Objectives. Many heteroplasmic point mutations in tRNA genes of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been associated with human diseases. We recently reported on a prospective 7 - year study in which we enrolled 116 consecutive children with undefined encephalornyopathy. Seventeen of them were found to have both a defect in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and abnormal ultrastructure of muscle mitochondria, suggesting a clinically probable mitochondria] encephalopathy. Methods. We determined the frequency of mtDNA mutations in these 17 children by analyzing the entire sequence of mtDNA by conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Results. Three heteroplasmic tRNA mutations that were considered to be pathogenic were detected. Two of the mutations were novel transitions, 10438A G in the tRNAarg gene and 14696A G in the tRNAGlu gene, whereas the third one was 3243A G, the common MELAS mutation. The mutant load was very high in the blood and skeletal muscle of the patients and markedly lower in the blood of asymptomatic maternal relatives. The 10438A G mutation changes the nucleotide flanking the anticodon, whereas 14696A G changes a nucleotide in the stem of the pseudouridine loop, creating a novel base pair and reducing the wobble. Conclusions. Our results emphasize that the analysis of the entire sequence of mtDNA is worthwhile in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with clinically probable mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. The frequency of pathogenic mtDNA mutations was found to be 18% a-mong children with biochemically and histologically defined mitochondrial disease, suggesting that the likelihood of nuclear DNA mutations in such a group is several times higher than that of mtDNA mutations.


At RMIT Mathematics, we have been using Computer Algebra Systems Maple or Mathematica in undergraduate teaching for more than 15 years. Many of our courses use computer algebra systems in some support mode for what are otherwise traditional courses. However a few courses have been developed and run in a Maple ``immersion" mode where Maple is used for class presentation, computer lab classes and assessment entirely with Maple. All course materials (including the examination) are delivered electronically over the web (using the course management software BlackBoard). This is a fundamental change in the paradigm by which we teach and learn mathematics. Teaching materials (Maple files) have been developed for a vector calculus course. Technology is used increasingly in teaching mathematics at all levels and studies show that mathematics learning is enhanced by using technology. However evaluations have been limited. Video analysis methodology is well established and utilized in large international studies in school settings but has not been used for undergraduate mathematics, much less for computer algebra immersion mode teaching and learning. Computer mediated learning is highly visual in form, but, unlike conventional instruction, generates no written paper record that might be collected and analysed. The adaptation of existing video analysis techniques offers new possibilities for the investigation of learning in such new undergraduate computer laboratory settings. The teaching and learning environment is intrinsically electronic and includes some elements of new e-learning which do not exist in a paper and pencil environment. As an example, animation is used to illustrate the generation of the 2D domain for double integration. Video captures both the visuality of the medium of instruction and the dynamics of the connections between representational forms, both by the instructional medium and by the learner. The research design for this study was deliberately exploratory in character: both in terms of understanding the new e-learning occurring and in the adaptation of the techniques of video-based data collection and analysis.


Gamma-globulin preparations prepared by the alcoholic method from the placental and abortion sera were split during storage under the effect of proteases contained in them; fragments with a molecular weight of 50 000 and 60 000 were formed. The most intensive splitting was seen in the preparations obtained from the precipitates of B placental and abortive sera. Some delay in the gamma-globulin fragmentation could be reached by addition to protease inhibitors--epsilon-aminocapronic acid or cyclocapron.


infusion while breathing spontaneously until day 5 when the trachea was successfully extuhated and the sedation discontinued. When the etomidate infusion was stoppcd thc paticnt regained consciousness promptly hut he developed marked choreiforni movements associated with euphoria and hyperactivity. This gradually resolved during the ncxt 48 hours and the child was discharged from hospital on day I0 fully recovered and neurologically normal. Renal function was clinic;illy and biochemically normal throughout the course of the illness: the haematological results were within expected limits. and there was no clinical evidence of hepatic dysfunction. We believe that the chorea. euphoria and hyperactivity were a result of the etomidate infusion. The cause of these signs is speculative at the moment but it is possihlc that they were due to a metabolite of etomidate. Our experience of etomidate infusions for the sedation of intubated children undergoing intensive care is limited to three cases. The occurrence ofchorca in one child would not at thc moment dctcr us from using etomidate inrusions in further suitable cases.


The obsolescence of consumer electronics is a major topic in the domain of sustainable HCI, which has seen a variety of theoretical frameworks emerging to address this issue. My research seeks to apply one of those established theoretical frameworks from sustainable HCI research, the Attachment Framework, to design practice. The goal of my research is to identify opportunities and challenges in bringing theoretical frameworks from sustainable HCI research to practitioners outside of our field, ultimately creating guidelines and scenarios that aid in overcoming the problem of obsolete consumer electronics.


A novel technique for the removal of metal ions inhibiting DNA extraction and PCR of archaeological bone extracts is presented using size exclusion chromatography. Two case studies, involving copper inhibition, demonstrate the effective removal of metal ion inhibition. Light microscopy, SEM, elemental analysis, and genetic analysis were used to demonstrate the effective removal of metal ions from samples that previously exhibited molecular inhibition. This research identifies that copper can cause inhibition of DNA polymerase during DNA amplification. The use of size exclusion chromatography as an additional purification step before DNA amplification from degraded bone samples successfully removes metal ions and other inhibitors, for the analysis of archaeological bone. The biochemistry of inhibition is explored through chemical and enzymatic extraction methodology on archaeological material. We demonstrate a simple purification technique that provides a high yield of purified DNA (>95%) that can be used to address most types of inhibition commonly associated with the analysis of degraded archaeological and forensic samples. We present a new opportunity for the molecular analysis of archaeological samples preserved in the presence of metal ions, such as copper, which have previously yielded no DNA results.


An increasing number of studies demonstrate phenotypic and genetic changes in natural populations that are subject to climate change, and there is hope that some of these changes will contribute to avoiding species extinctions ('evolutionary rescue'). Here, we review theoretical models of rapid evolution in quantitative traits that can shed light on the potential for adaptation to a changing climate. Our focus is on quantitative‐genetic models with selection for a moving phenotypic optimum. We point out that there is no one‐to‐one relationship between the rate of adaptation and population survival, because the former depends on relative fitness and the latter on absolute fitness. Nevertheless, previous estimates that sustainable rates of genetically based change usually do not exceed 0.1 haldanes (i.e., phenotypic standard deviations per generation) are probably correct. Survival can be greatly facilitated by phenotypic plasticity, and heritable variation in plasticity can further speed up genetic evolution. Multivariate selection and genetic correlations are frequently assumed to constrain adaptation, but this is not necessarily the case and depends on the geometric relationship between the fitness landscape and the structure of genetic variation. Similar conclusions hold for adaptation to shifting spatial gradients. Recent models of adaptation in multispecies communities indicate that the potential for rapid evolution is strongly influenced by interspecific competition.


There is a paucity of evidence describing the types and rates of postoperative complications following total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). We sought to analyze the complications following TSA and determine their effects on described outcome measures. Using discharge data from the weighted Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2006 to 2010, patients who underwent primary TSA were identified. The prevalence of specific complications was identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. The data from this database represent events occurring during admission, prior to discharge. The associations between patient characteristics, complications, and outcomes of TSA were evaluated. The specific outcomes analyzed in this study were mortality and length of stay (LOS). A total of 125,766 patients were identified. The rate of complication after TSA was 6.7% (8457 patients). The most frequent complications were respiratory, renal, and cardiac, occurring in 2.9%, 0.8%, and 0.8% of cases, respectively. Increasing age and total number of preoperative comorbidities significantly increased the likelihood of having a complication. The prevalence of postoperative shock and central nervous system, cardiac, vascular, and respiratory complications was significantly higher in patients who suffered postoperative mortality (88 patients; 0.07% mortality rate) than in those who survived surgery (P < 0.0001). In terms of LOS, shock and infectious and vascular complications most significantly increased the length of hospitalization. Postoperative complications following TSA are not uncommon and occur in >6% of patients. Older patients and certain comorbidities are associated with complications after surgery. These complications are associated with postoperative mortality and increased LOS.


An in situ study was conducted using an x-ray diffractometer and a specially designed high pressure cell to examine the effects of carbon dioxide at different pressures and temperatures on three different modified montmorillonite species. These organoclays possessed organic pillars of quaternary ammonium surfactant with either one, two, or three long (C(16)-C(18)) alkyl chains attached to expand the galleries of the clay mineral. The three clay species were tested between 50 degrees C and 200 degrees C with carbon dioxide pressures between 0.1 and 8.4 MPa. Under these conditions, the three organoclays exhibited marked differences in their basal spacing depending on the surfactant used. The physical state of the intercalated surfactant was found to be of critical importance, with no changes in basal spacing noted until the organic component began to melt, in spite of CO(2) being present. A pressure effect was also noted which delayed melting of the surfactants as the pressure of the system increased. In all cases, further cation exchange with residual sodium cation present in the galleries was observed in the presence of CO(2) and above the melting state of the surfactant. The study included examination of the effect of rapid depressurization on the clay structure, which produced only a small change in basal spacing.


During the past three or four decades, the characteristics of turbulent swirling flow have been studied extensively because of their scientific and academic importance. This research deal with the periodic flow oscillation with and without swirling flow in a 180 degree circular tube using hot wire anemometry, microphone and accelerometer. The frequency regions are observed through the structured oscillation from spectrum. This work carried out to measure the sound level for each Reynolds number, 6 × 104, 8 × 104 and 1 × 105 respectively at the entry of the test tube without swirl flow.


