Background According to ACR data 15–20% patients (PTN) with psoriasis are developed with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Herewith the enthesitis (ETS) as usual is the first signs of PsA manifestations. It is usually asymptomatic at the beginning of the disease, however it is successfully diagnosed with Doppler ultrasound (DU). In average, it takes about 2 years from beginning of the disease till diagnosis PsA is established. PsA treatment is low effective with DMARD, and middle effective with biologic therapy. Wherein no treatment restores the articular changes that have occurred. Thus the actual is to find some resolution to the effective therapy for PTN with psoriasis and also to identify the factors preceding the development of the PsA. Objectives Consider the application of biologic therapy before the articular changes in PTN with psoriasis and predictors of psoriatic arthritis. Methods Observed 82 PTN with pustural psoriasis without clinical manifestations of PsA. A physical examination (including PASI), a series of laboratory tests (hematology, CRP, RF, anti -ccp, HLA-B27, uric acid), DU to identify the PsA, its activity, as well as to the exclusion of other types of arthritis were used. Results 3,7% PTN were diagnosed with PsA with articular changes. 23,1% PTN were founded with enthesitis. The remaining 73,2% PTN had no signs of enthesitis during physical examination and DU. PTN with enthesitis were divided into 2 groups. I – 47% PTN (22% of them had clinical manifestations of enthesitis; the average group PASI– 42,4±8,2) received a 52-weeks course of ustekinumab (45 mg administered subcutaneously initially and 4 weeks later, followed by 45 mg administered subcutaneously every 12 weeks). II group – 53% people (20% PTN had clinical manifestations of enthesitis; the average group PASI– 43,6±9,0) did not receive biological therapy, but only standart treatment for psoriasis. After 1 year follow-up after completion of the treatment course – 11% PTN from group I developed PsA with articular changes. From the group II in 80% PTN developed PsA with articular changes. The average group I PASI– 7,6±1,5; the average group PASI– 6,2±1,3. (p <0,05) Conclusions Thus, the ustekinumab use in psoriatic PTN with enthesitis possibly may be reasonable and will hinder the development of PsA. Ustekinumab is also high effective for the improving of the psoriasis skin symptoms. DU is the high effective diagnostic method for detecting enthesitis without clinical manifestations. Frequency of screening DU in PTN with psoriasis, for the early detection of enthesitis is the perspective for further study. Disclosure of Interest None declared


Abstract In the context of the External Hellenides, 'pro'-lithosphere, corresponding to the Apulian microcontinent, converges on 'retro'-lithosphere, corresponding to the Pelagonian microcontinent. Structural and stratigraphic data in the External Hellenides suggest that the convergence at this margin is fairly well described by the conceptual doubly vergent accretionary wedge model. This new orogenic model for the External Hellenides differs from the classical west-verging assumption and emphasizes that the retro-mass flux is critical for the pro-mass flux. Our model is primarily 2D, and is described in terms of three system components: an accretionary wedge (or pro-wedge), an uplifted plug and a retro-wedge. Three 'isopic' zones (Pindos, Gavrovo-Tripolitsa and Ionian) are included in the pro-wedge. The uplifted plug in the north (Epirus area) includes the Pindos ocean ophiolitic rocks and the Pindos zone, the Parnassos zone in central Greece, and the HP belt of the External Hellenides in the Peloponnese. The retro-wedge includes the Mesohellenic Trough in the north and the Argos plain in the south.


A tetrad field that is homogeneous and anisotropic which contains two unknown functions A(t) and B(t) of cosmic time is applied to the field equations of f (T), where T is the torsion scalar, T = TμνρSμνρ. We calculate the equation of continuity and rewrite it as a product of two brackets, the first is a function of f (T) and the second is a function of the two unknowns A(t) and B(t). We use two different relations between the two unknown functions A(t) and B(t) in the second bracket to solve it. Both of these relations give constant scalar torsion and solutions coincide with the de Sitter one. So, another assumption related to the contents of the matter fields is postulated. This assumption enables us to drive a solution with a non-constant value of the scalar torsion and a form of f (T) which represents ΛCDM.


We describe here a Sprague-Dawley rat model for chronic osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus aureus and sodium morrhuate were implanted by either microdrilling or direct needle injection into the tibiae of rats. Of 107 rats, 87 (81%) developed osteomyelitis when a high-speed drill was used for implantation, and 27 (51%) of 53 rats developed osteomyelitis by direct needle inoculation (chi square = 9.81, P less than 0.01). Demonstrated histopathological changes included the presence of resorption bays filled with osteoclasts. Quantitative microbiological monitoring of tibial count confirmed disease chronicity, yielding stable numbers of CFU (10(6.29 +/- 0.27) ) of S. aureus over 70 days. Infected animals became anemic and lost weight. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates and leukocyte counts were not elevated. Roentgenograms provided the best correlation with the number of organisms in infected tibiae (r2 = 0.80). Rats with infected tibiae were treated with either oxacillin (120 mg/kg per day) or ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg per day). Treatment over 14 or 28 days reduced S. aureus counts in tibiae but did not reliably sterilize infected bones, suggesting that this model was resistant to prolonged antimicrobial therapy.


Six patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex (ARC) who developed neuromuscular symptoms associated with vesicular changes in muscle fibres are reported. Two patients in the advanced stages of AIDS, who did not receive zidovudine, developed proximal limb weakness and wasting: both had a necrotising myopathy with an unusual segmental vesicular change of myofibres. There were numerous vesicles 0.1 to 2 microns in diameter produced by dilatations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in fibres depleted of myofibrils. Four patients developed a myopathy while receiving zidovudine for AIDS. One of these had an inflammatory myopathy which showed the development of vesicular change due to enlargement and electron lucency of mitochondria. The three other patients with ARC developed muscle pains or weakness and elevated serum CK while on zidovudine. These patients also showed vesicular changes due to enlargement and electron lucency of mitochondria associated with disruption of sarcomeres and the presence of cytoplasmic bodies. The muscular symptoms resolved when ziduvodine was stopped and repeat biopsy in one case revealed no abnormalities.


The sustainability agenda has inspired a growing interest and re-valuing of localized food production in cities such as London. This paper presents the findings from a one-year (October 2008 – October 2009) participatory design research project entitled 'MetaboliCity' (www.metabolicity.com). The project explored how designers can intervene sensitively within local urban food growing communities by providing a design thinking and crafting to help to sustain these initiatives and catalyse larger positive changes in the surrounding environment. The project was based at Central St. Martins in London, UK, facilitated by the design research group Loop.pH and funded by the Audi Design Foundation.

The aim of the project was to create, test and adapt tools and services for collaborative food growing in challenging city spaces. These included community workshops, urban grow-kits and an online collaborative network. A team of designers guided local participants through a set of envisioning, crafting, planting and documenting processes. This paper will introduce the project's socio-ecological approach to revaluing 'awkward spaces' (Jones, 2007) in the city to create places that are at the heart of local communities.

Metabolicity is the first applied design research project to test and adapt collaborative tools and processes that were developed as a part of the 'Benchmarking Synergy Levels within Metadesign' project. This project was funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and based at Goldsmiths, University of London (2005-2008). Metadesign is a systemic, inter-disciplinary and emergent design process aimed at transcending existing specialist boundaries to create more joined-up solutions for the benefit of society and nature.


Abstract Although asbestos mining and manufacture has occurred in Korea since the 1920s, it was not until the 1980s that the broader social democratic movement heightened public awareness of the health problems associated with exposure to asbestos. The first systematic national survey of asbestos-related diseases was conducted in 1993. In that year, the first case of asbestos-related disease was compensated by the government. This long-delayed recognition of asbestos-related disease took place in a country that already had more than 100 asbestos factories. About 40 to 50 mesothelioma cases are reported annually through the Korean Cancer Registry. Nonetheless, only six mesothelioma cases have ever been referred to the government for workers' compensation. Lung cancer is the fastest growing cancer in Korea. Over the last 15 years, mortality from lung cancer has more than tripled. Among all these lung cancer cases, only 12 have been recognized as occupational in origin and compensated accordingly.


The events in interleukin-6 (IL-6) signal transduction leading to primary response gene activation were analyzed in murine B-cell hybridoma and plasmacytoma cells which require IL-6 for growth. IL-6 stimulation of IL-6-deprived cells resulted in the rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation of a 160-kDa cellular protein (p160). This was followed by the highly selective induction of two primary response genes, junB/AP-1 transcription factor and TIS11. junB and TIS11 inductions were unaffected by cycloheximide, suggesting that posttranslational modifications accounted for their activation. Activation of junB and TIS11 transcription required rapid tyrosine kinase activity as well as a different protein kinase activity sensitive to the potent kinase inhibitor, H7, and activated following p160 tyrosine phosphorylation. This H7-sensitive kinase appears to be distinct from any well-characterized protein kinase-second messenger system. On the basis of these findings, we propose that IL-6-induced signal transduction proceeds through a novel protein kinase cascade which activates junB and TIS11 gene transcription.


