Background: The population of older adults is growing in sub-Saharan Africa. Ageing exponentially increases fragility fracture risk. Of all global regions, Africa is projected to observe the greatest increase in fragility fractures. Fractures cause pain, disability and sometimes death, and management is expensive, often requiring complex healthcare delivery. For countries to plan future healthcare services, understanding is needed of fracture epidemiology, associated health service costs and the currently available healthcare resources. Methods: The Fractures-E3 5-year mixed-methods research programme will investigate the epidemiology, economic impact, and treatment provision for fracture and wider musculoskeletal health in The Gambia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. These three countries are diverse in their geography, degree of urbanisation, maturity of health service infrastructure, and health profiles. The programme comprises five study types: (i) population-based cross-sectional studies to determine vertebral fracture prevalence. Secondary outcomes will include osteoarthritis and sarcopenia. Age- and sex-stratified household sampling will recruit 5030 adults aged 40 years and older; (ii) prospective cohort studies in adults aged 40 years and older will determine hip fracture incidence, associated risk factors, and outcomes over one year (e.g. mortality, disability, health-related quality of life); (iii) economic studies of direct health costs of hip fracture with projection modelling of future national health costs and cost-effectiveness analyses of different hip fracture care pathways; (iv) national surveys of hip fracture services (including traditional bonesetters in The Gambia); and (v) ethnographic studies of hip fracture care provision and experiences will understand fracture service pathways. Conclusions: Greater understanding of current and expected fracture burdens, fracture risk factors, and existing fracture care provision, is intended to inform national clinical guidelines, health service policy and planning and future health service development in sub-Saharan Africa.


The nature of host organs and genes that underlie tumor-induced physiological disruption on host remains ill-defined. Here, we establish a novel zebrafish intestinal tumor model that is optimized for addressing this issue, and find that hepatic cyp7a1, the rate-limiting factor for synthesizing bile acids (BAs), is such a host gene. Inducing krasG12D by Gal4 specifically expressed in the posterior intestine resulted in formation of an intestinal tumor classified as dysplasia. The local intestinal tumor caused systemic detrimental effects on host including liver inflammation, hepatomegaly, growth defects, and organismal death. Whole-organismal level gene expression analysis and metabolite measurements revealed that the intestinal tumor reduced total BAs levels via down-regulation of hepatic cyp7a1. Genetically rescuing cyp7a1 expression in the liver restored the BAs synthesis and ameliorated tumor-induced liver inflammation, but not other tumor-dependent phenotypes. Thus, we found a previously unknown role of cyp7a1 as the host gene that links the intestinal tumor, hepatic cholesterol-BAs metabolism, and liver inflammation in tumor-bearing fish. Our model provides an important basis to discover host genes responsible for tumor-induced phenotypes and to uncover mechanisms underlying how tumors adversely affect host organisms.


This paper seeks to contribute to discussions of deliberative democracy by developing tools to measure the deliberative quality of the media handling of the Ontario referendum debate. To that end, the paper will examine elite media discourse over voting systems in the major daily broadsheets in Ontario throughout the referendum campaign period. This will involve examining both the balance of views presented as well as assessing the rhetorical strategies employed in the debate. As will be demonstrated, the results tend to confirm previous negative assessments of media's deliberative performance in referendum contexts, though in this case with more detailed evidence about the specifically deliberative failures.


It is essential that those responsible for commissioning special services for mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) take a whole systems approach to the assessment of need and planning of services. National statistics are no
substitute for regional and local surveys that collect data on local populations for whom services are being planned.

The results of research carried out under the auspices of The Wessex Consortium supplemented by some earlier community studies have been used to form a robust assessment of need upon which to base a local strategy for
managing MDOs.

Ten publications are submitted, representing a number of projects designed to identify the broad area of need of MDOs, ranging from secure hospital care to
various aspects of community care. Although there is an extensive literature on MDOs and their needs, most studies concentrate on secure hospital provision and fail to cover the fuller range of services required to provide a more comprehensive response to need.

The submitted works as a whole, represent a unique account of a spectrum of needs of MDOs from a defmed geographical area with some contributions having a more generalised importance. While some of the work has been undertaken by others elsewhere, the results are not directly comparable due to methodological differences, different sample groups/populations, etc.

Some of the studies are now being replicated in other parts of the country and the outcome of the research has supported a number of service developments within The Wessex Consortium area and the formation of national policy in
respect of forensic psychiatry.


Gram-negative bacteria have a highly evolved cell wall with two membranes composed of complex arrays of integral and peripheral proteins, as well as phospholipids and glycolipids. In order to sense changes in, respond to, and exploit their environmental niches, bacteria rely on structures assembled into or onto the outer membrane. Protein secretion across the cell wall is a key process in virulence and other fundamental aspects of bacterial cell biology. The final stage of protein secretion in Gram-negative bacteria, translocation across the outer membrane, is energetically challenging so sophisticated nanomachines have evolved to meet this challenge. Advances in fluorescence microscopy now allow for the direct visualization of the protein secretion process, detailing the dynamics of (i) outer membrane biogenesis and the assembly of protein secretion systems into the outer membrane, (ii) the spatial distribution of these and other membrane proteins on the bacterial cell surface, and (iii) translocation of effector proteins, toxins and enzymes by these protein secretion systems. Here we review the frontier research imaging the process of secretion, particularly new studies that are applying various modes of super-resolution microscopy.


Adaptive Conjoint Analysis (ACA) is a well established PC-based market research technique (Johnson, 1987; Green et al., 1990) used in marketing to determine the optimal features of projected, as yet, undeveloped products and services. The premise of ACA is that every product and service has multiple attributes, each with a different utility value to the consumer and that individual values can be quantified, summed, and forecasting in a market simulation perspective. Our paper intends to show an ACA application to the real estate market and it is organised in the followed sections: the first compares the performances of different formats of CA n CVA (Conjoint Value Analysis), ACA (Adaptive Conjoint Analysis) and CBC (Choice Based Analysis) n given the availability of several alternative procedures for consumer preferences measurement and it focuses on the best format when a larger and qualitatives number of attributes do exist. The second section presents the case-study: the real estate market area of Turin (Italy) and its own present trend within the market cycle, while the third shows the results of the empirical observations and stress on the problem of real estate market simulation and demand forecasting. Portfolio Management Intensity and Performance Implications: An International


Background: Shellfish hypersensitivity is amongst the most common food allergies. The major shellfish allergen was identified as tropomyosin. Here, we investigated the immediate hypersensitivity responses, IgE and cell-mediated immune response in mice sensitized with recombinant shrimp tropomyosin. Methods: Shrimp tropomyosin was cloned and expressed as a His-tagged fusion recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Three- to 4-week-old BALB/c mice were sensitized by intragastric administration of recombinant tropomyosin (0.1 mg) plus cholera toxin (10 µg) on days 0, 12, 19 and 26 and challenged on day 33. Mice fed with phosphate-buffered saline plus cholera toxin were included as controls. Animals were monitored for immediate hypersensitive responses and tropomyosin-specific IgE over time. In addition, shrimp tropomyosin-specific CD4+ T cells, interleukin-4 and interferon-γ levels were determined from in vitro splenocyte cultures. A passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay was also conducted. Results: Mice fed with shrimp tropomyosin developed swelling of the snout, increased scratching behavior and shrimp tropomyosin-specific IgE. Sera from tropomyosin-sensitized mice elicited vascular leakage in naïve mice in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay. Shrimp tropomyosin-specific CD4+ T cell proliferations and elevated interleukin-4 over interferon-γ levels were evident in splenocyte cultures of tropomyosin-fed mice upon tropomyosin stimulation. In contrast, shrimp tropomyosin-specific IgE, CD4+ T cells and hypersensitive responses were absent in the control mice. Conclusion: We have generated a BALB/c model of shrimp allergy. This model provides a useful tool for evaluating the immunopathogenic mechanisms involved in shellfish hypersensitivity.


We analyze a new scheme for generating squeezed states in a short semiconductor AlxGa1−xAs waveguide with χ(3) nonlinearity at below half the band-gap energy. We find that for a Gaussian pulse the amount of squeezing achievable is limited by the squeezed-state detection phase mismatch caused by the pump self-phase modulation and is also degraded slightly by the pump–probe phase mismatch that is due to the different nonlinear refractive indices experienced by the pump and the probe beams. We show theoretically that the amount of squeezing observed can be increased by use of either a short pulse or a pulse with matched phase variation as the local oscillator. In a centimeter-long AlxGa1−xAs waveguide more than 85% (8.2 dB) of squeezing potentially can be obtained, limited mainly by two-photon absorption.


Abstract: In this paper, the formula of local flexibility at crack location in pipes conveying fluid is established. According to the compatibility conditions of displacement, rotation angle, shear force and bending moment and the boundary conditions of the pipes, the mode shape functions of the cracked pipes were established. Then based on the Lagrange's equation for a system containing non-material volumes, an equation of motion for pinned-pinned pipes conveying fluid with a breathing crack under harmonic load were derived. The equations of motion of the cracked pipe conveying fluid were discretized by the modal functions of cracked pipe, and the discrete equations of motion of the cracked pipe were obtained. The mass matrix, damping matrix, stiffness matrix varied with time due to opening and closing of the crack. Then numerical methods were used to solve the discrete equations and the dynamic response characteristics of the cracked pipe conveying fluid under harmonic excitation load were studied. the superharmonic resonance and sub-harmonic resonance could be shown when the pipes conveying fluid was under harmonic excitation load. In this paper, the influence of system parameters including crack depth, crack location, system damping and flow velocity on the harmonic components in the system response were investigated finally. and a ratio is used to describe the relative magnitude of each harmonic component in the response of cracked pipes conveying fluid. These results could provide a reference for crack identification for cracked pipes conveying fluid.


