The Livingstone Range anticlinorium marks a hanging-wall ramp across which the Livingstone thrust cuts up eastward approximately 1000 m (3280 ft) between regional decollements in the Devonian and the Jurassic strata. It is well exposed and provides actualistic models for exploration of analogous subsurface structures. More than 30 km (19 mi) of detailed mapping along strike reveals generally gradual changes, punctuated by abrupt terminations or offsets of structures at northeast- to east-trending tear faults, interpreted to be reactivated basement faults. Some folds plunge out at tear faults, forming domal culminations between them. Hinge zones of chevron-style, flexural-slip thrust-propagation folds display a distinctive pattern of ramp-flat thrusting comprising stacked detachment thrusts, each of which emerges from a different zone of interbed slip in the backlimb and deflects the hinge zone eastward. Each successively lower detachment thrust dies out in the hinge zone just below an overlying one. Displacements on the detachments, rotation of fold limbs, and interbed flexural slip were integrated kinematically. Thrust-propagation folding involved a form of cataclastic flow: individual blocks of rock delimited by faults, joints, and sheared bedding surfaces underwent minor relative displacements with little or no internal deformation, despite large translations and rotations of the thrust sheet. Pressure solution and vein formation were widespread but were minor components of the deformation. Complex fracturing within the anticlines is dominated by conspicuous widely spaced (150 m [490 ft]) transverse (east-northeast–striking) zones of intense fracturing that transect hinge zones and limbs. These permeable zones likely originated by reactivation of basement faults, and their significance may not be predictable by curvature analysis.


We reconsider the role of financial intermediaries in monetary economics. We explore the hypothesis that financial intermediaries drive the business cycle by way of their role in determining the price of risk. In this framework, balance sheet quantities emerge as a key indicator of risk appetite and hence of the "risk-taking channel" of monetary policy. We document evidence that the balance sheets of financial intermediaries reflect the transmission of monetary policy through capital market conditions. We find short-term interest rates to be important in influencing the size of financial intermediary balance sheets. Our findings suggest that the traditional focus on the money stock for the conduct of monetary policy may have more modern counterparts, and we suggest the importance of tracking balance sheet quantities for the conduct of monetary policy.


The recent progress in non-autoregressive text-to-speech (NAR-TTS) has made fast and high-quality speech synthesis possible. However, current NAR-TTS models usually use phoneme sequence as input and thus cannot understand the tree-structured syntactic information of the input sequence, which hurts the prosody modeling. To this end, we propose SyntaSpeech, a syntax-aware and light-weight NAR-TTS model, which integrates tree-structured syntactic information into the prosody modeling modules in PortaSpeech. Specifically, 1) We build a syntactic graph based on the dependency tree of the input sentence, then process the text encoding with a syntactic graph encoder to extract the syntactic information. 2) We incorporate the extracted syntactic encoding with PortaSpeech to improve the prosody prediction. 3) We introduce a multi-length discriminator to replace the flow-based post-net in PortaSpeech, which simplifies the training pipeline and improves the inference speed, while keeping the naturalness of the generated audio. Experiments on three datasets not only show that the tree-structured syntactic information grants SyntaSpeech the ability to synthesize better audio with expressive prosody, but also demonstrate the generalization ability of SyntaSpeech to adapt to multiple languages and multi-speaker text-to-speech. Ablation studies demonstrate the necessity of each component in SyntaSpeech. Source code and audio samples are available at https://syntaspeech.github.io.


At the fundamental level, the 4-dimensional space-time of our
direct experience might not be a continuum and discrete quantum entities might "collectively"
rule its dynamics. Henceforth, it seems natural to think that in the "low-energy" regime some of its distinctive quantum
attributes could, in principle, manifest themselves even at macroscopically
large scales. Indeed, when confronted with Nature, classical gravitational
dynamics of spinning astrophysical bodies is known to lead to paradoxes: to
untangle them, dark matter or modifications to the classical law of gravity are
openly considered. In this article, the hypothesis of a fluctuating space-time
acquiring "at large distances" the properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate is
pushed forward: firstly, it is shown that a natural outcome of this picture is
the production of monopoles, dyons, and vortex lines of "quantized"
gravitomagnetic—or gyrogravitational—flux along the transition phase; the
minimal supported "charge" (and multiples of it) being directly linked with a
nonzero (minimal) vacuum energy. Thus, a world of vibrating, spinning, interacting strings
whose only elements in their construction are our topological concepts of space
and time is envisioned, and they are proposed as tracers of the superfluid
features of the space-time: the archetypal embodiment of these physical
processes being set by the "gravitational roton", an analogue of Landau's
classic higher-energy excitation used to explain the superfluid properties of
helium II. The far and the near field asymptotics of string line solutions are
presented and used to deduce their pair-interaction energy. Remarkably, it is
found that two stationary, axis-aligned, quantum space-time vortices with the
same sense of spin not only exhibit zones of repulsion but also of attraction,
depending on their relative geodetic distance.


Complex calcific coronary artery disease presents a significant challenge in interventional cardiology. Rotational atherectomy (RA) is a useful tool in treating these lesions but was associated with high rates of restenosis in the COBRA trial. Drug eluting stent technology has vastly reduced restenosis rates but there is little data on outcome after RA and stent insertion. A retrospective analysis was performed of patients undergoing RA in our centre between 1999 and 2008. One year follow up was performed by patient questionnaire and interrogation of the NHS strategic tracking system. Patients were divided by those receiving BMS or DES. The primary outcome of our study was 1-year death, MI and TLR. Secondary endpoints were long term outcome. Results were compared to the 6 month outcomes from the COBRA trial. Two hundred and two patients underwent RA in the time period studied; 19 patients received no stent leaving 183 patients included for analysis. 76 patients received BMS (group A) while 107 patients received DES (group B). Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups (Abstract 129 Figure 1). 30 day mortality and 1-year mortality was similar in both groups (2.6% vs 0.9% p=0.75 and 4% vs 3.5% p=0.99). One year MI appeared greater in group B but was not statistically significant (1.9% vs 5.1% p=0.65). TLR was higher in group A but again did not reach statistical significance (6.6% vs 2.8% p=0.25) (Abstract 129 Figure 2). Combined 1 year MI, TLR and death was 12% vs 10.3% (p=0.74). Long term mortality was significantly higher in group A at follow up of 1077±791 days and 999±548 days respectively (21% vs 7.5% p=0.009 OR 3.3 95% CI 1.34 to 8.55). Abstract 129 Figure 1 Baseline characteristics. Abstract 129 Figure 2 Our results demonstrate a significant improvement at 1 year compared to results from the COBRA trial which presented 6 month findings. Combined MI, TLR and death in both group A and B were significantly lower than that of COBRA (12% and 10.3% vs 35.7% both p<0.001) (Abstract 129 Figure 2). This is despite our population including significantly older patients with a greater lesion length (Abstract 129 Figure 1). Our long term mortality data would also suggest that DES confer a survival benefit in patients undergoing RA. We suggest that our results reflect modern RA practice and enable RA plus stenting to return to the forefront of treatment in complex coronary disease.


Stringent discharge requirements call for advanced methods of wastewater treatment to take on where biological treatment fails to succeed. Here, the adsorption potential of fly ash, an on-site available and cheap material, was tested in batch and continuous flow fixed bed experiments using bleaching effluent from an integrated mill producing mechanical pulp. Various models were fitted to the experimental data to find the best description of the adsorption system and to obtain important model parameters: the Freundlich model yielded the highest correlation and indicated that the process was favorable. The bed depth service time model suggested that the adsorption in the column setup involved more than one rate limiting step, and the Thomas and Clark models generated similar curves which satisfactorily described adsorption at short bed depth. The fly ash showed good adsorptive properties of wood derived substances: both lignin and extractives were effectively separated from the effluent.


To quantify the dynamics of HIV-1 replication during acute infection, we develop a novel mathematical model and use it to analyze experimental data from humanized mice infected with HIV-1. Our model describes the acute phase of the infection reasonably, allowing us to estimate several parameters such as the exponential growth rate (1.00±0.59 per day) characterizing this HIV-1 infection. Futhermore, we calculated the death rate of infected cell (0.70±0.33 per day) and the basic reproductive number (3.76±1.53) in HIV-1 infected humanized mice from the relation of parameter values which could be estimated from the time course datasets during the acute phase. Finally, we discuss how the model improves our understanding of viral infection dynamics in vivo .


Badung Utara, Badung Utara, Badung Utara. To find out whether the preference must be able to moderate the relationship between understanding of tax regulations on individual taxpayer regulations in the North Badung region. The minimum number of samples used in the study were 100 (one hundred) individual taxpayers at North Badung KPP Pratama. This study uses the accidential sampling method. The method of data collection uses the questionnaire method. The data analysis technique used is Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results obtained related to understanding tax regulations, positive and significant to taxpayer obligations, as well as risk preferences can moderate the relationship of understanding tax regulations with taxpayer assistance.
Keywords: Understanding of Taxes, Tax Compliance, Risk Preference.


