The title page of this book gives no indication that it is actually a full transcript of a two-day conference on absenteeism held in 1973. The conference was sponsored jointly by the South Oaks Federation and the Department of Psychiatry of the State University of New York with 58 participants drawn from a wide range of backgrounds. Each of its seven chapters begins with an introductory paper followed by a lengthy and largely unstructured discussion which rarely keeps to that aspect ofabsenteeism considered in the paper. The main contributions consider the subject from differing viewpoints: industrial psychology, line and personnel management, trades union, general practice, and psychiatry. The final session was opened by Dr Steinfeld who had recently been Surgeon General of the United States: his paper was the only one to contain any facts and figures and these were derived from the National Health Survey in 1971. The subject of absenteeism can often generate dogmatic assertions among those who take part in such meetings, and this symposium was no exception. Some of the conflicts clearly arose because participants were not agreed on just what was meant by the word absenteeism. Some clearly considered that the meeting was concerned with wilful absence from work (malingering), others with absence caused by or attributed to illness and injury, or by the abuse of alcohol and other drugs. Most however seemed to agree that attendance at work was largely determined by motivation even if they differed on ways to improve it. Two themes run through the book, the recent but fundamental changes that have occurred in attitudes of workers towards their jobs and the important role of alcohol and drug abuse in the causation of frequent absences from work. Although this book contains much that will interest managers and doctors in industry, it contains nothing really new. It has neither references nor a bibliography and little factual information is provided to support the opinions put forward by the participants. While I found some of the main papers in this book both clear and interesting, most of the discussion sections which fill more than half the pages were tedious, repetitive, and added little of substance. P. J. TAYLOR


Latent class analysis is a clustering method that is nowadays widely used in social science research. Researchers applying latent class analysis will typically not only construct a typology based on a set of observed variables but also investigate how the encountered clusters are related to other, external variables. Although it is possible to incorporate such external variables into the latent class model itself, researchers usually prefer using a three-step approach. This is the approach wherein after establishing the latent class model for clustering (step 1), one obtains predictions for the class membership scores (step 2) and subsequently uses these predicted scores to assess the relationship between class membership and other variables (step 3). Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars (2004) showed that this approach leads to severely downward-biased estimates of the strength of the relationships studied in step 3. These authors and later also Vermunt (2010) developed *Tilburg University, The Netherlands Corresponding Author: Zsuzsa Bakk, Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands Email: firstname.lastname@example.com at Tilburg University on January 21, 2014 smx.sagepub.com Downloaded from methods to correct for this bias. In the current study, we extended these correction methods to situations where class membership is not predicted but used as an explanatory variable in the third step, a situation widely encountered in social science applications. A simulation study tested the performance of the proposed correction methods, and their practical use was illustrated with real data examples. The results showed that also when the latent class variable is used as a predictor of external variables, the uncorrected three-step approach leads to severely biased estimates. The proposed correction methods perform well under conditions encountered in practice.


Background: The COVID-19 epidemic has caused serious threats to physical health and human life, including in Indonesia. After the announcement of Indonesia's emergency response to Covid-19 by the central government on March 16, 2020, the number of sufferers of Covid-19 is increase rapidly. Health Care Providers who are at the forefront of handling patients with Covid-19 could be experience psychological distress such as anxiety, stress and depression. Prolonged psychological distress can be contribute to their performance, decision making self-harm in advanced.

Aim: to identify determinant factors of psychological distress experienced by health care providers during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia

Method:This study was a cross sectional survey. Respondents were taken using the snowball sampling technique. Data analysis used Pearson product moment to determine the influence of variables and multiple linear regression to determine the most dominant factor.
Results: Six hundred and eighty two healthcare providers were involved in this study. There was a relationship between sex (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.028), Health Care Providers (p = 0.014) and workplace (p = 0.08) with anxiety levels and there was no relationship between education (p = 0.063) and marital status (p = 0.213) with anxiety levels. There is a relationship between sex (p = 0.007), Health Care Providers (p = 0.012), and marital status (p = 0.011) with stress levels, there is no relationship between age (p = 0.342), Education (p = 0.096) and workplace (p = 0.19) with stress levels. hypertension (p = 0.731) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.169). there is a relationship between workplace and depression level (p = 0.011) and there is no relationship between sex (p = 0.238), age (p = 0.434), education (p = 0.082), Health Care Providers (p = 0.064) and marital status (p = 0.458) with the level of depression of Health Care Providers. Sex was a dominant factor on anxiety, stress, and depression level and has a Beta value of 0.124 for anxiety, stress level has a Beta value of 0.119.

Conclusion: Gender, Health Care Providers and marital status have a significant relationship with the level of stress of Health Care Providers in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. The workplace has a significant relationship with the level of depression in Indonesia Health Care Providers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Special attention needs to be paid to health care providers by providing free counseling at each health service venue. Improved facilities and tools to improve security for health care providers.


This article describes a new method of measuring the legibility of text based on the reading process and the properties of the human eye. The new test is both more accurate and more objective than traditional tests. It has been used to test the legibility of a variety of typefaces including Gulliver, a new face designed by Dutch type designer Gerard Unger. The new legibility test also clarifies the importance of x-height and the function of serifs.


One Property Of Natural Language Is That It Has A Logical Structure. Logic In Linguistics Can Be Perceived As That Hidden Tie Which Links Linguistic Devices To The Semantic Meanings Of Sentences. This Qualitative Descriptive Case Study Tried To Shed Light On The Relation Between Logic And Language, Mainly The Logic-Based Semantic Relation Of Entailment. It Explored Logic-Based Semantics In Literary Texts Particularly Lewis Carroll's Masterpiece Of Alice's Adventures In Wonderland. The Results Showed That Alice's Utterances Alone Were Rich In Entailments With 46 Examples found Across The 12 Chapters Of The Novel. All Of The Entailments Were Of Syntactic Type Following The Four Logical Rules Of Inference: Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Hypothetical Syllogism And Disjunctive Syllogism. Through The Use Of Entailment, Carroll Was Able To Produce Three Main Illocutions: Criticizing, Questioning And Emphasizing In Which He Remarked On Social Values, The Human Nature, Authority, Politics, Physics, Logic And Identity.


We sought to determine the strength of the evidence suggesting that estrogen and postmenopausal replacement hormones play a role in the development of breast cancer. We reviewed the existing English language literature in MEDLINE on hormones and breast cancer, including reports on cell proliferation and endogenous hormone levels, as well as epidemiologic studies of the relationship between the use of postmenopausal hormones and the risk of breast cancer in women. A factor that increases the probability that cancer will develop in an individual has been defined as a cancer cause. The Hill criteria for demonstrating a link between environmental factors and disease were used to review the evidence for a causal relationship between female hormones and breast cancer. We found evidence of a causal relationship between these hormones and breast cancer, based on the following criteria: consistency, dose-response pattern, biologic plausibility, temporality, strength of association, and coherence. The magnitude of the increase in breast cancer risk per year of hormone use is comparable to that associated with delaying menopause by a year. The positive relationship between endogenous hormone levels in postmenopausal women and risk of breast cancer supports a biologic mechanism for the relationship between use of hormones and increased risk of this disease. The finding that the increase in risk of breast cancer associated with increasing duration of hormone use does not vary substantially across studies offers further evidence for a causal relationship. We conclude that existing evidence supports a causal relationship between use of estrogens and progestins, levels of endogenous estrogens, and breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women. Hormones may act to promote the late stages of carcinogenesis among postmenopausal women and to facilitate the proliferation of malignant cells. Strategies that do not cause breast cancer are urgently needed for the relief of menopausal symptoms and the long-term prevention of osteoporosis and heart disease.


As revealed by documents in the National Archives in Washington, u.c., the United States routinely and knowingly sent reconnaissance flights over the Soviet Union during the fifties and sixties. The u-2 shootdown of the pilot Francis Gary Powers in 1960 was a manifestation of this dangerous pattern during the Cold War era. The author, the first Fulbright Lecturer to the formerly « closed-to-foreigners » military-industrial city of Nizhny Novgorod, or Gorki, suggests a direct correlation between this pattern of earlier reconnaissance flights and the shoot down of the KAL 007 airliner in 1983. It thus contains implications for current foreign policy in the bold new post-Cold War era, in which the means for surveillance have become more militarily sophisticated and technologically advanced.


DCU participated in the ImageCLEF 2008 photo retrieval task, submitting runs for both the English and Random language annotation conditions. Our approaches used text-based and image-based retrieval approaches to give baseline retrieval runs, with the highest-ranked images from these baseline runs clustered using K-Means clustering of the text annotations. Finally, each cluster was represented by its most relevant image and these images were ranked for the nal submission. For random annotation language runs, we used TextCat 1 to identify German annotation documents, which were then translated into English using Systran Version:3.0 Machine Translator. We also compared results from these translated runs with untranslated runs. Our results showed that, as expected, runs that combine image and text outperform text alone and image alone. Our baseline image+text runs (i.e. without clustering) give our best MAP score, and these runs also outperformed the mean and median ImageCLEFPhoto submissions for CR@20. Clustering approaches consistently gave a large improvement in CR@20 over the baseline, unclustered results. Pseudo relevance feedback consistently improved MAP while also consistently decreasing CR@20. We also found that the performance of untranslated random runs was quite close to that of translated random runs for CR@20, indicating that we could achieve similar diversity in our results without translating the documents.


