We reported previously that p.o. administered 5-iodo-2-pyrimidinone-2'-deoxyribose (IPdR) was efficiently converted to 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR) in athymic mice (T. J. Kinsella et al., Cancer Res., 54: 2695-2700, 1994). Here, we further evaluate IPdR metabolism, systemic toxicity, and percentage DNA incorporation in athymic mouse normal tissues and a human colon cancer xenograft (HT29) using higher p.o. doses of IPdR. These data are compared to results using a continuous infusion of IUdR at the maximum tolerable dose. We also evaluate IPdR metabolism in cytosolic extracts from normal human liver, normal human intestine, and human colorectal cancer specimens. Athymic mice tolerated a daily p.o. bolus of up to 2 g/kg IPdR for 6 days with minimal host toxicity (< or = 10% body weight loss). There was rapid conversion of IPdR to IUdR, with peak plasma levels of IUdR of 40-75 microM at 10 min following a p.o. IPdR bolus of 250-1500 mg/kg. The percentage IUdR-DNA in the HT29 s.c. human tumor xenografts increased 1.5 times (2.3-3.6%) with IPdR doses above 1 g/kg/day for 6 days, whereas the percentage IUdR-DNA incorporation in two proliferating normal tissues (4-4.5% in intestine; 1.6-2.2% in bone marrow) and a quiescent normal tissue (< or = 1% in liver) showed < 1.5-fold increases with the IPdR dose escalation between 1-2 g/kg/day for 6 days. In contrast, using a continuous infusion of IUdR at 100 mg/kg/day, significant systemic toxicity (> 20% body weight loss) was found by day 6 of the infusion. Steady-state plasma IUdR levels were 1.0-1.2 microM during the 6-day infusion, and percentage IUdR-DNA incorporations of 2.3, 8, 6, and 1% were measured in s.c. tumors, normal intestine, normal bone marrow, and normal liver, respectively, following the 6-day infusion. Thus, the p.o. IPdR schedule has an improved therapeutic index, based on percentage IUdR-DNA incorporation in normal and tumor tissues, compared to continuous infusion IUdR at the maximum tolerable dose in athymic mice with this human tumor xenograft. Additionally, a tumor regrowth assay to assess the radiation response of HT29 s.c. xenografts showed a 1.5-fold enhancement (time to regrow to 300% initial tumor volume) with IPdR (1000 mg/kg/day for 6 days) plus fractionated irradiation (XRT; 2 Gy/day for 4 days), compared to XRT (2 Gy/day for 4 days) alone. No enhancement in the radiation response of HT29 s.c. xenografts was found with continuous infusion IUdR (100 mg/kg/day for 6 days) plus XRT (2 Gy/day for 4 days), compared to XRT alone. Using cytosolic extracts from normal human liver specimens, we found a rapid (15-min) conversion of IPdR to IUdR. Coincubation of liver cytosol with IPdR and allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, had no inhibitory effect on IPdR metabolism, whereas coincubation with IPdR and isovanillin or menadione, analogue substrates for aldehyde oxidase, effectively reduced the amount of IPdR oxidized to IUdR. Significantly less metabolism of IPdR to IUdR was seen in cytosolic extracts from normal human intestine specimens, and no metabolism of IPdR was found in cytosolic extracts from colorectal liver metastases in two patients and from the HT29 human colon cancer xenografts in athymic mice. These additional data indicate that IPdR has the potential for clinical use as a p.o. prodrug for IUdR-mediated radiosensitization of resistant human cancers.


The Management of Emergencies in Thoracic Surgery by John Borrie. Pp. xi + 340. Illustrated. London: Staples Press. 1959.84/net. Mr Borrie's book will be of value principally to hospital doctors who, without special experience of thoracic surgery, are obliged occasionally to treat or to arrange for the urgent treatment of patients with thoracic injury or disease. It covers the widest range of thoracic surgery which could be expected under the description 'emergency' and includes chapters on preand post-operative management and complications. The general principles of treatment are clearly stated and the basic technical procedures are simply described For each abnormality considered the details of pathogenesis, recognition and treatment are presented. The views expressed are, for the most part, widely accepted. Some surgeons would resort less readily to operation, e.g., to the drainage of a haemothorax, ligation of the thoracic duct, or repair of a hiatus hernia, and few in this country would agree with the anatomical description on which the repair of hiatus hernia is based. In cases of cardiac arrest it usually devolves upon the first observer to undertake immediate treatment. He may be surgically inexpert and for him the exposure of the heart for massage is likely to be a major cause of anxiety. Using the abdominal approach, which Mr Borrie advocates in some circumstances, he would like to know how and where to incise the diaphragm and pericardium. With the thoracic approach he must know how long to make the incision, what to do when he finds that he can insinuate only his finger tips through the intercostal space or that only adherent lung comes into view, and much else which never enters the mind of the practised surgeon. The limitation of instruction on the approach to 'the heart is exposed via a midline upper abdominal incision' or 'an incision is made in the fifth left intercostal space the retractor inserted, the ribs spread, the heart grasped . . . 'conveys the urgency of the situation but may discourage the prospective operator. The book is well illustrated and the illustrations include many radiographs which are carefully selected and clearly reproduced. The text is lightened by summaries of apposite personal cases. Most chapters begin with a short historical note and each is followed by a good bibliography.


We examine an approach for providing reliable, scalable multicast communication, involving the use of multiple multicast channels for reducing receiver processing costs and reducing network bandwidth consumption in a multicast session. In this approach a single multicast channel is used for the original transmission of packets. Retransmissions of packets are done on separate multicast channels, which receivers dynamically join and leave. We first show that protocols using an infinite number of multicast channels incur much less processing overhead at the receivers compared to protocols that use only a single multicast channel. This is due to the fact that receivers do not receive retransmissions of packets they have already received correctly. Next, we derive the number of unwanted redundant packets at a receiver due to using only a finite number of multicast channels, for a specific negative acknowledgment (NAK)-based protocol. We then explore the minimum number of multicast channels required to keep the cost of processing unwanted packets to a sufficiently low value. For an application consisting of a single sender transmitting reliably to many receivers we find that only a small number of multicast channels are required for a wide range of system parameters. In the case of an application where all participants simultaneously act as both senders and receivers a moderate number of multicast channels is needed. Finally, we present two mechanisms for implementing multiple multicast channels, one using multiple IP multicast groups and the other using additional router support for selective packet forwarding. We discuss the impact of both mechanisms on performance in terms of end-host and network resources.


In this thesis I examine how Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques can help Computer Science students learn programming and mathematics skills more efficiently using algorithms and concepts such as Predictive Modelling, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Representational Learning, Recommender Systems and Graph Theory. For that, I use Learning Analytics (LA) and Educational Data Mining (EDM) principles. In Learning Analytics one collects and analyses data about students and their contexts for purposes of understanding and improving their learning and the environments students interact with. Educational Data Mining applies Data Mining, Machine Learning and statistics to data captured during these learning processes.
My central research question is how we can optimise the learning by students, of subjects like computer programming and mathematics in blended and online classrooms by mining and analysing data generated in these environments by the students. To validate the research question I have implemented several examples of monitoring student behaviour while learning, I have gathered various forms of student interaction data and combined it with demographics and student performance data (e.g. exam results) in order to test out different predictive models developed using a variety of AI and machine learning techniques. In these example environments I have used these models not only to predict outcome and exam performance but also to automatically generate feedback to students in a variety of ways, including recommending better programming techniques. My research question is explored by examining the performance of the AI techniques in helping to improve student learning.


In recent times there has been greater recognition of the over representation of young people with neurodisability within youth justice systems worldwide. This poses a problem for practitioners and suggests that current treatments based on addressing dynamic risk factors may be inadequate for addressing the needs of this group. This thesis elucidates these challenges and extends the Predictive Agency Model (PAM; Heffernan & Ward, 2017) into the Predictive Agency Model-Neurodisability Extension (PAM-NEXT). This extension considers how neurodisability can contribute to a maladaptive developmental history for young people which, in some cases, can lead to exposure to dynamic risk factors. The PAM-NEXT provides a framework to consider how these factors can be operationalised within the process of antisocial behaviour for young people with neurodisabilities. The PAM-NEXT is then applied to composite cases of young people who have engaged in antisocial behaviour to demonstrate its utility. Lastly the PAM-NEXT is evaluated and future directions discussed. The PAM-NEXT can provide practitioners options to adequately target treatment for young people with neurodisability who engage in antisocial behaviour.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential teratogenic effects of electromagnetic fields on the skeletal systems of rat fetuses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-five pregnant rats, which had been exposed to electromagnetic fields with frequencies of vertical 50 Hz and horizontal 20 kHz and a total maximum intensity of 10 milligauss, during their pregnancies, were the study group, while 15 pregnant rats were the control group. One hunderd eighty-nine and 125 fetuses obtained from the study and the control group respectively, were evaluated for abnormalities and variations in the skeletal system. The chi-square test was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Major abnormality, minor abnormality and variation of the skeletal system were seen in 4(16.0%), 3(12.0%) and 12 (48.0%) of the 25 litters and 8(4.2%), 4(2.1%), and 41 (21.7%) of the 189 fetuses respectively, in the study group, while none of the litters or fetuses had any abrormalities and 2 litters (13.3%) including 5(4.0%) fetuses had variations of the skeletal system in the control group. The proportions of the litters (p<0.05) and fetuses (p<0.01) with skeletal system variation in the study group were found to be significantly higher than the proportions of those in the control group. CONCLUSS‹ON: Electromagnetic fields created by video display terminals might alter the normal development of the skeletal systems of rat fetuses.