Objective Fibulin-3 is a glycoprotein highly expressed in osteoarthritic cartilage and inhibits angiogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation. Recent studies have indicated that fibulin-3 has potential value as a biomarker in osteoarthritis. The aim of the present study is to examine the role of 3 fibulin-3 peptides (Fib3-1, Fib3-2, and Fib3-3) and a type II collagen degradation product in a rat osteoarthritis model with systemic metabolic alterations combined with local cartilage damage. Design Forty, 12-week-old male, Wistar rats were randomly divided over 2 groups: a standard or a high-fat diet inducing metabolic dysregulation. After 12 weeks, articular cartilage damage was induced on the femoral condyles (groove model), in 1 knee joint in 14 rats of each diet group. At endpoint, blood was collected and serum was isolated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on all selected fibulin-3 fragments was performed from serum samples in addition to immunohistochemical analysis for Fib3-3. Results Serum concentrations of Fib3-3 were increased by 29.9%, when cartilage damage was induced in addition to a high-fat diet. Fib3-3 was also associated with an increased histological total joint degeneration (r = 0.435) and cartilage degeneration (r = 0.435). Immunostainings demonstrated increased Fib3-3 in the superficial cartilage of animals with high-fat diet and/or cartilage damage. Conclusions In the rat groove model combined with high-fat diet–induced metabolic dysregulation an increased Fib3-3 concentration was observed systemically, which is associated with local joint degeneration. This suggests that systemic Fib3-3 concentrations can indicate the status of joint degeneration and function as a biomarker in osteoarthritis.


Today's GPGPU architectures and corresponding high level programming languages like CUDA replace the traditionally restricted GPU pipelines. Proprietary compilers allow to translate these languages into native GPU assembly. Unfortunately, these compilers are non-customizable and restricted to static compilation. High performant application currently require particular manual optimizations. To overcome these cumbersome manual optimizations, this thesis develops an open source PTX code generator—PTX is assembly code for NVIDIA GPUs. The code generator is based on the existing open source LLVM compiler. In conjunction, both systems compose a customizable compiler for current GPU architectures. Detailed resource analyzes and PTX shader run-time measurements demonstrate the capacity and quality of generated kernels. At this stage the PTX code generator achieves similar performance to the nvcc compiler. The developed compiler forms a sound basis for a variety of applications and further research topics. Additional feature support, novel optimization techniques, and applications from various fields are conceivable.


An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of introgressing autosomal recessive dwarf gene (adw) from Bangladeshi indigenous (deshi) dwarf (DD) chicken to Rhode Island Red (RIR), White Leghorn (WLH) and Fayoumi (FO) on body weight and egg production. Deshi normal (DN), DD, RIR, WLH and FO were used in crossings to produce 8 genotypes; RIR, WLH, FO, DN, DD, RIR x DD, WLH x DD and FO x D D. At 19 weeks of age, for separation of crossbreds into normal and dwarf on the basis of shank length, altogether gave 11 genetic groups; RIR, WLH, FO, DN, DD, RIR x DD normal, WLH x DD normal, FO x DD normal, RIR x DD dwarf, WLH x DD dwarf and FO x DD dwarf. At 19 weeks of age, 154 pullets; 14 from each genetic group were individually caged up to 42 weeks of age to compare egg production performance. Introgression of adw gene significantly reduced mature body weight and feed intake and adw pullets utilized feed more efficiently into egg mass in comparison with their normal size counterparts. Conservation and improvement of deshi adw chicken is suggested for their future use in breeding for egg production.


For students seeking careers not related to the computer sciences, the task of installation, configuration and maintenance of software on business class systems may be an essential skill. Dedicated computers are essential to these kinds of courses, but the constraints of university computer labs prohibit their use. Other solutions exist, but require more time to configure and require more computer skills than are typically found in students seeking these careers. The Raspberry Pi computer, introduced in 2012, has been used with some success for this purpose. However, its portability is impaired by the need for external peripherals to make it work, such as a keyboard, mouse, and display. The Raspberry Pi can utilize a laptop for these peripherals, but this requires some additional effort. The recently released Raspberry Pi Zero eliminates much of that effort.


We present a novel deep learning approach to approximate the solution of large, sparse, symmetric, positive-definite linear systems of equations. These systems arise from many problems in applied science, e.g., in numerical methods for partial differential equations. Algorithms for approximating the solution to these systems are often the bottleneck in problems that require their solution, particularly for modern applications that require many millions of unknowns. Indeed, numerical linear algebra techniques have been investigated for many decades to alleviate this computational burden. Recently, data-driven techniques have also shown promise for these problems. Motivated by the conjugate gradients algorithm that iteratively selects search directions for minimizing the matrix norm of the approximation error, we design an approach that utilizes a deep neural network to accelerate convergence via data-driven improvement of the search directions. Our method leverages a carefully chosen convolutional network to approximate the action of the inverse of the linear operator up to an arbitrary constant. We train the network using unsupervised learning with a loss function equal to the $L^2$ difference between an input and the system matrix times the network evaluation, where the unspecified constant in the approximate inverse is accounted for. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on spatially discretized Poisson equations with millions of degrees of freedom arising in computational fluid dynamics applications. Unlike state-of-the-art learning approaches, our algorithm is capable of reducing the linear system residual to a given tolerance in a small number of iterations, independent of the problem size. Moreover, our method generalizes effectively to various systems beyond those encountered during training.


Research on agrarian transformations in rural Java has mainly focused on issues of technology, market penetration, institutional change and demographic pressure resulting in a rapid class polarisation and the dissolution of traditional welfare mechanisms. In examining rural change in the highland regions of Gunung Kidul, Central Java, this paper shows that processes of socio-economic change in Java are not at all uniform. Under certain circumstances, instead of being substituted, so-called "traditional" arrangements and practices are even newly created. Such arrangements can formally function as welfare institutions without being the outcome of welfare-oriented decisions and motivations. Before the 70ties, sharecropping-arrangements were confined to close kin and land rent systems had not been established in the area with farmers co-operating on the basis of "generalised reciprocity". Instead of being institutional features since "time immemorial", such organisational devices emerged as a response to changes in the labour market induced by high rates of out-migration. Despite significant disparities in land ownership, no exclusionary contractual arrangements exist.Rur al society did not split into two unequal parts of landowners and marginalised wage workers and patron-client-relationships are only weakly developed.In difference to the lowland areas, agrarian arrangements did not foster "class polarisation", but on the contrary secured the continuity of an institutionally independent peasantry.


In Montreal, the first public demonstration of electric lighting took place in 1879, on the Champ-de-Mars, and was coordinated with a military exercise in honour of Queen Victoria's birthday. At the end of the nineteenth century, modes of experiencing the urban environment by night changed through a series of public demonstrations. These events were ephemeral spectacles designed to expose city dwellers to the unusual effects of electric light. These early experiences with electric light gave rise to new forms of subjectivity that would later be embodied in the everyday spaces of cities. To better understand the impact of electric lighting on the constitution of modern public spaces in Montreal, this article examines the performative nature of the first demonstration in the city in 1879, the role of the main actors involved, and how it was visually represented and disseminated in the press.


An application of the quantum N-portrait to the Universe is discussed, wherein the space-time geometry is understood as a Bose-Einstein condensate of N soft gravitons. If near or at the critical point of a quantum phase transition, indications are found that the vacuum energy is partly suppressed by 1/N, as being due to quanta not in the condensate state. Time evolution decreases this suppression, which might have implications for cosmic expansion.


The Intel SCC manycore processor supports energy-efficient computing by dynamic voltage and frequency scaling of cores on a fine-grained level. In order to enable the use of that feature in application-level energy optimizations, we report on experiments to measure power consumption in different situations. We process those measurements by a least-squares error analysis to derive the parameters of popular models for power consumption which are used on an algorithmic level. Thus, we provide a link between the worlds of hardware and high-level algorithmics.


Abstract. The species composition of many groups of marine plankton appears well
predicted by sea surface temperature (SST). Consequently, fossil plankton
assemblages have been widely used to reconstruct past SST. Most applications
of this approach make use of the highest possible taxonomic resolution.
However, not all species are sensitive to temperature, and their distribution
may be governed by other parameters. There are thus reasons to question the
merit of including information about all species, both for transfer function
performance and for its effect on reconstructions. Here we investigate the effect of species selection on planktonic
foraminifera transfer functions. We assess species importance for transfer
function models using a random forest technique and evaluate the performance
of models with an increasing number of species. Irrespective of using models
that use the entire training set (weighted averaging) or models that use
only a subset of the training set (modern analogue technique), we find that
the majority of foraminifera species does not carry useful information for
temperature reconstruction. Less than one-third of the species in the
training set is required to provide a temperature estimate with a prediction
error comparable to a transfer function that uses all species in the
training set. However, species selection matters for paleotemperature
estimates. We find that transfer function models with a different number of
species but with the same error may yield different reconstructions of sea
surface temperature when applied to the same fossil assemblages. This
ambiguity in the reconstructions implies that fossil assemblage change
reflects a combination of temperature and other environmental factors. The
contribution of the additional factors is site and time specific, indicating
ecological and geological complexity in the formation of the sedimentary
assemblages. The possibility of obtaining multiple different reconstructions
from a single sediment record presents a previously unrecognized source of
uncertainty for sea surface temperature estimates based on planktonic
foraminifera assemblages. This uncertainty can be evaluated by determining
the sensitivity of the reconstructions to species pruning.