Thesis describes synthetic studies directed towards evaluating the biosynthetic relationships between several novel polycyclic diterpenes, including bielschowskysin 1, verrillin 2, plumarellide 3 and intricarene 4, and their probable furanobutenolide -based cembrane precursors, e.g. bipinnatin J (5) and bipinnatin G (6). These interesting natural products have all been isolated from marine corals in recent years.
The Introduction describes a general overview of biologically active compounds isolated from natural sources, followed by the isolation, structure and biological profile of the aforementioned marine natural products.
The Discussion section introduces the family of furanobutenolide - based cembrane natural products and then discusses the structures of bielschowskysin 1, verrillin 2, plumarellide 3 and intricarene 4 and their proposed biogenetic origins from simple furanocembranes via transannular pericyclic cycloaddition processes. A synthetic study towards the model bielschowskysin structures 106 and 132 from rubifolide analogues, i.e. 102 and 125 is then described. Difficulties with the stabilities of various substrates led to abandonment of this route, but an alternative strategy produced the 14-membered furanocembrane structure 142 which lacked a delta11,12-alkene bond. Further manipulation of 142 into the modified bielschowskysin structure 125 could not be achieved, due to the dearth of material.
The oxidation chemistry of 2-alkenylfurans was next studied. Model studies established that treatment of the alkenylfuran 162 with peroxy reagents led to the Zdienedione 163. When 163 was left in the presence of p-TSA in THF-H20 it was first converted into the beta-hydroxyketone 165 and then into the vicinal diol 178, presumably via the transient enol ether species 166. In complementary studies, treatment of the Z-dienedione 163 with K2C03 in THF-H20 led to the 4-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone 193 (53%), and isomerisation in the presence of iodine gave the corresponding E-isomer 194 (90%). These observations may have significance for the origins of coralloidolide F (195) and the macrocyclic Edienedione 196 from furanocembrane precursors in corals.
A brief review of the syntheses of furanobutenolide - based cembranes is presented and then two synthetic approaches towards deoxybipinnatin G (188b/ 188e), using Aldol/Stille/Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi (NHK) and ring-closing metathesis (RCM)/StilieINHK reactions, are presented. The RCM/StillelNHK approach produced the macrocyclic precursor 275b which, unfortunately, upon exposure to CrCh in THF, produced the acyclic intermediate 318. In contemporaneous studies, attempts were made to form the furanobutenolide - based cembrane bis-deoxylopholide 319 en route to plumarellide 3, via a ReM approach. Unfortunately, exposure of the vinyl furan 322 to Grubbs 2nd generation catalyst in refluxing DCM only led to the phenylvinylfuran 338 and to the dimer 339.
In a separate study, treatment of isoepilophodione B (159), derived from bipinnatin J (5) via rubifolide 49, with p- TSA in THF-H20 led to the novel and unusual 19-hydroxyrubifolide 353, presumably via the enol ether intermediate 354 and allylic transposition.
The Experimental section contains full details of the preparative work carried out, and collects together spectroscopic and analytical data for all the new compounds described.


Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is a major common cause of mortality and morbidity in most countries. Some clinical cases developed renal injury after acute OP poisoning. The aim of our study is to evaluate the levels of kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1) and interleukin -18(IL-18) in acute OP poisoned patients as early predictors of OP induced nephrotoxicity. Over a period of one year, the observational cross sectional study was conducted at the Poison Control Center, Zagazig University hospitals, Zagazig, Egypt. The study group consisted of 95 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria; the patients were categorized according to Peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning (POP) scale. The serum pseudocholine esterase enzyme (PChE), serum creatinine, urinary KIM-1 and IL-18 were assayed at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h after admission. There were progressive increases in the mean values of KIM-1 and IL-18 at different time intervals especially in severe poisoned patients compared to the increased levels of serum creatinine. The cutoff values of urinary KIM-1 and IL-18 that determined patients with potential AKI were 2.8 ng/ml creatinine (86.9% sensitivity, 94.6% specificity and 0.859% area under curve) and 59 pg/dl creatinine (90% sensitivity, 92% specificity and 0.946& area under curve), respectively. A positive correlation was observed between KIM-1 and IL-18 and serum creatinine. Moreover, KIM-1 is positively correlated with IL- 18. Urinary KIM-1 and IL-18 may be considered as valid markers for prediction of acute kidney injury among acute OP poisoned patients.

 Key words: Organophosphorus poisoning, IL-18, KIM-1, acute kidney injury.


Water usage is a vital issue for all agricultural crops as well as for ornamental crops. To obtain high quality flowers, it is essential to supply water when it is required. A problem which is common with cut flower growers are determining when to irrigate and the amount of water to apply. The effect of two irrigation intervals (I 1 : 10 mm pan evaporation and I 2 : 20 mm pan evaporation) and four pan coefficients (Pc 1 = 0.60 Epan, Pc 2 = 0.90 Epan, Pc 3 = 1.20 Epan and Pc 4 = 1.50 Epan) based on the amount of evaporation measured by a Class A Pan (CAP) on flower yield and flower quality of carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. "Judith") plant grown in a plastic greenhouse and irrigated by a drip irrigation system under Mediterranean conditions was investigated. Irrigation intervals varied from 1 to 6 days in I 1 and 4 to 12 days in I 2 treatments. Both irrigation intervals (I) and pan coefficient (Pc) significantly influenced carnation yield. Maximum yields were obtained from the I 1 Pc 3 treatment as 6.7 and 6.8 flowers per plant and minimum yields from the I 2 Pc 1 treatment as 5.6 flowers per plant in the first and second year of the experiment, respectively. Similarly, irrigation intervals and pan coefficient had significant different effects on quality parameters such as flower stem length, flower stem diameter, stem weight, flower diameter, and vase life. Better flower quality was obtained from the treatments of higher frequency irrigations with high pan coefficients compared to lower frequency irrigations with lower pan coefficients. In conclusion, I 1 Pc 3 irrigation regime is recommended for growing cut flower carnation in order to obtain higher yield with improved quality. Key words : Carnation, irrigation, Class A Pan, pan coefficient.


Objective: Air pollution is associated with negative respiratory and cardiovascular health outcomes. According to the American Lung Association listing for 2011, the DaytonSpringfield-Greenville, OH area ranks 22 out of 277 US cities for year round particulate pollution. The tree canopy cover plays a significant role to reduce air pollution. The purpose of this analysis was to quantify the role of urban forestry in the Dayton, Ohio metropolitan area in reducing air pollution. Methods: Using a peer-reviewed model designed by the US Forest Service, the imagery data was analyzed to create a descriptive analysis of the canopy cover in the Dayton, Ohio Study area. A secondary geospatial analysis was conducted by building a region map based on US Census poverty data, and layering the study area canopy data onto the image. Data used in the models was obtained from the Department of Agriculture Forest Service, and the MultiResolution Land Characteristics Database. Results: Analysis of the Dayton, Ohio Study area shows that the canopy cover within this area is responsible for the removal of approximately 101.6 short tons of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), 242.9 short tons of Ozone (O3), 51.3 short tons of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), 177.5 short tons of Particulate Matter (PM10), and sequester 22,278.6 short tons of Carbon annually. The secondary analysis displayed changes to the initial reduction estimates based on two separate scenarios, substantial growth and loss of canopy cover. In the case of expansion of canopy cover to 25% of the study area, an increase in reduction of roughly 50% in all pollutants was shown. The scenario displaying a 10% loss of canopy cover displayed a loss in pollution reduction across all measured pollutants. In all analyses, the most heavily removed pollutant was carbon, while the most valuable pollutant removed was Ozone, at approximately 46% of total removal value. Conclusion: The canopy cover of the Dayton, Ohio study area plays a significant and constant role in helping to reduce air pollution. Urban Forestry should be a part of any comprehensive pollution reduction plan. More should be done to increase urban forestry efforts, to further inhibit pollution build up and disperse the benefits of canopy cover more widely. ROLE OF URBAN FORESTRY IN AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION 4


The paper applies argumentative discourse analysis to a corpus of official statements made by key players (USA,
EU, China, India, etc.) at the opening of the 2015 Paris Climate Conference. The chief goal is to reveal the underlying structure
of practical arguments and values legitimising the global climate change policy-making. The paper investigates which of the
elements of practical arguments were common and which were contested by various players. One important conclusion is that a
complex, multilateral deal such as the 2015 Paris Agreement is based on a fragile consensus. This consensus can
be precisely described in terms of the key premises of practical arguments that various players share (mostly: description of current circumstances and future goals) and the
premises they still discuss but prefer not to prioritise (value hierarchies or precise measures). It thus provides an insight into
how a fragile consensus over goals may lead to a multilateral agreement through argumentative processes.


OBJECTIVE
This study sought to determine how comorbidity of psychiatric and substance abuse disorders affects the likelihood of using mental health services.

METHOD
The analysis was based on data on adults aged 18-54 years in the National Comorbidity Survey (N = 5,393). Users and nonusers of mental health and substance abuse services were compared in terms of their demographic characteristics, recent stressful life events, social support, parental history of psychopathology, self-medication, and symptoms of alcohol abuse/dependence.

RESULTS
The prevalence of service utilization varied by diagnostic configurations. Comorbid psychiatric or alcohol disorders were stronger predictors of service utilization than a pure psychiatric or alcohol disorder. Factors predicting utilization of services differed for each disorder.

CONCLUSIONS
Since comorbidity increases the use of mental health and substance abuse services, research on the relationship of psychiatric and alcohol-related disorders to service utilization needs to consider the coexistence of mental disorders. Attempts to reduce barriers to help seeking for those in need of treatment should be increased.


Nurses are actively involved in planning and providing nursing care to infertile individuals and couples in a variety of health care settings. Infertility is a health problem with ethical and physical, psychological, and social dimensions. Rather than evaluating the ethical advantages and disadvantages of each reproductive technology, the author suggests that the ethical issues that face nurses in caring for infertile individuals be assessed from the standpoint of possible harm to the individual and family. From this perspective, a lack of accurate information about treatment outcomes appears to be a serious ethical issue and one that nurses can, in part, remedy.


