Over a series of decisions, the Court has been backing itself into a corner with its section 8 jurisprudence. Section 8 protects against unreasonable searches. Since the earliest ruling on the section in Hunter v. Southam} searches are prima facie unreasonable if they take place without a warrant. Thus, before conducting a search, police must have a warrant. Before getting a warrant, police must have information about the accused. Obtaining information about the accused probably involves conduct that qualifies as a search. Thus for example in K. v. Kokesch, R. v. Wiley, and R. v. Plant, perimeter searches, conducted in order to get grounds for seeking a warrant, were themselves warrantless searches which violated s. 8. In order to get warrants to conduct those searches, police would need already to have reasonable grounds to believe that the search would produce evidence. That evidence in turn would have to consist of personal information likely to invoke a reasonable expectation of privacy. Barring reliable unsolicited tips arriving at the police station, this regression is potentially endless.


We report the Mn(II) complexes with two pyclen-based ligands (pyclen = 3,6,9,15-tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene) functionalized with acetate pendant arms either at positions 3,6 (3,6-PC2A) or 3,9 (3,9-PC2A) of the
macrocyclic fragment. The 3,6-PC2A ligand was synthesized in five steps from pyclen-oxalate by protecting one of the
secondary amine groups of pyclen using Alloc protecting chemistry. The complex with 3,9-PC2A is characterized by a higher
thermodynamic stability (logKMnL = 17.09(2) than the 3,6-PC2A analogue (logKMnL = 15.53(1), 0.15 M NaCl). Both complexes
contain a water molecule coordinated to the metal ion, which results in relatively high 1H relaxivities (r1p = 2.72 and 2.91
mM-1
s
-1
for the complexes with 3,6- and 3,9-PC2A, respectively, 25 ºC, 0.49 T). The coordinated water molecule displays fast
exchange kinetics with the bulk in both cases; the rates (kex
298) are 140106 and 126106
s
-1
for [Mn(3,6-PC2A)] and [Mn(3,9-
PC2A)], respectively. The two complexes were found to be remarkably inert with respect to their dissociation, with halflives of 63 and 21 h, respectively, at pH 7.4 in the presence of excess Cu(II). The r1p values recorded in blood serum remain
constant at least over a period of 120 h. Cyclic voltammetry experiments show irreversible oxidation features shifted to
higher potentials with respect to [Mn(EDTA)]2- and [Mn(PhDTA)]2-
, indicating that the PC2A complexes reported here have
a lower tendency to stabilize Mn(III). The superoxide dismutase activity of the Mn(II) complexes was tested using the
xanthine/xanthine oxidase/NBT assay at pH 7.8. The Mn(II) complexes of 3,6-PC2A and 3,9-PC2A are capable to assist the
decomposition of superoxide anion radical. The kinetic rate constant of the complex of 3,9-PC2A is smaller by one order of
magnitude than that of 3,6-PC2A.


Vietnam's commercial electricity demand grew by 9.6% per year during 2011 - 2020. The Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) forecasts that the average annual investment cost for the power system over 2021 - 2030 will be around USD 9.0 billion to USD 12.6 billion per year for generation sources and USD 1.5 billion to USD 1.6 billion for the grid. This article discusses the financial options to mobilise this capital. The private sector interest in financing new thermal power projects is low for coal and uncertain for gas; the current energy price crisis suggests deferring any new LNG power plant openings until after 2026. There, the state-owned sector takes the lead. For renewable energy, private investors have shown eagerness to finance new solar and onshore/nearshore wind projects under the feed-in-tariff regime. The subsequent mechanisms will be market-based: auctions and direct power purchase agreements. Offshore wind projects allow the state-owned oil and gas industry to invest jointly with international private developers and reorient its strategy in response to the energy transition. Developing the green bond market is an opportunity for Vietnamese banks. State-owned enterprises can use them to raise money through non-sovereign debt. Finally, a gradual increase in electricity prices will improve the sector's ability to finance the necessary power system expansion.


This paper argues that, despite its strengths, the UK Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) classification of the creative industries contains inconsistencies which need to be addressed to make it fully fit for purpose. It presents an improved methodology which retains the strengths of the DCMS's approach while addressing its deficiencies. We focus on creative intensity: the proportion of total employment within an industry that is engaged in creative occupations.


Brick masonry is a traditional building material widely used loading-bearing or partition walls in various building structures. The detailed distinctive modelling of brick and mortar of a realistic masonry structure or a structure with masonry infilled walls are usually not possible due to the computational cost. In this paper, a homogenized dynamic material model which including the damage of brick and mortar and strain rate effect is developed based on dynamic test results of brick and mortar. The proposed homogenized material model was used in analysis of blast response of brick masonry wall.


The p73 gene, a member of the p53 family, is a new candidate tumor suppressor gene. To investigate the possibility of genetic alteration of p73 in leukemia and lymphoma, we examined 55 cell lines and 39 patient samples together with 17 nonhematopoietic cancer cell lines. Gene expression of p73 was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in cell lines (5 of 7 pre B/B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL], 13 of 21 T-ALL/lymphoblastic lymphomas [LBL], 9 of 10 B-non-Hodgkin's lymphomas [B-NHL], 8 of 9 acute myelogenous leukemias [AML], 2 of 2 T-NHL, 3 of 3 multiple myeloma), and in patient samples (16 of 23 pre B-ALL, 5 of 8 T-ALL/LBL, 5 of 8 B-NHL). PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) of cDNAs showed no mutation in 43 p73-expressing cell lines within the regions that corresponded to the 5 mutational hotspots of the p53 gene. Neither homologous deletion nor rearrangement of the p73 gene were found by Southern blot analysis in any of the cell lines that lack expression of p73. In contrast to prior published data, analysis of a polymorphic site showed that the p73 gene was expressed biallelically in cell lines and normal peripheral blood. Notably, the p73-negative cell lines were hypermethylated at a CpG island in the 5' untranslated region of the p73 mRNA, and treatment of these cell lines with 5-azacytidine (5-AC), a demethylation reagent, induced p73 expression. Taken together, we found that a sizable proportion (32%) of ALL/B-NHL cell lines and primary tumors had negligible or limited expression of the p73 gene associated with hypermethylation of the gene. These findings suggest that silencing of the p73 gene by hypermethylation may contribute to development and/or progression of lymphoid neoplasms.


Genome architecture, epigenetics and enhancer function control the fate and identity of cells. Reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) changes the transcriptional profile and chromatin landscape of the starting somatic cell to that of the pluripotent cell in a stepwise manner. Changes in the regulatory networks are tightly regulated during normal embryonic development to determine cell fate, and similarly need to function in cell fate control during reprogramming. Switching off the somatic program and turning on the pluripotent program involves a dynamic reorganization of the epigenetic landscape, enhancer function, chromatin accessibility and 3D chromatin topology. Within this context, we will review here the current knowledge on the processes that control the establishment and maintenance of pluripotency during somatic cell reprogramming.


The purpose of this study was to examine the use of a hand-held dynamometer in measuring the effect of short-leg tone reducing casts (STRC) on the compliance of calf muscles to passive stretch in CP children and to assess the reliability of this technique in terms of intertester agreement. STRCs were fitted to thirteen children suffering from CP for a period of three weeks. Three measurements were taken independently by two physical therapists: before casting, immediately after cast removal, and one month later. Each child was measured twice: in prone and supine positions. There was a significant (p < 0.01) increase in muscle compliance immediately after removing the casts, but the overall effect tended to diminish after one month. Intertester agreement was high as shown by intraclass correlation coefficients, which ranged from 0.89 to 0.95, thus supporting the application of this technique for assessing the status and variations of passive muscle compliance in CP children.


Balancing the energy demand in isolated microgrids is a critical issue especially in the presence of intermittent energy sources. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) can be installed in such circumstances to supply the demand and support the reserve requirements of the isolated microgrid. However, due to the high installation costs of BESS, there is a need for proper mechanisms to select such systems and size them optimally. Furthermore, since BESS are often installed to serve multiple applications, these should be properly modeled to coordinate their different functionalities. In this thesis, a multi-year operational planning model is developed to determine the BESS optimal power rating and energy capacity along with the year of installation taking into account its coordinated operation. The model includes unit commitment formulation with renewable energy and BESS operational constraints. The optimal planning decisions are obtained for different BESS technologies under several scenarios of ownerships. The uncertain patterns of solar and wind resources and system demand are considered and several microgrid operational scenarios are created. A stochastic optimization model is developed to determine the optimal BESS size and installation year including the different states of the uncertain microgrid variables. The stochastic optimization model is solved using a decomposition based two-stage iterative approach to cope with the large computational burden of such problems.


The recent global recession has pushed businesses to search for means to efficiently and effectively manage their customers so as to remain competitive. This has led to the rise in the adoption and use of information technology in different business functions. These developments have yielded into the adoption of Electronic Customer Relationship Management. However, as this technology sees more prominence in the developed countries, many organizations in developing countries are finding it difficult to implement. This study was intended to examine the factors that affect the adoption of Electronic Customer Relationship Management in developing countries. A case study was conducted in Uganda, in which 150 Small and Medium-sized Enterprises where purposively selected from 30 districts to participate in the study. A sample size of 450 was taken from these organizations. Self administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Te data were coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings indicate that although Electronic Customer Relationship Management was very beneficial in promoting Small and Medium Enterprises' new products, marketing existing products, keeping their customers updated and sharing information, most Small and Medium Enterprises faced challenges in adopting the technology. The main challenges were highlighted as lack of knowledge about the Electronic Customer Relationship Management, lack of Information Communication Technology skills, poor infrastructure, lack of top management support and resistance to change. The study gives some recommendations for better adoption of Electronic Customer Relationship Management in Small and Medium Enterprises.


