the distribution and the concentrations of Cu (II) in milk, blood and different organs and tissues is not thoroughly explained yet. Further issues which need clarification are the exact composition and constitution throughout the lactation is important. Breast milk contains the entire essential nutrients needed by neonates for growth development and maintaining of healthy condition. The physiological impacts of copper and copper enzymes are biomarkers in maintaining the sickness and health. Researches continue in an attempt to develop analytical method for the determination of copper in milk, blood and in drinking water, these discussions justify the purpose of our research related to studying the trace element Copper. In the paper a selective reagent {5M, 3H-B R} 5-{α Methyl -3 Hydroxy Benzylidene} rodanine was suggested for the development of simple and sensitive direct and derivative spectrophotometric method to the quantification of copper. In sodium acetate and acetic acid buffer at P H 5.5. The maximum absorbance was measured at 430nm. The Beer's law is obeyed in the range of (0.05µg 13µg/ml). The molar absorptive (e) and the Sandal's sensitivity of the complex were 0.6027X10 4 mole/cm and 0.01054µgcm -2 respectively. The breast milk obtained from ten lacting mothers not using any hormonal contraceptive devises aged 19to26 years in Nellore town collected and analyzed similarly cow milk,buffeloe's milk, blood samples, water samples were analyzed and an analytical concentration was made by comparing with WHO parameters.


Modi fi cations in land use and climate will result in shifts in the magnitude and composition of organic matter (OM) transported from wetlands to coastal waters, but differentiation between riverine and wetland OM sources in coastal areas remains a challenge. Here, we evaluate particulate and dissolved OM export dynamics in two representative estuary geomorphologies — Apalachicola Bay (AP) and Barataria Bay (BB), characterized primarily by blackwater river inputs and high particle abundance, respectively. The magnitude and composition of OM exported from each estuary was evaluated based on seasonal measurements of surface water dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen, the stable isotopic composition of DOC and POC, dissolved and particulate lignin phenols, and carbon ‐ normalized dissolved lignin ‐ phenol yields. Data and discriminant analyses support the initial hypothesis; AP is dominated by a more terrestrial source of OM due to importance of fl uvial dissolved OM inputs, while BB is a more particle ‐ rich and wetland carbon ‐ dominated system. Total lignin export (sum of mean dissolved and mean particulate) was higher in BB (5.73 ± 2.50 × 10 5 kg/year) than in AP (4.21 ± 2.35 × 10 5 kg/year). Particulate lignin export from BB was greater than the export of dissolved lignin at either BB or AP, suggesting coastal marsh erosion may be driving this comparatively large export of particulate lignin. These data have important implications for the stability of stored OM in coastal habitats, particularly since such habitats in this region are highly vulnerable due to relative sea level rise.


Neuronal microtubules are stabilized by two calmodulin-regulated microtubule-associated proteins, E-STOP and N-STOP, which when suppressed in mice induce severe synaptic and behavioral deficits. Here we show that mature neurons also contain a 21-kDa STOP-like protein, SL21, which shares calmodulin-binding and microtubule-stabilizing homology domains with STOP proteins. Accordingly, in different biochemical or cellular assays, SL21 has calmodulin binding and microtubule stabilizing activity. However, in cultured hippocampal neurons, SL21 antibodies principally stain the somatic Golgi and punctate Golgi material in neurites. In cycling cells, transfected SL21 decorates microtubules when expressed at high levels but is otherwise principally visible at the Golgi. The Golgi targeting of SL21 depends on the presence of cysteine residues located within the SL21 N-terminal domain, suggesting that Golgi targeting may require SL21 palmitoylation. Accordingly we find that SL21 is palmitoylated in vivo. N-STOP and E-STOP, which contain the Golgi targeting sequences present in SL21, also display distinct Golgi staining when expressed at low level in cycling cells. Thus neuronal proteins of the STOP family have the capacity to associate with Golgi material, which could be important for STOP synaptic functions.


The expression of transferrin receptors (TrfRs) was investigated in acute T-cell leukemia (T-ALL) blasts at the molecular, biochemical, immunological, and functional level. TrfRs, although not detected on quiescent T-cells from normal adults, are constitutively expressed at high level on the blasts from all T-ALL patients and bind normally to transferrin. Their number is modulated by the intracellular iron level, but is independent of exogenous interleukin 2. They also exhibit immunological and biochemical abnormalities, in that: (a) they react preferentially with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) that recognize ligand-binding domains of TrfR (42/6 and 43/31), as compared to MAbs (B3/25, OKT9) that interact with the nonligand binding domains; (b) they have a reduced molecular weight, as compared to TrfR on normal thymocytes and activated T-lymphocytes: this phenomenon is apparently related to a defective glycosylation. It is noteworthy that expression of TrfR was not observed in a large series of other types of acute leukemias, i.e., pre-B, B, and myeloid leukemias, excluding erythroleukemias. The constitutive, high level expression of TrfRs on T-ALL blasts may play a key role in the stepwise progression of this malignancy and particularly provide a proliferative advantage to T-ALL blasts as compared to normal T-lymphocytes. Furthermore, indirect evidence suggests that the glycosylation defect of TrfR on T-ALL blasts contributes to their tumorigenic capacity.


This report considers two different approaches to control the roll motion of ships which experience parametric roll resonance. An Extremum Seeking feedback controller is designed which iteratively determines the optimal working point of the ship to avoid parametric resonance. This approach is indirect, since the ship heading and the ship speed are changed to violate the frequency condition for the onset of parametrically excited roll motion. A Model Predictive Controller is implemented for the purpose of minimizing the roll amplitude of the ship. Contrary to the approach with the Extremum Seeking control, the Model Predictive Controller influences the roll subsystem directly by computing the optimal control torque to stabilize the roll motion.


This study proposes alternative measurement devices based on an open-source micro controller that is suitable for pico hydro systems; these devices have low investment costs, are easy to build and have a good level of accuracy and low uncertainty. This study proposes three measurement instruments: a multimeter for DC current using a INA 219 sensor, a flow meter using a YF-DN40 sensor and a rotational speed meter using a proximity E18-D80NK sensor. The verification of the measurement instruments has been done by comparing them to the commercial digital measurement instruments with an error rate between 0.2-2%. Based on the results, the measurement devices proposed here that measure DC voltage and current, water flow rate or discharge and rotational speed had errors of no more than 5% and uncertainty levels below 1%. Moreover, the total investment cost for building these devices has been approximately USD 40 cheaper than the existing commercial digital measurement devices. Thus, these measurement instruments proposed for pico hydro systems using sensors and open-source micro controller are an alternative to traditional options because they are easier and cheaper to use and feature improved accuracy and uncertainty factors.


Abstract In the article, the author presents the wide-scale use of Mi-2 helicopters in the different entities subordinated to the Minister of Interior - from the introduction of the design, until the present. Insights are presented pertaining to the early stages of the helicopter's service life within the structures of the 103rd NJW MSW Aviation Regiment in the 1960s. The article describes selected aspects related to the introduction of the design, training, operational use and problems encountered. The service life of Mi-2 helicopters operating within the structures of the Ministry of Interior ended upon liquidation of the Ministry's Aviation Detachment. That is when another chapter in the history of the helicopters was started, this time operated within the structures of the Police and Border Guard forces, where their service life has not been fully used up until this day. The paper describes the reality of every-day use to perform specific tasks, presents the location of aerodromes, touches upon a shift in the philosophy behind the use of the helicopters, and describes their strong and weak points. The PZL-Kania helicopter has been also presented, being a modernized version of the Mi-2, and still used in Poland within the aviation forces of the Ministry of Interior and Administration.