True food allergies are much less prevalent than is generally believed. They are more common in infants and children under age three than in older children and adults. Infant colic generally is not caused by a food allergy. In infants, urticaria, eczema or gastrointestinal bleeding may be due to foods such as milk and eggs, but clinical tolerance usually develops within a few years. Peanuts, tree nuts, seafood and seeds, as well as milk and eggs, can cause anaphylaxis in highly allergic children, and reexposure to such foods presents the risk of life-threatening reactions. Immediate-reacting allergy skin tests and in vitro IgE antibody tests can be used to screen for food allergy. Only food challenge, however, can confirm a reaction to a particular food. Management of food allergy, once the initial symptoms are confirmed, consists of avoidance of specific foods, sometimes for a lifetime. All children at risk for food anaphylaxis should be identified, and their parents or caretakers should be prepared to administer epinephrine before taking the child to the emergency room.


Background Characteristics, disabilities, and optimal management of medication overuse headache remain uncertain. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of patients with medication overuse headache enrolled in a medication overuse headache registry in Korea. Methods The Registry for Load and Management of MEdicAtion OveruSE Headache (RELEASE), a cross-sectional prospective observational study including seven referral headache centers in Korea, started enrolling adult patients with medication overuse headache in April 2020. Data included information on headache characteristics, burden on daily function, depression, anxiety, history of acute and preventive medications, and treatment strategies. Results A total of 229 patients (85.6% females; mean age, 45.5 ± 13.5 years) were enrolled by June 2021. The average durations of chronic headaches and medication overuse were 6.5 and 4.3 years, respectively. In the past month before enrollment, patients had headaches for 25 days and severe headaches for 12 days, and used acute medications for 20 days. Patients were disabled in 66.8 days in the past 3 months and had moderate/severe depression and anxiety in 56% and 35%, respectively. The proportion of patients on preventive treatments increased from 38% to 93% during the study period. Conclusions RELEASE study reflects the current management status and opportunities to improve the quality of care in patients with medication overuse headache.


The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has recommended the following for the protection of patient's privacy [1]: Patients have the right to privacy. It should not be infringed without informed consent. Identifying information, such as names, initials, or hospital numbers, should not be disclosed in written descriptions, photographs, or pedigrees unless the information is essential for scientific purposes and the patient (or parent or guardian) gives written informed consent for publication. Informed consent for this purpose requires that an identifiable patient be shown at the manuscript to be published. Authors should disclose to these patients whether any potential identifiable material might be available via internet as well as in print after publication. Patient consent should be co-signed by the author(s) and filed at the journal, or both, in accordance with the relevant law or regulations. Journals could establish their own guidelines or policies under the general legal principles for privacy protection. Nonessential identifying details should be omitted. Informed consent should be filed if there is any doubt on the anonymity for patients such as masking the eye region in photographs of patients, which is not enough for protecting anonymity. In the case the patients de-identified, the authors should assure and then the editors should guarantee that such changes do not distort scientific meaning. If authors abide by the above rules, there would be minimum ethical or legal issues occurred in publishing patient's face including eyes. In particular, the informed consent in the field of facial transplantation will require those as follows [2]: The face will adapt to the shape of the underlying bony structure; there will be some superficial characteristics of the donor; a 'third' face is likely which will resemble the recipient more than the donor; and the recipient will not take on the identity of the donor postoperatively. Because the legal standards for protecting the patient's portrait are different country by county, authors should follow the regional standard. Although the right to privacy or portrait in Korea has been well protected, the responsibility would be exempted if: publisher receives written document of the informed consent; and it is the reasonable public concern [3]. There was a case when patient's portrait was disclosed via internet without patient's permission by the staff of plastic surgery clinic in Korea [4]. Although it is not committed by the surgeon of the clinic, he has also legal responsibility for supervising the staff. In this case, both the staff and the surgeon received the judgment that they must make compensation for the damage of patient with pecuniary reward according to Article 750 of the Korean Civil Law. This is not an academic case related to journal publication; however, the court would deliver the same judgment without informed consent. Therefore, when physician receives informed consent from aesthetic patients or their family members, following items are recommended to agree for the publication of patient's whole or part of body including face: I understood that my portrait can be published for the scientific improvement and patient care. I permit that whole or a part of my body may be disclosed via internet as well as in print after publication only for research and educational purpose. I will not ask any ethical or legal liability after the disclosure of my portrait after publication. The inclusion of patient's portrait is inevitable process for the development of clinical research. Although authors do their best masking the patient's portrait, it is impossible to protect it completely. Above procedure of receiving the informed consent will be the best way to keep the ethical or legal standard. Received: Feb 4, 2014 Revised: Feb 6, 2014 Accepted: Feb 7, 2014 Correspondence: Sun Huh Department of Parasitology and Institute of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallimdaehakgil, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea. E-mail: email@example.com


The study aims to analyze the efficiency of training programme at POWERGRID Corporation of India Limited with a special reference to academic parameters, and to find out if there is any improvement required to make the training programme more effective. Descriptive research design has been used in the study. The sample size is 127. A survey was carried out to obtain the feedback of the trainees. About 93.70% of the respondents are of the view that initial class room training is sufficient. About 96.06% of them are of the view that the post On Job Training (OJT) is constructive and indispensable. About 89.76% of the respondents said that the rotational OJT is valuable. The findings show that the trainees were satisfied up to a large extent with the training programme. To improve the training programme; module should be updated on yearly basis, period of training should be less than one year and there should be more industry visits on time to time basis.


Because both the saphenous nerve and in part the obturator nerve are traversing the adductor canal of the thigh, we hypothesised that repeated administration of a local anaesthetic (LA) into this aponeurotic space could be a useful option for post‐operative analgesia after knee replacement surgery. A systematic search of the literature pertinent to the blockade of the saphenous and/or obturator nerves for pain relief after knee surgery was conducted. Further, pain and opioid requirements were evaluated in eight patients receiving a continuous blockade of the saphenous and obturator nerve (adductor‐canal‐blockade) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Finally, we performed cross‐sectional MR scans of the adductor canal after injection of ropivacaine 30 ml in one patient. The systematic literature search revealed only one controlled study, where selective blockade of the saphenous nerve was investigated for the purpose of clinical pain relief after knee arthroscopy. We located no studies reporting on saphenous and/or obturator nerve block for pain relief after TKA. Preliminary findings in eight patients demonstrated that a continuous adductor‐canal‐blockade for 48 h after TKA was associated with low mean pain scores at rest and low mean requirements for supplemental morphine. MR scans in one patient demonstrated that 30 ml of LA filled the adductor canal, including the distal part, where the posterior branch of the obturator nerve joins the vessels and the saphenous nerve. Continuous adductor‐canal‐blockade may be a valuable adjunct for post‐operative analgesia after major knee surgery. These preliminary results should be confirmed in randomised, controlled trials.


In the period 2007 to 2010, at localities Backi Maglic and Krivaja studies of weed seedbank were performed under soybean crop. Results showed that weed seed separated at Backi Maglic in all years dominated in the top soil layer, while the lowest quantities were separated from the deepest layer, and that number of weeds declined annually. At Krivaja, the lowest weed seed stocks were found in the top layer, and the highest in the deepest layer. At this locality, number of weed seeds kept rising from season to season, which was the consequence of application of different cultural practices.


This paper studies banker remuneration in a competitive market for banker talent. I model, and then calibrate, the default risk of the banks generated by investments and remuneration pressures. Competing banks prefer to pay their banking staff in bonuses and not in wages as risk sharing on the remuneration bill is valuable. But competition for bankers generates a negative externality driving up rival banks' default risk. Optimal financial regulation involves an appropriately structured limit on the proportion of the balance sheet used for bonuses. However stringent bonus caps are value destroying, default risk enhancing and cannot be optimal for regulators who control only a small number of banks. The paper allows an assessment of the intellectual arguments behind widespread calls to regulate the pay of bankers. The paper uses US data to calibrate the analysis and demonstrate the significant contribution of remuneration to default risk.


The main objective of a country's economic development is an effort to improve the welfare of its people. Various indicators of development success have been offered. Starting from GDP and per capita income, human development index (HDI), people's welfare index (pledge) and economic welfare index (Eurostat). In the perspective of Islam, the various indicators still have weaknesses because they only display worldly statistics, they have not touched the aspect of ukhrawi (afterlife). On that basis, Islam introduced the concept of maqasid al-shariah or benefit as an indicator of the success of development. The benefit to be achieved includes the safeguarding of five basic elements of human life: faith (monotheism), soul, reason, descent, and wealth (wealth). From these five elements we can develop a number of benefit parameters as indicators of complete human development.


AIM
To assess the suitability of self-reported oral health status to predict 5- and 10-year tooth loss without involvement of any clinical measures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Within the population Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), 2,776 subjects with 5-year follow-up data and 2,016 subjects with 10-year follow-up examination data were studied. Self-rated oral health was assessed at baseline and related to 5- and 10-year tooth loss. Odds ratios and probability of loss were estimated.

RESULTS
Five- and 10-year tooth loss was significantly associated with baseline self-rated oral health. The predictive value of oral health ratings for tooth loss was comparable to that of the CDC/AAP case definition or caries and periodontitis diagnostics. In regression analyses including age, sex, smoking, education, income, and further items collected from questionnaires, odds ratios for dichotomous tooth loss associated with rating of oral health as poor were 3.04 (95% CI: 2.43-3.82) and 2.80 (2.11-3.71) after 5 and 10 years, respectively. Prediction with cut-off probability at 0.25 resulted in sensitivity 85.8% and specificity 44.2% for 5 years, and that with cut-off probability at 0.40 resulted in sensitivity 83.5% and specificity 46.5% for 10 years.