Carbohydrate metabolism may be markedly altered in the pregnant patient with diabetes mellitus. How such changes in maternal physiology affect the placenta, a tissue of fetal origin, has been studied by measuring glycogen synthetase, glycogen phosphorylase, and glycogen concentrations in fresh term placental tissue from eight normal women delivered vaginally, eight normal patients delivered by repeat cesarean section, and fifteen patients with diabetes mellitus. Placental weights were also determined. Placentas of normal patients, whether delivered vaginally or by cesarean section, were extremely similar in all parameters studied. In contrast, the glycogen concentration in placentas from diabetic patients was significantly elevated (p < .001) although glycogenesis appeared limited by decreased levels (p < .01) of synthetase I. Phosphorylase a activity was increased significantly (p < .025) in placental tissue of diabetic patients as was total phosphorylase (p < .05). Placental weight was decreased in patients with retini-tis proliferans. These placental enzyme differences noted between the normal and diabetic patient suggest that insulin may play an important role in controlling glycogen metabolism in the human placenta. In diabetes mellitus, increased glycogen concentrations of the placenta may be due to prolonged hyperglycemia throughout gestation and that the elevated term placental glycogen may be responsible for the observed suppressed synthetase I formation and the stimulated phosphorylase a activity found in the diabetic term placenta.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
Sleep disturbances in cirrhosis are assumed to be due to hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The interaction between cirrhosis, prior HE, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has not been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the additional effect of cirrhosis with and without prior HE on the sleep architecture and perceived sleep disturbances of OSA patients.

METHODS
A case-control review of OSA patients who underwent polysomnography (PSG) in a liver-transplant center was performed. OSA patients with cirrhosis (with/without prior HE) were age-matched 1:1 with OSA patients without cirrhosis. Sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, and sleep architecture was compared between groups.

RESULTS
Forty-nine OSA cirrhotic patients (age 57.4 ± 8.3 years, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) 8.3 ± 5.4, 51% HCV, 20% prior HE) were age-matched 1:1 to OSA patients without cirrhosis. Apnea-hypopnea index, arousal index, sleep efficiency, daytime sleepiness, and effect of sleepiness on daily activities were similar between OSA patients with/ without cirrhosis. Sleep architecture, including %slow wave sleep (SWS), was also not different between the groups. MELD was positively correlated with time in early (N1) stage (r = 0.4, p = 0.03). All prior HE patients (n = 10) had a shift of the architecture towards early, non-restorative sleep (higher % [N2] stage [66 vs 52%, p = 0.005], lower % SWS [0 vs 29%, p = 0.02], lower REM latency [95 vs 151 minutes, p = 0.04]) compared to the rest. Alcoholic etiology was associated with higher latency to N1/N2 sleep, but no other effect on sleep architecture was seen.

CONCLUSIONS
OSA can contribute to sleep disturbance in cirrhosis and should be considered in the differential of sleep disturbances in cirrhosis. Prior HE may synergize with OSA in worsening the sleep architecture.


Al-doped ZnO ceramics were fabricated by the electrical field-assist sintering method and their thermoelectric properties were examined. When the current density of 10A/cm2 was applied, the electrical conductivity was increased by about 30 % compared with that of a specimen set in the same furnace without any applied current. The Seebeck coefficient was also increased by approximately 10%. The power factor was thus improved about 60%, reaching 1.3x10-3 W/mK2 at 1053K, which is one of the best power factor in bulk oxides. Analyses of Hall measurement and thermal conductivity showed that longer mean free paths of both electrons and phonons were obtained by the electrical field-assist sintering method, suggesting promotion of the grain growth and/or reduction of barriers at the grain boundary in the direction of current.


The performance of a flapped wing based on a NACA 0012 airfoil section and equipped with a linear array of fluidic oscillators was investigated experimentally to assess the significance of wing sweep and aspect ratio on the efficiency of the actuation. The semi-span wing that was suspended from the wind tunnel ceiling through a six-component balance could be withdrawn partially from the test section and rotated in a plane parallel to the flow thus its sweep could vary from 0° to ±45° and its aspect ratio could change from 2.4 to 7.5. The wing incidence, its flap deflection, and the level and distribution of the actuation were the additional independent parameters investigated. The experiments were carried out at Reynolds numbers varying between 300,000 and 500,000. The boundary layer was tripped in order to fix the location at which transition to turbulence occurs. To overcome separation at high flap deflections in the absence of wing sweep, a minimum momentum coefficient of the order of 1% was required. However, on a swept-back wing a substantially lower input level could improve the lift generated by the wing by some 20% and alter the pitching moment provided the aggregate number of the actuators was small. Under these conditions, the actuators acted as fluidic boundary layer fences that can be switched ON or OFF on demand and change the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing for takeoff and landing purposes. An attempt was made to explain the mechanism that makes the fluidic oscillators so effective.


Much of the literature surrounding the exergetic evaluation of boilers has focused primarily on large capacity and high-pressured systems, the majority of which are found in power plants. In Trinidad and Tobago however, approximately 76% of the boilers used are small low-pressured systems. This paper looks specifically at evaluating the exergetic performance of one such lowpressured boiler. The results of this evaluation confirm the large differences, described in the literature, that exist between boiler first and second law efficiencies and show that the combustion and heat transfer processes are responsible for these low exergetic efficiencies by consuming approximately 70% of the fuel's entering exergy. The amount of excess air used for combustion significantly affects boiler performance. During this study, it was found that most of these smaller boilers were not equipped with excess air control devices and as such, excess air amounts varied significantly and was often much higher than the recommended 15%. It was also found that for every 20% decrease in excess air, combustion irreversibilities could be lowered by approximately 2–3%. Furthermore if the boiler was operated with the recommended 15% excess air, simulation shows that increasing the inlet combustion air temperatures using waste heat from the boiler's stack could lead to a 7% reduction in combustion irreversibilities. While any improvement in boiler performance may have favourable consequences, these results indicate that dramatic decreases in boiler irreversibilities cannot be expected through air preheating and combustion control strategies and suggest that designs which minimize combustion in boiler systems should be investigated.


This exhibition was commissioned (in 2016) by the Sainsbury Centre (SCVA) to mark the 40th anniversary of the building, designed by Norman Foster. It was the first critical reassessment of the form of late modern architecture and design known as 'High Tech'. Containing c.150 exhibits, it explored the making of the SCVA itself, as a key to understanding this approach to architecture and engineering; the creative, technical and visionary precedents for modern High Tech, with historical exhibits covering over 150 years of engineering and design; and a typology of late modern architecture from museums and buildings for industry, to transport structures, corporate, retail and domestic architecture.
Research questions included: how did High Tech architecture advance new paradigms of design and use for key building types; what historical conditions informed their development; and how can objects and documentary evidence be used to convey this to audiences through the medium of exhibition? The project re-evaluated the contested term 'High Tech', which is rejected by its architects but has an established yet relatively unexamined place in architectural histories.
Exhibits were borrowed from the VA architectural practices and private collections. As well as models and drawings (some shown for the first time), Pavitt sourced original technical components, photography, film and furniture. The final selection of High Tech works was the most comprehensive ever exhibited together. The exhibition was reviewed extensively in the mainstream and specialist press.


There is a need for research exploring postgraduate research students' expectations from research
supervisors, the characteristics of effective student-supervisor relationships, and the opinions of
students and supervisors about research supervision. We also need instruments to explore the student-supervisor
relationship. The present study investigated postgraduate research students' and
research supervisors' views about postgraduate research supervision and the student supervisor
relationship. It also reports on factor analysis conducted to identify the underlying dimensions in
their views about postgraduate research supervision and the student supervisor relationship. Such
information can be used to develop strategies to promote student-supervisor relationships and
enhance the student experience.
Data were collected using an online questionnaire with 30 Likert-scale statements from 131 postgraduate
research students and 77 supervisors. Following exploratory factor analysis, a three factor
model consisting of leaderhip, knowledge, and support was extracted. Results indicate that
students and supervisors agree about the attributes of effective supervision. Both supervisors and
students consider that a supervisor should have an interest in the student's research. The supervisor
must provide timely and constructive feedback and should help the student to manage time
effectively. Students and supervisors believe a supervisor should help the students where limitations
and learning needs are identified. Students believe supervisors must encourage students to
work independently and use opportunities
to present their work.


In many situations, it may be impractical or impossible to enter text by selecting precise locations on a physical or touchscreen keyboard. We present an ambiguous keyboard with four character groups that has potential applications for eyes-free text entry, as well as text entry using a single switch or a brain-computer interface. We develop a procedure for optimizing these character groupings based on a disambiguation algorithm that leverages a long-span language model. We produce both alphabetically-constrained and unconstrained character groups in an offline optimization experiment and compare them in a longitudinal user study. Our results did not show a significant difference between the constrained and unconstrained character groups after four hours of practice. As expected, participants had significantly more errors with the unconstrained groups in the first session, suggesting a higher barrier to learning the technique. We therefore recommend the alphabetically-constrained character groups, where participants were able to achieve an average entry rate of 12.0 words per minute with a 2.03% character error rate using a single hand and with no visual feedback.