In most interest inventories, a single stimulus item is presented and the respondent indicates a preference in terms of degree of like, dislike, or indifference. This approach provides normative scales with scores that may be compared with various group distributions. The forced choice of options adds to the score on the scale for option selected and lowers the possible score for the option not selected. The purpose of this study was to construct a career exploration inventory using forced choice items and to determine if the consistency and concurrent validity of scale scores could be enhanced. The Career Type Inventory (CTI) was constructed with an occupations list, a list of environmental activities associated with the occupations, and a list of learning activities associated with entering the occupations listed. The instrument was administered to 142 male and 208 female 10th graders. Results were compared to data from the Self-Directed Search (SDS) (J. Holland, 1994). Chi square analysis indicated that all distributions were significantly different from each other except for combined aspirations versus combined CTI scores. The combined CTI score distribution was also not significantly different from the expected population distribution. There were congruency mean differences between the CTI and SDS samples, so that it was difficult to compare them directly. The fact that male and combined CTI means were higher than their respective SDS means suggests that the psychometric structure of the CTI may have contributed to a closer relationship between scale scores and aspirations. One cannot tell if one inventory is superior to the other unless both are administered to the same representative group. (Contains four tables and six references.) (SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Improving Career Exploration Using Psychometric Technology


This article examines a national girls' education program and its role in addressing gender inequality in the Indian state of Gujarat. In 2004, the Ministry of Education, Government of India, enacted the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyala (KGBV) program. As a national program designed to increase educational access for the most marginalized girls, the KGBV program innovatively partners with the non-governmental organization (NGO) CARE India and employs a curriculum focused on fostering girls' 'empowerment'. Empowerment, a process relating to an increase in individuals' power over resources and decisions in their life, relies upon education as the key institution to provide the tools to expand women's access to the economic and political spheres of society. Employing an ethnographic and institutional approach, this article empirically investigates the education-empowerment link by examining how institutional form impacts the social processes that both define and characterize empowerment. In other words, it investigates how empowerment is manifested in one KGBV school. It presents an ethnographic study of a KGBV in Gujarat, and identifies findings related to the KGBV program's ability to create a unique 'space' that fosters empowerment.


Business models are widely used and it might be argued, have an important role to play in assisting users to develop, plan and analyse their organisations better. Typically, many business models are however poorly understood and executed by their users. This often leads to inappropriate decision making and the wrong strategic direction being implemented. There are complex and interrelated factors for the poor execution of business modelling, however, some of the key influencing factors include, lack of training, a disassociation of the graphical representation from the narrative, and the lack of formal rules in the use of the business models. Current work has focused on establishing the first principle of novel knowledge business models, where it is proposed that a rules based system, can be employed to deliver stronger and more meaningful outcomes for users. This paper represents a current work in progress and discusses the current constraints on the establishment of knowledge business models, and it also discusses the first experimentation into the development of three-dimensional business modelling as a possible means of overcoming some of the constraints.


We propose a simple, efficient and effective method using deep convolutional activation features (CNNs) to achieve stat- of-the-art classification and segmentation for the MICCAI 2014 Brain Tumor Digital Pathology Challenge. Common traits of such medical image challenges are characterized by large image dimensions (up to the gigabyte size of an image), a limited amount of training data, and significant clinical feature representations. To tackle these challenges, we transfer the features extracted from CNNs trained with a very large general image database to the medical image challenge. In this paper, we used CNN activations trained by ImageNet to extract features (4096 neurons, 13.3% active). In addition, feature selection, feature pooling, and data augmentation are used in our work. Our system obtained 97.5% accuracy on classification and 84% accuracy on segmentation, demonstrating a significant performance gain over other participating teams.


Many cellular responses are initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to receptors at the cell surface. The removal of these ligands, or agonists, would therefore be expected to contribute to the process by which cells recover from stimulation. While dilution in the extracellular medium reduces the concentration of most agonists, many cells have developed specific mechanisms for removing particular ligands. One of the more effective mechanisms is to degrade the extracellular agonist and here we review the production and action of the enzymes responsible for the degradation of a number of these agonists.


Abstract In this paper, children's play and friendship in relation to the peer culture was examined from, an ethnographic perspective. Because the majority of interactions in the preschool take place during play, a unique view of the classroom may be obtained by examining the social dynamics of play in the peer culture. This view is based on the assumption that classroom life is at least partially constructed and negotiated through the peer culture. Nineteen children ages three to five, enrolled in a university preschool, were observed and data were collected through extensive videotaping and daily field notes taken by participant observers. Analysis of the data for the first five weeks of school consisted of identifying patterns of object use and types of play styles through the construction of a domain analysis (Spradley, 1980). The findings suggest that, first, the peer culture is not a unitary whole but rather a differentiated social system comprised of various groups and different types of players. S...


A study that explored the experiences of local community members living in and around Taal Lake (exclusive home of the only freshwater sardine in the world, tawilis) revealed cognitive and affective variables that influence the valuing and protection of a threatened endemic species and its habitat. The Grounded Theory approach was used to understand the psychological dimensions of biodiversity conservation in the Philippines. The mental model and conceptual knowledge held by local community members about the lake and the fish, and their proximity to and dependence on the lake were found to shape pro-environmental attitudes towards the tawilis and the Taal Lake. Theoretical and practical implications for crafting conservation initiatives are discussed.


INTRODUCTION
Priapism is defined as an erectile disorder, in which erection persists uncontrollably without sexual purpose. The precise mechanisms involved in the development of sickle cell disease-associated priapism are ill defined.

AIM
To summarize the recent developments that increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of priapism.

METHODS
This article reviews the literature (Medline search 2000-2010) that relates the key molecular signaling pathways that contribute to the development of priapism associated with sickle-cell disease. It focuses on basic science investigations using multiple animal models.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The reader will be informed of the most current research regarding the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), adenosine, RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROCK), and opiorphins in the pathophysiology of priapism.

RESULTS
New concepts in the field of priapism research suggest that priapism often results from altered vascular homeostatic actions in the penis and is associated with deficient erection control mechanisms on a molecular level. A leading proposal in this regard is the notion of aberrant signaling of the endothelium-derived nitric oxide and PDE5 signal transduction pathway in the penis. Additionally, dysfunctional regulatory control of signal transduction systems which interact with this pathway such as adenosine and RhoA/Rho-kinase may contribute to the development of priapism. Recent investigations of opiorphins also demonstrate a role in regulating corporal smooth muscle tone and thereby dysregulation of erection physiology in priapism. These advances have paved the way for understanding this disorder as having a molecular pathogenesis.

CONCLUSIONS
As the science underlying priapism further emerges, increasingly effective therapeutics for sickle cell disease-associated priapism is certain to follow.


In the pursuit of more muscle, enhanced strength, sustained endurance and idealised physiques, an increasing number of elite athletes, recreational sport enthusiasts and body-conscious gym-users are turning to performance and image enhancing drugs and substances (PIEDS). In many instances, such use occurs with little regard for the health, social and economic consequences. This book presents a nuanced, evidence-based examination of PIEDS. It provides a classification of PIEDS types, physical impacts, rates of use, user profiles, legal and sporting status, and remedial program interventions, covering both elite and recreational use. It offers the perfect guide to assist students, government policy makers and sport managers in understanding the complex issues surrounding PIEDS consumption.


Labor standards are not just enforced; they are enacted, and often in ways that are different from their stated intention. This distinction creates an opening to consider the ways that frontline workers extend and repurpose enforcement practices. Drawing on qualitative research in two US cities, the authors focus on Latino immigrant construction workers to identify the strategies they use to rework formal safety mandates to advance technical knowledge, create skill-based alliances across organizational hierarchies, and protect career trajectories. These resourcing strategies were present in both locations, but workers' ability to affect the quality of their jobs through the collective enactment of labor standards varied significantly by city and depended on the enforcement practices in play. Workers' attention to these localized resourcing opportunities suggests possibilities for progressive innovation at the multiple levels of government driving emerging research on regulation and federalism.


The highest fidelity images to date of complex materials like cloth use extremely high-resolution volumetric models. However, rendering such complex volumetric media is expensive, with brute-force path tracing often the only viable solution. Fortunately, common volumetric materials (fabrics, finished wood, synthesized solid textures) are structured, with repeated patterns approximated by tiling a small number of exemplar blocks. In this paper, we introduce a precomputation-based rendering approach for such volumetric media with repeated structures based on a modular transfer formulation. We model each exemplar block as a voxel grid and precompute voxel-to-voxel, patch-to-patch, and patch-to-voxel flux transfer matrices. At render time, when blocks are tiled to produce a high-resolution volume, we accurately compute low-order scattering, with modular flux transfer used to approximate higher-order scattering. We achieve speedups of up to 12× over path tracing on extremely complex volumes, with minimal loss of quality. In addition, we demonstrate that our approach outperforms photon mapping on these materials.


Acoustic mode gravity waves generated by lower atmospheric disturbance can propagate vertically upward to the ionosphere and expected to generate dynamo currents and electron density variations there. From precise magnetic observation by the CHAMP and the Swarm satellites, it has been suggested that the acoustic mode gravity waves generated by cumulus convection cause ionospheric dynamo currents and they are the main source of "magnetic ripples" phenomenon, which is the spatial structure of a small scale field-aligned current system observed along the satellites in middle or low latitudes (Nakanishi et al., 2014; Iyemori et al., 2015; Aoyama et al., 2017). To confirm the above scenario, we examined the effects of strong rain fall in tropical region caused by strong cumulus convection, because strong rain fall causes rapid pressure variation above and below the rain cloud and the pressure variation propagates upward as acoustic and/or internal mode gravity waves. That is, we conducted simultaneous observation of rain fall, micro-barometric and geomagnetic field variations, and GPS-TEC observation in Phimai, north-east of Thailand. From the data, we found some events where the power spectra of micro-barometric, geomagnetic and GPS-TEC variation have common power spectral peaks with a few minute period at the same time. Such events strongly suggest that the acoustic mode waves generated by sudden heavy rain fall, propagate to upper atmosphere and generate dynamo currents and TEC variation.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
The reactive hyperaemia index (RHI) assesses endothelial function, with a proposed cut-off of <1.67 for prevalent endothelial dysfunction (ED). However, uncertainties remain about whether this cut-off is age-dependent and applicable in healthy individuals. We aimed to explore ED in relation to age within a large population-based cohort of young to middle-aged, healthy individuals.