CONCLUSION
Self-reported oral health provides reliable predictions of tooth loss comparable to those assessed by clinical diagnostics.


The present report used the comprehensive structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) observational coding scheme to examine which behaviors differentiate smooth from awkward initial romantic encounters. Participants on speed-dates rated as smooth (by independent observers) behaved more warmly and were more other-focused than participants on awkward dates. In addition, participants on smooth dates tended to avoid extremes on the autonomy dimension, exhibiting neither strong independence from nor strong interdependence with their speed-dating partners. Furthermore, the manner in which participants were self-focused (but not other-focused) reliably differentiated smooth from awkward dates; that is, date smoothness strongly predicted how participants reacted to their speed-dating partners (type of self-focus) but only weakly predicted how participants acted toward their speed-dating partners (type of other-focus). Finally, the authors note SASB's potential to serve as an overarching framework that explains why some interactions go well and others do not.


In continuum mechanics, a deformation process can be described either using a Lagrangian reference frame or an Eulerian reference frame. The problem of balancing and restoration of cross-sections traditionally has been approached using the former reference frame in which the observer moves with the rocks as they deform. Under such reference frame an observer is only aware of changes in geometrical relationships among geological markers (distortion field). Geologists in turn use this information to build a model of the subsurface geometry that satisfies the stratigraphic principles of continuity of strata and bed area at a given time in the geologic past (cross section restoration). At the same time, the amount of area contained in the balanced and restored cross-section must be the same because mass must be conserved. Using classical results from continuum mechanics, this paper shows that the problem of balancing and restoration of cross-sections can also be characterized by the velocity field of the deformation process. This requires, however, using an Eulerian reference frame in which the observer remains stationary.


The intention of this report is to make the readers understand the overall methodology followed by the designer for "Bangabandhu Textile Engineering College" at Kalihati, Tangail. The site for this project covers an area of approximately 8 acre authorized by the Government of Bangladesh. The entire design procedure started with the revised program followed by site analysis and relevant case studies. Incorporating the facts of program, case studies and site analysis, the design has been developed considering the conceptual background, volumetric and formal expression study through study models. Finally, the report concludes with an outcome of a design reflecting the core theme by incorporating the works of 12weeks.


During the presentation "CO2 Washout Testing of NASA Spacesuits," Jason Norcross discussed the results of recent carbon dioxide CO2 washout testing of NASA spacesuits including the Rear Entry I-suit (REI), Enhanced Mobility Advanced Crew Escape Suit (EM-ACES), and possibly the ACES and Z-1 EVA prototype. When a spacesuit is used during ground testing, adequate CO2 washout must be provided for the suited subject. Symptoms of acute CO2 exposure depend on the partial pressure of CO2 (ppCO2) available to enter the lungs during respiration. The primary factors during ground-based testing that influence the ppCO2 level in the oronasal area include the metabolic rate of the subject and air flow through the suit. These tests were done to characterize inspired oronasal ppCO2 for a range of workloads and flow rates for which ground testing is nominally performed. During this presentation, Norcross provided descriptions of the spacesuits, test hardware, methodology, and results, as well as implications for future ground testing and verification of flight requirements.


Many recent policy documents have outlined the challenges of delivering high-quality education in remote First Nations communities and proposed that boarding schools are one important solution. These documents have influenced the increasing uptake of boarding options and there has been considerable public investment in scholarships, residential facilities and transition support. Yet the outcomes of this investment and policy effort are not well understood. The authors of this article came together as a collaboration of researchers who have published about boarding school education for First Nations students to examine the evidence and develop a theory-driven understanding of how policies drive systems to produce both desirable and undesirable outcomes for First Nations boarding school students. We applied complexity theory and post-structural policy analysis techniques and produced a useful tool for the evaluation of boarding policy and its implementation.


A new class of lower bounds to rate-distortion functions of stationary processes with memory and single-letter vector-valued distortion measures is derived. This class is shown to include or imply all other well-known lower bounds to rates of such sources and distortion measures. The derivation is based on the definition and properties of the conditional rate-distortion function. In addition to providing a unified and intuitive approach to lower bounds, this approach yields several interesting relations among conditional, joint, and marginal rates that are similar to and sometimes identical with the analogous relations among the corresponding entropies.


Numerical and Experimental Results of Free The background of this PhD study concerns a medium sized 3 bladed wind turbine in a free yawing and downwind configuration. Largely funded by an EU Marie-Curie IAPP grant, the project was jointly setup by the renewable energy consultant 3E, DTU Wind Energy and the TU Delft. The 3 bladed free yawing downwind concept is pursued in an attempt to increase the robustness of a wind turbine by eliminating the traditionally actively controlled, and sometimes failure prone yawing mechanism. Under certain conditions, such as for remote (off shore) and off grid applications, a decreased failure rate can increase the economical competitiveness significantly compared to more traditional power supplies. This work presents aeroelastic analysis and results of a wind tunnel test campaign for the 3 bladed free yawing downwind concept. The investigated topics concern free yawing stability and how it is affected by coning angle, blade sweep, and blade flexibility using both numerical and experimental methods. The wind tunnel tests were organized in the Open Jet Facility of the TU Delft, and the thesis discusses the experiment's design, construction, operation, and gives an analysis of the results. It provides a dataset to compare aeroelastic simulations with experimental results for varying yawed inflow conditions and free yawing stability. The experimental data scope is limited to rotor speed, tower base bending moment, yaw angle, and blade root flapwise bending moments measurements. Other work covered during the PhD study is a parametric blade sweep investigation for the NREL 5MW turbine, and a detailed study on load extrapolation methods based on aeroelastic simulations. It is concluded that the 3 bladed, free yawing, and downwind wind turbine can operate in a stable manner. However, numerical studies indicate a less stable operating region when the rotor flow is about to stall. The experiments confirmed the free yawing stability, but the unstable region indicated in the simulations could not be tested due to limitations with respect to the generator torque control. It is also ob-served that coning angle and blade sweep can help to further increase the stability of the free yawing concept. Finally, aeroelastic loads of the tower and blades obtained from HAWC2 simulations are validated against experimental results.


In centralized countries, not only population, media and economic power are concentrated, but people give more attention to central locations. While this is not inherently bad, this behavior extends to micro-blogging platforms: central locations get more attention in terms of information flow. In this paper we study the effects of an information filtering algorithm that decentralizes content in such platforms. Particularly, we found that users from non-central locations were not able to identify the geographical diversity on timelines generated by the algorithm, which were diverse by construction. To make users see the inherent diversity, we define a design rationale to approach this problem, focused on the treemap visualization technique. Then, we deployed an" in the wild" implementation of our proposed system. On one hand, we found that there are effects of centralization in exploratory user behavior. On the other hand, we found that the treemap was able to make users see the inherent geographical diversity of timelines. We measured these effects based on how users engaged with content filtered by the algorithm. With these results in mind, we propose practical actions for micro-blogging platforms to account for the differences and biased behavior induced by centralization.


Employed methanol, toluene, formaldehyde, 4-tert-octylphenol, and hydroxylamine as raw materials, triumphantly obtained a new extractant for copper by the processes of salinization reaction, formylation reaction, oximate reaction and so on, the purity of new extractant is > 98% by purity test. The extraction performances are very perfect. The maximal extraction efficiency is up to 90.4% for Cu2+ by single-stage extraction, and recovering Cu2+ in 170g/L H2SO4 medium by stripping, stripping of copper >99.3% can be obtained. The preparation cost of the extractant is very low. It can contribute to better development of hydrometallurgy for copper, and gradually reduce dependence of Chinese copper industries on overseas corporations.


Context. The great majority of early-type dwarf galaxies, in the Local Group as well as in other galaxy groups, are found in the vicinity of much larger galaxies, making it hard to disentangle the role of internal versus external effects in driving their evolution.
Aims. In order to minimize environmental effects and gain an insight into the internal mechanisms that shape the properties of these systems, we study one of the few dwarf spheroidal galaxies of the Local Group found in isolation: Cetus. This system is of particular interest since it does not follow the Local Group morphology-density relation.
Methods. We obtained Very Large Telescope (VLT) FORS2 spectra (R ∼ 2600) in the region of the nIR CaII triplet lines for 80 candidate red giant branch (RGB) stars. The analysis yielded line-of-sight velocities and metallicities ([Fe/H]) for 54 bona fide member stars.
Results. The kinematic analysis shows that Cetus is a mainly pressure-supported (σv = 110−1.3+1.6 km s−1), dark-matter-dominated system (M1/2/LV = 23.9−8.9+9.7 M⊙/L⊙) with no significant signs of internal rotation. We find Cetus to be a metal-poor system with a significant metallicity spread (median [Fe/H]= − 1.71 dex, median-absolute-deviation = 0.49 dex), as expected for its stellar mass. We report the presence of a mild metallicity gradient compatible with those found in other dwarf spheroidals of the same luminosity; we trace the presence of a stellar population gradient also in the spatial distribution of stars in different evolutionary phases in ancillary SuprimeCam photometric data. There are tentative indications of two chemo-kinematically distinct sub-populations, with the more metal-poor stars showing a hotter kinematics than the metal-richer ones. Furthermore, the photometric dataset reveals the presence of a foreground population that most likely belongs to the Sagittarius stream.
Conclusions. This study represents an important step forward in assessing the internal kinematics of the Cetus dwarf spheroidal galaxy as well as the first wide-area spectroscopic determination of its metallicity properties. With our analysis, Cetus adds to the growing scatter in stellar-dark matter halo properties in low-mass galactic systems. The presence of a metallicity gradient akin to those found in similarly luminous and pressure-supported systems inhabiting very different environments may hint at metallicity gradients in Local Group early-type dwarfs being driven by internal mechanisms.