UNLABELLED
Levobupivacaine, the isolated S(-) isomer of bupivacaine, is less cardiotoxic than racemic bupivacaine in animal studies. We studied the effectiveness of patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with either levobupivacaine 0.125% or fentanyl 4 microg/mL alone, or a combination of levobupivacaine and fentanyl in 65 patients after total joint arthroplasty in a prospective, random, double-blinded fashion. Intraoperatively, all patients received 20 mL of 0.75% levobupivacaine. Study medication was infused at an initial rate of 4 mL/h, with additional medication available on patient demand (2 mL/10 min). The combination of levobupivacaine and fentanyl produced better analgesia (longer time to first PCEA request; P = 0.007 combination versus fentanyl and P = 0.006 combination versus levobupivacaine) than either drug alone. Patients in the levobupivacaine groups had appreciable sensory blockade to pinprick with minimal motor impairment. Resting and dynamic visual analog scale pain scores were lower in the combination group than in the plain fentanyl group at 6 (P = 0.022 and 0.036) and 12 h (P = 0.002 and 0.001). The 24-h overall patient- and investigator-rated visual analog scale pain scores were also lower in the combination group (resting P = 0.007, dynamic P = 0.005). There was no significant difference among the groups in the incidence of postoperative nausea (26.2%), pruritus (9.2%), hypotension (23.1%), or sedation (0%). We conclude that the analgesic effects of levobupivacaine 0.125% and fentanyl (4 microg/mL) are additive and beneficial for the management of orthopedic surgical pain by the PCEA method. Patients in this study began demand-dosing later, reported lower pain scores, and had no greater risk of adverse events than those who were given either levobupivacaine or fentanyl alone.

IMPLICATIONS
We demonstrated a significant additive effect of the combination of levobupivacaine (0.125%) and fentanyl (4 microg/mL), compared with either drug alone, when using patient-controlled epidural analgesia in patients after total joint arthroplasty.


What explains the origins of nationalism? In this article, we trace the origins of an important early twentieth-century nationalist movement to Christian missionary activity. A growing literature credits missionaries with spreading schooling and democracy. Yet missionary activity often led to a political backlash and to antiforeign, nationalist mobilization. Drawing on evidence from China, we show how missionary activity sparked nationalist mobilization in the early 1900s. We gather new data on early nationalist secret societies, missionary activity, and antimissionary violence. Qualitative and quantitative evidence shows how missionaries threatened the political power of local elites, who responded by mobilizing violent antiforeign protests and participating in nationalist political societies. The findings challenge the idea that Christian missionaries influenced long-run political development primarily because they spread schooling and literacy. Instead, we show that missionaries also sparked early nationalist mobilization.


The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is usually associated with the eosinophil granulocyte. In this thesis the presence and production of this protein has been studied in two other cells. The circulating monocyte was found to contain ECP mRNA and small amounts of ECP, one thousand times less than that found in the eosinophil. The production decreased by differentiation of the myelomonoblastic cell line U937 into a macrophage phenotype. Submucosal lung macrophages did not stain for ECP and alveolar macrophages did not contain ECP mRNA. The circulating neutrophil contains ECP at a level hundred fold less than the eosinophil. We found that the protein is located to the primary granules of the neutrophil but could detect no ECP mRNA in the cell. It was shown in vitro that the protein was taken up by the cell and partly transported to the primary granules. The uptake did not seem to be receptor mediated. Upon stimulation of the neutrophils, ECP previously taken up, was re-secreted. The ECP protein is heterogeneous both to molecular characteristics and to function. To evaluate if a genetic component is involved, the ECP gene was analysed in 70 individuals. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP´s) were found, denoted 277(C>T), 434(G>C) and 562(G>C). The two first were located to the mature peptide-coding region and would change the amino acids, arg45cys and arg97thr. The prevalence of the most common SNP, 434, was evaluated in two eosinophil-related diseases, allergy/asthma and Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL). Forty-three HL patients were evaluated and it was found that the 434GG was significantly more prevalent in patients having nodular sclerosis (NS) as compared to other histologies (p=0.03). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was also related to the 434GG genotype (p=0.009). In 209 medical students 434GG was more common (p=0.002) in those who indicated allergy. The genotype was unrelated to the production of IgE antibodies to allergens. In analysis of 76 subjects with asthma it was found that the 434GG genotype was significantly more common among allergic asthmatics (p=0.04). Asthma and HL-NS are characterized by fibrosis and eosinophils and ECP has been suggested in fibrosis development.


We compare single ballot vs dual ballot elections under plurality rule, assuming sincere voting and allowing for partly endogenous party formation. Under the dual ballot, the number of parties is larger but the influence of extremists voters on equilibrium policy is smaller, because their bargaining power is reduced compared to a single ballot election. The predictions on the number of parties and on policy volatility are consistent with data on municipal elections in Italy, where cities with more (less) than 15,000 inhabitants have dual (single) ballots respectively


The prevalence of commercial activities whose profit and cost are correlated with weather risk makes weather derivatives valuable financial instruments that enable hedging of price or volumetric (quantity) risk in many industries. This paper proposes a multi-period equilibrium pricing model for weather derivative. In our stylized economy representative agents of weather-sensitive industries optimizes their hedging portfolios that drive the supply and demand for weather derivative which are dynamically determined based on a utility indifference pricing framework. At equilibrium the weather derivative market will be cleared and their market price can be obtained. Numerical examples illustrate the equilibrium prices and optimal choices for the weather derivative as function of the correlation between weather indices and demand for the underlying commodity. We also demonstrate the benefit of multiple trading opportunities which allows rebalancing of the hedging portfolio prior to the commodity delivery date, as compared to a single shot framework.


This paper utilizes prior studies attempting to explain different possible phonological production errors among adults who learn American Sign Language (ASL) as a second language (L2). These studies have offered theoretical grounding to such production errors. One area of study in particular is further explored in this paper and that is how specific joints of the arm and hand are used in the production of signs (Mirus, et al., 2001, Meier, et al 2008). L2 learners of ASL are essentially learning a new language using a different modality and this new modality requires that they relearn how to use specific motor skills needed in order to produce sign vocabulary. To address this, an exploratory teaching module is proposed with the need for further action research to discuss its effectiveness.


Within the strongly regulated avionic engineering field, conventional graphical desktop hardware and software application programming interface (API) cannot be used because they do not conform to the avionic certification standards. We observe the need for better avionic graphical hardware, but system engineers lack system design tools related to graphical hardware. The endorsement of an optimal hardware architecture by estimating the performance of a graphical software, when a stable rendering engine does not yet exist, represents a major challenge. As proven by previous hardware emulation tools, there is also a potential for development cost reduction, by enabling developers to have a first estimation of the performance of its graphical engine early in the development cycle. In this paper, we propose to replace expensive development platforms by predictive software running on a desktop computer. More precisely, we present a system design tool that helps predict the rendering performance of graphical hardware based on the OpenGL Safety Critical API. First, we create nonparametric models of the underlying hardware, with machine learning, by analyzing the instantaneous frames per second (FPS) of the rendering of a synthetic 3D scene and by drawing multiple times with various characteristics that are typically found in synthetic vision applications. The number of characteristic combinations used during this supervised training phase is a subset of all possible combinations, but performance predictions can be arbitrarily extrapolated. To validate our models, we render an industrial scene with characteristic combinations not used during the training phase and we compare the predictions to those real values. We find a median prediction error of less than 4 FPS.


OFDMA-based mobile relay enhanced cellular networks which have lower infrastructure cost and larger coverage areas are important technologies for the next generation communication systems since they allow to communicate at higher data rates. However, it is required to develop efficient radio resource management algorithms in order to reveal these advantages. Thus, in this study, relay selection and resource allocation algorithms are proposed for the mobile relay enhanced cellular networks. It is revealed that the number of satisfied users and the data rate of the cell-edge users that are far from the base station and have lower channel gains are increased by using mobile relays with the proposed algorithms.


Weak physical unclonable functions (PUFs) can instantiate read-proof hardware tokens (Tuyls et al. 2006, CHES) where benign variation, such as changing temperature, yields a consistent key, but invasive attempts to learn the key destroy it. Previous approaches evaluate security by measuring how much an invasive attack changes the derived key (Pappu et al. 2002, Science). If some attack insufficiently changes the derived key, an expert must redesign the hardware. An unexplored alternative uses software to enhance token response to known physical attacks. Our approach draws on machine learning. We propose a variant of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), called PUF LDA, which reduces noise levels in PUF instances while enhancing changes from known attacks. We compare PUF LDA with standard techniques using an optical coating PUF and the following feature types: raw pixels, fast Fourier transform, short-time Fourier transform, and wavelets. We measure the true positive rate for valid detection at a 0% false positive rate (no mistakes on samples taken after an attack). PUF LDA improves the true positive rate from 50% on average (with a large variance across PUFs) to near 100%. While a well-designed physical process is irreplaceable, PUF LDA enables system designers to improve the PUF reliability-security tradeoff by incorporating attacks without redesigning the hardware token.


SUMMARY: The diffusion of streptomycin in agar gel seeded with staphylococci as in assay methods, results in a clearly defined zone of inhibition. The time required for this definition to develop is about 2 1/2 hr. at 37°, but varies greatly with temperature and is equal to the lag period plus approximately 4 times the generation time. After 4-5 generations the young colonies become much less susceptible and grow unimpeded by the rapidly increasing concentration of the antibiotic reaching them. Incubation at temperatures below 37°, although without significant effect on the minimum inhibitory concentration, results in larger inhibition zones because of increased generation times.
In assays and sensitivity tests by diffusion methods, errors will occur if organisms under comparison do not multiply at the same rate.


