Abstract The implications of incommensurability for rights' adjudication tend to be overlooked in much of contemporary constitutional theory. This paper criticizes the dominant "one right-answer" approach to conflicts of rights, and develops an alternative approach that is better suited to constitutional rights' adjudication in contemporary pluralistic legal orders. It is submitted that the normative reasons for having courts undertake the value-choices implicit in constitutional rights' adjudication, and for preferring certain legal methodologies over others, must reflect the role of courts in resolving social disputes in the light of specific aspects of the economic, social, and legal life of the polities in which those courts operate. It is further argued that any theory that builds from this approach needs to answer two inter-related questions: when is constitutional rights' adjudication by courts appropriate, and how rights' adjudication should be pursued.


This paper aims to improve residential preparation for natural disasters and their aftermath by identifying the critical capabilities for adaptation in one highly resilient U.S. county during an extended power blackout after a tornado. We present findings from a survey and structured interviews of residents of Madison County, Alabama who remained in their homes during a blackout following a tornado on April 27, 2011. In particular, we examined the technical capabilities of these individuals that were used to respond to expected needs and to adapt to unexpected issues. We found that even without intentional preparation, participants had technologies to support critical functions but lacked consumables and resources for emerging needs. Nonetheless, participants adapted well because critical items were mostly easy to use, additional resources were available in the community, and their technical knowledge and skills facilitated effective problem-solving and innovation. Critical functions identified for home habitability are listed with examples of versatile ways these functions were accommodated during the blackout. Additional research is needed to validate the proposed list of critical functions and to develop measures that can be used to assess technical capabilities that foster community resilience. Research is also needed to validate the proposed activities that governmental and non-governmental organizations could undertake to foster resilience such as encouraging lay community members to reflect on lessons learned and the usefulness of relevant household items during disaster training and practice drills.


Books reviewed: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, The European Union' Trade Policies and Their Economic Effects K. Dyson, The Politics of the Euro-Zone N. Vanhove, Regional Policy: A European Approach K. Cordell, Poland and the European Union R. Hall, A. Smith and L.Tsoukalis, Competitiveness and Cohesion in EU Policies V. Borschnier, State-building in Europe. The Revitalization of Western European Integration J. Ellison, Threatening Europe. Britain and the Creation of the European Community, 1955-958 J. Holscher, Financial Turbulence and Capital Markets in Transition Countries J.A. Usher, The Law of Money and Financial Services in the EC J. Shaw, Social Law and Policy in an Evolving European Union M. Baun, A Wider Europe: The Process of Politics of European Union Enlargement A. Stevens with H. Stevens, Brussels Bureaucrats? The Administration of the European Union P. Andreas and T. Snyder, The Wall around the West. State Borders and Immigration Controls in North America and Europe B. White, Understanding European Foreign Policy G. Bertola, T. Boeri and G. Nicoletti, Welfare and Employment in a United Europe M. Anderson with E. Bort, The Frontiers of the European Union E. E. Zeff and E. B. Pirro, The European Union and the Member States: Cooperation, Coordination, and Compromise D. K. Xenakis and D. N. Chryssochoou, The Emerging Euro-editerranean System S. Togan and V. N. Balasubramanyan, Turkey and Central and Eastern European Countries in Transition: Towards Membership of the EU C. Hill and K. E. Smith, European Foreign Policy: Key Documents M. Maclean and J-M. Trouille, France, Germany and Britain: Partners in a Changing World D. J. Howarth, The French Road to European Monetary Union J. Pinder, The European Union: A Very Short Introduction C. Brewin, The European Union and Cyprus


A mid-Mesozoic plutonic suite ranging from ultramafic-gabbroic rocks to dioritic rocks and commonly intruded by younger granitoids is widespread in the Klamath Mountains–western Sierra Nevada, California. The ultramafic-gabbroic rocks are clinopyroxene-rich and commonly vary from wehrlite to olivine-hornblende clinopyroxenite and melagabbro. Associated dioritic rocks include biotite–two-pyroxene diorite–monzodiorite, and the granitic rocks typically range from tonalite to granodiorite. These plutonic complexes are coextensive and broadly coeval with a suite of weakly metamorphosed volcanic rocks ranging in composition from basalt to basaltic andesite to andesite. The volcanic rocks are chiefly volcaniclastic and are characterized by several distinct phenocryst assemblages: clinopyroxene + plagioclase (± olivine or hornblende). The plutonic complexes and the associated volcanic rocks are restricted to terranes that lack continental (sialic) crust and that, at least locally, contain juvenile ophiolitic crust generated adjacent to the locus of magmatism. Thus, their petrogenesis may be related to recurrent fracturing and magmatism within a rifted ensimatic arc.


Tm-doped bismuth titanate (Bi4-xTmxTi3O12: BTT) and pure Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) ceramics with random orientation were fabricated by a conventional electroceramic technique. These samples had polycrystalline Bi-layered perovskite structure without preferred orientation, and consisted of well developed plate-like grains with random orientation. Tm-doping into BIT caused a large shift of the Curie temperature ( TC ) from 675 °C to lower temperature and a improvement in dielectric property. The experimental results indicated that Tm doping into BIT also result in a remarkable improvement in ferroelectric property. The Pr and the Ec values of the BTT ceramic with x=0.75 were 16 μC/cm2 and 75 kV/cm, respectively.


PURPOSE
The present study is a review of patients with scaphoid non-unions treated with a dorsal vascularized bone graft. The study highlights a subset of patients incorrectly diagnosed as graft failures.

METHODS
A retrospective review of patients who received vascularized grafts for scaphoid nonunions was performed over a four-year period. The vascularized graft of choice for this group was the dorsal radial extensor compartment artery.

RESULTS
Five patients from a scaphoid fracture group who were treated with vascularized grafts were diagnosed as being failures (average of five months). None of these patients had tenderness on palpation of the scaphoid, and they were scheduled for revised vascularized grafts. All patients at the time of surgery were found to have healed. These patients were treated with arthrolysis, resulting in healing and full range of motion.

CONCLUSIONS
Scaphoid vascularized grafts may have a markedly delayed radiographic healing time. Reoperation to perform secondary vascularized procedures may result in unnecessary surgery. Early imaging following a scaphoid vascularized graft may be inaccurate and may demonstrate a continued nonunion.


Purpose: During manual wheelchair (MWC) skill acquisition, users adapt their propulsion technique through changes in biomechanical parameters. This evolution is assumed to be driven towards a more efficient behavior. However, when no specific training protocol is provided to users, little is known about how they spontaneously adapt during overground MWC locomotion. For that purpose, we investigated this biomechanical spontaneous adaptation within the initial phase of low-intensity uninstructed training. Materials and methods: Eighteen novice able-bodied subjects were enrolled to perform 120min of unin-structed practice with a field MWC, distributed over 4weeks. Subjects were tested during the very first minutes of the program, and after completion of the entire training protocol. Spatiotemporal parameters, handrim forces, motor force, rolling resistance and fore-aft stability were investigated using an instrumented field wheelchair. Results: Participants rapidly increased linear velocity of the MWC, thanks to a higher propulsive force. This was achieved thanks to higher handrim forces, combined with an improved fraction of effective force for startup but not for propulsion. Despite changes in mechanical actions exerted by the user on the MWC, rolling resistance remained constant but the stability index was noticeably altered. Conclusion: Even if no indication is given, novice MWC users rapidly change their propulsion technique and increase their linear speed. Such improvements in MWC mobility are allowed by a mastering of the whole range of stability offered by the MWC, which raises the issue of safety on the MWC. (cid:1) IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION (cid:1) The learning process of manual wheelchair locomotion induces adaptations for novice users, who change their propulsion technique to improve their mobility. (cid:1) Several wheelchair biomechanical parameters change during the learning process, especially wheel-chair speed, handrim forces, motor force, rolling resistance and fore-aft stability. (cid:1) Fore-aft stability on the wheelchair rapidly reached the tipping limits for users. Technical solutions that preserve stability but do not hinder mobility have to beimplemented, for instance by adding anti-tipping wheels rather than moving the seat forwards with respect to the rear wheels axle.


In this work, we report on fabrication and characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO(2) nanotube/nanoparticle (NT/NP) composite electrodes. TiO(2) nanotubes were prepared by anodization of Ti foil in an organic electrolyte. The nanotubes were chemically separated from the foil, ground and added to a TiO(2) nanoparticle paste, from which composite NT/NP electrodes were fabricated. In the composite TiO(2) films the nanotubes existed in bundles with a length of a few micrometres. By optimizing the amount of NT in the paste, dye-sensitized solar cells with an efficiency of 5.6% were obtained, a 10% improvement in comparison to solar cells with pure NP electrodes. By increasing the fraction of NT in the electrode the current density increased by 20% (from 11.1 to 13.3 mA cm(-2)), but the open circuit voltage decreased from 0.78 to 0.73 V. Electron transport, lifetime and extraction studies were performed to investigate this behavior. A higher fraction of NT in the paste led to more and deeper traps in the resulting composite electrodes. Nevertheless, faster electron transport under short-circuit conditions was found with increased NT content, but the electron lifetime was not improved. The electron diffusion length calculated for short-circuit conditions was increased 3-fold in composite electrodes with an optimized NT fraction. The charge collection efficiency was more than 90% over a wide range of light intensities, leading to improved solar cell performance.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of pain management in hospitalised patients. A cross-sectional study design that included all medical patients experiencing pain was used. Out of 167 patients hospitalized at the Department of Medicine at the University Hospital Zagreb, 41 patients were experiencing pain and 40 out of them received analgesics. Twenty-two out of 38 patients were treated for malignant pain, 16 for non-malignant pain, and 2 patients could not be classified. Adequate pain relief was reported in less than 25% of patients in both groups. Our study revealed under-prescribing of combination therapy, low utilization rates of strong opioids and prevailing "as needed" prescribing practice. In conclusion, unsatisfactory pain management in medical patients is often present if left solely to the clinical judgement and knowledge of the prescribing physician. Regular pain assessment, evidence-based guidelines, education and regular audits of implementation of these measures are a prerequisite for effective pain treatment, and should all be employed in patients experiencing pain.