While there is no dearth of studies on ethical issues, the specific subject of examination misconduct has attracted fewer studies, especially in Africa. This study is an ongoing exploratory attempt to develop a measure of examination misconduct. Self‐administered questionnaires were used to collect data from 450 undergraduate business students of the Universities of Botswana and Swaziland. A nine‐item measure of examination misconduct was correlated with a measure of perception of business ethics, ethical value assessment and Hofstede's four dimensions of culture. The results indicated significant inter‐correlations among the variables (especially the three measures of ethics) and limited construct validity for the examination misconduct scale. The results of factor analysis suggest three factors for the emerging scale: cheating behaviour, intervention and desperation. The ethical inferences of the findings, managerial implications for university administrators and practitioners, study limitations and directions for future research are discussed.


The recent popularization of social network services (SNSs), such as YouTube, Dailymotion, and Facebook, enables people to easily publish their personal videos taken with mobile cameras. However, at the same time, such popularity has raised a new problem: video privacy. In such social videos, the privacy of people, i.e., their appearances, must be protected, but naively obscuring all people might spoil the video content. To address this problem, we focus on videographers' capture intentions. In a social video, some persons are usually essential for the video content. They are intentionally captured by the videographers, called intentionally captured persons (ICPs), and the others are accidentally framed-in (nonICPs). Videos containing the appearances of the non-ICPs might violate their privacy. In this paper, we developed a system called BEPS, which adopts a novel conditional random field (CRF)-based method for ICP detection, as well as a novel approach to obscure non-ICPs and preserve ICPs using background estimation. BEPS reduces the burden of manually obscuring the appearances of the non-ICPs before uploading the video to SNSs. Compared with conventional systems, the following are the main advantages of BEPS: (i) it maintains the video content, and (ii) it is immune to the failure of person detection; false positives in person detection do not violate privacy. Our experimental results successfully validated these two advantages. key words: intentionally captured person, conditional random field, background estimation, privacy protection, social video


Background: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by destructive changes in the airways. Long-term treatment with oral corticosteroids is often required for repeated exacerbations. Because elevated total IgE is a cardinal abnormality of ABPA, omalizumab has been used sporadically to decrease corticosteroid dose or totally replace corticosteroids. Objective: The aim of this report is to describe our experience with omalizumab treatment in patients with CF and ABPA. Methods: We conducted a review of 6 CF patients with ABPA receiving omalizumab. All patients were treated with oral prednisolone and itraconazole. Omalizumab was started if the patient was not responding to steroid treatment, which was determined according to serum IgE levels and/or clinical findings or depending on if there were side effects caused by steroid treatment. Results: The mean age of patients at the beginning of omalizumab treatment was 16.1 years. One patient had a new diagnosis of ABPA; however, the others had the first to third exacerbation when treated with omalizumab. The mean duration of ABPA by the time that treatment with omalizumab started was 13 ± 12.4 months (range = 2-29 months). With omalizumab treatment, IgE levels were decreased in all patients, and Aspergillus-specific IgE levels were decreased in 4 patients; however, FEV1(% predicted) improved only in 2 patients who had mild disease. Corticosteroids were reduced in the first, second, and third months of omalizumab treatment in 2, 1, and 3 patients, respectively. In 2 patients, steroid treatment was stopped. None of the patients suffered from side effects of omalizumab. The mean duration of omalizumab treatment was 12.5 months (range = 6-18 months). Conclusions: This study showed steroid-sparing effect, decreasing IgE levels, and improvement in respiratory symptoms in 6 CF patients with omalizumab treatment. Although this is a small sample of the population, omalizumab may be an alternative therapy for ABPA in CF patients who fail to respond to systemic corticosteroids or have serious adverse effects.


Lejeuneaceae represent the most species-rich epiphytic lineage of leafy liverworts with approximately 1000 species in 68 currently accepted genera. This subcosmopolitan family has its centre of diversity in the humid tropics and constitutes an important component of cryptogamic, especially epiphytic diversity. Lejeuneaceae are characterized by incubous leaves divided into a large dorsal lobe and a small ventral, usually 1-3 toothed lobule which is broadly attached to the lobe along a keel, a hyaline papilla situated near the lobule apex, beaked perianths within each one archegonium, and the occasional occurrence of ocelli. Morphological and molecular studies resolved the family in two subfamilies and four main lineages. However, the systematic position of many taxa and their delimitations are still subject to controversy. To clarify these issues, my study focused on several critical genera using three molecular markers (cp rbcL and trnL-F, nrITS) and a dense taxonomic sampling. Phylogenetic analyses resolved the relationships within Diplasiolejeunea and Lejeunea, and clarified the systematic positions of Microlejeunea, Harpalejeunea, Myriocolea, Sphaerolejeunea, and Bromeliophila.

A molecular phylogenetic study of Diplasiolejeunea points to extensive morphological homoplasy but allows to assign three main clades to subgenera. The phylogeny supports a deep split into a Neotropical and a Paleotropical clade, the latter structured into Australasian, Asian and Afromadagascan lineages. The Neotropical clade is further subdivided into two geographically and ecologically separated lineages, the epiphytic montane subgenus Physolejeunea and the epiphyllous lowland subgenus Diplasiolejeunea. This strong correlation between ecological traits and geographical distribution range could indicate the rise of the Andes' influence in stimulating the diversification of Physolejeunea, perhaps by providing new habitats. A few Diplasiolejeunea species have intercontinental ranges. Range formation of Cenozoic Diplasiolejeunea is obviously a result of rare long distance dispersal, frequent short distance dispersal, extinction, recolonization, and niche conservatism.

Lejeunea is one of the largest genera of Lejeuneaceae. My molecular studies resolved Lejeunea in two robust lineages, corresponding to L. subg. Lejeunea and L. subg. Crossotolejeunea. Neotropical accessions dominate early diverging lineages of both main clades of Lejeunea. This pattern suggests an origin in the Neotropics followed by several colonizations from the Neotropics into the Paleotropics and vice versa. Most Afromadagascan clades are related to Asian clades. Several temperate Lejeunea radiations were detected. 82 of the 91 investigated Lejeunea species could be identified to species level. 54 species were represented by multiple accessions, of these, 25 para- or polyphyletic, 29 monophyletic. L. subg. Lejeunea shows a tendency of monoecy whereas L. subg. Crossotolejeunea shows a tendency of dioecy. Some dioecious as well as some monoecious species have disjunct ranges. Using molecular and morphological evidence, Harpalejeunea fischeri, H. filicuspis, H. latitans and Pluvianthus squarrosus were transferred to Microlejeunea. Two monotypic genera, rheophytic Myriocolea and epiphyllous Sphaerolejeunea were transferred to Colura and Lejeunea respectively. Our studies also confirmed the monophyly of Bromeliophila and provided evidence for a sister relationship of Bromeliophila and Prionolejeunea; this clade is in turn sister to Cyclolejeunea. Despite an extensive morphological overlap, Bromeliophila is not closely related to Lejeunea.


Synthetic garnet nanopowders of Y3Al5O12 (YAG) and Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) were produced, and the occurrence of a broadband bright visible emission by nominally undoped YAG and GGG and Cr3þ doped GGG, depending on the environment pressure, as well as exciting on the pumping power, was demonstrated. The results indicate that high-intensity infrared laser irradiation in samples not only leads to heating (melting effects) but also produces visible broadband emission. Low pressure of the powders' environment favors the white light emission by lowering the threshold pumping power. A hypothesis on the nature of the emission is presented.


The so-called war on terror has recently revived interest in the just-war tradition (JWT). George Weigel has played an important role in this renaissance, and his recent article on JWT ("Moral Clarity in a Time of War") has occasioned a new debate concerning its merits. At the heart of this debate is the nature of violence. Weigel holds that the JWT is not based on a presumption against violence, whereas his critics (esp. Rowan Williams) argue that it is. After critically summarizing Weigel's position, I counter his divorcing of the JWT from the presumption against violence. By looking closely at the terms used in the debate concerning this presumption, I show that violence, in the scholastic tradition that nurtured the JWT, is understood as disordered force. As disordered, violence is contrary to reason, and thus also to justice (i.e. rational order). If just war aims at order, it itself may not be disordered. Thus, I argue that the JWT is best described as a two-fold presumption against violence: a just war is waged to counter violence, and a just war may not itself use violence. Consequently, since the JWT, grasped as a presumption against violence, concludes the link between justice and ordered force as the link between end and means, it avoids abstract ethical intentionalism: the proper end of the just war, as opposed to a mere intention, dictates the means that it has at its disposal.


The purpose of this study was to obtain data on the developmental stages that deaf children pass through in acquiring the adult form of pronominal classifiers in American Sign Language, by obtaining data on production, comprehension, and imitation from nine children aged three to eleven years. All nine children are congenitally, profoundly deaf and have deaf parents. In all cases classifiers were mastered much later than would be predicted from a timetable for signs with similar structure. Evidence was found for a developmental sequence and for acquisition strategies similar to those that have been identified for hearing children learning a spoken language; e.g. handshapes that could be produced correctly in non-classifier signs were replaced by motorically easier handshapes in classifier signs made by children in this study. It is suggested that this is the result of complexities associated with classifier usage.