Federalism belongs to those institutions that usually attract more admirers than critics. This study investigates whether decentralized decision making in the asylum domain undermines the principle of equality in the handling of individual cases. The externalities that power delegation creates are examined, and a principal/agent framework is developed to show how state discretion in the implementation of a unifying federal measure arises. The model distinguishes between positive and negative discrimination in the acceptance of asylum applications. The empirical analysis of approximately 180,000 cases demonstrates that the probability of negative discrimination is partly a function of the organizational principles that characterize the asylum policies of the 26 Swiss states (cantons).


EDrrOR,-I was disappointed by Christopher Bignell's provocative editorial on men's sexual attitudes and behaviour and their relevance to improving sexual health.' I fear that his views have been influenced by the sample of men he sees as a consultant in genitourinary medicine. This sample's sexual attitudes and behaviour may well be widely divergent from those of the remainder of the general population ofmen. Bignell makes many categorical statements regarding male sexuality and, perhaps, confuses universal characteristics with more occasional features of masculinity. Many would dispute the existence of universal characteristics. With regard to occasional features, some men are indeed aggressive, dominant, competitive, and unable to articulate feelings and emotions. Generalising this to every man, however, obscures considerable variability within the gender. All of the features he mentions are evident in some women. For most of the features, variance within a sex is likely to exceed that between the sexes. I agree that the narrow view of sexual health, measured by impersonal statistics such as the incidence or prevalence of new partners, diseases, and unwanted pregnancy, is flawed. These statistics emphasise mechanics at the expense of intimacy and the collective at the expense of the individual person and his or her particular needs. I fail to see, however, how the sexual health of the nation can be improved by stereotyping men as pleasure seeking, aggressive, and inarticulate. Is this really a "more realistic male role model"? It certainly seems a less desirable model than the "new man" beloved of women's magazines, which Bignell dismisses as "a fantasy image that denies integral facets of masculinity." What is needed is emphasis on the person rather than membership of a particular sex. That, allied with research on the fundamentals of differences in sexual attitudes between the sexes, should move forward the debate on the sexual health of the nation.


The Uruguay Round of GATT introduced market disciplines to international trade in agricultural commodities. However, in cases where countries negotiated the right to limit market access, support domestic production at high levels and subsidize exports, the spirit of the WTO rules have been violated. The Norwegian meat market (beef, pork, lamb and mutton, and chicken) situations are studied in terms of the policy implications and WTO commitments. If Norway's policy objective is to target some level of production that satisfies its non-trade concerns, then semi-decoupled income support could be an improvement over a policy mix that simultaneously restricts market access, provides domestic support and applies export subsidies.


Co-deposition of silicon carbide particles and carbon (or carbon sources) particles is essential for preparation of reaction bonded silicon carbide (RBSC) products by slip casting. The way of co-depositing of silicon carbide particles and carbon particles during slip casting process, and the influence of composition of raw particles on particle co-depositing in green bodies were studied. The experiment results show: 1.Co-deposition of binary particles is greatly affected by particle size distribution, and large proportion of rigid SiC particles increases the difficulty in demoulding procedure because of small shrinkage; 2. Dispersants in deposited cake trend to enrich at the surface in contact with mould wall, while this enrichment of dispersant has little effect on mechanical performance of RBSC products; 3. Sharp edges on surface of raw particles could result to friction among particles, which afford strength to green bodies but prevent particles packing more closely.


Abstract Background:. Diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy increases the risk for many complications such as preeclampsia and cesarean section. Teen (age <20) and advanced maternal age (AMA, age ≥35) pregnancies are both at increased risk for maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Understanding the risks and complications unique to teen and AMA women with pregestational DM is imperative to providing care and improving outcomes. Objective:. This study sought to determine how maternal and neonatal outcomes are affected by pregestational DM in teen and AMA pregnancies. Study design:. This is a retrospective cohort study of 1.58 million pregnancies in California from 2005 through 2008s, of which 10,034 diabetic women with nonanomalous, singleton pregnancies were identified. Women with gestational DM were excluded. Maternal outcomes examined include preeclampsia, placental abruption, chorioamnionitis, preterm delivery, and cesarean section. Neonatal outcomes include size for gestational age, birth weight >4000 g, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury, jaundice, and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD). Multivariate regression analyses and chi-squared test were used for statistical comparisons and a p-value of less than .05 was used to indicate statistical significance. Results:. Compared to women of age 20–34 years with pregestational DM as the reference group, women <20 years old with DM had higher rates of preeclampsia (aOR 1.72; 95% CI 1.29–2.29; p-value < .001) and lower rates of cesarean delivery (aOR 0.63; 95% CI 0.47–0.85; p < .001). Neonates of teen mothers were more likely to be large for gestational age (LGA; > 90%ile; aOR 1.60; 95% CI 1.14–2.23; p = .006), whereas neonates in the maternal age category of 35–39 years had lower rates of LGA >90%ile (aOR 0.81; 95% CI 0.70–0.92; p = .001). Odds of IUFD were greatest in women age 35–39 years old (aOR 1.73; 95% CI 1.05–2.85; p = .031). Analysis examining women >40 years old showed no statistically significant difference in outcomes. Conclusion: Pregnancy outcomes in women with pregestational diabetes differ depending on maternal age category. Teens are at higher risk for preeclampsia and LGA neonates, but at lower risk for cesarean. Women aged 35–39 years are at higher risk for cesarean delivery, are less likely to have LGA neonates, and more likely to experience IUFD. Understanding the etiologies behind these differences may lead to improvements in these clinical outcomes.


Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is a drought-tolerant crop that may serve as an alternative summer crop in Nebraska. Field experiments were conducted in 2000 and 2001 near Sidney and Mead, NE, to determine the water use efficiency (WUE) and yield response to water supply at critical developmental stages of pearl millet and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Four water regimes were used: (i) no irrigation, (ii) single irrigation at boot stage, (iii) single irrigation at mid-grain fill, and (iv) multiple irrigations. Pearl millet grain yields were 60 to 80% that of grain sorghum. Average grain yields at Mead were 5.1 Mg ha -1 for pearl millet and 6.1 Mg ha -1 for grain sorghum. At Sidney, average pearl millet yields were 1.9 and 3.9 Mg ha -1 in 2000 and 2001, respectively, and average grain sorghum yields were 4.1 and 5.0 Mg ha -1 in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Both crops used a similar amount of water (336 and 330 mm in 2000 and 370 and 374 mm in 2001 for pearl millet and grain sorghum, respectively) and responded to irrigation with a linear increase in grain yield as water use increased. Grain sorghum had greater WUE than pearl millet (12.4-13.4 kg vs. 5.1-10.4 kg grain ha -1 mm -1 ). Pearl millet, with lower and less stable yields, does not currently have the potential to be a substitute crop for grain sorghum in Nebraska.


Online content providers such as YouTube are carefully positioning themselves to users, clients, advertisers and policymakers, making strategic claims for what they do and do not do, and how their place in the information landscape should be understood. One term in particular, 'platform', reveals the contours of this discursive work. The term has been deployed in both their populist appeals and their marketing pitches, sometimes as technical 'platforms', sometimes as 'platforms' from which to speak, sometimes as 'platforms' of opportunity. Whatever tensions exist in serving all of these constituencies are carefully elided. The term also fits their efforts to shape information policy, where they seek protection for facilitating user expression, yet also seek limited liability for what those users say. As these providers become the curators of public discourse, we must examine the roles they aim to play, and the terms by which they hope to be judged.


Beginning with VIX futures in 2004, followed by VIX options in 2006 and VIX ETPs in 2009, the daily open interest in volatility contracts is now in the tens of billions of dollars. Given this growth, it is important to develop a better understanding of price discovery and the supply/demand dynamics in each market. Some of the price relations are linked by arbitrage. Others are not. In particular, the relation between the VIX cash index and the VIX futures is not arbitraged, and we show that, where once VIX changes led VIX futures price changes, the VIX futures now leads. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 37:431–451, 2017


Summary.  Reliability of continuous and dichotomous responses is usually assessed by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). We derive the optimal allocation of the number of subjects k and the number of repeated measurements n that minimize the variance of the estimated ICC. Cost constraints are discussed for the case of normally distributed responses. Tables showing optimal choices of k and n are given, along with guidelines for the design of reliability studies in light of our results and those reported by others.


In this chapter, we focus on utilizing nanoelectrode arrays fabricated with vertically carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) for pathogen detection based on a "point-and-lid" dielectrophoretic device in a microfluidic channel. This technique is utilized to concentrate particles from the bulk flow and detect pathogens based on fluorescence, surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and impedance measurements. The advantage of VACNFs is their ultrasmall diameter (~100 nm) and the high aspect ratio (50:1). When coupled with a macroscopic indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, it produces a large electric field gradient (∇E2 = ~1019 − 1020 V2 m−3) which is harnessed for pathogen detection based on dielectrophoresis. Several noninfectious pathogens including bacteria Escherichia coli DHα5, inactivated vaccinia virus (species: Copenhagen strain, VC-2), and Bacteriophage T4r were utilized as model species to study the size effect and kinetics of dielectrophoretic capture in this study. The comparable size of the nanoelectrode produced strong interaction with virus particles, generating striking lightning capture patterns and high detection sensitivity. The dielectrophoretic capture at the nanoelectrode arrays is successfully integrated with a portable Raman probe as a microfluidic chip for ultrasensitive detection of bacteria E. coli DHα5 using SERS-tagged gold nanoparticles co-functionalized with specific antibodies.