We examine formally the link between domestic political institutions and policy choices in the context of eight empirical regularities that constitute the democratic peace. We demonstrate that democratic leaders, when faced with war, are more inclined to shift extra resources into the war effort than are autocrats. This follows because the survival of political leaders with larger winning coalitions hinges on successful policy. The extra effort made by democrats provides a military advantage over autocrats. This makes democrats unattractive targets, since their institutional constraints cause them to mobilize resources for the war effort. In addition to trying harder, democrats are more selective in their choice of targets. Because defeat is more likely to lead to domestic replacement for democrats than for autocrats, democrats only initiate wars they expect to win. These two factors lead to the interaction between polities that is often referred to as the democratic peace.


This study is carried out to examine the determinants of financial performance in Malaysia evidence from commercial banks. There are five bank-specific determinants selected namely credit risk, liquidity risk, bank size, capital adequacy and management efficiency. Six local commercial banks have been chosen to represent the commercial banks in Malaysia which are Malayan Banking Berhad (Maybank), CIMB Bank Berhad, Public Bank Berhad, RHB Bank Berhad, Hong Leong Bank Berhad and AmBank Group Berhad. The duration for this study is from 2004 until 2017 and the data is extract from annual report of commercial banks. Panel Regression Fixed Effect Model are carried out to investigate the finding from data. In the findings, two independent variables which are liquidity risk (LR) and management efficiency (ME) shown that they are statistically significant to the return on assets (ROA). However, the other independent variables which are credit risk (CR), bank size (BS) and capital adequacy (CA) are insignificant towards ROA of financial performance in Malaysia.


The self- and mutual-avoiding walk used in conventional lattice models for polymeric systems requires that all lattice sites, polymer segments, and solvent molecules (unoccupied lattice sites) have the same volume. This incorrectly accounts for the solvent entropy (i.e., the size ratio between the polymer segments and solvent molecules), and also limits the coarse-graining capability of such models, where the invariant degree of polymerization controlling the system fluctuations is too small (thus exaggerating the system fluctuations) compared to that in most experiments. Here we show how to properly account for the solvent entropy in the recently proposed lattice models with multiple occupancy of lattice sites [Q. Wang, Soft Matter, 2009, 5, 4564], and present a quantitative coarse-graining strategy which ensures that both the solvent entropy and the fluctuations in the original systems are properly accounted for using such lattice models. Although proposed in the context of homogeneous polymer solutions, our strategy is equally applicable to inhomogeneous systems such as polymer brushes immersed in a small-molecule solvent, where quantitative agreement with experimental results can be achieved without any adjustable parameters.


The reasons why people smoke are varied, but research has shown that genetic influences on various aspects of nicotine addiction are a major factor. There also is a strong genetic influence on measures of nicotine sensitivity in mice. Despite the established contribution of genetics to nicotine sensitivity in mice and humans, no naturally occurring genetic variation has been identified that demonstrably alters sensitivity to nicotine in either species. However, one genetic variant has been implicated in altering nicotine sensitivity in mice is a T529A polymorphism in Chrna4, the gene that encodes the nicotinic receptor (nAChR) α4 subunit. The Chrna4 T529A polymorphism leads to a threonine to alanine substitution at position 529 of the α4 subunit. To more definitively address whether the Chrna4 T529A polymorphism does, in fact, influence sensitivity to nicotine, knock-in mice were generated in which the threonine codon at position 529 was mutated to an alanine codon. Compared with Chrna4 T529 littermate controls, the Chrna4 A529 knock-in mice exhibited greater sensitivity to the hypothermic effects of nicotine, reduced oral nicotine consumption and did not develop conditioned place preference to nicotine. The Chrna4 A529 knock-in mice also differed from T529 littermates for two parameters of acetylcholine-stimulated 86Rb+ efflux in midbrain: maximal efflux and the percentage of α4β2* receptors with high sensitivity to activation by agonists. Results indicate that the polymorphism affects the function of midbrain α4β2* nAChRs and contributes to individual differences in several behavioral and physiological responses to nicotine thought to be modulated by midbrain α4β2* nAChRs.


Glycogen phosphorylase from macroplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum was purified 76-fold to homogeneity. The native enzyme migrated as a single protein band on analytical disc gel electrophoresis coinciding with phosphorylase activity. After reduction in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate one protein band was detectable which corresponded to an Mr of 93 000. The molecular weight of the native enzyme determined by gel sieving or gradient-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 172000 and 186000, respectively. The enzyme contained about 1 mol pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and less than 0.1 mol covalently bound phosphate per mol subunit. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined. In the direction of phosphorolysis the kinetic data were determined by initial velocity studies, assuming a rapid equilibrium random mechanism. Glucose 1-phosphate and GDP-glucose were competitive inhibitors toward phosphate and noncompetitive to glycogen. 5'-AMP, a weak activator of the enzyme, counteracted the glucose-1-phosphate inhibition completely. Physarum phosphorylase was compared with phosphorylases from other sources on the basis of chemical and kinetic properties. No evidence for the presence of phosphorylated forms has yet been found.


This case study uses Systemic Functional theory to describe and analyse the multimodal communication of an eight year-old boy, Bodhi, with both a severe intellectual disability and a severe communication impairment. The study specifically explores the meanings Bodhi makes and the resources he uses instead of speech to make those meanings. The study also examines the underlying system of language Bodhi draws on to make his meanings. The theoretical resources of the Systemic Functional model of language are used to capture both what occurs within Bodhi's communicative turns and also what occurs across the turns at the level of discourse semantics. Within the turn, the study uses the theoretical resources of the interpersonal, ideational and textual metafunctions; above the turn, the study uses the resources of Exchange Structure Analysis. The corpus consists of data collected via tape recorder and observation notes. In order to capture the effects of different communication partners on the interactions with Bodhi, data collected via tape recorder consists of two transcripts of Bodhi communicating with different communication partners, his father and his grandmother. Each transcript was segmented into exchanges and moves. These were quantified to expose patterns of communication. Each move was examined for the presence of metafunctional meanings, which were also quantified. The study demonstrates that Bodhi makes meaning in ways that are different to speakers (of English). The findings also show that while he occupies a restricted semiotic space, having what could be construed as a form of protolanguage, Bodhi's communication also has features of transition and adult language. The study also shows that while Bodhi is a persistent communicator, intent on getting his meanings across, contributions of the communication partner are crucial for the success of Bodhi's meaning making. This success relies on a willingness on the part of the communication partner to work together with Bodhi in the joint negotiation and joint construction of meaning. This study also identifies a lack of research within the field of Augmentative and Alternative Communication that describes the meaning making of ambulant nonverbal multimodal communicators with severe intellectual disabilities. The study also provides an opportunity for understanding how the 'other', the nonverbal multimodal communicator makes meaning.


BACKGROUND
Growing concerns about the ability to maintain and increase the general practitioner (GP) workforce has led to active recruitment of GPs from overseas. However, little is known about why these GPs choose to leave their countries and come to work in London.

AIM
To investigate the motivations and expectations of French GPs migrating to work in general practices in London.

DESIGN OF STUDY
A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews.

SETTING
General practice induction programme in southeast London.

METHOD
Individual interviews with 31 French GPs, who attended an induction programme for international recruits, were taped, transcribed, and analysed using a categorical approach.

RESULTS
Three factors led to the process of migration: instigating factors, creating the stimulus for migration; activating factors, based on the perception that English general practice offered greater opportunities; and facilitating factors, which make migration possible. Particular emphasis was placed on personal and professional instigating factors, with a desire for new cultural experiences and a widespread discontent surrounding the infrastructure of French general practice, playing crucial roles in the stimulus to migrate. Ease of travel and a paid induction programme facilitated the move to their chosen destination.

CONCLUSION
French GPs' decisions were part of a process of migration influenced by a series of integrated factors. Consideration of these factors will not only enhance recruitment to English general practice, but will also facilitate foreign GPs' transition to work in the National Health Service (NHS) and, ultimately, maximise their retention.


Background Conservation strategies are urgently needed for tropical turtles. Studies conducted exclusively in the temperate zone have revealed that the suite of life history traits that characterizes turtles and includes delayed sexual maturity and high adult survivorship makes sustainable harvest programs an unviable strategy for turtle conservation. However, most turtles are tropical in distribution and the tropics have higher, more constant and more extended ambient temperature regimes that, in general, are more favorable for population growth. Methods To estimate the capacity of freshwater turtle species from temperate and tropical regions to sustain harvest we synthesized life history traits from 165 freshwater turtle species in 12 families (Carettochelydae, Chelidae, Chelydridae, Dermatemydidae, Emydidae, Geoemydidae, Kinosternidae, Pelomedusidae, Platysternidae, Podocnemididae, Staurotypidae and Trionychidae). The influence of climate variables and latitude on freshwater turtle life history traits (clutch size, clutch frequency, age at sexual maturity, and annual adult survival) were examined using Generalized Additive Models. The biological feasibility of sustainable harvest in temperate and tropical species was evaluated using a sensitivity analysis of population growth rates obtained from stage structured matrix population models. Results Turtles at low latitudes (tropical zones) exhibit smaller clutch sizes, higher clutch frequency, and earlier age at sexual maturity than those at high latitudes (temperate zone). Adult survival increased weakly with latitude and declined significantly with increasing bioclimatic temperature (mean temperature of warmest quarter). A modeling synthesis of these data indicates that the interplay of life history traits does not create higher harvest opportunity in adults of tropical species. Yet we found potential for sustainable exploitation of eggs in tropical species. Conclusions Sustainable harvest as a conservation strategy for tropical turtles appears to be as biologically problematic as in temperature zones and likely only possible if the focus is on limited harvest of eggs. Further studies are urgently needed to understand how the predicted population surplus in early life stages can be most effectively incorporated into conservation programs for tropical turtles increasingly threatened by unsustainable exploitation, climate change and deforestation.