The theory of the scattering of electro-magnetic radiation by a nano-particle (NP) has been developed intensively during the last decades. Recent developments in this theory encompass the scenario of the interaction between a charged sphere and electromagnetic radiation. One of the interesting outcomes of this new development indicates that the extinction and scattering of a propagating light beam as a result of a charged sphere in the propagation path is higher than for a neutral sphere. We would like to use this phenomenon in order to manipulate light for applications such as a variable attenuator or an optical filter. The scheme under consideration comprises charged NPs located between two plates of capacitor. The NP position is controlled by the capacitor voltage. The NPs are also subject to gravitational force. Different positions of the NP provide different values of attenuation. In this paper we derive a mathematical model to describe the interaction between the propagating light and charged NP in the proposed scheme. Our results indicate that for the given parameters 10 dB variable attenuation is achievable.


Active participation in the process of learning rather than transmission of information is prominent in modern higher education contexts. In alignment with this trend, traditional modes of assessment, based on the "transmission model",
are increasingly replaced or supplemented by more authentic forms of assessment. Authentic assessment "measures" the application of knowledge and skills in real-world contexts and ideally involves learners in the assessment process. The purpose of this article is to report on lecturers, students and community members sharing the responsibility of assessing a project-based poster presentation. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used
in capturing data. Analysis and interpretation of data were performed with the immediate goal of gaining a better understanding of the assessment exercise, and to improve existing practice. The investigation revealed the challenges and pitfalls of involving first-year students and representatives of the community in assessment. Comparison of student-derived marks and those given by a panel of academic staff served to evaluate students' readiness to take responsibility for co-assessment. The students' views on the relevance of the exercise revealed that exposing students to situations which require them to respond objectively to peers' work, conveys the message that skills matter, and thus contributes to the development thereof.


Clinical and genetic studies were made on progressive muscular dystrophy in eight young girls. No chromosomal abnormality was observed in these patients and their mothers. The pedigrees of six cases suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance and clinical features were identical with those of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Two other cases were compatible with childhood muscular dystrophy with autosomal recessive inheritance.


The content of aldosterone (A) was studied in rat adrenal glands, blood plasma and peripheral tissues--in the myocardium, skeletal muscles, thymus and liver--1 h after the administration of alpha-adrenergic stimulator noradrenaline and beta-adrenergic stimulator isoprenaline and after simultaneous administration of alpha- and beta-blockers and a sympatholytic agent (pyrroxan, propranolol and bretylium tosylate respectively). Adrenergic stimulation did not change the level of A in the adrenal glands, raised its blood concentration and, to a greater extent, its level in the peripheral tissues. A marked increase in the blood concentration of A resulted from isoprenaline and its accumulation in tissues--from noradrenaline. A decrease in the level of adrenergic activity considerably lowered the A content in the adrenal glands, blood plasma and peripheral tissues excluding the myocardium where this value was higher than in the blood.


SUMMARY In epidemiological studies of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) that utilize administrative data, cases are typically defined by the presence of a pneumonia hospital discharge diagnosis code. However, not all such hospitalizations represent true CAP cases. We identified 3991 hospitalizations during 1997–2005 in a managed care organization, and validated them as CAP or not by reviewing medical records. To improve the accuracy of CAP identification, classification algorithms that incorporated additional administrative information associated with the hospitalization were developed using the classification and regression tree analysis. We found that a pneumonia code designated as the primary discharge diagnosis and duration of hospital stay improved the classification of CAP hospitalizations. Compared to the commonly used method that is based on the presence of a primary discharge diagnosis code of pneumonia alone, these algorithms had higher sensitivity (81–98%) and positive predictive values (82–84%) with only modest decreases in specificity (48–82%) and negative predictive values (75–90%).


This paper first examines the New Labour government's redefinition of equality of opportunity in Britain, mainly with regard to education and the ways in which it mediates 'opportunity'. In doing so, it also draws on wider social policy issues, such as the use of education policies to combat social exclusion. Second, the paper reviews European Union policies and selected documents that address questions of social inclusion, social cohesion and the role of education in achieving those policy goals. The main argument is that both New Labour policies in Britain and the examined EU documents promote rather minimal understandings of the term 'equality of opportunity', while, education, in both cases, is given an enormous burden to carry in balancing increasingly liberalised market‐driven economies, with the requirements of a socially just society.


With the development of 3D display and interactive multimedia systems, new 3D video applications, such as 3DTV and Free Viewpoint Video, are attracting significant interests. In order to enable these new applications, new data formats including captured 2D video sequences and corresponding depth maps have been proposed. Compared to conventional video frames, depth maps have very different characteristics. First, they typically consist of homogeneous areas partitioned by sharp edges representing depth discontinuities, while the sharp discontinuities play very important roles in view rendering. Second, there exists structure similarity between depth map and corresponding video, in which the edges in depth exhibit quite similar behaviors as the edges in the corresponding video. In conventional video coding techniques with transforms followed by quantization, there usually exist large artifacts along sharp edges and it costs significant more bits to represent the edges with higher accuracy. In order to suppress the coding artifacts while preserving edges, and to better compress depth information, we propose in this paper two new depth compression techniques: Trilateral Filter and Sparse Dyadic Mode. Both techniques utilize the structure similarity between depth and corresponding video while focusing on different aspects in depth compression. As a new in-loop filter, Trilateral Filter is designed to filter depth with coding artifacts based on the proximity of pixel positions, the similarity among depth samples, as well as the similarity among the collocated pixels in the video frame. While Sparse Dyadic Mode is used as an intra mode to reconstruct depth map with sparse representations of depth blocks and effective reference of edge information from video frames. With these two new coding tools, we can achieve up to about 1.5 dB gain on rendering quality as compared to depth sequences coded using MVC under the same coding rate.


Graft failure (GF) remains a significant limitation to improve long-term outcomes in renal transplant recipients (RTR). Urinary epidermal growth factor (uEGF) is involved in kidney tissue integrity, with a reduction of its urinary excretion being associated with fibrotic processes and a wide range of renal pathologies. We aimed to investigate whether, in RTR, uEGF is prospectively associated with GF. In this prospective cohort study, RTR with a functioning allograft ≥1-year were recruited and followed-up for three years. uEGF was measured in 24-hours urine samples and normalized by urinary creatinine (Cr). Its association with risk of GF was assessed by Cox-regression analyses and its predictive ability by C-statistic. In 706 patients, uEGF/Cr at enrollment was 6.43 [IQR 4.07–10.77] ng/mg. During follow-up, 41(6%) RTR developed GF. uEGF/Cr was inversely associated with the risk of GF (HR 0.68 [95% CI 0.59–0.78]; P < 0.001), which remained significant after adjustment for immunosuppressive therapy, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, and proteinuria. C-statistic of uEGF/Cr for GF was 0.81 (P < 0.001). We concluded that uEGF/Cr is independently and inversely associated with the risk of GF and depicts strong prediction ability for this outcome. Further studies seem warranted to elucidate whether uEGF might be a promising marker for use in clinical practice.


Abstract A case of monoamniotic twin pregnancy with a peculiar cord complication is presented. Embryologic single-ovum twinning is discussed. Attention is drawn to the fact that this clinical entity may not be as rare as we think. The hazards to the mother and the fetus are emphasized. With the recent advances in modern obstetrics, the possibility of antepartum diagnosis of this condition is more real today than it ever was: and in view of high fetal mortality, neonatal morbidity and increased maternal risk, the guideliness for management of this condition are suggested.


Conducting polymer-based thermoelectric materials are considered the most promising candidates for applying to wearable thermoelectric devices because of their high electrical conductivities, flexibility, stability, and low-toxicity features. Therefore, a timely review is needed to comprehensively overview their most recent progress in the last few years, considering the rapid development of thermoelectric conducting polymers. In this work, we carefully summarize recent advances in thermoelectric conducting polymers from aspects of their mechanisms, synthesis, micro/nanostructures, mechanical/thermoelectric properties, and related functional devices. A few state-of-the-art thermoelectric conducting polymers, including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate), poly(3-hexylthiophene), polyaniline, and polypyrrole, are highlighted in detail. In the end, we point out the challenges, controversies, and outlooks of conducting polymers for future thermoelectric applications.


Under the normative Expected Value (EV) model, multiple outcomes are additive, but in everyday worth judgement intuitive averaging prevails. Young children also use averaging in EV judgements, leading to a disordinal, crossover violation of utility when children average the part worths of simple gambles involving independent events (Schlottmann, 2000). This study explored the origins of this averaging bias in children's worth judgements, assessing whether averaging also appears for riskless judgements and for other types of risky judgements. In Experiment 1, 8year-olds judged the worth of having either one or two squares of chocolates in two formally equivalent tasks: Children made additive worth judgements when chocolates varied in size, but used averaging when they varied in winning probability. Performance on the EV task was slightly more advanced when risky followed riskless judgements, with some evidence of transfer. In Experiment 2, 5-year-olds gave additive worth judgements when judging variable fractions of chocolate pies, with displays closely parallel to the spinner discs used for the gambles in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, 5-yearolds gave additive worth judgements of gambles in which to win either one or two prizes, with alternative rather than independent probabilities of winning. Thus the overgeneralisation of averaging processes to EV judgement, while persistent, neither reflects a general difficulty with additive value judgement, nor with displays showing positive and negative information, nor with risky judgement per se. It may come into play because children have difficulty appreciating the implications of independence, apparent also in other domains. Despite such difficulty, children realize that risky game outcomes go beyond what they can see, and so may apply averaging, as default strategy for population judgement, whereas addition might be the default for judging the sample itself.