The goal of this paper is to study the effects of globalization on the workings of asset markets and welfare. To do this, we adopt a technological view of the globalization process. That is, we model this process as consisting of a gradual (and exogenous) reduction in the costs of shipping goods across different regions of the world. In the absence of market frictions, globalization creates foreign trade opportunities without affecting domestic ones and, as a result, unambiguously raises welfare. In the presence of sovereign risk, however, globalization can either create or destroy both domestic and foreign trade opportunities. The net effect on welfare of this process of creation and destruction of trade opportunities might be either positive or negative. We also find that asset bubbles moderate this welfare effect. When globalization is welfare reducing, asset bubbles grow creating a positive wealth effect, and vice versa. This might come at a cost though. Asset bubbles reduce the incentives to implement reforms aimed at reducing sovereign risk.


Confessions of an English Opium-Eater remains its author's most famous and frequently-read work and one of the period's central statements about both the power and terror of imagination. De Quincey describes the intense "pleasures" and harrowing "pains" of his opium use in lyrical and dramatic prose. A notorious success since its 1821 publication, the work has been an important influence on philosophers, theorists, and psychologists, as well as literary writers, of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. But Confessions is only one part of a larger confessional project conceived by De Quincey over the course of his writing career. Gathered together in this edition, these texts provide a fascinating glimpse of early nineteenth-century British aesthetic, medical, psychological, political, philosophical, social, racial, national, and imperialist attitudes.


A primary analysis of the ASPIRE study found that the addition of carfilzomib to lenalidomide and dexamethasone (carfilzomib group) significantly improved progression‐free survival (PFS) compared with lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone (control group) in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (RMM). This post hoc analysis examined outcomes from ASPIRE in patients categorised by age. In the carfilzomib group, 103/396 patients were ≥70 years old, and in the control group, 115/396 patients were ≥70 years old. Median PFS for patients <70 years old was 28·6 months for the carfilzomib group versus 17·6 months for the control group [hazard ratio (HR), 0·701]. Median PFS for patients ≥70 years old was 23·8 months for the carfilzomib group versus 16·0 months for the control group (HR, 0·753). For patients <70 years the overall response rate (ORR) was 86·0% (carfilzomib group) and 66·9% (control group); for patients ≥70 years old the ORR was 90·3% (carfilzomib group) and 66·1% (control group). Within the carfilzomib group, grade ≥3 cardiovascular adverse events occurred more frequently among patients ≥70 years old compared with patients <70 years old. Carfilzomib‐lenalidomide‐dexamethasone has a favourable benefit‐risk profile for patients with RMM, including elderly patients ≥70 years old. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01080391.


Tumor‐initiating cells are responsible for tumor maintenance and relapse in solid and hematologic cancers. Although tumor‐initiating cells were initially believed to be mainly quiescent, rapidly proliferating tumorigenic cells were found in breast cancer. In colon cancer, the proliferative activity of the tumorigenic population has not been defined, although it represents an essential parameter for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that tumorigenic colon cancer cells can be found in a rapidly proliferating state in vitro and in vivo, both in human tumors and mouse xenografts. Inhibitors of polo‐like kinase1 (Plk1), a mitotic kinase essential for cell proliferation, demonstrated maximal efficiency over other targeted compounds and chemotherapeutic agents in inducing death of colon cancer‐initiating cells in vitro. In vivo, Plk1 inhibitors killed CD133+ colon cancer cells leading to complete growth arrest of colon cancer stem cell‐derived xenografts, whereas chemotherapeutic agents only slowed tumor progression. While chemotherapy treatment increased CD133+ cell proliferation, treatment with Plk1 inhibitors eliminated all proliferating tumor‐initiating cells. Quiescent CD133+ cells that survived the treatment with Plk1 inhibitors could be killed by subsequent Plk1 inhibition when they exited from quiescence. Altogether, these results provide a new insight into the proliferative status of colon tumor‐initiating cells both in basal conditions and in response to therapy and indicate Plk1 inhibitors as potentially useful in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Stem Cells2012;30:1819–1830


Digital waveguides and finite difference time domain schemes have been used in physical modeling of spatially distributed systems. Both of them are known to provide exact modeling of ideal one-dimensional (1D) band-limited wave propagation, and both of them can be composed to approximate two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) mesh structures. Their equal capabilities in physical modeling have been shown for special cases and have been assumed to cover generalized cases as well. The ability to form mixed models by joining substructures of both classes through converter elements has been proposed recently. In this paper, we formulate a general digital signal processing (DSP)-oriented framework where the functional equivalence of these two approaches is systematically elaborated and the conditions of building mixed models are studied. An example of mixed modeling of a 2D waveguide is presented.


Abstract This paper is concerned with diagnosability analysis, which proves a requisite for several tasks during the system's life cycle. The Model-Based Diagnosis (MBD) community has developed specific approaches for Continuous Systems (CS) and for Discrete Event Systems (DES) in two distinct and parallel tracks. In this paper, the correspondences between the concepts used in CS and DES approaches are clarified and it is shown that the diagnosability problem can be brought back to the same formulation using the concept of signatures. These results bridges CS and DES diagnosability and open perspectives for hybrid model based diagnosis.


Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the results of acute cerebral anoxia in adults as a reversal sign. Methods: We retrospectively examined the CT and MR images of 9 patients in a vegetative state due to acute prolonged anoxia. Each of them had at least one MRI and 4 CT exams 6-12 hours, 10-14 days, 6-8 months and 1 year after the anoxic event. The degree of the cerebral atrophy and the mean density values of cerebral white matter were measured and calculated to demonstrate quantitative changes over time. Results: We detected a diffuse density decrease of cerebral cortical gray and white matter with a decreased or lost gray/white matter interface and relative preservation of the densities of the thalami, brain stem and cerebellum in CT scans. In addition to CT findings, we found hyperintense areas in periventricular white matter on T2W SE sequences probably due to myelin loss, glial proliferation, microinfarcts and extracellular edema, and bright signals on T1W SE sequences due to paramagnetic pigment deposits. Conclusions: As a result, we thought that the reversal sign was a characteristic finding of the ischemic state of the adult brain in CT, and it demonstrated irreversible brain damage and carried a poor prognosis.


Simultaneous velocity and density measurements have been obtained throughout a turbulent nonpremixed flame under high Reynolds number conditions. The objective of the measurements was to obtain a better understanding of the structure of turbulent nonpremixed flames and the interaction between turbulence and combustion chemistry. The measurements were made with an apparatus which utilized both laser velocimetry and laser Rayleigh scattering. From these measurements it was shown previously that while the gradient diffusion submodel for the velocity-density correlations agreed with the radial correlation data, it was seldom consistent with the axial data. In the present paper the analysis of these data is extended to include information on flame intermittency, conditionally sampled results, and joint probability distributions of velocity and density. Comparison made with results in nonreacting and analogous nonpremixed reacting jets show that both mean and fluctuating quantities and conditionally sampled results are dependent on flow conditions and the presence of combustion. 28 references.


This paper focuses on the issue of land displacement and its resulting negative societal effects through the lens of Nepal, a country emerging from conflict and setting up its own institutional infrastructure for compensation and public interest policy. Through an analysis of the current situation in Nepal, and policies in neighboring India, we argue that Nepal needs to avoid the snowball effect that has plagued India, where once you displace one group, becomes easier to displace other groups. Compensation laws can be diluted as displacement and development becomes privatized – tied in with their power and access to politicians as compared to displaced populations. Clearly defining a holistic public interest in the constitution, and creating the legal tools for its application in courts, is a crucial first step. Moreover, compensation must be thought of as more than an economic tool, but as also a development tool that takes into consideration cultural and social factors, and includes equity sharing. Instead of focusing on rapid development, compensation, like public interest, should look at long-term factors and acknowledge land rights.


Before the development of audiovisual techniques, it was impossible to avoid two time-related biases in drug evaluation: rating on different occasions, i.e. in different mood states as regards the rater (the so-called time-gap); knowledge by the rater of the sequence of his ratings. In order to make a time-blind evaluation possible, the author has worked out the following steps: tape-recording of the interviews, standardization of the interview, elimination of questions endangering a time-blind analysis, evaluation of the different interviews of the same patient on different rating sessions. The author summarizes his first three drug trials analyzed according to the time-blind procedure, and concludes that this procedure is a definite progress regarding the validity of drug research.


Modern portfolio theory is founded on an understanding of longitudinal volatility but it is the cross-sectional dispersion among investment returns that provide active portfolio managers with their competitive investment opportunities. The varying cross-sectional volatility in the South African equity market provides varying opportunity sets for active managers: the higher the cross-sectional volatility, the greater the opportunity for active risk taking, all other things being equal. This article argues that cross-sectional volatility must be considered hand-in-hand with risk limits and active risk targets when investment mandates are set and when mandated risk compliance is monitored.


Hydra is a powerful stem cell model because its potential immortality and extensive regeneration capacity is due to the presence of three distinct stem cell lineages. All three lineages conform to a well‐defined spatial distribution across the whole body column of the polyp. Stem cell function in Hydra is controlled by extracellular cues and intrinsic genetic programs. This review focuses on the elusive stem cell niche of the epithelial layers. Based on a comparison of the differences between, and commonalities among, stem cells and stem cell niches in Hydra and other invertebrates and vertebrates, we propose that the whole body column of the polyp may be considered a stem cell "niche" in which stem cell populations are established and signals ensuring the proper balance between stem cells and progenitor cells are integrated. We show that, at over 500 million years old, Hydra offers an early glimpse of the regulatory potential of stem cell niches.