The term 'accountability' in anti-racism work holds an array of understandings, as well as criticisms, and is heavily contextual in nature. Deemed a necessity by nearly all within antiracism work due to the socialized racial superiority of whiteness and white culture, in general accountability aims to minimize oppressive manifestations of this internalized superiority experienced by white people and expand white racial identity awareness with the intent to work non-oppressively and collectively towards racial equity and justice. This qualitative research aims to more concretely conceptualize 'accountability' within white anti-racism work to provide clarity around such a laden, nuanced and often overused term. The research intended to focus on personal accountability, which I identified as individual practices of accountability in relation to oneself, and interpersonal accountability, which I identified as the understanding and practice of accountability in relation to others. However, as evidenced in the findings, the approach and framing of the research in such a way came with its own issues and critiques. This study contributes the voices and opinions of ten white anti-racism organizers and educators who were interviewed on their understandings of accountability, as well as the criticisms and challenges that surface in their work in its conceptualization and application. Although both literature and participants emphasized the importance of self-examination, mutual accountable interracial relationship building, and collective focus towards a shared analysis and macro-level goal of systems change to enact real change, participants highlighted further complications and challenges in the nature 'accountability' has been used in the work, including tokenizing people of color, reducing diverse social identities into one monolithic concept, the concept and directional flow of power, as well as an awareness of one's underlying motives in this work. The research identified significant challenges in the application of accountability, further highlighting the complexity that white people navigate in anti-racism work. WHAT IS ACCOUNTABILITY? 5


Using the broadband records from a regional permanent network, we determined the focal mechanisms of 174 small and moderate earthquakes (3.4≤ M w≤6.0) from January 2008 to March 2011 in Yunnan, China, by fitting the three‐component waveforms of P and S waves. Results show that the earthquakes predominantly have strike‐slip mechanisms, with occasional normal and very few thrust‐faulting events. Most earthquakes occur in the upper crust above 16 km depth. We then derive the regional distribution of the stress field through a damped linear inversion using the focal mechanisms obtained in this study and augmented by the solutions in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) catalog and in Xu et al. (2010). Inversion results suggest that the entire region is predominantly under a strike‐slip faulting regime. Orientations of both maximum and minimum principle axes exhibit a clockwise rotational pattern. The axes of maximum compression are oriented roughly north–south, with a gradual change across the region from trending northwest–southeast in the South China block to trending northeast–southwest in the Indo‐China block. This pattern is consistent with the surface horizontal velocity derived from geodetic observations. Localized normal faulting stress regions are observed in the Tengchong volcanic zone and in the Qiao‐Jia segment of the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault zone.

Online Material: Tables of earthquake catalogs and figures describing stress inversion tests.


Motivation High–throughput sequencing has transformed the study of gene expression levels through RNA-seq, a technique that is now routinely used by various fields, such as genetic research or diagnostics. The advent of third generation sequencing technologies providing significantly longer reads opens up new possibilities. However, the high error rates common to these technologies set new bioinformatics challenges for the gapped alignment of reads to their genomic origin. In this study, we have explored how currently available RNA-seq splice-aware alignment tools cope with increased read lengths and error rates. All tested tools were initially developed for short NGS reads, but some have claimed support for long PacBio or even ONT MinION reads. Results The tools were tested on synthetic and real datasets from the PacBio and ONT MinION technologies, and both alignment quality and resource usage were compared across tools. The effect of error correction of long reads was explored, both using self-correction and correction with an external short reads dataset. A tool was developed for evaluating RNA-seq alignment results. This tool can be used to compare the alignment of simulated reads to their genomic origin, or to compare the alignment of real reads to a set of annotated transcripts. Our tests show that while some RNA-seq aligners were unable to cope with long error-prone reads, others produced overall good results. We further show that alignment accuracy can be improved using error-corrected reads. Availability https://github.com/kkrizanovic/RNAseqEval Contact firstname.lastname@example.com


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation has been suggested to represent an important regulatory mechanism of platelet reactivity in both physiologic and pathologic conditions; consistent with this hypothesis is the observation that free-radical scavengers may inhibit platelet activation, thus contributing to the regulation of their reactivity. The purpose of the present study is to study the in vitro effects of amifostine (WR-2721, ethyol ), a selective cytoprotective agent for normal tissues against the toxicities of chemotherapy and radiation, on platelet activation induced by the physiologic agonists ADP, collagen and PAF.

DESIGN AND METHODS
The effect of amifostine, added to the experimental system at final concentrations ranging from 10(-7) M to 10(-5) M, was studied on platelet aggregation induced by the following physiologic agonists at the given concentrations: ADP (1 microM), collagen (2 microg/mL), and PAF (0.1 microg/mL). Platelet aggregation was investigated using a platelet ionized calcium aggregometer and was expressed as the percentage change in light transmission. Furthermore, thromboxane B((2)) (TxB((2))) levels and nitric oxide (NO) production were determined by radioimmunoassay and by evaluating the total nitrite/nitrate concentration using a commercially available colorimetric kit, respectively, both in the control system and after the addition of amifostine.

RESULTS
Amifostine inhibited both platelet aggregation and TxB((2)) production induced by ADP, collagen and PAF, in a dose-dependent manner. Amifostine proved to be an effective inhibitor of platelet function and the effect was more pronounced if platelets were stimulated with ADP, intermediate when collagen was the chosen agonist, and less evident, though present, when PAF was used. Platelets stimulated with ADP, collagen or PAF produced significant amounts of NO over the baseline. When amifostine was added at a final concentration of 5 microM, it significantly increased ADP, collagen and PAF-induced NO production, which suggests that NO release by activated platelets was involved in the inhibitory effect of amifostine.

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
Amifostine proved to be an effective inhibitor of platelet activation induced in vitro by physiologic inducers. This previously unrecognized effect was more evident with the weak agonist ADP and was related to reduced NO consumption by free radicals generated during platelet activation. Amifostine proved to be not only a powerful cytoprotectant, but, more generally, a therapeutic agent endowed with several relevant, though largely unknown, biological effects. Finally, our data once again support the concept that oxidative balance is of crucial importance in regulating platelet reactivity in both health and disease.


Business cycles are costlier and stabilization policies more beneficial than widely thought. This paper shows that all business cycles are asymmetric and resemble mini "disasters". By this we mean that growth is pervasively fat-tailed and non-Gaussian. Using long-run historical data, we show empirically that this is true for all advanced economies since 1870. Focusing on the peacetime sample, we develop a tractable local projection framework to estimate consumption growth paths for normal and financial-crisis recessions. Using random coefficient local projections we get an easy and transparent mapping from the estimates to the calibrated simulation model. Simulations show that substantial welfare costs arise not just from the large rare disasters, but also from the smaller but more frequent mini-disasters in every cycle. In postwar America, households would sacrifice more than 10 percent of consumption to avoid such cyclical fluctuations.


Proteins belonging to Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family are nonselective cation channels that play an essential role in mammalian physiology, functioning as transducers of several environmental signals including those of chemical, thermal and mechanical natures. A subgroup of these receptors is expressed in sensory neurons where they are activated by noxious stimuli and are key players of pain responses in the organism. Some TRP channels are molecular targets for the classical and non-classical effects of sex steroids. This chapter will describe the close relationship between nociceptive TRP channels and sex steroids as well as their impact on nociception and pain-related responses.


The aim of this randomised single blinded study was to determine whether an upper limb exercise program, commencing 4-weeks after surgery for early breast cancer, prevents upper limb symptoms, such as pain, swelling, stiffness and weakness.Methods: 156 women, aged 52.5 ± 11.7 y, who had undergone either axillary node dissection (AND; n=94) or sentinel node biopsy (SNB; n=62) for unilateral breast cancer in combination with either mastectomy (n=74) or wide local excision (n=82) within the previous 4 weeks, participated. Women were randomised to either an 8-week exercise program (n=79) or to usual care (n=77); participants were stratified for type of axillary surgery (SNB or AND) and treatment site. The exercise program comprised a home program of daily passive stretching for shoulder muscles and resistance training using Thera-Band® on alternate days for muscles about the shoulder. Women also attended a weekly exercise session. Usual care included routine follow-up with their medical specialists, a breast nurse and a post-operative visit with the physiotherapist and occupational therapist who provided instructions about exercises. The primary outcome was self-reported arm and chest symptoms derived from the EORTC breast cancer specific questionnaire (BR23) which was scored out of 100 with a low score indicative of fewer symptoms. The secondary outcomes included physical measures of shoulder range of motion, strength, and swelling. Presence of lymphoedema (LE) was determined by the inter-limb impedance ratio, using bioimpedance spectroscopy.Results: After the 8-week intervention period, there was no significant difference between groups in either the self-reported or the physical measurements (Table 1).Conclusion: A weekly, supervised, 8-week upper limb exercise program is not warranted for all women with early breast cancer treated with surgery to the axilla. Usual care in which women are seen post-operatively by a physiotherapist, occupational therapist, and breast nurse with ongoing monitoring by the specialists is sufficient for most women.Acknowledgement: Supported by NSW Cancer Council Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 811.


Objectives: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a significant cause of hospital-related infections, one that must be prevented due to its high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors in patients developing VAP in our intensive care units (ICUs). Methods: This retrospective cohort study involved in mechanically ventilated patients hospitalized for more than 48 hours. VAP diagnosed patients were divided into two groups, those developing pneumonia (VAP(+)) and those not (VAP(-)).\ Results: We researched 1560 patients in adult ICUs, 1152 (73.8%) of whom were mechanically ventilated. The MV use rate was 52%. VAP developed in 15.4% of patients. The VAP rate was calculated as 15.7/1000 ventilator days. Mean length of stay in the ICU for VAP(+) and VAP(-) patients were (26.7±16.3 and 18.1±12.7 days (p<0.001)) and mean length of MV use was (23.5±10.3 and 12.6±7.4 days (p<0.001)). High APACHE II and Charlson co-morbidity index scores, extended length of hospitalization and MV time, previous history of hospitalization and antibiotherapy, reintubation, enteral nutrition, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and organ failure were determined as significant risk factors for VAP. The mortality rate in the VAP(+) was 65.2%, with 23.6% being attributed to VAP. Conclusion: VAPs are prominent nosocomial infections that can cause considerable morbidity and mortality in ICUs. Patient care procedures for the early diagnosis of patients with a high risk of VAP and for the reduction of risk factors must be implemented by providing training concerning risk factors related to VAP for ICU personnel, and preventable risk factors must be reduced to a minimum.