Time-lapse light microscopy combined with in vitro neuronal cultures has provided a significant contribution to the field of Developmental Neuroscience. The establishment of the neuronal polarity, i.e., formation of axons and dendrites, key structures responsible for inter-neuronal signaling, was described in 1988 by Dotti, Sullivan and Banker in a milestone paper that continues to be cited 30 years later. In the following decades, numerous fluorescently labeled tags and dyes were developed for live cell imaging, providing tremendous advancements in terms of resolution, acquisition speed and the ability to track specific cell structures. However, long-term recordings with fluorescence-based approaches remain challenging because of light-induced phototoxicity and/or interference of tags with cell physiology (e.g., perturbed cytoskeletal dynamics) resulting in compromised cell viability leading to cell death. Therefore, a label-free approach remains the most desirable method in long-term imaging of living neurons. In this paper we will focus on label-free high-resolution methods that can be successfully used over a prolonged period. We propose novel tools such as scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) or digital holography microscopy (DHM) that could provide new insights into live cell dynamics during neuronal development and regeneration after injury.


The article deals with the child behaviour in groups and how the external environment (parental, school/neighbourhood) influences the children in their emotional development. It also explains the disorders related to behaviour problems and how they arise at the early stage of development. Children Mental Health Report gives the detailed review of the children suffering from mental or learning disorder. These children should be immediately diagnosed with the symptoms and taken care with appropriate medication. Several Education programs have been developed to create awareness among the younger generation to improve the health outcomes of infants, child and adolescents.


Dynamical behaviours of chaotic breathers are investigated numerically for a one-dimensional nonlinear beam lattice model involving rotational degree of freedom in addition to the well-known FermiPasta-Ulam-β (FPU-β) lattice. Evolutions of the initial disturbances composed of the highest wavenumber mode are pursued numerically to observe generation, propagation, and an eventual decay of the localized structure (chaotic breather). Detailed numerical analyses are done for the FPU-β lattice so as to compare with the beam lattice model. Initial localization process is discussed based on the modulational instability theory. Dynamical evolutions of displacemment, rotation, energy, wavenumber spectra etc. are observed and an attempt is made to understand qualitatively the entire evolution process. It is found that the inclusion of the rotation enhances either generation or decay processes of the chaotic breathers in comparison with the case of the FPU-β lattice.


We consider techniques for permuting a sparse matrix so that the diagonal of the permuted matrix has entries of large absolute value. We discuss various criteria for this and consider their implementation as computer codes. We then indicate several cases where such a permutation can be useful. These include the solution of sparse equations by a direct method and by an iterative technique. We also consider its use in generating a preconditioner for an iterative method. We see that the effect of these reorderings can be dramatic although the best a priori strategy is by no means clear.


Whereas adenosine itself exerted independent stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the adenylate cyclase activity of a platelet particulate fraction at low and high concentrations respectively, 2-substituted and N6-monosubstituted adenosines had stimulatory but greatly decreased inhibitory effects. Deoxyadenosines, on the other hand, had enhanced inhibitory but no stimulatory effects. The most potent inhibitors found were, in order of increasing activity, 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)adenine (SQ 22536), 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine 3'-monophosphate. Kinetic studies on prostaglandin E1-activated adenylate cyclase showed that the inhibition caused by either 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine or compound SQ 22536 was non-competitive with MgATP and that the former compound, at least, showed negative co-operativity; 50% inhibition was observed with 4 micron-2',5'-dideoxyadenosine or 13 micron-SQ 22536. These two compounds also inhibited both the basal and prostaglandin E1-activated adenylate cyclase activities of intact platelets, when these were measured as the increases in cyclic [3H]AMP in platelets that had been labelled with [3H]adenine and were then incubated briefly with papaverine or papaverine and prostaglandin E1. Both compounds, but particularly 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine, markedly decreased the inhibition by prostaglandin E1 of platelet aggregation induced by ADP or [arginine]vasopressin as well as the associated increases in platelet cyclic AMP, so providing further evidence that the effects of prostaglandin E1 on platelet aggregation are mediated by cyclic AMP. 2'-Deoxyadenosine 3'-monophosphate did not affect the inhibition of aggregation by prostaglandin E1, suggesting that the site of action of deoxyadenosine derivatives on adenylate cyclase is intracellular. Neither 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine nor compound SQ 22536 alone induced platelet aggregation. Moreover, neither compound potentiated platelet aggregation or the platelet release reaction when suboptimal concentrations of ADP, [arginine]vasopressin, collagen or arachidonate were added to heparinized or citrated platelet-rich plasma in the absence of prostaglandin E1. These results show that cyclic AMP plays no significant role in the responses of platelets to aggregating agents in the absence of compounds that increase the platelet cyclic AMP concentration above the resting value.


This paper investigates factors that contribute to the cross-sectional pattern of spreads in Asset-Backed Security (ABS) prices in times of crisis. The periods include the crisis in the Manufactured Housing sector in 2004 and the turmoil in mortgage backed ABS in 2007. The cross section of prices for a given rating category appear to be poorly explained by liquidity and risk and there is evidence of a collapse in market confidence in the ratings agency classifications.


In most of the developing countries education among women has been accorded a low priority. The norms of gender behaviour and the perceived domestic and reproductive role of women which was remarkable stable over a period of time have adversely affected the women's education. In addition, forces like negative social attitude, prejudices, restrictions and beliefs also contributed to keep women out of education field. The only goal placed before a woman was to train themselves to be good housewives. It was only after Independence that female education gained importance and led to changing traditional attitudes within family and the society. However, the fact that one amongst the major and fundamental problem for women in India is the high percentage (75%) of illiteracy.
A considerable literacy gap still exists between men and women even after 65 years from Independence. As a result, women have been exploited and deprived of their rights and prevented from the process of empowerment. In Indian society, gender bias is compounded by discrimination and prevents women from receiving the education, access to training, health services and so on. Hence, it is imperative to study the educational status of women with respect to the factors contributing and to assess the level of empowerment on some selected domains as a result of education that they pursued. The present study is one amongst such modest attempts to understand the interrelationship between education and empowerment among women, particularly in rural areas. A total of 170 women from Dimbala of Kolar District in Karnataka were selected. All they were approached with the help of a Structured Interview Schedule. Generalization arrived through the study has been discussed in this Dissertation along with some important findings to find the possible means to empower women through education.


Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a process by which the normal gastrointestinal microbiota is restored, has demonstrated extraordinary cure rates for Clostridium difficile infection and low recurrence. The community of microorganisms within the human gut (or microbiota) is critical to health status and functions; therefore, together with the rise of FMT, the gastrointestinal microbiota has emerged as a 'virtual' organ with a level of complexity comparable to that of any other organ system and capable to compete with powerful known antibiotics for the treatment of several disorders. Although treatment protocols, donor selection, stool preparation and delivery methods varied widely, with a few reports following an identical protocol, FMT has diffused to other areas where the alterations of the gut microbiota ecology (or dysbiosis) have been theorized to play a causative role, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), among several other extra-intestinal disorders (i.e. metabolic syndrome and obesity, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular diseases). FMT can be relatively simple to perform, but a number of challenges need to be overcome before this procedure is widely accepted in clinical practice, and currently, there is no consensus between the various gastrointestinal organizations and societies regarding the FMT procedure. In this article, we describe the modern high-throughput sequencing techniques to characterize the composition of gut microbiota and the potential for therapeutics by manipulating microbiota with FMT in several gastrointestinal disorders (C. difficile-associated diarrhea, IBD and IBS), with a look on the potential future directions of FMT.


The results of two multicolour time-series photometric observing runs, separated by about two months, are presented. The same periodicities previously detected in photometry of UNSWV-760 are still present, albeit at substantially reduced amplitudes. Amplitudes also changed considerably between the two runs. A new periodicity, probably the second harmonic of one of the modes, has appeared. Flares were observed in one of the observing runs. All Sky Automated Survey photometry of the star shows overt variability over a limited time-span. The possibility is entertained that the properties can be explained by chance alignment of the K dwarf star with a distant blue pulsator.


SUMMARY The Drosophila trachealess gene encodes a basic‐helix‐loop‐helix‐PAS transcription factor that controls the formation of the trachea and salivary duct. An ortholog of trachealess was identified in the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, and was shown to be highly conserved by sequence identity. Expression of Artemia trachealess was observed at two sites during development: the naupliar salt gland and the juvenile thoracic epipod. These two organs function at their respective times of development in osmoregulation, an important aspect of brine shrimp physiology. This extends the range of putative functions of trachealess to include formation of osmoregulatory, respiratory, and ductile organs.