In the context of industrial information technology, the Internet and World Wide Web increasingly are seen as a solution to the problem of providing "anywhere, anytime" services. In the classical view of an Internet-enabled IT infrastructure, services are requested and consumed by a user (e.g., a human requesting plant production data from his or her desktop) and data are provided by an origin server (e.g., a Web server located in a plant that can authenticate users, implement encryption, serve data, and source multimedia streams). This rather simplistic view works well if the number of users is small, the complexity of services required is modest, and the real-time response requirements are lax. However, it fails to scale when one accounts for the complexities of modern networking: many simultaneous users, potentially operating in multiple languages; many complex data types, including incompatible display formats; many differing schemes for implementing privacy and security through many combinations of authentication and encryption. In this paper we propose an alternative-a client/edge server/origin server architecture that can distribute some complex data processing and device interface tasks to a network edge device, the NetEdge. We show how this device can support services thought to be useful to the industrial environment, such as language translation, image transcoding, access device adaptation, virus scanning, content assembly, local content insertion, and caching. The proposal is a win-win situation for all participants: industrial content providers need maintain only one copy of their content, yet consumers are provided with richer services and device-independent interfaces. Although the services provided define the utility of the product, the heart of the NetEdge is its rule engine. Rules specify which service requests, crossing specified processing points, invoke which service callouts. We explore how a proxylet interface connects the rule engine, through Java and C APIs, to the callout engine. We close with performance measurements of the NetEdge throughput and latency characteristics.


In this paper, I provide a tutorial exposition on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The intended audience of this tutorial are researchers who practice mathematical modeling of cognition but are unfamiliar with the estimation method. Unlike least-squares estimation which is primarily a descriptive tool, MLE is a preferred method of parameter estimation in statistics and is an indispensable tool for many statistical modeling techniques, in particular in non-linear modeling with non-normal data. The purpose of this paper is to provide a good conceptual explanation of the method with illustrative examples so the reader can have a grasp of some of the basic principles. r 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.


Protein fibers are attractive topics in the past decades. Among them, silk and wool fibers are very popular due to their luster, smooth surface and comfort. In order to reach union dyeing of silk/wool blends, chlorination pretreatment or introduction of low-temperature dyeing auxiliary for wool are selected and compared. The results showed that chlorination pretreated wool/silk dyed with weak acid dyes, can reach union dyeing under 80 oC, possibly under 70 oC. On the other hand, introduction of low-temperature dyeing auxiliary can slightly improve the union dyeing at different temperature ranges according to selection of weak acid dyes.


the advertisement shows a major flaw in this conclusion.' The original study was designed to evaluate HA-lA in patients with a presumptive diagnosis of Gram negative sepsis. The data and conclusions in the advertisement are from only a subgroup analysis of those patients (n= 197) in whom the diagnosis was subsequently confirmed as Gram negative bacteraemia. At the time in the clinical course of the illness when the use of HA-IA is being advocated those patients with Gram negative bacteraemia cannot be identified accurately. Furthermore, the methods section of the original paper did not state the intention to perform subgroup analysis. The results from the whole group (n= 531) enrolled in the study are of greater clinical (and statistical) relevance and indicate no significant difference in mortality between the group treated with HA-IA and with placebo (43% and 39%, respectively; p=024). Further controlled trials are required to establish the place of HA-lA in clinical practice. In the mean time our local drugs committee has developed specific guidelines to restrict the use of this expensive drug.


Introduction : The Cherubism is a rare disease that affects the middle and lower third of the face in individuals at the time of childhood. It is a rare hereditary benign bone disease with an autosomal dominant inheritance. The familial distribution may affect different generations and isolated non-familial cases have also been reported in literature. Lesions appear as cystic multilocular radiolucencies, histologically, resembles central giant cell granluloma and hyperparathyroidism brown tumor with numerous randomly distributed multinucleated giant cells and vascular spaces within a fibrous connective tissue stroma.  Objectives : The aim of this study is to report the importance of the diagnosis of this pathology and the variety of treatments available in the literature, thus guiding to an individualized treatment.  Case Report : Caucasian 8 years-old female, in good general condition, was referred to Service of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Erasto Gaertner Hospital (EGH), Curitiba – PR, Brazil, complaining of bilateral swelling of the maxilla and mandible since 4 years-old. Apparently, the girl is the first one who developed the genetic pathology in at least 4 generation of her family. After biopsy, cherubism diagnosis was confirmed and the treatment of choice was periodic monitoring. Discussion : Cherubism studies with long-term follow-up with clinical and radiographic documentation indicate that the spontaneous resolution of bone lesions is rare. Treatment of cherubism is controversial and various modalities have been reported as the use of calcitonin, osseous plasty surgery, curettage, orthognathic surgery, liposuction and palliative treatments.


Colloids and crystalloids are usually administered as treatment for hypovolemia in severely injured patients. However, dilution of clotting factors and platelets together with impaired fibrinogen polymerization are associated with fluid therapy and may aggravate hemorrhage, thus worsening final outcome of these patients. We investigated, in an in vitro model, whether the addition of fibrinogen to diluted blood samples can reverse dilutional coagulopathy. Blood from 5 healthy male volunteers was diluted by 60% using lactated Ringer's solution, 4% modified gelatin solution, or 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4, as well as the combination of lactated Ringer's solution with either of the 2 colloid solutions. Thereafter, aliquots of diluted blood samples were incubated with 3 different concentrations of fibrinogen (0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/mL). Measurements were performed by modified thrombelastography (ROTEM®; Pentapharm, Munich, Germany). After 60% dilution, clotting times increased, whereas clot firmness and fibrin polymerization decreased significantly. After administration of fibrinogen, clotting times decreased and clot firmness, as well as fibrin polymerization, increased in all diluted blood samples. The effect of in vitro fibrinogen substitution on ROTEM® variables was dependent on the fibrinogen dosage and the type of solution used to dilute the blood samples.


The dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus, inhabits coastal reefs in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. A decline in the abundance of this long‐lived protogynous hermaphrodite has led to its listing as an endangered species in the Mediterranean, and heightened management concerns regarding its genetic variability and population substructure. To address these concerns, we analysed genetic variation at seven microsatellite and 28 allozyme loci in dusky groupers sampled from seven areas (for microsatellites) and three areas (for allozymes) in the west‐central Mediterranean. Levels of genetic variability were higher for microsatellites than for allozymes (mean HE = 0.78 and 0.07, respectively), but similar to those observed in other marine fishes with comparable markers. Both microsatellites and allozymes revealed significant genetic differentiation among all areas analysed with each class of marker, but the magnitude of differentiation revealed by allozymes over three locales (FST = 0.214) was greater than that detected with microsatellites over seven areas, or over the three areas shared with the allozyme analysis (FST = 0.018 and ~0, respectively). A large proportion of the allozyme differentiation was due to a single locus (ADA*) possibly influenced by selection, but allozyme differentiation over the three areas was still highly significant (FST = 0.06, P < 0.0001), and the 95% confidence intervals for allozyme and microsatellite FST did not overlap when this locus was excluded. There was no evidence of isolation by distance with either class of markers. Our results lead us to conclude that dusky groupers are not panmictic in the Mediterranean Sea and suggest that they should be managed on a local basis. However, more work is needed to elucidate genetic relationships among populations.


For a special class of systems, it is shown that the existence of a common quadratic Lyapunov function (CQLF) is necessary and sufficient for the stability of an associated switched system under arbitrary switching. Furthermore, it is shown that the existence of a CQLF for N (N > 2) subsystems is equivalent to the existence of a CQLF for every pair of subsystems. An algorithm is proposed to compute a CQLF for the subsystems, when it exists, using the left and right eigenvectors of a critical matrix obtained from a matrix pencil.