The STEM is an interdisciplinary approach provided learning atmosphere where students can use science, technology, engineering and math in daily life. The aim of the STEM is educating the students to be STEM Literate. This research goal was to implement STEM learning on electricity using Arduino-Android Game based experiment to 8th-grade students. STEM Learning was chosen as an approach in this research by the consideration that it was developed through Android Game, YWRobot, and Arduino Uno experiment lesson plan and worksheet. The analysis of this research was focused on the effect of STEM learning implementation through lesson plan and worksheet to 8th-grade students' STEM Literacy on electricity topic. The method used in this research was pre-experimental with one group pretest-posttest design. The data of this research was obtained from the STEM Literacy objective test (pretest and posttest) based on Allan Zollman. Then the data were analyzed based on each aspect of STEM Literacy such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The result shows that the value of  from students' STEM Literacy pretest-posttest are -0.06, -0.12, -0.06, -0.87 for science, technology, engineering and mathematics literacy respectively. The result implies that STEM Learning implementation was less optimal to improve science, mathematics, technology and engineering literacy. The reason was because STEM Learning implementation was not implement in continuously. Therefore, science, technology, engineering, and technology literacy regarding electricity topic are emphasized less optimally.


ABSTRACT Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphorylated derivative (NADP) are essential cofactors that participate in hundreds of biochemical reactions and have emerged as therapeutic targets in cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and infections, including tuberculosis. The biological basis for the essentiality of NAD(P) in most settings, however, remains experimentally unexplained. Here, we report that inactivation of the terminal enzyme of NAD synthesis, NAD synthetase (NadE), elicits markedly different metabolic and microbiologic effects than those of the terminal enzyme of NADP biosynthesis, NAD kinase (PpnK), in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Inactivation of NadE led to parallel reductions of both NAD and NADP pools and Mtb viability, while inactivation of PpnK selectively depleted NADP pools but only arrested growth. Inactivation of each enzyme was accompanied by metabolic changes that were specific for the affected enzyme and associated microbiological phenotype. Bacteriostatic levels of NAD depletion caused a compensatory remodeling of NAD-dependent metabolic pathways in the absence of an impact on NADH/NAD ratios, while bactericidal levels of NAD depletion resulted in a disruption of NADH/NAD ratios and inhibition of oxygen respiration. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized physiologic specificity associated with the essentiality of two evolutionarily ubiquitous cofactors. IMPORTANCE The current course for cure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)—the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB)—infections is lengthy and requires multiple antibiotics. The development of shorter, simpler treatment regimens is, therefore, critical to the goal of eradicating TB. NadE, an enzyme required for the synthesis of the ubiquitous cofactor NAD, is essential for survival of Mtb and regarded as a promising drug target. However, the basis of this essentiality was not clear due to its role in the synthesis of both NAD and NADP. Here, we resolve this ambiguity through a combination of gene silencing and metabolomics. We specifically show that NADP deficiency is bacteriostatic, while NAD deficiency is bactericidal due to its role in Mtb's respiratory capacity. These results argue for a prioritization of NAD biosynthesis inhibitors in anti-TB drug development. The current course for cure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)—the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB)—infections is lengthy and requires multiple antibiotics. The development of shorter, simpler treatment regimens is, therefore, critical to the goal of eradicating TB. NadE, an enzyme required for the synthesis of the ubiquitous cofactor NAD, is essential for survival of Mtb and regarded as a promising drug target. However, the basis of this essentiality was not clear due to its role in the synthesis of both NAD and NADP. Here, we resolve this ambiguity through a combination of gene silencing and metabolomics. We specifically show that NADP deficiency is bacteriostatic, while NAD deficiency is bactericidal due to its role in Mtb's respiratory capacity. These results argue for a prioritization of NAD biosynthesis inhibitors in anti-TB drug development.


PURPOSE
Grid artifacts are caused when using the antiscatter grid in obtaining digital x-ray images. In this paper, research on grid artifact reduction techniques is conducted especially for the direct detectors, which are based on amorphous selenium.

METHODS
In order to analyze and reduce the grid artifacts, the authors consider a multiplicative grid image model and propose a homomorphic filtering technique. For minimal damage due to filters, which are used to suppress the grid artifacts, rotated grids with respect to the sampling direction are employed, and min-max optimization problems for searching optimal grid frequencies and angles for given sampling frequencies are established. The authors then propose algorithms for the grid artifact reduction based on the band-stop filters as well as low-pass filters.

RESULTS
The proposed algorithms are experimentally tested for digital x-ray images, which are obtained from direct detectors with the rotated grids, and are compared with other algorithms. It is shown that the proposed algorithms can successfully reduce the grid artifacts for direct detectors.

CONCLUSIONS
By employing the homomorphic filtering technique, the authors can considerably suppress the strong grid artifacts with relatively narrow-bandwidth filters compared to the normal filtering case. Using rotated grids also significantly reduces the ringing artifact. Furthermore, for specific grid frequencies and angles, the authors can use simple homomorphic low-pass filters in the spatial domain, and thus alleviate the grid artifacts with very low implementation complexity.


SUMMARY
Automatic methods for macromolecular structure prediction (fold recognition, de novo folding and docking programs) produce large sets of alternative models. These large model sets often include many native-like structures, which are often scored as false positives. Such native-like models can be more easily identified based on data from experimental analyses used as structural restraints (e.g. identification of nearby residues by cross-linking, chemical modification, site-directed mutagenesis, deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry, etc.). We present a simple server for scoring and ranking of models according to their agreement with user-defined restraints.

AVAILABILITY
FILTREST3D is freely available for users as a web server and standalone software at: http://filtrest3d.genesilico.pl/

CONTACT
email@example.com

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


Neologisation is the act of coining and accompanying neologisms i.e., new words to the lexicon of a language. Aelian de Silva (31 st October 1926 22 nd December 2015), an electrical engineer by profession, was a neologist of the recent times who made a significant contribution to the lexical development of the Sinhalese language. However, his endeavours as a neologist have not yet been subjected to a commendable appreciation. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the linguistic features of his neologisms while focusing on the neologisation processes employed in coining them. An adequate corpus of data was collected for examination by referring to the books and articles written by Aelian de Silva. The data were analysed utilising the theories and methods of structural linguistics. It was observed in the analysis that his contribution to the field of neologisation is mainly two-fold. Firstly he has outlined five salient features that one should take into consideration in coining Sinhalese technical terms. These are flexibility, brevity, precision, comprehensibility, and pronounceability. Flexibility refers to the ability to yield the whole derivational paradigm of the neologism. Brevity refers to the one to one correspondence between the source and target forms. Precision is when the term conveys the exact intended meaning and nothing more or less. Comprehensibility is the quality of being intelligible to the average native speaker of the language. Pronounceablity is the quality of being easily pronounceable. In order to conform to these five salient features, Aelian de Silva always encouraged the use of indigenous roots in coining Sinhalese neologisms as borrowed foreign roots fail to fully comply with the five salient features. Secondly, Aelian de Silva has accompanied more than three thousand neologisms to the lexicon of the modern Sinhalese language. Most of them appear in the glossary of his masterpiece Technical Terms in Sinhala which was published in 2002. Interestingly, a considerable number of the neologisms he coined have gained currency in many a technical discipline like electrical engineering, petroleum industry, and television industry. Thus, Aelian de Silva's contribution to the lexical development of the modern Sinhalese language is a commendable service which deserves a proper appreciation preceded by strenuous research.


In a general picture of the education of labour in the United States of which the evolution has followed that of American unionism, this study gives an idea of the conception that the American unions have of the education of labour and the methods they use to carry it out. The Author asserts that they attach much importance to the training of their members in union questions, but do not go any further except in particular cases. They have developed, however, techniques in adult education which could serve efficiently for a much wider formation.


Purpose: Some scholars have explored the connotation and structural elements of employee zhengchong behaviour based on Taiwan's local enterprises, providing results with reference significance. However, there is a lack of accurate measurement scales. How to treat employee zhengchong behaviour (striving for a favour) and effectively deconstruct it is very important to the sustainable development of family firms. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 62 employees of private enterprises, and the structural dimension of employee zhengchong behaviour was explored with the help of grounded theory. The researchers designed two questionnaires, collected 278 and 331 valid questionnaires in the two surveys, compiled the corresponding measurement scale, and tested it. Results: Employee zhengchong behaviour under differential leadership was a multidimensional structure with rich connotations consisting of four dimensions: showing abilities, collaborating and sharing, excluding outsiders, and ingratiating upwards. The scale includes 16 items. Conclusion: This study enriches the relevant theories while providing a decision reference for family firm leaders to guide employee zhengchong behaviour to reasonably improve firm performance.


