The results of a model-driven touch sensor recognition experiment are reported. The touch sensor used is a large-field tactile array. Object features appropriate for touch sensor recognition are extracted from a geometric model of an object, and a dual spherical image is formed. Both geometric and dynamic features are used to identify objects and their position and orientation on the touch sensor. Experiments show that geometric features extracted from the model are effective but that dynamic features must be determined empirically. Correct object identification rates, even for very similar objects, exceed 90%, a success rate much higher than would have been expected from only two-dimensional contact patterns. The position and orientation of objects, once identified, are very reliable. The authors conclude that large-field tactile sensors could prove useful in the automatic palletizing problem when object models (from a computer-aided design system, for example) can be utilized. >


This study examined the uses of Facebook by lecturers and students in classrooms and their outcomes and impacts for teaching and learning practices in Malaysian higher education. The research objectives were to identify how and why lecturers and students use Facebook as a teaching and learning platform in a formal classroom environment, and to evaluate how lecturers and students perceive the outcomes and impacts of Facebook for teaching and learning practices. A multiple-methodology design using a number of qualitative methods was adopted. Empirical data were collected through: (1) semi-structured interviews with eight lecturers and 12 students from seven Malaysian universities; (2) participant virtual observation of two Facebook closed-group pages; and (3) content analysis of 38 students' reflection journals. Findings revealed that the use of Facebook by Malaysian lecturers and students of this study arises due to its affordances for teaching and learning in classroom education, including ease of use and usefulness for reaching out to students, supporting online discussions, and interactivity. However, participants felt that disadvantages and challenges of using Facebook in formal learning environments do exist. This study provides in-depth insights about the adoption of Facebook by students and lecturers in formal classroom education for enhancing learning experiences as well as supporting and improving teaching practices. The study contributes to current understanding about how and why lecturers and students leverage social media technologies as teaching and learning tools as well as how Facebook enhances engagement and communication among students and with their lecturers. Original contributions from this study are: the identification of similarities of and differences between lecturers' and students' uses and perspectives on Facebook in formal learning environments; the presentation of theoretical frameworks related to factors that affect uses and impacts of Facebook for teaching and learning in classroom education in Malaysian universities; as well as an analysis and identification of elements of Facebook features which support learning per se and the management of learning. Ultimately, it contributes to a growing body of empirical research about uses and impacts of social media technologies for classroom education in Malaysian higher education.


The Philippines experiences an average of twenty (20) earthquakes every day and 100 to 150 felts every year. With the aim to help the government in mitigation of the potential impact of the earthquake in the country, this research explored the detection of earthquake damages from the satellite images. Since Gradient Boosting Algorithm is considered one of the efficient and powerful predictive models, this method was employed in this research to classify if the satellite images before and after the earthquake brought damages in the infrastructure of affected areas. The satellite images used in the research were downloaded from Landsat 8 via Google Earth pro, which focused on a Magnitude 7.6 earthquake in Eastern Samar on August 31, 2012. The research used image augmentation such as rotation, shearing and flipping before the image extraction. The extracted features were used as classifiers of the models and were separated into 80:20, 70:30 and 60:20 ratios for training and testing sets respectively. The detection of damages was evaluated five (5) times using different n-estimators or numbers of trees {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}. The experiment concluded that Gradient Boosting Algorithm is an efficient model for classification and detection of earthquake damages using satellite image data, with an optimal detection accuracy of 85.71% and 100% without and with image augmentation.


The equal‐likelihood rationale [R. Pitre and N. R. Davis, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (to be published)] for the selection of probability models has been extended and strengthened. The method is shown to be optimally robust, testable, and correctable. Nonlinear parameter estimation and filtering equations are developed based on this formalism and its application to modeling active sonar in a random waveguide is formulated. [Work sponsored by ONR.]


This paper examines the set-theoretic interpretation of morphological filters in the framework of mathematical morphology and introduces the representation of classical linear filters in terms of morphological correlations, which involve supremum/infimum operations and additions. Binary signals are classified as sets, and multilevel signals as functions. Two set-theoretic representations of signals are reviewed. Filters are classified as set-processing (SP) or function-processing (FP). Conditions are provided for certain FP filters that pass binary signals to commute with signal thresholding because then they can be analyzed and implemented as SP filters. The basic morphological operations of set erosion, dilation, opening, and closing are related to Minkowski set operations and are used to construct FP morphological filters. Emphasis is then given to analytically and geometrically quantifying the similarities and differences between morphological filtering of signals by sets and functions; the latter case allows the definition of morphological convolutions and correlations. Toward this goal, various properties of FP morphological filters are also examined. Linear shift-invariant filters (due to their translation-invariance) are uniquely characterized by their kernel, which is a special collection of input signals. Increasing linear filters are represented as the supremum of erosions by their kernel functions. If the filters are also discrete and have a finite-extent impulse response, they can be represented as the supremum of erosions only by their minimal (with respect to a signal ordering) kernel functions. Stable linear filters can be represented as the sum of (at most) two weighted suprema of erosions. These results demonstrate the power of mathematical morphology as a unifying approach to both linear and nonlinear signal-shaping strategies.