In this paper we examine the relationship between emergent social network characteristics in a computer-supported collaborative learning course and locus of control. An emergent communication network of engineering students that took place in a distributed distance learning environment was examined. Three measures of an actor's social network, density, brokerage, and reach, and participants' locus of control, internal vs. external, were assessed. The data suggest that, relative to participants with external locus of control, participants with internal locus of control decreased their network density over time but increased their brokerage and reach. The results are discussed in the context of instrumental action, through which participants are assumed to develop personal networks in pursuit of maximizing potential social capital.


OBJECTIVE
The present study evaluated a 10-week psychosocial treatment designed specifically for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a comorbid anxiety disorder.

METHOD
Using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design, the authors treated 8 children ages 8-12 with ADHD, combined type, and at least 1 of 3 major anxiety disorders (separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia). The integrated treatment protocol involved parent management training for ADHD and family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety. Pretreatment assessments included semistructured diagnostic interviews and other standardized measures to determine study eligibility. Children were randomized to 1 of 3 baseline control conditions (i.e., 2, 3, or 4 weeks) and subsequently treated in a university-based psychosocial treatment clinic. Weekly assessments of ADHD and anxiety disorder symptoms occurred throughout treatment and comprehensive assessments were obtained at pretreatment, 1-week posttreatment, and 6-months posttreatment.

RESULTS
Single-case results supported greater success in the treatment phase relative to the baseline phase for both ADHD and anxiety symptoms, and ADHD and anxiety symptoms appeared to change concurrently. Pre-post group analyses revealed significant and clinically meaningful improvements in ADHD and anxiety symptoms at 1-week posttreatment, but only anxiety symptoms moved into the subclinical range. At 6-months follow-up, treatment effects were maintained with new movement into the subclinical range for ADHD.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study provides initial data on an integrated treatment protocol for ADHD and anxiety. Further replication and evaluation are needed. Implications of the findings are discussed.


In this paper, a new control framework for an insect-scale flapping-wing vehicle is presented that exploits passive aerodynamic effects to stabilize the attitude dynamics. Many flapping-wing robotic flyers and flying insects share a common morphological feature in that the center of mass (CoM) is below the center of pressure (CoP), which makes the hovering configuration intrinsically unstable with open-loop control. Motivated by the fact that the CoM should be ahead of the CoP to ensure the longitudinal stability of the flight dynamics, a new coordinate system is proposed by placing a virtual control point (VCP) above the CoP. The dynamics in the new coordinates are derived using a near-identity diffeomorphism which admits a partial feedback linearization with stable zero dynamics. The behavior of the zero dynamics resembles the dynamics of a 3D pendulum with an aerodynamic damper. An adaptive controller is proposed to make the upright orientation almost globally asymptotically stable over a bounded uncertainty of the aerodynamic drag coefficient. The controller is evaluated in simulation with a Harvard RoboBee following a virtual control point reference trajectory.


I want to link the debate over redistribution in the Canadian federation to the growing debate over vertical fiscal balance and interprovincial redistribution, which invites Canada to address basic questions regarding the design of the federal-provincial transfer system. My question is whether the existing system of federal-provincial transfer payments, which involves large-scale interprovincial transfers of wealth, is politically sustainable. I want to speculate that in the medium term, it may not. The durability of the existing architecture of fiscal federalism can be attributed to a widely shared understanding of the nature of the Canadian political community, which I have described as the "community of fate"—a community that arises through concrete, historical experiences of interdependence, which support a sense that future well-being is dependent on ongoing cooperation. The community of fate is coming under pressure from two sources. First, the cities agenda may challenge a nation-building project understood to include the building of strong regional communities, including in rural Canada, and replace it with one which holds that in the twenty-first century, Canada's prospects depend largely on the growth and vibrancy of its principal urban centres. Second, Canada's increasing diversity and the concentration of that diversity in Canada's urban centres may create a sense of the "other Canada" as not located in a distinct part of our vast country, but in the growing enclaves of poverty in our major urban centres that are taking on an increasingly racialized character.


This paper proposes low-complexity robust adaptive beamforming (RAB) techniques based on shrinkage methods. We firstly briefly review a Low-Complexity Shrinkage-Based Mismatch Estimation (LOCSME) batch algorithm to estimate the desired signal steering vector mismatch, in which the interference-plus-noise covariance (INC) matrix is also estimated with a recursive matrix shrinkage method. Then we develop low complexity adaptive robust version of the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm to both estimate the steering vector mismatch and update the beamforming weights. A computational complexity study of the proposed and existing algorithms is carried out. Simulations are conducted in local scattering scenarios and comparisons to existing RAB techniques are provided.


In this bachelor's thesis, we try to classify and identify written human languages by studying the ordering of letters in text. Automatic language identification is of interest in areas such as text indexing, machine translation and natural language parsing. Eleven written languages which use the Latin alphabet are considered and modelled with a Markov chain on the letter level. Texts from the New Testament and Wikipedia are used as training data. The distances between the languages are then measured by using a matrix-based metric on the transition matrices, and visualized in a dendrogram. A probability-based distance measure is also used. The matrix-based metric is then applied to language identification by creating a transition matrix for the text whose language is to be identified, and comparing the distances from this matrix to those of the known languages; the shortest distance indicates the language of the text. This is compared with maximum-likelihood classification. We compare metrics based on different matrix norms, and also study how the order of the Markov chains and the size of the training data and sample texts for language identification influence the results. The results indicate that the choice of matrix norm is important and that the Frobenius norm and the 1-norm are the best norms for language classification and language identification. Using these, it is possible to generate satisfactory dendrograms, and accurately identify the language of reasonably large texts. On the other hand, the∞-norm cannot be recommended in this context; an explanation is given for its bad performance. Some languages are easier to classify correctly than others; the Scandinavian languages are easy to group together, as are Spanish, Portuguese and Italian. However, English, French, German and Finnish are harder to classify correctly.


e-government for You' (EGOV4U) was a European Commission (EC) funded project developed to pilot models of multi-channel, public and community e-services designed to tackle social exclusion and disadvantage through a range of initiatives delivered by five project partners from a variety of European countries. Project evaluation employed a theory driven approach and the use of mixed methods for data capture and analysis. In this paper we combine this with a form of mechanistic explanation that has been specifically developed for realist evaluation: namely the context + mechanism = outcome (CMO) approach. Our contention is that by so doing we further enhance the analytical focus and granularity of the evaluation process and thus the material we present here. This article aims to make use of previously unused material from the EGOV4U evaluation, and provide a realist insight into what works, for whom, in what circumstances and why.


Background: The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence and relative risk (RR) of back pain and identify possible mechanisms of back pain among childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors. Methods: Surveys were mailed to 5+-year survivors of childhood ALL aged 13 to 25 years. Survivors' siblings were also invited to participate in the study. Prevalence of back pain and hip pain among ALL survivors was determined and compared with siblings. Sex, treatment with radiation therapy, obesity, and physical activity were examined for an association with back pain and hip pain. Results: Forty-four of 99 (44.4%) ALL survivors reported back pain compared with 11 of 52 (21.2%) their siblings (P=0.007; RR: 2.01; 95% confidence interval=1.15-3.56). In contrast, 10 of 99 (10.1%) ALL survivors reported experiencing hip pain compared with 1 of 52 (2.0%) siblings experiencing hip pain [P=0.07; RR: 4.95 (0.65 to 37.57)]. Twenty-six of 43 female survivors reported back pain compared with 18 of 56 male survivors who reported back pain (P=0.005). Obesity, physical activity, and treatment with radiation therapy were not associated with back pain or hip pain. Conclusions: This is the first study demonstrating an increased frequency of back pain among survivors of childhood ALL. Future studies are needed to better define the causes of back pain among childhood ALL survivors.


Thermal expansion is the major source of inaccuracy for ultra high-precision robots. In this paper we propose a strategy to model and compensate this effect. The experiment is run using a 1 DOF (degree-of-freedom) parallel robot equipped with ten temperature sensors; the displacements of the end-effector are measured using an interferometer. After a session of measurements the data collected has been processed using the stepwise regression algorithm. A model of the thermal robot behavior has been found and implemented in the robot controller. In this way it has been possible to compensate all the thermal effects, reaching an absolute accuracy of 10 nanometers.


Abstract The southeastern coast of North Carolina is a major tourist destination that has experienced rapid population growth resulting in increased revenues. Most development is sited on transgressive barriers and headland beaches located along chronic erosion zones. Beach replenishment is viewed as the only viable option for erosion mitigation. However, a detailed sand resource assessment is non-existent. Furthermore, few data exist on the inter-relationships between the underlying geological framework and the morphology, sediments and evolution of the coastal system. The shoreface of the two constraining headlands of this sand-starved system in Onslow Bay was studied utilizing cores, remotely sensed data, and diver surveys. The (coquina-dominated) subaerial headland at Fort Fisher and the (limestone) submarine headland at New River clearly have influenced the coastwise evolution of the intra-headland perched beaches. These shorefaces, as well as those of adjacent barriers, are characterized by hardbottoms of varying relief, morphology, and lithology. Prominent submarine scarps and karstic topographic highs that extend above the ravinement surface have resulted in major changes in barrier orientation and development of distinct subcompartments with respect to coastal processes. Holocene sea-level rise has produced a thin (<70 cm) variable sequence, deposited unconformably over bioeroded hardbottoms. Bioerosion represents a major source and supply of new sediment. The thin sediment veneer is a mosaic of remobilized graded palimpsest and residual shell-rich sand and gravels. Data reinforce the concept that a common equilibrium profile for all shorefaces is neither realistic nor adequate for an understanding of coastal processes in the study area.