Carotenoids, prominent micronutrients in fruits and vegetables that act as antioxidants, may reduce the risk of breast cancer. Several studies of plasma carotenoids and breast cancer have been conducted and most, but not all, have found an inverse association with at least one carotenoid although the specific carotenoid has varied across studies. We conducted a pooled analysis of eight cohort studies comprising >95% of the world9s published prospective data on plasma carotenoids and breast cancer. The studies included 3,055 cases and 3,955 matched controls from the Columbia Missouri Breast Cancer Serum Bank; MSP/VIP/MONICA cohorts in Umea, Sweden; Johns Hopkins University CLUE I and II; Nurses' Health Study; Women9s Health Study; New York University Women9s Health Study; Shanghai Women9s Health Study; and Multiethnic Cohort Study. To account for laboratory differences and examine population differences across studies, we recalibrated participant carotenoid levels by re-assaying 20 plasma samples from each cohort together at the same laboratory. Recalibration data are currently available for seven of the eight cohorts; recalibration data from the 8th cohort are being incorporated. Using conditional logistic regression, adjusted for several breast cancer risk factors, we first calculated relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from each study, using study-specific quintiles, and pooled the estimates using a random effects model weighted by the inverse variances. Next we recalibrated carotenoid levels from each study to a common standard and conducted conditional logistic regression on the pooled data using quintiles defined among the controls from all studies. Levels of carotenoids differed across cohorts (e.g., median recalibrated lycopene ranged from 17.9 (Umea) to 41.9 (NHS) μg/dL) as did the primary contributor to total carotenoids (s-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, or lycopene). Total carotenoids were suggestively inversely associated with breast cancer risk when study-specific RRs were pooled (top vs. bottom study-specific quintile RR=0.72,95% CI (0.51 −1.01), p-trend=0.07), but with significant heterogeneity across studies (p=0.002). Using recalibrated carotenoid levels and common quintiles, significant inverse associations with breast cancer were observed for α-carotene (top vs. bottom common quintile RR=0.82,95% CI (0.68-0.99), p-trend=0.01), s-carotene (comparable RR=0.75,95% CI (0.62-0.90), p-trend=0.002), lutein/zeaxanthin (comparable RR=0.80,95% CI (0.67-0.97), p-trend=0.03), and total carotenoids (comparable RR=0.79,95% CI (0.65-0.97), p-trend=0.01). s-cryptoxanthin (comparable RR=0.93,95% CI (0.76-1.13), p-trend=0.07) and lycopene (comparable RR=0.91,95% CI (0.74-1.12), p-trend=0.18) were not significantly associated with breast cancer risk. Tests for heterogeneity using recalibrated data were not significant. This comprehensive prospective analysis suggests women with higher plasma levels of a-carotene, s-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and total carotenoids may be at reduced risk of breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):A90.


The de ̄ection sensitivities of cercal ®liform hairs of the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, were determined by direct measurement. The tangential velocity of de ̄ecting hair shafts in response to stimulus air motion was measured in situ by a laser-Doppler velocimeter with surface scattering of the shaft. The velocity of the stimulus air motion in a small wind tunnel was calibrated by the same velocimeter with smoke from a jossstick. The mobility of the hair was obtained from former measurements with reference to the latter calibration of the single apparatus. A Gaussian white noise signal was employed as a stimulus waveform, and the stimulus-response transfer function was calculated through a crosscorrelation method, which provides greater precision and wider frequency for a longer period of measurement. The mobility of hair was expressed in de ̄ection amplitudes and phase shifts in reference to the velocity sinusoid of a stimulus at various frequencies. The measurements established the following conclusions. The wind receptor hairs comprise an array of mechanical band-pass ®lters whose best frequencies are inversely proportional to the length. The motion dynamics of the wind-receptor hairs have strong damping.


On 18 April 2002 the Cluster spacecraft crossed through the northern outer magnetospheric cusp region during 16:25-17:55 UT when the solar wind dynamic pressure was rather low ( B z was more negative than IMF B y . The Cluster data from the FGM, CIS, PEACE, EFW, WHISPER and STAFF instruments reveal that the cusp is structured with three anti-sunward ion flow events of durations ˜1.5, 17.5 and 19.0 min, with bulk plasma flow roughly parallel to the magnetopause toward north. The ion and electron densities within the events are much greater than those outside. The zonal electric field in the ion flow events turns eastward as expected from V × B effect. The sharp inward boundaries of the ion flow events cross the four spacecraft in one time sequence, and the outward boundaries of the events cross the spacecraft in the reverse time sequence. The observations studied using magnetosphere and magnetopause models suggest that the structured cusp is a temporal feature that arises due to three inward and outward movements of the magnetopause by about 1.5 R E so that Cluster, while crossing through the cusp, happened to be in the magnetosheath (ion flow event) and cusp alternately. The magnetopause moved due to the changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure by up to 100%.


In this paper, I explore the ways in which new constitutions encode national collective memory at the point of political transformation and the strategies through which constitutional courts make use of this collective memory to expand their powers. There has been a world-wide turn to constitutionalism as a form of politics and a rapid emergence of an aggressive constitutional judiciary in many new democracies emerging from "regimes of horror." I argue in this paper that the aggressiveness of constitutional courts in new democracies stems from the ability of these courts to participate in shaping the collective memory about the previous regimes of horror. Courts can then position themselves as the border guard of the boundary between past and future. Constitutions can serve as the focal point for the creation of collective memory for three reasons. First, most of the new constitutions in post-horror regimes are long ones. Long constitutions, coupled with judicial review, simply give courts more leverage for getting involved in political matters. Long constitutions also represent more pre-commitment on the part of the political powers involved in setting up the new regime about what that regime will look like and how it will be different from the previous one, pre-commitment that gives constitutional court decisions a certain amount of legitimacy. Second, a new high court with the power of judicial review in a post-horror regime can be seen as preventing the current government from turning into the previous one. The new regime is then defined constitutionally in large part by being "not that" past one. The constitutional politics of "not that" give courts quite a lot of room for maneuver, especially where there is agreement over both what the specific wrongs of the previous regime were and how these wrongs should be righted now. Where there is perceived to be a particular danger of backsliding into the regime of horror again, constitutional courts are given particularly broad powers to act. Finally, activist courts ought to be considered in a broader historical and comparative perspective. The very acceptance and success of strong constitutional review in some countries (particularly in the post-horror regimes that quickly followed WWII) have provided a reason to adopt strong constitutional review in others. While judicial review may have been a daring experiment 200 years ago, it is by now an ordinary feature of modern democratic polities around the world. Constitutional drafters insert powerful forms of judicial review as a matter of course into most, if not all, new constitutions. There is, in other words, a sort of legitimacy in numbers, where the success of aggressive judicial review in one country makes its absence in another a sign of democratic weakness. Strong constitutional courts in some clearly successful democracies embolden other governments to signal their commitments to constitutional values by doing the same.


In this contribution, starting from a high mobility polymer P2 with a regioregular D–A–D–A structure, we set out to further optimize the optical bandgap and energy levels for photovoltaic applications. By introducing different donor segments to construct a modified D′–A–D–A backbone, we successfully synthesized three polymers named as PBT, PFT and PPT. Our results demonstrate that the rotation barrier between the D′ and A or D and A significantly increases after using asymmetric A unit PT, compared to either an asymmetric FBT unit or the original BT unit. So, PPT has a more planar backbone conformation, stronger intermolecular contacts and higher degree of structural order than PBT and PFT, and also possesses a deeper HOMO level. When blended with PC61BM, a fullerene acceptor, the PPT-based device showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.3%, which is higher than that of PFT- (6.7%) and PBT-based (6.2%) devices; when blended with ITIC, a non-fullerene acceptor, the PPT-based device showed a PCE of 5.4%, which is also higher than that of the PFT (4.4%) and PBT-based (4.7%) device. Most importantly, we discover that these blends consisting of either PC61BM or ITIC as the electron acceptor exhibit an average transmission of ∼60% over the 400 to 600 nm range and a maximum transmission of ∼70% at ∼500 nm, which provides opportunities and possibilities of achieving high performance, stable and visibly transparent PVs in the future.


This paper investigates how talk and practical action are coordinated during one type of activity involving professional communication: the service-assessment sequence in hair salons. During this activity, a practical inspection of the haircut must be coupled with sequentially produced verbal acts. Our analysis of four examples reveals that there is no fixed relationship between the organization of talk and practical action. Instead, people manipulate this relationship on a moment-by-moment basis, often coordinating the two into a single, integral package, or relying on one stream of action to achieve progress in the other. These findings imply that some multimodal activities that are brought into alignment may have their own, separate and independent procedural logic and sequencing patterns and that these can be brought into play to create or deal with constraints in each other.


The cryptographic properties of third-order linear feedback shift-register (LFSR) sequences over GF(p) are investigated. A fast computational algorithm for evaluating the kth term of a characteristic sequence of order 3 is presented. Based on these properties, a new public-key distribution scheme and an RSA-type encryption algorithm are proposed. Their security, implementation, information rate, and computational cost for the new schemes are discussed.


A versatile and facile methodology is presented for size-controlled, lead telluride nanoparticles in the presence of highly hydrophobic cationic gemini surfactants (12–2–12, 14–2–14 and 16–2–16) as capping/stabilizing agents. The optical and electrical properties were examined with attention focused on the cumulative diameter of lead telluride NPs for various stabilizing agents. To explore the influence of surfactants' hydrophobicity on the shape and size of lead telluride NPs, the microstructure of lead telluride NPs was investigated via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Core–shell nanoparticles were characterized by using XRD, near-IR, PL and Raman techniques.