Researchers find that customer satisfaction with both offline and online services can be modeled effectively based on expectations of future service performance, perceptions of actual performance, and a comparison of customers' initial expectations to subsequent perceptions of performance known as disconfirmation. Research has examined antecedents to offline service expectations, and is now beginning to examine online service expectations. We add to this research by predicting that two antecedents-information-seeking need and prior service satisfaction-will have positive influences on initial expectations of a relational multichannel service provider where the service provider and customer have a long term-relationship, and services are offered through offline and online channels. We test these antecedents by surveying existing patients of a large health care provider during the introduction of a new online channel, regarding their information-seeking need, prior service satisfaction, and initial expectations. Three months later, we gathered data regarding patients' satisfaction with the online service. Conceptualizing the dimensions of expectations as usefulness, ease-of-use, and enjoyment, we show that information-seeking need and prior service satisfaction are significant antecedents to expectations, and that expectations have a positive influence on satisfaction.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the presence of differential item functioning (DIF) between gender groups in PISA 2015 science items in nine selected countries. Moreover, the effect of socioeconomic status, reading ability, science self-efficacy and science motivation on the presence of gender-related DIF are examined, respectively. One cluster from computer-based assessment (CBA) is taken into consideration. The countries are selected among the ones that implemented CBA, on the basis of their rank in science achievement. Multiple Indicator Multiple Causes method (MIMIC) is used in our analysis. DIF analysis in the MIMIC involves fit comparisons of both full and reduced models to determine if the items can measure the latent trait equally among the specified groups. The MIMIC analysis is conducted in two steps. First, the items is being tested for showing DIF among gender groups. Then the socioeconomic status, the reading ability, the science self-efficacy and the motivation are added to the model to test gender-related DIF items and their effects, respectively. According to results of the study, gender-related DIF appeared in all of the selected countries vary between two and six items. In four of the countries none of the selected variables significantly affect the presence of gender-related DIF. Instead, in the remaining countries the number of gender-related DIF items is reduced by adding different combinations of the selected variables to the model. The effect of variables which reduce the number of gender-related DIF items will discussed within each country.


Objective: The purpose of this study was to predict the clinic and demographic profile of patients who attempt suicide by poisoning with zinc phosphide. Material and Methods: All cases presenting to the ED from January 1 st 2009 to April 30 th 2011 due to Acute Zinc Phosphide Poisoning were retrospectively reviewed. Results: All cases had taken the pharmaceutical product in an attempt to commit suicide. The average age of the cases was 25.4 years. Sixteen of the cases were female (76%), and five (24%) were male; all of the cases who died were female. In terms of marital status, 4 (19%) of the cases were single or unmarried. A total of 8 (38%) cases were unconscious and had low pH levels (<7.35), and 9 (43%) cases had signs of shock, such as hypotension and tachycardia. The average level of bicarbonate in the arterial blood gas of the cases was 23.20 mmol/L and the average amount of time (admission time) taken to bring the patients from the place where they were poisoned to the ED was 2.40 hours. According to the autopsy results of the dead patients, there were findings of liver congestion, liver necrosis, pancreatic edema and hemorrhagic points together with inflammation in the kidneys . Conclusion: Although it is a rare form of suicide attempt, the mortality rate for patients with zinc phosphide poisoning is high. Early resuscitation can have positive effects on morbidity and mortality. Patients who suffer from zinc phosphide poisoning must be monitored under intensive care conditions.


Many aquatic species in the arid USA-Mexico borderlands region are imperiled, but limited information on distributions and threats often hinders management. To provide information on the distribution of the Western Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium), including the USA-federally endangered Sonoran Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi), we used traditional (seines, dip-nets) and modern (environmental DNA [eDNA]) methods to sample 91 waterbodies in northern Sonora, Mexico, during 2015-2018. The endemic Sonoran Tiger Salamander is threatened by introgressive hybridization and potential replacement by another sub-species of the Western Tiger Salamander, the non-native Barred Tiger Salamander (A. m. mavortium). Based on occupancy models that accounted for imperfect detection, eDNA sampling provided a similar detection probability (0.82 [95% CI: 0.56-0.94]) as seining (0.83 [0.46-0.96]) and much higher detection than dip-netting (0.09 [0.02-0.23]). Volume of water filtered had little effect on detection, possibly because turbid sites had greater densities of salamanders. Salamanders were estimated to occur at 51 sites in 3 river drainages in Sonora. These results indicate tiger salamanders are much more widespread in northern Sonora than previously documented, perhaps aided by changes in land and water management practices. However, because the two subspecies of salamanders cannot be reliably distinguished based on morphology or eDNA methods that are based on mitochondrial DNA, we are uncertain if we detected only native genotypes or if we documented recent invasion of the area by the non-native sub-species. Thus, there is an urgent need for methods to reliably distinguish the subspecies so managers can identify appropriate interventions.


Derived from ancient Justinian and English common law, the "public trust doctrine" vests ultimate and inalienable ownership of certain tracts of land in the state. Many states have incorporated some variation of the public trust doctrine into their statutes, constitutions, or common law. The application of the public trust doctrine, however, has been challenged as constituting a Fifth Amendment regulatory taking of private property under the United States Constitution, giving rise to the need for just compensation. This type of application of the public trust doctrine was at issue in the nearly decade-long saga culminating in the decision of Palazzolo v. State. The case featured an owner of marshland property who sought compensation for Rhode Island's denial of his repeated development requests. The Rhode Island Superior Court in Palazzolo ultimately held that the state's denial of the landowner's requests did not constitute a regulatory taking. This Comment analyzes the role that the public trust doctrine played in the court's weighing of the various factors in a regulatory takings analysis. Further, this Comment argues that the public trust doctrine, as applied in Palazzolo, represents a tremendously powerful means for states to set aside publically valuable swaths of land, a means capable of withstanding even a constitu-


Many patients with brain disease are characterized as being "withdrawn," "inattentive," or "negativistic." In studies of psychophysiological phenomena, such patients may be considered as giving negative findings, or they are excluded because of lack of cooperation. There are methods of investigation, particularly from the standpoint of communication, that indicate that such behavior constitutes an orderly patterning significantly related to changes in neural activity. Our interest in these patients came about during a study of the relationship among anatomical, physiological, and personality factors in anosognosia, or denial of illness. 1 It was noted that, while certain conditions of brain dysfunction were necessary for the enduring verbal denial of such disabilities as hemiplegia and blindness, only patients with certain premorbid personality characteristics manifested this form of denial. Other patients with comparable lesions, similar disabilities, and identical EEG records did not deny illness verbally. This group, originally classed as controls, included patients who appeared


Hammerstein models is one of the most commonly used model classes used for identifying nonlinear systems. A static input nonlinearity followed by a linear dynamical part is an adequate way to model many real-life systems. This paper investigates the asymptotic (in terms of sample size) variance of Hammerstein model estimates. The work extends earlier results by Ninness and Gibson (2002) in the following ways. Not only frequency function estimation but estimation of general quantities is considered. The expressions are not restricted to be valid asymptotically in the model order. In addition, the results cover model structures having noise models and allow for data generated under feedback. The increase in variance due to the estimation of the input nonlinearity is characterized. In particular, under open loop operation, white additive noise and the assumption of a separable process, it is shown that the variance increase is exactly a term that was observed in Ninness and Gibson (2002) to result in good agreement with simulations. This term vanishes in the formal asymptotic in model order analysis in Ninness and Gibson (2002).


Ideology and political ideologies in general have been addressed both from theoretical and applied perspectives by media and communication scholars in an attempt to reveal whether pluralism is present or absent in the media. However, the complexity of such a task has proven to be high as well as very problematic. The efforts to systematise the study of ideology in the media in order to make it objective and systematic have been scarce. This paper tries to contribute to such systematising by providing a method to analyse political ideologies in the media that aims to be objective and replicable in the political context of Western democracies. Our work was inspired by previous studies that were mostly conducted in the field of political sciences and political communication. The main goal of this paper is to reach a deeper comprehension of ideology, in general, and political ideology in particular, and to conceptualise a method that aims to be instrumental in the analysis of the media from the viewpoint of political ideologies but without being restricted by traditional labels that may reproduce cultural biases. The theoretical-analytical method here suggested addresses ideologies in newspapers to identify worldviews according to four general values: individualism, communitarianism, egalitarianism and elitism.


AIM
A rapid analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences with an array of immobilized sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes was tested on 18 skeletal elements recovered from mass graves in Croatia, which could not be genotyped with common forensic nuclear DNA systems (PM+DQA1 and short tandem repeat analysis).

METHODS
We used duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the mtDNA hypervariable regions I and II (HVI and HVII) (444 bp and 415 bp amplicons, respectively) and subsequent linear array typing, which targets six polymorphic regions and two additional sites within the human mtDNA HVI and HVII. The remaining amplified products were subjected to direct sequence analysis to obtain complete sequence information for the targeted HV regions.

RESULT
Duplex PCR amplification of the mtDNA HVI and HVII was successful in providing sufficient product for typing with the array of SSO probes in 14 out of the 18 sample extracts. We report here the sequence match of one set of remains with a panel of immobilized SSO probes, followed by direct sequence analysis. The corresponding mtDNA haplotype obtained for the bone sample and the putative maternal reference was unique in a database of 105 randomly selected Croatian individuals.