Sound is a potentially important navigational cue for organisms in aquatic environments. Most reef fishes produce pelagic larvae that must locate suitable settlement habitat for the completion of their life-cycle. We used light traps and underwater loudspeakers to determine whether reef fish larvae are attracted to sounds produced on a reef. 'Sound traps' caught more triplefin (a benthic reef fish) larvae than did 'silent traps', demonstrating that the larvae of some reef fishes may use sound as a navigational cue in the field. Catches of pilchard larvae, a pelagic fish, did not vary between treatments. These results are the first demonstration, of which we are aware, of sound as a potential navigational cue in the aquatic environment.


Improvement in diagnostic techniques has led to enhanced understanding of the etiology of neonatal hepatitis including cytomegaloviruses. This report presents the conclusions of a three-year study of all cases in which either viral hepatitis or cytomegalic inclusion disease was suspected. In 23 of 43 cases of cytomegalovirus infection, confirmed by detection of the virus and increase in serum antibody activity, the disease was congenital. Of the 23 cases of congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease, 17 showed hepatomegaly, 10 had splenomegaly, and 6 showed jaundice (Figure). A good correlation between hepatomegaly and increase in hepatic enzyme levels, especially serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) is apparent. Hepatomegaly was proportional to the increase in pyruvic transaminase in all but two patients. We made biochemical tests in six cases; they were not done in the Neonatal cytomegalic inclusion disease. Correlation between hepatomegaly and SGPT value. others for technical reasons. The increase in direct serum bilirubin


Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) have been successfully used for over 2 decades to study virus-host interactions, transmission, and pathogenesis in rhesus macaques. The majority of Env trimers of most previously studied SHIVs, however, do not recapitulate key properties of transmitted/founder (TF) or primary HIV-1 isolates, such as CCR5 tropism, tier 2 neutralization resistance, and native trimer conformation. Here, we test two recently generated TF SHIVs, SHIV.D.191859 and SHIV.C.CH848, which were designed to address these issues as components of a nonhuman primate model of HIV-1 latency. We conclude that the TF SHIV-macaque model reflects several hallmarks of HIV and SIV infection and latency. Results suggest that this model has broad applications for evaluating eradicative and suppressive strategies against the HIV reservoir, including Env-specific interventions, therapeutic vaccines, and engineered T cells. ABSTRACT A robust simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-macaque model of latency is critical to investigate eradicative and suppressive strategies that target HIV-1 Env. To this end, we previously reported a novel strategy for constructing SHIVs that bear primary or transmitted/founder (TF) Envs with modifications at Env residue 375 that enable efficient replication in Indian rhesus macaques (RM). Such TF SHIVs, however, have not been examined for their suitability for HIV-1 latency and cure research. Here, we evaluate two promising TF SHIVs, SHIV.D.191859 and SHIV.C.CH848, which encode TF subtype D and C HIV-1 Envs, respectively, for their viral kinetics and persistence during suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and treatment interruption in RM. Our results suggest that the viral kinetics of these SHIVs in RM during acute, early, and chronic infection, and upon cART initiation, maintenance and discontinuation, mirror those of HIV-1 infection. We demonstrate consistent early peak and set point viremia, rapid declines in viremia to undetectable plasma titers following cART initiation, infection of long-lived cellular subsets and establishment of viral latency, and viral rebound with return to pretreatment set point viremia following treatment interruption. The viral dynamics and reservoir biology of SHIV.D.191859, and to a lesser extent SHIV.C.CH848, during chronic infection, cART administration, and upon treatment interruption suggest that these TF SHIVs are promising reagents for a SHIV model of HIV-1 latency and cure. IMPORTANCE Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) have been successfully used for over 2 decades to study virus-host interactions, transmission, and pathogenesis in rhesus macaques. The majority of Env trimers of most previously studied SHIVs, however, do not recapitulate key properties of transmitted/founder (TF) or primary HIV-1 isolates, such as CCR5 tropism, tier 2 neutralization resistance, and native trimer conformation. Here, we test two recently generated TF SHIVs, SHIV.D.191859 and SHIV.C.CH848, which were designed to address these issues as components of a nonhuman primate model of HIV-1 latency. We conclude that the TF SHIV-macaque model reflects several hallmarks of HIV and SIV infection and latency. Results suggest that this model has broad applications for evaluating eradicative and suppressive strategies against the HIV reservoir, including Env-specific interventions, therapeutic vaccines, and engineered T cells.


This doctoral thesis explores issues related to postnatal mental health from the perspective of professionals, mothers, and significant others. It comprises a literature review, an empirical paper, a critical appraisal of relevant issues, and an ethics section. The literature review reports a meta-ethnographic synthesis of studies exploring the experiences of professionals working with women experiencing postnatal depression (PND). Five themes were identified: (a) conceptualising the label; (b) using 'my antennae': recognising PND; (c) 'permission to speak': facilitators and fears; (d) whose role is it anyway: professional confidence and expertise; and (e) 'we're not user friendly': navigating the system. Clinical implications were highlighted, including the fostering of liaison between clinical psychologists and perinatal professionals, the importance of mental health training for perinatal professionals, and the development of clear care pathways for all severities of distress. The empirical paper focuses upon mothers who had experienced postnatal psychosis (PP) and their significant others. Seven dyadic interviews were conducted and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Four themes emerged: (a) 'she wasn't herself': threatened relationships through loss of 'normal' self; (b) invalidation and isolation: relational dynamics in seeking, receiving and providing support; (c) 'the worst life can throw at us': shared perceptions of trust and respect following PP; (d) a double-edged sword: understanding relationships as negatively and positively influencing PP experience. The paper contributes to the evidence base by highlighting the opportunity for positive transformations in relationships following PP, despite the potential for strain within these relationships. Furthermore, it explores the novel finding that relationships can influence the content of unusual postnatal experiences. Within the critical appraisal, reflections pertinent to the empirical paper are offered. These span the three domains of conceptual, methodological, and ethical issues. The ethics section contains detailed information related to the process of gaining ethical approval for the empirical paper.


Nacrtak The Global Positioning System (GPS) now makes it possible to define forest boundaries using double differenced carrier phase observables. They are mostly processed with algorithms based on the Least-Squares Estimation (LSE). Although GPS was completely developed for outdoor navigation, sometimes it can be used in near/under tree or building shading. In such a case, before applying the LSE, both the functional and stochastic models should be properly defined in order to obtain reliable positioning. While the functional model for precise GPS positioning is sufficiently well known, realistic stochastic modeling is still a difficult task to accomplish in the case of unfavorable conditions. This paper analyzes the achievable efficiency of the stochas tic modeling for the positioning near/under the forest. A static campaign was performed at two surveying sites that have been established near the effect of tree shading. The experiments show the efficiency of stochastic models depending on the forest. It is clear that sigma-ε and sigma-Δ models give optimum solutions for the sites located near the tree canopy. Moreover, weighting procedures based on the C/N0 values can successfully cope with the corruptive effects caused by the tree canopy. As a result, a proper stochastic model for carrier phase ob servables should be used as an important tool in parameter estimation for handling multipath effect and signal distortion caused by the forest canopy.


This title of this research is "Society's Attitudes toward Indonesia and Perspective in Facing the ASEAN Economic Community". The aims to describe students' attitude Indonesian and Literature Program STKIP-PGRI Lubuklinggau South Sumatera toward Indonesia and perspective in facing ASEAN Economic Community. Problem of research is why students attitudes of language study program and literature Indonesia , STKIP-PGRI Lubuklinggau South Sumatera toward Indonesia and perspective in facing ASEAN Economic Community. The population of research with total number 543 and sample with total number 55 or 10%. Data collection with questionnaire technique. From the data analysis and result research show that students attitudes positive (88,44%) and negative (11,56%) toward Indonesia as International language to communicate in Asean Economic Community, Indonesian is also able to become International language. Considering the potential of Indonesian intralingua has the fundamental rule, and extra lingua high number of native speakers. Therefore, the existence of Asean Economic Community is able to increase the prestige of Indonesian language.


The botulinum neurotoxin-like toxin from Weissella oryzae (BoNT/Wo) is one of the BoNT-like toxins recently identified outside of the Clostridium genus. We show that, like the canonical BoNTs, BoNT/Wo forms a complex with its non-toxic non-hemagglutinin (NTNH) partner, which in traditional BoNT serotypes protects the toxin from proteases and the acidic environment of the hosts' guts. We here report the cryo-EM structure of the 300 kDa BoNT/Wo-NTNH/Wo complex together with pH stability studies of the complex. The structure reveals molecular details of the toxin's interactions with its protective partner. The overall structural arrangement is similar to other reported BoNT-NTNH complexes, but NTNH/Wo uniquely contains two extra bacterial immunoglobulin-like (Big) domains on the C-terminus. Although the function of these Big domains is unknown, they are structurally most similar to bacterial proteins involved in adhesion to host cells. In addition, the BoNT/Wo protease domain contains an internal disulfide bond not seen in other BoNTs. Mass photometry analysis revealed that the BoNT/Wo-NTNH/Wo complex is stable under acidic conditions and may dissociate at neutral to basic pH. These findings established that BoNT/Wo-NTNH/Wo shares the general fold of canonical BoNT-NTNH complexes. The presence of unique structural features suggests that it may have an alternative mode of activation, translocation and recognition of host cells, raising interesting questions about the activity and the mechanism of action of BoNT/Wo as well as about its target environment, receptors and substrates.