One of the viaducts of the high speed railway in Taiwan has suffered significant structural cracks in its piers. This has raised serious public concern. The damage was conjectured to have resulted from ground settlement due to regional water pumping. The paper proposed a practical methodology to investigate the downdrag behavior of the pile foundations of the viaduct. A fictitious settlement controlled layer beneath the pile foundation was used to control the ground surface settlement due to deep water pumping. A three-dimensional finite difference mesh including the soil profile and the pile foundation was established with the geotechnical investigation report and design data. By varying the ground surface settlement, the variations of the pile settlement, ground settlement, and downdrag force with depth for each pile can be reasonably simulated. The results show an obvious pile group effect, which shows the minimum downdrag force in the interior pile and maximum force in the corner pile. There also exists a critical surface ground settlement at which the drag force reaches the maximum value. The simulated differential settlement was close to the measured value, however this was not enough to have caused the structural cracks in the piers. The cracks are more likely caused by other engineering events.


UK bookies (bookmakers) herd geographically in less-affluent areas. The present work shows that UK bookies also herd with the special bets that they advertise to consumers, both in their shop window advertising and on TV adverts as shown to millions of viewers. I report an observational study of betting adverts over the 2014 soccer World Cup. Bet types vary in complexity, with complex types having the highest expected losses. Bookies herded on a common strategy of advertising special bets on two levels: by almost exclusively advertising complex bet types with high expected losses, and by advertising representative events within a given complex bet type. This evidence is most consistent with bookies' advertising targeting a representativeness heuristic amongst bettors. Bookies may know how to nudge bettors toward larger losses.


During the past decades, many developed countries including Norway have experienced a remarkable rise in both house prices and immigration inflows. Extant studies have aimed to shed light on how immigration inflows affect housing prices. Given the large weight that housing consumption has on the household budget, the immigration's impact on housing prices could be an important matter (Sa, 2011). This thesis studies the short term and long term effect of immigration on house prices in Norway's largest cities from 1986 to 2012. I find that immigration has had a significantly positive effect on house prices. An immigration inflow equal to 1% of a city's total population is coincident with an increase in housing prices of about 2,9%. These results are consistent with the findings of previous studies. My findings indicate that on average, immigration contributes to nearly one fifth of the total increase of housing prices in Norway. I did not find evidence that the short term effect of immigration on house prices has been greater than the long term effect, although economic theory suggests that the short term effect should be greater than the long term effect since in the long run the supply of housing will adapt to the demand.


CONTEXT
According to goal orientation theory, achievement goals are defined as the terminal point towards which one's efforts are directed. The four academic achievement goal orientations commonly recognised are mastery, performance approach, performance avoidance and work avoidance. The objective of this study was to understand the goal orientation of second year undergraduate medical students and how this correlates with their academic performance.

METHODS
The study population consisted of 244 second year Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) students of Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal campus, Manipal University, India. Students were categorised as high performers and low performers based on their first year university examination marks. Their goal orientations were assessed through a validated questionnaire developed by Was et al. These components were analysed by independent sample t-test and correlated to their first year university examination marks.

RESULTS
Confirmatory component factor analysis extracted four factors, which accounted for 40.8% of the total variance in goal orientation. The performance approach goal orientation alone explained 16.7% of the variance followed by mastery (10.8%), performance avoidance (7.7%) and work avoidance (5.7%). The Cronbach's alpha for 19 items, which contributed to internal consistency of the tool, was observed to be 0.635. A strong positive correlation was shown between performance approach, performance avoidance and work avoidance orientations. Of the four goal orientations, only the mean scores in work avoidance orientation differed for low performers and high performers (5.0 vs. 4.3; P = 0.0003).

DISCUSSION
Work avoidance type of goal orientation among the low performer group may account for their lower performance compared with high performer group. This indicates that academic achievement goal orientation may play a role in the performance of undergraduate medical students.


Cancer and its treatment can compromise bone health, leading to fracture, pain, loss of mobility, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. Bone metastasis occurs frequently in advanced prostate and breast cancers, and bony manifestations are commonplace in multiple myeloma. Osteoporosis and osteopenia may be consequences of androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer, aromatase inhibition for breast cancer, or chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. Osteoporotic bone loss and bone metastasis ultimately share a pathophysiologic pathway that stimulates bone resorption by increasing the formation and activity of osteoclasts. Important mediators of pathologic bone metabolism include substances produced by osteoblasts, such as RANKL, the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand, which spurs osteoclast differentiation from myeloid cells. Available therapies are targeted to various steps in cascade of bone metastasis.


— In this paper, the improvement by deconvolution of the depth resolution in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analysis is considered. Indeed, we have developed a new Tikhonov-Miller deconvolution algorithm where a priori model of the solution is included. This is a denoisy and pre-deconvoluted signal obtained from: firstly, by the application of wavelet shrinkage algorithm, secondly by the introduction of the obtained denoisy signal in an iterative deconvolution algorithm. In particular, we have focused the light on the effect of the iterations number on the evolution of the deconvoluted signals. The SIMS profiles are multilayers of Boron in Silicon matrix.


gly96/IEX 1 is a growth- and apoptosis-regulating, immediate early gene that is widely expressed in epithelial and vascular tissues. In vascular tissues, expression of the gene is induced by mechanical stretch, and overexpression of the gene prevents injury-induced vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and neointimal hyperplasia. We now show that deletion of the gly96/IEX-1 gene in mice is associated with development of elevated blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, and diminished fractional shortening of the left ventricle. Systolic blood pressure in conscious male gly96/IEX-1-/- mice is 20-25 mmHg higher than in gly96/IEX-1+/+ mice. Serum and/or urine concentrations of sodium, potassium, creatinine, angiotensin II, corticosterone, aldosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, prostaglandin-6-keto-1alpha, nitrites and nitrates, cAMP, and cGMP are normal in gly96/IEX-1-/- mice. Alterations in dietary sodium intake do not alter blood pressure in gly96/IEX-1-/- mice. Aortic mRNAs for endothelial nitric oxide synthase, guanylate cyclase-alpha, and cGMP kinase-1 are increased in gly96/IEX-1-/- mice. Treatment with Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or L-arginine does not alter blood pressure in gly96/IEX-1-/- mice. Gly96/IEX-1-/- mice respond to infused sodium nitroprusside with decrements in blood pressure similar to those seen in wild-type littermate mice. In contrast to gly96/IEX-1 transgenic mice that have abnormalities in immune function, gly96/IEX-1-/- mice have normal lymphoid tissue architecture and a normal complement of T and B cells in lymphoid tissues. Ablation of the gly96/IEX-1 gene results in hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting a novel role for this gene in cardiovascular physiology.


This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the use of piezoelectric materials as a technique for monitoring the growth of defects in structures. The method consists of exciting the structure with piezoelectric actuators while recording the electromechanical responses from sensors placed close to the defect. The piezoelectric sensors detect the damage growth or an incipient defect by monitoring changes in the dynamic strain field, induced by the piezoelectric actuator, near the defect. This technique was evaluated through experiments using an aluminum frame structure. Results show that the piezoelectric active method is capable of detecting small changes in defect depth.


Fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid that induces apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro, is being evaluated in clinical trials as a chemotherapeutic agent against several malignancies. Due to its ease of administration, long-term tolerability, and low incidence of long-term side effects, we explored its potential as a therapeutic agent against meningiomas by examining its efficacy in vitro against such cells in primary culture. Cells, cultured from freshly resected benign, atypical, or malignant meningiomas, were exposed to fenretinide (10 mumol/L). Treatment effects were assessed using flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR for retinoid receptor expression, and changes in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-induced proliferation. Fenretinide induced apoptosis in the three grades of meningioma primary cells tested, as shown by the appearance of a sub-G(1) fraction in flow cytometric analysis and by the detection of poly-adenosyl ribonucleotidyl phosphorylase cleavage indicating caspase activation. Fenretinide treatment also increased levels of the death receptor DR5 and caused mitochondrial membrane depolarization. The levels of the retinoid receptors, retinoic acid receptor alpha and retinoid X receptor gamma, were up-regulated in response to fenretinide, suggestive of ligand-induced receptor up-regulation. IGF-I-induced proliferation in the meningioma cells was abolished by fenretinide. We conclude that fenretinide induces apoptosis in all three histologic subtypes of meningioma and exerts diverse cellular effects, including DR5 up-regulation, modulation of retinoid receptor levels, and inhibition of IGF-I-induced proliferation. These results provide preliminary evidence that fenretinide has activity against meningiomas and suggest that further studies are warranted to explore its potential as a therapeutic agent against meningiomas.