Some allelic variants of the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) result in lower levels of expression of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4). These low-expressing (LE) alleles are associated with mental-health disorders in a minority of humans that carry them. Humans are not the only primates that exhibit this polymorphism; other species, including some monkeys, also have LE and high-expressing (HE) variants of 5-HTTLPR. We propose a behavioral genetic framework to explain the adaptive evolution of this polymorphism in primates, including humans. We hypothesize that both LE and HE alleles are maintained by balancing selection in species characterized by short-term fluctuations in social competition levels. More specifically, we propose that LE carriers benefit from their hypervigilant tendencies during periods of elevated competition, whereas HE homozygotes cope best when competition levels do not deviate from the norm. Thus, both alleles have long-term benefits when competition levels tend to vary substantially over relatively short timescales within a social group. We describe this hypothesis in detail and outline a series of predictions to test it. Some of these predictions are supported by findings in the current literature, while others remain areas of future research.


Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate an automated algorithm for detecting avascular area (AA) in optical coherence tomography angiograms (OCTAs) separated into three individual plexuses using a projection-resolved technique. Methods A 3 × 3 mm macular OCTA was obtained in 13 healthy and 13 mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) participants. A projection-resolved algorithm segmented OCTA into three vascular plexuses: superficial, intermediate, and deep. An automated algorithm detected AA in each of the three plexuses that were segmented and in the combined inner-retinal angiograms. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of extrafoveal and total AA using segmented and combined angiograms, the agreement between automated and manual detection of AA, and the within-visit repeatability. Results The sum of extrafoveal AA from the segmented angiograms was larger in the NPDR group by 0.17 mm2 (P < 0.001) and detected NPDR with 94.6% sensitivity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AROC] = 0.99). In the combined inner-retinal angiograms, the extrafoveal AA was larger in the NPDR group by 0.01 mm2 (P = 0.168) and detected NPDR with 26.9% sensitivity (AROC = 0.62). The total AA, inclusive of the foveal avascular zone, in the segmented and combined angiograms, detected NPDR with 23.1% and 7.7% sensitivity, respectively. The agreement between the manual and automated detection of AA had a Jaccard index of >0.8. The pooled SDs of AA were small compared with the difference in mean for control and NPDR groups. Conclusions An algorithm to detect AA in OCTA separated into three individual plexuses using a projection-resolved algorithm accurately distinguishes mild NPDR from control eyes. Automatically detected AA agrees with manual delineation and is highly repeatable.


The language in which programs are written can have a substantial effect on their reliability. This paper discusses the design of programming languages to enhance reliability. It presents several general design principles, and then applies them to particular languages constructs. Since the validity of such design principles cannot be logically proved, empirical evidence is needed to support or discredit them. A major experiment to measure the effect of nine specific language-design decisions in one context has been performed. Analysis of the frequency and persistence of errors shows that several decisions had a significant impact on reliability.


ABSTRACT Nearly two years after the Taliban seized power in Kabul, in August 2021, the international aid community continued to search for workable approaches to deal with the new situation. Afghanistan's deepening economic and humanitarian crisis called for major assistance, but the relationship between major donors and the Taliban de facto authorities had settled into a deeply adversarial mode. It resembled in many respects the relationship between the international aid community and the Taliban during the first Emirate (1996–2001). The story of that limited and difficult interaction – mostly consisting of humanitarian aid in a process that swung between confrontation and creative, though modest, compromises – is worth recalling for the insights it holds for the present. This article examines the patterns of that interaction, the results on the ground and the implications for the Western relationship with the present Taliban Emirate.


To investigate the effects of light treatments on the growth morphology and chemical constituents of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. plants, red (R), blue (B), far red (Fr), and white (W) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were configured to provide different combinations of light spectra and photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs). In Expt. 1, five light spectra of red/white (RW), red/white/far red (RWFr), red/white/high-intensity far red (RWFrD), red/blue (RB), and red/blue/far red (RBFr) were set up in two 3-layered racks with circulating hydroponic systems. In each light spectrum treatment, the distance between the LED lamps and the transplanting board was regulated to provide low PPFD and high PPFD treatments. In Expt. 2, the effect of Fr was further investigated in plants in the early and late growth stages. RWFr light was modified by covering the Fr lamps to become red/white without far red (RW−Fr) light during the early growth stage, and then removing the covers to provide the Fr spectrum red/white with far red (RW+Fr) during the later growth stage. This study suggested that high PPFD was not beneficial for promoting plant growth in any light spectrum treatment. Among light spectrum treatments at a PPFD of 215 ± 15 μmol·m−2·s−1, RW light produced higher vegetative growth. In the late growth stage, RW and RB combined with Fr light promoted reproductive growth, antioxidant activities, and secondary compounds, such as phenolic compounds, pinitol accumulation, and betacyanins. Therefore, RW (227 μmol·m−2·s−1), RW−Fr (162 μmol·m−2·s−1), and RB (162 μmol·m−2·s−1) are suggested for the early growth stage to promote vegetative growth. Then additional Fr light can be applied in addition to RW for secondary metabolite induction in the late growth stage.


This dissertation is a study of artificial intelligence for diagnosing the condition of high voltage bushings. The techniques include neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy set theory, particle swarm optimisation, multi-classifier systems, factor analysis, principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling, data-fusion techniques, automatic relevance determination and autoencoders. The classification is done using Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) data based on field experience together with criteria from IEEEc57.104 and IEC60599. A review of current literature showed that common methods for the diagnosis of bushings are: partial discharge, DGA, tan(dielectric dissipation factor), water content in oil, dielectric strength of oil, acidity level (neutralisation value), visual analysis of sludge in suspension, colour of the oil, furanic content, degree of polymerisation (DP), strength of the insulating paper, interfacial tension or oxygen content tests. All the methods have limitations in terms of time and accuracy in decision making. The fact that making decisions using each of these methods individually is highly subjective, also the huge size of the data base of historical data, as well as the loss of skills due to retirement of experienced technical staff, highlights the need for an automated diagnosis tool that integrates information from the many sensors and recalls the historical decisions and learns from new information. Three classifiers that are compared in this analysis are radial basis functions (RBF), multiple layer perceptrons (MLP) and support vector machines (SVM). In this work 60699 bushings were classified based on ten criteria. Classification was done based on a majority vote. The work proposes the application of neural networks with particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) to compensate for missing data in classifying high voltage bushings. The work also proposes the application of fuzzy set theory (FST) to diagnose the condition of high voltage bushings. The relevance and redundancy detection methods were able to prune the redundant measured variables and accurately diagnose the condition of the bushing with fewer variables. Experimental results from bushings that were evaluated in the field verified the simulations. The results of this work can help to develop real-time monitoring and decision making tools that combine information from chemical, electrical and mechanical measurements taken from bushings.


This article describes an inverse optimization method for the Sandvik Nanoflex steel in cold forming
processes. The optimization revolves around measured samples and calculations using the Finite Element
Method. Sandvik Nanoflex is part of the group of meta-stable stainless steels. These materials are characterized
by a good corrosion resistance, high strength, good formability and crack resistance. In addition, Sandvik
Nanoflex has a strain-induced transformation and, depending on austenising conditions and chemical composition,
a stress-assisted transformation can occur. The martensite phase of this material shows a substantial aging
response. The inverse optimization is a sub-category of the optimization techniques. The inverse optimization
method uses a top down approach, as the name implies. The starting point is a prototype state where the current
state is to converge on. In our experiment the test specimen is used as prototype and a calculation result as
current state. The calculation is then adapted so that the result converges towards the test example. An iterative
numerical optimization algorithm controls the adaptation. For the inverse optimization method two parameters
are defined: shape of the product and martensite profile. These parameters are extracted from both calculation
and test specimen, using Fourier analysis and integrals. An optimization parameter is then formulated from
the extracted parameters. The method uses this optimization parameter to increase the accuracy of "The Post"
material model for Sandvik Nanoflex. [1] The article will describe a method to optimize material models, using
a combination practical experiments, Finite Element Method and parameter extraction.


Abstract—In a multi-terminal HVDC system, DC circuit breakers (DCCBs) are conventionally connected in a starconfiguration to enable isolation of a DC fault from the healthy system parts. However, a star-connection of DCCBs has disadvantages in terms of loss, capacity, reliability, etc. By rearranging the star-connection DCCBs, a novel deltaconfiguration of DCCBs is proposed in this paper. As each terminal is connected to each of the other terminals through only one DCCB, the current flows through only one DCCB when transferring power between any two terminals compared with two DCCBs in the current path for the conventional star-arrangement. The total loss of the proposed delta-configuration is only 33.3% of that of star-configuration, yielding a high efficiency. Also, any DC fault current is shared between two DCCBs instead of one DCCB in the faulty branch suffering the fault current. As a result, DCCB capacities in the proposed delta-configuration are only half those in a star-arrangement. Additionally, in the case of one or two DCCBs out of order, the power can still be transferred among three or two terminals, thereby affording high supply security of all HVDC links. Based on the DCCB delta-configuration, two novel DC fault protection structures with external and internal DC inductances are proposed. Their characteristics are discussed and it is shown a DC fault can be isolated using slow DCCBs without exposing any converter to significant over-current. The results demonstrate DC fault tolerant operation is achieved by using the proposed DC fault protection structures with delta-configuration.


A novel gas sensing mechanism exploiting lanthanide luminescence modulation upon NO2 adsorption is here demonstrated. Two isostructural lanthanide-based metal-organic frameworks are used including a recognition center (amino-group) that provides high selectivity for NO2 molecules. Energy transfer from the organic ligands to Ln is strongly dependent on the presence of NO2, resulting in an unprecedented photo-luminescent sensing scheme. Thereby, NO2 exposition triggers either a reversible enhancement or a decrease of the luminescence intensity, depending on the lanthanide ion (Eu or Tb). Our experimental studies combined with DFT and complete active space self-consistent field calculations, provide understanding of the nature and effects of NO2 interactions within the MOFs and the signal transduction mechanism.