METHODS
Within the Malmö Offspring Study, a total of 1812 subjects (50.9% women, mean age 48 ± 11 years) were included. Post-occlusion/pre-occlusion ratio of the pulsatile signal amplitudes in the non-dominant upper arm was used to calculate RHI by EndoPat®. ED was defined as RHI < 1.67. Multivariable regression models were used to explore associations between ED and age.

RESULTS
Prevalent ED was found in 534 (29.5%) participants. In subjects aged ≤30 years, ED was present in 47.4% compared to 27.6% in subjects ≥30 years (p < 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, ED was associated with younger age (p < 0.001), higher BMI (p < 0.001) and current smoking (p < 0.001). No sex differences were observed.

CONCLUSION
In a large healthy population, RHI < 1.67, an early marker of endothelial dysfunction, was more prevalent in younger individuals, implying that RHI might not be a suitable measure of endothelial function in individuals under 30 years of age. Our findings suggest that low RHI in young, healthy individuals may not necessarily indicate true ED but rather an artefact of the limited ability of young and healthy arteries to dilate post-occlusion. Therefore, the term "pseudo-ED" may be applicable to young individuals with low RHI values.


As baby boomers retire over the next three decades, some claim they will break the bank of the Social Security system. These fears of insolvency have generated a wide range of reform proposals, some of which would transform the current program drastically. Robert Eisner, however, argues that many of the proposed reforms would undermine Social Security's continuing success in dramatically alleviating poverty among the elderly. In this clearly written, provocative report, Eisner rejects the most alarmist views about the solvency of Social Security and provides a blueprint for keeping the system strong and fair. He makes the case that projections about the future of the program are overly pessimistic and that, even if borne out, minor adjustments in tax and benefit levels could keep the system functioning effectively. Eisner suggests that the system could be made more efficient and fair by paying benefits out of general income taxes instead of current payroll taxes. Because income taxes are relatively progressive, taxing earnings from sources other than wages, a greater share of Social Security's financing burden would thus be shifted to those who can better afford it. In addition, Eisner proposes supplementing the current system by offering workers the opportunity to make additional tax-deductible Social Security contributions, which would provide them with larger benefits upon retirement. Workers would have the option of directing their supplementary accounts toward an indexed, passively managed stock fund, or Treasury securities paying a somewhat higher rate than those held in the Social Security trust fund. The main purpose of the accounts would be to increase what are currently low levels of both national and household savings.


Background and Aim: Air pollutants such as formaldehyde can affect lung functions and make distortion in gas changing of lungs. The volumes and the flows of each breath can be measured with spirometer test. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of formaldehyde exposure on the pulmonary function test in hospital staffs. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a hospital and involving 60 participants (30 staffs in exposed group and 30 staffs in control group). The measurement of formaldehyde concentration was using method 3500 national institute for occupational safety and health. In this study, a questionnaire was used to evaluate and determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms. Spirometry test was used to evaluate the parameters of pulmonary function in two groups. t-tests and Chi-square as statistics tests were used to create data analysis. Results: The respiratory symptoms showed a significant difference between exposed group and control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, parameters of pulmonary function forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the first second, and peak expiratory flow in the exposed group and the control group were significantly different (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study showed that exposed group with formalin has complex disorder of both restrictive and obstructive types.


All member countries in the EU must follow the given directive for public procurement that has been decided upon. The purpose of the directive is to ensure a sufficient public procurement and a sound use of public resources. However, knowledge about the implementation and effects of the directive is limited. One clear indication is that the effects vary between different countries in the EU. A preliminary study of the implementation of the public procurement act in Sweden and Denmark for the construction sector has been conducted, with the aim of obtaining knowledge of how and why implementation and effects vary. One distinction is that the number of appeals concerning public procurement is higher in Sweden than in Denmark that might depend on a different implementation of the directive, mainly because Sweden has added amendment to the directive while Denmark has not. The variation of implementing the directive between member countries may have negative impact upon the opportunities of obtaining the best possible service and technical solution in the public procurement process. (Less)


This paper reports on craniometric and stable isotope analyses of archaeological human skeletons from KwaZulu-Natal and investigates biological and cultural (dietary) changes associated with the beginnings of a settled agricultural way of life. Through multivariate craniometrics, archaeological specimens were compared to three groups of recent South Africans (Nguni, Sotho-Tswana and Khoesan). Morphological differences, especially for the face, were observed through time: individuals older than 400 AD tended to be closer to groups of Khoesan ancestry; in contrast, remains from the first millennium AD are closer to Sotho-Tswana and Nguni groups. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen indicated that pre-400 AD hunter-gatherers ate more marine foods than individuals dating to later times, whose isotopic values are consistent with substantial reliance on African grain crops and domesticated stock. The small sample size and high intra-population variation have made results difficult to interpret in terms of diachronic phenomena or biological changes (population replacement and gene flow). Nevertheless, these preliminary observations on both morphology and nutrition are consistent with the hypothesis that the Early Iron Age 'package', including agriculture, was introduced by an immigrant 'Negroid' population, possibly corresponding to Bantu speakers. This is the first direct biological anthropological evidence for a major population change at this time. Indigenous Khoesan hunter-gatherers are likely have been partly assimilated and partly replaced by incoming agriculturists.


Mr W. B. Harland contributed the following definition to a discussion on terminology. For faults in which the primary motion is horizontal parallel to the fault trace (1) the general term is strike-slip faulting whatever the magnitude of the fault or movement. (2) Only if the fault zone appears to be a fundamental one, i.e. to have sufficient depth and strike-slip component to rupture the whole lithosphere should it be described as a transcurrent fault. (3) If the ends of any transcurrent fault are known or alleged to terminate in diverging lithosphere with spreading zones or converging lithosphere with subduction etc, the term transform fault should be used. This can be on a small scale as in an oblique transtension ocean spreading zone or on a large scale where the fault may equally pass through continental crust. Mr Harland might have added for further clarification that the above terms are all purely kinematic. Wrench faulting is a dynamic concept (i.e. in which the intermediate principal stress is vertical) and may or may not apply to any part of the above strike-slip fault. From this paper and that of Johnson et al. (Journal, in press) it is clear that the transcurrent (including transform) fault zones may involve some oblique horizontal motion exhibit by both strike-slip and dip-slip faults. The dip-slip faults will probably be reversed in transpressive zones and normal in transten-sile zones from time to time and place to place along the fault. In reply the AUTHORS welcome Mr Harland's


The study investigates empirically the impact of interest rate on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria. The broad objective of this study is; to determine the impact of interest rate on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria. Annual data on manufacturing sector output, inflation rate, commercial banks total loan volume
and interest rate from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and IndexMundi covering the period 1981 – 2015 were utilized. A model was constructed to incorporate manufacturing sector output as dependent variable, and commercial banks total loan volume, inflation rate and interest rate as the independent variables and tested using the Ordinary least Square (OLS) Methods. The Stationarity (Unit roots) status of the series was examined using the appropriate statistics. Some of the assumptions of the OLS models were also tested to avoid spurious regression. The granger causality test was also conducted to determine the directions of causality. However, the result showed that commercial banks total loan volume and inflation rate had positive impacts on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria during the period covered while interest rate had negative impact on manufacturing sector output of Nigeria. The study recommends that The Central Bank of Nigeria and other monetary authorities should reduce the interest rate being charged on loans borrowed from the commercial banks through the reduction of bank rate and other deposit requirements of the commercial banks in order to make funds available to the manufacturing sector of the country which will increase its output.


Gastric carcinoma is the third most common malignancy in the gastrointestinal tract. Unusual sites of tumor
metastases are seen with the present advancement in cancer therapeutics. Gastric carcinoma metastasis to
cerebrospinal fluid is one such unusual site. We report a case of carcinomatous meningitis in a gastric carcinoma, an
unusual involvement. 57 year old male came with complaints of weight loss and loss of appetite since 2 months. An
upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed an ulceroproliferative growth at the pylorus with stasis of food. Biopsy
was taken and it was reported as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Following this, the tumor was resected and a
feeding jejunostomy was done. On the 4th post op day, the patient complained of headache, nausea, vomiting and
became drowsy. A diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tap was done which showed malignant cells. MRI showed
diffuse meningeal enhancement. Intrathecal chemotherapy was planned; however patient worsened further and
succumbed to illness on the 10th post op day.


The origin of Phobos and Deimos in a giant impact-generated disk is gaining larger attention. Although this scenario has been the subject of many studies, an evaluation of the chemical composition of the Mars's moons in this framework is missing. The chemical composition of Phobos and Deimos is unconstrained. The large uncertainties about the origin of the mid-infrared features; the lack of absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared spectra; and the effects of secondary processes on the moons' surfaces make the determination of their composition very difficult using remote sensing data. Simulations suggest a formation of a disk made of gas and melt with their composition linked to the nature of the impactor and Mars. Using thermodynamic equilibrium, we investigate the composition of dust (condensates from gas) and solids (from a cooling melt) that result from different types of Mars impactors (Mars-, CI-, CV-, EH-, and comet-like). Our calculations show a wide range of possible chemical compositions and noticeable differences between dust and solids, depending on the considered impactors. Assuming that Phobos and Deimos resulted from the accretion and mixing of dust and solids, we find that the derived assemblage (dust-rich in metallic iron, sulfides and/or carbon, and quenched solids rich in silicates) can be compatible with the observations. The JAXA's Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission will investigate the physical and chemical properties of Phobos and Deimos, especially sampling from Phobos, before returning to Earth. Our results could be then used to disentangle the origin and chemical composition of the pristine body that hit Mars and suggest guidelines for helping in the analysis of the returned samples.