Farmers and consumers suspect that processing firms abuse their power in the milk marketing chain. We employ threshold autoregressive and moment threshold autoregressive tests and contrary to expectations find evidence of a downward trend in wholesale milk price without a corresponding decline in farm-gate prices. The downward trend coincides with increased competition in the dairy industry and with the growing market share of the formal sector at the expense of the informal sector. Major dairy processing firms expand their market share and still enjoy healthy profits thanks to increasing returns to scale in processing and distribution in a growing market.


This Note argues that despite theoretical criticisms, the prosecution of rape and sexual enslavement as crimes against humanity, by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) fits within a larger, emerging picture of international legal jurisprudence. First, the ICTY built upon both its own prior decisions and the decisions of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), especially Prosecutor v. Akayesu, in order to close gaps in the international legal conceptualizations of rape and enslavement, torture, war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. Second, building upon the example set by the ICTR, the ICTY broadened international protections of civilians of either gender, especially civilians of different ethnicities, from even unsystematic acts of depravity. Third, it fully codified women as legally equal to men in the human community, but it did not unfairly single women out as a weaker gender in need of special protections, nor did it establish a victimology for women in rape cases. In other words, it brought women within the purview of humanity for purposes of prosecuting crimes against humanity. Finally, it established an historic foundation for the prosecution of crimes against humanity by other courts and in other locations, but did not infringe upon the sovereignty of either a state or an individual.


BACKGROUND
The pharmaceutical care approach serves as a model for medication review, involving collaboration between GPs, pharmacists, patients, and carers. Its use is advocated with older patients who are typically prescribed several drugs. However, it has yet to be thoroughly evaluated.

AIM
To estimate the effectiveness of pharmaceutical care for older people, shared between GPs and community pharmacists in the UK, relative to usual care.

DESIGN OF STUDY
Multiple interrupted time-series design in five primary care trusts which implemented pharmaceutical care at 2-month intervals in random order. Patients acted as their own controls, and were followed over 3 years including their 12 months' participation in pharmaceutical care.

SETTING
In 2002, 760 patients, aged > or =75 years, were recruited from 24 general practices in East and North Yorkshire. Sixty-two community pharmacies also took part. A total of 551 participants completed the study.

METHOD
Pharmaceutical care was undertaken by community pharmacists who interviewed patients, developed and implemented pharmaceutical care plans together with patients' GPs, and thereafter undertook monthly medication reviews. Pharmacists and GPs attended training before the intervention. Outcome measures were the UK Medication Appropriateness Index, the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), and serious adverse events.

RESULTS
The intervention did not lead to any statistically significant change in the appropriateness of prescribing or health outcomes. Although the mental component of the SF-36 decreased as study participants become older, this trend was not affected by pharmaceutical care.

CONCLUSION
The RESPECT model of pharmaceutical care (Randomised Evaluation of Shared Prescribing for Elderly people in the Community over Time) shared between community pharmacists and GPs did not significantly change the appropriateness of prescribing or quality of life in older patients.


Volume 1 Introduction by John R. Shook, Oklahoma State University H. Heath Bawden, The Principles of Pragmatism: A Philosophical Interpretation of Experience (1910), 374pp Responses and Reviews F. C. S. Schiller, Review of Bawden, The Principles of Pragmatism. Mind 19.3 (July 1910): 430-31. Boyd H. Bodc, Review of Bawden, The Principles of Pragmatism. Philosophical Review 19.6 (November 1910): 642-47. E. D., Review of Bawden, The Principles of Pragmatism. Revue de Philosophie 17.6 (December 1910): 631-32. Addison W. Moore, Review of Bawden, The Principles of Pragmatism. American Journal of Sociology 17.1 (July 1911): 129-31. Anonymous, Review of Bawden, The Principles of Pragmatism. Monist 21.3 (July 1911): 477-78. Horace M. Kallen, Pragmatism and Its Principles. Journal of Philosophy 8.23 (9 November 1911): 617-36. Volume 2 Introduction by Randall Auxiet, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale John Elof Boodin, Truth and Reality: An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge (1911), 344pp Responses and Reviews Paul Carus, "Editorial Comment." Monist 18.2 (April 1908): 306. Paul Carus, "Editorial Comment." Monist 20.4 (October 1910): 614-615. Radoslav A. Tsanoff, "Professor Boodin on the Nature of Truth." Philosophical Review 19.6 (November 1910): 632-38. Radoslav A. Tsanoff, "Rejoinder." Philosophical Review 20.1 (January 1911): 63-66. C. D. Broad, Review of Boodin, Truth and Reality. Mind 21.3 (July 1912): 449-51. Ellen Bliss Talbot, Review of Boodin, Truth and Reality. Philosophical Review 21.4 (July 1912): 468-71. Andre Lalande, Review of Boodin, Truth and Reality. Revue Philosophique 77.2 (February 1914): 194-96. Charles B. Vibbert, Review of Boodin, Truth and Reality. Journal of Philosophy 12.2 (21 January 1915): 48-53. Volume 3 Introduction by Karen Hanson, Indiana University, Bloomington David L. Murray, Pragmatism (1912), 87pp Responses and Reviews David L. Murray, "Pragmatic Realism." Mind 18.3 (July 1909): 377-90. Howard V. Knox, Review of Murray, Pragmatism. Mind 22.4 (October 1913): 560-63. John Pickett Turner, Review of Murray, Pragmatism. Journal of Philosophy 11.1 (1 January 1914): 24-26. F. C. S. Schiller, "Letter from Dr. Schiller." Journal of Philosophy 11.7 (26 March 1914): 194-95. David L. Murray, "William James," in Scenes and Silhouettes (1926), pp. 268-86. Volume 4 Introduction by Richard Gale, University of Pittsburgh Horace M. Kallen, William James and Henri Bergson: A Study in Contrasting Theories of Life (1914), 259pp Responses and Reviews H. Wildon Carr, Review of Kallen, William James and Henri Bergson. Mind 24.2 (April 1915): 269. Arthur O. Lovejoy, Review of Kallen, William James and Henri Bergson. Nation 100.14 (8 April 1915): 388-90. Addison W. Moore, Review of Kallen, William James and Henri Bergson. International Journal of Ethics 25.4 (July 1915): 554-56. George Peckham, Review of Kallen, William James and Henri Bergson. Journal of Philosophy 12.15 (22 July 1915): 416-17. Henri Bergson, "An Extract from a Letter written by Henri Bergson to Horace M. Kallen." Journal of Philosophy 12.22 (28 October 1915): 615-16. Ellen Bliss Talbot, Review of Kallen, William James and Henri Bergson. Philosophical Review 24.6 (November 1915): 666-68. Volume 5 Introduction by Ellen Kappy Suckiel, University of California, Santa Cruz Howard V. Knox, The Philosophy of William James (1914), 122pp Responses and Reviews Howard V. Knox, "Pragmatism: The Evolution of Truth." Quarterly Review 210.2 (April 1909): 379-407. Howard V. Knox, "William James and his Philosophy." Mind 22.2 (April 1913): 231-42. J. A. Stewart, Review of Knox, The Philosophy of William James. Hibbert Journal 13.3 (April 1915): 677-81. William McDougall, Review of Knox, The Philosophy of William James. Mind 24.3 (July 1915): 423-24. Howard V. Knox, "The Letters of William James." Hibbert Journal 19.4 (July 1921): 645-53.


The presence of pollutants in aquatic environment has become a source of worry to the global community. Levels of one of thesemajor aquatic pollutants, petroleumhydrocarbon, were studied in sediment obtained fromfive villages in Ilaje community of Ondo State, Nigeria. The samples were analysed using gravimetric and infrared(IR) spectroscopic methods. The results displayedwide variationswith concentration decreasingwith depth. The concentrations(in igg-1) in the water as recorded by the gravimetric(IR results in brackets)methods varied between 0.11(12.0) to 2.55(24.0) while in sediment between 61.8(24.0) to 199.3(135.0) respectively. The aliphatic components were found to be generally higher than the aromatic components. The data obtained displayed a low level of microbial degradation and high adsorptive sedimentation. The comparative assessment with the reference site is indicative of anthropogenic inputs of petroleumhydrocarbons due to oil spill, being the only noticeable source into this environment. The results showed that the gravimetric method is more sensitive to TPH in sediment while the IR is of better response to water.


Research on behavioral energy savings in residential dwellings typically uses experimental or quasiexperimental methods to evaluate the impact of a specific behavioral treatment on energy savings, but relatively few studies have examined conservation behavior at the specific measure level. This paper reports on a detailed behavioral study of residential customers of BC Hydro in British Columbia, Canada. Using data collected from four annual surveys of residential customers, an extensive residential end use survey, and econometric modelling we applied the conditions, capacity and commitment model to twenty energy conservation behaviors covering six major end uses. Using a conditional demand model and engineering algorithms, the study also estimated behavioral energy savings at the end use level. The study found that average behavioral energy savings were 683 kWh per year or about six percent of annual electricity consumption. Finally, multivariate regression modelling supported the assumed validity of the conditions, capacity, and commitment framework because the regression coefficients on conditions and capacity had the expected positive signs, the regression coefficients were significant at the one percent level, and the regression had a reasonable degree of explanatory power.


The dynamics of the ultrastructure of the neurosecretory system in the postburn period is characterized by phasic of organells of neurosecretory cells and synapses on their bodies and processes. Immediately after burn there appear pronounced signs of an increased formation of secretion synchronous to a considerably increased functional activity of synaptic structures. Of the opposite character are fine structures in neurocytes in the subsequent period (1-1,5 hour after burn). Phenomena of disintegration and degeneration of organells are developing in the cells. In the posiologically active neurohormones and degeneration of membrane structures gradually increase at all the observed stages of the burn trauma. All the elements of the supraoptic nucleus and the posterior lobe of the hypophysis early responding to the effect of such a powerful extreme factor are involved in the response of the organism to burn. It should be noted that immediately after burn there appears an increased permeability of capillaries followed by extravasation of formed elements and liquid blood. It steadily increases with the development of the process.