In the first study, we investigate how reducing transportation emissions and other anthropogenic emissions of NOx affects local and national public health in two heavily populated and polluted areas: Los Angeles, CA and New York City, NY. We estimate the Tipping Point (TP) as well as the Break-Even Point (BEP) and show that compounding benefits of NOx control will compensate disbenefits occurred with abatement. In addition, we examine the impact of nationalized vs. localized emission control policies. Next, we focus on the transportation sector and examine the distribution in exhaust emissions on an age-segregated basis for both Canada and the United States. Through the combination of these emission factors with the per-ton public health impacts of NOx and PM from a previous study, we estimate the benefits of (1) reducing the vehicle-miles travelled in terms of $/mile, and (2) removing one average vehicle from the road in terms of $/vehicle-year.


Much has been written recently in the popular press about the rise of sports gambling, historical horse racing or instant racing (HHR), and esports.  However, despite this, some note an overall decline in the popularity of gambling and gaming in general as horse racing (pari-mutuel) wagering has declined dramatically over the decades and as casino and lottery revenues have fallen slightly since before the Great Recession.  This exploratory research note examines the trends in US gambling over the last several decades and explores whether the new forms of gambling will stem and reverse overall gambling stagnation in the United States.  Despite reports of new gambling outlet successes, it appears that sports gambling, HHR, and esports have not done much to stop the overall fall in gambling revenues.  This is probably due to stagnant disposable personal income growth.


Two groups of pre-pubescent obese children were given modified behaviour therapy. A shaping procedure was used to bring about changes in quantity and quality of food eaten, physical activities, and eating behaviour. In addition, attempts were made to get the children to distinguish better between hunger and satiation and to improve the interactions between children and parents. The children were trained to effect desired behavioural changes themselves on the basis of their own observations. Four of the 11 children displayed a substantial weight reduction which was maintained in follow-up. In the case of the other children it appeared that psychopathological and constitutional factors prevented them from making use of the strategy offered.


Taxation provides governments with the funds needed to invest in development including in relieving poverty and deliver public goods and services. It offers an antidote to aid dependence in developing countries and provides fiscal reliance and sustainability that is needed to promote growth. Domestic resource mobilization fulfils two key objectives sought by developing countries: predictable and sustainable financing on the one hand and a reduction in long-term dependence on aid on the other. Tax resources allow a state to finance itself without resorting to printing money or foreign indebtedness. They, therefore, hold the key to economic stability; enabling investment in infrastructure, proactive social policies, and the accumulation of savings. Taxation is integral to strengthening the effective functioning of the state and to the social contract between governments and citizens. By encouraging dialogue between states and their citizens, the taxation process is central to more effective and accountable states. In the short run, strategies towards more effective, efficient and fair taxation in Africa typically lie with deepening the tax base in administratively feasible ways. Policy options include removing tax preferences, dealing with abuses of transfer pricing techniques by multinational enterprises and taxing extractive industries more fairly and more transparently. The paper highlights the challenges of Africa mobilizing domestic revenue for sustainable development, review some relevant literature and make some suggestions such as well-designed tax system to consolidate stable institutions, increase revenues, refocus government spending on public priorities and improve democratic accountability.


WRK1 cells (a rat mammary tumor cell line) exhibit a vasopressinergic receptor of V1a subtype tightly coupled to phospholipase C. Addition of dexamethasone to the culture medium principally potentiated the vasopressin-sensitive accumulation of inositol phosphates and to a lesser extent the NaF-sensitive phospholipase C activity. On the opposite, such treatment was without effect on the basal level of intracellular inositol phosphates or on bradykinin- or serotonin-sensitive phosphoinositide metabolisms. Glucocorticoid receptors were probably involved in these actions since dexamethasone was found to be more potent than aldosterone or corticosterone. Dexamethasone treatment also increased the number of vasopressin binding sites without affecting its affinity for vasopressin or other specific vasopressin analogues. These results strongly suggest that dexamethasone principally acts at the vasopressin receptor level by affecting its synthesis and/or the translation of its mRNA and also affects the G protein that couples the V1a receptor to the phospholipase C. These results explain how glucocorticoids may regulate the transduction mechanisms involved in vasopressin actions on WRK1 cells. They provide explanations for understanding the cross talk between adrenal steroids and hormones, which mobilize intracellular calcium.


Personal communications services (PCS) are anticipated to herald a new era in global telecommunications. In this article, a perspective of some experiences obtained in New Zealand is presented. The topics discussed include: operational considerations, planning aspects, reliability, propagation and environmental aspects. Present-day telecommunications services have been influenced by numerous commercial, regulatory, demographic, and geographic factors peculiar to New Zealand. However, many of the lessons learned have direct relevance to the global telecommunications scene. In particular, contributions already made by New Zealand telecommunications research groups have gained worldwide recognition. The activities of one such group-the Radio Systems Group at the University of Auckland-are also discussed.


Most hearing aid fittings today are almost solely based on the patient's audiogram. However, more individual parameters of the patient's hearing thresholds together with the patient's cognitive abilities to process the auditory signal are required. Hearing aid fitting may be seen as a process aimed to improve the patient's hearing thresholds rather than to improve communication ability. Another way to think about hearing aid fitting is to ease the patient's listening effort. However, it is not clear how to measure the listening effort. Therefore, we propose the Auditory Inference Span Test (AIST) as a clinical tool during hearing aid fitting to assess the patient's effort to understand speech. AIST is a combined auditory, memory, and processing test. It relies on the idea that the more cognitive resources that are required to process and understand speech, less cognitive resources are available for storage of the speech information. In AIST, sentences are presented in noise and afterwards the patient is required to recall and process the information from the sentences. Correctness and reaction time is recorded as measurements of perceived listening effort. Data from piloting tests indicate that the AIST is well suited as a clinical test for listening effort. In a future study to verify that the AIST is sensitive to cognitive capacity, the test will be evaluated with measurements of the subject's cognitive capacity as well as the subject's hearing thresholds. For a clinical test the requirement is that it is fast and easily facilitated. The AIST takes no more than fifteen minutes to complete, and the aim is to further shorten the time and adapt the test for clinical use. This ensures the AIST to be a useable instrument for testing listening effort using the individuals' cognitive spare capacity.


Background and Objective: The present study is a Quasi-experimental study which has been done in department of Emergency, Imam Khomeini hospital, Hamedan. The aim is to study the effects of hydrocolloid dressing as compared to 1% silver sulfadiazine in healing process of the second degree burns. Materials and Methods: In this study we selected 30 patients every one was two burn lesions, one lesion a test group (with tragacanth gel dressing) and the second lesion ad control group (with 1% silver sulfadiazine dressing).The instruments were check list to determine the percentage of burn area, healing and check list to elaborate degree of pain. we completed for each dressing session. To analysis the data we used pair T-test and k-square and fisher test. Results: According to results, duration of healing the wound in test group was 8.06 days and in control group it was 13.2 days, Using pair Ttest there was a significant difference between two group (P=0.000) that indicates shorter periods of healing in second stage burns of test groups compared to control group also indicates meaning number the mild degree of pain (1.97) in test group as compared to moderate degree of pain (4.64) in control group , using pair T-test there was significant difference between two groups (P=0.000) that indicates test severe pain test group as compared to control group.One important finding was the score of wound healing was a significant statistical difference between two groups (P=0.000). Additionally for all criteria of burn healing there was a significant difference P<0.05 between two groups that indicates better healing process & second degree burns in test group compares to control group. Conclusion: it is suggested applying hydrocolloid dressing for second degree burns.


Background Skin wounds are closely correlated with opportunistic infections and sepsis risk. Due to the need of more efficient healing drugs, animal peptides are emerging as new molecular platforms to accelerate skin wound closure and to prevent and control bacterial infection. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the preclinical evidence on the impact of animal peptides on skin wound healing. In addition, we carried out a critical analysis of the studies' methodological quality. Main Methods. This systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines, using a structured search on the PubMed-Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science platforms to retrieve studies published until August 25, 2020 at 3 : 00 pm. The studies included were limited to those that used animal models, investigated the effect of animal peptides with no association with other compounds on wound healing, and that were published in English. Bias analysis and methodological quality assessments were examined through the SYRCLE's RoB tool. Results Thirty studies were identified using the PRISMA workflow. In general, animal peptides were effective in accelerating skin wound healing, especially by increasing cellular proliferation, neoangiogenesis, colagenogenesis, and reepithelialization. Considering standardized methodological quality indicators, we identified a marked heterogeneity in research protocols and a high risk of bias associated with limited characterization of the experimental designs. Conclusion Animal peptides show a remarkable healing potential with biotechnological relevance for regenerative medicine. However, rigorous experimental approaches are still required to clearly delimit the mechanisms underlying the healing effects and the risk-benefit ratio attributed to peptide-based treatments.


Bioactive glass scaffolds have been developed with interconnected macropore networks, with pore diameters in excess of 500 mu m and apertures in excess of 100 mu m, by foaming sol-gel derived bioactive glasses. Bioactive glasses bond to bone by forming a hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) layer on their surface on contact with body fluid, which is similar to the composition of the apatite in bone. The aim of this work was to investigate the how changing the atomic structure of the glass affects HCA layer formation. Scaffolds were synthesised at 3 sintering temperatures and were characterised using Si-29 and proton MAS-NMR, from which the silica network connectivity and Si-OH groups were quantified. The rate of HCA layer formation decreased as the number of Si-OH groups decreased, confirming the role of Si-OH groups in HCA layer fori-nation.