Mannan plays an important role in the formation of some beer hazes. The effects of mechanical agitation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae brewing strains and subsequent impact on beer quality were investigated. Six different brewing yeast strains (ale and lager) were subjected to mechanical agitation in a temperature-controlled bioreactor. As a result of this study, a protocol is described for the determination of mannan residues from S. cerevisiae cells in nearly real time. Flow cytometric methods permitted the quantitative analysis of mannan residues based on particle size, relative granularity, and florescence intensity. The mannan concentrations and optical density of its supernatant increased as the yeast slurry was agitated. It was concluded that hydrodynamic stresses from agitation of yeast slurries cause mannan, an unfilterable haze constituent, to be released from the yeast cell wall. Furthermore, flow cytometry provides an innovative, rapid, and viable option for quantifying the influence that beer processing conditions have on beer stability.


How should privacy risks be weighed against big data rewards? The recent controversy over leaked documents revealing the massive scope of data collection, analysis, and use by the NSA and possibly other national security organizations has hurled to the forefront of public attention the delicate balance between privacy risks and big data opportunities. The NSA revelations crystalized privacy advocates' concerns of "sleepwalking into a surveillance society" even as decisionmakers remain loath to curb government powers for fear of terrorist or cybersecurity attacks.Big data creates tremendous opportunity for the world economy not only in the field of national security, but also in areas ranging from marketing and credit risk analysis to medical research and urban planning. At the same time, the extraordinary benefits of big data are tempered by concerns over privacy and data protection. Privacy advocates are concerned that the advances of the data ecosystem will upend the power relationships between government, business, and individuals, and lead to racial or other profiling, discrimination, overcriminalization, and other restricted freedoms.


In clinical practice, we are often confronted with dental postoperative pain that occurs after coronary restoration with resin composites. This article reviews the causes of sensitivity after the placement of a composite obturation, the pathological mechanisms, the involved mediators and the importance of differential diagnosis with dentinal pain from pulp inflammation. In this context, the role played by the marginal microleakage in the appearance of this dentinal pain is emphasized.


Small Spaces between Emergencies explores the ways people find the strength to plunge back into life after pain and trauma. In "Turnaround, " Ed, who has fled from life's responsibilities, arranges to meet Jonas, the young son he has not seen in six years. Although they meet at the Greyhound terminal like strangers, Ed and Jonas emerge triumphant from their past, teaching each other the patience and self-assurance to trust their respective roles as father and son. In "Leaving by the Window, " Matty and her father drive from state to state, traveling through the landscape of memories that make up her father's life. To escape his quixotic tales of the past, she runs away, seeking her own adventures. When her father comes to retrieve her, she tells him her stories, but leaves out the pain and humiliation she endured. As they realize that there are stories they cannot share, both reach a new level of understanding and acceptance. These stories capture the process of rediscovery that is the essence and the adventure of living and growing. They are affirmations of the triumph of the human spirit in a world of adversity.


SETTING
The utility of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), such as the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test, in diagnosing active tuberculosis (TB) in children is unclear and depends on the epidemiological setting.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the performance of QFT-GIT for TB diagnosis in children living in Morocco, an intermediate TB incidence country with high bacille Calmette-Gurin vaccination coverage.

DESIGN
We prospectively recruited 109 Moroccan children hospitalised for clinically suspected TB, all of whom were tested using QFT-GIT.

RESULTS
For 81 of the 109 children, the final diagnosis was TB. The remaining 28 children did not have TB. QFT-GIT had a sensitivity of 66% (95%CI 5277) for the diagnosis of TB, and a specificity of 100% (95%CI 88100). The tuberculin skin test (TST) had lower sensitivity, at 46% (95%CI 3360), and its concordance with QFT-GIT was limited (69%). Combining QFT-GIT and TST results increased sensitivity to 83% (95%CI 6992).

CONCLUSION
In epidemiological settings such as those found in Morocco, QFT-GIT is more sensitive than the TST for active TB diagnosis in children. Combining the TST and QFT-GIT would be useful for the diagnosis of active TB in children, in combination with clinical, radiological and laboratory data.


As health professionals in the United States consider how to focus health care and coverage to ensure better, more equitable patient and population health outcomes, the experience of Cuba's National Health System over the last 5 decades may provide useful insights. Although mutual awareness has been limited by long-term political hostilities between the United States and Cuban governments, the history and details of the Cuban health system indicate that their health system merits attention as an example of a national integrated approach resulting in improved health status. More extensive analysis of the principles, practices, and outcomes in Cuba is warranted to inform health system transformation in the United States, despite differences in political-social systems and available resources.


Background. This study was done to analyze the economic effect of clarithromycin on the daily dosing of cyclosporine in lung transplantation. Methods. Nine consecutive patients (mean age ± SEM, 34.6 ± 5.2 years) had transplantation from June 1995 to June 1996. Median follow-up time was 649 days (range, 431 to 799 days). Preoperative diagnoses were cystic fibrosis (n = 4), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n = 2), emphysema, bronchiectasis, and obliterative bronchiolitis. Median time from transplantation to addition of clarithromycin to a standard immunosuppressive regimen was 86 days (range, 14 to 181 days). Results. Baseline cyclosporine dose (9.9 ± 2.2 mg/kg/day) was reduced to 5.8 ± 1.0 mg/kg/day and 4.1 ± 0.8 mg/kg/day at 1 month and 1 year, respectively, after initiation of clarithromycin therapy. Estimated annual savings were $3,400 per patient. There was no increase in infection or rejection episodes. Conclusions. Clarithromycin safely reduced the dose and cost of cyclosporine in this series.


It is not unusual for immigrants to leave the host country and resettle permanently in their country of origin. This paper examines the interaction among some of the key factors that influence the return decision of immigrant households. These include purely economic variables such as wages of the two countries and the costs and benefits of accumulating country-specific human capital, but also subjective factors such as the intensity of the locational preferences of immigrant parents and children and of their desire to remain together in a single location. The analysis is conducted under alternative assumptions with respect to the role of parents and children in the household's decision-making process.


Lower grade gliomas (LGGs) are heterogenous diseases by clinical, histological and molecular criteria. Here, we developed a machine learning pipeline to extract cellular morphometric biomarkers from whole slide images of tissue histology; and identified and externally validated robust cellular morphometric subtypes of LGGs in multi-center cohorts. The subtypes have significantly independent predictive power for overall survival across all three independent cohorts. In the TCGA-LGG cohort, we found that patients within the poor-prognosis subtype responded poorly to primary therapy and follow-up treatment. Furthermore, LGGs within the poor-prognosis subtype were characterized by higher mutational burden, higher frequencies of copy number alterations, and higher level of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and immune checkpoint genes. Higher level of PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. In addition, the subtypes learned from LGG demonstrates translational impact on Glioblastoma (GBM). Overall, we developed and validated a framework for the cellular morphometric subtype discovery in LGGs associated with specific molecular alterations, immune micro-environment, prognosis and treatment response.


Abstract: Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, has been erupting since 1995. During the current eruption, a large part of the material produced by the volcano has been transported into the sea, modifying the morphology of the submarine flanks of the volcano. We present a unique set of swath bathymetric data collected offshore from Montserrat in 1999, 2002 and 2005. From 1999 to 2002, pyroclastic flows associated with numerous dome collapses entered the sea to produce 100 Mm3 deposit. From 2002 to 2005, the 290 Mm3 submarine deposit is mainly from the 12–13 July 2003 collapse. These data allow us to estimate that, by May 2005, at least 482 Mm3 of material had been deposited on the sea floor since 1995. We compare on-land characteristics and volumes of dome collapse events with the submarine deposits and propose a new analysis of their emplacement on the submarine flanks of the volcano. The deposition mechanism shows a slope dependence, with the maximum thickness of deposit before the break in the slope, probably because of the type of the dense granular flow involved. We conclude that from 1995 to 2005 more than 75% of the erupted volume entered the sea.