CONCLUSION
Mitochondrial DNA typing with an array of immobilized SSO probes can be a benefit to forensic DNA analysis of mass disaster remains and identity testing of single and mass graves.


We collected 236 calcitic brachiopod shells, covering the entire Silurian Period (~ 30 m.y.), at high temporal resolution from stratotype sections from Anticosti Island (Canada), Wales (United Kingdom), the Oslo region (Norway), Gotland (Sweden), and Podolia (Ukraine), Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Data from petrography, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, isotopes, and trace elements all confirmed that there was excellent preservation in most shells, thus arguing for retention of primary isotope signals; exceptions were samples from the Oslo region. The d18O and d13C values for the well-preserved samples range from –2‰ to –6.5‰ and from –1‰ to 7.5‰ (Peedee belemnite), respectively.
In terms of temporal trends, oxygen and carbon isotopes vary in parallel, with a slight decrease with declining age of ~1‰ through Silurian time, with superimposed short-term oscillations that are negatively correlated
with sea-level changes. Three successive positive d18O shifts in early Aeronian, latest Aeronian, and early Wenlock time correlate with sea-level lowstands and with glacial diamictite deposits in the Amazon Basin and in Africa. The high d18O and d13C values are attributed to
cold episodes with low sea levels and low values to warm episodes with high sea levels. During warm Silurian episodes, the d18O value of seawater is suggested to have been about –3.5‰ standard mean ocean water (SMOW) and the global tropical temperatures of about 20–30 °C, similar to the present-day values in summer. During glacial episodes, seawater is proposed to have had a d18O value of ~–2.5‰ (SMOW) and temperature of about 14–23 °C, comparable to tropical temperatures proposed for the last glacial episode (14 to 28 °C). Three positive d13C
peaks, in early and late Wenlock and late Ludlow time, likely of regional to global significance, appear to coincide with sea-level lowstands, but we are as yet unable to propose a convincing causative geologic scenario that would explain their origin.


The lead role and the morphological diversity of streets, avenues and seashore drives that conform the articulation line between city and water on Portuguese coastal settlements is acknowledged. The dynamic inherent to the urban object underlines the fact that the present state is just a transitory moment in the evolution of these elements. In this context, several studies on climate change acknowledge the gradual but inevitable sea level rising, and warn on its effects on urban and humanized areas. The convergence of research units of the University of Lisbon on urban morphology and on climate change allow stemming from the morphological knowledge on the origin, evolution and current state of the diversity of Portuguese Atlantic Seashore Streets, for the design of innovative solutions of adaptation measures and pathways to an expected and urgent scenario of sea-level rising. The research main goal is building a reference framework for interventions in each case, therefore site specific, with attention to the cultural and patrimonial values that make up each context, but with potential to define a methodology of approach and to typify operations or actions adaptable to similar contexts. The present state of these elements is understood as the result of a sedimentary evolution process in time. Therefore, the ongoing first phase of the research project on Portuguese Atlantic Seashore Streets deals with the interpretative reading through systemic decomposition of layers underlining Form, Function and Role of the state of evolution of each element and its relation to the urban settlement and to the sea. Departing from a generic characterization of the origin and evolution of these elements, the present paper uses the current pilot case studies of Sesimbra and Cascais to demonstrate the instrumental role of drawing for reading and interpreting the selected seashore streets.


The role of food as an agent for improving health has initiated the development of new classes of food - functional foods. Nutrients and other bioactive substances isolated from fish as well as fish in itself can be used as ingredients for functional foods. There are several obstacles to overcome before the potential in fish can be exploited.


Live action role playing, Larp, is a play genre that so far has received little attention from the game studies community. However, the Live action role playing community is perhaps the most interesting role play community of all in its intense focus on role-taking, improvisation, and immersion. Furthermore, Larping has been extensively used for serious purposes, both for crisis training and psychological treatment.In this paper, we focus on Pervasive Larp, Larp events that are staged in the real world and where both the people and the objects of the real world have a direct role in the game. This is a relatively novel variant of Larping, which poses higher demands on technology support than traditional Larps. We report on the experiences from designing and staging Prosopopeia, a pervasive Larp event based on an alternate reality aesthetics. In this game, every design choice was informed by the wish to keep the game as close to reality as possible. We conclude that the approach is indeed both possible and promising, and identify some suggestions for improvements.


We present two cases of growing skull fracture treated at the Children's Hospital in Athens. They have been studied by CT scan, which in both cases clearly showed the herniated brain tissue and its relationship to other brain structures. The possibility of an early operation, if there is contused and oedematous brain related to the diastatic fracture, is discussed.


This thesis aims to explain why and how the Netherlands came to form part of the post-war Western security system and to support he rearmament of West Germany. It looks critically at how major post-war developments in Europe affected Dutch foreign policy, traditionally one of abstentionism, and considers the extent of Dutch influence in post-war Western cooperation. The Dutch attitude towards the process of German rearmament and to the Netherlands' own security needs is described and analysed. The considerable problems the Dutch had with Britain and the Unites States over Indonesia and the German question, and with Britain and the "European question", are set out and analysed, as are important aspects of Dutch-German relations, particularly the "annexation question" and trade. Important landmarks, and how the Dutch approached them, are dealt with. These are the Marshall Plan, the Brussels Treaty Organisation, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the Council of Europe, the Schuman Plan and the Plieven Plan. The different attitudes of two Foreign Ministers, Dirk Stikker and Willem Beyen, towards the question of European integration, are analysed. The thesis concludes that Beyen laid less stress on the Atlantic partnership than did Stikker, and considerably more on European integration. Its final conclusion is that the Netherlands, although it decided to be a part of an alliance, still retained sufficient independence to influence events.


BACKGROUND
With the emergence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, the environmental consequences of alternatives to GR technology are of increasing importance. A well-known acute mammalian toxicity measure, the LD(50) dose for rats, is used to assess one potential environmental impact of the loss of GR technology. A new dataset with this index is used to estimate and simulate the effects for corn, soybeans and cotton.

RESULTS
With conventional tillage it is found that the use of GR seeds reduces the number of LD(50) doses applied per hectare by 17-98% depending on crop. With no-till, the use of GR seeds reduces LD(50) doses only in corn. If farmers switch to conventional seeds because of GR weeds but maintain the same tillage practice, the present simulations suggest that LD(50) doses could increase by as much as 100 LD(50) doses per hectare in soybeans, and 500 LD(50) doses per hectare in cotton, or 11.4 and 19.8% respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study to use field-level data to assess GR technology with a mammalian toxicity environmental indicator. It has been found that GR crops have a positive environmental effect, and that alternatives to GR technology increase toxicity.


In this paper, we propose a technique to identify and substitute faulty nodes to achieve fault tolerance in wireless sensor networks. The proposed technique divides the network into disjoint zones while having a master for each zone. The zone masters are used to identify faulty nodes by virtually dividing the zone into quadrants until a suspect node is found. Our fault model assumes both communication and sensing faults which are caused by a hardware failure in anode. To detect communication faults, the division process is based on calculating the throughput for each zone and comparing it to a predefined threshold. However, for sensing faults it is based on comparing the data a node senses to a predefined status and data ranges. In addition, we make use of a new technique, which was inspired by the Roll Forward Checkpointing Scheme, to activate sleeping nodes in order to validate the correctness of the suspected nodes. This is used to reconfigure the network using fault free nodes only.


Albumins or water soluble proteins (wsp) in wheat are important as nutrients containing high content of essential amino acids such as lysine, tryptophan, methionine, and also asparagine, glutamine, arginine, and proline in comparison to storage proteins-glutenins and gliadins. Fifteen bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 15 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genotypes were evaluated across six different environments for two years to determine the content of albumins in grains. The purpose of this research was to determine the variability of the albumins content of the tested bread wheat and durum wheat genotypes, effects of environment, genotype and their interaction (GEI) on the trait of interest, heritability in a broad sense, stability, and also to interpret GEI by climatic factors modelling. The statistical procedure included analysis of variance, sites regression and factorial regression. The mean content of albumins was 20.23 g kg -1 in bread wheat and 23.12 g kg -1 in durum wheat. Environment followed by GEI was the most important in determining albumins content. The heritability in a broad sense was low, i.e. 31.3% for bread wheat and only 2.4% for durum wheat. GEI for the albumins content was explained with the efficacy of 94.7% and 94.2% of sum of squares, for bread wheat and durum wheat, respectively, by the following models: mean temperature in May, winter moisture reserves, minimum temperature in April and March for bread wheat; and precipitation sum in April, sunshine hours sum in March, maximum temperature in May, and winter moisture reserves for durum wheat. The simultaneous selection for high albumins content and good stability proved to be possible for bread wheat genotypes, but less for durum wheat genotypes due to unsatisfactory stability.


Background and Objectives: Several subgroups of the International Council of Nurses Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nurse Network (ICN NP/APNN) have periodically analyzed APN (nurse practitioner and clinical nurse specialist) development around the world. The primary objective of this study was to describe the global status of APN practice regarding scope of practice, education, regulation, and practice climate. An additional objective was to look for gaps in these same areas of role development in order to recommend future initiatives. Methods: An online survey was developed by the research team, and included questions on APN practice roles, education, regulation/credentialing, and practice climate. The study was launched in August 2018 at the 10th Annual ICN NP/APNN Conference in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Links to the survey were provided there and via multiple platforms over the next year. Results: Survey results from 325 respondents, representing 26 countries, were analyzed through descriptive techniques. Although progress was reported, particularly in education, results indicated the APN profession around the world continues to struggle over titling, title protection, regulation development, credentialing, and barriers to practice. Conclusions and Practice/Policy Relevance: APNs have the potential to help the world reach the Sustainable Development Goal of universal health coverage. Several recommendations are provided to help ensure APNs achieve these goals.


