Despite the critical importance of fungi as symbionts with plants, resources for animals, and drivers of ecosystem function, the spatiotemporal distributions of fungi remain poorly understood. The belowground life cycle of fungi makes it difficult to assess spatial patterns and dynamic processes even with recent molecular techniques. Here we offer an explicit spatiotemporal Bayesian inference of the drivers behind spatial distributions from investigation of a Swiss inventory of fungal fruit bodies. The unique inventory includes three temperate forest sites in which a total of 73 952 fungal fruit bodies were recorded systematically in a spatially explicit design between 1992 and 2006. Our motivation is to understand how broad-scale climate factors may influence spatiotemporal dynamics of fungal fruiting within forests, and if any such effects vary between two functional groups, ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and saprotrophic fungi. For both groups we asked: 1) how consistent are the locations of fruiting patches, the sizes of patches, the quantities of fruit bodies, and of prevalence (occupancy)? 2) Do the annual spatial characteristics of fungal fruiting change systematically over time? 3) Are spatial characteristics of fungal fruiting driven by climatic variation? We found high inter-annual continuity in fruiting for both functional groups. The saprotrophic species were characterised by small patches with variable fruit body counts. In contrast, ECM species were present in larger, but more distinctly delimited patches. The spatial characteristics of the fungal community were only indirectly influenced by climate. However, climate variability influenced overall yields and prevalence, which again links to spatial structure of fruit bodies. Both yield and prevalence were correlated with the amplitudes of occurrence and of fruit body counts, but only prevalence influenced the spatial range. Summarizing, climatic variability affects forest-stand fungal distributions via its influence on yield (amount) and prevalence (occupancy), whereas fungal life-history strategies dictate fine-scale spatial characteristics.


ABSTRACT This article examines the aesthetic strategy of flash photography to visualize everyday violence against trans people in the visual art of Heather Cassils (2011–14). In addition to using photographic flashes to blind audiences, these works reference violence on multiple levels: institutional discrimination through the location in an empty archive room, killings through martial arts choreographies, and microaggressions in aesthetics of defacement. However, the rigorous physical training undergone for his body art also suggests a productive mode of violence in that muscles must fail in order to grow. I trace the recurrence of the spasm across these different forms of embodied violence to show its generative as well as destructive property. This body of work opens up questions about the historiography of photography: What is the temporality of photographic violence? How can the body's resiliency be pictured? Does a trans body experienced as a punctum indicate queer anxieties?


Communication effectiveness has been one of important factors in daily life covering workplaces, relationships, and all sorts of human interaction. As a workplace or even learning Centre's, any organization shall need to practice good and effective communication from within and out to achieve its goals. Many researchers have developed and shared various theories, models and frameworks with regards to this topic of interest due to its crucially to be achieved and practiced. However, communication is a very broad subject and is affected by many internal and external factors. The internal and external factors may both refers to communication barriers, which could be a stimulus, a situation or even an object that may hinder or prohibit any part of a communication process making it harder for messages to be encoded and decoded precisely by parties involved.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors influencing effective communication in an organization. This research is a qualitative research that used questionnaires as the instrument for the collection of data. The data was collected and viable at 77% out of 69 respondents which was derived from the total population of 90 elements. Sample selection was based on a non-probability approach. The data collected was then evaluated by using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) through which numerous tests were converged such as reliability test, normality test, frequency distribution, descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that environmental barrier is more related to effective communication than language and culture.


ABSTRACT Queen pheromones are essential for regulation of the reproductive division of labor in eusocial insect species. Although only the queen is able to lay fertilized eggs and produce females, in some cases workers may develop their ovaries and lay male-destined eggs, thus reducing the overall colony efficiency. As long as the queen is healthy, it is usually in the workers' collective interest to work for the colony and remain sterile. Queens signal their fertility via pheromones, which may have a primer effect, affecting the physiology of workers, or a releaser effect, influencing worker behavior. The queen pheromone of the ant Lasius niger was among the first queen pheromones of social insects to be identified. Its major component is 3-methylhentriacontane (3-MeC31), which is present in relatively large amounts on the queen's cuticle and on her eggs. 3-MeC31 regulates worker reproduction by inhibiting ovarian development. Most monomethyl-branched hydrocarbons can exist in two stereoisomeric forms. The correct stereochemistry is fundamental to the activity of most bioactive molecules, but this has rarely been investigated for methyl-branched hydrocarbons. Here, we tested the bioactivity of the (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of 3-MeC31, and found that whereas both enantiomers were effective in suppressing worker ovarian development, (S)-3-MeC31 appeared to be more effective at suppressing aggressive behavior by workers. This suggests that the natural pheromone may be a mixture of the two enantiomers. The enantiomeric ratio produced by queens remains unknown because of the small amounts of the compound available from each queen. Summary: The two enantiomers of the black garden ant queen pheromone 3-methylhentriacontane are both effective in suppressing worker ovarian development but the (S)-enantiomer more effectively reduces aggressive behavior.


One of the main tasks of contemporary plant physiology is regulation of growth and development of cultivated plants in order to optimize the productive process. The scientific community focuses its attention on the use of natural activators and growth inhibitors. We investigated the effect of foliar treatment with 0.005% solution of gibberellic acid and 0.025% solution of the anti-gibberellic preparation tebuconazole on morphogenesis, leaf mesostructure, content of photosynthetic pigments, balance of endogenous phytobrybrides and lymphocyte B and productivity of tomatoes. The vegetation experiment was carried out in the conditions of soil-sand culture in vessels with a 10-liter volume. The treatment was carried out in the budding phase. Morphometric parameters were measured every 10 days. The mesostructure of the middle tier leaves was studied in the fruit formation phase, and the chlorophyll content was determined in the raw material by spectrophotometric method. Analytical determination of endogenous phytohormones – indolyl-3-acetic (IAA), gibberellic acid and abscisic (ABA) acids and cytokinins – zeatin (Z), zeatin-O-glucoside (ZG), zeatinribozide (Znila) and isopentenyladenosine (iPA) was performed by high performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). With gibberellic acid treatment plant height increased significantly, while with tebuconazole it decreased. Gibberellic acid increased the number of leaves per plant, and tebuconazole did not change it. The preparations increased the number of leaf blades per leaf, the total number of leaf blades per plant, the weight of the raw material of leaves, the area of leaf blades and the area of the leaves at the end of the study period. The dry matter weight of stems and roots under the action of gibberellic acid increased, and during the treatment of tebuconazole decreased. Gibberellic acid increased the dry matter of the whole plant, and tebuconazole did not change it. Under the action of tebuconazole the content of chlorophyll in the leaves increased, while under the action of gibberellic acid it decreased. Both regulators increased the volume of columnar parenchyma cells. Gibberellic acid increased the size of spongy parenchyma cells, while tebuconazole did not change them. It is revealed that the action of exogenous gibberellic acid in stems and leaves increased the content of endogenous IAA and gibberellic acid, and tebuconazole decreased their content. The ABA content in stems and leaves increased with tebuconazole treatments and decreased with exogenous gibberellic acid. The total cytokinin content in the leaves was higher than in the stems in both the control and the experiment samples. Growth regulators induced an increase in the cytokinin pool in leaves and a decrease in stems. Gibberellic acid increased the content of all five forms of cytokinins in the leaves, and tebuconazole increased only two isoforms. In the stems under the action of both growth regulators the content of Z decreased and iP increased. The content of ZR and iPA in stems increased after the application of the retardant and decreased under the action of growth stimulant. The ZG content exceeded the control after gibberellic acid treatment and was in trace concentrations under the action of tebuconazole. Growth regulators optimized the productivity of tomato plants: under the action of gibberellic acid there was a considerable increase in the number of fruits per plant, and after the use of tebuconazole the average weight of one fruit significantly increased. The obtained results demonstrated that anatomical-morphological and structural-functional rearrangements in tomato plants under the action of exogenous gibberellic acid and tebuconazole occurred against the background of changes in the balance and distribution of endogenous hormones. Increased photosynthetic activity, stimulation of growth processes of some plant organs and inhibition of others increased the biological crop capacity.


This study adopts an auto/biographical approach to explore episodes in the life of the teacher, author and humanitarian activist Francesca Wilson (1888-1981). It is concerned with the process of researching and telling aspects of her life history as a means of contributing to the emerging historiography of women educator activists and Quaker women in international humanitarian relief in the first half of the twentieth century. It is structured around the concept of place as an interpretative device, and explores how three particular cities - Vienna (1919-22), Birmingham (1925-39), and Murcia (1937-39) - influenced her sense of identity and self and the trajectory of her subsequent life and activism on behalf of displaced people. Among the methodological aspects considered are issues of 'truth' and authorial voice, archival ambiguities and silences, and the role of networks and their representation in the archive. The study analyses her use of life histories for political and educational purposes, a theme that in itself raises other issues. Consequently, the use and exhibition of children's art as a vehicle for giving 'voice' to displaced children is also considered, alongside an examination of the visual and textual representation of children by humanitarian activists and non-governmental aid agencies.


This paper is emphasized on the compression behavior of Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) and Sn-37Pb at elevated temperatures. The effect of temperature for Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) and Sn-37Pb alloys was also discussed. The Quasi-static compression test was also conducted by using the SHIMAZDU AG-X material testing machine and the loading rare was chosen to be 1.67×10−3 s−1 and 1.67×10–4 s−1. Moreover, heating oven was utilized to control the specific temperatures (approximately 30°C, 60°C and 90°C), and the corresponding K-type digital thermometer was used to record the temperature during the tests. According to the several strain-rate ranges studied, the limited strain-rate hardening effect for these alloys studied were reported. In addition, the effect of elevated temperature on the solder material softening was also presented. The test determined saturation stresses were also presented for both Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) and Sn-37Pb solders, and relationship among the saturation stresses, strain-rate hardening and material soften is discussed.