ABSTRACT Public–private partnerships (PPPs) have a growing presence in U.S. public schools in activities ranging from standardized testing to after-school programs to charter schools. A smaller scale mode of collaboration between public schools and private actors not typically described as a PPP is fundraising by parents and community members through parent–teacher associations or organizations (PTAs or PTOs) and school- or district-level foundations. These organizations have dramatically expanded fundraising in reaction to several trends. This article describes case studies of 2 districts in which school board policy was modified to address concerns that such fundraising produces inequity. In Newton, Massachusetts, and Bellevue, Washington, policy limits fundraising benefiting individual schools in favor of approaches to benefit the entire district. Drawing on interviews and public documents, the article examines how these policies were adopted and what approach they take to address inequity. It concludes by considering this phenomenon in relation to urban inequality and describing policy concerns on the horizon related to philanthropy of this nature.


Purpose of review Cytochrome (CYP) P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) contribute to the regulation of renal tubular and vascular function. This review highlights the results of the recent genetic studies in humans and rodent models, indicating that these eicosanoids participate in the control of blood pressure (BP), chronic kidney disease (CKD), renal ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) and polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Recent findings Endogenous 20-HETE has been reported to play an essential role in the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback responses in the afferent arteriole, and a deficiency of 20-HETE contributes to the development of hypertension and renal injury in Dahl S rats. Mutations in CYP4A11 and CYP4F2 have been linked to elevated BP in humans. EETs have been shown to regulate epithelial sodium channel in the collecting duct, lower BP and have renoprotective properties. 20-HETE also opposes the development of CKD and IRI, and may play a role in PKD. Summary These studies indicate that CYP P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid play an important role in the control of BP, CKD, AKI and PKD. Drugs targeting these pathways could be useful in the treatment of IRI and CKD.


A triangular resonator has fewer modes than other polygonal lasers such as microdisk and square lasers with similar areas. However, a large resonator with a side of 8 μm can still resonate at many distinct wavelengths. We show experimentally that the introduction of air trenches to the sides of the triangular resonator can lead to single-mode operation of the laser device. The air trenches will considerably increase the radiation losses of most of the resonant modes, except for a mode with weak magnetic fields at the position of the trenches. This high quality factor mode will be the only mode able to reach lasing in the modified structure, as we show experimentally.


Growing concerns about the environmental, economic and social effects of chemical-dependent conventional agriculture have led many farmers and consumers to seek alternative practices and systems that will make agriculture more sustainable.  Alternative farming systems include 'organic', 'biological', 'biodynamic', 'ecological', and 'low input'.  However, just because a farm is "organic" or 'Biodynamic,' for example, does not mean that it is sustainable.  To be sustainable, it must produce food of high quality, be environmentally safe, protect the soil, and be profitable and socially just. Recently, there has been increasing interest in biodynamic farming. Concept of biodynamic farming is based on eight lectures given by Dr. Rudolf Steiner. It is a spiritual approach. Biodynamic farming uses no synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and instead emphasizes building up the soil with compost additions and animal and green manures, controlling pests naturally, rotating crops, and diversifying crops and livestock.  A major difference is that biodynamic farmers add eight specific preparations to their soils, crops, and composts to enhance soil and crop quality and to stimulate the composting process. The eight preparations, designated by their ingredients or by the numbers 500 to 507, are made from cow manure, silica, flowers of yarrow, chamomile, dandelion and valerian, oak bark, and the whole plant of stinging nettle. Some biodynamic farmers make the preparations themselves while others buy them from certifying biodynamic associations or experienced practitioners.


and key commercial success stories (accelerometers, gyroscopes, digital light projectors, resonators). Review of micromachining techniques and MEMS/NEMS fabrication approaches. Actuation methods in MEMS and NEMS, MEMS/NEMS design and modeling. Examples of MEMS/NEMS components from industry and academia. Case studies: MEMS inertial sensors, microscale mirrors, micro and nano resonators, micro and nano switches, MEMS/NEMS chem/bio sensors, MEMS gyroscopes, MEMS microphones


OF THESIS THE EFFECTS OF ROADS ON SPACE USE AND MOVEMENTS OF BLACK BEARS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY Kentucky, USA, is the site of recent natural recolonization by the American black bear (Ursus americanus); however, bears are rarely observed outside the Cumberland Mountains along the state's southeastern border. I examined the influence of roads in constraining the distribution of this population by altering animal space use and movement. I identified patterns of road avoidance and road crossing using data from Global Positioning System collars worn by 28 adult bears (16M, 12F), and described road mortality trends using 27 roadkill events. Bears avoided roads at the home range and landscape scale, primarily crossed low-traffic roads, and crossed in sites that minimized detection by humans. Males displayed more evidence of road avoidance than females, but females crossed roads more selectively than males. Bears were most often killed on high to moderate traffic roads, and in areas less forested than expected. Roadkill and road crossing sites bore different attributes. The results of my study support previous findings that space use near roads and road crossing reflect a tradeoff between the risks of road mortality and human harassment, and the benefits of access to habitat, mates, and anthropogenic food. Road-mediated restriction of black bear space use and movement is indicated.


In this paper, the details of a numerical study performed for the optimum fin arrangement in a solar air heater with a rectangular fin array attached to the bottom side of the absorber plate have been presented. Results have been presented for various fin sizes and spacing between the fins, while the heat transfer and fluid flow are directed by natural convection. An inclined rectangular channel similar to the dimensions of a typical solar air heater has been considered. Three different fin configurations, namely, continuous long fins for the whole length of the channel, in-line interrupted and staggered interrupted arrangements of fins, have been studied. The present analysis aims to identify the optimum configuration of the fin array for enhanced heat transfer. The spacing between the fins and the height of the fins are varied to obtain an optimum configuration. The numerical simulations are performed for heat flux (q″) ranging from 250 to 750 W/m2 on the absorber plate. The inclination angles of the channel (θ) have been maintained at 15 deg, 30 deg, and 45 deg from the horizontal plane. The results show that with the spacing between fins, S = 5.4 cm performs better in the case of longitudinal continuous fin arrangement. However, a fin spacing of 4.75 cm shows a higher heat transfer in the case of staggered fin configuration. In comparison with nine long uninterrupted fins, using the staggered arrangement with 15 × 10 fins saves up to 33% of fin material.


Objective
The objective of this study was to examine how young people in Nairobi, Kenya, are making sense of marriage, both in terms of their own lives and its social significance.

Background
In many sub-Saharan African communities, marriage has been a fundamental marker of the transition to adulthood. However, union formation is changing, particularly in urban areas-partnering is occurring later and nonmarital cohabitation is increasingly common with the pathways to union formation differing by gender. Young people's perspectives on marriage are valuable for a deeper understanding of these trends.

Method
A total of 74 in-depth interviews with youth living in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya, were qualitatively analyzed with particular attention to personal and normative understandings of marriage along with how they vary by gender.

Results
Marriage emerged as an important part of most respondents' life projects, whether or not they considered it key to socially recognized adulthood. Attitudes differed by gender, with young women's greater ambivalence and aversion toward marriage, particularly early marriage, contrasting with young men's frustrated desire for marriage amidst economic constraints. Young men's main worry about marriage was not being able to support a family, whereas young women were often concerned that marrying would thwart their aspirations regarding education and work.

Conclusion
Marriage continues to be a significant social marker of adulthood despite a shifting demographic reality. Differences in young people's attitudes are related to gendered concerns around marriage and economic independence.