The (+) isomer of alpha-(N-1-phenethyl) urea is a moderately potent inhibitor of Ca2+ -stimulated mitochondrial respiration of 45Ca2+ uptake (50 percent inhibition at 0.18 mM) while having no effect on adenosine diphosphate-stimulated respiration; the (-) isomer is without effect up to 4 mM. beta-Phenethylurea does not inhibit with either stimulus. The data support the involvement of a Ca2+ -specific protein in energized mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake.


Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine has been invented to achieve the advantages of both diesel and gasoline engines. HCCI engine can run with a higher compression ratio like diesel engine in order to achieve high thermal efficiency. Meanwhile, like gasoline engine, the engine produces less NOx gas and particulate matters than diesel engine. However, there are several difficulties associated with HCCI combustion, which still require further development to the engine. The most important issues are autoignition timing and narrow operational range. In order to develop an HCCI engine, a numerical simulation can significantly save cost, time and resources over an experimental study. KIVA3V program is chosen to simulate an HCCI engine in this study. This program is compatible chemically reactive flows in complex geometries, and featured with spray dynamics which is highly suitable for internal combustion engine. The program has been developed into several versions to suit experimental conditions. It yields essential data such as temperature, pressure, heat release, species concentrations and droplets data at any particular location of the geometry. The main goal of this study is to obtain an accurate simulation for an HCCI combustion in KIVA3V program. KIVA3V provides a single-step combustion model with sets of reaction rate factors for some fuels. The fuels data and combustion model have been proven to work well with typical spark ignition and compression ignition engine. However, HCCI combustion has autoignition activity and relatively high residual gas content. The original reaction rate factors were derived from flame propagation and not accounted for high residual gas content. Thus, the reaction rate was overpredicted causing an excessively early combustion The two reaction rate factors, pre-exponential factor and activation energy, are modified separately obtain precise autoignition timing for the HCCI combustion for each. Then, the simulated in-cylinder temperature and pressure from both cases are found to match the experimental data. The modified activation energy case provided slightly more rapid heat release than the modified pre-exponential factor case. Keywords—component; HCCI combustion; single-step combustion mechanism; KIVA-3V; gasoline.


This thesis is concerned with the analysis and design of thin-walled tubular members made of cold-formed circular hollow sections (CHS). In particular, it deals with hollow and concrete-filled tubes in bending. The background information required to provide the basis for developing new design rules for empty and void-filled cold-formed CHS in bending was reviewed. Existing design rules in Australia, Europe, North America and Japan were examined to highlight the gaps and lack of appropriate design models for such structures. [...]


More and more people live in cities. This growth trend is expected to continue leading to 'wicked' interconnected problems in the urban environment related to, for example, mobility, social inclusivity, food supply, energy supply, sustainable livelihoods etcetera. In order to secure healthy, clean and flourishing cities many of these activities and related services will have to change drastically. This is why radically new perspectives on urban development are needed. To develop meaningful development programmes investing in citizen participation and city-wide multi-stakeholder collaboration is crucial. In this regard, one concept that has received an increasing amount of attention in relation to European cities is the circular economy (CE). The essence of CE is the deployment of configurations of resource-life extending strategies which enable the organisation of materials and resources in long and short term cycles in order to deliver value retention avoiding value loss and destruction. However, many activities and issues in the urban environment cannot be, or only to a limited extent, organised in material cycles. Therefore, an urban development approach which only focuses on material cycles is inadequate. To address this, the notion of the circular economy should be integrated with the ideas of 'sustainability' and 'inclusivity'. Sustainability relates to the radical reduction of resources (more broadly than just materials) whilst inclusivity brings to the fore the human and social dimensions of urban life. This results in an urban development approach crafted on the integration of these three interlinked concepts, which can enable collective and multiple value creation. This integrated approach provides a promising starting point to address the complex urban problems that exist and might offer the basis for urban transitions. Key premises underpinning this perspective are that cities foster different types of capacities and competences –from material, spatial, social, institutional to financial - that are currently underutilised and can be deployed to create value. Utilising these idle capacities enables the emergence of innovative approaches to collective value creation and solutions between parties encapsulated in the concept of Urban Business Models (UBMs) developed herein. First, this White Paper explores how the integration of circularity, sustainability and inclusivity within the urban environment can foster collective value creation. Second, it unpacks the building blocks of UBMs and the role these can play in harnessing idle capacity and providing a means for structuring citizen participation in order to catalyse much needed urban transitions.


This review summarizes the literature on university faculty to student mentoring programs. There has been a proliferation of mentoring programs because of the perceived benefit to student persistence and retention. While mentoring programs have become common, the research on these programs has not kept pace. Shortcomings identified thirty years ago, such as lack of theoretical guidance, lack of operational definition of mentoring, and poor design continue to plague mentoring research. Recommendations to address these shortcomings and improve internal and external validity are examined. As universities continue to have increasingly constrained resources and pressure to demonstrate strategies to help students be successful, evidence-based research will be increasingly desired. If shortcomings in mentoring research can be addressed, mentoring programs hold the potential to be part of a university's strategic plan to help students be successful.


A sharp-eyed expos of the deadly politics, murderous plots, and cutthroat rivalries behind the first blood transfusions in seventeenth-century Europe. On a cold day in 1667, a renegade physician named Jean Denis transfused calf's blood into one of Paris's most notorious madmen. In doing so, Denis angered not only the elite scientists who had hoped to perform the first animal-to-human transfusions themselves, but also a host of powerful conservatives who believed that the doctor was toying with forces of nature that he did not understand. Just days after the experiment, the madman was dead, and Denis was framed for murder. A riveting account of the first blood transfusion experiments in 17th-century Paris and London, Blood Work gives us a vivid glimpse of a particularly fraught period in history -- a time of fire and plague, empire building and international distrust, when monsters were believed to inhabit the seas and the boundary between science and superstition was still in flux. Amid this atmosphere of uncertainty, transfusionists like Denis became embroiled in the hottest cultural debates and fiercest political rivalries of their day. As historian Holly Tucker reveals, transfusion's detractors would stop at nothing -- not even murdering Denis's patient -- to outlaw a practice that might jeopardize human souls, pave the way for monstrous hybrid creatures, or even provoke divine retribution. Taking us from the highest ranks of society to the lowest, from dissection rooms in palaces to the filth-clogged streets of Paris, Blood Work sheds light on an era that wrestled with the same questions about morality and experimentation that haunt medical science to this day.


Abstract. The paper investigates the use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods to predict the strength of recycled glass powder (RGP) and soil mixtures based on different input parameters. The study utilized a database of 57 sets with 5 inputs, including RGP percentage, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) percentage, molar concentration, curing temperature and time, and one output, mixed UCS. There were two artificial intelligence models used in this study, a support vector machines (SVM) and classification and regression random forest (CRRF). The results demonstrate the potential of RGP-based geopolymers to improve the mechanical behavior of clay soils, and the use of AI methods to predict the strength of RGP and soil mixtures with high accuracy. Using SVM model, the testing dataset had a mean absolute error (MAE) and R2 of 0.072 and 0.978, respectively. Also, CRRF had an accurate performance with a MAE of 0.075 and the R2 of 0.979. These results suggest that the AI models fits well with the data. Also, by analyzing the results of the SVM and CRRF models, it is found that curing time is the most important input parameter, while RGP and OPC are the least significant.


Purpose: To develop an automatic beam placement algorithm using the support vector machine (SVM) method for breast radiotherapy with tangential beams. Method and Materials: The optimization goal is to find the optimal parameters of the tangential beams to cover the planning target volume (PTV) including the clinical target volume (CTV) and the ipsilateral breast and minimize the dose to the organs at risk (OARs) consisting of the heart, ipsilateral lung, contralateral breast. Relative significance of different organs were first determined based on the following clinical concerns: (1) CTV should be fully covered, (2) heart sparing is more critical than lung sparing, (3) coverage of the ipsilateral breast tissue beyond the CTV can be compromised in exchange for significant dose reduction of heart and lung, and (4) radiation to the contralateral breast should be avoided. The SVM finds the optimal plane that best separates the PTV and OARs according to a pre‐defined cost function considering the relative significances of all involved objects. Gantry angle, collimator angle and collimator opening of the tangential beams were obtained through geometry transformations of this plane. Dose‐volume histograms of plans determined by this beam placement algorithm were then compared with those by radiationoncologists.Results: Plans of 23 prone and 13 supine patients were analyzed. Our algorithm reduced the heart volume that receives >500 cGy by 38.0% (from 2.68cm3 to 1.66cm3) on average and the ipsilateral lung volume that receives >1000 cGy by 26.3% (from 55.22cm3 to 40.71cm3). Volume of CTV1 and CTV2 receiving >95% of prescription dose decreased by only 0.74% and 0.07% respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of using a SVM‐based algorithm to determine the optimal beam placement without physician's intervention. Our algorithm significantly reduced the dose of OARs at the expense of slightly degraded but still acceptable dose homogeneity and coverage.


Abstract This paper introduces a new methodology for explicitly incorporating uncertainties in key parameters into decision making regarding the transition between various nuclear fuel cycles. These key uncertainties—in demand growth rates, technology availability, and technology costs, among others—are unlikely to be resolved for several decades and invalidate the concept of planning for a unique optimal transition strategy. Past time-dependent analyses of the nuclear fuel cycle have confronted uncertainties by using a scenario-based approach where key variables are parametrically varied, which gives rise to inflexible courses of action associated with optima for each scenario. Instead, this work selects hedging strategies through a decision making under uncertainty framework. These strategies are found by applying a choice criterion to select courses of action that mitigate regrets. These regrets are calculated by evaluating the performance of all possible transition strategies for every feasible outcome of the uncertain parameter(s). The methodology is applied to a case study involving transition from the current once-through light water reactor fuel cycle to one relying on continuous recycle in fast reactors, and the effect of choice criterion is explored. Hedging strategies are found that preserve significant flexibility to allow alteration of the fuel cycle strategy once these uncertainties are resolved. This work may provide guidance for agent-based, behavioral modeling in fuel cycle simulators as well as decision making in real-world applications.