Objective: To evaluate the indirect digitization method of cephalometric radiographs in comparison with the direct digital method. Methods: The sample was composed of ten cephalometric radiographs acquired by Orthopantomograph OP100/Orthocef OC100 (GE – Instrumentarium), digital direct. In the AdobeTM Photoshop program, five cephalometric landmarks were set in the images and the impression in transparencies was made. The indirect digitization of the images was performed through the SonyTM DSC-W5 and CanonTM Rebel XT/EOS 350D digital photographic cameras—fixed in a copy stand, at the distances of 25 cm and 60 cm—and through the Hewlett PackardTM Scan Jet 4C scanner. The direct digital images and the indirect ones were inserted and gauged in the Radiocef Studio (RadiomemoryTM, Brazil) software and the center of the previously marked landmarks was set. The cephalometric computerized analysis generated three angular measurements and four linear ones which were submitted to statistical analysis. Results: The images from the scanner demonstrated small statistically significant alterations, without clinical significance. When digitizing the radiographs at 60 cm, both cameras caused distortions which were statistically significant, but clinically acceptable. At 25 cm, the cameras caused the largest distortions, being more expressive and with clinical significance in the images of CanonTM Rebel XT. Conclusions: The Hewlett PackardTM Scan Jet 4C scanner with transparency reader and the SonyTM DSC-W5 and CanonTM Rebel XT/EOS cameras operating at 60 cm were shown appropriate for the digitization of cephalometric radiographs. In 25 cm, the digital cameras caused distortions in the image which altered the linear measurements with possibilities of jeopardizing the orthodontic diagnosis. Abstract


Background and aims Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by abnormal keratinocytes proliferation and apoptosis. Evidence has showed that transcription factor WT1 plays important role in many pathophysiologic processes such as organs development, tumorigenesis and cells proliferation. However, the role of WT1 in PV is still remain unclear. In this study, we will investigate the role of WT1 in the pathogenesis of lesion formation in PV. Methods Skin specimens and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from 25 patients with PV and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time RT-PCR and western blot. WT1 siRNA and WT1 overexpression plasmid were transfected into HaCaT cells with lipofectamine 2000 respectively. The proliferation and apoptosis of HaCaT cells were detected by CCK8 kit and Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit . Results Compared with normal controls, both the mRNA and protein level of WT1 were increased significantly in psoriatic skin and PBMCs. Transfect with WT1 siRNA inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT cells and promoted HaCaT cells apoptosis, while WT1 overexpression plasmid exhibited the opposite effects on HaCaT cells. The global DNA methylation level of psoriatic skins and PBMCs were elevated accompanied with increased DNMT1 expression. In addition, an positive correlation was observed between WT1 and DNMT1. Conclusions Increased WT1 promotes the keratinocytes proliferation and inhibites the apoptosis of keratinocytes which may mediated by recruiting DNMT1 to its target genes related to cell proliferation and apoptotic pathway.


IEEE CIRCUITS & DEVICES MAGAZINE ■ JULY/AUGUST 2006 8755-3996/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE book starts with an introduction to the many circuit applications of inductance and the integrated circuit (IC) fabrication process. Inductor performance is described in terms of the IC technology such as CMOS, SiGe, BiCMOS, and GaAs. Some discussion is given on the various loss mechanisms and the challenge of integrating high-quality inductors on chip. The circuit applications start with a brief description of an LC tank network and extend into the world of LNAs, VCOs, and RF filters. The physics of the inductors are covered in some detail with a discussion of the difficulty of integrating an inductor on chip, followed by a graphical description of the magnetic and electric field generated by the timevarying signal applied to the two ends of the inductor. The authors describe both the selfand mutual inductance and provide a physical basis for both. Much of the discussion is very general and cursory; however, ample references are provided. Resistance effects due to the finite resistance of the inductor metal, as well as skin effect due to high-frequency operation, are also described. Other parasitic effects that contribute to inductor loss are mentioned, including proximity effects and substrate lose mechanisms such as electrically and magnetically induced loses. Inductor models are briefly mentioned, including the standard model and variations of the model. Some discussion is also provided on the various electromagnetic field solvers that can be used to simulate inductors. Quality factor (Q) is defined in the standard way as the ratio of the maximum energy stored in the inductor to its average power dissipation of a duty cycle. Design techniques for improving inductor Q are reviewed, including broken guard rings, biased N-well beneath the inductor, and substrate shielding with broken polysilicon patterned ground shields that are tied to ground. References are provided for each improvement technique. A chapter is included on test and characterization techniques, describing the test equipment necessary to make accurate inductor measurements. It also illustrates the design of the highfrequency ground-signal-ground probes and the various probing techniques that are required to provide good planarization and pad contact. The authors provide a discussion of the various error terms that arise when measuring inductors and spend some time discussing the merits and types of calibration. The book concludes with an in-depth discussion of the geometrical influence on inductor performance. This book serves as an excellent introduction to the design and characterization of integrated on-chip inductors. It is a reasonably well written and understandable text that provides insight into the issues surrounding the integrated inductor as a necessary circuit element. Michael Hargrove Epson Research and Development


This paper presents a robust finite element model (FEM) with multiple-layers of varying properties for investigation of burn effects on human skin during a burning process resulting from exposure of skin surface to a contact heat source and a hot moving fluid. Henriques' theory of skin burns is used in conjunction with two-dimensional Pennes bioheat transfer equation for determining the spatial and temporal extent of burn injury. The model developed is a two-dimensional axisymmetric model in cylindrical coordinates. The various tissue layers account for changing thermal properties with respect to skin anatomy. A finite element scheme that uses the backward Euler method is used to solve the problem. The injury processes of skin subsequent to the removal of the heat source (post-burn) will also be inspected. The mesh employed in this model consists of a high density of nodes and elements in which a thorough mesh convergence study was done. A comparison of the transient temperature field computed by this model against Diller's results using the FE technique with a comparatively coarse mesh of 125 elements and experimental data by Orgill et al. has been done in the present study. It concluded that improved accurate solutions have been performed using the robust model developed due to the achievement of a mesh-independent solution.


ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate if videos created by teaching staff had a positive impact on student learning of integrative physiological concepts. Eighteen undergraduate students enrolled on a sport and exercise science degree attended an introduction to immunology short course. All students were taught together and then split into two groups stratified by performance on a recent summative assessment. One group used the taught materials to prepare for a test, and the other group was provided with three animations alongside the taught materials. All students sat matching tests on the day of the course and repeated the test 1 week later. The intervention group scored on average 22% (95% CI 11, 33) higher than the control group on test one. The scores from both groups reduced by approximately 10% on test two. Results on the multiple-choice questions were comparable between groups, with the main difference observed in short answer questions. Students in the intervention group identified that the animations helped to simplify processes by providing a more visual way of learning. This may suggest that the videos are most efficacious for helping the understanding of biological processes rather than the recollection of facts or information.


ABSTRACT The Mega Bat (Pteropodidae) Distribution on Several Land Coverage at Surrounding Kerinci National Park. The study of bats was carried out on May 2005 to July 2005. In all 5 major land use system (primary forest, disturbed forest, old rubber plantation, young rubber plantation and mix garden) survey was conducted using the same standardized mistnetting. Each of the land use system was sampled for 4 days using 4 mist-nets a night. The total of 2512.5 m2 of mist-nets night area were set during this survey. A total of 156 bat individuals which consist of 14 specieses and 5 families (Pteropodidae, Vespertilonidae, Emballonuridae, Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae) acquired. Calculation result using the diversity index measurement from bat samples indicate that the highest diversity was in disturbed forest habitat (H'=1.831; E=0,865) and the lowest was in forest habitat (H'=0.5; E=0.561), meanwhile the biggest dominancy reside in the young rubber plantation (?=0.767) and disturbed forest had the lowest dominancy (?=0,138). The most dominant at young rubber plantation habitat is Cynopterus brachyotis. The result of clustering analysis using SPSS 11.5 showed that habitat type were divided become 2 clusters which were old rubber and non old forest (forest, disturbed forest, young rubber plantation and mix garden). This division showed that forest and non forest had a distinctively different habitat. According to Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) by using Canoco for Windows version 4.5 indicated that physical parameter such as temperature, humidity, rainfall and altitude influenced the distribution, commnunity and clustering of bats for land use system Key words: Bats, diversity, Kerinci Seblat National Park, land use type, rubber plantation


We analyze the positive and normative effects of a progressive tax on wages in a nonlinear New Keynesian DSGE model in the presence of demand and technology shocks. The non-linearity allows us to disentangle the effects of the progressive tax on the volatility and the level of macroeconomic variables, for both intertemporally optimizing ("Ricardian") and non-Ricardian ("rule-of-thumb") households. We find that the interaction of the two household types is of crucial importance. When only Ricardian households are considered, progressive taxes increase welfare (compared to at taxes) in the presence of technology shocks. Aggregate welfare falls, however, when rule-of-thumb households are added to the analysis. The progressive tax increases the welfare of the latter household by lowering its consumption volatility, but this is overcompensated for by the destabilization of Ricardian household consumption. Under demand shocks, progressive taxes reduce the welfare of both household types, with the welfare of rule-of-thumb households falling despite a decline in their consumption volatility. The reason is a lower average consumption level which is related to the changed curvature of the marginal cost function.


The financial crisis of 2007 and the following recession present a major challenge to macroeconomic theory. The same holds true for exceptionally low interest rates during the recent years and for the puzzle that super-expansive monetary policies failed to produce high inflation. Approaches that focus on steady states, rational expectations, and individuals planning over infinite horizons, are not suitable for analysing such abnormal situations. A Study in Monetary Macroeconomics refines and improves mainstream approaches to resolve these puzzles and to contribute to a better understanding of monetary and fiscal policies. Using a rich institutional structure that includes features such as credit money, external finance, borrowing constraints, net worth, real estate and commercial banks, this timely study reduces rationality requirements to cope with its complex setting. It starts with a simple baseline model, deriving results from mathematical reasoning and simulations whilst adhering to the method of dynamic general equilibrium (DGE) with optimizing agents and fully specified models. Highly topical, A Study in Monetary Macroeconomics uses a unified theoretical framework to demonstrate that a DGE approach makes it possible to develop clean models that work outside steady states and are appropriate for answering macroeconomic questions of actual interest.