Abstract Covert advertisements, or those that utilize the guise and delivery mechanisms of familiar non-advertising formats, differ from other more direct forms of advertising in several ways that are important for understanding users' psychological responses. Research across various covert advertising formats including various forms of sponsored editorial content, other native advertising formats, and product placement has shown that variation consumers' persuasive responses to such messages is largely driven by whether they recognize that such messages are advertising at all. After reviewing the findings of empirical research into covert advertising effects, we present a model of covert advertising recognition effects (CARE) that outlines potential antecedents and processes underlying the recognition of covert advertising, and maps several pathways to persuasive outcomes that are contingent on advertising recognition and perceptions related to the information in and perceived presentation of the advertisement itself.


Homophony's widespread presence in natural languages is a controversial topic. Recent theories of language optimality have tried to justify its prevalence, despite its negative effects on cognitive processing time, e.g., Piantadosi et al. (2012) argued homophony enables the reuse of efficient wordforms and is thus beneficial for languages. This hypothesis has recently been challenged by Trott and Bergen (2020), who posit that good wordforms are more often homophonous simply because they are more phonotactically probable. In this paper, we join in on the debate. We first propose a new information-theoretic quantification of a language's homophony: the sample Rényi entropy. Then, we use this quantification to revisit Trott and Bergen's claims. While their point is theoretically sound, a specific methodological issue in their experiments raises doubts about their results. After addressing this issue, we find no clear pressure either towards or against homophony—a much more nuanced result than either Piantadosi et al.'s or Trott and Bergen's findings.


This study discusses data from the most extensive survey of journalism students conducted in Britain, and similar data from Spanish journalism students, collected as they commence their studies in journalism. It shows that significant differences exist between these countries in students' motivations to be journalists, including 'public service' motives, and in their views on the social roles of news media. Yet, British and Spanish students exhibit similar views on journalism ethics. To consider effects of 'professionalization', students' responses are compared with those of experienced journalists previously surveyed in both countries. The findings suggest that distinct, national journalistic 'cultures' have influenced students before they arrive at university.


Neural network-based models augmented with unsupervised pre-trained knowledge have achieved impressive performance on text summarization. However, most existing evaluation methods are limited to an in-domain setting, where summarizers are trained and evaluated on the same dataset. We argue that this approach can narrow our understanding of the generalization ability for different summarization systems. In this paper, we perform an in-depth analysis of characteristics of different datasets and investigate the performance of different summarization models under a cross-dataset setting, in which a summarizer trained on one corpus will be evaluated on a range of out-of-domain corpora. A comprehensive study of 11 representative summarization systems on 5 datasets from different domains reveals the effect of model architectures and generation ways (i.e. abstractive and extractive) on model generalization ability. Further, experimental results shed light on the limitations of existing summarizers. Brief introduction and supplementary code can be found in https://github.com/zide05/CDEvalSumm.


N-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs), predominantly localized in the nervous system, have been considered to play an essential role in a variety of neuronal functions, including neurotransmitter release at sympathetic nerve terminals. As a direct approach to elucidating the physiological significance of N-type VDCCs, we have generated mice genetically deficient in the α1B subunit (Cav 2.2). The α1B-deficient null mice, surprisingly, have a normal life span and are free from apparent behavioral defects. A complete and selective elimination of N-type currents, sensitive to ω-conotoxin GVIA, was observed without significant changes in the activity of other VDCC types in neuronal preparations of mutant mice. The baroreflex response, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, was markedly reduced after bilateral carotid occlusion. In isolated left atria prepared from N-type-deficient mice, the positive inotropic responses to electrical sympathetic neuronal stimulation were dramatically decreased compared with those of normal mice. In contrast, parasympathetic nervous activity in the mutant mice was nearly identical to that of wild-type mice. Interestingly, the mutant mice showed sustained elevation of heart rate and blood pressure. These results provide direct evidence that N-type VDCCs are indispensable for the function of the sympathetic nervous system in circulatory regulation and indicate that N-type VDCC-deficient mice will be a useful model for studying disorders attributable to sympathetic nerve dysfunction.


Background: The intraoperative mortality and overall complication rate for gluteal augmentation with fat transplantation is unacceptably high. The current controversy among experts regarding safety is whether fat should be placed within the gluteus muscle or limited to only the subcutaneous space. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that under certain pressures, fat injected within the gluteal muscle can actually migrate out of the muscle and into a deeper plane containing critical neurovascular structures, by means of the process of deep intramuscular migration. Methods: A total of eight human cadaver dissections were performed. Four hemibuttocks were selected for intramuscular fat injection. The patterns of subfascial fat migration were evaluated in three of these hemibuttocks by direct visual inspection and in one hemibuttock by endoscopic evaluation. Four other hemibuttocks were selected for subcutaneous or suprafascial fat injection. Results: Proxy fat was found to migrate through the muscle and into the deep submuscular space with each intramuscular injection. With subcutaneous injection, no proxy fat was found during dissection in the intramuscular septae or submuscular space. Conclusions: The intramuscular insertion of fat, which up to this point has been considered reasonable to perform in the superficial muscle and even recommended in the literature, is now deemed to be an inexact and risky surgical technique. This technique, because of the migratory nature of injected fat, should be avoided from further use in fat transplantation to the gluteal region.


Limited information is available on the effect of pooling subsamples of soils on the dynamics of diffusive phosphorus (P), the phosphate ions in the soil solid phase that can equilibrate with the solution under a gradient of ionic P concentration. We examined the change in the parameters of the kinetic Freundlich equation, which accounts for the interactive effects of time (t, min) and soil solution P on the gross amounts of diffusive soil P. A common procedure was used to prepare a single pooled sample from four individual soil samples taken from each block of the same agronomic treatment of a grassland experiment. The pooling procedure consisted of combining four individual soil subsamples and mixing them on orbital shaker (100 r.p.m.) with agate balls. One of the individual samples was mixed without pooling. The kinetic Freundlich parameters were estimated for all individual and pooled samples by coupling a sorption experiment with a subsequent 32P labeling and dilution analysis in soil suspensions at steady state. The pooling procedure of soils, more specifically, the mixing step, was found to significantly change the kinetic Freundlich parameters that characterize both the immediate and the slow reactions. The immediate sorption capacity increased by 50%, whereas the slow process decreased by about 10%. This pooling procedure should, therefore, be avoided because it leads to a large and variable effect on the dynamics of diffusive soil P. We recommend determining the kinetic Freundlich parameterization on individual soil samples.


Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental cell differentiation/dedifferentiation process which is associated with dramatic morphological changes. Formerly polarized and immobile epithelial cells which form cell junctions and cobblestone-like cell sheets undergo a transition into highly motile, elongated, mesenchymal cells lacking cell-to-cell adhesions. To explore how the proteome is affected during EMT we profiled protein expression and tracked cell biological markers in Madin-Darby kidney epithelial cells undergoing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induced EMT. We were able to identify and quantify over 4000 proteins by mass spectrometry. Enrichment analysis of this revealed that expression of proteins associated with the ubiquitination machinery was induced, whereas expression of proteins regulating apoptotic pathways was suppressed. We show that both the mammalian Hippo/MST2 and the ISG15 pathways are regulated at the protein level by ubiquitin ligases. Inhibition of the Hippo pathway by overexpression of either ITCH or A-Raf promotes HGF-induced EMT. Conversely, ISG15 overexpression is sufficient to induce cell scattering and an elongated morphology without external stimuli. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that the Hippo/MST2 and ISG15 pathways are regulated during growth-factor induced EMT.