The treatment of CBA mice, irradiated in a dose of 700 Gy with antibiotics (penicillin V, oxytetracycline, streptomycin) in combination with bacterial therapy (B. bifidum, strain 75-41) or with antibiotics alone led to the increased percentage of survivors among them in comparison with the control animals. At the same time the medical prognosis was better in cases of the combined treatment with antibiotics and bifidobacteria. This circumstance was due to the fact that the combined treatment with antibiotics and bifidobacteria, considerably facilitated the normalization of the microbial picture of the intestine; in this case the "eubiosis" of the intestinal tract was almost completely restored by the 22nd day after the irradiation, whereas in the treatment with antibiotics alone the inhibitory effect on the development of the opportunistic flora at a later period of the development of dysbacteriosis was less pronounced, while the number of lactic acid bacteria remained at the same low level as in the untreated mice.


The socio-economic quandaries of rapid population growth and poverty have always gone hand in hand. It is evident that the poorest households are those who have a larger family size. Consequently, these households have to support more people with fewer resources. As such, one of the solutions to address the issue is the Reproductive Heath (RH) Bill, which is highly condemned by the Roman Catholic Church (RCC). For this reason, this study will explore other possibilities to limit family size by highlighting whether the availability of water, electricity, decent housing, sustainable income, employment, and other welfare enhancing programs limits family size. Showing whether the provisions of these basic sustenance affects family size, using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) procedure, it is then possible to propose an alternative solution instead of advocating the use of contraceptives. Likewise, the government can improve on its socio-economic policies so as to address the problem of a booming population. Results have shown that Pasay, Eastern Samar, and Agusan Del Sur responded differently to various stimuli such as educational attainment and government-funded programs, among others, insofar as population dynamics is concerned. This suggests a need to look into the distinction of each region's socioeconomic context and underlying psyche. The milieu within which an individual resides may greatly influence his rational calculus and decision-making process. Also, beyond tailor-fitting population control programs, there is also a need to calibrate policies based on relevant socioeconomic, political, and cultural nuances each region may possess.


This paper describes design considerations for a digital inductive-switching DC/DC converter suitable for direct battery connection in a deep sub-micron CMOS process. Digital control techniques and robust circuit design methods take advantage of the advanced process technology while avoiding the barriers to direct battery connection and high efficiency, high power density voltage conversion. The approach is verified on a prototype converter, implemented in 40 nm standard bulk CMOS. The design achieves a peak efficiency of 95% for an input range of up to 5.5 V. The transient response is optimized for typical mobile SoC operating conditions and achieves step response times as fast as 35 μs/V under load.


This paper attempts to give a relatively accurate picture of Hsu Chih-mo's life with emphasis on the literary side as the title suggests. A generally chronological order is observed throughout the discussion. Chapter one covers the first period of Hsu's life, stressing his Cambridge days. Chapter two gives an account of Hsu's love life, literary works and activities in the first two to three years after he returned to Peking from abroad in 1922. Chapter three is a continuation of the previous one, up to the year 1926. Chapter four deals with Hsu's last years in Shanghai, with a special note on his disillusionment with love and life, and the final "revival" shortly before his death. Hsu is treated primarily as a poet rather than an essayist in this paper and his poetical works are examined separately in the relevant sections, i.e., chapters two, three and four. Some incidents and activities in Hsu's life are investigated in greater detail than others with a view to either (1): correcting erroneous or inaccurate impressions which have almost been perpetuated in both journalistic writings and even scholarly works concerning Hsu, or (2): demonstrating facts hitherto little known to the world so as to illustrate some important points which would otherwise remain unclear. Quite a number of Hsu's poems and articles, long forgotten or practically unknown because they have not been included in any of his collections, have been exhumed, and dozens of unpublished letters by him have been used in this biography.


The solar wind ionic charge composition is a powerful tool to distinguish between the slow wind and the coronal-hole associated fast wind. The solar wind heavy ions are believed to be "frozen-in" within 5 solar radii of the Sun which falls right in the range of SOHO/UVCS coronal observations. We present a joint analysis from SOHO/UVCS and ACE/SWICS which attempts to establish observational evidence of the coronal origin of the solar wind. To connect the solar wind with its coronal origin, we adopt a 3-D MHD model as a guide to link the solar wind at 1 AU to structures in the inner corona. We relate in-situ measured properties of the solar wind (elemental abundances and charge state distributions) with remotely sensed signatures in the corona, namely outflow velocity, electron temperature and elemental abundance.


Rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide are causing acidification of the oceans. This results in changes to the concentrations of key chemical species such as hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ions. These changes will affect the distribution of different forms of trace metals. Using IPCC data for pCO2 and pH under four future emissions scenarios (to the year 2100) we use a chemical speciation model to predict changes in the distribution of organic and inorganic forms of trace metals. Under a scenario where emissions peak after the year 2100, predicted free ion Al, Fe, Cu, and Pb concentrations increase by factors of up to approximately 21, 2.4, 1.5, and 2.0 respectively. Concentrations of organically complexed metal typically have a lower sensitivity to ocean acidification induced changes. Concentrations of organically complexed Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd fall by up to 10%, while those of organically complexed Fe, Co, and Ni rise by up to 14%. Although modest, these changes may have significance for the biological availability of metals given the close adaptation of marine microorganisms to their environment.


Assume (1) asset returns follow a stochastic multi-factor process with time-varying conditional expectations; (2) investments are linear functions of factors. This paper calculates asymptotic joint moments of the logarithm of investor's wealth and the factors. These formulas enable fast computation of a wide range of investment criteria. The results are illustrated by a numerical example that shows that the optimal portfolio rules are sensitive to the specification of the investment criterion.


The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomena of fete (party) brands from the Trinidad Carnival and the experience it sells to customers, and, in turn, the trends around these brands as they are being exported into other markets. It does so through case study research, investigating the event brand Soca Brainwash and its expansion into 6 markets. Interviews were conducted with attendees chosen from all markets, as well as with the owner and creator of the event brand. The social media presence of the brand was also analysed as a key factor to the experience selling. The findings show that this event brand experience is multidimensional, incorporating digital media to highlight the great experiences of patrons in videos as well as pictures. It also shows how its physical environment allows patrons to engage and connect with the brand. Additionally, Soca Brainwash creates a space where persons can find and reinforce their identity through their participation. Despite this, it still faces challenges as it pertains to being modern and innovative but still upholding traditional aspects of carnival, and to help develop other carnival markets while still trying to keep its home market of Trinidad its most prized position. Further research on the subject ought to include investigation into the economic earnings of the event and other influences that would determine it being sustainable in the future, as well as entering newer markets.Permission has been
granted by the copyright holders to make the images in this dissertation available.


Family, as a foundational structural unit of society, is undergoing a morphological shift enabled by scientific and technological advances that have expanded methods and pathways for reproductive success and are consequently pushing the boundaries of traditional forms. Single women and men, as well as gay and lesbian couples, are building families with the help of donor sperm, eggs, and surrogates and this "open source" approach to reproduction is creating new types of families and new types of family constructs. We highlight some of the factors surrounding this trend, including emergent product, service, and civic needs and the implications for ethnographers in industry to illuminate the stories and synthesize the trends surrounding these changes


Simple morphological traits of phytoplankton have proven to correlate well with the functional properties of taxa. A logical way of distinguishing functional groups of phytoplankton is to cluster species according to their morphological traits, instead of phytosociological traits, which are difficult to measure and incomplete for the vast majority of phytoplankton species. This novel approach inspired the establishment of morphologically based functional groups (MBFG) for lake phytoplankton. This study considers the MBFG as a potentially suitable tool for investigating and comparing the potamoplankton assemblages in riverine ecosystems. This study constructed a special version of MBFG that is aimed at rivers, termed MBFG R . MBFG R is based on information obtained from more than 800 samples of potamoplankton and zooplankton collected from 101 rivers located in four climate zones. Their habitat templates were also described by the thresholds of the environmental variables that promote group dominance. Despite its similar framework with MBFG, MBFG R emphasized the presence of flagella, size and shape, exoskeletal structures, life strategy and subdivision of diatoms. Their habitat templates are outlined by additional factors connected to hydrology and river types. Moreover, each discussed template includes consideration of grazing by zooplankton. Theoretically, MBFG R is better than MBFG because it can sensitively capture the ecological preferences of phytoplankton groups most associated with rivers and provides empirical values to reflect the environmental conditions in riverine ecosystems.


83 www.ijeas.org  Abstract— In the tropical catchments of most developing countries, soil erosion research endeavours are hampered by sparse, short-term and inadequate weather records. This study attempted to find a part-solution to this problem by assessing the potentials for rainfall erosion on the Idah-Ankpa Plateau of the Anambra Basin, Nigeria, using a point, short-term (14 years) daily rainfall data. The variables computed and considered relevant to the study were the average monthly rainfall amount (mm), the average monthly rainy days, and the average monthly erosivity indices (EI). The EI values were computed using the Lombardi's method. The average monthly rainfall amount, rainy days and EI values were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results show that the months running from May to October are the rainiest and have EI values greater than 1000 MJ.m/ha.hr, and these are the months highly prone to soil erosion wherever devegetation occurs on the landscape. September is the most erosive month with the highest average monthly rainfall amount and EI value of 242.20 mm and 1721.21 MJ.mm/ha.hr respectively. Bush burning and other land preparation practices that strip the land of its surface litter should be controlled between the months of November and March. Deforestation and construction activities occurring between May and October should be regulated.