Objectives: 1) To determine the regional pattern of reduced N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD); 2) to explore the relationship between NAA reduction and subcortical vascular disease; and 3) to test if MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) in combination with structural MRI improves differentiation between SIVD and Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods: Thirteen patients with SIVD (71 ± 8 years old) and 43 patients with AD of comparable age and dementia severity were studied using MRSI and MRI. Patients were compared to 52 cognitively normal subjects with and without lacunes. Results: Compared to controls, patients with SIVD had lower NAA by 18% (p < 0.001) in frontal cortex and by 27% (p < 0.003) in parietal cortex, but no significant NAA reduction in white matter and medial temporal lobe. Compared to patients with AD, patients with SIVD had lower NAA by 13% (p < 0.02) in frontal cortex and by 20% (p < 0.002) in left parietal cortex. Cortical NAA decreased in SIVD with increasing white matter lesions (r = 0.54, p < 0.02) and number of lacunes (r = 0.59, p < 0.02). Thalamic lacunes were associated with greater NAA reduction in frontal cortex than were lacunes outside the thalamus (p < 0.02) across groups, after adjusting for cognitive impairments. Adding parietal NAA to MRI-derived hippocampal atrophy improved separation between SIVD and AD (p = 0.02) from 79 to 89%. Conclusions: These results emphasize the importance of cortical dysfunction as a factor in SIVD and indicate a characteristic pattern of metabolite change that might serve as a basis for improved diagnosis.


In this work the local equations governing the dynamics of fluidized beds are written in terms of averaged variables and constitutive relations based on physical arguments are proposed. The averaged equations are perturbed with small disturbances from the homogeneous fluidization state, and linearized with respect to the perturbations. A stability analysis is carried out and shows that the particle pressure term has a stabilizing effect and that the particle viscosity acts as a short wave filter. The behavior of the primary instabilities described by the proposed model is in qualitative agreement with experimental observations.


Background/Objective:
The Indiana University School of Medicine currently has many resources to offer its medical students to aid in their studies.  But, there are no interactive pharmacology modules available.  Pharmacology lectures only make up a small portion of lectures, but contain significant material students are expected to know.  Previously published studies demonstrate a positive impact of interactive modules on medical student education.  The goal of this project is to create interactive pharmacology modules to identify if this improves knowledge of pharmacology and standards of care.

Methods:
To start, one topic in pharmacology was chosen from each of the three spring semester first year classes.  UpToDate and primary literature articles were used to develop the content in each module to follow the most current guidelines.  A Pressbook was created for each topic and H5P was used to create the interactive branching scenarios which will be embedded in the learning management platform Canvas.  Students are given information in the module and are expected to answer relevant questions.  Based on the answer chosen, they either progress or have to answer the question again after receiving feedback.  Each module contains approximately three to four questions that the students advance through.  The modules will be implemented as part of the pre-work for the relevant lecture or small group and are intended to take up no more than 5-10 minutes of time.

Results/Conclusion:
Two survey questions will be added to the end of the course surveys for the three spring semester first year classes for the school year 2020-2021.  These questions will assess student satisfaction and the module's usefulness.

Potential Impact:
Providing interactive, branching scenario activities may increase student satisfaction of pharmacology content, improve content application, and become a useful tool for future content in other courses as well.


Innovation has become a key concept in recent decades. Truly innovative products can create value for consumers, extend the product category, generate higher margins, and strengthen the brand. Simply speaking, relationships may form between product innovation and each driver of customer equity. However, for different product categories and nationalities, this relationship may differ. This paper not only identifies the relationships between innovation and customer equity, but also examines the moderating effects of product category and nationality. In total, 409 consumers from Korea (n = 200) and China (n = 209) were surveyed by questionnaire in this study. The stimuli of the degree of innovation (i.e., radical or incremental) included Nike+Ipod and Adidas 1, and Nike Air Max and Adidas Team Series from the shoe industry, while H&M designer label and Nano material, and H&M seasonal collection and cycle material from the clothing industry. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The results show that the degree of innovation exerts positive influences on value equity and brand equity, which can be drivers of customer equity. Thus, the reason firms launch innovative products is not only to boost sales by increasing customer value, but also to improve brand image, which can influence the customers' purchase decision. The relationship between innovation and customer equity can be moderated by product category and nationality. Managers should develop different innovation strategies based on different product categories and customer nationalities.


The acute as well as chronic clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are a burden to the patient and society. Apart from the axial and articular manifestations, extraarticular AS-related comorbidities such as uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis contribute to the burden of the disease. In addition, a large proportion of patients have osteoporosis or osteopenia, which may be associated with fractures and contribute to kyphosis. All these features result in decreased quality of life. Moreover, patients with AS have an increased mortality rate. The impact of this disease also can be seen in various aspects of workforce participation, from requiring more assistance at paid work to withdrawal from the workforce. Further, patients with AS and, subsequently, society are affected by substantial healthcare costs related to medications and healthcare provider expenses. Early diagnosis and management of patients will likely prevent functional disability and improve patient outcomes.


Although several studies have shown physiological functions of interleukin (IL)-32, the role of IL-32 in liver has not yet been reported. This study was initiated to examine the effects of IL-32γ on APAP-induced acute hepatic failure in IL-32γ transgenic mice. IL-32Γ overexpressing and non-transgenic mice received 500 mg/kg Acetoaminophen (APAP) intraperitoneally. Serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were significantly lower in the APAP treated IL-32γ overexpressing mice compared with those APAP-treated non-transgenic. IL-32γ markedly reduced a restricted area of the necrosis and inflammation. APAP-induced reduced glutathione depletion, induction of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation, and cytochrome P4502E1 expression was significantly lowered in the IL-32γ overexpressing mice. Elevation of Kupffer cells and natural killer cells by APAP were reduced in the IL-32γ overexpressing mice. The expression of IL-1α, IL-1rα, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 was increased by APAP in non-transgenic mice, and were lowered in the IL-32γ overexpressing mice. Moreover, APAP-induced nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) activities were greatly lowered in the IL-32γ overexpressing mice. The results indicate that IL-32γ could effectively inhibit drug-induced hepatic failure, and reduce the number of cytotoxic immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokine production through reduced activities of NF-κB and STAT1. This might be attributable to lowering APAP-induced liver toxicity in IL-32γ overexpressing mice.


Patients with multiply relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have a limited survival. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells targeting CD19 may overcome the limitation of low complete response rates with conventional therapies with the potential to induce sustained remissions in patients with refractory B-cell malignancies. We previously reported preliminary results on three patients with refractory CLL. Here we report the mature results from our initial trial using CAR modified T cells to treat 14 patients with relapsed and refractory CLL (1). Autologous T cells transduced with a CD19-directed CAR (CTL019) lentiviral vector were infused into patients with relapsed/refractory CLL at doses of 0.14–11 ×108 CTL019 cells (median 1.6 x 108 cells). Patients were monitored for toxicity, response, expansion and persistence of circulating CTL019 T cells. The overall response rate in these heavily pretreated CLL patients was 8/14 (57%), with 4 complete remissions (CR), and 4 partial remissions (PR). The in vivo expansion of the CAR T cells correlated with clinical responses, and CAR T cells have persisted and remain functional beyond 4 years in the first two patients achieving CR; no patient in CR has relapsed. All responding patients have developed B cell aplasia and experienced cytokine release syndrome, coincident with T cell proliferation. Minimal residual disease is not detectable in patients who achieved CR, suggesting that disease eradication may be possible in some patients with advanced CLL. In separate studies we have asked whether the same CD19 CAR may have activity in tumors that do not express CD19. A patient with refractory multiple myeloma was treated with CTL019 cells, a cellular therapy consisting of autologous T cells transduced with an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor, following myeloablative chemotherapy (melphalan 140 mg/m2) and autologous stem cell transplantation (2). Four years earlier, autologous transplantation with a higher melphalan dose (200 mg/m2) had induced only a partial, transient response. Autologous transplantation followed by CTL019 cells led to a complete response with no evidence of progression and no measurable serum or urine monoclonal protein at last evaluation, 12 months after treatment. This response was achieved despite absence of CD19 expression in 99.95% of this patient9s neoplastic plasma cells. References: 1. Porter DL, et al. Science Transl Med, 2015 (in press) 2. Garfall A, et al. N Engl J Med, 2015 (in press) Citation Format: Carl June. Engineered T cells for cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA13.


: The results of using vitamins B in neurology are summarized. A differential assessment of their application in treatment of neuropathies, vertebrogenic dorsopathy, cerebrovascular diseases, cognitive impairment and metabolic disorders is presented. Special attention is drawn to the effects of milgamma and milgamma compositum.


Following Marx, Harry Braverman argued that it is not the technical nature of the machine that creates alienation but "invisible" social divisions of labor which produced and control machinery and the labor process. This paper marshals primary source material from a large visual ethnographic study of retired miners, juxtaposing photographs and oral histories in an analysis of coal mining. Photographs of the mining process, which represent the technological processes and divisions of labor are examined alongside coal miners' accounts of the labor process which include discussions of social relationships including alienation and exploitation. In life, the social and technological relations of labor were inseparable, but only the technological could be photographed. I conclude that photography constitutes an operationalized language incapable of expressing alienation or negation, potential, irrationality, alternative meanings, and so on. This has profound implications in a world where photographic images med...


Purpose: To compare image‐guided accuracy for stereotactic radiotherapy of the liver in terms of reproducibility and targeting confidence. Method and Materials: The study involved eight patients treated for inoperable liver metastases or hepatobiliary carcinoma. Each treatment fraction, these patients were imaged and repositioned using orthogonal portal images acquired in AP and lateral views. Repositioning occurred when the measured offset exceed 3mm in any of the cranio‐caudal (CC), anterior‐posterior (AP), and medio‐lateral (ML) directions. A second pair of orthogonal images assessed the residual setup accuracy. Orthogonal fluoroscopy sessions, each lasting 30 s, were acquired; some prior, but most after radiotherapy delivery. All images were acquired with the patient under active breathing control. All treatments were performed using a conventional medicallinear accelerator equipped with a kilovoltage x‐ray source and flat‐panel detector mounted at 90 degrees from the linac beam central axis. The right diaphragm was used as a surrogate for the liver position. The reproducibility and stability of the diaphragm was thus analysed for a total of 48 fractions. Results: After initial setup and repositioning, the residual setup error determined from portal images was 2.6 (CC), 3.0 (AP), and 2.6 mm (ML); conversely, the residual setup error measured from the kilovoltage fluoroscopy sessions was 3.2 (CC), 3.1 (AP), and 2.1 mm (ML). Conclusion: Daily portal imaging and repositioning based on these images improves setup accuracy. Similar accuracy is shown from kilovoltage fluoroscopy analysis. On‐line fluoroscopy can potentially assess patient position prior and after delivery of radiation therapy, and provide a baseline for cone‐beam CT analysis. Conflict of Interest:: This work is supported, in part, by Elekta Radiation Oncology. LD is supported by an ASCO career development award.