Most of the neonatal enteroviral infections reported in the literature are associated with Coxsackievirus B2-B5 and echovirus 9 and 11. We report a retrospective Coxsackievirus B1 (CB1) infection in infants less than 2 months of age. Seventeen patients had aseptic meningitis and 8 had systemic sepsis (multi-organ involvement including meningitis, impaired liver function, and abnormality in coagulation). The symptoms and signs were nonspecific and could not be distinguished with bacterial infection on clinical grounds. Virus isolation was mandatory for diagnosis. Impaired liver function and coagulation profiles were noted in patients with systemic sepsis, but not in patients with meningitis only. CSF examination showed some uncommon features of viral meningitis: predominance of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) was noted in 62.5% of patients and hypoglycorrhachia in 64% of patients. The patients with only meningitis recovered completely without any sequela. One of the eight patients with systemic sepsis died with case fatality rate 12.5%. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of CB1 virus infection in young infants during prevalent seasons. Specimens should be sent for viral culture in patients with meningitis and sepsis to make a definite diagnosis.


Literature and literary studies now have one basis and goal: to nurture our common bonds to the planet – to replace the imaginaries of exclusionist familialism, communitarianism, nationhood, ethnic culture, regionalism, globalization or even humanism, with the ideal of planetarism. These sentences written by the Japanese literary critic Masao Miyoshi show how the peril of the planet due to global warming is working its way into literary fiction and literary criticism. In fact it seems fair to say that the old idea of national identity and even the relatively new notion of globalization today is being challenged by a stronger feeling of planetary identity due to global warming, which is present in both literary fiction, literary criticism and cultural theory. So this raises two questions. How does this planetary identity or planetary consciousness present itself in contemporary literary fiction, literary criticism and cultural theory? And how do we as researchers in the field of comparative literature deal with the fact that global warming increasingly is becoming a motive in the cultural objects, we analyze and work with? In my presentation I will try to answer these two questions. First by presenting some of the reoccurring themes and discussion-points connected to the representation of global warming in contemporary literary fiction. This also involves examples of how the political, ethical and aesthetical dimensions of global warming are being addressed by cultural theory. Second I will argue that ecocriticism, even though it is gaining ground as a critical practice, yet haven't provided the analytical tools that meet the challenges connected to the thematization of global warming in contemporary literary fiction. The main reason for this being that ecocritics find it hard to accept the literary value of science fiction, eco-thrillers and other kinds of disaster-fictions that do not present nature as a hermetic domain, but rather as territorialized by culture.


ABSTRACT
The present day medical management of calculi is either costly or not without side effects. Hence, the search of anticalculi drugs from natural sources has been assumed greater importance. Chives (Allium schoenoprasum, L.) is a long-lived plant which is very easy to grow. It contained a variety of phytochemical compounds and various minerals. This aim of this research was to evaluate exposed of anticalculi activity of fresh and dried chives leaves infuse on male albino Wistar rats using 0.75 % ethylene glycol and 2 % ammonium chloride induction method. Animals in treatment group are given 10 % of fresh and dried chives leaves infuse. Anticalculi activity in the chives leaves infuse examined by observing the kidney weight ratio, calcium level in kidney, urinary calcium level, urinary oxalate level, and creatinine serum level. From the data obtained, there were significant differences in treated group from negative control group. The biggest effect of dissolving the calcium oxalate crystal in kidney was the dried chives leaves infuse. Based on the above results, it could be concluded that chives leaves could be an alternative to calculi disease treatment.


Non-dispersive infrared CO2 sensors are well established and are commonly used to provide demand control ventilation for commercial buildings. The aviation industry has shown potential interest in adapting these sensors to provide air quality monitoring in airliner cabins. Two possible applications have been identified: CO2 sensors have the potential to detect bleed air contamination events and provide demand control ventilation by determining the adequacy of ventilation to dissipate contaminants emitted by the passengers and materials which are present in the cabin. To evaluate the suitability of these NDIR sensors for the two proposed applications, three commercial NDIR CO2 sensors with a variety of form factors were obtained. The sensors were exposed to near instantaneous changes in CO2 concentration to determine their transient and steady state responses. Because the levels of CO2 are not expected to reach steady state during a transitory contamination event, it is important to understand the sensors' transient response. Therefore, this response was evaluated under two sets of conditions. In the first set of experiments, the gas was flowed through inlet and outlet ports integrated into the sensor. In the second set of experiments, the gas was allowed to diffuse into the sensor from the surrounding environment. In both cases, the sensors' readings were allowed to reach equilibrium and their steady state performances were characterized by applying a range of CO2 concentrations.


This article focuses on analyzing the urban morphology of Hoi An historic change under development, in specific, analyzing the characteristics of the street, organisation the public space, the development in architecture in order to point out the factors that affect thelong-term sustainability of this ancient town. The argument is the traditional settlement patterns, is set taking into account social cohesion, local economic interactions and the dominant factors directly to the urban morphology of Hoi An. At the same time, the analysis shows that the changes from the original architecture to a new architecture is the process of adapting to new elements, but remains the main ways of organizing properties.


This study was carried out to recover copper from printed circuit boards of waste computers through an electrochemical process. To simplify the overall recovery process, large pieces of printed circuit boards were used instead of pulverized samples. In particular, these large pieces were directly used as an anode for copper electrorefining. For this purpose, electronic components and solder mask were initially removed from the boards. The electronic components can be treated separately to recover precious metals using various methods. The removal of solder mask was necessary to expose copper layers to the electrolytic solution and it was removed by a chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide. Electrolytic solution was a mixture of copper sulphate and sulphuric acid, and was maintained at 60°C during the process. The recovery of copper was conducted in an electrochemical cell where the anode was supplied by a constant current of 900 mA. The deposited copper was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Results show a uniform cathodic deposit of pure copper having a thickness of about 32.35 μm. The copper current efficiency was of 84% with a removal degree of copper from printed circuit board of about 46%.


Studies on the effectiveness of forest buffer strips left along streams after logging have long overlooked the biota of the buffers themselves, despite their high species richness. We investigated mosses and liverworts (bryophytes), abundant and species-rich groups in boreal forests, before and 2.5 years after logging along 15 small streams. In each site, two 1000-m 2 (20 3 50 m) plots along the stream were inventoried; one plot in an area subjected to clear-cutting, and another in a buffer strip (10 m wide on each side of the stream). Ten plots along small streams in forest reserves in the same region were used as references. We found that less than half as many bryophyte species per plot disappeared after logging in the buffer strips compared to the clearcuts. The changes in bryophyte cover and in species composition were smaller in the buffer strips, and the species that were negatively affected in the clearcuts were less affected in the buffer strips. However, there was a significant change in species composition in the buffer strips compared to the ref- erences. Substrate form and taxonomic group were important factors in understanding this turnover. Many species growing on substrates with a convex form (e.g., logs, tree bases, and mesic ground) decreased or disappeared, while species on concave substrates were rather unaffected. This held for both mosses and liverworts, although liverworts were generally more sensitive than mosses. The difference in response of assemblages on convex vs. concave substrates makes changes in microclimate due to logging a likely explanation. The species in most need of protection (i.e., the red-listed species) were among the ones with strongest declines in the 20 m wide buffer strips. In order to function optimally for bryophyte conservation, forests along small streams need to be protected from high wind- throw frequency and strong edge effects. Increasing the width of buffer strips at sites with known or potential values (e.g., large amounts of woody debris or boulders) should be considered a better strategy than using narrow buffer strips with a fixed width.


BACKGROUND
Botulism is a potentially fatal paralytic disorder for which definitive diagnosis is difficult.

OBJECTIVES
To determine if repetitive stimulation of the common peroneal nerve will aid in the diagnosis of botulism in foals.

ANIMALS
Four control and 3 affected foals.

METHODS
Validation of the test in healthy foals for its comparison in foals with suspected botulism. Controls were anesthetized and affected foals were sedated to avoid risks of anesthesia. The common peroneal nerve was chosen for its superficial location and easy access. Stimulating electrodes were placed along the common peroneal nerve. For recording, the active and reference electrodes were positioned over the midpoint and distal end of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, respectively. Repeated supramaximal stimulation of the nerve was performed utilizing a range of frequencies (1-50 Hz). Data analysis consisted of measuring the amplitude and area under the curve for each M wave and converting these values into percentages of decrement or increment based on the comparison of subsequent potentials to the initial one (baseline) within each set.

RESULTS
A decremental response was seen at all frequencies in control foals. Decremental responses also were observed in affected foals at low frequencies. An incremental response was seen in all affected foals at 50 Hz.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Decreased baseline M wave amplitudes with incremental responses at high rates are supportive of botulism. Repetitive nerve stimulation is a safe, simple, fast, and noninvasive technique that can aid in the diagnosis of suspected botulism in foals.


Geriatric trauma has become an increasingly recognized management concern for trauma centers, and hospitals alike, on a national scale. The population of the United States is aging, as life expectancy rates have demonstrated a steady climb to an average of 78.8 years of expected life. With pervasive efforts of medical screening, prevention and chronic medical condition management, more elderly people will lead more active lifestyles and will be more predisposed to injury. As best practice guidelines specific for the geriatric trauma population have yet to be developed, many researchers have identified management strategies that have offset complications and mortality rates inherent to this patient population after injury. The impact of rib fractures in the 65-year and older patient population has been well documented, as have the mortality and pneumonia rates yet, historically, little attention has been directed to curtailing these adverse outcomes with more advanced treatment options. With the advent of rib plating for rib fracture fixation and chest wall stabilization, the practice paradigm for rib fracture management is shifting, as a viable operative intervention now exists. In this review, we focus on the characteristics of the geriatric trauma patient, areas of management where improvement opportunities have been identified, chest wall injury in the elderly patient, rib plating as a treatment option and offer our data to facilitate a better understanding of rib plating's impact in the geriatric trauma patient.