Despite the well-known influence of emotional meaning on cognition, relatively less is known about its effects on reading behavior. We investigated whether fixation behavior during the reading of Chinese sentences is influenced by emotional word meaning in the parafovea. Two-character target words embedded into the same sentence frames provided emotionally positive, negative, or neutral contents. Fixation durations on neutral pretarget words were prolonged for positive parafoveal words and for highly frequent negative parafoveal words. In addition, fixation durations on foveal emotional words were shorter than those on neutral words. We also found that the role of emotional words varied as a function of their valence during foveal and parafoveal processing. These findings suggest a processing advantage for emotional words relative to emotionally neutral stimuli in foveal and parafoveal vision. We discuss implications for the notion of attention attraction due to emotional content.


INTRODUCTION
The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and the different Parkinsonian syndromes is currently determined by applying established clinical criteria. Today, different neuroimaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT), are a valuable aid to further our understanding of both the pathophysiology and the diagnosis of the different Parkinsonian pictures. AIM. To examine the usefulness of the different tools utilised to assess the integrity of the nigrostriatal system by visualising the pre-synaptic dopamine transporters and post-synaptic D2 receptors using SPECT techniques; we also sought to determine the role played by the alteration of the cardiac sympathetic innervation using meta-iodobenzylguanidine.

DEVELOPMENT
We review the usefulness of the different nuclear medicine techniques for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the distinct clinical pictures that are accompanied by Parkinsonian symptoms, and we also discuss the possible future perspectives of said techniques.

CONCLUSIONS
A combination of the different nuclear medicine techniques that have been reviewed here is useful in the study and characterisation of Parkinsonian syndromes. In the future they could be used to detect subjects who are possibly at risk of developing Parkinsonism and to be able to assess the effect of therapies that may have a potential modifying effect on the disease.


In this paper the impact of public policies such as subsidies and taxation on invasive species management is explored in a Markov chain process framework. Private agents react to public incentives based upon their long term expected profits and have the option of taking measures such as abatement, monitoring and reporting. Conditions for perverse incentives are derived. The impact of sequencing of taxation and subsides on spread of risks is explored. One key finding of this paper is that excessive regulation may sometimes exacerbate the invasive species problem


The thesis traces, in a general sense, the developments that directly led to the legislative reform of a poor relief system that had remained essentially unaltered since its inception too hundred years earlier. The impetus for the dismantling of the Old Poor Law is seen in largely economic terms - the breakdown of a traditional administrative scheme under the pressure of the dramatic fluctuations of an embryonic industrial society. After an extensive review of the provisions of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act, the paper turns to a close examination of its implementation in County Durham. The administrative framework erected in the latter 1830's receives careful attention. An attempt is made to ascertain Poor Law Commission policy and its actual application by local organs. It is found that although the form of poor relief administration was substantially altered by the new measure, in a substantive sense, the economic considerations that animated relief management in previous years continued to dictate, to a large extent, regional administrative practices after the introduction of the Act, despite increasing interference by the Commission.


It's a Wonderful Business: The Art of Production Sound is a documentary film that offers an inside look at what it takes to record the dialog of actors and diegetic sounds on a movie set. This is the job of the production sound crew, in charge of recording the voices of some of the most talented and prominent performers in the motion picture industry. The documentary features interviews with former and current production sound mixers and boom operators from some of the most acclaimed films in the history of cinema. The film also explores the personal demands, the working conditions, and the sacrifices sound crews have endured to succeed in the always challenging, but very exciting, world of film making.


During the past decades, multi-robot systems have been studied deeply and have demonstrated their advantages in conducting autonomous missions, particularly in underwater environment. When using multiple robots, high cost single sensor can be replaced by many coordinated low cost sensors, such as optical sensors used in our work for acquiring relevant data and coordinating the fleet of robots. In this paper, we propose a coordination algorithm for pattern formation (the shape of the fleet), which includes a new predefined pyramid pattern independent on the number of robots and an associated formation control strategy for building and maintaining this pyramid without collision among robots and without external assistant in non-obstacle situation. The formation control strategy consists of three steps: (1) a common frame is built after the exchange of local information extracted from visual servoing (VS) and compass of each robot; (2) a pyramid frame is established from the distribution of robots, and whose orientation is defined by one of the two following methods: one based on principal component analysis (PCA) and the other one based on an intermediate circle pattern (CP); (3) the kernel part is the collision avoidance strategy (CA) which is realized by optimally matching up positions in the distribution and the pyramid, and planning the straight non-intercrossed trajectories. At last, robots build the pyramid along the straight trajectory. During the whole process, except the information exchange for establishing the common frame, robots do not need communication as they have the same algorithms. Until now the performance of the formation control strategy is demonstrated with 4 to 6 robots in Blender based on dynamic equations of real underwater robots.


While studying fatty acid vesicles as model primitive cell membranes, we encountered a dramatic phenomenon in which light triggers the sudden rupture of micron-scale dye-containing vesicles, resulting in rapid release of vesicle contents. We show that such vesicle explosions are caused by an increase in internal osmotic pressure mediated by the oxidation of the internal buffer by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ability to release vesicle contents in a rapid, spatio-temporally controlled manner suggests many potential applications, such as the targeted delivery of cancer chemotherapy drugs, and the controlled deposition of functionalized nanoparticles in microfluidic devices. Recent observations of light-triggered lysosome rupture in vivo suggest the possibility that a common mechanism may underlie light-triggered vesicle explosions and lysosome rupture.


The present study was aimed to determine the optimal fermentation conditions for the koji production and to evaluate the influences of temperature, pH, and brine concentration on the enzyme activity and stability of protease and amylase. The experiments were conducted by inoculating the different ratios of soybean to wheat with the spores of Aspergillus oryzae. The ratios of soybean to wheat were 2:1 and 1:1 in Chinese-type (BA1) and Japanese-type (BA2), respectively. The optimum time of koji-making for both BA1 and BA2 was found at 60 h fermentation. No remarkable difference of enzymatic characteristic was observed between BA1 and BA2, with the exception that BA1 exhibited the higher activities of both protease and amylase than those in BA2. The protease released from A. oryzae was most active and stable in the pH range 7.0-7.7 (neutral protease). The optimum temperature for protease activity was 52-55°C, and the enzyme was stable at around 40°C. Oppositely, the acidic region, pH 5, was preferred to amylase activity and stability. The amylase, which was most active at 60°C and stable at around 48°C, was more tolerant to heat and salt as compared to the protease.


In 1998 astronomical observations of distant stars exploding at the ends of their lives led to the discovery that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating. This is likely to be caused by an intrinsic part of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity known as the cosmological constant, but naturalness issues and the need to improve observational tests have motivated the study of alternative models of the Universe. The research in this thesis is part of ongoing efforts to pin down the cause of late-time acceleration by better understanding these alternatives and their signatures in cosmological observations.

One such alternative is known as interacting dark energy and would be caused by additional matter in the Universe, as yet unknown to particle physics. This would interact with another unknown particle called dark matter that has been part of the standard model of cosmology since the 1970's. The first part of this thesis contains a review of works on interacting dark energy and investigates a particular version of the model which had not been studied in detail before, placing recent observational constraints on its parameters.

Another alternative to the cosmological constant is known as modified gravity, where General Relativity is extended by the addition of new degrees of freedom. Theories of modified gravity are mathematically related to some models of interacting dark energy and can appear very similar in cosmological observations. The second part of this thesis investigates the extent to which the two can be distinguished using current observational data.


The virial theorem for a system of interacting electrons in a crystal, which is described within the framework of the tight-binding model, is derived. We show that, in particular case of interacting massless electrons in graphene and other Dirac materials, the conventional virial theorem is violated. Starting from the tight-binding model, we derive the generalized virial theorem for Dirac electron systems, which contains an additional term associated with a momentum cutoff at the bottom of the energy band. Additionally, we derive the generalized virial theorem within the Dirac model using the minimization of the variational energy. The obtained theorem is illustrated by many-body calculations of the ground state energy of an electron gas in graphene carried out in Hartree-Fock and self-consistent random-phase approximations. Experimental verification of the theorem in the case of graphene is discussed.


Consumers receive spam e-mail solicitations for cosmetics and beauty products. We analyze responses from 200 college students with regard to opening and reading this spam e-mail and also clicking through and purchasing the product advertised in this spam e-mail. With regard to opening and reading spam email about cosmetics/beauty products, women and also increasing scores for learning more information online about cosmetics/beauty products were both significantly associated with increased odds for opening and reading this spam e-mail. With regard to purchasing the cosmetics/beauty product advertised in the spam e-mail, increasing scores for trust in the Internet to provide accurate information about cosmetics/beauty products was significantly associated with increased odds for purchasing. Marketers who use ethical approaches and are interested in sending e-mail information to prospective college student customers about cosmetics/beauty products should keep in mind the importance of conveying trust.