Chlorination has been the method of choice for disinfecting water used for drinking purposes. However, some stressed bacteria during chlorination are able to recover and alter the potability of water. This study assessed the recovery of stressed bacteria in dechlorinated water. Ten chlorinated water samples were collected from different points within Ilorin metropolis, Kwara, Nigeria. The samples (100ml) were dechlorinated with 0.1ml of 11.4mM sodium thiosulphate solution. The physicochemical characteristics of the chlorinated water samples were determined while bacteriological analyses were carried out on both chlorinated and dechlorinated water samples. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. The physicochemical characteristics of the water samples ranged as follow: pH 7.3-8.4, chloride content 4.37-6.85 mg/l, suspended solids 0.004-0.017 g/100ml, and total hardness 30-72mg/l. The chlorinated water samples had bacterial, total, and faecal coliform counts ranging from 1.0 × 10 1 – 1.9 × 10 4 cfu/ml, 0 – 480 MPN/100ml, and zero, respectively. The dechlorinated water sample had corresponding counts of 5.4 × 10 2 – 7.36 × 10 4 cfu/ml, 6 1100 MPN/100ml, and 0 – 380 MPN/100ml. A total of eleven bacterial species belonging to the genera Bacillus, Burkholderia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Serratia, and Streptococcus were isolated. Not lower than 60% of the bacterial isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All the isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistances. The antibiotic resistance pattern of an isolate of Citrobacter freundii to cefuroxime, cefixime, and gentamycin changed remarkably and was plasmid-mediated, while that of E. coli and Enterobacter agglomerans remained unchanged to all the antibiotics and was non-plasmid mediated. Chlorination of water at the point of use is recommended. It is concluded that chlorination is essential in order to prevent reactivation of stressed bacteria during distribution and prevent infection by bacteria with high multiple antibiotic resistance index.


Background Invasive species represent a global concern for their rapid spread and the possibility of infectious disease transmission. This is the case of the global invader Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito. This species is a vector of medically important arboviruses, notably chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV). The reconstruction of the complex colonization pattern of this mosquito has great potential for mitigating its spread and, consequently, disease risks. Methodology/Principal findings Classical population genetics analyses and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approaches were combined to disentangle the demographic history of Aedes albopictus populations from representative countries in the Southeast Asian native range and in the recent and more recently colonized areas. In Southeast Asia, the low differentiation and the high co-ancestry values identified among China, Thailand and Japan indicate that, in the native range, these populations maintain high genetic connectivity, revealing their ancestral common origin. China appears to be the oldest population. Outside Southeast Asia, the invasion process in La Réunion, America and the Mediterranean Basin is primarily supported by a chaotic propagule distribution, which cooperates in maintaining a relatively high genetic diversity within the adventive populations. Conclusions/Significance From our data, it appears that independent and also trans-continental introductions of Ae. albopictus may have facilitated the rapid establishment of adventive populations through admixture of unrelated genomes. As a consequence, a great amount of intra-population variability has been detected, and it is likely that this variability may extend to the genetic mechanisms controlling vector competence. Thus, in the context of the invasion process of this mosquito, it is possible that both population ancestry and admixture contribute to create the conditions for the efficient transmission of arboviruses and for outbreak establishment.


We describe a simple, conceptual forward analysis procedure for
infinity-complete WSTS S. This computes the so-called clover of a state. When S
is the completion of a WSTS X, the clover in S is a finite description of the
downward closure of the reachability set. We show that such completions are
infinity-complete exactly when X is an omega-2-WSTS, a new robust class of
WSTS. We show that our procedure terminates in more cases than the generalized
Karp-Miller procedure on extensions of Petri nets and on lossy channel systems.
We characterize the WSTS where our procedure terminates as those that are
clover-flattable. Finally, we apply this to well-structured counter systems.


Term of patients' rights defines rights and responsibilities between health care organizations and patients. Health care professionals have very important responsibilities, in order to guard the rights of patients. Nurses can be seen to have more responsibility than another health care professional, because they have some kind of partnership relation with patients. This study aims to determine the knowledge level and attitudes of patient rights among the nurses of the Gulhane Military Medical Academy (GATA) Training Hospital. The study universe consisted of all the nurses at the hospital (n=603) and 120 nurses were chosen with simple random sampling for the study. In general, 41.1% of the study group didn't receive any education about patients' rights, 21.7% stated that they didn't encounter any patient rights issue in their day to day practice, and 64.2% stated that they learned something about the patient rights another resource like TV or mass media. Attitudes of study group were observed changeable from 69.2% to 100% about the universal patients' rights. A comprehensive effort should be sustained to make the patients rights an essential part of healthcare. Because of that, patients' rights office should be established in hospitals. These offices should carry out education of healthcare staff and patients about the patient rights, solve the problems which emerged from violation of patients rights, and verify the healthcare is appropriate for patients' satisfaction.


This study is to estimate the feasibility of acoustic emission(AE) method for the internal leak from the valves. In this study, two types of valve(a 4 inch glove steam valve and 4 inch ball water valve) leak tests using three different leak path and various leak rates were performed in order to analyze AE properties when leaks arise in valve seat. As a result of leak test for specimens simulated valve seat, we conformed that leak sound amplitude increased in proportion to the increase of leak rate, and leak rates were plotted versus peak acoustic amplitudes recorded within those two narrow frequency bands on each spectrum plot. The resulting plots of leak rate versus peak AE amplitude were the primary basis for determining the feasibility of quantifying leak acoustically. The large amount of data attained also allowed a favorable investigation of the effects of different leak paths, leak rates, pressure differentials and AE sensors on the AE amplitude spectrum. From the experimental results, it was suggested that the AE method for monitoring of leak was feasible.


In order to develop a brain spatula or a brain retractor made of a shape memory alloy (SMA), the bending characteristics of the brain spatula of TiNi SMA made by the precision casting were discussed based on the tensile deformation properties of the existing copper and the TiNi rolled-SMA. The fatigue properties of both materials were also investigated by the plane-bending fatigue test. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. (1) The modulus of elasticity and the yield stress for the cast and rolled SMAs are lower than those for the copper. Therefore, the conventional rolled-SMA spatula and the new cast-SMA spatula can be bent easily compared to the existing copper-brain spatula. (2) With respect to the alternating- and pulsating-plane bending fatigue, the fatigue life of both the copper and the SMAs in the region of low-cycle fatigue is expressed by a power function of the maximum bending strain. The fatigue life of the conventional rolled SMA and the new cast SMA is longer than that of the existing copper. The fatigue life of the new cast and rolled SMAs in the pulsating-plane bending is longer than that in the alternating-plane bending. (3) The fatigue life of the rolled-SMA and the cast SMA for alternating- and pulsating-plane bendings can be expressed by the unified relationship with a power function of the dissipated work.


Sir: We would like to add further important clinical and pathological information to a case reported in this Journal in 1991'. At that time a woman, who presented in June 1990 with generalized lymphadenopathy due to herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-I), was free from disease some 18 months later. In early July 1992, her haemoglobin began to drop although she felt well. A marrow aspirate showed marrow hypoplasia with some reactive lymphoid aggregates. Clinical examination and whole-body CT scanning showed no evidence of lymphoma. The haemoglobin and platelets continued to fall and a further marrow in November 1992 again showed marrow hypoplasia with lymphoid aggregates: these were not typical of lymphoma and light chain restriction could not be demonstrated. She was treated with anti-lymphocyte globulin but developed hepatorenal failure and died in late November 19 92. Post-mortem examination showed para-aortic, thoracic and cervical lymphadenopathy with splenomegaly (390 8): scattered nodules up to 2 mm in diameter were present in the spleen. Histological examination showed a low-grade lymphoplasmacytoid B-cell lymphoma. PCR analysis of autopsy lymph node and marrow showed clonal rearrangement of the Ig heavy chain gene. No such rearrangement could be demonstrated on the original lymph node from 1990, nor on the 1992 ante-mortem marrow specimens. Did she have non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 1990, this being the underlying cause of her HSV-I lyrnphadenopathy? There was no histological, clinical or molecular biological evidence of tumour in 1990. Nevertheless, our experience would advise a cautious attitude to HSV lymphadenopathy, and emphasizes the need for careful


Chronic urticaria is traditionally defined as recurrent hives for more than 6 weeks. In over 80% of the cases no exogenous allergen trigger or underlying systemic disease is identified, and hence, the condition is referred to as chronic idiopathic urticaria. Several theories have been suggested as the basis of pathogenesis, and because of the lack of evidence of underlying cause or trigger, treatment has been mostly directed toward symptomatic relief, but recently many advances in new therapeutic approaches have been reported. This review will focus on the recent advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic urticaria.