This paper studies how the integration of group awareness tools in the knowledge management system called KnowCat (Knowledge Catalyser), which promotes collaborative knowledge construction, may both foster the students' perception about the meaningfulness of visualization of group awareness information and promote better collaborative processes as well as enhance better task performance. Forty-seven university students participated in a research study, where one group of 23 students used KnowCat without the awareness console (non-awareness group); the other 24 students used KnowCat with the awareness console (awareness group). Both groups used KnowCat during one semester. Data analysis revealed that the awareness group means were higher than those of the non-awareness group in terms of participation, cognitive and metacognitive learning activities, and task performance. Moreover, students revealed that knowing what, where and how much their classmates were contributing acted as positive feedback by encouraging participation and orienting their own behaviour and their contribution to the collaborative work. In this paper, we claim that the visualization group awareness information in KnowCat, a utility allowing students to visualize and track what, where, how much and how often other participants contributed to the KnowCat knowledge area, had a positive impact on the students' collaborative behaviour.


The pineal gland of the rat shows a circadian rhythm in its serotonin content, the amount of serotonin decreasing at night. This decrease can be prevented by inhibiting the action of monoamine oxidase. Reserpine abolishes the circadian rhythm in pineal serotonin in the same manner as does interruption of the sympathetic nervous connections of the central nervous system and the pineal gland. These observations suggest that circadian changes in release and binding of serotonin may occur in the pineal gland, and that a central mechanism in which monoamines participate may control the circadian pineal-serotonin rhythm.


Abstract. The naturalistic and philosophical studies conducted in the second half of the 17th century were crucial both for the birth of modern hydrological science and modern epistemology.
Thanks to quantitative observations and to the new experiment-based scientific approach, the Sun was about to be fully recognized as the engine of the hydrological cycle.
In this context of great vitality and rapid cultural changes, Pierre Perrault published his classical opus De l'origine des fontaines (On the origin of springs) in 1674.
The opus presents a discussion on the origin of springs and contains the report of a set of experiments of water flow through a soil column, which may be considered the first of modern hydrology. In assessing the importance of Perrault's opus, we will discuss his epistemological relevance by looking at the novelty of his approach, at the repeatability of the experiments, at the intriguing didactic aspects for the modern teaching of hydrology and at his attitude in facing the complexity of hydrological processes. Perrault places himself in the context of a novel experimental epistemology.
On the basis of our analyses he seems to be aware that the processes involved in the hydrological cycle and in soil hydrology are hardly reproducible by means of a controlled laboratory model.
This circumstance put the modern scientific approach to a severe test at its very beginning.
It is suggested that some of Perrault's epistemological and methodological reflections are precursors of the modern epistemology of complexity.
Thus even if Perrault's conclusions followed an ancient opinion, his work is not only seminal for hydrology, but also helps to enlighten some features of the scientific revolution of the 17th century.


Recently, electrical switching of interface states in nonferromagnet/ferromagnet (FM)/antiferromagnet (AFM) heterostructure using spin–orbit torque (SOT) is promising due to its high efficiency, zero magnetic field, and multilevel memory state. However, the reversal mechanism of the AFM interface state is still unclear. In this work, we explained the bipolar current switching of the AFM interface state at zero magnetic field by spin–orbit torque (SOT) in a perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co/IrMn multilayer. By considering symmetry, we reveal that the mechanism behind the AFM interface bipolar current switching is consistent with FM layers perpendicularly switching induced by SOT. The distinct AFM bipolar current switching by SOT is contributed to the symmetry broken by adjacent FM interface coupling. Under such broken symmetry, the antiparallel interface configuration (AP) between FM and AFM could be switched to parallel configuration (P) for both positive and negative currents; however, P is only allowed to be switched to the AFM multiple domain configuration (M), instead of AP. Our result will be helpful for the formulation of a comprehensive understanding of AFM switching induced by SOT and for the development of the interface AFM spintronic devices.


Research on court interpreting for Irish to date is based on mentions in contemporaneous accounts, articles, anecdotes and literature, and is fragmentary in nature. While it is known that interpreters were provided, the extent of provision in different courts, and in geographical and historical terms, is unclear.
This thesis draws on digitised newspaper archives, parliamentary debates, and the House of Commons Parliamentary Papers database and hard-copy grand jury presentment books, and registered papers and country letter books from the Chief Secretary's Office, Dublin Castle, to develop a more systematic picture of court interpreter provision. It focuses in particular on the key dates 1807, 1843 and 1898 for which grand jury accounts are available. The information is analysed using Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of field, capital and symbolic power.
The main findings are that salaried interpreters, whose maximum salary was laid down by law, were provided at assizes and quarter sessions, but not at petty sessions. In 1807, of 40 grand juries, at least 28 employed salaried court interpreters. In 1843, the figure had fallen to 18, and in 1898 to at least nine. Despite the presence of interpreters, there was pressure on defendants and witnesses to use English in some courts. The study also considers the appointments process, the role and remuneration of interpreters and the careers of three individual interpreters.


The aim of the study was to assess the value of the breaking force of the bonding between selected polymer cements, root dentin and fiber reinforced composite (FRC) posts. Five resin based luting cements were selected for use in the study. Tests were performed on a total of 30 teeth, which were divided into two groups. Fifteen teeth were installed vertically and 15 with an angle of 45°. All samples were exposed to crushing forces in an Instron 4411 device. After the strength tests, each sample was analyzed by micro-CT (micro computed tomography) in order to verify that the forces did not cause defects in the areas of the adhesive connection. The differences observed in the present study only involved the posts that failed at different values of the acting forces – in the case of the vertical sample, x = 532.5 N and in the case with an angle of 45°, x = 117.9 N. For the micro-CT images, there were no defects in the analyzed areas of the adhesive connections. Under the conditions of the current study, all selected polymer cements showed the required level of bonding.


The isolation and characterization of deletion mutants of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid Clo DF13 is described. To construct these deletion mutants, DNA of Clo DF13::Tn9Ol and Clo DF13-rep3::Tn901 plasmids was digested with restriction endonucleases, ligated with T4 ligase and introduced by transformation into Escherichia coli. The presence of the ampicilline transposon Tn901 facilitated the selection of plasmids. The resulting Clo DF13::Tn901 deletion mutants were analyzed by digestion with restriction endonucleases and electron microscopy. From the properties of the various deletion mutants it was concluded that a Clo DF13 DNA region, extending from 5 to 11.5% on the physical map, is essential for the replication of Clo DF13. This region, comprising about 600 base pairs, contains in addition to an origin of replication, DNA sequences which are involved in the regulation of Clo DF13 DNA replication. Furthermore it was observed that in case of the Clo DF13 copy mutant, Clo DF13-rep3, deletion of the 43% to 63% part of the plasmid genome, resulted in the generation of multimeric plasmid structures, accompanied with an impaired segregation of the plasmids to daughter cells.


Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera: Tephritidae) has formed host races on Solidago altissima L. and Solidago gigantea Ait. (Asteraceae), and reproductive isolation between these host races is brought about in part by host‐associated assortative mating. Any non‐assortative mating creates the potential for gene flow between the populations, and we investigated the conditions that favored non‐assortative mating. We hypothesized that the frequency of non‐assortative mating would be influenced by differences in the behaviors of the host races and sexes and by the presence and pattern of distribution of the two host species. To test these hypotheses, we caged flies on four combinations of 32 potted host plants: all S. altissima, all S. gigantea, and cages with both host species arranged in either two pure species blocks or randomly dispersed. We recorded the number of flies of each host race that alighted on each host species and the frequency of mating within and between the host races. Males of both host races were observed on plants more frequently than females. Flies of the host race from S. gigantea (gig flies) were observed on plants in greater absolute numbers, and they mated more frequently than flies of the host race from S. altissima (alt flies). In all treatments, gig flies of both sexes were found on non‐natal host plants significantly more frequently than alt flies, and gig females showed a weaker preference for their host species than did gig males or alt flies of either gender for their respective natal hosts. Assortative mating predominated in all treatments, and flies from each host race mated more frequently in cages containing their own host plant. The frequency of non‐assortative mating varied among treatments, with the matings between alt ♀ × gig ♂ being more common in the pure S. altissima treatment and the gig ♀ × alt ♂ being more frequent in the pure S. gigantea and random treatments. Matings between gig ♂ × alt ♀ were more common overall than the reciprocal mating, because gig males were more active in pursuing matings and in alighting on the non‐natal host plant than alt flies. Non‐assortative matings were more frequent in the random than in the block treatments, but this difference was not significant. Because of strong selection against oviposition into the alternate host, we hypothesized that host plant distribution would not affect oviposition preference. We tested this hypothesis by examining the oviposition behavior of naïve, mated females in two treatments in which both host species were present: either arranged in blocks or randomly dispersed. Females oviposited only into their natal host, regardless of host plant distribution.


1. The effect of removal of the clip on blood pressure, plasma renin activity and the excretion of water, sodium and potassium was studied in renal hypertensive rats. Hypertension was induced by application of a clip with an internal diameter of 0·20 mm, which was removed after 1, 2 or 3 weeks, and by using a clip with an internal diameter of 0·25 mm, which was removed after 2 weeks. The contralateral kidney remained undisturbed. 2. Blood pressure was almost normal 24 h after the removal of the clip; 70–90% of the total decrease in blood pressure occurred within 2–5 h. 3. The increased plasma renin activity, which was observed 2 and 3 weeks after application of a 0·20 mm clip, had returned to control values 24 h after removal of the clip. One week after application of a 0·20 mm clip, and 2 weeks after a 0·25 mm clip, plasma renin activity did not differ significantly from control values, before as well as after unclipping. 4. No significant differences were found between unclipped and sham-operated renal hypertensive rats, nor between the latter and the sham-operated normotensive control rats for water, sodium and potassium excretion, and for change in body weight, during the 24 h after the removal of the clip. 5. It is concluded that urinary loss of water and/or sodium does not play an important role in the acute decrease of blood pressure which occurs after the removal of a renal artery clip in one-clip, two-kidney hypertensive rats. A decrease in peripheral plasma renin activity can only partly explain the reversal of the hypertension.