Individualism is not inconsistent with social interaction; it is required to explain it. Social exchanges, evidenced in gaze monitoring, social referencing, emotional responses, protodeclarative and imperative pointing, pretence, play, and conversation all play a role in development, but the nature of that role is opaque without an understanding of the cognitive mechanisms on which they depend.


A rapid, simple, selective and precise UVVisible Spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of metformin hydrochloride in bulk forms and tablet dosage formulations. The spectrophotometric detection was as per carried out at an absorption maximum of 232 nm using phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 as solvent. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and ruggedness. The detector response for was linear over the selected concentration range 2 to 12μg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.994. The accuracy was carried out as per recovery study and found between 99.1 % to 100.45%. The results demonstrated that the excipients in the tablets did not interfere with the method and can be conveniently employed for routine quality control analysis of metformin in bulk and formulation.


: In 1969, McKusick discussed the nosology of genetic disease and the importance of considering heterogeneity and variability. Those considerations are still important today in that new syndromes are being described at the rate of one or more per week. However, often a "new" syndrome actually represents variable expression of a previously described condition; at other times, a child is reported as having a variant of a previously described syndrome when in reality that child has a distinct condition. The concepts of variability and heterogeneity will be discussed in the context of recently described findings in some "old" syndromes, thus shedding new light on them.


Coverage evaluation of heterogeneous multi-tier cellular networks (HetNets) is often based on simplifying assumptions on cell association (CA): the resource required by, and practical limitations of pilot measurements are overlooked. Also, the base station (BS) providing the strongest signal-to-interference ratio among all BSs is always the serving BS (an ideal CA (iCA)). Consequently, the resultant analysis falls short of characterizing HetNets' coverage in practical settings. We therefore propose an analytical framework for modeling a practical CA (pCA) by considering pilot measurement, pilot sensitivity at the users, and the number of pilot measurements, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K_P$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="khoshkholgh-ieq1-2750142.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula>. Using tools from stochastic geometry, we obtain the coverage with pCA in both Rayleigh and Nakagami environments. We propose an algorithm to obtain the optimal <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K_P$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="khoshkholgh-ieq2-2750142.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula> and its partitioning among the BSs in different tiers that maximizes the coverage. Our analysis provides key insights in designing dense HetNets. For dense networks, scale invariance achievable under iCA is shown unsustained with pCA. Also, dense HetNets are pilot-neutral, and hence their performance is not affected by pilot sensitivity. Our extensive simulations confirm the accuracy of our analysis and the proposed algorithm, and demonstrate the effect of pCA in comparison with iCA.


In this paper, we propose an adaptive channel SNR estimation algorithm required for the iterative MAP decoding of turbo decoders. The proposed algorithm uses the extrinsic values generated within the iterative MAP decoder to update the channel SNR estimate toward its optimum value per each decoder iteration or per each turbo code frame.


The broadband penetration and continuing growth of Internet traffic among residential and business customers are driving the migration of today's end user's network access from cable to optical fiber and superbroadband wireless systems The integration of optical and wireless systems operating at much higher carrier frequencies in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) range is considered to be one of the most promising solutions for increasing the existing capacity and mobility, as well as decreasing the costs in next-generation optical access networks. In this paper, several key enabling technologies for very high throughput wireless-over-fiber networks are reviewed, including photonic mm-wave generation based on external modulation or nonlinear effects, spectrum-efficient multicarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing and single-carrier multilevel signal modulation. We also demonstrated some applications in wireless-over-fiber trials using these enabling techniques. The results show that the integrated systems are practical solutions to offer very high throughput wireless to end users in optically enabled wireless access networks.


Through centering the Florida Panhandle and using MTV's Floribama Shore as an entry point, this essay articulates a Floridian-Southern identity. We organize this project around three themes that are heavily present in both Floribama Shore and our personal experiences as Floridian-Southerners: intra-regional tensions around religion, gender performances, and reproductive politics. Through layering our experiences among vignettes from Floribama Shore, we make visible the relationship between the consumption of popular media, the representations of Floridian-Southerners in popular media, the social and cultural regulation of hegemonic Southern deportment, and our own Floridian-Southern identity.


Timed transition systems are behavioural models that include an explicit treatment of time flow and are used to formalise the semantics of several foundational process calculi and automata. Despite their relevance, a general mathematical characterisation of timed transition systems and their behavioural theory is still missing. We introduce the first uniform framework for timed behavioural models that encompasses known behavioural equivalences such as timed bisimulations, timed language equivalences as well as their weak and time-abstract counterparts. All these notions of equivalences are naturally organised by their discriminating power in a spectrum. We prove that this result does not depend on the type of the systems under scrutiny: it holds for any generalisation of timed transition system. We instantiate our framework to timed transition systems and their quantitative extensions such as timed probabilistic systems.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 2-week overload period immediately followed by a 1-week taper period on the autonomic control of heart rate during the night or after exercise cessation. Eleven male endurance athletes increased their usual training volume by 100% for 2 weeks (overload) and decreased it by 50% for 1 week (taper). A maximal graded exercise test and a constant-speed test at 85% of peak treadmill speed, both followed by a 10-min passive recovery period, were performed at baseline and after each period. Heart rate variability was also measured during a 4-h period in the night or during estimated slow-wave sleep. All participants were considered to be overreached based on performance and physiological and psychological criteria. We found a decrease in cardiac parasympathetic control during slow-wave sleep (HFnu = 61.3% ± 11.7% vs 50.0% ± 10.1%, p < 0.05) but not during the 4-h period, as well as a faster heart rate recovery following the maximal graded exercise test (τ = 61.8 ± 14.5 s vs 54.7 ± 9.0 s, p < 0.05) but not after the constant-speed test, after the overload period. There was a return to baseline for both measures after the taper period. Other indices of cardiac autonomic control were not altered by the overload period. Care should be taken in selecting the most sensitive heart rate measures in the follow-up of athletes, because cardiac autonomic control is not affected uniformly by overload training.


The Victorian age is much closer to us in time than we might believe. Yet at that time, in the most technologically advanced nation in the world, people buried meat in fresh earth to prevent mold forming and wrung sheets out in boiling water with their bare hands. Such household drudgery was routinely performed by the grandparents of people still living, but the knowledge of it has passed as if it had never been. Judith Flanders's book is laid out like a Victorian house, taking you through the story of daily life from room to room. In each space she depicts the home's furnishings and decoration: from childbirth in the master bedroom, through the scullery and kitchen, the separate male and female domains of the drawing room and the parlor, and ending in the sickroom. A rich selection from diaries, letters, advice books, magazines, and paintings fills the rooms with the people and personalities of the age. 100 illustrations, 3 8-page color inserts.


Purpose . The utility function for the Health Utilities Index Mark 2 (HUI2) system is based on preference measurements from a random sample of parents with exclusion of inconsistent respondents. Would results without exclusions or from a different group of parents have differed? Methods . Scores were obtained from parents of patients (n = 59) undergoing treatment for cancer. Mean scores from the 2 sets of parents were compared: parents of patients and parents from the general population. Three multiattribute utility functions were estimated. Mean scores for HUI2 states using the functions were compared. Results . Most differences in mean scores between different groups were not statistically significant (P < 0.05). Differences in parameter estimates among the 3 utility functions were 0.05 or less. The exponent on the power function for the parent-of-patient group was 2.16, within 6% of that for random sample parents. The intraclass correlation between scores for 144 health states derived from the random-sample-parents and parents-of-patients functions was 0.99; the mean difference per state in scores was 0.018. Conclusion . The HUI2 scoring function generalizes well in that different groups of parents give similar results. The HUI2 scoring function is robust in that the functions without and with exclusions generate scores that are very close in value.


After initially reporting on the status of the movement for same-sex marriage in the United States and around the world, this article reviews the five key claims of the "conservative case" for same-sex marriage ("we exist," stabilization, sexual taming, social gains, and no harm) and compares them to the seven core principles of conservatism (preservation, institutions, caution, experience, distrust, individualism, and morality). It finds that the claims for same-sex marriage are seriously deficient when measured against those conservative principles. It presents a conservative case against same-sex marriage both in terms of those key principles of conservatism as well by reference to the practical harms and detriments to society, families and individuals that have come and may be reasonably expected to flow from same-sex marriage. Borrowing Garrett Hardin's famous "tragedy of the commons" metaphor, this article suggests that lack of personal responsibility for the common interest in marriage underlies much of the acceptance of same-sex marriage, and concludes with a call to consider the ultimate accountability that the consequences of our social choices will produce.


Spot welding palys a key role in increasing productivity and weight reduction of the final products. This paper proposes a systematic approach on the design of spot weld configuration, dealing with the requried number and location of spot weld joints under the given design parameters, such as the applied loads, lap area, and individual spot weld strength. The optimal design of a spot-welded joint is postulated as a state when the safety factors of all spot weld points (i) are evenly distributed and (ii) reach maximum value. A CAD program is developed to arrange the optimal location of each spot weld based on the derived objective function and constraints. The CAD tool integrates the optimization procedure with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) code through an interface. The interface automatically provides geometrical data and mesh configuration for different spot weld locations to FEA model. It also extracts the transmitted load of each spot weld from the FEA code, and allows the optimization code predict an improved arrangement of spot weld locations. The feasibility of the developed approach is demonstrated by the selected examples.