The HapticWave is a haptic audio waveform display device that has been developed in collaboration with a group of audio engineers and producers with visual impairments for use in real world recording studio environments. This was not a project led by a designer or driven by a design brief: rather, the genesis of the HapticWave emerged from exchange and interaction between actors who brought to the table different practices, experiences, expertise and needs. By presenting the voices involved in this practice based research project, we offer a comprehensive report to retrace step by step the development and deployment of a research prototype.


This paper gives the first proof that the subtyping relation of a higher-order lambda calculus, ${\cal F}^{\omega}_{\leq}$, is anti-symmetric, establishing in the process that the subtyping relation is a partial order – reflexive, transitive, and anti-symmetric up to $\beta$-equality. While a subtyping relation is reflexive and transitive by definition, anti-symmetry is a derived property. The result, which may seem obvious to the non-expert, is technically challenging, and had been an open problem for almost a decade. In this context, typed operational semantics for subtyping, and the logical relation used to prove its equivalence with the declarative presentation of ${\cal F}^{\omega}_{\leq}$, offers a powerful new technology to solve the problem: of particular importance is our extended rule for the well-formedness of types with head variables. The paper also gives a presentation of ${\cal F}^{\omega}_{\leq}$ without a relation for $\beta$-equality, which is apparently the first such, and shows its equivalence with the traditional presentation.


Aims
To determine exposure to warfarin and the associated outcomes in a population of older patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).

Methods
Cohort study of patients aged 65-89 years admitted to hospital July 2003-December 2008 with newly-diagnosed or pre-existing AF. Outcomes at three years among one-year survivors post-index admission (landmark date) were all-cause mortality, stroke/systemic thromboembolism (stroke/TE) and bleeding. Multivariate Cox models were used to identify factors associated with each outcome.

Results
AF was the principal diagnosis for 27.5% of 17,336 index AF admissions. Of 14,634 (84.4%) patients alive at one-year 1,384 (9.5%) died in the following year. Vascular disease (42%) was the most frequent cause of death.Warfarin use, prior to the index admission and/or the 1-year landmark, did not exceed 40%.Compared to non-exposure or discontinuation at the index admission, initiation or persistence with warfarin prior to the landmark date was associated with reduced risk for all-cause mortality, a statistically non-significant reduction in risk for stroke/TE, and an increased risk for bleeding. Higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores were associated with increased risk for each outcome.

Conclusions
In a population-based cohort of hospitalised NVAF patients, the initiation and persistent use of warfarin was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk to three years, although reduction in risk for stroke/TE did not reach statistical significance. The apparent under-use of warfarin in this older, high-risk cohort reinforces the opportunity for further reduction in stroke/TE with the uptake of non-vitamin K oral anti-coagulants (NOACs) among those not prescribed, or not persistent with, warfarin.


The educational progress of a country or educational institution is measured through the implementation of knowledge dissemination. Evidence of knowledge dissemination has carried out be in form of the type of published document, which is based on the databases of the index of scientific publications: Scopus. This paper expresses a simple form of knowledge dissemination based on document type. Although the growth of knowledge dissemination does not have the same pattern based on the appearance of document types, the general implementation is almost the same. However, maximum effort needs to be done by PTN-bh to support Indonesia knowledge dissemination.


Much of the literature on populism restricts itself to specific regional contexts. Due to this approach, theories of populism have difficulty explaining cross-regional similarities or differences (such as the prevalence of exclusive populist parties in Europe but inclusive parties in Latin America). Using cross-regional data and exploratory case studies from multiple regions, we provide evidence that the prevalence of populism in a given party system is a function of both party institutionalization and electoral institutions. The combination of these factors we term institutional hostility. In laying out our theory we identify three ways in which populist parties enter party systems and contest elections: populist entry, populist targeting and adaptation, and populist capture.


The aim of the thesis was to examine how Ca2+ activates the ERK pathway and the
contribution of Ca2+ released from intracellular stores in physiological and
pathophysiological conditions using isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) in a
presynaptic model. The Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation/activation of ERK1 and ERK2
stimulated by depolarisation of the plasma membrane or by Ca2+ influx mediated by the
ionophore ionomycin was significantly reduced by the removal of external Ca2+.
Intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ contribution to the Ca2+-dependent component of ERK1 and
ERK2 phosphorylation/activation was indicated by the depletion of intrasynaptosomal
Ca2+ or inhibition of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase pump. Two main
pathways were found to lead to the release of Ca2+ from intrasynaptosomal stores.
Firstly, external Ca2+ influx directly activated ryanodine receptors (RyRs) to mediate
Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). Secondly, Ca2+ influx or activation of GPCRs
coupled to Gq/11 activated phospholipase C (PLC) to effect PIP2 metabolism and IP3
production, with consequent activation of IP3-induced Ca2+ release (IPCR). The
activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1/5) stimulation
supported IPCR. Intriguingly, inhibition of Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent
calcium channels (VDCCs) by stimulating GABAB, group III mGluRs, 5-HT1A and A1
receptors was suppressed by prior depletion of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Mitochondria and acidic compartments also appear to store Ca2+ intrasynaptosomally,
with mitochondrial depolarisation resulting in a transient increase in ERK1 and ERK2
phosphorylation/activation. Finally, a pathophysiological model of nerve terminal
ischemia showed that intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ release contributes to the Ca2+-dependent
component of phosphorylation/activation of ERK1 and ERK2 occurring when Na+/K+-
ATPase is inhibited. In conclusion, extracellular Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ store
release together support Ca2+ mediated stimulation of the ERK pathway in synaptosomes. This has important implications in the cross-talk of signalling pathways
to ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation/activation and neurotransmitter release from nerve
terminals in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.


Purpose – The growth of women in management has been argued to offer a route to reduce organizational and social inequality. The purpose of this paper is to explore the careers and experiences of female managers from a variety of organizations operating in the West Midlands region of the UK. Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on 56 interviews conducted with women managers within various sectors. The interviewees also completed pictorial careers maps, which along with interview recordings were analyzed. Findings – The key themes to emerge from this research centre upon the factors that draw women into management (which we term seductive elements) as well as some of the hindering practices that prevent women from progressing. Significantly, we find that managerial careers are associated with gendered assumptions and practices (e.g. facilitating and developing people) which contribute to construct management (done by women) as bounded-up characteristically with "feminized" behaviours. Research limitations/implications – The research is based upon a relatively small sample that is multi-sectorial. Wider studies that increase population size, together with deeper studies that hold sectorial variables constant would further add weight to the findings presented here. Practical implications – The paper draws attention to the "lived reality" of doing management, which, we argue often, for women in particular involves the reconciliation of contradictions and conflicting pressures. We draw attention to the lack of "alternative models" of organization and highlight the potential for gender-focus mentoring and management education. Originality/value – The paper is of value in giving voice to a selection of women managers by allowing them to reflect upon and explore their experience of management. The paper also documents the day-to-day reality of women's managerial careers that require the re-enactment and reproduction of stereotypical gender norms.


Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss is one of the most important cold water fishes in Iran. For successful artificial propagation of rainbow trout, the quality and quantity of brooders and sexual materials are key factors. In the present study, we investigated the age-dependent changes of reproductive efficiency. For this purpose, the brooders were divided into age classes and then three age groups of male and female (i.e. 3, 4 and 5 years old) selected randomly from each age classes. At the time of propagation, total length and weight of brooders before and after stripping, egg diameter, total weight of stripped eggs and sperm quality parameters including sperm density and spermatocrit were measured. Afterward, the brooders were crossed randomly. According to our results, the higher percentage of fertilization (%98), hatching (%96), survival (%94.5) and also the larvae with more active feeding (n= 3070) were found when the 4 year old males were crossed with 5 year old females (p<0.05). Our results confirmed the agedependent changes of reproductive efficiency in rainbow trout. We conclude that the cross between 4 year old males and 5 year old females of rainbow trout can enhance the reproductive efficiency.


In times where the attention on alternative energy sources is continuously increasing, the study of biofuels is taking a primary role, as a possible replacement, or integration, of traditional transportation fuels. Among them, biodiesel fuels are typically a complex mixture of large fatty acids, obtained through transesterification of soybean and rapeseed oils with methanol. In this background, the pyrolysis and combustion kinetics of methyl esters is essential for a proper understanding of the combustion behavior and pollutant formation from biodiesel fuels. From a modeling point of view, when studying the combustion of large methyl esters a reliable kinetic mechanism is required. Nevertheless, the main problems of these molecules lie in their length and lack of symmetry in their structure, which results in the huge size of the related detailed kinetic mechanisms (thousands of species) with a consequent significant computational load, even when dealing with 0D and 1D models. In order to maintain the applicability of the kinetic mechanism also in multidimensional models, it should be useful someway to reduce its dimensions. For this reason, a reduced kinetic scheme for methyl esters was developed and is presented in this work. It is the result of the coupling of two different techniques: (i) an upstream lumping of species and reactions, through which several species are grouped into a single pseudo-species according to proper rules; (ii) a successive further reduction of the kinetic mechanism through a novel technique, based on the analysis of the reacting system in the desired range of operating conditions. The reduced mechanism was validated through comparison with experimental data in a wide range of conditions using shock tube, laminar flame speeds and ideal reactors. A satisfactory agreement with both experimental data and the original scheme was observed. Additionally, thanks to its limited dimensions, the kinetic model could be applied on more complex, multidimensional models. As an instance, its performances on a multi-zone model of an HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine are assessed: the obtained results show the great advantages of this mechanism, which can then be used in place of the original one without losing in accuracy, but with considerable savings in computational times.