Dear Editor, Low-grade fi bromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare form of neoplasm that usually occurs in the deep soft tissue of the lower limbs with a tendency towards local recurrence and distant metastasis. LGFMS affects mainly the young and middle-aged, with both gender having an equal chance of being affected. To the best of our knowledge, there is only 1 case of thyroid LGFMS reported in the literature, limited to English language. Here we describe another case of thyroid LGFMS with giant rosettes confirmed by pathology.


The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of service collaboration between two Irish charities providing homeless support services. The objectives of this study were to explore the views of the members within the joint working group, on the effectiveness of the collaboration and their decision-making process, to examine the views of both workforces on the overall impact of the collaboration, to examine the views of the joint CEO of both organisations, on the factors that will determine the collaboration`s effectiveness, to identify the cost-sharing benefits of collaboration between the two charities, to investigate the extent to which the collaboration can facilitate a shared service and to examine the extent to which the collaboration can enhance the overall service provided to service users. A triangulation method of research was applied, incorporating both questionnaires and interviews as a means of gathering data. Questionnaires were distributed to all staff members of both organisations, while interviews were conducted with four members of the joint working group and the joint CEO also. The reason for examining the area of charity collaboration was due to the researcher's personal and professional interest in the progress of the collaboration between Company X and Company Y. The findings from this research study show that the collaboration has been very effective to date, but if the partnership is to continue to grow and develop into the future, then a number of strategic actions need to be taken.


This study is mainly to investigate the early age cracking due to the addition of silica fume (SF) into concrete and to propose Densified Mixture Design Algorithm (DMDA) method as a trouble-shooting strategy. Specimens with different water-to-binder ratio (W/B) and silica fume content were prepared with ACI concrete (W/B = 0.23, 0.35 and 0.47; SF content = 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) and DMDA concrete (W/B = 0.23, 0.35 and 0.47; coating paste thickness t = 5, 15 and 25 μm). Adding silica fume to the concrete system to replace part of cement may increase the crack intensity, and the rate of water absorption; but reduce the heat of hydration. DMDA method as a problem-shooting technique shows to have a better performance in reducing the crack intensities up to 41% with W/B = 0.23 and the better durability index than that of ACI method.


Twenty-three patients underwent 32 operations in a previously irradiated abdominopelvic cavity. The overall postoperative morbidity rate was 62% and the mortality rate was 6.2%. The data from this series do not support small bowel bypass as the only acceptable method of management of surgical radiation enteritis. Wide resection with primary anastomosis reduces the long-term morbidity of the "blind-loop syndrome", perforation and fistulization of the isolated loop, and does not have an increased mortality.


Markets are social systems. While price is preeminent, it is often insufficient for buyers to determine the value of a product or service. Because of difficult-to-discern heterogeneity in offerings, prices are offered in the context of other kinds of claims, such as the offering's type, quality, and the endorsements of previous buyers. This is especially the case for markets wherein the `products' defy easy valuation, such as meals at restaurants, art, movies, lectures, and other goods or services where direct human skill is required. A sizeable subfield of sociology has studied categorization in markets. A central premise of this literature is referred to as Zuckerman's (1999) 'categorical imperative': audiences seek to categorize candidates before considering their distinguishing features. Once categorized, the candidates are assessed relative to socially agreed upon criteria as to what is an acceptable candidate within a given category. A host of empirical work in this vein has demonstrated the hazard of failing to be categorized reliably, as well as defying social expectations of category membership. Almost universally, this work has equated category membership with having labels and has generally taken the existence of labels as a given.In my dissertation, I consider the consequences of labeling, with a focus particularly on the interplay among labels and features. My dissertation investigates (a) the causal effect of labeling on the returns to coherent feature combinations, (b) the impact of labeling on similarity, and (c) the potentially positive results of novel label combination. Ultimately, I find evidence that labels and features provide different information depending on market conditions and the composition of audiences.


Neutrophils play an essential role in host defense and inflammation, but the latter may trigger and sustain the pathogenesis of a range of acute and chronic diseases. Green tea has been claimed to exert anti-inflammatory properties through unknown molecular mechanisms. We have previously shown that the most abundant catechin of green tea, (−)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), strongly inhibits neutrophil elastase. Here we show that 1) micromolar EGCG represses reactive oxygen species activity and inhibits apoptosis of activated neutrophils, and 2) dramatically inhibits chemokine-induced neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro; 3) both oral EGCG and green tea extract block neutrophil-mediated angiogenesis in vivo in an inflammatory angiogenesis model, and 4) oral administration of green tea extract enhances resolution in a pulmonary inflammation model, significantly reducing consequent fibrosis. These results provide molecular and cellular insights into the claimed beneficial properties of green tea and indicate that EGCG is a potent anti-inflammatory compound with therapeutic potential.


This paper assessed the potential impacts of trends detected in rainfall, temperature and wind speed on hydro and wind power resources in Burundi. Two climatic stations located at two contrasting regions, namely Rwegura catchment and northern Imbo plain, were considered. Rainfall, temperature and wind speed observed data were considered for the period 1950–2014 and future projection data from seven Regional Climate Models (RCMs) for the period 2021–2050 were used. The interannual variability analysis was made using standardized variables. Trends and rupture were respectively detected through Mann–Kendall and Pettitt non-parametric tests. Mann–Whitney and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests were considered as subseries comparison tests. The results showed a downward trend of rainfall while temperature and wind speed revealed upward trends for the period 1950–2014. All models projected increases in temperature and wind speed compared to the baseline period 1981–2010. Five models forecasted an increase in rainfall at northern Imbo plain station while four models projected a decrease in rainfall at Rwegura station. November was forecasted by the ensemble mean model to slightly increase in rainfall for both stations. Therefore, the country of Burundi may benefit more if it plans to invest in wind power.


Trees are an important biomass source for cellulosic ethanol production. The ability to identify tree species that are efficient in balancing water loss and carbon uptake based on physiological traits associated with growth and water use is useful for screening candidate species and genotypes. We used a common-garden approach to evaluate the relationships between traits, productivity, and WUE among 21 tree species across two growing seasons. Species differed significantly in leaf-level gas exchange, Δ13C, phenology and growth. Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus deltoides, Catalpa speciosa, Rhus copallinum, and Acer saccharinum had higher total height (Ht) and basal diameter (DB) growth than the other species. Δ13C scaled positively with growth rate and negatively with intrinsic WUE, suggesting that Δ13C could be an effective proxy for productivity and WUE for the species evaluated. Principle component analysis indicated that among the faster-growing species (high Ht and Anet), Robinia pseudoacacia distinguished itself by a higher Δ13C and lower PNUE, while Populus deltoides, Rhus copallinum, Catalpa speciosa and Platanus occidentalis had a higher PNUE and lower Δ13C, making it possible to select trees that could optimize the trade-off between carbon gain and water use and provide guidelines for policy making. Systematic measurements of gas exchange across the growing season are essential for validation of growth models and to elucidate the physiological basis for observed differences in productivity and WUE. Parameters such as Anet, SLA, Nmass, and Δ13C give very useful information for future breeding programs having goals of improving woody species productivity and WUE.


ABSTRACT There is an increasing focus among anthropologists on the theme of collaboration with the people they work with and with other disciplines in the university space. Frequently justified in political terms of participation, there is often less attention paid to the conceptual work in and of collaboration. In opposition to the attention given to the processes of exchange during fieldwork, there is rarely a description of the actual forms and practices created for such collective conceptual work and thinking-processes in extra-fieldwork situations. In this article, we report on an experiment in collaborative concept work at Berkeley known as 'the Labinar'. We address a lacuna in the literature on collaboration by providing a description of how collective conceptual work can be given form and sustained with specific practices. We argue for understanding concepts as not only discursive but also as non-discursive entities, created through and emerging as objects and practices of inquiry. The article focuses on the centrality of specific moments of conceptual creation through collaboration, understood as the temporal, material and affective qualities of thinking together.


Event cameras are novel neuromorphic vision sensors with ultrahigh temporal resolution and low latency, both in the order of microseconds. Instead of image frames, event cameras generate an asynchronous event stream of per-pixel intensity changes with precise timestamps. The resulting sparse data structure impedes applying many conventional computer vision techniques to event streams, and specific algorithms should be designed to leverage the information provided by event cameras. We propose a corner detection algorithm, eSUSAN, inspired by the conventional SUSAN (smallest univalue segment assimilating nucleus) algorithm for corner detection. The proposed eSUSAN extracts the univalue segment assimilating nucleus from the circle kernel based on the similarity across timestamps and distinguishes corner events by the number of pixels in the nucleus area. Moreover, eSUSAN is fast enough to be applied to CeleX-V, the event camera with the highest resolution available. Based on eSUSAN, we also propose the SE-Harris corner detector, which uses adaptive normalization based on exponential decay to quickly construct a local surface of active events and the event-based Harris detector to refine the corners identified by eSUSAN. We evaluated the proposed algorithms on a public dataset and CeleX-V data. Both eSUSAN and SE-Harris exhibit higher real-time performance than existing algorithms while maintaining high accuracy and tracking performance.