The purpose of the present study was to explore diversity characteristics and experiences of discrimination in certified mental-performance consultants (CMPCs). The results of a questionnaire (N = 260) indicated that CMPCs remain a rather homogeneous population (>80% White, heterosexual, and able-bodied). Female and non-White consultants were significantly more likely to experience discrimination in the field. The findings indicate that minorities remain underrepresented among CMPCs. In addition, the profession is in need of interventional strategies to prevent experiences of discrimination in applied sport psychology.


Abstract Bangladesh is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change impacts such as extreme weather events, due to its low-lying topography, high population density and widespread poverty. In this paper, we report on the development and results of an agent-based model of the migration dynamics that may arise in Bangladesh as a result of climate change. The main modules are each calibrated with data on relevant indicators, such as the incidences of extreme poverty, socioeconomic vulnerability, demography, and historical drought, cyclone and flood patterns. The results suggest likely changes in population densities across Bangladesh due to migration from the drought-prone western districts and areas vulnerable to cyclones and floods in the south, towards northern and eastern districts. The model predicts between 3 and 10 million internal migrants over the next 40 years, depending on the severity of the hazards. Some associated policy considerations are also discussed.


Abstract Systems for Open-Domain Question Answering (OpenQA) generally depend on a retriever for finding candidate passages in a large corpus and a reader for extracting answers from those passages. In much recent work, the retriever is a learned component that uses coarse-grained vector representations of questions and passages. We argue that this modeling choice is insufficiently expressive for dealing with the complexity of natural language questions. To address this, we define ColBERT-QA, which adapts the scalable neural retrieval model ColBERT to OpenQA. ColBERT creates fine-grained interactions between questions and passages. We propose an efficient weak supervision strategy that iteratively uses ColBERT to create its own training data. This greatly improves OpenQA retrieval on Natural Questions, SQuAD, and TriviaQA, and the resulting system attains state-of-the-art extractive OpenQA performance on all three datasets.


Eating disorders and disordered eating affect about half a million teenagers in the United States. Restrained eating is a type of disordered eating behavior where individuals limit their food intake to avoid weight gain, maintain their current weight, or lose weight. Although researchers have examined numerous predictors of this eating style, there are gaps in the literature related to the role of emotion socialization on restrained eating. Parents and peers continually interact with adolescents; as such, both groups often witness adolescents' emotion expressivity behaviors. They can respond supportively or unsupportively and these responses contribute to adolescents' emotion regulation strategies. The current study examined parents' and friends' supportive and unsupportive emotion socialization behaviors as correlates of adolescents' restrained eating directly and indirectly through emotion regulation strategies (i.e., inhibition, dysregulation, regulation cope). Since gender differences are typical in how emotions are socialized and in restrained eating behaviors, the role of gender was examined. Data were collected from 91 youth (Mage = 16.50 years; 56.0% female; 76.9% Caucasian) and their parents (Mage = 49.30 years; 91.2% mothers). Youth responded to the You and Your Friends Questionnaire which assessed best friends' emotion socialization, the Children's Emotion Management Scales, which assessed adolescents' emotion regulation behaviors, and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, which assessed adolescents' restrained eating. Parents completed the Emotions as a Child Questionnaire, which asked about parents' emotion socialization. Conditional process analyses and parallel mediations were conducted to examine the direct and indirect effects of emotion socialization on restrained eating through emotion regulation and as a function of gender. Results indicated that emotion inhibition mediated the effects of friend supportive and passive unsupportive responses on restrained eating. Additionally, friend passive unsupportive responses predicted higher levels of restrained eating in girls and lower levels of restrained eating in boys. Lastly, parent and friend active unsupportive responses predicted restrained eating in girls, but in different directions. Parents' active unsupportive responses predicted lower levels of restrained eating in girls, whereas friends' active unsupportive response predicted higher levels of restrained eating in girls. These findings demonstrate that during adolescence individuals, especially friends, influence adolescents' restrained eating behaviors. Further, girls may be at greater risk of restrained eating compared to adolescent boys.