Recruitment success in marine species is mostly driven by the high and variable mortality of first life stages, and the relationships between stock and recruitment are then largely dominated by residual variability. We show that analysing the residual variability may provide insights on the density-dependence process occurring during the recruitment. Following the seminal formulation of Minto et al. (Survival variability and population density in fish populations. Nature, 2008), we show that when recruitment is considered as a sequence of a pelagic stage with stochastic density-independent mortality followed by a second stage with stochastic density-dependent mortality, then the variability of the recruitment rate per spawning biomass (RPSB) should be a decreasing function of the spawning biomass. Using stock– recruit data of 148 stocks from the RAM legacy database, we provide a test of this hypothesis by showing that the variability of RPSB is lower for fish species with the higher concentration during juvenile stages. Second, a hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM) is built to derive a meta-analysis of stock– recruit data for 39 flatfish stocks, characterized by a high concentration of juveniles in coastal nursery habitats. Results of the HBM show that the variance of the RPSB decreases with the spawning biomass for almost all stocks, thus providing strong evidence of density-dependence during the recruitment process. Finally, we attempt to relate patterns in recruitment variance to relevant life-history traits of flatfish species.


This paper reflects upon the affective dimension of the experience of reading fiction and poetry. I argue that the space of the imagination allows the approach of literary texts by means of sensations and emotions. Therefore, I formulate a concept of presence suitable for thinking about literary experiences, in which the reader's body is mobilized by effects triggered by the text when in contact with his imagery.


s of, and/or summary reports of scientific meetings; and simple bibliographies. Issues receive internal scientific review and most issues receive copy editing. Resource Survey Report (formerly Fishermen's Report) -This information report is a regularly-issued, quick-turnaround report on the distribution and relative abundance of selected living marine resources as derived from each of the NEFSC's periodic research vessel surveys of the Northeast's continental shelf. This report undergoes internal review, but receives no technical or copy editing. TO OBTAIN A COPY of a NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE or a Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document, either contact the NEFSC Editorial Office (166 Water St., Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026; 508-495-2350) or consult the NEFSC webpage on "Reports and Publications" (http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/). To access Resource Survey Report, consult the Ecosystem Surveys Branch webpage (http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/femad/ecosurvey/mainpage/). ANY USE OF TRADE OR BRAND NAMES IN ANY NEFSC PUBLICATION OR REPORT DOES NOT IMPLY ENDORSE-


In the present thesis a study of the erosion rates that blades from a typical radial
inflow turbine suffer because of the ingested flow containing solid particles is
presented. The mentioned study has been conducted by carrying out a series of CFD
simulations using the software package ANSYS CFX.
The obtained results indicate that there are three main surface areas where significant erosion loss occurs. The first of them and by far the most affected part of the turbine is located at the trailing edge of the stator blade, where a relatively great number of impacts with low angles strike the surface. This surface area is found to be
affected by a concentration effect, that is, many particles impinging a small surface
area.
The second but lesser affected part is the leading edge of the suction side of the
rotor blade, on which many particles strike many times due to particles being trapped
in a vortex area. The third and last surface area which is eroded significantly, but in
comparison to the other parts facing much less erosion, is the central part of the
pressure side of the rotor blade.
Additionally, several influencing factors have been studied to determine their influence on the erosion rate density, such as angular velocity, particle concentration,
particle shape and size and blade material. The relation between these factors and the erosion rate density has been determined. Besides, a final study about the compressibility effects that may have been affected the study has been conducted in
order to ensure the validity of the simulations of the thesis.


The integrin α9β1 is expressed on migrating cells, such as leukocytes, and binds to multiple ligands that are present at sites of tissue injury and inflammation. α9β1, like the structurally related integrin α4β1, mediates accelerated cell migration, an effect that depends on the α9 cytoplasmic domain. α4β1 enhances migration through reversible binding to the adapter protein, paxillin, but α9β1-dependent migration is paxillin independent. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified the polyamine catabolizing enzyme spermidine/spermine N 1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) as a specific binding partner of the α9 cytoplasmic domain. Overexpression of SSAT increased α9β1-mediated migration, and small interfering RNA knockdown of SSAT inhibited this migration without affecting cell adhesion or migration that was mediated by other integrin cytoplasmic domains. The enzyme activity of SSAT is critical for this effect, because a catalytically inactive version did not enhance migration. We conclude that SSAT directly binds to the α9 cytoplasmic domain and mediates α9-dependent enhancement of cell migration, presumably by localized effects on acetylation of polyamines or of unidentified substrates.


Non-indigenous species invasions are considered a large threat to native biota however the effects of which have been relatively understudied with respect to intertidal systems. Current literature surrounds the movement of species, however relatively little attempt has been made to quantify the effect. Using the invasive oyster drill Ocenebra erinacea and the native dogwhelk Nucella lapillus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of an invasive species" on predation rates over a one-week period feeding on the intertidal barnacle Chthamalus montagui. This was conducted by testing for the effects of increased conspecific density (abundance increase) and biodiversity (species number/identity) against the background predation rates established in single whelk trials at two different temperatures. As expected due to metabolic demand, there was a positive effect of temperature on predation rate. The results also revealed a significant occurrence of underyielding, whereby the whelks predated less efficiently in both density and biodiversity tests. Despite plant or algal studies expecting a degree of increased ecosystem function to occur with an increase in species richness and functional diversity, it was assumed that due to both species having a similar distribution and trophic niche, interspecific competition for resource acquisition would have occurred. Warming air and oceanic temperature trends are expected to alter the distribution and abundance of both native and invasive species, and the effects of which are effectively predicted using this study. However, both create problematic scenarios that need to be addressed promptly.


Subarcsecond-resolution images of the rotational line emissions of CS and c-C3H2 obtained toward the low-mass protostar IRAS 04368+2557 in L1527 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array are investigated to constrain the orientation of the outflow/envelope system. The distribution of CS consists of an envelope component extending from north to south and a faint butterfly shaped outflow component. The kinematic structure of the envelope is well reproduced by a simple ballistic model of an infalling rotating envelope. Although the envelope has a nearly edge-on configuration, we find that the western side of the envelope faces the observer. This configuration is opposite to the direction of the large-scale (∼104 AU) outflow suggested previously from the 12CO (J = 3–2) observation, and to the morphology of infrared reflection near the protostar (∼200 AU). The latter discrepancy could originate from high extinction by the outflow cavity of the western side, or may indicate that the outflow axis is not parallel to the rotation axis of the envelope. Position–velocity diagrams show the accelerated outflow cavity wall, and its kinematic structure in the 2000 AU scale is explained by a standard parabolic model with the inclination angle derived from the analysis of the envelope. The different orientation of the outflow between the small and large scale implies a possibility of precession of the outflow axis. The shape and the velocity of the outflow in the vicinity of the protostar are compared with those of other protostars.


BACKGROUND: Children with cystic fibrosis may have a deficiency of micronutrients, including zinc, which may affect their susceptibility to infections. There is a paucity of data on zinc supplementation among children with cystic fibrosis. We hypothesized that a pharmacologic dose of zinc administered daily for 12 months would reduce the need for antibiotics by 50%. METHODS: This double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted among children with cystic fibrosis to assess the effect of zinc supplementation on the need for antibiotics and pulmonary function tests. The children, age 5–15 y, of either sex, received either 30-mg zinc tablets or similar looking placebo tablets daily in addition to standard care. They were followed up every month for a period of 12 months and whenever they had pulmonary exacerbations. Their serum zinc was estimated at baseline and at 12 months of enrollment. During each visit, the children underwent a pulmonary function test and sputum culture. RESULTS: Of a total of 43 children screened, 40 were enrolled, and of them, 37 completed the study. The median (interquartile range) number of days of the administration of antibiotics over 12 months of follow-up among the children receiving zinc was 42 (14–97) d. In the placebo group, it was 38 (15–70) d (P = .79). There were no significant differences in the percent-of-predicted FEV1 or change in FEV1 values at 12 months (P = .44). The number of children in whose respiratory specimens Pseudomonas was isolated was similar for the 2 groups at different time intervals. The adverse events reported were similar in the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: We did not find any significant difference in the need for antibiotics, pulmonary function tests, hospitalization, colonization with Pseudomonas, or the need for antibiotics for children with cystic fibrosis receiving zinc supplementation of 30 mg/d.


CONTEXT
Primary pancreatic lymphoma (PPL) is rare but manageable malignant tumor of the pancreas which may be confused with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

CASE REPORT
We report a 38 year-old smoker man with IVDA and history of B (inactive carrier), C (Ia genotype) hepatitis and negative for HIV admitted to our hospital because of nausea, vomiting, epigastric and RUQ pain as a result of long period of alcohol consumption. Due to high amount of amylase (480 U/L) and lipase (326 U/L) Pancreatitis was diagnosed. Four days after admission CT was done that showed enhancement a large tumor of the head of the pancreas. Endoscopic ultrasound (EU) revealed diffusely enlarged of pancreas. There was a mixed echoic mass lesion 37-50 mm at the head of pancreas (R/O walled off necrosis) with adhesion to portal vein and SMV. On the other hand the CBD was 9 mm. Abdominal MRI and MRCP for patient was done. The intra-hepatic bile ducts, main hepatic ducts, CHD and CBD were mildly dilated and displaced to the right side by a large lobulated mass (160×112×130 mm) of pancreatic head with low signal intensity on T1W images and high intensity on T2W images. we did EUS-FNA and there was a mixed echotic lesion (38-40 mm) adhered to head of pancreas with invasion to portal vein, SMA and SMV. The diagnosis of pancreatic lymphoma was established by immunohistochemical study and the assessment of the neoplastic cells revealed B cell lymphoma phenotypes.