In order to seek the balance point between liquid crystallinity and high efficiency emission, two novel aggregation-induced emission-based (AIE) liquid crystal materials of TPE-PBN and TPE-2PBN, which contain a tetraphenylethene derivative as the emission core and a 4-cynobiphenyl moiety as the mesogenic unit, were designed and prepared. Both simple molecules showed a mesophase at high temperature as evidenced by polarised optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction (XRD). Simultaneously, TPE-PBN and TPE-2PBN presented clear AIE characteristics in the blueish-green region and achieved a high emission quantum efficiency of 71% and 83% in the solid state, respectively. Due to the self-assembly properties of thermotropic liquid crystals, both compounds showed higher hole mobilities in the annealed films than in pristine films. Employing TPE-PBN and TPE-2PBN as the emitting materials, both non-doped devices and doped devices were fabricated. The TPE-PBN-based doped OLEDs showed a better device performance with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4.1% which is among the highest EQEs of blue AIE fluorescent OLEDs.


The research objective behind this article was to perform a critical evaluation and comparison of five representative business plan evaluation aids (BPEAs) to facilitate constructive discussion of the proposition that greater standardization of venture capital decision-making might be both desirable and possible. The five BPEAs were systematically compared using a structured, taxonomic process. The evidence of this investigation suggests a clear superiority of BPEAs that are based on the researched attributes of successful ventures and use actuarial modeling. Discussion centered on the importance of using BPEAs in a quest for greater consistency during venture capital investment decision-making.


The cyclic resistance, shear wave velocity and post-liquefaction behavior of saturated Firoozkooh sand with different percentages of non-plastic silt are evaluated. Cyclic triaxial and resonant column tests performed on reconstituted samples prepared in laboratory utilizing undercompaction method. The data obtained from this study along with other existing data were transferred to the field and compared with the field performance curves based on shear wave velocity proposed by Andrus and Stokoe-2000. Then, to observe post-liquefaction behavior of the mixtures, volume change and pore pressure dissipation were measured. Tests results exhibit a clear trend among cyclic resistance, shear wave velocity and post-liquefaction behavior of specimens. In addition, the laboratory results indicated that using the existing field-based correlations may overestimate the cyclic resistance of the Firoozkooh sand-silt mixtures when silt content is 60%. For clean sand and the specimens with up to 30% fines, results of this study are fairly consistent with Andrus and Stokoe correlations. Increasing fines content would increase the final post-liquefaction volumetric strain.


Abstract : The CERT Resilience Management Model (CERT-RMM) allows organizations to determine how their current practices support their desired levels of process maturity and improvement. This technical note maps CERT-RMM process areas to certain National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) special publications in the 800 series. It aligns the tactical practices suggested in the NIST publications to the process areas that describe management of operational resilience at a process level. This technical note is an extension of the CERT-RMM Code of Practice Crosswalk, Commercial Version (CMU/SEI-2011-TN-012) and an update to the CERT Resilience Management Model (CERT-RMM) V1.1: NIST Special Publication Crosswalk Version 1 (CMU/SEI-2011-TN-028).


Major objectives of this study were to produce low-emitting wood pellet biofuel from selected agro-forest tree species, i.e., Kikar (Acacia nilotica), Oak (Quercus semicarpifolia), and Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), grown in the southern part of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan using indigenously developed technology (pelletizer machine). Primary raw material, such as sawdust of the selected agro-forest tree species, was obtained from sawmills located in southern part of KP. Life cycle inventory (LCI) was sourced for entire production chain of the wood pellet biofuel by measuring quantities of various inputs consumed and output produced. In addition, the wood pellets were characterized to examine diameter, length, moisture content, ash content, bulk density, high heating value (HHV), low heating value (LHV), as well as nitrogen and sulphur contents. A comprehensive life cycle assessment was performed for wood pellet biofuel production chain using SimaPro v9.1 software. A functional unit of one (01) kilogram (kg) wood pellet biofuel was applied following a gate-to-gate approach. The results of the present study were in accordance with the recommended Italian standard CTI-R except for pellet bulk density and nitrogen content. The bulk density for all wood pellets, manufactured from the saw dust of three different agro-forest tree species, were lower than the recommended Italian standard, while for nitrogen content, the results were higher than the recommended Italian standard. Among the environmental impacts, Kikar (Acacia nilotica) wood pellets were the major contributor to fossil fuel depletion, followed by ecotoxicity, mineral depletion and acidification/eutrophication. This was primarily due to lubricating oil and urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin used as inputs in the wood pellets biofuel manufacture. Likewise, human health and ecosystem quality was also affected by lubricating oil, UF resin, and saw dust, respectively. In cumulative exergy demand of 1 kg wood pellets biofuel, the highest impact was from Kikar wood pellets for non-renewable fossils, mainly due to lubricating oil used. Difference in environmental impacts, damage assessment, and exergy were examined in three different scenarios for major hotspot inputs by reducing 20% lubricating oil in case 1, 20% UF resin in case 2, and without usage of UF resin in case 3, while marked reduction was observed in ecotoxicity, fossil fuel, and mineral depletion, as well as acidification/eutrophication impact category. Moreover, a pronounced reduction was also noted in the non-renewable fossil fuel category of cumulative exergy demand of one kg of wood pellets biofuel produced.


BACKGROUND
Hip hemiarthroplasty and dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation are common procedures performed in trauma units, but there is little information regarding perioperative pain experience with respect to these treatment modalities.

PURPOSE
To evaluate the relationship between pain, analgesia requirements, and type of procedure for hip fracture surgery.

METHODS
An analysis was performed on consecutive patients presenting with a hip fracture in 2 hospitals over 2 years. Patients with a diagnosis of dementia were excluded because of the limitations of pain assessment. Postoperative pain scores were taken from standardized patient observation charts. Perioperative opiate consumption was calculated from inpatient drug charts.

RESULTS
A total of 357 patients were studied; 205 patients (53%) underwent a cemented hemiarthroplasty and 152 (47%) had fixation with a DHS. Patients who underwent a DHS fixation had more pain than those who had a hemiarthroplasty and required almost double the amount of opiates.

CONCLUSION
The reason for the elevated pain scores and higher morphine requirement in the DHS group (DG) remains unclear. It could be related to highly sensitive periosteum reaction in the DG. It is important to recognize the difference in pain experienced between the groups, and analgesia should be tailored toward the individual based upon clinical assessment and knowledge of the surgery performed. A comprehensive understanding of this principle will allow for improved perioperative surgical care and patient experience.


Find and cite journal articles and books in the field of communication disorders, and/or set up an individual research session with a librarian.


The study of megatrends as the most revolutionary courses of mankind progress facilitates the definition of the time progression properties of both the global system and regional subsystems within the universal patterns. The objective of this study is to systematize and classify megatrends and determine the nature of their manifestation in the Middle East. On the basis of this analysis a reciprocal effect of the Middle East regional trends on the megatrends of the global world is defined, the nature of the co-evolution of global and regional megatrends is outlined and further courses of mankind progress are forecast. Megatrends exert the influence on the state of the world, thus defining the qualitative sense of the modern stage of global system evolution. The major megatrends were defined: globalization, integration, democratization, a reduced degree of mankind security and an increasing severity of global problems; a change in the international political structure; a crisis of the global leadership institution; a shift of the center of universal development (orientalization); an inversion of the fundamental values (freedom versus security); a virtualization of sociopolitical relations; a new model for the change in political power and administration in certain countries; an increased role of network structures in the international politics; an ideological indoctrination of international relations, namely the growing impact of the religious and civilizational factors. The processes that are now occurring in the Middle East are defined by and greatly influence global development megatrends and the establishment of the world order structure, which makes it necessary to forecast trends for their future development. It is thus advisable to examine these processes at multiple levels of analysis: global, regional, sub-regional, bilateral and national. Актуальні проблеми міжнародних відносин. Випуск 143. 2020. . 5 Political changes in the region also reflect its internal problems. These are, above all, the authoritarian regimes, religious divides, Islamic extremism, excessive military spending, arms imports, and societies' dissatisfaction withliving conditions. At the political level it is the absence of a joint political entity that could consolidate regional actors which constitutes yet another problem. At the regional level the transformation of relations along with the growing conflict potential leads to destabilization and fosters more polarization of the region. The dysfunctional nature of internal elements of the region is used by more powerful external actors. The old order is disappearing whilst the phase of transition to a new one is still ongoing and is characterized by uncertainty, the strengthening of the role of political Islam along with the new geopolitical role of Islamic fundamentalism, unrestricted transit of Islamism ideas, recurrent internal and interstate conflicts, and the heightened threat of non-state actors. It was concluded that ever-growing instability, a potential redrawing of the existing national boundaries and the emergence of quasi-states, relying on ethnic and ethno-denominational powers and sustained by influential geopolitical centers of power, can all be expected. An analysis of megatrends and the nature of their manifestation in the Middle East enables us to make conclusions about the feasibility of employing such a category in international political analysis and actualizes the research of megatrends management at the global and regional levels alike.