We propose a scheme to generate entangled coherent states for the vibrational modes of N trapped ions. In the scheme the first ion is sequentially excited by two travelling wave laser fields tuned to the ion transition. The scheme works in the strong-excitation regime, which is of experimental importance in view of decoherence.


IT IS BECOMING apparent that total pelvic viserectomy with ureterointestinal anastomosis is a feasible operative procedure for certain pelvic neoplasms.1Though the operation is severe and the mortality rate considerable, the procedure affords certain patients palliation and the possibility of "cure" in circumstances which would have been considered hopeless a few years ago. Our present interests are concerned with the selection of cases and the results of the procedure. This presentation covers an experience with the radical operation, that is, total removal of pelvic viscera and pelvic lymph nodes en bloc. Partial viscerectomies have been carried out for many years, and they and radical Wertheim operations are not considered in this report. The total viscerectomy as now carried out consists in either abdominal-perineal or supralevator resection with terminal sigmoid colostomy and anastomosis of ureters to colon. Usually the right ureter is anastomosed to cecum or ascending colon and the


Foreign investment can provide a flow of capital into Australian agriculture and has played an important role meeting the shortfalls in domestic savings throughout Australia's history. Despite the political and media attention on foreign investment in agriculture, there is little knowledge about stakeholders' perceptions of foreign investment in their community. This study assesses the opinions of farmers about foreign investment in the Wheatbelt. We investigate the economic, social and environmental opportunities and challenges associated with foreign investment. Interviews with agricultural experts identified three main operating structures of foreign investment: own-operate, own-lease and own-sharefarm. Semi-structured interviews with farmers in the WA Wheatbelt revealed that farmers generally have positive attitudes towards foreign investment, although there were clear advantages and disadvantages associated with the different operating structures. Overall, foreign investment was found to offer opportunities for capital injection, natural resource management, employment and community support in the Wheatbelt. This study provides evidence that, contrary to much speculation in the media, foreign investment is not having a detrimental effect on farmers and rural communities in the study locations.


Credit scoring has been a popular topic of research for decades. It generally aims to predict the probability of default of a particular loan. The most recent and popular approach to predict loan default is using a data-driven approach or often referred as data mining. This approach lets machine learning algorithms to study the pattern within a data to build a prediction model. The common use of this model is to assess the risk of default of a particular loan application in the credit approval process based on its characteristics.

This thesis presents an application of Knowledge Discovery in Data (KDD) on retail credit data from Indonesian market to predict loan default, especially of new loan applications. The data was originated from a rural sharia bank in Indonesia and was developed using a bottom-up approach for this study. It was started with a list of potential relevant features found in the literature whose data then were populated by querying the relevant information from the raw operational tables (bottom-up). After being preprocessed to specifically accommodate predictive modelling to assess credit risk of new retail loan applications, the dataset consists of 25 features with 56,903 non-default cases and only 1,498 default cases. Considering the extreme class imbalance between default and non-default cases in the dataset (100:2 imbalance ratio), a special attention was given to handle it. Two class rebalancing techniques were performed: 1) SMOTE+Tomek-link which produced an oversampled dataset, and 2) random undersampling. Despite a better class balance in both datasets, the undersampled dataset contains relatively more outliers than the oversampled set according to Principle Component Analysis. Additionally, several alternative metrics were used to measure the prediction performance such that the prediction accuracy in the minority class (default cases) is not jeopardized by the majority class (non-default classes).

The experiment was performed using 10-fold cross-validation on the original and the rebalanced datasets using five different classification algorithms including logistic regression, ANN, decision tree, random forest, and Naive bayes. The result showed that using overall accuracy such as PCC as performance indicator is less appropriate in the imbalanced learning. Hence, F-measure score was chosen to compare the prediction performance and suggested that random forest is the best performing algorithm. The result also suggested that both rebalanced datasets produce a similarly better performance compared to the imbalanced dataset. However, the undersampled dataset is more efficient in terms of computing time and resource consumption due to its smaller size.

The experiment was extended by introducing two additional features concerning socio-economic situation in which the loan was granted, namely, the Quarter of Ramadan (QoR) and the Issued After Financial Crisis (IAFC). The result showed that the addition of either QoR or IAFC to the dataset gave insignificant impact to the prediction performance. Moreover, mean decrease Gini (MDG) impurity score calculation from random forest algorithm that indicates feature importance suggested that both features are less important in predicting loan default, even though IAFC is relatively more important than QoR. Meanwhile, the MDG score also gave insight into the importance of other features that might help the bank improving its credit approval process by implementing data-driven approach in order to increase the decision quality and to reduce personal sentiment and subjectivity.