A total of 100 Streptococcus pneumoniae were gathered in Tehran, Iran. The strains were tried for antimicrobial defenselessness and Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC), serotyped, and genotyped by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). The most successive serotypes among the detaches of S. pneumoniae (PNSP) were 14 (24%), 23F (18%) and 19F (17%). MLST showed a serious extent of hereditary decent variety among the 93 PNSP with 36 distinctive succession types. Six universally known penicillin safe clones were distinguished in our separates among which Spain23F-1 (ST81), Spain6B-2 (ST90), Spain9V-3 (ST156) were the overwhelming clones. The outcomes showed universal recognizable clones of S. pneumoniae, particularly Spain23F-1 with high penicillin obstruction, could assume a significant job in spread of antimicrobial safe in Iran. The broad succession variety in PBP2x, PBP2b, and PBP1a in safe strains was reminiscent of an across the board homologous recombination inside S. pneumoniae populaces.
Constant obstructive aspiratory infection (COPD) is a reason for high dismalness and mortality in created nations. The BOLD universal investigation (where BOLD represents Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease) assessed a mean commonness of 10.1% of COPD for stage GOLD II or higher (where GOLD represents Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease), with huge contrasts between countries. In Spain, the predominance of COPD somewhere in the range of 40 and 80 years of age is 10.2%.2 Acute intensifications of COPD (AECOPD) add to the advancement of the infection; they are markers of poor guess and are related with high medicinal services costs.
In patients with COPD, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the fundamental pathogens causing AECOPD episodes. Furthermore, an ongoing report indicated that 30% of patients with intermittent network gained pneumonia had COPD as the primary basic sickness, S. pneumoniae being the most incessant causative microorganism.
The overall spread of penicillin-and multidrug-safe S. pneumoniae is a reason for concern. In Spain, the worldwide paces of obtrusive penicillin non-defenseless separates (MIC?≥?0.12 mg/L) have fallen in the most recent decade, from 32.1% (1999) to 21.1% (2008) in grown-ups, and from 48.4% to 27.4% in kids, particularly since the execution of the pediatric 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate antibody (PCV-7).6,7 Rates of macrolide obstruction among intrusive pneumococci stayed stable in grown-ups (21.9% in 1999 and 20.7% in 2008), however fell essentially in kids from 39.6% to 26.6%.6,7 Antibiotic-safe pneumococci have been related with patients with fundamental ailments including COPD.
The old are commonly acknowledged to be more defenseless against contaminations than more youthful individuals. Irresistible sicknesses are a significant reason for dismalness and mortality in the geriatric populace. Expanded helplessness to contaminations has been ascribed not exclusively to anatomical, physiological, as well as immunological maturing yet additionally to an expansion in the commonness of ceaseless maladies, particularly cardiovascular and aspiratory ailments. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the main source of death inferable from irresistible illnesses in created nations. To forestall pneumococcal infection in individuals beyond 64 23 years old, the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal antibody (PPV23) was presented in our area (Basque Country, northern Spain) in harvest time 2007. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate antibody (PCV7) for youngsters was presented in Spain in June 2001, however the 13-valent conjugate immunization (PCV13) was not presented until June 2010.
Bacterial colonization in constant obstructive aspiratory infection (COPD) adds to aviation route aggravation and adjusts intensifications. The pervasiveness of bacterial colonization of the aviation routes in stable COPD is high. Most intensifications are irresistible, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is regularly discovered both in stable periods and in intensifications. As an outcome of intense intensifications, patients with COPD get visit courses of antimicrobial treatment, which has been related legitimately with a higher pervasiveness of safe pneumococci.
Constant obstructive pneumonic illness (COPD) is a significant reason for dreariness and mortality in created nations. Around half of intense fuel scenes of COPD are brought about by bacterial pathogens, fundamentally Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis . The improvement of an intense intensification scene brought about by S. pneumoniae is believed to be related with the securing of another strain, albeit scant data is accessible.
Capsular sort, the main pneumococcal destructiveness factor, had been identified with the capacity of pneumococci to cause obtrusive ailment or colonization. Be that as it may, the aetiological job of pneumococcal serotypes in backslide scenes of COPD patients stays to be resolved.
The points of this examination were to break down the connection among serotype and genotype and the capacity to cause backslide or reinfection scenes in patients with COPD. What's more, we have investigated the impact of past antimicrobial treatment in this event.


Objectives The instantaneous wave-free ratio cutoff value of <0.90 for hemodynamic significance of coronary stenoses has been validated in stable patients. We examined different cutoff values in the evaluation of nonculprit stenoses in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Methods We measured instantaneous wave-free ratio across nonculprit stenoses in the acute setting and at follow-up in 120 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and 157 nonculprit stenoses, of which, 113 patients with 147 nonculprit stenoses completed follow-up. Methods The prevalence of nonculprit stenosis hemodynamic significance was 52% in the acute setting and 41% at follow-up. With follow-up, instantaneous wave-free ratio as reference, acute instantaneous wave-free ratio >0.90 had a negative predictive value of 89%. Acute instantaneous wave-free ratio <0.90 had a positive predictive value of 68%. Acute instantaneous wave-free ratio >0.93 had a negative predictive value of 100%. Acute instantaneous wave-free ratio <0.86 and <0.83 had positive predictive values of 71 and 77%. Using acute instantaneous wave-free ratio <0.90 as cutoff for hemodynamic significance yielded the highest degree of classification agreement between acute and follow-up instantaneous wave-free ratio. Conclusions In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, acute instantaneous wave-free ratio with the cutoff values <0.90 for hemodynamic significance appears optimal in the evaluation of nonculprit stenoses and has a high negative predictive value and a moderate positive predictive value.


Conventional filtration was designed to achieve high levels of particle and pathogen removal. Previous studies have examined the possibility of modifying filtration media to improve their ability to remove microorganisms and viruses. Although these studies have evaluated filter media coatings for this purpose, none have evaluated nanoscale particle suspensions as coating materials. The overall goal of this paper is to describe the preliminary test results of nanoporous aluminium oxide coated media that can be used to enhance filtration of nano and microparticles. Filtration tests were carried out using columns packed with uncoated and coated forms of granular anthracite or granular activated carbon. A positive correlation between isoelectric pH of filter media and particle removal was observed. The modified filter media with a higher isoelectric pH facilitated better removal of bacteriophage MS2 and 3 μm latex microspheres, possibly due to increased favorable electrostatic interactions.


21st public lecture of the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi - Nigeria, chaired by the Vice Chancellor held on 31st May 2011 at the university's Yelwa campus.
The aim is to propose an implementation model for Private Finance Initiative (PFI) for the Nigeria environment. Firstly, is to iInvestigate experiences of developed economies (UK, France, US) and other developing economies (China, Malaysia, South Africa); - using desk-top research. Secondly, is to identify the key issues, risks, constraints and problems associated with private sector participation in provision of public services within the Nigeria's socio-economic and political environment; - using questionnaires, severity index, importance index. Thirdly, is to iIdentify the enablers for implementation of PFI in Nigeria - using intensive descriptive empirical studies on a selection of government departments and on existing PPP-type projects.


This paper follows the transition from ethnobotany to a deeper scientific understanding of the food and medicinal properties of African agroforestry tree products as inputs into the start of domestication activities. It progresses on to the integration of these indigenous trees as new crops within diversified farming systems for multiple social, economic and environmental benefits. From its advent in the 1990s, the domestication of indigenous food and non-food tree species has become a global programme with a strong African focus. This review of progress in the third decade is restricted to progress in Africa, where multi-disciplinary research on over 59 species has been reported in 759 research papers in 318 science publications by scientists from over 833 research teams in 70 countries around the world (532 in Africa). The review spans 23 research topics presenting the recent research literature for tree species of high priority across the continent, as well as that in each of the four main ecological regions: the humid zone of West and Central Africa; the Sahel and North Africa; the East African highlands and drylands; and the woody savannas of Southern Africa. The main areas of growth have been the nutritional/medicinal value of non-timber forest products; the evaluation of the state of natural resources and their importance to local people; and the characterization of useful traits. However, the testing of putative cultivars; the implementation of participatory principles; the protection of traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights; and the selection of elite trees and ideotypes remain under-researched. To the probable detriment of the upscaling and impact in tropical agriculture, there has been, at the international level, a move away from decentralized, community-based tree domestication towards a laboratory-based, centralized approach. However, the rapid uptake of research by university departments and national agricultural research centres in Africa indicates a recognition of the importance of the indigenous crops for both the livelihoods of rural communities and the revitalization and enhanced outputs from agriculture in Africa, especially in West Africa. Thus, on a continental scale, there has been an uptake of research with policy relevance for the integration of indigenous trees in agroecosystems and their importance for the attainment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. To progress this in the fourth decade, there will need to be a dedicated Centre in Africa to test and develop cultivars of indigenous crops. Finally, this review underpins a holistic approach to mitigating climate change, as well as other big global issues such as hunger, poverty and loss of wildlife habitat by reaping the benefits, or 'profits', from investment in the five forms of Capital, described as 'land maxing'. However, policy and decision makers are not yet recognizing the potential for holistic and transformational adoption of these new indigenous food crop opportunities for African agriculture. Is 'political will' the missing sixth capital for sustainable development?


This article explores the experiences of community-level actors in the pursuit of greater human security in their communities. Utilizing a conceptual framework based on the capability approach, human security, and securitization theory it considers local actor perceptions of security and the strategies used to achieve their goals. It presents and discusses strategies employed by two distinct actors—a local non-governmental organization and an independent group of community dwellers—in their attempts to achieve security functionings. The results of this qualitative study suggest that while community-level actors view themselves as being empowered as agents in achieving certain human security functionings, the ability of local actors to achieve higher-level functionings is dependent on their recognition as legitimate securitizing agents by more powerful actors and potential partner groups.


The contact stress between subgrade and subgrade plate was regarded as external force to subgrade. The circular subgrade is divided into rings, and supposing that the contact stress on rings is exerted on elastic subgrade sequentially. The potential energy functions of Bossinesq subgrade are derived by using superposition theorem and Bossinesq solution of elastic mechanics. The potential energy functions were given for the whole system of subgrade, subgrade plate and external forces. The displacement and stress state can be calculated with the principle of minimum potential energy through the potential energy function of the whole system.


Previous work of estimating needle trajectories using un-calibrated camera-based tracking ("touchless" needle guide) is extended here to real ultrasound imaging. Using 4D ultrasound, this technique can be used as a needle guide during percutaneous procedures. A pair of miniature cameras captures images and the ultrasound system captures a volume as the needle moves through the workspace. The 2D position and orientation of the needle is calculated from the camera images and the 3D position of the needle is estimated from the ultrasound volume. A database is created from these values and a non-parametric learning algorithm determines the best model to the data. Then, in practice, the model can be used to estimate the projected needle trajectory within the ultrasound volume with only camera images of the needle above the skin surface. This study achieved an average error of 0.94 mm in position and 3.93deg in orientation.