Purpose: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of the myocardium for energy production by the analysis of mitochondrial respiration in rats with jaundice submitted to bile duct ligature. Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats were divided into 2 Groups: Group SO submitted to nontherapeutic laparotomy (sham operation) and Group IC (icteric group) submitted to bile duct ligature. After 7 days, laparotomy was again performed in all animals for cardiac muscle extraction and analysis. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was determined by stage 3 velocity and stage 4 velocity. The respiratory control ratio (RCR) was obtained by the ratio of stage 3 to stage 4 velocity. Statistical analysis was performed by the Mann-Whitney test, with the level of significance set at 5% (p<0.05).Results: Statistical analysis revealed a significant drop in oxygen consumption during stage 3 mitochondrial respiration in group IC compared with SO, whereas the values obtained during stage 4 were basically identical for the two groups. Likewise, RCR values exhibited a significant reduction. Conclusion: The cellular respiration of the "jaundiced heart" is depressed. This was demonstrated by the reduced capacity of cardiac mitochondria to consume oxygen and synthesize ATP, supporting the idea of a latent cardiac impairment responsible for the hemodynamic decompensation occurring during cholestasis.


The ITER-like Wall project in JET is replacing its Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) currently made of Carbon-Fibre Composite (CFC) with bulk beryllium main-chamber limiters and full tungsten divertor. Experiments on JET have prepared to explore the domain of moderate exhaust for acceptable impact upon plasma performance on standard high δ ELMy H-mode discharges. Systematic studies were carried out on the individual effects of deuterium fuelling and seeding with two extrinsic impurities, as well as their interplay. An operational domain was achieved where this baseline scenario suffers less than 10% decrease in the pedestal stored energy and is both compatible with the ILW engineering limits and in the domain of low W sputtering. Nitrogen (N2) may be preferable as an extrinsic radiator to neon (Ne) as it mostly affects the divertor radiation without significantly increasing core radiation. In the non-carbon machine, deuterium fuelling alone is unlikely to reach this operational domain as it is just able to reach it in the present machine, hence extrinsic impurities would then have to be used.


In the present communication scenario of 802.11 wireless local access network there is virtually no way to control frames and due to this a range of network allocation vector based denial of service attacks are possible. The convenience of 802.11-based wireless access networks has led to widespread deployment in the consumer, industrial and military sectors. However, this use is predicated on an implicit assumption of confidentiality and availability. While the security flaws in 802.11"s basic confidentially mechanisms have been widely publicized, the threats to network availability are far less widely appreciated. In fact, it has been suggested that 802.11 is highly susceptible to malicious denialof-service (DoS) attacks targeting its management.A novel approach for protecting control frames by generating a unique message authentication code using inter access point protocol for key distribution and key management is proposed.


Abstract Muroya, Y., Plante, I., Azzam, E. I., Meesungnoen, J., Katsumura, Y. and Jay-Gerin, J-P. High-LET Ion Radiolysis of Water: Visualization of the Formation and Evolution of Ion Tracks and Relevance to the Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect. Radiat. Res. 165, 485–491 (2006). Ionizing radiation-induced bystander effects, commonly observed in cell populations exposed to high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiations, are initiated by damage to a cellular molecule which then gives rise to a toxic signal exported to neighboring cells not directly hit by radiation. A major goal in studies of this phenomenon is the identification of this initial radiation-induced lesion. Liquid water being the main constituent of biological matter, reactive species produced by water radiolysis in the cellular environment are likely to be major contributors to the induction of this lesion. In this context, the radiation track structure is of crucial importance in specifying the precise location and identity of all the radiolytic species and their subsequent signaling or damaging effects. We report here Monte Carlo track structure simulations of the radiolysis of liquid water by four different impacting ions 1H+, 4He2+, 12C6+ and 20Ne10+, with the same LET (∼70 keV/ μm). The initial radial distribution profiles of the various water decomposition products (eaq−, ·OH, H·, H2 and H2O2) for the different ions considered are presented and discussed briefly in the context of track structure theory. As an example, the formation and temporal evolution of simulated 24 MeV 4He2+ ion tracks (LET ∼26 keV/μm) are reported for each radiolytic species from 1 ps to 10 μs. The calculations reveal that the ion track structure is completely lost by ∼1 μs.


C. C. CHANG. On unions of chains of models. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 10 (1959), pp. 120-127. Let A be a set of sentences of class UE (i.e. sentences in prenex normal form in which no universal quantifier is preceded by an existential quantifier). Let K be the arithmetical class determined by A. Then it is easy to see that K is closed under union of monotonic subsets (ordered by inclusion). Conversely it has been shown by J. Los and R. Suszko (Bulletin de VAcademie Polonaise des Sciences, Classe III , vol. 3 (1955), pp. 201-202; and Fundamenta mathematicae, vol. 44 (1957), pp. 52-60) that if an arithmetical class K is closed under union of monotonic subsets then there exists a set of sentences of class UE which determines K. The same result was announced independently by the present author (Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Abstract 60-4-579). The paper under review contains Chang's proof, which is quite different from that of Los and Suszko and moreover implies a somewhat stronger result in one direction. For the proof, the author makes use of the generalized completeness theorem of the lower predicate calculus, and of the method of diagrams. An auxiliary concept which is introduced here and which may be of more general interest, is as follows. The model A will be called a strong submodel of the model B (reviewer's term, since the author uses only symbols) if A is a submodel of B and if any finite submodel B ' of B can be mapped isomorphically on a submodel A' of A by a correspondence which reduces to the identity on B ' n A. The author also improves a result of A. Robinson on convex systems (XVII 205, Theorem 9.1.3) by weakening Robinson's definition of convexity. (The possibility of such an improvement was noticed independently by E. Specker — unpublished.)


To the Editor: Anthropomorphic studies of the penis have largely centred on comparisons of length and girth and have not always grasped the substance of a more important companion feature, namely direction. The "john Thomas" (JT) sign refers to the position of the penis in relation to unilateral disease on routine x-ray, with a positive sign being implied when inclined to the side of the disorder (eg, a fractured hip). Although readily recognised, it has attracted little scholarly attention, being confined to darkroom banter or to impressing humourless medical students. While some degree of prudishness may have been responsible for curbing potential applications of the JT sign in the past, we believe that the position of the penis now needs to be set straight. We identified 65 consecutive male patients with a fractured right hip and 65 with a fractured left hip. The penile position was graded as positive (illustrated in the Figure), negative or equivocal (part of the glans below the symphysis). The penile bent was similarly defined in a further 65 patients in whom fracture was suspected but not identified. The JT sign was positive (ie, the penis inclined toward the fracture) in 70% of patients with hip fracture (91/130), negative in 11% (14/130) and equivocal in 19% (25/130). Consequently, the sensitivity (70%; 95% CI, 62%-78%) and specificity (67%; 95% CI, 60%-75%) for the JT sign are low. The genital disposition did not correlate with length of stay (r =0.14). Demonstration of the JT sign before x-ray may be as useful as demonstrating leg shortening and external rotation synonymous but in no way diagnostic. And, if all patients with suspected hip fractures are routinely x-rayed, the prognostic significance of the pointer is minimised. Nonetheless, while the clinical utility of the JT sign may be limited, it appears to be real and reproducible. Thirty-one per cent of patients (20/65) presenting with a hip injury without fracture inclined to the injured side. If at least half of x-rays for hip fracture confirm the diagnosis, the predictive value of a positive JT sign is over 69%. Similar eponymous signs, such as Homan's,


Sustainable natural resource management requires collaboration, adaptability and coordination between science, policy and stakeholders. Communication of scientific information through social networks is integral to effective governance. This study employed social network analysis to investigate information flow between stakeholders associated with the blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus) fishery in the Peel-Harvey Estuary, south-western Australia. Although the fishery received Marine Stewardship Council certification in 2016, a preliminary study conducted between 2017 and 2018 revealed that fishers were concerned about its status and management. Consequently, 85 face-to-face interviews were conducted with commercial and recreational fishers, academics, government bodies, representatives of fishing organizations, non-governmental organizations, and tourism operators to understand the flow of information and the influence on perceptions of sustainability. The results showed that: (i) few individuals were key for sharing information within and between different organizations forming the fishery network and only two of the six groups (government bodies and the commercial fishing sector) were highly connected and appeared as key for information sharing; (ii) after the public awareness and tourism groups, academic groups were the second-least connected, despite having actively researched the Peel-Harvey Estuary and the P. armatus fishery for over 40 years; (iii) recreational fishers exchanged information mainly with other fishers and the state fisheries department; (iv) modes of communication used with the recreational fishing sector differed greatly between the fisheries department (i.e., mainly via phone/email) and the recreational fishing organization (i.e., strong online presence, social media, and phone/email); (v) issues of inclusiveness and representativeness were highlighted for some of the groups and organizations. This is the first study looking at information-sharing patterns through an Australian fishery network. Through this research we have identified logistical and institutional challenges to communicating information regarding the science, management and environmental issues related to a small-scale crab fishery and made suggestions to enhance information flow in the network.