We investigate the computational complexity of two global constraints, CUMULATIVE and INTERDISTANCE. These are key constraints in modeling and solving scheduling problems. Enforcing domain consistency on both is NP-hard. However, restricted versions of these constraints are often sufficient in practice. Some examples include scheduling problems with a large number of similar tasks, or tasks sparsely distributed over time. Another example is runway sequencing problems in air-traffic control, where landing periods have a regular pattern. Such cases can be characterized in terms of structural restrictions on the constraints. We identify a number of such structural restrictions and investigate how they impact the computational complexity of propagating these global constraints. In particular, we prove that such restrictions often make propagation tractable.


A simple, rapid and sensitize high performance liquid chromatography method for determination of paracetamol in a commercial dosage from Febrinil has been developed. The SHIMADZU LC 20 AT dual pump chromatograph system used a reverse phase C-18, column phenomenex C 18 5 μ, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, utilizing a mobile phase of acetonitrile / water (60 : 40 v/v/) at a flow rate of 1 mL/ min with UV detection at 210 nm. The retention time for paracetamol was found to be 2.690 min. and recovery from the formulation was 90%. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detections, limit of quantification. This method can be used for estimation of paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulation.


This letter presents a novel interactive domain-adaptation technique based on active learning for the classification of remote sensing (RS) images. The proposed method aims at adapting the supervised classifier trained on a given RS source image to make it suitable for classifying a different but related target image. The two images can be acquired in different locations and/or at different times. The proposed approach iteratively selects the most informative samples of the target image to be labeled by the user and included in the training set, whereas the source image samples are reweighted or possibly removed from the training set on the basis of their disagreement with the target image classification problem. This way, the consistent information available from the source image can be effectively exploited for the classification of the target image and for guiding the selection of new samples to be labeled, whereas the inconsistent information is automatically detected and removed. This approach can significantly reduce the number of new labeled samples to be collected from the target image. Experimental results on both a multispectral very high resolution and a hyperspectral data set confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.


[Editor's Note: The copyright on the original 1915 version has expired. However, the modifications and enhancements to this work are Copyright © 1996 Constitution Society. Permission is hereby granted to any person to copy and use this material on a non-profit basis with attribution, and in particular, with the retention of links to the site of the Constitution Society or its successors on the World Wide Web. One of the modifications made to the original document is the substitution for page numbers of section and paragraph numbers, using the format mm:nn, where mm is the section number and nn the paragraph number. Footnotes have been numbered and moved to the end of sections. The Order of Precedence of Motions and the Table of Rules Relating to Motions have also been reformatted and revised to adapt them to the needs of an online document.]


Dementia is a word used to describe a loss of memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking abilities that is severe enough to affect daily life. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease. Dementia is a generic word for a loss of capacity to recall, think, or make judgments that interferes with daily tasks. The most frequent form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease. Dementia is not a normal aspect of ageing, even though it usually affects older people. Red meat, butter and margarine, cheese, pastries and sweets, and fried or fast food are all prohibited on the MIND diet.


To define the most effective combination schedule of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (L-OHP), we investigated the in-vitro interaction between these drugs in a panel of four human gallbladder adenocarcinoma cell lines (HAG-1, GB-d1, NOZ, and G-415). Cytotoxic activity was determined by the WST-1 assay. Different schedules of the two drugs were compared and evaluated for synergism, additivity, or antagonism with a quantitative method based on the median-effect principle of Chou and Talalay. Cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. Simultaneous and sequential treatments of gemcitabine followed by L-OHP exhibited synergistic effects in all four cell lines, whereas the reverse sequence largely showed an antagonism. Gemcitabine exclusively arrested cells at the G0/G1 phase, and L-OHP at the G2/M phase, as measured by flow cytometric analyses. Apoptosis was most prominent when cells were treated simultaneously or in a sequence gemcitabine followed by L-OHP, producing apoptosis in treated cells (27–30%). In contrast, the reverse sequence yielded only 6–7% induction of apoptosis, the rate being not significantly different from those induced by each drug singly. Moreover, this sequence dependence was further confirmed by the experiment, which compared the number of HAG-1 cells 7 days after these combination schedules. These findings suggest that the interaction of gemcitabine and L-OHP is highly schedule dependent, with the most efficacious interaction observed in either simultaneous combination or in a sequence combination of gemcitabine followed by L-OHP.


OBJECTIVE
Although anxiety disorders, including social phobia (SP), are common among older adults, very little is known about the epidemiology of SP in later life.

METHOD
Using data drawn from a large, nationally representative sample of older adults from Canada (N=12,792), the authors estimate lifetime and 12-month prevalence of social phobia and examine demographic predictors and patterns of comorbidity of current SP in this population.

RESULTS
The results reveal that SP is a prevalent disorder in later life with lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of 4.94% and 1.32%, respectively. Current SP (12-month) declines with age and is more common in individuals with other psychiatric disorders. Interestingly, there is no correlation between current SP and gender, marital status, or socioeconomic status.

CONCLUSIONS
SP remains a highly prevalent disorder even in late life with the pattern of feared/avoided situations being strikingly similar to that of younger populations.


Cost partitioning admissibly combines the information from multiple heuristics for optimal state-space search. One of the strongest cost partitioning algorithms is saturated cost partitioning. It considers the heuristics in sequence and assigns to each heuristic the minimal fraction of the remaining costs that are needed for preserving all heuristic estimates. Saturated cost partitioning has recently been generalized in two directions: first, by allowing to use different costs for the transitions induced by the same operator, and second, by preserving the heuristic estimates for only a subset of states. In this work, we unify these two generalizations and show that the resulting subset-saturated transition cost partitioning algorithm usually yields stronger heuristics than the two generalizations by themselves.


Recently, in-wheel motors are among the attractive research topics on pure electric
vehicles (EVs) propulsion systems. This because of they offer great controllability
for each independent wheel as well as provide more cabin space due to elimination
of mechanical transmission and differential gears. Moreover, more series batteries
can be installed to increase the driving range percharge. Since the motors are
attached directly to wheel, it is required to have high torque densityand efficiency.
Thus, this paper presents design study on a new structure of outer-rotor permanent
magnet flux switching synchronous machine (PMFSM) with hybrid excitation
flux for in-wheel EV propulsion system. The proposed machine consists of 12
slots of stator poles, 10 rotor poles, and all the active parts are located on the
stator. In addition, it has a robust rotor structure which only comprises a single
piece of rotor and has the ability of a wide range flux control. Under some design
restrictions and specifications for the target EV drive applications, the initial
performances of the proposed machine in terms of flux-linkage, cogging torque,
back-emf voltages, and magnetic flux density distribution are evaluated based on
2-D finite element analysis (FEA). The predicted performances show that the
proposed machine has viability to be applied for in-wheel drive applications
however design refinement is required to achieve the target specifications.


Fifty-seven siblings were less entangled in the family emotional life than 30 schizophrenic patients in the same families. Level of illness in siblings was associated with the degree of family entanglement. It appears, however, that the percentage of these siblings at various levels of illness may not differ from proportions to be found among young persons in the general population. No correlation could be found between the patient's rank order of health and that of siblings in the same family. The siblings did not fit a single pattern in personality, but fell into several clusters which were characterized by different survival styles within the family of origin.


Silicon photonics (SiP) integrated coherent image sensors offer higher sensitivity and improved range-resolution-product compared to direct detection image sensors such as CCD and CMOS devices. Previous generation of SiP coherent imagers suffer from relative optical phase fluctuations between the signal and reference paths, which results in random phase and amplitude fluctuations in the output signal. This limitation negatively impacts the SNR and signal acquisition times. Here we present a coherent imager system that suppresses the optical carrier signal and removes non-idealities from the relative optical path using a photonic in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) receiver via a 90∘ hybrid detector. Furthermore, we incorporate row-column read-out and row-column addressing schemes to address the electro-optical interconnect density challenge. Our novel row-column read-out architecture for the sensor array requires only 2N interconnects for N2 sensors. An 8×8 IQ sensor array is presented as a proof-of-concept demonstration with 1.2×10-5 resolution over range accuracy. Free-space FMCW ranging with 250 resolution at 1 distance has been demonstrated using this sensor array.


We have developed measures which reflect the interaction between the reliability and the performance characteristics of computing systems. These measures can be used to evaluate traditional computer architectures, such as uniprocessors and standby redundant systems; gracefully degrading systems, such as multiprocessors, which can react to a detected failure by reconfiguring to a state with a decreased level of performance; and distributed systems. This analysis method, which provides quantitative information about the tradeoffs between reliability and performance, is demonstrated in several examples.


Although there have been great advances in our understanding of the bacterial cytoskeleton, major gaps remain in our knowledge of its importance to virulence. In this study we have explored the contribution of the bacterial cytoskeleton to the ability of Salmonella to express and assemble virulence factors and cause disease. The bacterial actin-like protein MreB polymerises into helical filaments and interacts with other cytoskeletal elements including MreC to control cell-shape. As mreB appears to be an essential gene, we have constructed a viable ΔmreC depletion mutant in Salmonella. Using a broad range of independent biochemical, fluorescence and phenotypic screens we provide evidence that the Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 type three secretion system (SPI1-T3SS) and flagella systems are down-regulated in the absence of MreC. In contrast the SPI-2 T3SS appears to remain functional. The phenotypes have been further validated using a chemical genetic approach to disrupt the functionality of MreB. Although the fitness of ΔmreC is reduced in vivo, we observed that this defect does not completely abrogate the ability of Salmonella to cause disease systemically. By forcing on expression of flagella and SPI-1 T3SS in trans with the master regulators FlhDC and HilA, it is clear that the cytoskeleton is dispensable for the assembly of these structures but essential for their expression. As two-component systems are involved in sensing and adapting to environmental and cell surface signals, we have constructed and screened a panel of such mutants and identified the sensor kinase RcsC as a key phenotypic regulator in ΔmreC. Further genetic analysis revealed the importance of the Rcs two-component system in modulating the expression of these virulence factors. Collectively, these results suggest that expression of virulence genes might be directly coordinated with cytoskeletal integrity, and this regulation is mediated by the two-component system sensor kinase RcsC.