CONCLUSION
Herein we present an interesting 38 year- old man with pancreas head tumor. Primary pancreatic lymphoma is almost never suspected clinically. It is usually diagnosed by imaging and histological methods.


Linear spectral mixture analysis has been widely used for subpixel detection and mixed pixel classification. When it is implemented as constrained LSMA, the constraints are generally imposed on abundance fractions in the mixture. In this paper, we consider an alternative approach, which imposes constraints on target signature vectors rather than target abundance fractions. The idea is to constrain directions of target signature vectors of interest in two different ways. One, referred to as linearly constrained minimum variance approach develops a linear filter to constrain these target signature vectors along preassigned directions using a set of specific filter gains while minimizing the filter output variance. Another, referred to as the linearly constrained discriminant analysis (LCDA), is derived from Fisher's linear discriminant analysis, but constrains the Fisher's discriminant vectors along predetermined directions to improve classification performance. Recently, Bowles et al. introduced another target signature-constrained approach, referred to as filter-vectors method, which requires a linear mixture model to implement constraints on target signature vectors. Interestingly, it turns out that the filter-vectors method can be considered as a special version of both linearly constrained minimum variance and linearly constrained discriminant analysis approaches.


After a brief review of the origins of the .05 criterion for judging statistical significance, this article challenges the management discipline's rigid adherence to conventional levels of significancefor differentiating reliable from unreliable results. Arguing instead that there is no right or wrong level of significance, it contends that the selection of a significance level should be treated as one more research parameter. In this respect, the appropriateness of a specific level of significance should be based on such considerations as sample size and research design rather than a priori declarations of .05, .01, or whatever.


This study tested the hypothesis that incidental serial reaction time (ISRT) latencies would be slower and more variable for schizophrenic than for normal Ss. It was predicted that the response of both groups to a manipulated stimulus dynamism would be proportionate, however,despite a difference in level of performance characterizing each sample. S responded to a series of 1000 Hz audiometric tones, signaling tone onset by pressure on a hand-switch, and offset by release. Thirty Ss without history of psychiatric disorder (16M, 14F) and 30 chronic schizophrenic patients (15M, 15F) were examined. All patients were drug-free and bore diagnoses of long standing. Signal tone length (1-3 sec) and interstimulus interval (1.5-15 sec) were varied randomly. Intensity levels were determined, in part, by reference to the individual threshold (T l, T j5 db) and partly by prior selection of fixed values to be used with all Ss (10 and 40 db). Mean ISRT response was significantly slowed for the schizophrenic group, and these latencies were markedly more variable. Increased signal intensity reduced the latency of ISRT, significantly, in each group. The stimulus dynamism induced change in ISRT was altogether similar for both groups, over a range of 15-65 db. No evidence for a diminished vigilance from the beginning to the end of the experimental sitting was found, for either sample.


This comprehensive two-part article addresses how modern, disruptive technologies can be used to improve the effectiveness of tax treaty dispute resolution. It is clear that international tax dispute resolution needs improvement. The OECD, the European Union and the United Nations have all recently taken measures to this effect by promoting the prevention and timely resolution of treaty-related disputes. However, none of these recommendations considers technology. In this context, this article examines whether the emergence of new and disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence, shared-data platforms, cloud-based solutions and blockchain could complement the mutual agreement procedure (MAP) and supplementary arbitration and render them more effective by speeding up the resolution, reducing costs and establishing trust between tax administrations and taxpayers. To answer this question, in Part 1 of this article, the authors briefly analyse the main drawbacks of the existing tax treaty dispute resolution process from the perspective of various stakeholders. Next, the article focuses on the fundamental features of a few significant types of technology and analyses how they could improve this process. In Part 2 of this article, the authors will use the analysis from Part 1 to make some specific suggestions as to how the technologies discussed can be used to improve the MAP and supplementary solutions, with an aim to encourage the above-mentioned policy organizations to consider the potential of disruptive technologies in their work.


BACKGROUND
Sleep loss has repeatedly been suggested to affect glucose metabolism adversely, raising the question as to the impact of subtle forms of sleep loss.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of a single night of sleep restriction to 4.5 h on endocrine parameters of glucose metabolism.

DESIGN
We conducted crossover, balanced experiments including two conditions, i.e. one night of 4.5 h and one night of 7 h of sleep.

SUBJECTS AND MEASUREMENTS
In 10 healthy men, circulating concentrations of insulin, C-peptide, epinephrine, norepinephrine, GH, ACTH, cortisol, and glucagon were measured after sleep and sleep restriction, respectively, during basal rest and a subsequent stepwise hypoglycemic clamp.

RESULTS
Mild sleep restriction induced a robust reduction in basal plasma glucagon levels that persisted throughout the hypoglycemic clamp (P < 0.03). Basal glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were unaffected by sleep restriction. Also, basal and hypoglycemia-stimulated concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and GH were unchanged after sleep restriction. Concentrations of ACTH (P < 0.05) and cortisol (P < 0.001) were reduced after sleep loss during baseline and at the start of hypoglycemia, but reached roughly comparable levels in both conditions at the end of the clamp (ACTH, P > 0.06; cortisol, P > 0.93).

CONCLUSION
Our data show that mild restriction of nocturnal sleep to 4.5 h has a reducing effect on circulating glucagon levels. This finding provides further evidence for the notion that glucose homeostasis is sensitive to subtle changes in sleep duration.


The authors report a case of oro-facial port-wine stain angiomatosis with cutaneous and mucosal lesions localized in the first and the second branch surface distribution areas of the left trigeminal nerve in association with left upper lip, cheek and hemimaxillary true hypertrophy leading to a severe dento-skeletal malocclusion with open-bite and facial asymmetry. The authors through a revision of the literature locate nosologically this case among the rare congenital angiodysplastic syndromes affecting the maxillo-facial district as the Sturge-Weber and the Klippel-Trenaunay syndromes. They debate also about etiopathogenetic, clinical, differential diagnosis and therapeutic aspects concerning the management of patients affected by this kind of malformation.


Background: Stent implantation for isolated stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with preserved left ventricular function has been found to have a better clinical and angiographic outcome at one year than balloon angioplasty (PTCA). Objective: To establish whether those results are maintained at five year follow up. Methods: Patients were followed at least every six months. For those who died during follow up, data were obtained from medical records. Main outcome measures: Freedom from death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, and repeated target lesion revascularisation. Secondary end points were revascularisation in a remote region and freedom from angina. Results: Follow up was complete in all patients. At five years, the primary end point was reached more often by patients randomised to stent implantation than to PTCA (80% v 53%; odds ratio (OR) 0.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13 to 0.69); p  =  0.0034). In the PTCA group, 35% of patients underwent target lesion revascularisation v 15% in the stent group (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.80; p  =  0.014). There was a trend towards increased mortality in the PTCA group than in the stent group (17% v 7%; OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.21; p  =  0.098). No significant differences were found between PTCA and stent groups for non-fatal myocardial infarction (8% v 5%; OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.13 to 2.54; p  =  0.46) or cerebrovascular accident (2% v 0%). Conclusions: In patients with isolated stenosis of the proximal LAD, a five year clinical follow up confirmed a better outcome in those treated with stenting than with PTCA.


In patients with a confirmed diagnosis of osteoarthritis, acetaminophen is now recommended as first-line medical therapy. Chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is usually discouraged, although these agents may be effective for an acute process or in patients with gout, ankylosing spondylitis, or other type of inflammatory arthritis. In patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate acetaminophen or an NSAID, an opioid analgesic is a safe, effective alternative. In patients who continue to experience disabling pain despite lifestyle changes and drug therapy, consider an orthopedic consultation for possible surgery. Patients who are bedridden, wheelchair-bound, or have advanced cardiovascular or renal disease are poor candidates for surgery, as are those who are unable to undergo proper rehabilitation.


Many recent reports on curcumin, a polyphenol from Curcuma Longa,provide mounting evidence on the pharmacological activity of this natural product. However,the pharmaceutical use of this molecule is hampered due to its poor solubility in the aqueous media,inclusion complex formation with cyclodextrins has been reported as a means to enhance its aqueous solubility. Most of the studies provide Infrared (IR) spectroscopic data as an evidence to support inclusion complex formation.In this study,fully water soluble complexes of curcumin with two β-cyclodextrins were isolated and characterized.


The problem of allocating scarce items to individuals is an important practical question in market design. An increasingly popular set of mechanisms for this task uses the concept of market equilibrium: individuals report their preferences, have a budget of real or fake currency, and a set of prices for items and allocations is computed that sets demand equal to supply. An important real world issue with such mechanisms is that individual valuations are often only imperfectly known. In this paper, we show how concepts from classical market equilibrium can be extended to reflect such uncertainty. We show that in linear, divisible Fisher markets a robust market equilibrium (RME) always exists; this also holds in settings where buyers may retain unspent money. We provide theoretical analysis of the allocative properties of RME in terms of envy and regret. Though RME are hard to compute for general uncertainty sets, we consider some natural and tractable uncertainty sets which lead to well behaved formulations of the problem that can be solved via modern convex programming methods. Finally, we show that very mild uncertainty about valuations can cause RME allocations to outperform those which take estimates as having no underlying uncertainty.