We present an analysis of the HI 21 cm absorption in a sample of 101 flux-selected radio AGN ( S 1 . 4 GHz > 50 mJy) observed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). We detect HI absorption in 32 objects (30% of the sample). In a previous paper, we performed a spectral stacking analysis on the radio sources, while here we characterize the absorption spectra of the individual detections using the recently presented busy function. The HI absorption spectra show a broad variety of widths, shapes, and kinematical properties. The full width half maximum (FWHM) of the busy function fits of the detected HI lines lies in the range 32 kms − 1 < FWHM < 570 kms − 1 , whereas the full width at 20% of the peak absorption (FW20) lies in the range 63 kms − 1 < FW20 < 825 kms − 1 . The width and asymmetry of the profiles allows us to identify three groups: narrow lines ( FWHM < 100 kms − 1 ), intermediate widths (100 kms − 1 < FWHM < 200 kms − 1 ), and broad profiles ( FWHM > 200 kms − 1 ). We study the kinematical and radio source properties of each group, with the goal of identifying di ff erent morphological structures of HI. Narrow lines mostly lie at the systemic velocity and are likely produced by regularly rotating HI disks or gas clouds. More HI disks can be present among galaxies with lines of intermediate widths; however, the HI in these sources is more unsettled. We study the asymmetry parameter and blueshift / redshift distribution of the lines as a function of their width. We find a trend for which narrow profiles are also symmetric, while broad lines are the most asymmetric. Among the broadest lines, more lines appear blueshifted than redshifted, similarly to what was found by previous studies. Interestingly, symmetric broad lines are absent from the sample. We argue that if a profile is broad, it is also asymmetric and shifted relative to the systemic velocity because it is tracing unsettled HI gas. In particular, besides three of the broadest (up to FW20 = 825 kms − 1 ) detections, which are associated with gas-rich mergers, we find three new cases of profiles with blueshifted broad wings (with FW20 > ∼ 500 kms − 1 ) in high radio power AGN. These detections are good candidates for being HI outflows. Together with the known cases of outflows already included in the sample (3C 293 and 3C 305), the detection rate of HI outflows is 5% in the total radio AGN sample. Because of the e ff ects of spin temperature and covering factor of the outflowing gas, this fraction could represent a lower limit. However, if the relatively low detection rate is confirmed by more detailed observations, it would suggest that, if outflows are a characteristic phenomenon of all radio AGN, they would have a short depletion timescale compared to the lifetime of the radio source. This would be consistent with results found for some of the outflows traced by molecular gas. Using stacking techniques, in our previous paper we showed that compact radio sources have higher τ , FWHM, and column density than extended sources. In addition, here we find that blueshifted and broad / asymmetric lines are more often present among compact sources. In good agreement with the results of stacking, this suggests that unsettled gas is responsible for the larger stacked FWHM detected in compact sources. Therefore in such sources the HI is more likely to be unsettled. This may arise as a result of jet-cloud interactions, as young radio sources clear their way through the rich ambient gaseous


In recent decades, the United States has become predominantly a knowledge-based economy, where investments in research and development intensify competition among firms in the knowledge space as well as in the product market space. While the implications of product market competition on corporate policies have been widely studied in the literature, we focus on the under-explored implications of technological competition on corporate disclosure policies. We find that firms facing more intense technological competition are more likely to redact material information from their 10-K filings. In addition, their annual reports are less readable, have a more negative tone, and contain more uncertain words. Our results suggest that firms provide less transparent disclosures when they face greater technological competition, presumably due to greater proprietary cost concerns. We also show that the corporate information environment is worse as evidenced by larger absolute analyst forecast errors, higher analyst forecast dispersion, greater stock illiquidity, greater stock turnover, and greater bid-ask spread when firms face more intensive technological competition. These results are more pronounced for more profitable firms where proprietary costs of disclosure are likely higher. We obtain all the results after controlling for a variety of product market competition measures, suggesting that the implications of technological competition on corporate disclosures and information environment are distinct from and incremental to those of product market competition. Our results are robust to using two natural experiments and using an instrumental variable approach to address the endogeneity concern of technological competition.


Progress in Filtration and Separation contains reference content on fundamentals, core principles, technologies, processes, and applications. It gives detailed coverage of the latest technologies and research, models, applications and standards, practical implementations, case studies, best practice, and process selection. Extensive worked examples are included that cover basic calculations through to process design, including the effects of key variables. Techniques and topics covered include pervaporation, electrodialysis, ion exchange, magnetic (LIMS, HIMS, HGMS), ultrasonic, and more. * Solves the needs of university based researchers and R&D engineers in industry for high-level overviews of sub-topics within the solid-liquid separation field* Provides insight and understanding of new technologies and methods* Combines the expertise of several separations experts


Szendro Fire Department is located in the northeastern part of Hungary. The main task is to fight against wildfire and mitigate the impact of fire at the Aggtelek National Park - which belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage list. In 2004 the Fire Department started a project named Integrated Vegetation Fire Management (IVFM). The IVFM consist of two main parts: Peripheries and Modules. The Modules are: Tower based environment monitoring and fire detection system, Mobile command control unit and Static and dynamic decision support system. The Tower based environment monitoring and fire detection system address the Fire Department by hot information. The Static and dynamic decision support system is based on robot reconnaissance aircraft (UAV-RRA)- dynamic parts; and the GIS - static parts. The data supplied by the robot reconnaissance aircraft is combined with the GIS based fuel model and other information to predict the fire activity. The environment monitoring and fire detection system and the Dynamic part (UAV-RRA) of Decision support system based on remote sensing.


In this literature review this researcher discusses the use of antipsychotic drugs and some of their side effects in combination with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The use of antipsychotic medications being the center of treatment for schizophrenia is well known. Looking at psychotherapy as being an alternative treatment for schizophrenics without the employment of medications is explored. Adlerian therapy and CBT for treatment of individuals with schizophrenia is analyzed with case studies that were successful in using these therapies. Schizophrenia has many symptoms; however, positive and negative symptoms are common with those who have paranoid schizophrenia. It is known that one can be diagnosed with schizophrenia experience one symptom without experiencing the other and vise verse. DRUGS, PSYCHOTHERAPY, AND SCHIZOPHRENIA 3 Table of


The visco-supplementation is an effective and practically the only way of treatment of inoperative , early degenerative changes in the joints. Here we are present the preliminary results of treatment with the next generation hyaluronic acid HYAD4. Twenty-three patients with first to third degree of joint damage, according to scale Kellgren-Lawrence, were included in this study. Two doses of hyaluronic acid (Hymovis) intra-articular were injected to the affected joint. Six weeks later the results were assessed using WOMAC scale, looking at the improvement of the joint function and reduction of the pain.


In this study, a single camera has been used to capture images of the road in front of a moving vehicle. Image processing algorithms identify the location of pedestrians in the images, calculate the direction and rate of movement of each one, and issue safety warnings. The pedestrian motion vector detection and warning system presented here has three components: The first serves to identify, locate, and mark the positions of pedestrians in images using the Fisher classifier. The follow-up image processing is confined to the labeled images, and this significantly reduces the image postprocessing load. The second component involves the calculation of pedestrian motion vectors using the Lucas–Kanade optical flow method. Finally, the vehicle's future zone of movement is established, and judgment is made as to whether any pedestrians will be in this zone or not. This is determined from the pedestrian movement vectors and a warning can be triggered to alert the driver in time for any necessary avoidance action to be taken. This can improve road safety and reduce the number of accidents involving pedestrians, which result from driver fatigue, negligence or careless driving, and the number of such accidents can be reduced.


Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas (SPNP) are rare pancreatic tumors that occur predominantly in young women, with very few cases reported in men. While the origin of the tumor may be unclear, it is characterized by a distinct histological appearance and a clinical course highlighting its low malignant potential. SPNP have an excellent prognosis and are potentially curable provided they are managed appropriately by complete surgical resection. In the rare instances where metastatic disease is encountered, surgical debulking has been shown to prolong survival. The role of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the management of SPNP is still controversial. We report here on an unusual occurrence of SPNP in the area of the head of the pancreas in a 12-year-old female treated by pancreatico-duodenec-tomy, together with a review of the literature.


Abstract This article presents results from a study based on archival data from periodicals published by three Swedish non-governmental organizations (NGOs) active in the field of deafness and hard of hearing. A sociohistorical analysis of the material, which covers more than a century, from 1890 to 2010, highlights that technologies have specifically impacted issues concerned with communication and identity. The article presents key topics that have been identified, as well as similarities and differences between the NGOs with regard to their views on and interest in visually oriented and audiologically oriented technologies and methods of communication. In addition, the analysis shows how deafness, based on different perspectives, can be understood as both identity and disability and how technologies and methods of communication impact identification processes.