__________________________________________ Date In presenting this thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Georgia State University, I agree that the Library of the University shall make it available for inspection and circulation in accordance with its regulations governing materials of this type. I agree that permission to quote from, to copy from, or to publish this thesis may be granted by the author or, in his/her absence, by the professor under whose direction it was written, or in his/her absence, by the Associate Dean, College of Health and Human Sciences. Such quoting, copying, or publishing must be solely for scholarly purposes and will not involve potential financial gain. It is understood that any copying from or publication of this dissertation which involves potential financial gain will not be allowed without written permission of the author. Kinjal Patel __________________________________________ Signature of Author iv Notice to Borrowers Page All theses deposited in the Georgia State University Library must be used in accordance with the stipulations prescribed by the author in the preceding statement. Users of this thesis who not regularly enrolled as students at Georgia State University are required to attest acceptance of the preceding stipulation by signing below. Libraries borrowing this thesis for the use of their patrons are required to see that each user records here the information requested.


Blockchain technology has emerged as a new paradigm to build decentralized systems which do not require a central authority. It is most popular for enabling Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies. However, blockchain applications span beyond Finance, and recently it has been applied to decentralized governance. Blockchain-enabled "Decentralized Autonomous Organizations" (DAOs) have emerged as a new form of collective governance, in which communities may organize themselves relying on decentralized infrastructure. In this article, we introduce the concept of DAO and review the main software platforms that offer DAO creation as a service, which simplifies the use of DAOs to non-blockchain experts; namely: Aragon, DAOstack, DAOhaus and Colony. These platforms will be compared by showing their key features. Finally, we will review the available visualisation tools for DAOs, and we will introduce our open-source tool to plot DAOs activity, DAO-Analyzer. We will illustrate its potential with the case of the DAO Genesis Alpha, which is the main DAO of the DAOstack project.


During selection for lactose utilization, Lac+ revertants of FC40, a Lac- strain of Escherichia coli, appear at a high rate. Yet, no Lac+ revertants appear in the absence of lactose, or in its presence if the cells have another, unfulfilled requirement for growth. This study investigates more fully the population dynamics of FC40 when incubated in the absence of a carbon source or when undergoing selection for lactose utilization. In the absence of a carbon source, the viable cell numbers do not change over 6 days. When incubated in liquid lactose medium, Lac- cells do not undergo any measurable increase in numbers or in turbidity for at least 2 days. When FC40 is plated on lactose minimum medium in the presence of scavenger cells, the upper limit to the amount of growth of Lac- cells during 5 days is one doubling, and there is no evidence for turnover (i.e., a balance between growth and death). The presence of a minority population that could form microcolonies was not detected. The implications of these results, plus the fact that the appearance of Lac+ revertants during lactose selection is nearly constant with time, are discussed in reference to several models that have been postulated to account for adaptive mutations.


This paper is a continuation of results in Blanchflower and Oswald (2008). It provides new evidence that well-being follows a curve through life. We use data on half a million randomly sampled individuals across eight major European nations. Importantly, we show that in this set of countries there is a U-shape even in unadjusted data, that is, without the inclusion of control variables. But we also advise against a focus on elementary bivariate associations.


At this time, certainly no stranger to hear their child abuse, whether it be physical, sexual or physikologi. All of it is a form of child abuse that is not supposed to happen. Things that interfere with the development of each child tiap-, both mentally and physically. Increasingly horrific atrocities committed by the offender against children. Limitations of the reporting media, time constraints, many thought, also became one of only constraint in reporting child abuse. Surabaya, advanced city is also child abuse often occur, even not infrequently victims are reluctant to report it to the authorities. Child Protection Agency in Surabaya East Java which is not at all know it is located and how to report it, so that a lack of success in handling child abuse cases in East Java. Therefore made a media complaints or reporting child abuse based website, which can be done online and does not take long to transmit evidence of child abuse. Males motion constraints, did not have much time, transport constraints, constraints difficulty of reporting. Even for those who do not understand the Child Protection Agency in East Java was able to understand and easy to report child abuse. From the test results, this application can help users to understand the importance of reporting child abuse to Child Protection Institution of East Java, fostering good relationships with the Parent, increase knowledge of child abuse and help users to do counseling with Child Protection Institution of East Java.


We discuss the path-integral formulation of quantum cosmology with a massless scalar field as a sum-over-histories, with particular reference to loop quantum cosmology. Exploiting the analogy with the relativistic particle, we give a complete overview of the possible two-point functions, deriving vertex expansions and composition laws they satisfy. We clarify the tie between definitions using a group averaging procedure and those in a deparametrised framework. We draw some conclusions about the physics of a single quantum universe and multiverse field theories where the role of these sectors and the inner product are reinterpreted.


BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE
Leptospirosis outbreaks occur frequently in North and South Andaman Islands but not in Middle Andaman. In 2002, an outbreak appeared in Middle Andaman for the first time. Although a study on risk factors was conducted in North Andaman, it used seropositivity to define leptospirosis. Since seropositivity might not indicate current leptospiral infection and as no study on risk factors was conducted in Middle Andaman, we carried out this study to identify the risk factors during the outbreak.

METHODS
A suspected outbreak of leptospirosis occurred in Rangat of Middle Andaman during October - November 2002. Suspected cases were screened for leptospirosis using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Fifty two patients confirmed to have leptospirosis based on rising titres in MAT on paired sera, and 104 age, sex and neighbourhood seronegative matched controls, were included in the study. A conditional multiple regression by backward elimination process was carried out with acute leptospirosis as the dependent factor and various environmental, occupational and behavioural factors as independent factors. A stratified analysis was also carried out.

RESULTS
The presence of cattle in the house, drinking stream water, contact with garbage, walking barefoot and standing in water while working were identified as significant factors associated with leptospirosis. Stratified analysis showed a dose response relationship between number of cattle in the house and the risk of leptospiral infection suugesting that cattle could be a source of infection.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION
Identification of the potential risk factors would help understand the transmission dynamics of the disease and formulate public health interventions.


The entrainment of solid particles within the produced fluids can cause solid particle erosion by impacting the piping of production and transportation facilities. Liquid dominated flows are commonly encountered in deep water subsea pipelines while producing oil and gas fluids. It is of great importance to predict the erosion pattern and magnitude for elbows in series in liquid-solid flows as in the oil and gas productions, liquids tends to produce more solid particles compared to gas-solid flows. In the current work, erosion of elbows in series for different particle sizes are investigated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and compare the erosion pattern results with the results of paint removal experiments using a 76.2 mm diameter acrylic elbows, qualitatively. CFD simulations have been performed to study the particle size effects on erosion using Reynolds stress turbulence model (RSM) and Low-Reynolds number K-ε model. Grid refinement studies have been performed and particles are rebounded at the particle radius to accurately examine the effects of particle sizes on solid particle erosion of these elbows. The CFD results shows that significant erosion is observed at the inner wall of the first elbow for larger particles, and the maximum erosion can be seen towards the end of the second elbow for 300 μm particle size.