Hericium erinaceus (HE), a widely utilized natural remedy and dietary source, has garnered significant attention for its therapeutic potential in various diseases. In this study, we employed supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology to isolate the bioactive compounds from HE's fruiting body. Comprehensive assessments of the antioxidant and antibacterial activities were conducted, along with in vitro investigations on the human colon cancer cell line (HCT-8). The SFE rate served as the evaluation metric, while the variables of extraction time, pressure, and temperature were systematically examined. By integrating the response surface center composite design, we successfully optimized the extraction process, yielding optimal parameters of 80 min, 30 MPa, and 35 °C, thus resulting in an extraction rate of 2.51%. These optimized conditions exhibited considerable antioxidant capacity, anticancer activity, and antibacterial potential. Furthermore, we employed graded alcohol extraction to refine the crude extracts, thereby confirming superior anticancer effects under a 70% alcohol precipitation. To elucidate the composition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to analyze the crude extracts and isolates of HE, facilitating a comparative analysis of six HE varieties. Our findings suggest that sterol derivatives hold promise as the active component against the colon cancer HCT-8 cell line. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of HE SFE in the development of functional foods or alternative drugs for colon cancer treatment, thus opening new avenues for therapeutic interventions.


On the preparation of porous ceramics with composite sintering auxiliaries Y2O3-Al2O3 , the main ingredient of SIC , and CMC as the porous agent . Having studied the C content of composite structure and mechanical properties , And analysised the composite fracture morphology with SEM . The results show that, when using different particle size of carbon powders mixed the porous silicon carbide ceramic sample size powdered carbon than a single sample of micro skeleton intact, the shapes of holes, and more rules are uniformly distributed, comprehensive mechanics performance is better.


The graft-vs.-host reaction (GVHR) results in damage to the epithelial and lymphoid compartments of the thymus and thus in abnormal maturation and function of thymocytes in mice undergoing GVHR. In this report, the effects of GVHR on thymic T cell receptor (TCR) expression and usage have been investigated. GVHR was induced in unirradiated F1 hybrid mice by the intravenous transfer of parental lymphoid cells. Expression of the CD3/TCR complex on thymocyte subsets defined by CD4 and CD8 was studied by three-color flow cytometry. The level of CD3/TCR was decreased on CD4+CD8-, but not CD4-CD8+, mature thymocytes. The lack of upregulation of CD3/TCR on CD4 single-positive thymocytes, but not on their CD8+ counterparts, suggested an abnormality of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression in the thymuses of mice undergoing GVHR. Immunofluorescence staining of thymic frozen sections revealed that MHC class II expression was dramatically decreased in GVH- reactive mice. GVHR-induced changes in positive and negative selection were evaluated by determining the incidence of specific V beta TCR segment usage in the thymus. In normal mice, thymocyte usage of any given V beta segment was highly consistent between individuals of the same strain and age; however, a marked divergence in the incidence of TCR V beta 6hi and V beta 8hi cells between GVH-reactive littermate mice was observed, suggesting that thymic positive selection had become disregulated in these animals. Furthermore, negative selection was defective; the incidence of phenotypically self-reactive V beta 6hi T cells was significantly greater in the thymuses of GVH-reactive mice bearing the endogenous superantigen Mls-1a than in untreated controls. Thus, mice undergoing GVHR showed defective TCR upregulation on CD4+CD8- thymocytes and changes in TCR usage reflecting aberrant thymic selection, in conjunction with decreased expression of MHC class II. Most abnormalities of TCR expression and usage on CD4+ thymocytes observed in GVH-reactive mice were analogous to those of class II knockout mice.


OBJECTIVE: To study prevalence of clinical features among Brazilian patients diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1), comparing these features with international data to evaluate the severity and visibility of the disease and quantify less frequent manifestations such as short stature, macrocephaly, muscle strength, voice abnormalities and oral motor disorders. METHODS: 183 patients diagnosed with NF1, attended at the Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, were evaluated for clinical manifestations and complications of NF1. Severity and visibility were verified using the Riccardi and Ablon scales respectively. Voice abnormalities and oral motor disorders were quantified using the Vox-Metria software and maximal voluntary muscle strength (MVMS) was quantified using a handgrip dynamometer. RESULTS: Clinical manifestations of NF1 observed were comparable to those described in literature. However, more then 50% of patients presented severity and visibility classified as moderate and severe. The incidence of macrocephaly and short stature was higher among the Brazilian patients. Voice abnormalities and oral motor disorders were quantified for the first time, with hoarseness and oral motor disorders observed in more then 60% the patients. Maximal voluntary muscle strength was found to be reduced in 67% of patients. CONCLUSION: The main clinical features of these patients are similar to those reported in previous studies. More then one-half of the patients presented moderate and severe levels of NF1 (severity and visibility), including short stature, macrocephaly, voice abnormalities and oral motor disorders and decreased muscle strength. These results are in disagreement with the traditional concept that NF1 is a benign disease and also disclosed some clinical aspects not previously reported.


Our presentation was aimed at providing a thorough overview of concepts that interfere with an adolescent's ability to stay in school and graduate. Additionally, the presentation addressed what other factors of poverty, such as risk-taking behaviors (e.g., marijuana use, binge drinking, or sexual activity), might carry over into college life and affect a student's academic career. Variables connected to family community, family responsibilities, and adolescents' self-esteem were described as well. Finally, the presentation discussed factors that play into a student's willingness to seek out college campus resources for support. With this paper, we hope to outline variables that lead to academic drawbacks within our youth and to raise awareness about the multi-faceted phenomenon of retention of students.


Abstract. IIRS has initiated its interactive distance education based capacity building under IIRS outreach programme in year 2007 where more than 15000+ students were trained in the field of geospatial technology using Satellite based interactive terminals and internet based learning using A-View software. During last decade the utilization of Internet technology by different user groups in the society is emerged as a technological revaluation which has directly affect the life of human being. The Internet is used extensively in India for various purposes right from entrainment to critical decision making in government machinery. The role of internet technology is very important for capacity building in any discipline which can satisfy the needs of maximum users in minimum time. Further to enhance the outreach of geospatial science and technology, IIRS has initiated e-learning based certificate courses of different durations. The contents for e-learning based capacity building programme are developed for various target user groups including mid-career professionals, researchers, academia, fresh graduates, and user department professionals from different States and Central Government ministries. The official website of IIRS e-learning is hosted at http://elearning.iirs.gov.in . The contents of IIRS e-learning programme are flexible for anytime, anywhere learning keeping in mind the demands of geographically dispersed audience and their requirements. The program is comprehensive with variety of online delivery modes with interactive, easy to learn and having a proper blend of concepts and practical to elicit students' full potential. The course content of this programme includes Image Statistics, Basics of Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Digital Image Processing, Geographical Information System, Global Positioning System, Customization of Geospatial tools and Applications of Geospatial Technologies. The syllabus of the courses is as per latest developments and trends in geo-spatial science and technologies with specific focus on Indian case studies for geo-spatial applications. The learning is made available through interactive 2D and 3D animations, audio, video for practical demonstrations, software operations with free data applications. The learning methods are implemented to make it more interactive and learner centric application with practical examples of real world problems.


This annual report reviews the oerations of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) during fiscal year 2003. IFC's operating income for FY03 grew to $528 million, more than triple the figure for FY02 and one of the highest on record. Its committed portfolio grew by 11.5 percent to $16.8 billion. It was a year that emphasized coordination, and mutually reinforcing efforts among World Bank Group units, particularly in pursuing private sector development in client countries. The report stresses the need for support of IFC's priorities, including emerging, and frontier markets, technical assistance, and advisory services to help improve investment climates, and small and medium enterprises. Also underscored, is the significance of IFC's presence in difficult, country environments as a central component of its development mandate, while IFC's counter-cyclical role in the face of heightened investor uncertainty, and volatility of capital flows to developing countries, is recognized, as is the performance within the annual portfolio performance review, despite continued difficulty in the global economic environment. IFC's financial management is reviewed, and its leadership for protecting the Corporation's financial integrity, without compromising its development mandate, was commendable, though the need to maintain profitability, while increasing development impacts, is stressed. The report presents financial highlights, particularly outlining IFC's commitment to innovation, impact, and sustainability, and further identifies the period's operational, and regional outlook. The report also summarizes the financial and portfolio reviews, as well as technical assistance and advisory services during FY03. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications.