The taxonomic history of Phragmipedium × grande is traced to show that its current treatment as the cross between P. longifolium and P. humboldtii is untenable. According to our interpretation of the holotype and other materials prepared from specimens of the original cross, the name Phragmipedium × grande, as well as its counterpart, the orchid grex Phragmipedium Grande, have to be treated as the cross between P. longifolium and a species of sect. Phragmipedium from South America. The similarity of the flowers obtained crossing P. longifolium with P. caudatum and with P. warszewiczianum prevents, at this stage, a definitive statement about the original parentage of P. × grande, so it is advisable to treat it as the hybridizer originally stated, a cross of P. longifolium with the pollen of P. caudatum. This nothospecies cannot be formed under natural conditions, as the geographic ranges of the parental species do not overlap. The natural hybrid between Phragmipedium longifolium and P. humboldtii, previously reported from Panama and recorded here for the first time from Costa Rica, is described as P. × talamancanum. Full illustrations of the new nothospecies are provided.


It was shown that summation action potential (AP) in various points of the nerve result from summation AP in various bundles of fibres. The rate of propagation of AP in various bundles may differ rather significantly. Propagation of AP from the site of stimulation takes place with acceleration, which is presumably due to the inhibitory effect of the stimulus at the site of its application (together with the excitatory effect as well). Both nerves exhibit also supernormal phenomenon which reveals itself in the increase of the propagation rate of the second AP during stimulation by paired stimuli.


The published social science research on interracial marriages has burgeoned considerably over the past few decades as experts address not only traditional, but also emerging questions about the quality of life in mixed-race families. The " emic " experience of being in a mixed race family remains, though, a relatively under-explored topic. To help fill the gap, we conducted a nationally distributed, snowball sample, anonymous, online survey of 241 married or cohabiting individuals; 83.6% self-identified as a member of a bi-racial couple. The 131 items surveyed couples' experiences of their partnership, family life, support, and discrimination—both in time and in place. The study presented multiple findings including a persistence of race discrimination in neighborhoods and at work; surprisingly, the couples also reported that their children were allowed to play with the children of White neighbors, regardless of the racial makeup of the family. There was a significant relationship between " importance of falling in love"  and the racial makeup of the couple (x2 (15, N=205) =30.42, p=.01); Black/White and Hispanic/White couples choose their partner for love. Moreover, same race couples expressed the most unhappiness and the most regret of all of the couple-groups surveyed. Most concerning, though, was that interracial couples perceive raising multiracial children as more difficult; these results were significant (x2 (30, N=206) =62.68, p=.00) with Black/White couples, at 45.7%. The study presents multiple correlation tables. Additionally, limitations of the study are discussed and suggestions for further studies are presented.


Experimental conditions at the HERA-B experiment impose very strong requirements for gaseous detectors. The charged particle fluxes through the HERA-B tracking system, varying with the radial distance $R$ from the beam line, are about $2 \times 10^{7}/R^{2}$ particles per second, and comparable to those that will be encountered by LHC experiments. The severe radiation environment of the HERA-B experiment leads to a maximum charge deposit on a wire, within the muon detector, of 200 mC/cm per year. We report recent results of aging studies performed by irradiating proportional wire chambers filled with $Ar/CF_4/CH_4$ (74:20:6), $Ar/CF_4/CH_4$ (67:30:3), $Ar/CF_4/CO_2$ (65:30:5), $Ar/CF_4$ (70:30), $CF_4/CH_4$ (90:10), $CF_4/CH_4$ (80:20) mixtures in a three different experimental setups. The size of the irradiation zone varied in the tests from 1 cm up to 500 cm. Our experience shows that the aging rate depends not only on the total collected charge, but, in addition, on the mode of operation and area of irradiation. The possible application of these results to the construction of a large area gaseous detectors for operation in high rate environments is presented.


Temperature-dependent dynamics of phonon-assisted relaxation of hot carriers, both electrons and holes, is studied in a PbSe nanocrystal using ab initio time-domain density-functional theory. The electronic structure is first calculated, showing that the hole states are denser than the electron states. Fourier transforms of the time-resolved energy levels show that the hot carriers couple to both acoustic and optical phonons. At higher temperature, more phonon modes in the high-frequency range participate in the relaxation process due to their increased occupation number. The phonon-assisted hot-carrier relaxation time is predicted using nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, and the results clearly show a temperature-activation behavior. The complex temperature dependence is attributed to the combined effects of the phonon occupation number and the thermal expansion. Comparing the simulation results with experiments, we suggest that the multiphonon relaxation channel is efficient at high temperature, while the Auger-type process may dominate the relaxation at low temperature. This combined mechanism can explain the weak temperature dependence at low temperature and stronger temperature dependence at higher temperature.


The threat of global climate change induced by human production of greenhouse gases is becoming more intensely debated every year. With international agreement on the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, nations are beginning to assess their options to meet the commitments that they have made. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions control, the passenger vehicle sector presents a significant challenge. Every liter of gasoline burned produces approximately 2.3 kg of carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas. Although all known methods of greenhouse gas emissions control come with some associated costs, a properly designed emissions trading system is a promising policy tool to deal with this increasingly significant environmental problem in a costeffective manner. The issues involved with measurement of the greenhouse gases produced by passenger vehicles and their incorporation into an intersectoral emissions trading system were investigated. It is suggested that direct emissions measurement may not be necessary for these vehicles to participate in such a program, and an alternate emissions estimation methodology is described. Finally, an emissions trading implementation plan is discussed. By that plan vehicle manufacturers are given credit or responsibility for the greenhouse gas emissions of the vehicles that they sell, with the emissions annualized over the projected lifetime of the vehicles.


ABSTRACT Focusing on radical labour historian Ian Turner's The Australian Dream (1968), this article reflects on the evolution of Australia's settler colonial imagination. During a few crucial decades in the nineteenth century, colonial traditions were overcome by settler colonial ones. The former espoused a system where British rulers would paternally manage a colonial environment and all its populations (pastoralists, free settlers, convicts, emancipated convicts, and Indigenous peoples); the latter advocated the establishment of self-reliant agricultural communities of free settlers. In Replenishing the Earth (2009), James Belich distinguished between settler "transition" and settler "revolution", and emphasised the imaginative elements that underpin and precede the shift to settler self-government. As the global settler transition took hold, locales usually associated with the perception and expectation of degenerative processes were reconfigured as propitious sites for experimenting in sociopolitical regeneration. Following and expanding on Belich's framework, this article links Australia's settler transition with its historiography.


The Student's argument can be raised and developed using socioscientific issues. Socio-scientific issues about health is one of the social problems that the subject of public debate. This study aims to describe the complexity of the arguments in elementary school, middle school, and high school. The three level of education is a school which is shaded by one of the Foundation in Bandung. Participants involved in the study consisted of 31 elementary students, 14 middle school students, and 23 high school students. Data taken using a quisioner consist of five items concerning socioscientific issues as well as individual interviews based on the answers to the test written description. Data identified using Toulmin Argumentation Adaptation Pattern (TAP), which consists of four levels, namely, level 1 (claim), level 2 (claims, data and / or warrants), level 3 (claims, data / warrant, backing), and level 4 (claims, data / warrant, backing, qualifier). The results showed that the development of increasingly rising complexity of arguments according to their level. The complexity of the arguments on elementary students reached level 2-3, middle school and high school reached level 3. Percentage of level 3 more ascending towards the middle school to high school. Meanwhile, if viewed from the dominates of the arguments category level, level 2 emerged as the dominant category in elementary school, middle school, and high school.


We measured the contribution of glucose to hepatic cytosolic acetyl-CoA in vivo in rats and compared it with the phosphorylation state of a potentially regulatory enzyme complex [pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)]. Xenobiotic probes were used to sample hepatic cytosolic acetyl-CoA [acetylated sulfamethoxazole (SMX)] and UDP-glucose (glucuronidated acetaminophen) in vivo during [U-14C]glucose infusions. Percent active (dephosphorylated) form of PDH (PDHa) was determined on freeze-clamped liver. First, we confirmed using liver cell elutriation that acetylation of SMX occurs in parenchymal hepatocytes. Next, the fraction of cytosolic acetyl-CoA derived from [14C]glucose in vivo was shown to depend on dietary state. Specific activity of acetyl-CoA relative to plasma glucose or hepatic UDP-glucose was lower after 48 h fasting than after overnight fasting, and glucose refeeding (25 mg.kg-1.min-1 iv) maximally increased [14C]-glucose fractional contribution to acetyl-CoA within 2 h in the overnight-fasted but not in the prolonged fasted group. Hepatic PDHa demonstrated a similar but not identical pattern. The isotopic and enzymatic parameters showed significant correlations (r2 = 0.61 in 48-h fasted-refed group, r2 = 0.28 in overnight-fasted refed group), although [14C]glucose contribution to acetyl-CoA increased disproportionately compared with PDHa as refeeding progressed. The indirect pathway of UDP-glucose synthesis correlated inversely with the fractional contribution of glucose to acetyl-CoA. In summary, the fraction of hepatic acetyl-CoA derived from glucose in vivo is influenced by acute and chronic dietary factors and is only partially explained by PDHa. Regulation of the carbon source of hepatic acetyl-CoA in vivo and interactions suggested by these results (e.g., glucose-fatty acid cycle; branch-point regulation of glucose recycling) can be addressed in a quantitative fashion using this experimental framework.