Examines the impact of the ratification of the International Labor Organization's (ILO's) Convention number 87 on the unions of teachers and local government employees in Japan. Distinction that Japanese law makes between direct government employees and employees of government corporations; Scope of bargaining between government and unions; Change brought by the ILO Convention to labor relations in the public service sector of Japan. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)


Key messages

Foods from forests are important for peoples' diets in many countries, but the amounts collected and consumed have been difficult to quantify.
We report results from a study carried out in Zambia, in which 209 households were surveyed across all of the country's agroecological zones. Based on the results of this survey and other nationally available data, we estimate that, for surveyed households, wild fruits collected from forests contribute approximately 80% of total fruit intake.
The reported amount of wild fruits consumed from forests would be enough, on average, to meet 25% of international recommendations on fruit intake.
Zambians are very far from meeting nutritional recommendations on fruit consumption. If forests in Zambia were to be converted to other land uses, already poor diets could become significantly worse.


The early detection and correct identification of polydorid polychaete species is essential as they are often encountered as invasive alien pests in aquaculture facilities or the intertidal where they may modify the ecosystem. Accurate identification is, however, often hampered by high levels of morphological similarity among species. This taxon will therefore benefit from the development of a library of sequences, such as COI barcodes, to aid identification. However, the universal primers for the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) DNA barcoding marker has failed to consistently amplify this gene for polydorids, greatly hampering the development of such a library. We describe the development of unique PCR primers for the COI gene that work across four genera and nine species of polydorids. We also compared its efficacy with sequence data for mitochondrial cytochrome b and nuclear 18S rRNA, and a concatenated dataset consisting of all three markers. The nuclear 18S rRNA gene showed the least variation both intra- (0.0–1.2%) and interspecifically (0.6–4.3%), and was the most accurate for species identifications among the three markers. Although COI was characterised by higher intraspecific variation compared with Cyt b (0.0–14.5% and 0.0–4.2%, respectively), Cyt b showed considerably higher levels of interspecific variation (16.6–30.2%) compared with COI (2.2–20.7%). Of the two mitochondrial DNA markers, COI was actually less accurate for species identifications, having suggested two species within Boccardia pseudonatrix that was not supported by the other markers. Overall, the concatenated dataset yielded the most consistent intraspecific groupings, suggesting that this is the most accurate means of identifying polydorids using DNA sequence data. Thus, there may not be a quick and easy way to identify these species accurately using only molecular data.


Radical innovation or doing different things than usual seems to be of key importance for organizations, to survive severe competition and crisis. Facing the financial and economic crisis in countries and companies, there is an urgent question on how or when to innovate or engage in strategic change (Christensen, 1997). The institutional perspective seems to be essential for the overall understanding of markets, industries and organizational fields and combine the inside-out and outside-in views to understand processes, and not take them for granted. Institutionalization is the process by which organizations acquire identity and legitimacy. Institutionalization involves more than building formal structures and processes (Eberlein, 2003). Dorado (2005) follows this institutional perspective and proposes in her paper, that processes of institutional change vary depending on the form, taken by the three factors that define them: agency, resource mobilization, and opportunity, and determine the organizational field which may result in opportunity conditions (opportunity hazy, opportunity transparent and opportunity opaque). The framework and theory of Dorado (2005), combined with the agency theory to innovate in a certain field, and different strategic opportunities, can reduce uncertainty in the organizational field and provide more opportunities within the organizational field and perhaps other fields. To understand this and try to formulate an answer, we should look at:

'How does the degree of institutionalization and multiplicity in a given field, influence the strategic opportunities of organizations in that field?'

To obtain data, we used four organizational fields within the mobility sector: sustainable mobility, traffic safety, recreation close to home and assistance en route. The collected data from these four fields are obtained through interviews and secondary data analysis. All collected data is analyzed by the use of coding specific words and sentences, in combination with the conducted literature in the literature review and framework. This data-analysis gave insight in the fields and provide data to answer the research question. There are a lot of here are a lot of similarities between the fields within the mobility sector.

The outcome of the research shows that when there is a high degree of institutionalization and a low degree of multiplicity, the actors operate in an opportunity opaque organizational field and strive for a routinized strategic opportunity (focused on the sustainable mobility, assistance en route and partly in the traffic safety field). The transparent field is visible in the recreation close to home field and partly in the traffic safety field. The outcome shows that when there is a moderate degree of institutionalization and multiplicity, the actors operate in an opportunity transparent field, and strive for routinized, strategic and sense making strategic opportunities. So when there is a low degree of institutionalization and a high degree of multiplicity, the organizations operate in an opportunity haze organizational field and strive for a routinized and sense making agentic strategy, which focuses on the past and present.


DNA is a unique yet useful material to organize nanoscale molecular arrays along the helix axis. In this study, we demonstrate a useful approach for creating molecular arrays inside a double helical DNA. Our approach is based on a host-guest system. Introducing abasic sites into DNA afforded a hydrophobic cavity that serves as a host. A planar aromatic molecule (cationic perylenediimide, PDI) was used as the guest molecule. In an aqueous solution, the PDI molecules tend to aggregate with themselves due to the strong hydrophobicity. In the presence of DNA with the cavity, the binding of the PDI was found to site-specifically occur in the hydrophobic cavity. The unique assembly and arrangement for more than two PDI molecules was achieved by controlling the sizes and positions of the cavities. Our approach would provide a simple and convenient way to construct one-dimensional aromatic arrays in DNA.


Currently available systems for the commercial production of recombinant subunit vaccines include bacteria, yeasts, insects and mammalian cell cultures. Each of these systems has specific benefits, but overall, their application is limited by insufficient scalability, cost, safety and target integrity. Plant-based production platforms remains attractive as an alternative due to high scalability, cost-effectiveness and greater safety. Vaccines have been developed against viral, bacterial, parasitic and allergenic antigens for human as well as animal use using plant expression systems. Stable integration of transgene into the nuclear or chloroplast genome in many plants (e.g. tobacco, tomato, potato, papaya, carrot) for the production of subunit vaccines have been reported, effective expression has also been achieved by transient expression. Many plant produced recombinant proteins have shown immunogenicity, several have been shown to work effectively in animal models. This review tries to give an update of plant produced recombinant proteins, the future and limitations.


Petroleum companies have invested heavily in the exploration of frontier offshore basins in Brazil. Uncertainties associated with geologic complexity, lithostratigraphy, fluid content, and seismic resolution in these basins are the most common challenges. Many methods have been used to circumvent these issues, such as assessing seismic attributes, seismic inversion, spectral decomposition, and the integration of these methodologies to accomplish an optimal approach. Because of the complex geology of these areas, it is very difficult to identify potential reservoirs within one specific geologic formation. Hence, applying spectral decomposition to frontier basins of high geologic complexity can help overcome the challenges because in the frequency domain, it is possible to better define variability and lateral discontinuities. The correct choice of the spectral decomposition optimization approach is critical for accurate target zone representation as well as selection of the appropriate transform. Prestack inversion, spectral decomposition, and attribute seismic facies classification were applied to evaluate the extent of a reservoir and analyze whether an appraisal well has been sited at a good location. The results showed that the new appraisal well was planned at a good location but that its facies were not as good as those of the first discovery well, as confirmed after drilling.


The numerous studies on pseudoneglect have generated inconsistent results and disagreement concerning the underlying mechanisms. Most research supports the hypothesis that hemispheric lateralization is the main reason for the persistent leftward bias in spatial tasks. Findings on the influence of reading direction, handedness and participant age are largely contradictory. As a result of brain maturation adults usually perform with significant leftward bias. However, both hemispheric activation and scanning habits exert an influence on space representation, which varies across age groups. Preschoolers, middle school children and adults were tested on the line and word bisection tasks and on house-person-tree drawing tasks. The analysis of their performance produced results consistent with an explanatory account that the direction of the spatial bias shifts leftwards in the course of development.


Mass media continue to provide important channels for communicating information about personal health. This study aims to describe the knowledge, attitude and behavior of viewers regarding healthy lifestyle; explore whether the portrayals and messages in TV advertisements can influence people's attitudes and behaviors toward leading a healthy lifestyle; and find out how the viewers' knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding healthy lifestyles vary across subgroups by sex, age and socio-economic status. The paper reports on a survey of 200 prime-time viewers in Quezon City and key informant interviews of 36 prime-time viewers in Metro Manila. Results show that viewers are able to acquire information from the health advertisements that are relevant to them. They have a positive attitude towards these health messages and are willing to adopt some of the aspects of healthy lifestyle portrayed, however this does not translate to willingness to buy the product advertised.