Abstract Cyriacotheriidae are a family of unusual small-bodied pantodonts known from the Paleocene of the Western Interior of North America. Cyriacotheriids possess a suite of dental characters similar to that of pantodonts (e.g., molar dilambdodonty, lingual molar hypoconulids), as well as several divergent features (e.g., molarized premolars, strong molar conules) that have been interpreted as "dermopteran-like." The unusual combination of pantodont and dermopteran-like characters, combined with a limited fossil record, has made attempts at understanding the broader relationships of Cyriacotheriidae difficult. This paper reports on a new genus and two new species of cyriacotheriids from the Paleocene of Alberta, Canada, with both species significantly older than those of the only previously described cyriacotheriid, Cyriacotherium. Collectively, the dentitions of these new taxa exhibit derived characters seen in Cyriacotherium (e.g., robust molar conules, strong molar dilambdodonty) in addition to a number of plesiomorphies seen in more basal pantodonts (e.g., conspicuous molar entoconids, deep premolar ectoflexus) and, importantly, posterior premolars that are weakly molariform and non-dilambdodont. A phylogenetic analysis of the new cyriacotheriid, basal pantodonts, dermopterans, and dermopteran-like eutherians resulted in Cyriacotheriidae nesting within a monophyletic Pantodonta. The results strengthen previous hypotheses regarding the pantodont affinities of the family, and suggest that the dermopteran-like features seen in the more derived Cyriacotherium were acquired convergently. Although the discovery of new cyriacotheriids sheds light on the evolutionary history of the family, it cannot resolve the ongoing questions of pantodont origins; nonetheless, their discovery in strata of early Paleocene age indicates that significant parts of the evolutionary history of Cyriacotheriidae, and North American pantodonts more generally, have yet to be discovered.


Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis are associated with halitosis since it can release the aroma of ammonia. Previous research has posited that flavonoids can inhibit bacterial growth. Red Pomegranate fruit is known to contain very effective flavonoids. Red pomegranate fruit is even known to contain polyphenols flavonoid and its derivatives and alkaloids. Based on this fact, Red pomegranate fruit is expected to be used as a mouthwash with anti-bacterial effect on Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis to control halitosis. The aim of this research was to reveal the inhibitory activity of red pomegranate extract on the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis by obtaining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The red pomegranate extract was produced via ethanol extract to obtain 100% concentration of red pomegranate. Dilution was conducted in order to obtain extract in 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5% and 6.25% concentration. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) tests and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of pomegranate extracts against Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria was conducted to determine the in vitro inhibitory effect. Red pomegranate extract with a concentration of 50% is determined as a minimum inhibitory level and a minimum bacterial bacterial concentration against the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Red pomegranate extracts with a concentration of 12.5% are determined as minimal inhibitory levels and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration against bacterial growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Red pomegranate extract had the potential to become an antibacterial agent toward the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis


: The peculiarities of bacterial chromosome organization are discussed, based mainly on the data on Escherichia coli. Highly important for bacterial genome organization is its division into two approx. equal half-genomes undergoing periodically "exchanges" of some kind displayed as continuous inversions including the oriC region of replication initiation. It is believed that short oligonucleotides are comprised in either of half-genomes. The former are predominantly oriented as direct repeats, which ensures the possibility of formation of tandem duplications consisting of identical genes--under conditions when selection for enhancing functions of corresponding genes takes place. Multiple tandem duplications capable of excision of plasmatic gene copies seem to initiate horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Tandem gene duplications are probably being formed in the process of bacterial genetic recombination as well, when, as a result of non-equal crossing over, gene alleles derived from different strains are united into a tandem.


Breast Cancer 2020 is thrilled to welcome oncologist and women health professionals to the "Imperial City" to attend the much-awaited international congregation of the legendary Breast Cancer Congress series. The 9th European Congress on Breast Cancer, Women's Health and Therapeutics, (Breast Cancer 2020), will take place in Vienna, Austria on October 16-17, 2020. The world's largest breast cancer forum will be commencing on the morning of 16th October, in the presence of the International Organizing Committee.


In 1996, John Kotter published Leading Change. Considered by many to be the seminal work in the field of change management, Kotter's research revealed that only 30 percent of change programs succeed. Since the book's release, literally thousands of books and journal articles have been published on the topic, and courses dedicated to managing change are now part of many major MBA programs. Yet in 2008, a McKinsey survey of 3,199 executives around the world found, as Kotter did, that only one transformation in three succeeds. Other studies over the past ten years reveal remarkably similar results. It seems that, despite prolific output, the field of change management hasn't led to more successful change programs.


This research proposes that a construct called Sponsorship Linked Advertising (SLA) is valuable in understanding how brand and corporate advertising link to sponsorship and event marketing. SLA includes both ads that communicate a link to a sponsored event (tiedness) and those that demonstrate, through their overall design, an event's motif or theme (themedness). In its themed form, SLA differs from creative advertising by virtue of the fact that creative advertising can exist independent of any sponsorship link, whereas sponsorship linked advertisements intentionally unite a sponsorship and an event either implicitly and/or explicitly. With sponsorship investment estimated to be $45.2 billion worldwide (International Events Group 2009) and leverage advertising (i.e., advertising that is employed to heighten awareness of sponsorships or better articulate sponsor-event links) reflecting a similar amount, empirical examination, validation and implementation guidance of SLA as a leveraging strategy is critical. The unique marketing opportunities associated with popular sporting, charitable and arts events also attract non-sponsoring companies which also seek to affiliate with the event, an activity known as ambushing (McKelvey and Grady 2008). Examination of SLA is therefore important in an increasingly competitive and cluttered global sponsorship arena, in which ambushing is becoming a pervasive practice, attracting considerable attention from event organisers, sponsors and policy makers alike, while also detracting from or diluting intended sponsorship communications. Despite widespread use of SLA, no empirical validation of this strategy has been undertaken to date. The present research addresses this gap. Initially, the SLA construct is defined, categorised, and measured through content analysis, then a series of experimental studies are used to achieve empirical validation of the SLA construct. Streams of sponsorship and advertising effectiveness research, along with theories of associative learning, attribution and persuasion, are used to guide examination of SLA effectiveness in new empirical work. Specifically, a series of experiments are used to examine consumers' cognitive, affective and behavioural responses to SLA. The first experimental study tests a main effect of ad type as well as interactive effects of tiedness and themedness with sponsorship availability (i.e., knowledge of true sponsor) on outcomes including nature and type of thoughts elicited, ad scepticism and sponsor motive attributions. Findings from this study suggest that SLA exposure induces more positive thoughts, less ad scepticism and more favourable attributions than exposure to Non SLA. These results provide initial evidence that consumers process SLA differently to other ad types and interestingly, may derive enjoyment from, or at least exhibit less ad scepticism towards viewing SLA. Finally, the influence of competitive context on sponsor recall is tested by simulating exposure to ambush and/or SLA ad types following a sponsorship announcement. Findings provide evidence to support a memory interference hypothesis and imply that accuracy of sponsor recall is diminished by presence of an ambush ad, but that this effect is moderated by presence of SLA leveraging a previously announced sponsorship. Taken together, the results of this series of studies provide an empirical measurement of SLA strategy and demonstrate construct validity. Further, interpretation of the results gives rise to specific creative strategies for practical implementation. Ecological validity is built into the design by using real events within ad stimuli and investigating SLA in the competitive context in which it occurs. Hence, the results are said to be generalisable to real-world situations, and the resultant creative strategies are arguably contextually valid. This research contributes to existing marketing and sponsorship literature by proposing and empirically validating a new construct. Theoretically, it examines consumer response to SLA by combining information processing and resistance based perspectives. It extends traditional views of ambushing by offering empirical evidence of the practice being widespread and extending to low level sponsors and event "free riders". Practical implications of this research extend to advertisers and sponsors faced with the challenge of effectively leveraging huge sponsorship investments and assessing return on such investment. Empirical testing of ambushing effects has important implications for the debate on increased regulatory intervention of such practices, a debate centred upon tension between balancing fair marketing practice with the rights of sponsors and event organisers.


After human coronaviruses OC43, 229E and NL63, human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is the fourth human coronavirus discovered. HCoV-HKU1 is a group 2a coronavirus that is still not cultivable. The G + C contents of HCoV-HKU1 genomes are 32%, the lowest among all known coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. Among all coronaviruses, HCoV-HKU1 shows the most extreme codon usage bias, attributed most importantly to severe cytosine deamination. All HCoV-HKU1 genomes contain unique tandem copies of a 30-base acidic tandem repeat of unknown function at the N-terminus of nsp3 inside the acidic domain upstream of papain-like protease 1. Three genotypes, A, B and C, of HCoV-HKU1 and homologous recombination among their genomes, are observed. The incidence of HCoV-HKU1 infections is the highest in winter. Similar to other human coronaviruses, HCoV-HKU1 infections have been reported globally, with a median (range) incidence of 0.9 (0 – 4.4) %. HCoV-HKU1 is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract infections that are mostly self-limiting. The most common method for diagnosing HCoV-HKU1 infection is RT-PCR or real-time RT-PCR using RNA extracted from respiratory tract samples such as nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA). Both the pol and nucleocapsid genes have been used as the targets for amplification. Monoclonal antibodies have been generated for direct antigen detection in NPA. For antibody detection, Escherichia coli BL21 and baculovirus-expressed recombinant nucleocapsid of HCoV-HKU1 have been used for IgG and IgM detection in sera of patients and normal individuals, using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunoassay.


With the continuous development of the Internet of Things, intelligent manufacturing has gradually entered the application stage, which urgently needs to solve the problem of information transmission security. In order to realize data security with transmission encryption, the UHF RFID tag based on domestic cryptographic algorithm SM7 is proposed. By writing the anti-counterfeiting authentication identification code when the tag leaves the factory, verifying the identification code when the tag is issued, and using the authentication code of the tag to participate in the sectoral key dispersion, the purpose of data security protection is achieved. Through this scheme, the security of tag information and transmission is guaranteed, and a new idea is provided for the follow-up large-scale extension of intelligent manufacturing.