The objectives of this study were to determine the ileal digestible energy (IDE), ME, and ME(n) contents of corn distillers grains (CDG) for broiler chickens and to quantify these energy utilization responses to carbohydrase supplementation by the regression method. The CDG sample used in the current experiment contained (by analysis) 936 g/kg of DM, 4,894 kcal/kg of gross energy, 315.1 g/kg of CP, 94.6 g/kg of crude fat, 94.8 g/kg of crude fiber, 495.6 g/kg of neutral detergent fiber, 179.1 g/kg of acid detergent fiber, 0.19 g/kg of Ca, and 4.8 g/kg of P. The studies were conducted at 2 locations (Purdue or Louisiana State University) and CDG were incorporated into a practical corn-soybean meal diet at 3 levels (0, 300, or 600 g/kg) without or with added carbohydrase in a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. The carbohydrase premix was added to supply 2,000 U of xylanase + 1,800 U of amylase/kg of feed. The diets were fed to 288 broiler chickens from d 15 to 22 posthatch with 6 birds per cage and 8 replicate cages per diet in a randomized complete block design at each of 2 locations. The broiler chicks were fed a standard broiler starter diet from d 1 to 15 posthatch. The IDE of diets decreased both linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P < 0.05) as CDG increased from 0 to 600 g/kg regardless of carbohydrase supplementation. There was a linear (P < 0.01) decrease in ME of diet from 3,239 to 2,510 kcal/kg as CDG increased from 0 to 600 g/kg in the diets without added carbohydrase, whereas for birds fed the carbohydrase-supplemented diets, there were both linear (P < 0.01) and quadratic (P < 0.01) decreases from 3,398 to 2,613 kcal/kg as CDG increased from 0 to 600 g/kg. Dietary ME(n) linearly decreased (P < 0.01) regardless of carbohydrase supplementation as CDG increased from 0 to 600 g/kg. Supplementation with carbohydrase improved (P < 0.01) IDE, ME, and ME(n). Regressions of CDG-associated IDE, ME, or ME(n) intake in kilocalories against kilograms of CDG intake without added carbohydrase generated the following: IDE = 44 + 2,340X, r(2) = 0.953; ME = 10 + 2,315X, r(2) = 0.993; and ME(n) = 10 + 2,132X, r(2) = 0.991. Corresponding regressions when carbohydrase was added were as follows: IDE = -17 + 2,622X, r(2) = 0.985; ME = -25 + 2,448X, r(2) = 0.979; and ME(n) = -22 + 2,264X, r(2) = 0.978. These data indicate that the respective IDE, ME, and ME(n) values (kcal/kg of DM) of the CDG sample evaluated were 2,340, 2,315, and 2,132 when carbohydrase was not added and 2,622, 2,448, and 2,264 when carbohydrase was added. Comparison using ANOVA procedures indicated that the slope when carbohydrase was added was greater (P < 0.05) than when carbohydrase was not added. This response implies that carbohydrase supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the IDE, ME, and ME(n) of CDG in practical corn-soybean meal-based diets used in this current study by 12, 5.7, and 6.2%, respectively.


'Jacobson, L, and Westrom, L, American Jrournal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1969, 105, 1088. 2 Westrom, L, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1975, 121, 707. 3 Westrom, L, Bengtsson, L P, and Mardh, P, Lancet, 1976, 2, 221. 4Buckingham, M S, et al, Paper to be read at the VIII World Congress of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Mexico City, October, 1976. Elstein, M, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1967, 60, 397. 6Tatum, H J, et al, J7ournal of the American Medical Association, 1975. 231, 711. Johannisson, G, Karamustafa, A, and Brorson, J, British J7ournal of Venereal Diseases, 1976, 52, 176. 8 Chantler, E N, Critoph, F, and Elstein, M. In preparation.


Brain areas exhibiting impaired cerebrovascular reserve are believed to be at higher risk of ischemic tissue injury under circumstances in which cerebral blood flow is insufficient to meet metabolic demand. Other than for acute ischemia, which results in apparent (irreversible) loss of brain tissue and function, the consequences of chronic intermittent hemodynamic failure are not well understood. In these instances, perfusion of brain tissue may be just sufficient to prevent gross ischemia but may fail to respond adequately to increases in demand such as those normally seen during neuronal activation. To date, there are no studies published on the anatomical and clinical consequences of non-ischemic chronic intermittent hypoperfusion in humans. However, experimental animal models simulating a state of non-ischemic chronic hypoperfusion show a decline in neuronal structure and viability. To investigate whether chronic hypoperfusion is present, the integrity of the cerebrovascular flow response system can be assessed by measures of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), a measure of the change in cerebral blood flow in response to a vasodilatory stimulus. Reductions in CVR can range from a blunted increase in blood flow in response to a stimulus in mild cases, to "paradoxical" reduction in regional blood flow indicating steal physiology, in severe cases. Existing imaging methods for spatially measuring cerebrovascular reserve, such as 133Xe-CT and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), have drawbacks, including cost and limited clinical availability. In this thesis, I extensively use a non-invasive quantitative MR-based method to infer the anatomical and clinical consequences of impaired cerebrovascular reserve. This method employs functional acquisitions of blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) MR contrast with standardized iso-oxic changes in end-tidal PCO2 as the vasoactive stimulus. Specifically, I will investigate the adverse effects of chronically compromised blood flow control on the health of brain tissue to associate this with the onset of clinical symptoms in patients with severe chronic steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disease and brain arteriovenous malformations. Where MRI-CVR measurements require precise changes in end-tidal pCO2, I will also study the translation of the standardized PCO2 stimuli for patients that require mechanical ventilation (i.e. positive inspiratory pressure), using an animal model. This method may open up future research avenues for critically ill patients who may benefit from MRI-CVR studies, such as patients who suffer from traumatic brain injuries or a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture


Background: The clinical application of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging technology in biliary surgery has gradually highlighted its role, and its role in laparoscopic cholecystectomy plus laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LC+LCBDE) still needs to be further explored. Therefore, we evaluated the clinical value of ICG fluorescence imaging in LC+LCBDE. Materials and Methods: Data from 131 patients who underwent LC+LCBDE in our department between January 2019 and June 2021 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Overall, 59 and 72 patients underwent ICG+LC+LCBDE and LC+LCBDE, respectively, and were assigned to the ICG (ICG+LC+LCBDE) and non-ICG (LC+LCBDE) groups based on their medical records. The clinical data of all patients were obtained, and the differences between the ICG and non-ICG groups were compared. Results: A total of 131 patients successfully underwent surgery. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. In terms of perioperative results, no significant between-group differences in biliary tract exposure before Calot's triangle dissection were noted; however, patients in the ICG group had better biliary tract observations after Calot's triangle dissection, shorter operative time, fewer complications, earlier postoperative exhaust, and lower hospital costs. Conclusions: ICG imaging can assist surgeons in determining biliary tract structures and injuries during surgery and in preventing operation-related bile leakage. ICG imaging is a technique worthy of promotion in difficult surgery.