A 47-year-old woman was admitted via emergency department due to dyspnea NYHA Fc II-III aggravated for 2 months after upper respiratory infection. Her height and body weight were 161 cm / 67 kg. Initial vital signs were 110/70 mmHg - 112 BPM - 24/min - 36.5°C. Chest PA showed cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion (Figure 1). B-natriuretic peptide level was markedly increased (2002 pg/mL, normal range ≤ 100 pg/mL). The echocardiographic examination showed severely dilated LV cavity (61/72 mm) and severe LV systolic dysfunction (EF 28%) with normal left ventricular wall thickness (9/11 mm) (Figure 2). She was initially treated with dobutamine and parenteral diuretics. After hemodynamic stabilization with body weight reduction of 4 kg with heart failure medication with diuretics, ACE inhibitors and beta blocker (Carvedilol 3.125 mg bid), she was discharged. At the time of discharge, her blood pressure was 90/74 mmHg and pulse rate was 107 BPM.After 2 years of follow up, her left ventricular systolic function was completely normalized (24/46/73%). Left ventricular wall thickness showed mild hypertrophy (11/12 mm) but apical segments showed akinesia. (Figure 3 ECG and chest PA, Figure 4 Echocardiography). Her blood pressure was recovered to the normal range of 132/70 mmHg and pulse rate was 72 BPM. Her heart failure medication was carvedilol (6.25 mg twice daily) and losartan (100 mg once daily)After 1 year of follow up (Year 3), her blood pressure increased to hypertensive range (150/100 mmHg) and pulse rate was 84 BPM. Nifedipine GITS 30 mg was added to the heart failure medication. Diabetes mellitus was newly developed. Despite diet control, her blood glucose levels were continuously increased (HbA1C levels 7.2%), therefore, oral hypoglycemic agents were intensified with metformin and sitagliptin. As heart failure signs disappeared and glycemic control was difficult, beta blocker was discontinued and antihypertensive regimen was changed to singly pill combination of valsartan 160 mg / amlodipine 5 mg. During follow up, blood pressure control was marginal (136/84 mmHg) and pulse rate was high (86 BPM), so low dose pure beta-1 antagonist (bisoprolol 2.5 mg once daily) was added. Then her blood pressure and pulse rate remained stable (102/70 - 122/80, 72 - 84 BPM)However, for two years' follow up (Year 5), her glycemic levels were continuously aggravated (HbA1C levels 9.3%) despite intensive oral glycemic agent treatment (full dose metformin + sitagliptin + sulfonylurea). Blood pressure and pulse rate were continuously increased (152/88 mmHg, 104 BPM). Indapamide SR 1.5 mg once daily was added and beta blocker dose was increased (Carvedilol 25 mg twice daily). Echocardiographic evaluation showed normal left ventricular size and systolic function (25/47 mm, 72%). Left ventricular wall thickness (8/7 mm) and wall motion were normalized (Figure 5 and 6).After 2 year of follow up (Year 8), insulin treatment was started in endocrinology department because of failure of glycemic control with oral hypoglycemic agents (HbA1C 9.4% with full dose metformin + sitagliptin + sulfonylurea + pioglitazone). As blood pressure control was fair (114/80 mmHg, 84 BPM), carvedilol was discontinued due to hyperglycemia. Then blood pressure and pulse rate were increased to 144/86 mmHg -103 BPM.Incidentally, she was examined abdominal CT due to microscopic hematuria (3+) and found 7.0 x 6.9 cm sized lobulating mass in right adrenal gland suggesting pheochromocytoma. 24 hour urine metanephrine (> 20000 pg/mL, normal range 90 - 930 pg/mL) and normetanephrine (16877 pg/mL, normal range 100 - 230 pg/mL) levels were markedly elevated. Plasma renin activity (26.7 ng/mL/hr, normal range 1 - 2.5 ng/mL/hr) and aldosterone level (23.5 ng/dL, normal range 3 - 16.0) were also elevated. MRI showed 7.1 x 6.7 cm mass in right adrenal gland with good enhancement, internal cystic change and suspicious focal hemorrhage, consistent with pheochromocytoma (Figure 7).After sympathetic blockade with alpha agonist (Doxazosin), the mass was removed by unilateral adrenalectomy. Pathologic evaluated showed 6.5 × 6.0 × 5.5 cm of pheochromocytoma with moderate risk of malignancy (Figure 8 - 11).After surgical removal of pheochromocytoma (Year 9), diabetes mellitus was completely disappeared and blood pressure was controlled with single antihypertensive medication (Valsartan 80 mg once daily, 110/67mmHg - 90 BPM).


This multidisciplinary collective volume advances the scholarly discussion on the origins of Islam. It simultaneously focuses on three domains: texts, social contexts, and ideological developments relevant for the study of Islam's beginnings -- taking the latter expression in its broadest possible sense. The intersections of these domains need to be examined afresh in order to obtain a clear picture of the concurrent phenomena that collectively enabled both the gradual emergence of a new religious identity and the progressive delimitation of its initially fuzzy boundaries.


Purpose
As the concept of mindfulness gains popularity in the workplace, there is a need to understand the extent to which mindfulness-related practices are integrated into training and development activities and the impact of these practices on employees and organizations. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the scope of mindfulness as an intervention in the workplace and to identify outcomes of mindfulness-related training activities at the individual, job/work, team/group and organizational levels.

Design/methodology/approach
Torraco (2005) and Briner and Denyer's (2012) four steps (search, selection, analysis and synthesis) for conducting an integrative literature review were used for this study. This method enabled us to compare and contrast relevant articles, integrate distributed information, create new knowledge and provide research directions on mindfulness practices in work settings.

Findings
Through a revision of 28 empirical studies, the authors found that mindfulness-based training is an effective intervention for organizations to improve mental health, wellbeing and performance of employees. A total of 51 significant outcomes of mindfulness-related training categorized at the individual (23), job/work (17), group/team (7) and organizational (4) levels were identified.

Practical implications
Despite the benefits of mindfulness training, according to the research, only a handful of organizations have rolled-out this program for employees. The authors recommend that industry leaders and managers take a proactive approach and incorporate mindfulness-related practices as part of their professional development training for employees at all levels to improve personal and professional growth and performance.

Originality/value
This paper extends the emerging literature on mindfulness by providing a comprehensive summary of the consequences of mindfulness training at a multilevel context within the human resource development domain.


In September 2016, the Bank of Japan (BoJ) changed its policy framework to target the yield on ten-year government bonds at "around zero percent," close to the prevailing rate at the time. The new framework was announced as a modification of the Bank's earlier policy of rapid monetary base expansion via large-scale asset purchases—a policy that market participants increasingly regarded as unsustainable. While the BoJ announced that the rapid pace of government bond purchases would not change, it turned out that the yield target approach allowed for a dramatic scaling back in purchases. In Japan's case, the commitment to purchase whatever was needed to keep the ten-year rate near zero has meant that very little in the way of asset purchases have been required.


The need for statistical methodologies for analysing a small size study, such as a pilot or so‐called 'proof of concept' study, has not been paid much attention in the past. Recently the Institute of Medicine (IOM) formed a committee and held a workshop to discuss methodologies for conducting clinical trials with small number participants. In this paper we argue that the hypothesis of treatment effect in a small pilot study should be set up to test whether any individual subject has an effect rather than whether the group mean or median has shifted as often done for large, confirmatory clinical trials. Based on this paradigm we propose multiple test procedures as one option when individuals have enough observations, and a mixture‐distribution approach when individuals have one or more observations. The latter approach may be used in either a one‐ or two‐group setting, and is our focus in this paper. We present the likelihood ratio tests for the mixture models. Examples are given to demonstrate the methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Seventeen-day-old mouse pancreas was grown in organ culture under various culture conditions and the insulin released into the medium, either chronically or during acute incubations, was measured. Three media, DME, RPMI 1640, and TC199, were tested, each at glucose concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 g/L. Fetal pancreata maintained in RPMI 1640 at 4 g/L glucose secreted the most insulin over a 25-day period. Tissue grown in RPMI 1640 and DME secreted more insulin in higher glucose concentrations, but explants grown in TC199 secreted low levels of insulin regardless of glucose concentration. Fetal pancreata grown in medium supplemented with 5% FCS secreted less insulin in acute incubations than tissues grown in 10%, 15%, 20%, or 30% FCS, which secreted equivalent amounts. There was no difference in the amount of insulin released by islets grown in media supplemented with 15% FCS from four different batches. Although fetal islets grown in high glucose concentrations generally secreted more insulin (and less glucagon) than "normoglycemic" controls, their ability to release insulin in subsequent acute incubations was impaired. Explants, which had been maintained for 2 wk in 2.5 or 4 g/L glucose and a further 3 days in normoglycemic medium, secreted less insulin and glucagon in acute release exeriments than tissue maintained in 1 g/L glucose throughout. Light microscopy of cultured fetal pancreas showed that tissue remained viable at all glucose concentrations tested and differences in response could not be attributed to selective necrosis. Tranplantation of cultured islets indicated that tissue grown under normoglycemic conditions functioned better than tissue grown in hyperglycemic media.


Structured information (e.g. mathematical information) is one type of web information. Text-based search engines fall short in retrieving such those information. For example, when a user search for x(y+z) using Google, Google retrieves documents that have xyz, x+y=z, (x+y+z)=xyz or any other document that contains x, y, and/or z but not x(y+z). Google ignores the structure of the expression x(y+z). The structure of certain math expression conveys the correct interpretation of that expression. Text-based search engines have achieved a good level of maturity in refining text search. Unfortunately those search engines did not achieve the same progress in terms of mathematical contents as a separate distinguished type of text. The major obstacle to math search in current text search systems is that those systems do not differentiate between a user query that contains a mathematical expression and any other query that contains text term. Therefore, they process mathematical expressions as other texts, regardless of its nature of being well-structured and having properties that make it different from other forms of text. Here, in this context we benefit from the concept of digital ecosystems to refine the text search process to be applicable in searching for a mathematical expression by implementing a system that is responsible for detecting equivalent math expressions. Actually, we will add more algorithms to the Information Retrieval System in order to make it suitable to do search for a mathematical expression as well as other forms of text.


Official statistics are one of the most important sources of knowledge about crime and the criminal justice system. Yet, little is known about the inner workings of the institutions that produce these numbers. In this groundbreaking study, Kevin D. Haggerty sheds light on the process involved in the gathering and disseminating of crime statistics through an empirical examination of the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS), the branch of Statistics Canada responsible for producing data on the criminal justice system. Making Crime Count details how the availability of criminal justice statistics has fostered a distinctive approach to the governance of crime and criminal justice. What has emerged is a form of actuarial justice whereby crime is increasingly understood as a statistical probability, rather than a moral failing. At the same time, statistics render criminal justice organizations amenable to governmental strategies that aim to manage the system itself. Using contemporary work in the sociology of science as a frame, Haggerty explores the means by which the CCJS has been able to produce its statistics. The emphasis is on the extra-scientific factors involved in this process, the complex knowledge networks that must be aligned between assorted elements and institutions, and, specifically, the continual negotiations between CCJS employees and the police over how to secure data for the 'uniform crime report' survey. The conclusions accentuate the need for anyone studying governance to consider the politics and processes of governmental knowledge production.