This study asks whether tribal journalists appeal to peoplehood or nationhood for authority for their exercise of rhetorical sovereignty and freedom of expression. Freedoms of expression and information, in the context of indigenous tribes in the United States, belong to anyone who practices rhetorical sovereignty of those peoples by communicating what is in the best interests of those peoples. Then, to support that thesis, the study uses rhetorical critiques of writings and historical examples about free expression by tribal journalists and communicators to discuss this issue in a way that helps us understand that freedoms of press and information in their varying forms essential for the survival and prosperity of indigenous peoples, that rhetorical sovereignty is a theoretical framework that helps us to understand how freedom of press or expression comes from the hearts of the tribes, and that tribal journalists are examples of some of the best practices of rhetorical sovereignty and freedoms of press and information for the good of their people. Some of the examples include Elias Boudinot (Cherokee) and William Apess (Pequot) from the early nineteenth century, and Mark Trahant (Shoshone-Bannock) and Tom Arviso Jr. (Navajo) from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.


SUMMARY The genus Trichoderma contains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for "hot topic" research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of each Trichoderma species discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved in N-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability of Trichoderma spp. to generate hybrid galactose-containing N-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique to Trichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in the Trichoderma genus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique to T. atroviride is the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.


The dispersion, morphology and crystallization kinetics of low density polyethylene (LDPE)–octakis(n-octadecyldimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposite blends was investigated. Novel octakis(dimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane (Q8M8H) molecules were octafunctionalised with octadecyl alkyl-chains (Q8C18) and blended with 0.25–10 wt% loadings into a commercial LDPE. Time-resolved Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS/WAXS), thermal and microscopy techniques were used to elucidate the POSS dispersal, crystalline morphology and crystallization kinetics of the host polymer. POSS particles dispersed well in the host polymer up to 5% wt loading and acted as nucleating agents without disrupting the crystal lattice of the PE. Above 5% wt loading the POSS aggregated, reduced the bulk crystallinity and hindered the crystallization process. The aggregation of POSS is attributed to increased POSS–POSS interactions whereby the POSS molecules self-assemble in an interdigitated manner. The results were compared with an analogous LDPE–T8C18 POSS cage blend at 10% wt loading. In complete contrast, the T8 POSS particles disperse well in the host polymer being effective nucleating agents and increased the bulk crystallinity. This may have important implications in the processing of polyolefins where the T8 system acts to accelerate crystallization whereas the Q8 system retards it.


Several of the articles gathered in this special issue are based on papers presented at the symposium on 'Writing Jews in Contemporary Britain' held at and generously funded by the Pears Institute for the Study of Antisemitism on 11 September 2013, and co-convened by the editors together with the Institute's director, David Feldman. Others have been especially commissioned for the issue. Thanks are also due to Jan Davison, Jonathan Magonet and Jenny Pizer.


Mele, Alfred R. Springs of Action: Understanding Intentional Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Pp. ix+ 272. $39.95 (cloth). Mele's main project is to give a causal account of human action that is sensitive to the variety of ways in which such action may come about. Chapter 2 argues that his sort of "causalist" account (according to which all action has an inten- tional component that reflects the reasons for which the action is performed and by which the action is caused) is compatible with "physicalism" (the view that every substance, event, or state of affairs is, or supervenes on, a physical substance, event, or state of affairs). Chapter 3 discusses the principle (held by Donald Davidson to be self-evident) that, if an agent wants to do x more than he wants to do y and he believes himself free to do either x or y, then he will intentionally do x if he does either x or y intentionally. Mele criticizes this principle but then proposes a complicated modification of it.


ABSTRACT Reovirus induces apoptosis in cultured cells and in vivo. Genetic studies indicate that the efficiency with which reovirus strains induce apoptosis is determined by the viral S1 gene, which encodes attachment protein ς1. However, the biochemical properties of ς1 that influence apoptosis induction are unknown. To determine whether the capacity of ς1 to bind cell surface sialic acid determines the magnitude of the apoptotic response, we used isogenic reovirus mutants that differ in the capacity to engage sialic acid. We found that T3SA+, a virus capable of binding sialic acid, induces high levels of apoptosis in both HeLa cells and L cells. In contrast, non-sialic-acid-binding strain T3SA− induces little or no apoptosis in these cell types. Differences in the capacity of T3SA− and T3SA+ to induce apoptosis are not due to differences in viral protein synthesis or production of viral progeny. Removal of cell surface sialic acid with neuraminidase abolishes the capacity of T3SA+ to induce apoptosis. Similarly, incubation of T3SA+ with sialyllactose, a trisaccharide comprised of lactose and sialic acid, blocks apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that reovirus binding to cell surface sialic acid is a critical requirement for the efficient induction of apoptosis and suggest that virus receptor utilization plays an important role in regulating cell death.


Software reuse is essential in improving efficiency and productivity in the software development process. This paper analyses reuse within requirements engineering phase by taking and adapting a standard functional size measurement method, COSMIC FFP. Our proposal attempts to quantify reusability from Object Oriented requirements specifications by identifying potential primitives with a high level of reusability and applying a reuse indicator. These requirements are specified using OO-Method, an automatic software production method based on transformation models. We illustrate the application of our proposal in a Car Rental real system.


In this study, soybeans are grown in soil that has been contaminated with arsenic. Water-quenched slag, BOF slag, and lime conditioner are individually added to soil. Based on observations of plant growth, both soil and plants are analyzed and the vegetation rate and absorption of arsenic are determined. The results indicate arsenic in soil can impact the growth of plants. In soy bean, the root has the highest arsenic concentration, followed by stalk, leaf, legume, and fruit. As the arsenic concentration increases in soil, the vegetation rate of soy bean is reduced.


In the same town were two men, one rich, the other poor. The rich man had flocks and herds in great abundance; the poor man had nothing but a ewe lamb, only a single little one which he had bought. He fostered it and it grew up with him and his children, eating his bread, drinking from his cup, sleeping in his arms and hellip;.When a traveller came to stay, the rich man would not take anything from his own flock or herd to provide for the wayfarer who had come to him. Instead, he stole the poor man's lamb and prepared that for his guest.


This paper draws on primary research from two sources. First a major research project begun December 1991 on 'Senior Managerial Competencies, Succession Planning and Organisation Development in the NHS'. The research aims to identify possible competence gaps between competences demonstrated and competences required in the light of restructuring the National Health Service. It therefore examines management development and organisation development in parallel at the strategic and operational levels. This is a two year project funded by the Department of Health. The second source is other research being undertaken within the new 'Public Service Strategy and Organisation Group' based at the Management School, Imperial College. Although the group are researching a variety of public sector organisations, including local authorities and education, this research paper focuses on the restructuring taking place in the health service.


This volume contains the collected proceedings of the 2007 meeting of the International Committee for Museums of Archaeology and History, at which participants set out to examine the role of history and archaeology museums in society and in the contemporary global context. The meeting focused on the following four issues: 1. The role of museums as active participants in social and cultural processes. 2. Where do museums stand in the area of conflict between homogenization of memory and its many voices? 3. In what form can and should museum curators collaborate in the revision of established historical interpretations? 4. Museums in the 21st century: not only a mirror of society, but a 'diagnostic site'?


Hansen (1923) obtained from Phallusia obliqua (=Ascidia obliqua) an interesting species of copepod which he named Cyclopina phallusiae. Hansen himself was uncertain about the correct systematic position of this copepod, for a species of the genus Cyclopina was never known to live within the ascidian. Lang (1949) suggested the creation of a new family Archinotodelphyidae to receive C. phallusiae
Hansen and a new species of copepod which he gathered from Pyura georgiana Mchlsn during the Swedish Antarctic Expedition. He placed the two species in two monotypic genera, Archinotodelphys to contain his own new species and Pararchinotodelphys to include C. phallusiae. This was a fitting arrangement in view of the important and far-fetching suggestions he had already made regarding the
classification of copepods (Lang, 1948). IUg (1955) discovered a second species of Pararchinotodelphys from the branchial cavities of Styela partita caught off Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts. He provided an excellent discussion regarding the systematic position of all the three species and that of Pseudocyclopina belgicae Giesbrecht which was considered as congeneric with Cyclopina phallusiae by Lindberg (1952). In fact Lang's account of his new family and the two genera contained therein were very short and it was IUg who enlarged our understanding of this group. Pararchinotodelphys phallusiae was obtained during the Danish Ingolf Expedition ; Lang obtained specimens of Archinotodelphys typicus from the Antarctic ; and IUg reported P. gurneyi from north-west Atlantic. The archinotodelphyid copepod described below is collected from the south-east coast of India and appears
to require a new genus and species to accommodate it. The male is not known for any of the earlier species. In the present case a fair number of males and females have been obtained and efforts have been made to elucidate points of sexual dimorphism in this primitive family. In describing the various morphological characters I have mainly adopted the terminology suggested by Gooding (1957) with some
alterations (Ummerkutty, 1960) There is no absolute agreement between the various investigators on the homology of the constituting parts of the cephalosomal appendages of the copepoda. The terms ' protopod', ' endopod ' and ' exopod' are used in this paper rather in a descriptive sense than to indicate any strict morphological origin. These terms have been employed not only to describe the constituting parts of the swimming legs but also for those of the cephalosomal appendages, of the adult animals.