Background: In designing responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is critical to understand what has already worked well. We aimed to identify countries with emerging success stories from whom policymakers might draw important lessons. Methods: We developed a process to first include countries with large enough populations that results were unlikely to be due to chance, that had sufficient cases for response mechanisms to be tested, and that shared the necessary publicly available data. Within these countries, we looked at indicators suggesting success in terms of detecting disease, containing the outbreak, and treating those who were unwell. To support comparability, we measured indicators per capita (per million) and across time. We then used the indicators to identify three countries with emerging success stories to include some diversity in global region, population demographics and form of government. Results: We identified 66 countries that met our inclusion criteria on 18 th May 2020. Several of these countries had indicators of success against the set indicators at different times in the outbreak. Vietnam had high levels of testing and successful containment with no deaths reported. South Korea had high levels of testing early in the outbreak, supporting containment. Germany had high levels of sustained testing and slower increases in cases and deaths than seen in other comparable settings. Conclusions: At the time of our assessment, Vietnam and South Korea were able to contain the outbreak of COVID-19 and avoid the exponential growth in cases seen elsewhere. Germany had more cases and deaths, but was nevertheless able to contain and mitigate the outbreak. Despite the many limitations to the data currently available, looking at comparative data can help identify countries from whom we can draw lessons, so that countries can inform and adapt their strategies for success in response to COVID-19.


We typically think of seismic waves as continuous functions of space and time. Yet, we record, process, and interpret these waves as series of numbers ("samples") of the underlying wavefield. The question of how these samples should be chosen to minimize loss of information lies at the heart of digital signal processing. The cornerstone in this field is the sampling theorem. It guarantees that a certain class of continuous functions (so-called "band-limited") can be perfectly recovered from sampled values if certain sampling criteria are obeyed.


Objectives. Members of racially and ethnically diverse groups have been persistently underrepresented in biomedical research in general, possibly due to mistrust with the medical and research community. This article describes the perceptions, understandings, and expectations of Alaska Native people about research involving the collection and storage of biological specimens. Study design. Stratified focus groups. Methods. Twenty-nine focus groups with Alaska Native people (n = 178) were held in 14 locations using a semi-structured moderator guide. ATLAS.ti was used for thematic analysis through iterative readings and coding. Alaska Native peoples' perceptions, understandings, and expectations of researcher beneficence, informed consent processes, and provision of research findings were elicited. Results and conclusions. Alaska Native people desired extensive disclosure of information beyond that typically provided in consent and results dissemination processes. Information germane to the motivation and intent of researchers and specifics of specimen storage and destruction were specifically requested. A clear and extensive process of informed consent and continued improvements in sharing results may enhance the transparency of research intent, conduct, and use of obtained results among Alaska Native people. Meeting expectations may improve relationships between researchers and the Alaska Native population which could result in increased research participation. Our findings offer a guide for researchers and communities when planning and implementing research with biological specimens.


Aim: To investigate the effect of hemodialysis on blood pressure by
monitoring ambulatory blood pressure during the interdialysis period
and to evaluate the relationship between hypertension and the
percentage of total body water calculated via bioelectrical impedance
analysis. Methods: Twenty five patients with end stage renal disease
who were in the hemodialysis program were included in the study. But
only fifteen patients had been able to stay in the required criteria
till the end. Pre- and post-dialysis blood pressures of the patients
were measured manually and ambulatory blood pressure measurements were
obtained during the interdialysis period. Measurements of total body
water were performed with bioelectrical impedance method following the
hemodialysis procedure. The patients were evaluated for daily course of
blood pressure, use of anti-hypertensive medications, incidence of the
falling rate of blood pressure at night, amount of total body water and
interdialysis weight gain. Results: Manual pre- and post-dialysis
measurements and mean values of 44 hours' ambulatory blood pressure
monitoring were found to be similar. Blood pressures were found to be
significantly low until the 24th hour and they were increased at the
2nd day, then returned to initial levels at the 44th hour. There was
uncontrolled hypertension in 7 of the 11 hypertensive patients (63.6
%). Mean percentage of total body water was higher in patients with
hypertension (61.1 ±9.8 vs. 57.9±7.0, p>0.05).
Conclusion: In our study, the reducing effect of hemodialysis on blood
pressure was observed and this effect has continued nearly 24 hours
after the dialysis. The fact that total body water is more in
hypertensive patients supports the idea that volume excess is an
important factor responsible from hypertension.


Filipino journalists covering the graveyard shift were the first recorders of violence and brutality under Philippine President Duterte's anti-illegal drugs campaign. The first phase in 2016, called Oplan Tokhang, was executed ruthlessly and relentlessly. This study aims to explore how graveyard-shift TV journalists experienced covering Oplan Tokhang. The intention is to get a deeper understanding of how the experience impacted on the way they reported on the Oplan Tokhang stories. To get the essence of the Oplan Tokhang coverage experience, the study used a phenomenological research approach. Four graveyard-shift TV journalists agreed to face-to-face in-depth interviews. The participants came from major TV networks in the Philippines. Analysis of the results was framed within the lens of symbolic interactionism and discussions of past literature. The study presented constructed realities of four television journalists who described their nightly struggles to perform their duties, surrounded by a climate of death and suffering, in the violent world of Oplan Tokhang. Four themes emerged describing the experience: a) A 'horror fest' of violence, brutality and suffering; b) A constrained and controlled coverage; c) Objectivity and the truth; and d) Post-mortem: Falling short of fulfilling journalistic duties. These themes revealed ethical dilemmas encountered by the television journalists. They faced realities of intimidation and threat, resorting to self-censorship. Repeated exposure to violence desensitised the television journalists. The rush to meet nightly deadlines resulted in simplified treatment of stories, missing the context of the issue. In reflection, the TV journalists realised they fell short in fulfilling the journalist's obligation to search for the truth and to report it.


Wireless LAN usage is also increasing at construction and civil engineering sites, and the efficiency of ICT construction has increased due to the use of tablet PCs and network cameras. When constructing a wireless LAN environment, for example, a LAN cable may be laid from outside the tunnel, and a number of wireless access points (APs) may be installed. However, it is not advantageous to use a large number of APs because the system price increases significantly. We consider using a long leaky-wave antenna to provide one AP. The reason for using a leaky-wave antenna is that, since the total tunnel length is on the order of km, it is necessary to reduce the power radiated by the antenna as much as possible to provide a functional communication area over a long distance. To reduce such transmission losses, we used a waveguide. A waveguide is a low-loss line and can function as a low-loss and low-radiation leaky-wave antenna which is suitable for long-distance communications; this is accomplished by combining a waveguide with a low-radiation antenna mechanism. In this chapter, we report the development of a waveguide-type leaky-wave antenna and the development of a wireless LAN environment in a tunnel.


RATIONALE
The detection and identification of human blood on crime-related items are of particular relevance to many investigations because shed blood can provide evidence of violent contact between individuals. However, for any detection and identification technique, specificity is a critical performance characteristic to assess; that is, whether the technique has the capability to differentiate between human blood (which usually is of relevance to a criminal investigation) and non-human blood (which usually would not be associated with a crime but may be detected incidentally).

METHODS
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) approaches using "top-down" (detection of intact proteins) and "bottom-up" (detection of tryptic peptide markers) were used to detect and identify haemoglobin in blood from humans and from a range of Australian native mammals; the technique could be carried out directly on blood stains without the need to extract proteins (i.e., in situ measurement). Imaging of haemoglobin was achieved in bloodied fingermarks, including those that had been enhanced using two "industry standard" fingermark enhancement processes.

RESULTS
Differentiation of intact haemoglobin proteins in human and non-human blood using "top-down" MALDI-TOF-MS was difficult. However, in situ "bottom-up" approaches using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and de novo sequencing of tryptic digest peptides allowed unambiguous differentiation. Imaging mass spectrometry of human haemoglobin, even when it was mixed with animal blood, was achieved in bloodied fingermarks that had been enhanced using two common processes (staining with Amido Black or dusted with magnetic powder) and "lifted" using adhesive tape.

CONCLUSIONS
The MALDI-TOF-MS-based in situ "bottom-up" proteomic methodology described here shows great promise for the detection of human blood and even imaging of blood in bloodied fingermarks. The approach is sensitive, can differentiate between human blood and that from many animals (including several Australian native animals), and can be implemented after traditional crime scene fingermark enhancement techniques have been carried out.


We have used transgenic mice overexpressing the human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 gene under the control of the ubiquitous beta-actin promoter/enhancer to evaluate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) function in vivo in mammary gland growth and development. By crossing the TIMP-1 transgenic animals with mice expressing an autoactivating stromelysin-1 transgene targeted to mammary epithelial cells, we obtained a range of mice with genetically engineered proteolytic levels. The alveolar epithelial cells of mice expressing autoactivating stromelysin-1 underwent unscheduled apoptosis during late pregnancy. When stromelysin-1 transgenic mice were crossed with mice overexpressing TIMP-1, apoptosis was extinguished. Entactin (nidogen) was a specific target for stromelysin-1 in the extracellular matrix. The enhanced cleavage of basement membrane entactin to above-normal levels was directly related to the apoptosis of overlying mammary epithelial cells and paralleled the extracellular MMP activity. These results provide direct evidence for cleavage of an extracellular matrix molecule by an MMP in vivo.