The article reviews activities of Tbilisi Military Hospital (MTH) during the period from 1808 to 2007. The information disseminated in periodicals and other sources of information was studied. The surgical activity of the hospital is the main subject for the review. The MTH played significant role in the development of social medicine study and research of relevant curative climate resources, in the establishment of Borzhomi, and other. The hospital stuff was active member of Imperial Caucasian Medical Society. The high experience of the stuff gained hospital the name of highest, 4-th level degree. The surgical activities promoted further development of narcosis. first surgical department in Tbilisi State University, the high level of medical services at the time of Second World War and for the peace time also. The three main periods of TMH's activities are covered in the article.


Primitive cultivars and their wild relatives are an invaluable heritage for humanity. They must be preserved, stud- ied and used to increase agricultural production. This study aims at assessing the phenotypic diversity of 118 maize (Zea mays L) accessions collected Cote d'Ivoire. The test was conducted in Ferkessedougou (north of Cote d'Ivoire) during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 rainy seasons. It was implanted in a square lattice design 11 x 11, repeated three times. Twenty-two quantitative variables were measured. From the results, it appeared that there was significant morphological variability among accessions. The multivariate analyses (Principal Components Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) enabled to structure this diversity into five groups. Days to 50 % silk- ing and to 50 % tasselling, ear insertion height, plant height, number of leaves below the uppermost ear, and ear parameters are those that best explain the agro-morphological diversity. The different groups obtained can serve as a starting point for the definition of a core collection. They offer a wide possibility of choice of breeding lines for the creation of improved maize varieties adapted to the different agro-climatic zones of Cote d'Ivoire


Among the pictorial representations that have succeeded in electronic-mediated communication (EMC), the rise of emoji is of special interest, as they have widely spread around the world. This article reports on the results of a survey conducted among students and staff of a large Spanish university (63% women) on the use of emoticons and emoji and their interpretation. Results confirm the preference for emoji over emoticons. The responses also disclosed emerging norms on the use and functions of these pictographs in EMC: Emoji are considered more "expressive" than emoticons, and messages without these cues are judged as "rude." Regarding the interpretation of emoji, the survey shows that it heavily relies on preexisting iconography, even if new visual conventions are developing.


PURPOSE
To investigate the effect of plasticizers on the stability of protein formulations in the solid state and to apply these results to a study of mechanisms of protein stabilization by sugars in the solid sate.

METHODS
The IgG1 antibody was formulated with either sucrose or trehalose alone or a mixture of sorbitol with sucrose or trehalose. After lyophilization, the pure protein and sucrose formulations were equilibrated at different relative humidities giving residual moistures from less than 1% to 5% for sucrose systems and up to 17% for pure protein systems. All the samples were stored at 50 degrees C for up to1 month and at 40 and 25 degrees C for up to 6 months. Aggregation and chemical degradation were monitored by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and ion exchange chromatography (IEX), respectively. The secondary structure was characterized by FTIR using second derivative analysis of Amide I region. Structural relaxation times, tau, an indication of molecular mobility in the glassy matrix, were characterized using the thermal activity monitor (TAM). The tau values of the recombinant human monoclonal antibody (rhuMab) formulation with various water contents were also measured in this study and compared with stability data taken from the literature (Breen ED, Curley JG, Overcashier DE, Hsu CC, Shire SJ, 2001, Pharm Res 18:1345-1353).

RESULTS
The structural relaxation time, tau, decreased sharply with increasing water content. However, the stability data suggest a minimum in degradation rate at 2%-3% water content. Addition of a small amount of sorbitol to a sucrose-based formulation resulted in greater retention of native structure, smaller relaxation time, but improved stability. However, with the trehalose-based formulations, addition of sorbitol had no effect on protein structure (FTIR), but the decrease in relaxation time and the improvement in stability were qualitatively similar to the corresponding data obtained with the sucrose-based formulation.

CONCLUSION
Glass dynamics as measured by tau could not explain the stability results. Stability correlated best with the preservation of native structure for sucrose-based formulations, but with the trehalose-based formulation, neither structural relaxation time nor extent of native structure was predictive of stability. However, it is possible that the beta-relaxations rather than the alpha-relaxation (i.e., the tau we measured) is critical to the stability. Plasticizers like glycerol may decrease tau for "alpha-motion" but increase tau for "beta-motion" and stabilize proteins (Cicerone MT, Tellington A, Trost L, Sokolov A, 2003, BioProcess Inter 1:1-9).


In this paper, we investigate the design-evolution of an embedded pipe based on the constructal theory to obtain the best design that cools a square plate subjected to a constant heat flux boundary condition. The water, ionic liquids (ILs), and nano-enhanced ionic liquids (NEILs, i.e., [C4mim][NTf2] + Al2O3 and [C4mpyrr][NTf2] + Al2O3) have been used as the coolants. Several designs (Case 1 to Case 11) have been tested to quantify the non-dimensional temperature of the heated substrate by implementing the finite volume method of ansys fluent. The three-dimensional continuity, momentum, and energy equations have been solved iteratively in the fluid region by incorporating SIMPLE algorithm with appropriate boundary conditions; while the conduction equation is solved in the solid region. Among all the considered designs, it has been found that Case 3 provides a better cooling effect for the heated substrate. For all of the considered configurations/designs, it is also found that the non-dimensional temperature decreases with the length of the morphing pipe. NEILs exhibit a better cooling effect of the substrate when compared with the ILs and water. The present numerical methodology is also validated with the previous literature.


ABSTRACT Using stream water polluted with untreated wastewater in agriculture is controversial due to its combination of benefits and negative health impacts. Using data from a household survey, 'wastewater' and 'freshwater' farmers were analysed comparatively to examine the perceived impacts of irrigation water quality on farmers' health and to evaluate the extent of health damage. Probability of illness was estimated using the theory of utility-maximising behaviour of households subject to the conventional farm household production model, augmented by adding a health production function. Reduced model and instrumental variable probit specifications both show that perceived illness prevalence is significantly higher for household members working on wastewater irrigation farms than for those working with freshwater. Our data entails econometric complications (e.g., endogeneity of farmers' behaviour, unobserved location-specific characteristics). Ignoring these will result in underestimation of the value of policy interventions designed to reduce potential health damage of wastewater use in irrigation.


The polypeptide composition of influenza A FPV (Hav1N1) and A/Texas/1/77 (H3N2) viruses which had acquired resistance to remantadine after serial passages in cell cultures in the presence of the drug was studied. It was found that in parallel with the acquired resistance to remantadine the molecular weight of the heavy chain of hemagglutinin changed only in the course of cell culture passages. The influenza A/Texas/1/77 virus passaged in chick embryos in the presence of remantadine exhibited no differences in the electrophoretic mobility of hemagglutinin between the sensitive and resistant variants. Remantadine is assumed to be an additional factor which influenza virus has to overcome in the process of adaptation to cell cultures.


Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death in the world. Platinum-based combination regimen or molecular target drugs, such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and ALK inhibitors are used for first line chemotherapy of NSCLC. Somatic mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been identified in NSCLC and those mutations confer sensitivity to the EGFR-TKIs such as gefitinib. Unfortunately, it is well known that the almost cases are developed to drug resistance after chemotherapy. Several EGFR-TKI resistant mechanisms have been reported, including gatekeeper mutation (T790M), c-MET amplification and ErbB3 activation. Re-biopsy is generally required for determine the resistance mechanism and second line chemotherapy. However, re-biopsy is invasive test for cancer patients. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) are paid attention as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and sensitivity to chemotherapy in various cancers. In the previous study, we revealed that the miRNA biosynthesis pathway is critical for maintain the cisplatin resistant phenotype. Further, it was reported that EGFR modulated microRNA maturation through the phosphorylation of AGO2. Protein phosphorylation is one of most important post transcriptional modification mechanisms and miRNA is also associated with fine tuning of mRNA expression. Thus, we focused on the relationship between miRNA expression and kinase signaling in gefitinib resistance. In this study, we performed characterization of gefitinib resistant cell lines, PC-9/MET200 and PC-9/MET1000 established from NSCLC cell line, PC-9, which were confirmed to have a c-MET amplification using miRNA microarray and quantitative PCR. Furthermore, we analyzed miRNA activity and kinase signaling using a luciferase reporter assay system, siRNA, RTK/phosphokinase protein array and kinase inhibitors. We revealed that miR-205 was significantly elevated in both gefitinib resistant cell lines. By the computational analysis using miRNA target prediction database, we found that ErbB3 was a target of miR-205. However, ErbB3 expression levels were rather up-regulated and highly phosphorylated in both resistant cell lines compared with a parental cell line. Under ErbB3 knockdown condition, miR-205 expression levels were slightly down regulated. Furthermore, under c-MET knockdown or Foretinib treatment condition, miR-205 activity were down regulated and ErbB3 dephosphorylated in resistant cell lines. This down-regulation of miR-205 appears to be mediated by inhibition of kinase signals. Moreover, we found that some kinase inhibitors suppressed miR-205 activity in gefitinib resistant cell lines. In conclusion, our results suggest that alterations of kinase signals are more effective for miR-205 regulation than protein expression of target molecule itself, such as ErbB3. Citation Format: Toshihiro Suzuki, Ikuko Nagasawa, Toshimitsu Yamaoka, Tohru Ohmori, Kazuto Nishio, Kiyotaka Koyama, Yuki Ogasawara. The effect of kinase signaling for miR-205 regulation in gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1893.