Spent or used lubricating oil generated from car engine is a hazardous waste that can pollute the soil, surface water or underground water as it contains toxic chemicals and heavy metals. Efforts are made to reuse this spent lubricating oil, if not properly managed can cause pollution to the environment. Bleaching clay is usually used to treat or improve the quality of spent lubricating oil. In this study, volcanic mud from Sabah was used as an alternative to bleaching clay to treat spent lubricating oil. The potential of the volcanic mud to improve the adsorption capacity of removing metals, impurities and carbocenous particle in spent lubricating oil were investigated. The volcanic muds were first activated with sulfuric acid at four different concentrations namely 1M, 2M, 2.5M and 3M. The properties of the activated volcanic mud were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FfIR), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and BET surface area. The properties of the treated spent lubricating oil were analyzed by the color of oil, inductive couple plasma (ICP), flash point, pour point and viscosity . The results showed that upon activating volcanic mud with sulfuric acid, the surface area and pore volume increased. This indicates that the adsorption capacity of activated volcanic mud improved. Further test such as changing color of oil, lowering flash point, pour point and viscosity support this fact. The volcanic mud that was activated with 3M H2S04was found to be more effective than 1M, 2M and 2.5M to remove impurities in oil. Activated volcanic mud was then combined with bleaching clay at 75%,50%, and 25% to find the efficiency of activated volcanic mud. The mixture of 25% activated volcanic mud and 75% of bleaching clays was found to achieve the same efficiency as 100% of bleaching clay. From these observations , we can conclude that the spent lubricating oil can be treated with activated volcanic mud. Hence, the quality of spent lubricating oil can be improved by adding mixture of the activated volcanic mud and bleaching clay.


Rearrangements involving the MLL gene at 11q23 occur in a clinically relevant subgroup of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at all ages, and therefore their accurate identification at diagnosis is important. It has become commonplace to screen ALL patients for rearrangements of MLL using a dual‐color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. We report on 12 ALL patients with an unusual FISH result consisting of the following signal pattern: one 5′ green, no 3′ red, and one/two fusion signals. This configuration is consistent with a MLL translocation and simultaneous deletion of 3′ MLL—a well‐established phenomenon—which has been interpreted as a positive result. G‐banded and complementary metaphase FISH analyses confirmed an 11q23/MLL translocation in 8 of the 12 cases, whereas in one case, the identification of a del(11)(q23) was restricted to G‐banded analysis only. In three cases, an MLL rearrangement was excluded by extensive FISH analysis and/or Southern blotting. In conclusion, the loss of the 3′ MLL signal should not be assumed to be the result of a concurrent translocation and deletion event, and such aberrant FISH signal patterns should be investigated further by alternative methods for determining their MLL status. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Traditional routing services aim to save driving time by recommending the shortest path, in terms of distance or time, to travel from a start location to a given destination. However, these methods are relatively static and to a certain extent rely on traffic patterns under relatively normal conditions to calculate and recommend an appropriate route. As such, they do not necessarily translate effectively during severe weather events such as tornadoes. In these scenarios, the guiding principal is not, optimize for travel time, but rather, optimize for survivability of the event, i.e., can we recommend an evacuation route to those users inside the hazardous areas. In this demo, we present a framework for routing services for evacuating and avoiding real world severe weather threats that is able to: (1) Identify the users inside the dangerous region of a severe weather event (2) Recommend an evacuation route to guide the users out to a safe destination or shelter (3) Assure the recommended route to be one of the shortest paths after excluding the risky area (4) Maintain the flow of traffic by normalizing the evacuation on the possible safe routes. During the demo, attendees will be able to use the system interactively through its graphical user interface within a number of different scenarios. They will be able to locate the severe weather events on real time basis in any area in USA and examine detailed information about each event, to issue an evacuation query from an existing dangerous area by identifying a destination location and receiving the routing direction on their mobile devices, to issue an avoidance routing query to ask for a shortest path that avoids the dangerous region, to have an inside look into the internal system components and finally, to evaluate the overall system performance.


Background: The aim of the study was to investigate whether noise reduction algorithms are beneficial for speech perception in the presence of noise in children using cochlear implants. Further, the study also aimed to determine whether any differ ence in speech perception existed between different pre-processing strategies such as Adaptive Dynamic Range Optimization (ADRO), Autosensitivity Control (ASC), and the two-stage adaptive beam-forming algorithm (Beam) in different signal-tonoise ratios (SNRs). Material and Method: Speech identification scores of the participants were tested in quiet with the 'Everyday' default setting activated. They were also tested using speech in noise at +5 dB and +10 dB SNR with ADRO, ASC, and Beam activated. Ex actly 17 children using Nucleus cochlear implants for at least 1 year were tested. Results: A significant difference was found between performance in quiet (in the 'Everyday' default setting) and in the pres ence of noise (with ADRO, ASC, and Beam). No significant difference was found between the 3 pre-processing strategies at both SNRs and between the 2 SNRs for all 3 strategies. Conclusions: In conditions where the signal and noise emerge from in front of the listener, no influence of the pre-process ing strategies was seen.


Mobility is a significant feature of American history and culture. This is reflected in the literature and cinema of the road genre, in influential novels such as Jack Kerouac's On the Road and John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath, and in films like Bonnie and Clyde (1967) and Easy Rider (1969). However, when non-Americans create road stories they tend to employ symbols and narratives that are often considered intrinsically American. These storytellers appear to have absorbed or internalized aspects of American national identity, and this is reflected in their work. This is demonstrated in The Cursed Earth, an apocalyptic road story in twenty-five parts, which was published in the British weekly comic 2000AD from May to October 1978. Written by British writer Pat Mills, with contributions from John Wagner and Chris Lowder, The Cursed Earth features the character Judge Dredd, perhaps the most popular and most recognizable icon of British comics of the last thirty years. Through close textual analysis of the Cursed Earth story, this article reveals how thematic elements of the road genre are linked to significant themes in American history and culture.


This study was motivated by recent reports on health issues related to sedentary lifestyle among children. The study aimed to explore the effect of video physical exercise on the attitudes, beliefs, and self-efficacy toward physical activity by children at the primary school level. Participants comprised 2, 863 (1404 males, 1459 females) primary students between grades 1 and 5 who had never used Brain Break before. The students were recruited from seven countries, namely, Croatia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Serbia, South Africa, and Turkey. Students were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Students in the experimental group engaged in Brain Break online streaming video exercise for 5 to 10 minutes each day, 5 days a week consecutively for 3 months during the 2014-2015 school year. Both groups were pre- and post-tested using a pre-validated self-report questionnaire. Comparison using analysis of covariance found the experimental group to be more positive than the control groups in their post-test scores after controlling for gender and pre-test scores on attitudes toward physical fitness, self-efficacy, personal best goal orientation in physical activity, interest in physical activity, importance of physical activity, benefits of physical activity, contributions of video exercise to learning in school subjects, contributions of video exercise to learning about health and environmental support. There was no significant gender difference. Educational implications are discussed in the paper.


Introduction Small quarries on both sides of the Hudson at Glens Falls, New York, are producing stone for lime-burning from beds of Trenton limestone that are 15 feet thick and that dip gently to the south. The lime enjoys an almost exclusive market for use in drawing steel wire because of its freedom from constituents that scratch the wire. A microscopic examination of the insoluble residue of a sample of the limestone showed that it contains many completely developed crystals of albitic feldspar of authigenic origin. Character of the Limestone The limestone is a dark gray to nearly black crystalline-looking rock, which in thin-section is seen to consist of clouded aggregates of very finely crystalline calcite in a matrix of more coarsely crystalline calcite. The clouded aggregates are more or less spherical and have a microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline texture. Their dark color is due to an abundance of minute inclusions . . .


Generalizations of the microcanonical and canonical ensembles for paths of Markov processes have been proposed recently to describe the statistical properties of nonequilibrium systems driven in steady states. Here, we propose a theory of these ensembles that unifies and generalizes earlier results and show how it is fundamentally related to the large deviation properties of nonequilibrium systems. Using this theory, we provide conditions for the equivalence of nonequilibrium ensembles, generalizing those found for equilibrium systems, construct driven physical processes that generate these ensembles, and rederive in a simple way known and new product rules for their transition rates. A nonequilibrium diffusion model is used to illustrate these results.


Because intensive grazing is new to the humid western Canadian parkland (prairies), there is little information available about its effects on soil N and P status. This study addressed the question of grazing intensity and pasture species effects on soil macronutrient status in a Typic Haplustoll at Lacombe, Alberta. Paddocks of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.), and winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack.), replicated 4 times, were subjected to 3 grazing intensities (heavy, medium, and light as defined by frequency and severity of defoliation) using yearling beef heifers. Nitrogen (N), P and K fertilisers were broadcast annually at 100, 22 and 42 kg ha(-1) during production years. The experiment was maintained on the same paddocks for 4 years. In the establishment year and in the third and fourth production years, soil samples were taken randomly from each paddock to a depth of 60 cm. Concentrations of nitrate-N (NO3-N), ammonium-N (NH4-N), mineral-N (the sum of NO3-N and NH4-N), total Kjeldahl-N, and extractable-P were determined in the 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, and 0-60-cm depths. Nitrate-N concentration was (1.7 to 2.4 times) greater for heavy than light grazed treatments for each soil depth increment and the amount of NO3-N in the 0-60 cm depth was 2.2 times greater than light paddocks. More NO3-N was measured under perennials than triticale (22.2 vs 13.6 mg kg(-1), respectively) at the 30-60-cm depth. Ammonium-N amount (0-60 cm) was greater in meadow bromegrass (30 kg ha(-1)) than in triticale (25 kg ha(-1)), but not smooth bromegrass paddocks for the 0-15-cm depth. Extractable-P concentration was greater in the 0-15-cm depth of heavy (154 mg kg(-1)) than in medium (138 mg kg(-1)) or light-grazed (127 mg kg(-1)) paddocks and was higher under meadow bromegrass than under triticale. Given the large amounts of NO3-N in the heavy paddocks, there is potential for loss through both leaching and denitrification. Differences among treatments for NH4-N, and P concentrations are not of particular concern environmentally, but are important from a fertility management point of view. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v54i6_baron


This paper describes an IEEE Special Publication. It was prepared for a Panel session on power system planning and FACTS applications. The special publication discusses system planning issues and requirements for applications of FACTS controllers into electric transmission networks. It lists applications and discusses differences between traditional equipment and FACTS controllers. Characteristics of models for FACTS Controllers for system planning and analysis software are described.