There are several challenges with which data present us nowadays. For one there is the abundance of data and the necessity to extract the essential information from it. When tackling this task a balance has to be struck between putting aside irrelevant information and keeping the relevant one without getting lost in detail, known as over-fitting. The law of parsimony, also known as Occam's razor should be a guiding principle, keeping models simple while explain-ing the data. The next challenge is the fact that the data samples are not static. New samples arrive constantly through the pipeline. Therefore, there is a need for models which update themselves as the new sample becomes available. The models should be flexible enough to become more complex should this be necessary. In addition the models should inform us which samples need to be collected so that the collection process becomes most informative. Another challenge are the conclusions we draw from the data. After all, as popularized by Mark Twain: "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics." An ob-jective measure of confidence is needed to make generalized statements The last challenge is the analysis. Can we build systems which inform us of the underlying structure and processes which gave rise to the data? Moreover, it is not enough to discover the structure and processes, we also need to add meaning to it. Here different disciplines need to work to-gether.


This study aimed at investigating the degree of using Neuro-Linguistic Programming Skills of school principals in the Al-Ramtha distric . To achieve the purpose of the study, the researcher prepared and developed a questionnaire that included 33 items distributed into six categories: thinking, recognition, believing, human relationships, problem solving and representative schemes . After testing its validity and reliability, the questionnaire was distributed to the sample of the study, who were 68 male and female principals. Sixty five questionnaires were returned and analyzed. The study revealed the following findings (1): The degree of using Neuro-Linguistic Programming skills by the principals of schools at the Directorate of Al-Ramtha was in the middle degree, and (2) no significant differences at the level of (α = 0.05) were found between the means of the ratings of the participants of the study sample (principals of schools) in the role of Neuro-Linguistic Programming Skills in the leading performance of the principals of schools in Al-Ramtha due to the variables of genders, academic qualification. There are statistically significant differences due to years of experience and in favor of the experience (more than 10 years). The researcher recommends more training courses in the field of Neuro-Linguistic Programming should be offered to school principals in all the directorates of education.


Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer represent two major diseases of the exocrine pancreas. Pancreatitis exhibits both acute and chronic manifestations. The commonest causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and alcohol abuse; the latter is also the predominant cause of chronic pancreatitis. Recent evidence indicates that endotoxinemia, which occurs in alcoholics due to increased gut permeability, may trigger overt necroinflammation of the pancreas in alcoholics and one that may also play a critical role in progression to chronic pancreatitis (acinar atrophy and fibrosis) via activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Chronic pancreatitis is a major risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer, which is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in humans. Increasing attention has been paid in recent years to the role of the stroma in pancreatic cancer progression. It is now well established that PSCs play a key role in the production of cancer stroma and that they interact closely with cancer cells to create a tumor facilitatory environment that stimulates local tumor growth and distant metastasis. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of alcoholic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, with particular reference to the central role played by PSCs in both diseases. An improved knowledge of PSC biology has the potential to provide an insight into pathways that may be therapeutically targeted to inhibit PSC activation, thereby inhibiting the development of fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis and interrupting stellate cell–cancer cell interactions so as to retard cancer progression.


Cytokinins, a group of mobile phytohormones, play an important role in plant growth and development, and their activity is finely controlled by environmental factors in the control of morphogenic and metabolic adaptations. Inorganic nitrogen sources, such as nitrate, are a major factor regulating gene expression of adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferase (IPT), a key enzyme of cytokinin biosynthesis. Modulation of IPT and macronutrient transporter gene expression in response to nitrate, sulphate and phosphate, and cytokinin-dependent repression of the transporter genes suggest that cytokinins play a critical role in balancing acquisition and distribution of macronutrients. Biased distribution of trans-zeatin (tZ)-type cytokinins in xylem and N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine (iP)-type cytokinins in phloem saps suggest that, in addition to acting as local signals, cytokinins communicate acropetal and systemic long-distance signals, and that structural side chain variations mediate different biological messages. The compartmentalization of tZ- and iP-type cytokinins implies the involvement of a selective transport system. Recent studies have raised the possibility of subsets of the purine permease family as a transporter of cytokinin nucleobases and equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT) for cytokinin nucleosides. These biochemical and transgenic data suggest that AtENT6, an Arabidopsis ENT, could also participate in cytokinin nucleoside transport with a preference for iP riboside in vascular tissue.


Discretizations of infinite-dimensional variational inequalities lead to linear and nonlinear complementarity problems with many degrees of freedom. To solve these problems in a parallel computing environment, we propose two active-set methods that solve only one linear system of equations per iteration. The linear solver, preconditioner, and matrix structures can be chosen by the user for a particular application to achieve high parallel performance. The parallel scalability of these methods is demonstrated for some discretizations of infinite-dimensional variational inequalities.


In the first case, microcephaly was diagnosed at 36 weeks' gestation of a 27 years old healthy Caucasian. Intracranial calcifications were seen as well. In the second case fetal hydrops was diagnosed, with generalized edema and pericardial effusion, at 24th week gestation. The third case was concerned with hepatosplenomegally, diagnosed at 26th week gestation, with no other signs of fetal infection. In the last case, severe intra-uterine growth restriction, with signs of severe central nervous system occurred at 21st week gestation, with intrauterine fetal death followed at 24th week gestation. In all four cases, maternal serum was positive for anti-CMV IgG only, and negative for anti-CMV IgM. Amniotic fluid examinations were positive for CMV DNA detected by PCR, and also culture positive for CMV. Our conclusions from these cases were that amniotic fluid should be examined for CMV DNA and viral culture regardless of the maternal state of anti-CMV IgM, though this is generally concerned as the highlights for maternal recent seroconversion. Our concerns for severe fetal infection should not be mistakenly lowered because of a negative anti-CMV IgM test, and work-up should proceed with amniocentesis.


Indoor human localization is an important enabling technology for several intelligent applications. One advantage of a passive localization algorithm is that it can estimate human location without requiring the user to carry an electronic device. Because of complex signal radiation in indoor environments, most localization algorithms adopt the fingerprint approach for indoor passive localization. Fingerprints can enable good performance in single-person passive localization. However, when more than two people are in the target area, the system performance may degrade due to the high complexity of the fingerprint-matching task. In this paper, a hierarchical channel state information (CSI)-fingerprint classification system is proposed for passive indoor multiperson localization. In the training phase for coarse classification, fingerprints with similar CSI are first grouped into coarse classes. Then, a coarse classifier is trained for coarse fingerprint matching. Fingerprints belonging to the same coarse class are then entered into a fine classifier for fine fingerprint matching. Experimental results revealed that the proposed approach achieved good accuracy in 93 configurations involving zero to three people. Furthermore, CSI grouping shows that the similarity of CSI depends on the line-of-sight and the number of people.


Coach Wooden, more than anything else, is a teacher. Basketball just happens to be his subject. This book outlines a pattern, a theory, a strategy, and a course for how to develop as a basketball player and as a person. It organizes and dispenses the knowledge that Coach Wooden has accumulated over a lifetime in the game of basketball. It gives the reader an understanding of the delicate balance of the simple reality of the game and the incredibly demanding effort and dedication needed to master basketball. This timeless book will help everyone who is interested in improving their life and their basketball game. This book is so well thought out, well planned, well organized, and well written that it is perfectly applicable thirty-two years after its first publication. Reading it will make you feel like a member of the team.


Abstract- There are allegations that elements of Javanese temples are also can be found at The Angkorian temples because the Java Middle Classic temples are older than Angkorian temples and Jayawarman II lived in Java at that time. This can be proved by a comparative process between the architecture elements: mass, plans, figures and ornaments owned by the temples that represents its era in both kingdom. Angkor Wat is a synthesis of the development in Angkor culture that reach its the peak of glory. Angkor Wat has architectural elements of Java Middle Classic temples, especially Prambanan and Borobudur. This led to the alleged of similarity from architectural elements between the temples in the two kingdoms. This Study approached by quantitative with semi qualitative method. Through the study on the main temple buildings of the Java Middle Classic and the main temples of the Angkor Wat era with purposive sampling in relation of mass, plan, figure, and ornament. Described descriptively. Angkor Wat is generally inspired by Borobudur-Prambanan. Broadly speaking, it shows the similarity of Prambanan-Borobudur architectural elements to Angkor Wat. Angkor Wat is a synthesis of combining the elements (eclecticism) of Borobudur-Prambanan, but Prambanan has stronger element (indoor temple, tower temple, Hindu temple). In principle (mass, plan, and figure) shows the incorporation of Borobudur-Prambanan, but by ornament on its processing indicates there is further development (dominated findings exist but not similar). Key Words: tipo-morphology, comparison, Angkor, Indochina, Java


certification is causing our registrars great concern. The J.C.H.S.T. should announce a date when certification will be required by consultant appointment committee. If inspection takes another year it would be reasonable to expect all men to obtain a certificate from 1977. Before this date appointment committees should take no account of the scheme. Men beginning their post-Fellowship training in 1974 will then know that their training will have to satisfy the J.C.H.S.T.-We are, etc., N. L. BROWSE R. Y. CALNE Department of Surgery St. Thomas's Hospital London S.E.1


In the United States, Climate Smart Forestry (CSF) has quickly become a popular topic within the academic, political, and industry realms, without substantial delineation of what exactly CSF is. In this review, the aim is to provide a broad overview of CSF by highlighting one of the most productive and prolific forest systems in the United States, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. One major objective of CSF is to increase forest carbon storage to combat rising atmospheric carbon or climate change mitigation. Fortuitously, increased forest carbon storage can work harmoniously with on-going Southern pine plantation forestry. With a Southern commercial focus, we show (1) traditional plantation practices such as genetic improvement, site preparation, weed control, and fertilization have aided increased forest carbon storage; (2) forest products and forest product carbon are essential to increase carbon storage beyond the stand-carbon baseline; (3) forest carbon data collection must be improved to realize climate change mitigation goals; and (4) additional avenues for future CSF research.