Introduction Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) followed by Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is first line treatment for mucosal Barrett's oesophagus (BE) related neoplasia. The UK Registry collects data from patients at 28 sites undergoing RFA/EMR. We examine differences in outcomes between sites by patient volume. Methods All visible lesions were entirely removed by EMR. Patients then underwent RFA every 3 months until all visible BE was ablated. Biopsies were taken at 12 months to assess treatment success with repeat biopsies every 6–12 months thereafter. Centres were grouped by total numbers treated; low <50, medium 50–100 & high >100 patients. Only outcomes of those who had completed treatment were analysed. Results 675 patients completed treatment at 24 centres (median follow up 26 months), 414 at high volume (n = 5), 143 at medium volume (n = 4) & 118 at low volume centres (n = 15). There was no difference in entry criteria or demographics between groups. CR-D & CR-IM at 12 months are no different between the groups (CR-D 86–90%, CR-IM 74–81%). IM recurrence is significantly lower in high volume centres (16.1% vs 20.3% and 19.2%, Log Rank p < 0.001) but dysplasia recurrence is no different (Log Rank p = 0.12). Rescue EMR was performed less frequently in medium volume centres (0% vs high 5.3% and low volume 10%, p = 001). Conclusion Endotherapy for Barrett's dysplasia is highly effective whatever the centre volume. The rescue EMR rate in medium volume centres is unexplained. Despite lower IM recurrence in high volume centres, dysplasia recurrence rates are not significantly different. Caseload volume of a centre in the UK Registry does not appear to affect outcome. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


Fire Blight (FB) is the most important bacterial disease in apple (Malus × domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis) production. The application of resistant cultivars would be an additional measure against FB limiting the dependence on antibiotic treatments and the dormant risk for producers to lose their only effective control measure. However, today there is no popular FB resistant apple variety available. Strong quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance were identified e.g. in the wild apple 'Malus × robusta 5' (MR5). The present work aimed firstly to provide usable molecular markers tightly linked to the resistance locus of MR5 and secondly to isolate and characterize the source of MR5 resistance against Erwinia amylovora. 14 new molecular markers were developed and mapped to the top of linkage group (LG) 3 of MR5 containing the resistance locus. Together, they defined the distal 1.5 cM of LG 3 of MR5. After phenotyping of recombinant individuals of an expanded population of more than 2000 individuals segregating for MR5 resistance, the locus of the resistance trait was flanked by two markers defining an interval of 0.23 cM. By means of chromosome landing two bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) harboring the genomic DNA of MR5 were identified, one of which was in coupling and one in repulsion to the alleles of the flanking markers. Using differently trained protein prediction software (FGENESH) 25-47 open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted on the assembled sequences derived from the resistance carrying BAC. The predicted mRNAs were annotated and compared to the constitutional transcriptome of MR5 to evaluate the prediction algorithms. The annotation and subsequent motif analysis led to the identification of one candidate resistance (R) gene named FB_MR5. We investigated the candidate resistance gene, which was demonstrated to be constitutionally expressed in MR5 as well as in resistant progenies of MR5, but not in susceptible cultivars ('Idared', 'La Flamboyante', 'Gala') and susceptible progenies of MR5. FB_MR5 was cloned and resequenced. FB_MR5 was classified in silico as CC-NBS-LRR protein (CNL, coiled coil nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat). All investigated CNLs giving resistance towards bacterial diseases function in accordance to the 'decoy model' or 'guard model' which postulate the interaction of (1) the R protein of the host, which recognizes conformational changes or degradation of (2) the 'decoy'/'guardee' protein interacting with (3) the bacterial effector (Avr protein). Taking into account the recently published findings on host-microbe interactions in other plants and the presence and absence, respectively, of transcribed putative decoys/guardees in MR5 transcriptome as well as the presence and absence, respectively, of Avr genes in E. amylovora, we hypothesized a homologous mode of function of FB_MR5 to RPS2 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Finally, to give evidence to the functionality of FB_MR5 acting as R gene against FB, a complementation assay into susceptible cultivar 'Gala' was appended as preliminary results in this thesis. Two constructs comprising FB_MR5 under the control of CaMV 35s promoter and its own promoter, respectively, were cloned into 'Gala' via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. 24 newly developed transgenic shoots are growing to a usable size for micro grafting on M9 rootstocks and will later be inoculated with E. amylovora.


Crystalline silicotitanate (CST) is an ion-exchange method for removing radioactive cesium from tank waste to allow the separation of the waste into high- and low-level fractions. The CST, originally developed Sandia National Laboratories personnel in association with Union Oil Products Corporation, has both a high affinity and selectivity for sorbing cesium-137 from highly alkaline or acidic solutions. For several years now, the U.S. Department of Energy has funded work to investigate applying CST to large-scale removal of cesium-137 from radioactive tank wastes. In January 1997, an expert panel sponsored by the Tanks Focus Area met to review the current state of the technology and to determine whether it was ready for routine use. The review also sought to identify any technical issues that must be resolved or additional CST development that must occur before full implementation by end-users. The CST Gate Review Group concluded that sufficient work has been done to close developmental work on CST and turn the remaining site-specific tasks over to the users. This report documents the review group`s findings, issues, concerns, and recommendations as well as responses from the Tanks Focus Area expert staff to specific pretreatment and immobilization issues.


Efforts are currently needed in the optimization of crisis management, as instability can occur in all areas. As it is the Prime Minister's attribute, crisis management is an area of responsibility of the Government and this enables extensive optimization approaches. Crisis management task returns to a specialized structure, multiministerial Joint Command type, subordinate to the Executive. In order to improve future involvement of multiple participants, e-Learning strategies must be used, these strategies being tailored to the command / control chain for the Gold, Silver and Bronze commands, structured on all levels of execution. Strategies and software used will be addressed to the commands, both during crisis management and consequences management. In working with the Learning Content Management System, it is important that multiple participation, analysis, results' assessment and feedback correction be considered from the perspective of the Effects Based Approach Operation. This allows the increase of the level of the educational act through specific methods, and also the increase of information quality in the system for decision making of both manager and operational levels, achievable in the complex and fluid changing environment. The activities that can take place through e-Learning technologies give the possibility of multidisciplinary analysis of adopted solutions, allow the improvement of the decision taken, in real time, in the same time involving all the headquarters that are responsible in solving the crisis. The possibilities of Computer Based Training help in an efficient manner to improve the organizational culture by developing the cooperation spirit between the structures that are activated in the virtual model, assuring the suitable instruments as for the performers to find good solutions for the operational environment created for them. Based on the experience of the leaders, computers can be used to extend learning. By implementing the process of e-Learning in crisis management at all levels, facilitates quick connection of the national system that are dealing with the situation with similar European and NATO sub-systems, with the help of computers. Naturally, the positive practices will be quickly and efficiently generalized through the specific possibilities assured by the virtual environment, in a multiple framework that accentuates the need for multiple collaboration.


Rural America faces an increasingly dire access to justice crisis, which serves to exacerbate the already disproportionate share of social problems afflicting rural areas. One critical aspect of that crisis is the dearth of information and research regarding the extent of the problem and its impacts. This article begins to address that gap by providing surveys of rural access to justice in six geographically, demographically, and economically varied states: California, Georgia, Maine, Minnesota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. In addition to providing insights about the distinct rural challenges confronting each of these states, the legal resources available, and existing policy responses, the article explores common themes that emerge through this multi-state lens, thus framing a richer, broader discussion of rural access to justice, with particular attention to the rural attorney shortage.

Written for a special issue on "Revitalizing Rural," the article ultimately proposes a two-step approach toward closing the rural justice gap. First, although the information presented here provides a solid foundation, a critical need remains for ongoing careful and thoughtful study of the legal needs and lack of legal resources in rural areas. Second, the unique institutional, structural, and demographic characteristics of rural areas will require tailored, innovative, and data-driven solutions to match appropriate legal services with needs. We advocate a re-thinking of the roles of many justice system stakeholders, with particular attention to the critical steps that legal educators should take to bridge the justice gap. Our hope is that this article will inform and expand access-to-justice conversations so that they more intentionally address the legal needs of the vast rural reaches of our nation, thus furthering the ultimate goal of realizing access to justice for all Americans.


Modeling and simulation of the SiC growth processes, Physical Vapor Transport (PVT), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), are sufficiently mature to help building new process equipment or up-scaling old ones. It is possible (i) to simulate accurately temperature and deposition distributions, as well as doping (ii) to quantify the limiting phenomena, (iii) to understand the important role of different precursors in CVD and hydrogen additions in PVT. The first conclusion of this paper is the importance of the "effective" C/Si ratio during CVD epitaxy in hot-wall reactors and its capability to explain the doping concentrations. The second conclusion is the influence of the C/Si ratio in alternative bulk growth technique involving gas additions.


The freshwater sponge, Ephydcitia muelleri, harbors symbiotic algae within its cells. These algae are taken up by phagoctyosis, but they fail to be broken down. One explanation for the lack of degradation is that their digestion is prevented at an unknown point along the phagocytic pathway. In an attempt to determine if the vacuoles containing algal endosymbionts had characteristics associated with early endosomes, I used immunocytochemistry to localize Rab 5 in sponge cells. Rab 5 is a protein that binds to membranes and functions in docking and fusion events early in the endocytic and phagocytic pathways. Immunoblots using antibody against human Rab 5 identified three proteins, with molecular weights of 26,000, 31,000, and 46,000, in homogenates of sponge tissue. The first has a molecular weight close to mammalian Rab 5. Immunocytochemical localization revealed deposits of reaction product on the membranes of the perialgal vacuoles and in the cytosol. These results indicate that Rab 5 could be bound to the surface of the vacuoles and that vacuoles housing endosymbiotic algae could be blocked at an early stage in the phagocytic pathway.