Abstract. Remote sensing via orbiting satellite sensors is today a common tool to monitor numerous aspects related to the Earth surface and the atmosphere. The amount of data from imagery have increased tremendously since the past years, due to the increase in space missions and public and private agencies involved in this activity. A lot of these data are open-data, and academics and stakeholders in general can freely download and use it for any type of application. The bottle-neck is often not data availability anymore, but the processing resources and tools to analyse it. In particular multi-temporal analysis requires stacks of images thus digital space for storage and processing workflows that are tested and validated. Processing image by image is often not a viable approach anymore. Basic tools for multi-temporal analysis are provided via the same web interface, allowing the user to also apply parallel processing for a faster data extraction. A study case over burned areas in the north-eastern region of Italy are reported, to show how the multi-temporal analysis tools provided can be a valid source of data for further analysis. Multitemporal data consisting on the index values of each pixel inside user-defined areas can be downloaded in a spreadsheet that provides the values, the cell ids, the timestamp and the cloud and snow percentage. Also the full-resolution raster with index values that are rendered on screen can be downloaded as GeoTIFF at each specific date.


This paper discusses a method to search quickly through broadcast audio data to detect and locate known sounds using reference templates, based on the active search algorithm and histogram modeling of zero-crossing features. Active search reduces the number of candidate matches between reference and test template by up to 36 times compared to exhaustive search, while still remaining optimal. Computation is further reduced by using computationally inexpensive zero-crossing features. The method is robust against white noise addition down to 20 dB signal-to-noise ratios and digitization noise.


The aim of the study was to evaluate the competitiveness of Polish pork on the EU market. The source of data for analysis were studying literature data and storage statistics. Competitiveness was assessed on the basis of the comparison of levels of production costs, purchase prices, the foreign trade balance and indicators of export orientation and import penetration. Research shows that after the integration of Poland to the EU the foreign trade of alive pork and pork has increased. The competitiveness of Polish pork on the European market of the EU decreased. It is indicated a high level of production costs and purchase prices and the continuing negative balance of foreign trade.


Shorea parvifolia is the native species of Kalimantan and has a high commercial value. This research was aimed to analysis the growth and yield of meranti planted under Acacia mangium stands, as enrichment planting on the TPTI silvicultural system.  The research was conducted at Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province. Type of soil at the site is ultisol with 2 606 mm/year of precipitation average.  Initially, Acacia mangium planted with space namely 3 x 3 m at 1993. After two years, seedlings of Shorea parvifolia were planted among akasia plants with 1 111 tress/ha of density.  Thinning of akasia plants were conducted stage by stage, especially at the stunted plants or dead. The data were latest analyzed at 2014 or at the moment of 20 years old.  Research result showed that at the 1, 5, 10, 15, and 15 years old, life percentage of Shorea parvifolia are 94.8%, 78%, 66.4%, 57.5%, and 53% respectively. Average diameter of Shorea parvifolia at the same times are 1.27 cm, 6.13 cm, 12.8 cm, 19.86, and 27.46 cm respectively, and their average total height are 1.51 m, 5.27 m, 10.89 m, 17.18 m, and 24.41 m respectively. Volume growth of Shorea parvifolia at the same times namely 0.05 m3/ha , 3.97 m3/ha, 36.93 m3/ha, 145.44 m3/ha, and 303.62 m3/ha respectively.Key words: growth and yield, CAI, MAI, Shorea parvifolia.


The objectives of this research is to find the best formulation of cassava flour and mocal (modified cassava flour) based dry noodle which can compete with wheat flour based dry noodle. This research consist of experiments with several variation of composition cassava flour and mocal including 40% and 50%.  Mocal used in this research was produced from spontaneous fermentation which would be compared with commercial mocal which was usually produced from non-spontaneous fermentation. Spontaneous fermentation is natural fermentation process which no added  microorganisms.  The sensory evaluation of dry and rehydration noodles which are physical appearance, color, odor, taste, gumminess and extensibility. The data was analized by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and then Duncan Test. The best result was then examined`for it's chemical composition like moisture content, ash, crude fat, protein and carbohydrate (crude fiber). The result showed that the best formulation to produced dry noodle use mocal from spontaneous fermentation with composition 40% mocal and 60% wheat flour. The best dry noodle contained (wet weight basis) of 12,31% moisture content, 3,97% ash, 6,69% protein, 1,13% crude fat and 3,86% crude fiber.Keyword : cassava flour, mocal, spontaneous fermentation, commercial mocal


Combining shrewd applications of current cultural theory with compelling autobiography and elegant prose, Jose E. Limon works at the intersection of anthropology, folklore, popular culture, history, and literary criticism. A native of South Texas, he renders a historical and ethnographic account of its rich Mexican-American folk culture. This folk culture, he shows whether expressed through male joking rituals, ballroom polka dances, folk healing, or eating and drinking traditions metaphorically dances with the devil, both resisting and accommodating the dominant culture of Texas. Critiquing the work of his precursors John Gregory Bourke, J. Frank Dobie, Jovita Gonzalez, and Americo Paredes Limon deftly demonstrates that their accounts of Mexican-Americans in South Texas contain race, class, and gender contradictions, revealed most clearly in their accounts of the folkloric figure of the devil. Limon's own field-based ethnography follows, and again the devil appears as a recurrent motif, signaling the ideological contradictions of folk practices in a South Texas on the verge of postmodernity. "


The utilisation of airborne laser scanning (Light Detection And Ranging, LiDAR) technology in archaeological research has developed signifcantly in recent years. The application of specifc algorithms to appropriate software can provide an accurate digital model of the Earth's surface from LiDAR datasets, which helps to identify archaeological objects by the use and comparison of different visualisation techniques of the digital terrain model (DTM). Besides using LiDAR data, the application of various methods (e.g. documentation by terrestrial laser scanner and Total Station, aerial photographs, modern and historical maps, archaeological information, historical documents, on-site examination of earthwork features) helps to assure a more precise identifcation and interpretation process of the archaeological features. In addition, the Geographical Information System (GIS) offers a good solution for managing together all these various types of information in the same coordinate system. In this paper, the application of LiDAR analysis in GIS environment will be discussed and compared in two different research programmes. The HiMAT programme (History of Mining Activities in the Tyrol and adjacent areas) investigates the history of mining in the Eastern Alps and the APSAT project (Environment and Landscapes of Upland Sites of Trentino) focuses on the study of the upland anthropic system in Trentino area. In both research projects, LiDAR surveys were applied to investigate the archaeological areas such as mining regions and hilltop sites of upland areas. Some of the results from the sites surveyed by LiDAR and additional methods are presented in this paper including the discovery of new sites and the detection of new structures at known sites as well as the mapping of archaeological settings.


Marine environments are facing several threats from climate change. The threats include changing salinity, temperature and acidity. Changes in these environmental aspects can have an influence on individual foraging and patterns of growth in marine fish and ultimately entire food webs. Understanding the foraging biology of marine fish is important because their feeding habits and their diet selection are vital characteristics of trophic relationships in marine ecosystems. In this thesis, I explored the food web structure of the Arabian Gulf Marine Fishery, the growth rate of estuarine threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) fish, and their diet choice. The focus for all three studies was the potential threat caused by the elevation of salinity, temperature and associated changes in productivity and diet.
In Chapter 2, I present a study on diet selectivity in larval and juvenile G. aculeatus along a salinity gradient of how this environmental parameter along with temperature, prey species richness, prey diversity and productivity affected the diet choice of these fish. I found that prey selectivity, which I defined as the difference between size in gut and size in pond, declines with salinity but that selectivity was unaffected by temperature, productivity, prey species richness, and prey diversity.
In Chpater 3 I present a study of how salinity, temperature, productivity and zooplankton food size affects the growth rate of larval and juvenile threespine sticklebacks. I found that salinity, zooplankton prey size and zooplankton species richness all affected the growth rate of these fish, while no effect was observed for temperature, productivity and other features of the environment.
In Chapter 4 I present the largest marine food web ever constructed, for the Arabian (=Persian) Gulf. The Arabian Gulf is experiencing increased salinity in spawning ground areas due to alterations of freshwater influx. I examined the structure of this community in comparison to other previously reported marine food webs and found it to be similar. I also explored how the structure of the food web changes when only species were considered (taxonomic food webs) versus of the consideration of life stages as species (disaggregated food webs). I also explored the impact on the food web structure due to the removal of all commercial species from both webs. One of the major findings was that copepods, mainly calanoids, were the most common prey. Thus, their productivity is vital to the fishery.
My work in this thesis on larval and juvenile fish growth and on diet choice shows that larval and juvenile fish are sensitive to the changes in environmental parameters, particularly salinity. My work also shows that calanoid copepods are a major prey in a large fishery. In general, this suggests that it is very important to understand the sensitivity of larval and juvenile fish to environmental characteristics and the management of their prey (e.g. copepods).


Children with disabilities in South-Eastern Nigeria face problems of isolation. This study investigated the roles of conscientious personality and work experience in predicting teachers' attitude towards inclusive education. Participants included 196 primary school teachers who were selected randomly from 6 primary schools in Enugu, South-Eastern Nigeria. The age of the teachers ranged from 27-51 years (Mean age = 41.85 years; Standard Deviation = 4.63). Results showed that conscientious personality and work experience positively predicted primary school teachers' attitude towards inclusive education. The results were discussed in terms of determining work-related attributes necessary for improving access to education among children with disabilities. The limitation of the study and recommendation for future research were highlighted.


This article strives to provide an original conceptual framework that should open a way to clarification of general philosophical debates on rules and norms . It makes a clear distinction between rules (and norms) understood as social facts grounded on specific relationships between social subjects and rules (norms) understood as linguistic entities. Norms are taken as specific social rules and divided into three different types: social constitutive norms, particular constitutive norms, and institutional norms . Attention is also devoted to relation between normality and normativity, to the role of permissions and to specific features of technological 'rules' . In the last part of the article the outlined conceptual apparatus is employed for analysis of two passages from Wittgenstein's Investigations .