In a paper read before the Society in January 1875, I discussed the relations of the Gault and Chalk Marl in Bedfordshire and South Cambridgeshire, and endeavoured to show that the fossil contents of the so-called Cambridge Greensand are for the most part remaniés and have been derived from the upper beds of the Gault. The conclusions arrived at were briefly these:—that the Upper Greensand does not extend further in a north-westerly direction than West-end Hill near Cheddington in Bucks; that stratigraphically the Cambridge Greensand is of no importance, being a mere nodule-bed at the base of the Chalk Marl; that it rests unconformably upon denuded Gault; that a greater portion of the fauna belonged originally to the Upper Gault; that the remainder, really belonging to the bed itself, are species proper to the Chalk Marl rather than to the Upper Greensand. A full list of the species then known as existing in the formation was appended; and the derived forms were therein separated from those presumed to be indigenous to the Greensand itself. This list was mainly prepared from an examination of the large collection of fossils in the Woodwardian Museum; and my investigations resulted in the determination of many species that were previously unnamed in that collection, and in the identification of others which had been wrongly named. All these species were separately noticed, with remarks upon their determination and synonymy. These observations, however, were by no means intended as an exhaustive study of the fauna of the


1. The social concern of the Church, directed towards an authentic development of man and society which would respect and promote all the dimensions of the human person, has always expressed itself in the most varied ways. In recent years, one of the special means of intervention has been the Magisterium of the Roman Pontiffs which, beginning with the Encyclical Rerum Novarum of Leo XIII as a point of reference, has frequently dealt with the question and has sometimes made the dates of publication of the various social documents coincide with the anniversaries of that first document.


Maldives is a one hundred percent Muslim nation where the zakat administrative function is entrusted to a government ministry, the Ministry of Islamic Affairs (MIA), which manages zakat al maal and zakat al-fitr. Since June 1, 2016, MIA has delegated the task of collecting zakat to the Maldives Inland Revenue Authority (MIRA). Maldives presently has no law dealing with zakat, so the Islamic Training and Research Institute (IRTI) has proposed a set of zakat laws that could be adopted by the country. The objective of this qualitative research is to discuss the zakat framework proposed by IRTI. There is limited literature available on the zakat framework in Maldives, so it is anticipated that this study will become the starting point for further research on this topic.


Toad bladders were exposed to [Phe(p-N3)3]AVP (N3-AVP), an analogue of vasopressin with a photoreactive p-azido group in position three, in the presence and absence of ultraviolet (UV) light. Bladders exposed to the analogue in the presence of UV light showed an increase in membrane permeability to water, which persisted in spite of repeated and prolonged washout of analogue. In contrast, the hydroosmotic response induced by the analogue in the absence of UV light was readily reversed on washout. Aliquots of a broken epithelial cell preparation, derived from bladders that had been exposed to the analogue in the presence of UV light, bound less tritium-labeled vasopressin ([3H]AVP) than control aliquots that had been exposed to the analogue in the absence of UV irradiation or irradiated in the absence of the analogue. Membrane preparations that had not been photolabeled had specific binding sites for [3H]AVP in excess of 1,800 fmol/mg protein without evidence of saturation at a [3H]AVP concentration of 250 nM. Conversely, photolabeled membranes were saturated at a [3H]AVP concentration of 100 nM. The present studies demonstrate that a high proportion of [3H]AVP binding sites can be covalently labeled with N3-AVP and that at least some of these N3-AVP-bound sites are functional in triggering an increase in membrane permeability to water.


After the stabilization of the economy brought about by the Real Plan, and the hard-fought social benefits won during Lula's government, Brazil generated great expectations as an emerging global actor that was geared up to emerge as one of the leading economies in the near future. However, this dream turned into a nightmare when Brazil encountered a serious institutional and economic crisis that unmasked the truth about the policies of short-term gains used by the government, thus damaging the image of the country and frustrating the expectations concerning its future. The present article aims to present, in its first part, the arguments exposed by The Economist, and analyze Brazil's economic rise and fall. Thereafter, we intend to submit these arguments for a critical review, to reflect upon what has happened, is happening, and could happen to Brazil and its society, demonstrating the chronic problems that affect its production, industry and investments, and specific points that need urgent reforms to put the country back again on the track of sustainable economic growth.


Because seizures originate from different pathological substrates, the question arises of whether distinct or similar mechanisms underlie seizure generation across different pathologies. Better defining intracranial electroencephalographic morphological patterns at seizure-onset could improve the understanding of such mechanisms. To this end, we investigated intracranial electroencephalographic seizure-onset patterns associated with different epileptogenic lesions, and defined high-frequency oscillation correlates of each pattern. We analysed representative seizure types from 33 consecutive patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy and a structural magnetic resonance imaging lesion (11 mesial temporal sclerosis, nine focal cortical dysplasia, six cortical atrophy, three periventricular nodular heterotopia, three polymicrogyria, and one tuberous sclerosis complex) who underwent depth-electrode electroencephalographic recordings (500 Hz filter, 2000 Hz sampling rate). Patients were included only if seizures arose from contacts located in lesional/peri-lesional tissue, and if clinical manifestations followed the electrographic onset. Seizure-onset patterns were defined independently by two reviewers blinded to clinical information, and consensus was reached after discussion. For each seizure, pre-ictal and ictal sections were selected for high-frequency oscillation analysis. Seven seizure-onset patterns were identified across the 53 seizures sampled: low-voltage fast activity (43%); low-frequency high-amplitude periodic spikes (21%); sharp activity at ≤13 Hz (15%); spike-and-wave activity (9%); burst of high-amplitude polyspikes (6%); burst suppression (4%); and delta brush (4%). Each pattern occurred across several pathologies, except for periodic spikes, only observed with mesial temporal sclerosis, and delta brush, exclusive to focal cortical dysplasia. However, mesial temporal sclerosis was not always associated with periodic spikes nor focal cortical dysplasia with delta brush. Compared to other patterns, low-voltage fast activity was associated with a larger seizure-onset zone (P = 0.04). Four patterns, sharp activity at ≤13 Hz, low-voltage fast activity, spike-and-wave activity and periodic spikes, were also found in regions of seizure spread, with periodic spikes only emerging from mesial temporal sclerosis. Each of the seven patterns was accompanied by a significant increase in high-frequency oscillations upon seizure-onset. Overall, our data indicate that: (i) biologically-distinct epileptogenic lesions share intracranial electroencephalographic seizure-onset patterns, suggesting that different pathological substrates can affect similarly networks or mechanisms underlying seizure generation; (ii) certain pathologies are associated with intracranial electroencephalographic signatures at seizure-onset, e.g. periodic spikes which may reflect mechanisms specific to mesial temporal sclerosis; (iii) some seizure-onset patterns, including periodic spikes, can also be found in regions of spread, which cautions against relying on the morphology of the initial discharge to define the epileptogenic zone; and (iv) high-frequency oscillations increase at seizure-onset, independently of the pattern.


test3 and in which there was no significant shift as a result of therapy. Like Frost-Larsen et a14 we did not include details and results of all the investigations performed in our report, which had been abbreviated at the Editor's request. Tear break-up time was estimated; Rose-Bengal staining, labial gland biopsy, and sialography were also performed. The unreliability of these in assessing lacrimal and salivary gland involvement have been discussed previously.5 6 The mean unstimulated salivary flow rate in our Sjogren's patients of 017 ml/min or 2 55 ml/15 min (fig 1) is below our normal range of 0 27-1 88 ml/min and below the normal mean values previously established by other workers using the same method of collection.7 8 However, too much emphasis should not be placed on mixed salivary flow measurements compared with stimulated parotid flow rates, which are considered to be more reliable in assessing the degree of xerostomia.6 We note that Dr Manthorpe and his colleagues have still not cited any pharmacological mechanism whereby bromhexine could increase secretion from pure serous glands such as the lacrimal and parotid glands.


Negotiation and nonviolent action are arguably the two best methods humanity has developed for engaging constructively with conflict. Both have played central roles in helping manage or resolve seemingly intractable conflicts, sometimes sequentially and sometimes in tandem. But experts and practitioners in both fields often underestimate the relevance and effectiveness of the other. This article explores the interface between the fields of negotiation and nonviolent action, their mutual commitment to engage constructively with conflict, and the concern both methods share for leverage, power, and strategic preparation and action. After examining the shared linkages, this article highlights how the two fields have synergistic qualities when utilized together in the same conflict. Using examples from a diverse set of conflicts, the overlap explored in this article lays an important foundation for the future convergence of the two fields.


Abstract The association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum concentration of thyroid hormones and pituitary thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH) was studied in nine hypothyroid patients (HT) before and in seven after L-thyroxine treatment. With L-thyroxine, median free T4 increased 4-fold in serum (3.5 pmol/L vs 17.5 pmol/L) and 3-fold in CSF, (3.9pmol/L vs 11.5 pmol/L). Correspondingly, total T3 in serum increased two-fold (0.9 nmol/L vs 2.2 nmol/L). Unexpectedly, free T3 concentration in CSF was similar (1.5 pmol/L vs.1.5 pmol/L) before and during treatment. In HT, TSH in serum correlated with TSH in CSF as did free T4 in serum and in CSF. During L-thyroxine, the correlation with TSH in serum and CSF remained. Likewise, the free T4 concentration in serum correlated with that in CSF. However, no correlation was found between T3 in serum and free T3 in CSF. It seems evident that free T4 in serum equilibrates with that in the CSF both in the HT and during L-thyroxine. Despite a two-fold increase in total serum T3, free T3 in CSF remained unchanged, which agrees with previous results in rats showing that T3 is less exchangeable between serum and CSF. Alternatively, an accelerated conversion of T4 to T3 might have maintained the concentration of T3, due to strongly increased levels of TSH found in the hypothyroid state. The notion that free T4 in serum reflects the CSF concentration of free T4 is consistent with previous reports from studies in animals.