Amino acid esters are racemized by dissolution in a mixture of aliphatic ketones and carboxylic acids. The racemization rate mainly depends on the structure of the amino acid and on the kind of ketone and carboxylic acid used, the best racemizing medium being acetone containing 15% acetic acid. The mechanism of the racemization and the practical consequences of this study in the optical resolution field are discussed.


The Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks exposed in the Minnesota River Valley between New Ulm and Ortonville are divided into three groups. The oldest is a basic complex of gabbro and diorite gneiss, quartz diorite gneiss, and garnetiferous quartz diorite gneiss. A few small isolated masses of serpentinized peridotite are included in the basic complex. The second group comprises varieties of granite and granite gneiss that are closely related and are assigned to the Minnesota Valley granite series. Five types are distinguished on the basis of textural and structural differences. The third and youngest group, referred to as postgranite intrusives, consists of several small and somewhat circular intrusives, a large number of basic dikes, and two small masses of late granite. Modes of the principal rock types are given. The relative ages of the three major groups were determined by intrusive relationships, but close dating of the various rocks assigned to each group is not possible. On the basis of zircon types the Minnesota Valley granite series is assigned tentatively to late pre-Huronian or Huronian, and the postgranite intrusives are assigned tentatively to Keewenawan.


This article provides an overview of ligand-binding assays, including the origin and evolution of the primary concepts, in addition to reviewing commonly used assay formats. The birth of ligand-binding assays began with a radioimmunoassay developed to measure insulin in 1960. Fundamental to ligand-binding assay design is the requirement of at least one protein that interacts with the analyte of interest. Enzyme immunoassay has largely supplanted radioimmunoassay as the ligand-binding assay of choice in today's laboratory environment. This article illustrates various assay formats such as competitive, sandwich and bridging, in addition to, describing critical reagents necessary for their design. The utility of ligand-binding assays in therapeutic protein development and comparison to alternative bioanalysis platforms is discussed.


We present for the first time biofunctionalization and biocompatibibility studies of solution-processable organic semiconductors. Furthermore, low-operating voltage organic thin-film transistor devices have been fabricated, which can be used as sensors in electrolytes. The devices are based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), being both a reasonably conductive and optically active polymer. To overcome biocompatibility problems protein-based coatings and oxygen-plasma treatments have been adopted to enable growth of adherent living cells on those modified surfaces. With the demonstration of biocompatible semiconducting polymeric layers, we have overcome a substantial hurdle for the realizations of low-cost and mass-produced sensors in life science, opening new possibilities of biological sensing with organic electronic devices.


Q U E B E C C I T Y — Women who've had a prior preterm birth are at increased risk for a subsequent preterm birth and associated neonatal morbidity and mortality, and this risk is inversely related to the gestational age at which their first spontaneous preterm birth occurred. That finding emerged from a population-based cohort study of more than 25,000 women that was presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Women with a previous preterm birth, especially if it's earlier than 34 weeks, are at high risk and should be monitored carefully, said Erica Frecker, M.D., a resident in obstetrics and gynecology at Dalhousie University in Halifax, N.S., working under B. Anthony Armson, M.D. The study offers useful information for obstetricians who give preconceptional counseling to women with previous preterm births, who are often worried about the outcome of their next pregnancy, said Dr. Frecker, the study's lead author. Using the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database, researchers identified 25,525 women who had their first and second deliveries in 1988-2001. All of the women had spontaneous births; stillbirths and major fetal anomalies in the first pregnancy were excluded. The women were categorized into four groups based on their babies' gestational ages at first delivery. The risks of preterm birth and serious neonatal morbidity or mortality in the subsequent pregnancy were calculated using multivariate analysis. The incidence of preterm birth earlier than 37 weeks, earlier than 34 weeks, and earlier than 28 weeks was 4.66%, 1.25%, and 0.3%, respectively, in the first pregnancy, followed by an incidence of 3.66%, 0.94%, and 0.24%, respectively, in the second pregnancy. The relative risk of having a preterm birth in the second pregnancy was inversely related to the gestational age at birth in the first pregnancy, except in the youngest gestational age category. (See chart.) The numbers were adjusted for multiple gestation and uterine anomaly by multivariate regression. The proportions of neonatal morbidity/mortality in the second pregnancy increased as the gestational age category decreased. The proportions increased from 1.21% for gestational ages greater than 37 weeks to 8.18% for gestational ages of less than 28 weeks. Serious neonatal morbidity cases included necrotizing enterocolitis, severe respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis. Commenting on the study, David Young, M.D., past president of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, noted that the results from the provincial perinatal database may be applicable to the general population, as they represent every birth in Nova Scotia for 1988-2001. "Researchers or clinicians in the field, particularly of preterm birth, would not be surprised by these results, but it adds substantially to the information that already is available and what might have been our best guess," said Dr. Young, now head of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Dalhousie University's IWK Health Centre in Halifax. Although "we don't have a proven, effective method of intervention," Dr. Young said, the study may shed light on the controversy surrounding intramuscular progesterone, which was the subject of several studies, including a randomized, controlled trial (N. Engl. J. Med 2003;348:2379-85). Since then, a more recent review has been published on the prevention of preterm delivery using the same medication (Obstet. Gynecol. 2005;105:1128-35). "It [progesterone] may be the closest thing that might be effective," Dr. Young said. The study results also provide evidence that women who have a prior preterm birth—particularly those who delivered earlier than 34 weeks—should be monitored more closely, noted Dr. Young. These patients may be considered for investigations such as cervical length surveillance through transvaginal ultrasound, for the treatment of prophylactic steroids for lung maturity, and for modification of activity. ■ Preterm birth risk in second pregnancy inversely related to gestational age at birth in first preterm pregnancy.