Abstract. Surface flow and subsurface flow constitute a naturally linked hydrologic
continuum that has not traditionally been simulated in an integrated
fashion. Recognizing the interactions between these systems has encouraged
the development of integrated hydrologic models (IHMs) capable of treating
surface and subsurface systems as a single integrated resource. IHMs are
dynamically evolving with improvements in technology, and the extent of their
current capabilities are often only known to the developers and not general
users. This article provides an overview of the core functionality,
capability, applications, and ongoing development of one open-source IHM,
ParFlow. ParFlow is a parallel, integrated, hydrologic model that simulates
surface and subsurface flows. ParFlow solves the Richards equation for
three-dimensional variably saturated groundwater flow and the
two-dimensional kinematic wave approximation of the shallow water equations
for overland flow. The model employs a conservative centered finite-difference scheme and a conservative finite-volume method for subsurface
flow and transport, respectively. ParFlow uses multigrid-preconditioned
Krylov and Newton–Krylov methods to solve the linear and nonlinear systems
within each time step of the flow simulations. The code has demonstrated
very efficient parallel solution capabilities. ParFlow has been coupled to
geochemical reaction, land surface (e.g., the Common Land Model), and atmospheric
models to study the interactions among the subsurface, land surface, and
atmosphere systems across different spatial scales. This overview focuses on
the current capabilities of the code, the core simulation engine, and the
primary couplings of the subsurface model to other codes, taking a
high-level perspective.


Background: Tissue engineering offers the means for replacing or repairing diseased organs within the patient's body. The current problem in its clinical use is sufficient and fast revascularization of the transplanted tissues. The idea of bone-reconstruction deals with three-dimensional bone equivalents that are composed of endothelial cells (ECs) and adipose tissue derived stromal cells (ATSCs) showing osteogenic differentiation. Materials and Methods: ATSC were isolated, cultivated until third passage and osteogenically differentiated by 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Coculture systems with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were performed. Osteogenic differentiation was analyzed in FACS-analyses (n = 7), by the measurement of Ca2+-deposition in the cell matrix (marker for osteogenic differentiation) and the expression of alkaline phosphatase (AP). Results: Ca2+-deposition in the cell matrix and osteocalcin-expression correlated significantly (P = 0.030) during osteogenic differentiation (n = 7). The osteogenic cell differentiated ATSC in the coculture system (n = 6) even showed a clear increase of Ca2+-deposition. The time of starting the coculture did not influence the differentiation. Measurement of the Ca2+-deposition correlates significantly to the osteogenic differentiation and osteocalcin-expression. Conclusion: ATSC are a promising source for bone tissue engineering. They can be differentiated into osteoblasts in a coculture system with HUVEC without the loss of any differentiation capacity. For bone tissue-equivalent fabrication, this is an encouraging procedure that is feasible and provides fast revascularization of the bone-equivalents.


Antimalarial drug-induced retinopathy was first described in the 1950s. Screening for preclinical poisoning prevents evolution to irreversible maculopathy. We discuss, through the case of maculopathy with antimalarial (AM) revealed by progressive bilateral decrease in vision in a patient with lupus, the modalities of monitoring patients treated with AM and the management of a potential intoxication. All authors stress the need for clinical and paraclinical ophthalmological monitoring regularly to detect early signs of impaired retinal function at a reversible stage. Indeed, at a more severe retinal intoxication, impaired visual function remains irreversible and can lead to blindness. A full ophthalmologic assessment is necessary before starting long course treatment with AM, possibly coupled with additional tests (central visual field, colour vision and/or electrophysiological examinations)..


Guide to Traffic Management Part 8: Local Street Management is concerned with the planning and management of road space usage within a local area, to reduce traffic volumes and speeds in local streets, to increase amenity and improve safety and access for residents, especially pedestrians and cyclists. It provides guidance for planners and engineers associated with the design, development and management of residential precincts. Part 8 presents a systematic approach to traffic management in local areas, outlining the principles and practice of influencing driver behaviour in local streets – both directly by physical changes to the environment, and indirectly by influencing driver perceptions of what is appropriate behaviour. It provides guidance on the selection, design, application and effectiveness of traffic control measures on an area-wide or at least whole-of-street basis, including effects such schemes may have on local and arterial road networks. The online version of the Guide is currently being built.


In this article, on behalf of The Shadow Places Network, we outline a working manifesto of politics and practice. We mobilise the format of the manifesto to speak to an uncertain and damaged future, to begin to imagine other possible worlds. For feminist philosopher Val Plumwood, whose thinking inspires this network, shadow places are the underside of the capitalist fantasy, 'the multiple disregarded places of economic and ecological support'. In turning towards shadow places, and the unjust and unsustainable processes that produce them, we call for an environmental humanities that reaches beyond abstraction, fosters new responsibilities, considers the uncomfortable, and generates reparative possibilities and alternative futures. We aim to continue to trace out a world of shadow places. We acknowledge that these shadow places cannot be known in full, but through a willingness to engage in careful conversation with the beings and places harmed by (or strategically shielded from) processes of the Anthropocene, we can learn how to relate to each other and these places in more just ways. Recognising that shadow places are impermanent and contingent, this working manifesto does not look to predetermine or prescribe but rather invites conversation, encounter and exchange. In so doing we choose to contribute to making different worlds possible by pursuing new collaborations, new methods and new politics.


There is evidence that wheat, as well as containing genes for resistance, also contains genes that promote susceptibility to disease. Mutagenesis of the variety Hobbit 'sib' produced a number of lines with increased resistance to yellow rust (Worland & Law, 1991). The aim of this research was to characterise the resistance of the Hobbit 'sib' mutants, to identify and map the mutations and to determine which conferred resistance. The incidence of genes promoting susceptibility in other varieties also formed part of the investigation since manipulation of these genes may enable the resistance of commercial varieties to be improved.

Significantly improved resistance to yellow rust relative to Hobbit 'sib' was demonstrated in 17 of the 21 mutants investigated, confirming the previous findings of Worland & Law, 1991 (IAEA Vienna, Mutation Breeding Newsletter 38: pp2 - 5). Furthermore, resistance to brown rust and mildew was also demonstrated in a subset of mutants, with one mutant, 13-48, exhibiting high levels of resistance to all three diseases. The broad spectrum of resistance in 13-48 suggests that mutation has inactivated either a single gene for susceptibility with a common effect on all three diseases, or a number of genes for susceptibility, each specific for a different disease. No mutants were identified with significantly improved resistance to Stagonospora nodorum or Septoria tritici, suggesting that this method of inducing resistance may only be of value for obligate pathogens.

Using molecular techniques, deletions were identified in 12 mutant lines, and the deletions were spread throughout the genome. Several mutant lines contained more than one deletion. "Representational Difference Analysis" was used successfully to identify deletions in selected mutants and, in contrast to using RFLP probes, provided a more targeted approach to identifying deletions irrespective of chromosome location. Analysis of the segregation of deletion markers in F2 populations segregating for disease resistance identified a deletion on 4DL of 13-48 that segregated with yellow rust and brown rust resistance. This was due to linkage in the case of brown rust resistance, but the yellow rust resistance may be due directly to the deletion, possibly as a consequence of the removal of a gene for susceptibility to this disease. A number of deletions were identified, both in 13-48 and other mutants, that did not segregate with resistance. Therefore, the deletion markers may be useful both as tags facilitating the selection of deletions conferring resistance, and also for the removal of deletions not implicated in improving resistance.

The distribution of genes for susceptibility in several varieties, most of which are in commercial use, was examined using either segregational tests for allelism or backcross reciprocal monosomie analysis in order to identify targets for disease resistance improvement. Both these approaches proved to be unsuccessful. The reasons for this failure are presented and possible solutions described.

The nature and possible roles of genes for susceptibility are discussed.


Power management for large last-level caches (LLCs) is important in chip multiprocessors (CMPs), as the leakage power of LLCs accounts for a significant fraction of the limited on-chip power budget. Since not all workloads running on CMPs need the entire cache, portions of a large, shared LLC can be disabled to save energy. In this article, we explore different design choices, from circuit-level cache organization to microarchitectural management policies, to propose a low-overhead runtime mechanism for energy reduction in the large, shared LLC. We first introduce a slice-based cache organization that can shut down parts of the shared LLC with minimal circuit overhead. Based on this slice-based organization, part of the shared LLC can be turned off according to the spatial and temporal cache access behavior captured by low-overhead sampling-based hardware. In order to eliminate the performance penalties caused by flushing data before powering off a cache slice, we propose data migration policies to prevent the loss of useful data in the LLC. Results show that our energy-efficient cache design (EECache) provides 14.1% energy savings at only 1.2% performance degradation and consumes negligible hardware overhead compared to prior work.