This paper provides an analytical model for the performance evaluation of a two class DiffServ link. It is applicable for the performance analysis of data traffic in the presence of higher priority Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoded Voice and Video traffic. The DiffServ link is modeled as a single server queue in a Markovian environment. The queueing performance of data packets is evaluated by matrix geometric methods. The data generation process is assumed to follow a two state Markov modulated Poisson process (MMPP), and the service rate fluctuates based on the number of concurrent CBR sessions.


New designer drugs, access to databases, and changing availability of samples for analysis have changed the face of modern forensic toxicology in recent years. Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and Misuse brings together the latest information direct from experts in each sub-field of the discipline providing a broad overview of current thinking and the most innovative approaches to case studies.
The text begins with an in-depth discussion of pharmacoepidemiology, including information on the value of nationwide databases in forensic toxicology. The use and abuse of drugs in driving, sport and the workplace are then discussed by industry experts who are conducting case work in their field. Not only are new drug groups discussed (NPS), but also their constantly changing impact on drug legislation. Synthetic cannabinoids, khat and mephodrone are discussed in detail. Following a section devoted to legislation and defence, readers will find comprehensive chapters covering sample choice reflecting the increasing use of hair and oral fluid, and also the less commonly used sweat and nail analysis. New and old case examples are compared and contrasted in the final part of the book, which will enable readers to understand how drugs impact on each other and how the interpretative outcome of a case are dependent on many aspects.
From use of pharmaceutical drugs in a clinical setting, through smart drugs to new psychoactive drugs, this book documents the wide range in which drugs today are abused. This book will be an essential resource for postgraduate students in forensic toxicology, and for researchers in forensic toxicology laboratories who need the latest data and knowledge.


Lung metastases are frequently removed with an Nd:YAG laser. The aim is to perform a non-anatomic resection of all intraoperatively palpable lung metastases completely in order to preserve the largest possible amount of healthy lung parenchyma. The surgeon can either work with a focusing handpiece or use a laser fiber of the so-called bare fiber with direct contact to the lung parenchyma. We currently use a 600 µm bare fiber for applications involving the lung parenchyma. Precise data on the local effect of the laser fiber on the lung parenchyma are not available, especially with regard to an increase in the laser energy. We want to study this question within the scope of an experimental model in pig lungs by means of systematic and reproducible tests. The lung lobes were removed from animals recently slaughtered in the abattoir and taken to the laboratory immediately, where the lobes were stored such that the surface of the lungs was parallel to the floor. A 600 µm bare fiber was attached to a mounting bracket vertically above the lung surface at a distance of either 0, 5, or 10 mm. This mounting bracket was in turn connected to a hydraulic feed motor. The feed motor is capable of moving the bare fiber forward across the lungs consistently at three different speeds (5 mm/s, 10 mm/s, or 20 mm/s). The bare fiber itself was connected to the diode-pumped Nd: YAG Laser LIMAX® 120 (Gebruder Martin GmbH & Co KG, Tuttlingen, Germany). We carried out the tests using three different laser powers: 20 W, 60 W, and 120 W. The lung lesions caused by the laser in each of the lungs were resected and sent in for histological analysis. The exact size of the vaporization and coagulation zone was measured using the HE sections, and the respective mean values (with standard deviations) were ascertained. For all laser powers, the extent of the vaporization was greatest with a motion speed of 5 mm/s for the respective laser power: 756.4 ± 1.2 µm (20 W), 1411.0 ± 2.3 µm (60 W) and 2126.0 ± 1.4 µm (120 W). At the same time, the extent of the coagulation zone decreased with a consistent speed: 221.8 ± 2.9 µm (20 W), 324.9 ± 1.8 µm (60 W), and 450.5 ± 1.8 µm (120 W). With a consistent laser energy and increasing speed, we also saw a decrease in the size of the vaporization and of the coagulation zone. The same applies for an increasing distance of the bare fiber to the lung surface. The coagulation effect is the dominant effect here. At an operating speed of 5 mm/s and a maximum laser energy of 120, the 600 µm bare fiber exerts a maximum effect. With an increasing distance of the tip of the bare fiber to the lung surface, the coagulation effect is dominant. The effect of the laser decreases with increasing operating speeds.


Poly (methyl methacrylate) was grafted onto cellulose acetate backbone using a "graft from" of Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization (NMRP). The formation of cellulose acetate-co-poly (methyl methacrylate) using N-tert-butylN(1-diethylphosphono-2,2-dimethylpropyl) (SG1)-nitroxide based macroalkoxyamine system was confirmed by FTIR and NMR analyses. The copolymer exhibited living characteristics as shown by NMR. DSC investigations showed a copolymer with a rich poly (methyl methacrylate) phase around 120°C and a rich cellulose acetate phase at around


Faced with the challenge of supplying well-qualified graduates for the agriculture sector, agriculture educators must continue to identify barriers to recruiting talented and diverse students into colleges of agriculture. The purpose of this study is to evaluate students' attitudes and perceptions regarding: 1) agriculture; 2) the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) at the University of Georgia (UGA); and 3) agriculture-related careers. In this pilot study, students were conveniently sampled based on their enrollment in CAES courses or participation in agriculture-related student organizations. The results of this study will provide insight into students' attitudes and perceptions necessary to ensure appropriate and effective CAES recruitment and retention initiatives and to ultimately increase student enrollment in CAES.


This paper describes the personal experiences of three nurse researchers who entered a new field, one they would not normally encounter. The experiences occurred during a research project involving detainees in Juvenile Justice Centres in New South Wales, Australia. The Healthy Lifestyle Check computerized health screening program was used to seek responses regarding the detainees' health behaviours, knowledge of health services and health education needs. Physical assessment was conducted and counselling and referral was provided. The researchers' best endeavours to prepare for the field were not enough for the reality of the controlled environment, fears for personal safety and the stamina required to complete the project. The researchers' completion of the project enriched their professional lives with a sense of achievement and a new confidence in their ability to work in uncharted fields. Implications for future nursing research that incorporates fieldwork in this environment include: (i) ensuring adequate knowledge of security protocols; (ii) securing access to participants; and (iii) ensuring adequate physical assistance for fieldworkers to enter.


Librarians are facing a lot of choices when they have to make a decision about which databases to order and on which platforms. What is financially beneficiary for the Library: Remote access or local load? CD-ROM or on line? Buy the data or follow the traditional way licensing the material? Do all search platforms offer the needed key elements? Multiple search capabilities, Accessible search tools -Thesauri and browsable indexes -, Results that are easy to review, multiple viewing options, ability to easily revise/save search strategies, Fast access to full text, ability to download into bibliographic management software.


The free soft tissue autograft when used for increasing the amount of attached gingiva is a relatively simple surgical procedure. The use of the free soft tissue autograft for root coverage, however, is a much more technically demanding procedure requiring the periodontist to consider additional factors. Overlooking or failing to properly address a single one of these factors can result in incomplete coverage. The purpose of this paper is to outline those factors that must be considered when complete root coverage is attempted.


This research can provide information about leadership style, work motivation and organizational culture on employee performance at PT. Pos Indonesia (Persero) West Jakarta either partially or simultaneously (simultaneously) with X1 variable of leadership motivation, X2 variable of work motivation and X3 variable of organizational culture as independent variable, while Y dependent variable is employee performance. The research method used is an analysis that searches for direct influence over three independent variables and one dependent variable. Population of this research is employees of PT. Pos Indonesia (Persero) West Jakarta as respondents are employees of executives, managers and other employees with random sampling method of data with questionnaires to respondents. Influence will be done by using correlation method, regression, t-test and F-test assisted by SPSS application version 18.00. Thus, identified the magnitude of the influence of each variable (Style Leadership, Work Motivation and Organizational Culture) on Employee Performance. SPSS version calculation results version 18.00 indicates that each variable has an influence on employee performance with leadership style level is strong, strong work motivation and weak organization culture.