Automated decision tools, which increasingly rely on machine learning (ML), are used in decision systems that permeate our lives. Examples range from high-stakes decision systems for offering credit, university admissions and employment, to decision systems serving advertising. Here, we consider data-driven tools that attempt to predict likely behavior of individuals. The debate about ML-based decision-making has spawned an important multi-disciplinary literature, which has focused primarily on fairness, accountability, and transparency. We have been struck, however, by the lack of attention to generalizability in the scholarly and policy discourse about whether and how to incorporate automated decision tools into decision systems.

This chapter explores the relationship between generalizability and the division of labor between humans and machines in decision systems. An automated decision tool is generalizable to the extent that it produces outputs that are as correct as the outputs it produced on the data used to create it. The generalizability of a ML model depends on the training process, data availability, and the underlying predictability of the outcome that it models. Ultimately, whether a tool's generalizability is adequate for a particular decision system depends on how it is deployed, usually in conjunction with human adjudicators. Taking generalizability explicitly into account highlights important aspects of decision system design, as well as important normative trade-offs, that might otherwise be missed.


Palm oil industry in Malaysia generates huge quantity of solid biomass every year including trunks, fronds, empty fruit bunches (EFB), shells and fibers as wastes from
palm oil fruit harvest and oil extraction processing. These large volumes of wastes represent a big environmental threat for Malaysia. The great potential of oil palm
biomass has motivated an increasing interest in the utilization of these wastes (i.e.EFB) as a source of clean energy. Fuel and chemical characteristics of the EFB
undertaken in this study confirmed that it is a good candidate for gasification process as it is comparable to other lignocellulosic biomass.
As a thermal process, gasification has been used to treat oil palm wastes due to its high conversion efficiency. This study evaluated the possibility to treat EFB via
gasification process for hydrogen-rich gas production. In this study, the EFB obtained from a local palm oil mill was gasified in an atmospheric bench-scale fluidized-bed gasifier (FBG) using air as gasifying agent. The operating parameters,such as effects of gasifier temperature (700–1000 °C), equivalence ratio (0.15-0.35),feedstock particle size (<0.3, 0.3–0.5, 0.5–1.0 mm), and addition of catalysts (as a primary and secondary) were studied to evaluate the gasification yields and performance so as to reach maximum tar-free hydrogen-rich gas production.
The main gas species generated, as identified by a gas chromatography (GC), were H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. With gasification temperature increases the total gas yield
was enhanced greatly and reached the maximum value at 1000 °C with a large fraction of H2 (38.02 vol.%) and CO (36.36 vol.%). Equivalence ratio (ER) showed a significant influence on the upgrading of hydrogen production and product distribution. The optimum ER value of 0.25 was found to attain a higher H2 yield. Feedstock particle size showed an influence on the improvement of the gas yield.
Smaller EFB particles size produced more H2, CO, CH4 and less CO2.
Tar formation is a major drawback when EFB is converted via gasification to obtain fuel gas. Catalytic cracking is an efficient method to eliminate the tar content in the
gas mixture. In this study, three types of Malaysian natural dolomites namely, P1, P2 and P3 in addition to spent mixed metal oxide (SMMO) were used as catalysts to
reduce tar contents in the produced gas and for further improvement of hydrogen yield. Various types of analysis techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetry (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm have been used to characterize
the catalyst morphology.
The effect of the primary catalyst (dry-mixed with biomass) under different ratios of catalyst to biomass (C/B) varied from 0.05 to 0.3 was carried out in fluidized-bed
 gasifier. The performance of gasification process is improved by increasing C/B ratio. Malaysian dolomites as primary catalyst showed a better catalytic effect
 compared to spent mixed metal oxide. With 30% of P1 dolomite, the total gas yield increased by 8%, hydrogen content increased by 18%, and total tar content in flue
gas decreased by 78% at gasification temperature of 850 °C.
In the second part of the catalytic experiments, the calcined catalysts were placed in a fixed-bed catalytic cracking reactor located downstream from the fluidized-bed
gasifier to investigate the effect of secondary catalyst at different cracking temperatures in the range of 700–900 °C. The results show that raising the temperature in the catalytic bed increases the cracking activity of the catalysts and then significantly improve the gasification yields and performance. As in primary position, Malaysian dolomites showed a stronger catalytic activity as a secondary catalyst compared to spent mixed metal oxide. As cracking temperature increasing to 900 °C, total gas yield increased by 20%, hydrogen increased by 66%, and almost
99% reduction in tar content were obtained with P1 dolomite.
ASPEN PLUS simulation using thermodynamic equilibrium model based on minimization of Gibbs free energy used to predict the EFB gasification yields under selected experimental parameters and to compare the simulation results with
experimental data. The analysis of data for product gases and carbon conversion efficiency obtained from the simulation agreed satisfactorily with the experimental
data.
As a conclusion, both EFB as untapped waste and Malaysian dolomite as a cheap catalyst that can significantly reduce tar content of the product gas, could greatly contribute to the Malaysian economy in terms of producing clean environmentally renewable energy.


The rapidly growing historiography on the aftermath of the Holocaust in Poland has focused primarily on post-war anti-Semitism. Scholars have traditionally concentrated on the post-war death, community destruction and emigration of Holocaust survivors rather than their attempts to return to their former homes. This article explores who these survivors were and what their return was like. Using the medium-sized industrial town of Kalisz in western Poland as a case study, the article argues that the composition of survivors' communities and the difficulty of adapting to the new economic reality, together with the already well-researched anti-Jewish violence, played a significant role in preventing a revival of Jewish communal life in provincial Poland in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War.


From one of the nation's leading foreign-policy minds comes a provocative new account of how to think about--and use--America's power in the twenty-first century. Inspired by Machiavelli's classic "The Prince," Leslie H. Gelb offers illuminating guidelines on how American power actually works and should be wielded in today's tumultuous world, writing with the perspective of four decades of extraordinary access and influence in government, think tanks, and journalism. He argues that Washington risks losing the essential lifeblood of its national security--its power--unless American leaders relearn the lessons of how to use that power. Contrary to runaway fashion, Gelb argues that the world is not flat, power is not soft, and that we have not entered a post-American era in global affairs. The United States remains far and away the most powerful country in a world where power remains sharply pyramidal. But the U.S. is not the dominant power, and it can't dictate to others. Gelb persuasively shows that America's future power must be based on the principle of mutual indispensability: Washington is the indispensable leader because it alone can galvanize coalitions to solve major international problems (and all nations know this), while other key nations are indispensable partners in getting the job done. The reality is this: succeed together or fail apart. Washington will also fail if it forgets that power is still, as in the days of Machiavelli, about pressure and coercion, carrots and sticks. Reason, values, and understanding are foreplay, but not the real thing. Gelb provides an incisive look at the major U.S. foreign-policy triumphs and tragedies of the last half century, and offers practical rules on how to effectively exercise power today. "Power Rules" is an impassioned challenge to both liberals and conservatives and a plea to reclaim the true meaning of power and the essential role of common sense in solving global problems.


Twenty years ago, evidence of the lack of biodegradability in a family of supposedly biodegradable polymers caused the curtailment of interest in the potential commercial applications of this family. Now that has all changed following some innovative polymer chemistry and recombinant DNA technology.


Photosystem I (PSI) is one of the two photosystems in photosynthesis, and performs a series of electron transfer reactions leading to the reduction of ferredoxin. In higher plants, PSI is surrounded by four light-harvesting complex I (LHCI) subunits, which harvest and transfer energy efficiently to the PSI core. The crystal structure of PSI-LHCI supercomplex has been analyzed up to 2.6 Å resolution, providing much information on the arrangement of proteins and cofactors in this complicated supercomplex. Here we have optimized crystallization conditions, and analyzed the crystal structure of PSI-LHCI at 2.4 Å resolution. Our structure showed some shift of the LHCI, especially the Lhca4 subunit, away from the PSI core, suggesting the indirect connection and inefficiency of energy transfer from this Lhca subunit to the PSI core. We identified five new lipids in the structure, most of them are located in the gap region between the Lhca subunits and the PSI core. These lipid molecules may play important roles in binding of the Lhca subunits to the core, as well as in the assembly of the supercomplex. The present results thus provide novel information for the elucidation of the mechanisms for the light-energy harvesting, transfer and assembly of this supercomplex. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Genetics is an important aspect of secondary education as it improves students' understanding of the inheritance of genetic diseases which are present in many families. Genetics also provides opportunities for students to learn important problem solving skills. Students experience difficulties with problem solving in genetics as they tend to rote learn algorithmic methods and not have a meaningful understanding of the concepts of meiosis, gametes and fertilisation which underpin genetics problems. Following instruction in the area of genetics, think-aloud protocols were collected from 20 Year 10 students, while solving four genetic problems. The students were also interviewed to probe their understanding of concepts related to the genetic problems. This enabled the researcher to explore how well students understood the concepts in relation to the algorithms they used to solve the four problems. T_hi_s research found that students are more successful in autosomal and forwards working problems than in X-linkage and backwards working problems. There is a low level of meaningful problem solving and a poor understanding of the terms genotype, phenotype, meiosis, gametes and fertilisation. Students also have difficulties understanding why X-linked characteristics are inherited in the way they are, and the difference in structure of the X and Y chromosomes.