The use of ultrasonic echolocation (sonar) in air is seriously constrained by the attenuation of high frequency sounds and unwanted echoes from the background (called clutter). Therefore, in many situations, echolocating bats have to rely on other sensory cues. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the use of vision by echolocating bats. Bat eyes are generally small, especially among aerial hawking insectivores, with the exception of members of the family Emballonuridae. In gleaning, and in frugivorous species, however, the eyes tend to be larger and more prominent. The eyes of all bats are well adapted to low illumination, having mainly rod-based retinas, large corneal surfaces and lenses, and generally large receptor fields. Bats can easily detect small differences in brightness on clear nights, and the visual acuity remains relatively good in dim illuminations. The visual resolving power (as obtained from counts of retinal ganglion cells or by optomotor response tests) varies considerably among the different species of bats, from less than 0.06° of arc in Macrotus californicus (Phyllostomidae) to almost 5° in aerial hawking Myotis species (Vespertilionidae). Generally, the visual acuity is similar to that of rats and mice, suggesting that cm-sized object can be discriminated at ranges less than a few metres. Studies on pattern discrimination have yielded highly variable results. Fruit and nectar eating species respond to patterns to a larger extent than aerial insectivores. One of the most fundamental roles of the eyes is to register the amount of ambient light, in order to establish photoperiodic cycles. Some tropical bats avoid too bright conditions, i.e. moonlit nights probably due to increased prédation risk, a behaviour not found in high latitude species. As sonar only works well at short ranges, vision is primarily used for detection of landmarks and to avoid objects when moving over long distances, for example during seasonal migration and when commuting between feeding sites. In these situations, there seems to be precedence of vision over sonar. At short range, within that of echolocation, bats may defer to visual cues in addition to sonar and spatial memory to solve different tasks of orientation, especially when there is conflicting information. Light conditions and time of the day may determine the behaviour of the bats and thus which sensory cues will be used. There is an increasing amount of data suggesting that vision might be of importance in some situations and some aspects of foraging, especially for frugivorous and nectarivorous bats, which can make use of differences in brightness and spectral composition, to find different food items. But even in species traditionally considered to rely heavily on echolocation, such as most insectivorous bats, vision seems to play a more important role than has been recognised previously. The gleaning brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus, Vespertilionidae), known to forage mostly by using passive listening, detects prey more readily by using vision than by using sonar, and the aerial hawking northern bat (Eptesicus nilssonii, Vespertilionidae), use visual information in addition to sonar to find large stationary prey in clutter. Although echolocation is the key innovation that have made it possible for bats to fly at night, vision is retained as an important complement; and indeed bats use an array of different sensory inputs to solve the different tasks of life. Eklöf, J. Syn hos ekolokaliserande fladdermöss Zoologiska institutionen, Göteborgs universitet


People on the move have a grown need for real-time information and services anytime and anywhere. In many situations, travelers do not feel at ease and well informed when using public transport. Context information on mobile phones e.g., location and calendar data, can significantly improve the user experience in the current situation. The paper addresses an approach of service offering and usage on mobile phones. It focuses on a typical scenario in public transport that covers trip planning, mobile ticketing and service offering on the way. A general framework, classifying, supporting and analyzing user context information, including practical experiences from a mobile ticketing solution, will be introduced.


In the next generation networks (4G) for Wireless Metropolitan area technology, the Mobile Wi-max (Wireless Interoperability Wireless Access) is one of the outstanding technologies that have promised to offer broadband wireless access (BWA) over long distance. The Mobile WiMAX was successfully adopted by ITU (International Telecommunication Union) as one of the IMT2000 (International mobile Telecommunications) technologies in November-2007. Mobile WiMAX, based on the IEEE 802.16e standard (release 1), supports a several types of handovers and allows fully mobility of users. Today the IEEE 802.16 Working Group (WG) has formed the IEEE 802.16m (release 2) and IEEE 802.16j. The IEEE 802.16j will provide relay functionality and IEEE 802.16m (Advance Air Interface) will provide high data rates and additional functionalities to meet the requirements for IMT-Advanced defined by ITU-R (ITU-Radio communication Sector) for 4G system. Another technology considered by IMT-Advanced for the 4G Radio Access Technology is LTE-Advanced. This paper provides vast overview of IEEE 802.16e and its comparison with other wireless technologies.


At the Buffalo meeting of the Botanical Club of A. A. A. S., Dr. Farlow spoke o-f an instance in which Pilobolus threw its spore cases a distance of eight feet. I have just observed in a dark stable, not often used, where there is a dirt floor, that these black "specks" are very thick and some of them rise to a perpendicular height of six feet, certainly, and very likely a little higher. I examined some of them and they are not " fly-specks." W. J. BEAL. Agricultural College, M1ichigan.


Communal trauma is a culturally constructed ascription. Social agents propose that disastrous events have had traumatic effects upon the communities affected. If this proposition is convincing, then these events become acknowledged as communal traumas, and those affected as traumatised. This thesis examines how two crises in northern England: the Foot and Mouth Disease (F.M.D.) epidemic in Cumbria in 2001, and the demise of the mining industry in County Durham from the late 1970s onwards, have been constructed as communal traumas. While the F.M.D. epidemic in Cumbria has been explicitly studied, and therefore constructed as traumatic in sociological studies, the crisis was also broadcast through landscape imagery in press and documentary photography. This thesis examines such imagery in the work of photographers Nick May, John Darwell and Ian Geering, and in the printed and television media, and assesses how it has also contributed to the idea of F.M.D. as a communal trauma. This is one of the original contributions of this thesis. Another is the examination of the disappearance of the mining industry in County Durham since the rationalisation of the late 1970s, as communal trauma. This demise also had devastating economic, social and cultural effects for the communities involved, but has seldom been construed as communally traumatic. However, the film and photography of Newcastle's Amber art collective creates a narrative that suggests precisely this, and fundamental to that narrative is landscape imagery. Their collaboration with the communities experiencing the effects of this demise, and the exhibition of their films and photography back to that community has created a vision of traumatic social change that is both corroborated and constructed by those most affected. With a detailed examination of the imagery of these two specific crises
in Northern England, this thesis examines how landscape has contributed to the cultural construction of trauma.


The phorboxazoles are mixed non-ribosomal peptide synthase/polyketide synthase biosynthetic products that embody polyketide domains joined via two serine-derived oxazole moieties. Total syntheses of phorboxazole A and analogues have been developed that rely upon the convergent coupling of three fragments via biomimetically inspired de novo oxazole formation. First, the macrolide-containing domain of phorboxazole A was assembled from C3-C17 and C18-C30 building blocks via formation of the C16-C18 oxazole, followed by macrolide ring closure involving an intramolecular Still-Genarri olefination at C2-C3. Alternatively, a ring-closing metathesis process was optimized to deliver the natural product's (2Z)-acrylate with remarkable geometrical selectivity. The C31-C46 side-chain domain was then appended to the macrolide by a second serine amide-derived oxazole assembly. Minimal deprotection then afforded phorboxazole A. This generally effective strategy was then dramatically abbreviated by employing a total synthesis approach wherein both of the natural product's oxazole moieties were installed simultaneously. A key bis-amide precursor to the bis-oxazole was formed in a chemoselective one-pot, bis-amidation sequence without the use of amino or carboxyl protecting groups. Thereafter, both oxazoles were formed from the key C18 and C31 bis-N-(1-hydroxyalkan-2-yl)amide in a simultaneous fashion, involving oxidation-cyclodehydrations. This synthetic strategy provides a total synthesis of phorboxazole A in 18% yield over nine steps from C3-C17 and C18-C30 synthetic fragments. It illustrates the utility of a synthetic design to form a mixed non-ribosomal peptide synthase/polyketide synthase biosynthetic product based upon biomimetic oxazole formation initiated by amide bond formation to join synthetic building blocks.


Objective: To study the relationship of Australian and New Zealand (ANZ) neonatologists' personal fear of death to their forgoing life-sustaining treatment and hastening death in newborns destined for severe disability and newborns for whom further treatment is considered non-beneficial or overly burdensome. Design: A self-report questionnaire survey of ANZ neonatologists. Setting: Neonatologists registered in the 2004 ANZ Directory of Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Participants: 78 of 138 (56%) neonatologists who responded to the study questionnaire. Main outcome measures: Between-group differences in the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale. Results: In newborns for whom further treatment was deemed futile, 73 neonatologists reported their attitude to hastening death as follows: 23 preferred to hasten death by withdrawing minimal treatment, 35 preferred to hasten death with analgesia-sedation, and 15 reported that hastening death was unacceptable. Analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference between the three groups regarding fear of the dying process (F = 3.78, p = 0.028), fear of premature death (F = 3.28, p = 0.044) and fear of being destroyed (F = 3.20, p = 0.047). Post hoc comparisons showed that neonatologists who reported that hastening death was unacceptable compared with neonatologists who preferred to hasten death with analgesia-sedation had significantly less fear of the dying process and fear of premature death, and significantly more fear of being destroyed. Conclusions: ANZ neonatologists' personal fear of death and their attitude to hastening death when further treatment is considered futile are significantly related. Neonatologists' fear of death may influence their end-of-life decisions.


In this study, we successfully transferred the patterns of a cone-shaped patterned sapphire substrate (CPSS) into SiO2 layer to fabricate a cone-shaped SiO2 patterned template by using nanoimprint lithography (NIL). The GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were grown on this template by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images suggest that the stacking faults formed near the cone-shaped SiO2 patterns during the epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELOG) can effectively suppress the threading dislocations, which results in an enhancement of internal quantum efficiency. The Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulation reveals that the light extraction efficiency of the LED grown on cone-shaped SiO2 patterned template can be enhanced as compared with the LED grown on CPSS. As a result, the light output power of the LED grown on cone-shaped SiO2 patterned template outperformed the LED grown on CPSS.