Editorial and Introduction.- I Mechanisms of uptake and targeting: Mass transport via cellular barriers and endocytosis, Rita E. Serda et al.- Approaches to achieving sub-cellular targeting of bioactives using pharmaceutical nanocarriers , Melani Solomon and Gerard G.M. D'Souza.- Delivery to intracellular targets by nanosized particles: macrophages and RNAs, Gillian Barratt.- The potential and current progress of internalizing molecules in targeted drug delivery, Jiehua Zhou and John Rossi.- Simulation based analysis of nanocarrier internalization, Exciting challenges with a new computational tool, Bela Csukas et al.- Nanosized drug delivery vectors and the reticuloendothelial system, Lisa M. Kaminskas, Ben J. Boyd.- Membrane cross-over by cell-penetrating peptides: kinetics and mechanisms, From model to cell membrane perturbation by permeant peptides, Sandrine Sagan et al.- II Nanocarrier formulation: Intracellular delivery: Multifunctional and modular approach, Rupa Sawant and Vladimir P Torchilin.- Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanosystems, Julien Nicolas and Christine Vauthier.- Amphiphilic block copolymer based nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery, Xiao-Bing Xiong and Afsaneh Lavasanifar.- Stimuli-responsive polymersomes, Min-Hui Li.- Silica-based nanoparticles for intracellular drug delivery, Sandrine Quignard, Sylvie Masse and Thibaud Coradin.- Magnetic nanoparticles for biomedicine, Ivo Safarik, Katerina Horska and Mirka Safarikova.- Biosynthesis of metalic nanoparticles and their applications, Adam Schroefel and Gabriela Kratosova.- Nanocrystals: production, cellular drug delivery, current & future products, Cornelia M. Keck et al.- Processing and scale-up of polymeric nanoparticles, Christine Vauthier and Kawthar Bouchemal .- III Medical Applications: Magnetic Resonance Tracking of Stem Cells with Iron Oxide Particles, Eddy SM Lee et al.- Nanoparticles for oral administration of cancer therapies, Juan M. Irache et al.- Nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy applications, Laurence Raehm et al.- Nanoparticles for enhanced hyperthermia, Qian Wang and Jing Liu.- Nonviral vectors and their nanoformulations for gene therapy, Jianxiang Zhang et al.- Imaging of Nanoparticle Delivery Using Terahertz Waves, Joo-Hiuk Son et al.- Calcium phosphate- and calcium phosphosilicate-mediated drug delivery and imaging, O.A. Pinto et al.- Nanoparticles for treating intracellular bacteria and protozoa, Maria Jose Morilla and Eder Lilia Romero.- Gene Therapy in Bone Regeneration, A Summary of Delivery Approaches for Effective Therapies, Laura Rose, Ross Fitzsimmons, Tarek El-Bialy and Hasan Uludag.- Nanoinformatics: developing advanced informatics applications for Nanomedicine, Victor Maojo et al.


Background Changes in muscle temperature by warm-up (W-up) depend on the characteristics of the body composition such as fats and muscle activity, and the changes may vary between sites of the body. However, the activity and temperature in specific muscles are not understood, and the scientific evidence of the effectiveness of W-up is necessary. Objective This study aimed to obtain findings of effective W-up techniques by analysing the activity and changes in the temperature of specified muscles by W-up over time. Method The subject was a healthy man. We measured the deep muscle temperatures of the vastus medialis muscle (VM), tibialis anterior muscle (TA), biceps femoris muscle (BF), semitendinosus muscle (SM), soleus muscle (SOL), and gastrocnemius muscle (GAS) by using a thermometer (Coretemp CTM-205) and equipped probes. W-up was performed by aerobic exercise for 30 min by using a treadmill and heart rate metre. The deep muscle temperature was measured at 1-minute intervals over time. Muscle activity was measured by using a wireless surface electromyography (EMG) system (WEB-1000) to obtain the mean percent maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) values and areas at 1-minute intervals. Statistical analyses were performed by using the Tukey's test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. This study had the approval of the Ethical Committee Aomori University of Health and Welfare. Result The deep muscle temperature increased from the start to the end of the W-up over time in each muscle. The TA muscle showed the highest temperature (38.14 ± 0.45°C). The significant increases in temperature occurred at 2 min (TA), 3 min (SOL), 4 min (GAS, BF, and SM), and 6 min (VM) after the start of the W-up (p < 0.05, in each). The temperature reached levels that were not significantly different from the highest temperatures of the muscles at 7 min (GAS), 9 min (SOL), 10 min (BF), 11 min (TA), 12 min (SM), and 13 min (VM) after the start of W-up. The%MVC value was significantly higher in the SOL (52.8 ± 5.68%), while it was significantly lower in the TA (25.0 ± 2.17%) than the other muscles (p < 0.01, in each). The mean area on the EMG was significantly larger in the TA (1.786 ± 0.177 mV) but significantly smaller in the SM (1.080 ± 0.149 mV) than in the other muscles (p < 0.01, in each). Discussion This study demonstrated that changes in the muscle temperature by W-up vary between muscles. The TA muscle showed a significant increase in temperature and highest temperature. In addition, it exhibited the lowest%MVC value and largest area, which is presumably because of the characteristic of the muscle tissue, the high composition of type I myofibers, and the high frequency of use. Furthermore, this study suggests that the increasing pattern in temperature and muscle activity also depended on the difference in muscle activity according to position and muscle mass. Taken together, in order to obtain the effective increase in muscle temperature, individualised W-up techniques should be applied, taking the position and mass of muscles, characteristics of muscle tissues, and frequency of muscle use into account. Abstract P-2 Figure 1 Deep muscle temperature (°C).vastus medialis muscle(VM), tibialis anterior muscle(TA), biceps femoris muscle(BF), semitendinosus muscle(SM), soleus muscle(SOL), and gastrocnemius muscle(GAS) Acknowledgment This study was performed with the support of a 2015 research grant from Aomori University of Health and Welfare. References Lee S, Kanazawa Y, Fukuda M. Comparison between age of the body composition in the limbs as a related factor of conduction heat. J Jpn Soc Balneol Climatol Phys Med 2004 May;65:165–72. Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, Rasbach KA, Boström EA, Choi JH, Long JZ, Kajimura S, Zingaretti MC, Vind BF, Tu H, Cinti S, Højlund K, Gygi SP, Spiegelman BM. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012 Jan;481(7382):463–8


Paleomagnetic and petrographic results from late Carnian to Sinemurian red beds in the Newark Basin suggest that significant components of chemical remanence (CRM) were acquired within a few million years or less after deposition. The red beds are devoid of magnetite and contain several forms of clearly authigenic hematite. Hematite grains of indisputable detrital origin are rare. Following removal of Cenozoic components by thermal demagnetization, 56% of the 606 outcrop and subsurface red-bed samples showed normal polarity, 30% were reversed, and 14% were intermediate. The average remanence direction of the normal red beds (D = 7°, I = 26°) was in close agreement with the average direction of the intercalated basalts (D = 7°, I = 27°) and with published Late Triassic/Early Jurassic paleopole data. The magnetostratigraphic pattern shown by the red-bed and basalt samples is: late Carnian normal, Norian to late Rhaetian mixed polarity, and late Rhaetian to Sinemurian normal. Within the mixed polarity interval is a pattern of thick (as much as 200 m), alternating normal and reversed zones, in some places enclosing numerous thin (0.5 to 20 m), "anomalous" zones of opposite or intermediate polarity. The anomalous zones are associated with lithologic boundaries and are discontinuous along strike; they cannot represent penecontemporaneous records of the geomagnetic field at the time of deposition. Boundaries between the thick polarity zones within the mixed polarity interval, however, are not associated with lithologic boundaries and can be traced along strike for as much as 52 km; these features suggest relatively rapid CRM acquisition. The normal polarity of the late Rhaetian to Sinemurian red beds agrees well with the normal polarity of correlative basaltic rocks throughout eastern North America and Morocco. Similar correlations can be made with the Norian to late Rhaetian mixed polarity interval. An upper limit of a few million years is indicated for acquisition of CRM sufficient to establish polarity in the red beds; the actual period was probably much shorter. We conclude that the gross magnetostratigraphic pattern of the Newark Basin strata may be useful for purposes of correlation. The application of the red-bed data to tectonic reconstructions, however, requires caution. The data do not show the expected stratigraphic record of progressive plate movement, and the average remanence direction of the reversed samples (D = 191°, I = −1°) is anomalously shallow.


Bacteriolyses and destructions of bacterial cell walls by zinc (Ⅱ) ion solutions were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Bacteriolysis of S. aureus peptidoglycan (PGN) cell wall by zinc ion solution is due to the inhibition of PGN elongation by the activations of PGN autolysins of amidases. The other, bacteriolysis and destruction of E. coli cell wall are caused by the destruction of outer membrane structure due to degradative enzymes of lipoproteins at N- and C-terminals, and also inhibition of PGN elongation is dependent on the activities of PGN hydrolases and autolysins of amidase and carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase. Zinc ions induced ROS such as O2-, H2O2, ・OH, OH-producing in bacterial cell wall occur oxidative stress. DNA damages may be due to Zn ion complex formation by Zn2+ substitution into hydrogen bonds in DNA base pairs.


The tourism industries remain inadequately and inconsistently theorised as a form of capitalist development despite their immense ability to transform spaces and economies. The fundamental proposition that tourism 'commodifies' place is widely declared yet rarely critically analysed. There exists confusion about the role of nature and culture, and the experiential nature of consumption, in the commodification of place. To clarify these processes, we extend previous geographic work on the commodification of nature to develop a typology of commodified tourist spaces firmly grounded in political economy. We deploy this analysis to illuminate the distinctive spatial politics of anti-tourism resistance.