The origin of velocity anomalies in the lowermost mantle, e.g., thermal, chemical, or due to phase transition, is still debated. Intrinsic seismic attenuation (Q) strongly depends on temperature, thus could provide additional constraints on the thermal contribution to seismic anomalies in the lowermost mantle. In this study, we investigate the radial (1-D) elastic (Vs) and anelastic (Q) structure of the lowermost mantle beneath Central America and the Caribbean using waveform inversion. We use ~50 intermediate and deep focus earthquakes in South America recorded at the USArray and other small networks between 2004–2015. Waveforms are filtered between 12.5–200 s and cut ~20 s before the arrival of the direct S phase, and ~60 s after the arrival of the ScS phase. We use the S phase as a reference phase to correct for the effects of the structure near the events and receivers on the travel-time and amplitude of ScS waveforms (Konishi et al., 2017). Synthetic tests show that we can resolve the 1-D Q and Vs structures of the lowermost mantle, with some amount of tradeoff between them. In an attempt to reduce the tradeoff between the Vs and Q structure, we perform iterative inversion inferring in a first step the Vs structure only, and in a second step the Vs and Q structures simultaneously.


We consider a general multi-period repositioning problem in vehicle-sharing networks such as bicycle-sharing systems, free-float car-sharing systems, and autonomous mobility-on-demand systems. This problem is subject to uncertainties along multiple dimensions—including demand, travel time, and repositioning duration— and faces several operational constraints such as the service level and cost budget. We propose a robustness optimization model to tackle these uncertainties; thus we aim to satisfy operational constraints under a reference distribution yet also to protect against ambiguity in the true distribution. This paper is the first, as far as we know, to incorporate various time-dependent uncertainties. We then reformulate the model and efficiently obtain solutions by solving a sequence of mixed-integer linear optimization problems. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate that our model yields remarkable performance in various settings and is computationally scalable. We find that our model, when compared to such benchmarks as "fluid-based optimization", achieves the highest average service level for a given repositioning cost budget; it also is robust to adverse circumstances (i.e., its worst-case service level is also the highest).


Background
Orofacial clefts (OCs) are one of the most common craniofacial anomalies and are reported to be associated with congenital cardiovascular anomalies (CCAs). However, there is paucity of data in African populations on the risk of CCAs in OC patients compared to the general population.

Aims
This study aims to determine the odds of congenital cardiovascular anomalies in patients with OC compared to the general population.

Subjects and Methods
A case-control study design was used. Case subjects were non-syndromic OC subjects, while controls were non-syndromic subjects without OC. All subjects were thoroughly assessed by a pediatric cardiologist for CCAs; and grouped by OC phenotypic type (cleft lip and/or alveolus, cleft lip and palate, cleft palate only and Tessier cleft). Statistical analysis was done using STATA version 14 (College Station, Texas), and significance was placed at P value ≤0.05.

Results
A total of 120 subjects (60 cases and 60 controls) were enrolled in the study. In total, 23.3% of the subjects had CCAs. Among the case group, 40% had CCAs compared to 6.7% in the control group. Patent foramen ovale (18.3%) and atrial septal defects (10.0%) were the most common type of CCAs in cases, respectively. Further, cases had significantly higher odds of CCAs compared to controls (OR: 9.3; CI: 2.8, 39.4).

Conclusions
Our finding reveals that the odds of CCAs are significantly higher in patients with OC than the general population. Future studies could assess the effect of CCAs on surgical outcome.


Bony metastases are ubiquitous in patients with advanced cancer, and pathologic fractures may occur within either lytic or blastic foci. Approximately 90% of such fractures that require surgical intervention occur in the femur, humerus, or periacetabular pelvis. Techniques for internal fixation or prosthetic replacement have been designed with the realization that destructive bony lysis offen extends well proximal and distal to the actual fracture site, and bony union will not occur after irradiation unless absolutely rigid fixation is achieved. Intramedullary fixation using some type of interlocking device, either proximally or distally, is preferable to extramedullary fixation of fractures. The mean postfracture survival for most patients is approximately 2 years.


Big data and cloud computing are two phenomena, which have gained significant reputation over the last few years. In computer science the approach shifted towards distributed architectures and high performance computing. In case of geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing image analysis, the new paradigms have already been successfully applied to several problems, and systems have been developed to support processing of geographical and remote sensing data in the cloud. However, due to different circumstances many previous workflows have to be reconsidered and redesigned.

Our goal is to show a way how the existing approaches to remote sensing image analysis can be advanced to take advantages of these new paradigms. The task aiming in shifting the algorithms shall require a moderate effort and must avoid the complete redesign and reimplementation of the existing approaches. We present the whole journey as a case study using an existing industrial workflow for demonstration. Nevertheless, we define the rules of thumb, which can come in hand when shifting any existing GIS workflows.

Our case study is the workflow of waterlogging and flood detection, which is an operative task at the Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing (FOMI). This task in currently operational using a semi-automatic single machine approach involving multiple software. The workflow is neither efficient nor scalable, thus it is not applicable in emergency situations where quick response is required. We present an approach utilizing distributed computing, which enables the automated execution of this task on large input data with much better response time. The approach is based on the well-known MapReduce paradigm, its open-source implementation, the Apache Hadoop framework and the AEGIS geospatial toolkit. This enables the replacement of multiple software to a single, generic framework. Results show that significant performance benefits can be achieved at the expense of minor accuracy loss.


During the 19 th century, orthopaedists in Sweden were more akin to physical therapists than orthopaedists. This article explains why this was the case and why this is a forgotten chapter in the professional history of orthopaedists and physical therapists. Point of departure is that the writing of history is a powerful professional tool and that lapses in memory occur as a result of conflicts where victors have the ability to choose what is worth remembering. In this case orthopaedists on one hand wanted to hide and forget the malignant battles they had with male physical therapists regarding the preferential rights of interpretation in the field of mechanical medicine, on the other hand, they depended on physical therapy both for a living and to render orthopaedics scientific status. It was not until orthopaedists became surgeons that they emancipated themselves from their dependency on physical therapy. With this new profile they could reach the preferential rights of interpretation in the field of mechanical medicine and 'write' a new history enabling them to master the future.


A brief summary of Daily meteorology s employed for multiple reasons in many areas like agriculture, transportations, etc. Accuracy of weather shown in forecast reports is very necessary. During this paper, the review is conducted to analyze a higher approach for prediction that is used for various sorts of prediction. Among which Time series with the ARIMA MODEL performs prediction with stripped-down error. For seasonal statistic prediction, Box and Jenkins [5] had projected a comparatively successful variation of ARIMA model, viz. the seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) .The popularity of the ARIMA model is especially as a result of its flexibility to represent many sorts of statistic with simplicity still because the related Box-Jenkins[5] methodology for optimum model building ARIMA MODEL that is self-adaptive in nature which propose higher efficiency and reliability. It studied by itself in the training data and generates a lot of relative techniques that are helpful for forecasting the weather. This paper reviews varied techniques and focuses mainly on ARIMA MODEL technique for daily meteorology. The technique uses different parameters to forecast the daily weather in terms of rainfall, humidity, temperature, cloud condition, and weather of the day. The prime contribution of this paper is to compare the present meteorology model and to select the precise model to support their predictive ability.


Information overload often hinders knowledge discovery on the Web. Existing tools lack analysis and visualization capabilities. Search engine displays often overwhelm users with irrelevant information. This research proposes a visual framework for knowledge discovery on the Web. The framework incorporates Web mining, clustering, and visualization techniques to support effective exploration of knowledge. Two new browsing methods were developed and applied to the business intelligence domain: Web community uses a genetic algorithm to organize Web sites into a tree format; knowledge map uses a multidimensional scaling algorithm to place Web sites as points on a screen. Experimental results show that knowledge map outperformed Kartoo, a commercial search engine with graphical display, in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Web community was found to be more effective, efficient, and usable than result list. Our visual framework thus helps to alleviate information overload on the Web and offers practical implications for search engine developers.


In inner London 7.5% of the school population is of mixed heritage, yet little is known about their experiences in the education system. Data from the 2001 Census shows that over half of mixed heritage children under the age of 16 have social backgrounds that suggest a strong middle class dimension, yet, as a group, they have persistently underachieved at school. This challenges associations between social class and success at school suggesting that other factors might well influence school experience. This thesis explores how mixed heritage children's school experiences are shaped by the ways in which others perceive their identities and make assumptions about their lives, based mainly on the colour of their skin. It examiners why some children are more able to develop the resilience to cope with these experiences than others.
An inductive approach to data gathering was used. Exploratory interviews were conducted with an opportunity sample, semi structured interviews with education professionals and focus groups with a small-scale sample of mixed heritage children in an inner London Borough. Themes that emerged challenge suggestions that we have moved to a point where ethnic and racial groupings are less relevant than data on children's social backgrounds, suggesting that all mixed heritage children, regardless of social background, experienced racial discrimination, teachers' inaccurate perceptions about their identities and backgrounds and low expectations of their abilities and aptitude for learning. Whilst educational professionals explained that they knew little about these children and were unaware of any issues they faced, children appeared to be "invisible" at school, absent from policies and curriculum materials. Many lacked opportunities to discuss their identities both at home and school. These issues particularly influenced boys' school experiences. Whilst this research enables many mixed heritage childrens's voices to be heard for the first time, it argues that the challenges many face present a threat to their capacity to fulfil their potential and their sense of belonging in the school community.