An Enterobacter cloacae strain was isolated from palm oil processing effluent and demonstrated ability to elaborate extracellular lipase on Tween 80-minimal medium using the rapid plate assay of precipitate formation. Peak productivity of the enzyme in submerged culture occurred at 72 h with lipase concentration of 95 μg/mL. Enzyme activity, monitored using different carbon-chain lengths of p-nitrophenol (p-NP)-triacylglycerol substrates, revealed that stearate was the most suitable substrate for the lipase. Preliminary optimization of major medium variables revealed highest lipase concentration in palm kernel oil processing effluent (Carbon source; P = 2.22E-05; Time, P = 1.99E-25; P < 0.05). Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) emerged as best nitrogen source with Na2HPO4/KH2PO4 (2:1) selected as phosphate combination with best buffering capacity. A fermentation medium incorporating the selected carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources, and supplemented with 2% (v/v) inoculum volume containing 108 cells/mL led to the production of 147.59 μg/mL lipase within 72 h of incubation. The lipase was found to possess highest activity of 2.031 U/mL at 35°C, pH 7 within 10 min, with stearate as substrate. One unit of lipase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to release 1 mM of p-nitrophenol per min from p-NP-stearate under the assay conditions of pH 7 and temperature of 35°C. The bacterium is recommended for lipase production on palm oil processing effluent as an oily waste management option.


Gender inequality in Africa varies depending on the histories, culture, colonial legacy, and levels of economic development of each community. Generally, inequality is very real and has a direct impact upon the possibilities of the active involvement of women in political processes in Africa. 'Women in African politics' outlines the pre-colonial situation, the effects of colonialism on gender roles, and post-colonial Africa. At independence, most new states granted women the franchise. However, the societal norms of respectability, motherhood, and domestic responsibility often resulted in strong opposition to women playing particularly prominent roles in politics. Despite this, in recent years, women have begun mobilizing politically.


Pontoppidan's exposition of the church-catechism was the first general and authorized manual for teaching Christianity in Denmark and Norway, and abridged editions or extracts of Pontopiddan's exposition had for decades replaced the original text on the market. Nevertheless, the manual's main content and key concepts had remained intact. After the Eidswoll Constitution 1814, it had been decided by supreme resolution in 1818 that Pontoppidan's exposition or Saxtorph's extract of it were the authorized texts in Norway's public schools and to be used for instruction of pupils until a "new manual or new manuals in Religion might be introduced". In the following I will discuss some key concepts within Pontoppidan in relation to the manual's historical context: the Second Reformation. What kind of view of man was imprinted on the public in the period, which began in 1730s? I investigate the diffusion of the text and the context of its utilization. What kinds of attitudes about the individual, about society and the authorities were placed at the disposal of the citizens' interpretation of their environment? Finally, I focus on the conflicts in connection with the use of Pontoppidan's manual and the conflicts, which arose when the authorities tried to replace it in Norway and Denmark.


Saurochory (seed dispersal by reptiles) among crocodilians has largely been ignored, probably because these reptiles are generally assumed to be obligate carnivores incapable of digesting vegetable proteins and polysaccharides. Herein we review the literature on crocodilian diet, foraging ecology, digestive physiology and movement patterns, and provide additional empirical data from recent dietary studies of Alligator mississippiensis. We found evidence of frugivory in 13 of 18 (72.2%) species for which dietary information was available, indicating this behavior is widespread among the Crocodylia. Thirty-four families and 46 genera of plants were consumed by crocodilians. Fruit types consumed by crocodilians varied widely; over half (52.1%) were fleshy fruits. Some fruits are consumed as gastroliths or ingested incidental to prey capture; however, there is little doubt that on occasion, fruit is deliberately consumed, often in large quantities. Sensory cues involved in crocodilian frugivory are poorly understood, although airborne and waterborne cues as well as surface disturbances seem important. Crocodilians likely accrue nutritional benefits from frugivory and there are no a priori reasons to assume otherwise. Ingested seeds are regurgitated, retained in the stomach for indefinite and often lengthy periods, or passed through the digestive tract and excreted in feces. Chemical and mechanical scarification of seeds probably occurs in the stomach, but what effects these processes have on seed viability remain unknown. Because crocodilians have large territories and undertake lengthy movements, seeds are likely transported well beyond the parent plant before being voided. Little is known about the ultimate fate of seeds ingested by crocodilians; however, deposition sites could prove suitable for seed germination. Although there is no evidence for a crocodilian-specific dispersal syndrome similar to that described for other reptiles, our review strongly suggests that crocodilians function as effective agents of seed dispersal. Crocodilian saurochory offers a fertile ground for future research.


With continued scaling of technology into nanometer regimes, the impact of coupling induced delay variations is significant. While several coupling-aware static timers have been proposed, the results are often pessimistic with many false failures. We present an integrated iterative timing filtering and logic filtering based approach to reduce pessimism. We use a realistic coupling model based on arrival times and slews and show that non-iterative pessimism reduction algorithms proposed in previous research may give potentially non- conservative timing results. On a functional block from an industrial 65nm microprocessor, our algorithm produced a maximum pessimism reduction of 11.18% of cycle time over converged timing filtering analysis that does not consider logic constraints.


This dissertation explores the relationship between personal and spousal migration to the United States and later-life health for older Mexican adults living in Mexico in the context of other social determinants of health across the life-course determinants. I use the 2001 baseline wave of the Mexican Health and Aging Survey, a nationally representative sample of Mexican adults 50 years and older (born before 1951). I test the relationship between U.S. migration experience and later-life depression, diabetes, and hypertension for older Mexican men, and between spousal migration to the U.S. and later-life depression, diabetes, and hypertension for older Mexican women. I also examine the degree to which personal or spousal migration to the U.S. might mediate or moderate the relationship between early-life socio-economic status and health conditions, and later-life health outcomes. My results suggest that there is no significant main effect of U.S. migration experience on later-life health for older Mexican men, although return U.S. migrant men who report lower socio-economic standing later in life appear to have elevated risk of depression and diabetes. On the other hand, older Mexican women whose spouses migrated to the U.S. have significantly increased odds of later-life diabetes and hypertension if those women are no longer in a union by the time of the survey. The adverse effects of spousal migration to the U.S. are exacerbated by women's domestic labor outside the home and lack of decision-making power relative to their spouses, but buffered by their own migration experience. Finally, although greater socio-economic disadvantage in childhood predicts both U.S. migration (personal and spousal), and increased odds of later-life depression, diabetes, and hypertension, there is no evidence that US migration experience explains this life-course trajectory of socio-economic status and health. There is also limited evidence that a U.S. migration experience alters the relationship between childhood conditions and later-life health. Overall, for this group of older Mexican adults, the adverse effects of past U.S. migration experience are only observed for women whose spouses migrated to the U.S. and who are no longer in a union, which contributes to theories of the gendered geographies of power, or the ways in which migration may have different effects for men and women - in this case women who primarily stayed behind in Mexico. On the other hand, contrary to theories of migration stress, having a U.S. migration history does not appear to have a substantial effect on the health of return Mexican migrant men.


The number of students, in grades kindergarten through high school, who identify as transgender has steadily increased during the last decade. These students seek the same opportunities as their cisgender peers, but are often denied participation in athletic activities because of their non-conforming genderbehavior. Currently, there is no federal law governing transgender participation in sports, which has resulted in an inconsistency among state athletic associations' participation policies; the vast majority of states restricts participation. These states are limiting transgender students' ability to receive the benefits that sports provide. To solve this inconsistency and provide equal opportunity for transgender students, this Note argues that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 be amended to prohibit gender-based discrimination. As a supplementary solution, the U.S. Department of Education should recommend Congress pass a bill conditioning federal funding of state after-school sports programs on the inclusion of all students, including transgender students.


In this deft analysis, Vernon Shetley shows how writers and readers of poetry, operating under very different conventions and expectations, have drifted apart, stranding the once-vital poetic enterprise on the distant margins of contemporary culture. Along with a clear understanding of where American poetry stands and how it got there, After the Death of Poetry offers a compelling set of prescriptions for its future, prescriptions that might enable the art to regain its lost stature in our intellectual life. In exemplary case studies, Shetley identifies the very different ways in which three postwar poets-Elizabeth Bishop, James Merrill, and John Ashbery-try to restore some of the challenge and risk that characterized modernist poetry's relation to its first readers. Sure to be controversial, this cogent analysis offers poets and readers a clear sense of direction and purpose, and so, the hope of reaching each other again.


The diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) relies on laryngoscopy, a rather invasive procedure that may not be readily available in the lung function lab during attacks. An alternative identification of the paradoxical glottis adduction during inspiration could be provided by the forced oscillation technique at a single frequency, allowing to describe the time course of respiratory resistance (Rrs). Rrs is dependent on the glottis calibre which narrows during expiration in normal subjects. In VCD, Rrs should increase during inspiration. The hypothesis was tested that the Rrs difference between inspiration and expiration (Rrs i-e ) is at variance between VCD and asthma. Six VCD patients and 36 asthmatics underwent bronchial challenge. Rrs i-e was 0.51 ± 2 hPa.s/L in VCD vs -0.37 ± 1 hPa.s/L in controls (pl0.03) at baseline. A typical Rrs vs Flow relationship after challenge is shown. The average Rrs i-e after challenge was 6 ± 5 hPa.s/L in VCD vs -0.5 ± 1 hPa.s/L in asthma (pl0.0001). These measurements of Rrs are thus consistent with vocal cord adduction in inspiration in VCD but not asthma, a pattern exacerbated during the bronchial challenge.