Abstract This paper seeks to present the first systematic literature review (SLR) on biodiversity and species extinction accounting publications This strand of research is gaining increased attention due to emerging scientific evidence that finds a relationship between the human destruction of biodiversity and the recent Covid-19 crisis, causing profound economic and health impacts This justifies the need for an SLR of 40 articles from 2013 to 2020 Descriptive results show research contributions peaked in 2018 with the most publications appearing in the Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal Results show legitimacy theory is the most applied theoretical framework with global studies and developed country specific research receiving the greatest attention In addition, content analysis is identified as the preferred research methodology Additionally, through synthesising and analysing literature, we provide potential opportunities for future research that is underexplored This paper will provide a valuable study for academics, policymakers and practitioners pursuing research in this field


One of the most salient innovations provided for by the Treaty of Lisbon has been the creation of a "semi-permanent" or "stable" Presidency of the European Council. This paper offers a legal appraisal of the Union's system of government in the post-Lisbon setting, focused on the role and powers of the refurbished European Council Presidency. It combines an unravelling of the black-letter competences with some extensive analysis of their exercise in practice, aiming to scrutinize the internal dynamics of the office, as well as its interaction with other actors and bodies. It begins by sketching the general background to the new office, taking a mildly unorthodox view of its origin, coming into being and popular terminology. This is followed by an analysis of the modalities for the President's election and dismissal, and an investigation of how the appointment procedure was put into operation for the first time. It then proceeds to gauge his competences, sketching their formal purview as well as (the limits to) their actual exercise. Finally, it subjects the inter-institutional linkages to review, in an attempt to assess how other actors measure up to the new office. In combination, these reflections provide the reader with a picture of the President's position within the wider constitutional framework.


While it is widely understood that criminal miscreants are subverting large numbers of Internet-connected computers (e.g., for bots, spyware, SPAM forwarding), it is less well appreciated that Internet routers are also being actively targeted and compromised. Indeed, due to its central role in end-to-end communication, a compromised router can be leveraged to empower a wide range of direct attacks including eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle subterfuge, and denial of service. In response, a range or specialized anomaly detection protocols has been proposed to detect misbehaving packet forwarding between routers. This article provides a general framework for understanding the design space of this work and reviews the capabilities of various detection protocols.


For users in possession of password-protected encrypted data in persistent storage (i.e., "data at rest"), an obvious problem is that the password may be extracted by an adversary through dictionary attacks or by coercing the user. Techniques such as multi-level hidden volumes with plausible deniability, or software/hardware-based full disk encryption (FDE) cannot adequately address such an attacker. For these threats, making data verifiably inaccessible in a quick fashion may be the preferred choice, specifically for users such as government/corporate agents, journalists, and human rights activists with highly confidential secrets, when caught and interrogated in a hostile territory. Using secure storage on a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) and modern CPU's trusted execution mode (e.g., Intel TXT), we design Gracewipe to enable secure and verifiable deletion of encryption keys through a special deletion password. An attacker cannot distinguish between a deletion and real password. He can guess the real password to unlock the target encryption key only through the valid Gracewipe environment; guessing the deletion password will trigger deletion of the real key. When coerced, a user can fake compliance, and enter the deletion password; and then the user can prove to the attacker that Gracewipe has been executed and the real key is no longer available (through a TPM quote), hoping that a reasonable adversary then will find no reason to keep holding the victim, and may even release her. We implement two prototypes of Gracewipe: software-based FDE system with plausible deniability (using TrueCrypt with hidden volume), and hardware-based FDE (using a Seagate selfencrypting drive (SED)). Our choice of booting Windows at the end of a Gracewipe session (for the possibility of immediate adoption), poses some unique challenges. Through the design and prototypes of Gracewipe, we hope to raise awareness of a special but critical use-case of FDE systems.


Equimolar mixture of substituted triazole (1) and substituted aromatic aldehyde were refluxed in presence of alcoholic KOH to yield 4- substituted-banzylidene-amino-5-substituted-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (2), which cyclized to form 2H,3H,4H,2-Carbethoxy, 3-substituted, Phenyl,5-substituted-[1,2,4]-triazole [3,4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazine (3) using ethyl chloro acetate and K2CO3. Compound (3) was undergoes bromination in the presence of iodine which is act as catalyst to form Bromo compound (4). Compound (4) was further converted into Imino spiro Thiadiazines (6), Hydrazino spiro Thiadiazines (8) and spiro Triazolo-thiadiazines (9) by reacting with Thiosemicarbazones (5), Thiocarbohydrazones (7) and Triazoles (1) respectively. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopic analysis.


OBJECTIVE
The epilepsy is a common neurologic disorder in adolescence. Its prevalence is 1.5-2% in these ages. In this work the different epileptic types and syndromes that begin in adolescence are reviewed.

DEVELOPMENT
Primary generalized epilepsies are the most frequent group. Its three syndromes, juvenile absences epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and epilepsy with generalized with tonic-clonic seizures on awakening, have different clinical and electroencephalographic characteristic but also share a considerable overlapping among them. The partial epilepsies are frequently functional or idiopathic, but not so often as in childhood. The secondary generalized epilepsies are rare, and among them, the progressive myoclonic epilepsies are the main group. The clinical aspects of the different disorders are described.

CONCLUSIONS
19% of epilepsies have the onset in adolescence. There is a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, with different symptoms and prognosis and also different of the corresponding syndromes that begin in childhood.


A family with high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis (A.S.) was investigated for the presence of HL-A27. In this family, classical A.S. occurred in five subjects and possible A.S. in two out of 64 members examined. In all seven cases, HL-A27 was present. The study of the segregation of A.S. and HL-A27 in this kindred demonstrates that more than one gene is responsible for the expression of A.S., that the homozygous state for the HL-A27 gene may lead to the occurrence of A.S., and that possibly a simple genetic explanation accounts for the simultaneous transmission of HL-A27 and A.S.


[Includes states and 242 incorporated places of 100,000 or more population as of April 1, 2000. Two census designated places (CDPs) are also included (Honolulu CDP in Hawaii and Arlington CDP in Virginia). For more information on these areas, see Appendix C, Geographic Information. Seven states (Delaware, Maine, Montana, North Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming) do not have any incorporated places of 100,000 or more population]


ABSTRACT Health communicators can draw some early lessons from the first five to six months of the worldwide experience with the Coronavirus Disease 2019. While it is critically important to apply known efficacious principles of communication strategies, we would do well to imbue our efforts with insights from health literacy studies. We know from national and international assessments that a significant proportion of adults in most industrialized nations have limited literacy and numeracy skills and face difficulty using commonly available materials to accomplish everyday tasks with accuracy and consistency. We must be certain to make information more accessible by being attentive to tone and voice, organization of information, vocabulary, numbers, data presentations – in our talks, writings, and postings. We need to apply rigor to the development of written, spoken, and displayed information and be certain to use available tools to develop, assess, pilot, and re-formulate health messages and materials - to help the public gain access to needed insights, developments, instructions, and actions. The health literacy lens supports a focus on the characteristics of health communications that facilitate or impede access to information, comprehension, and action. We know too that we must make critical information more widely available - considering that the most vulnerable amongst us may have limited literacy skills, have access to scarce resources, and face higher exposure. Health literacy insights can support strategies to broaden the reach of health information and contribute to efforts to mitigate the ravages of disparities.