In power production and aviation, thermal barrier coatings are widely used to improve performance of turbine blades. During deposition of plasma sprayed coatings, some discontinuities might appear to affect the ability of turbine blades to withstand high temperatures and protect primary parts. Thermal testing systems are increasingly used in the testing of thermal barrier coatings due to large surface, rapid and noncontact testing capabilities. In this work, the features of the thermal nondestructive testing (NDT) of thermal barrier coatings are summarized and current problems, such as residual heating, spurious reflections and coating transparency, are addressed. The experimental data are presented along with advanced processing results obtained by using pulse phase thermography and principal component analysis. The comparison of the processing techniques is done in the detection of delaminations between the coating and substrate. The problem of the discrimination between the coating thickness variations and delaminations, as well as the sensitivity of thermal NDT, is discussed.


Image segmentation is an important first step of many image processing, computer graphics, and computer vision pipelines. Unfortunately, it remains difficult to automatically and robustly segment cluttered scenes, or scenes in which multiple objects have similar color and texture. In these scenarios, light fields offer much richer cues that can be used efficiently to drastically improve the quality and robustness of segmentations. In this paper we introduce a new light field segmentation method that respects texture appearance, depth consistency, as well as occlusion, and creates well-shaped segments that are robust under view point changes. Furthermore, our segmentation is hierarchical, i.e. with a single optimization, a whole hierarchy of segmentations with different numbers of regions is available. All this is achieved with a submodular objective function that allows for efficient greedy optimization. Finally, we introduce a new tree-array type data structure, i.e. a disjoint tree, to efficiently perform submodular optimization on very large graphs. This approach is of interest beyond our specific application of light field segmentation. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method on a number of synthetic and real data sets, and show how the obtained segmentations can be used for applications in image processing and graphics.


A key step towards a chemical picture of enzyme catalysis was taken in 1913, when Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten published their studies of sucrose hydrolysis by invertase. Based on a novel experimental design and a mathematical model, their work offered a quantitative view of biochemical kinetics well before the protein nature of enzymes was established and complexes with substrates could be detected. Michaelis–Menten kinetics provides a solid framework for enzyme kinetics in vitro, but what about kinetics in cells, where enzymes can be highly regulated and participate in a multitude of interactions? We discuss this question using the Extracellular Signal RegulatedKinase (ERK), which controls amyriad functions in cells, as a model of an important enzyme for which we have crystal structures, quantitative in vitro assays, and a vast list of binding partners. Despite great progress, we still cannot quantitatively predict how the rates of ERK– dependent reactions respond to genetic and pharmacological perturbations. Achieving this goal, which is important from both fundamental and practical standpoints, requires measuring the rates of enzyme reactions in their native environment and interpreting these measurements using simple but realistic mathematical models — the two elements which served as the cornerstones for Michaelis' and Menten's seminal 1913 paper.


The persistently poor results obtained by surgeons in acute intestinal obstruction are in a large measure due to delay in diagnosis. Clinicians have been disposed to place a good deal of reliance on the expulsion of an enema as evidence militating against the presence of mechanical obstruction in the bowel, and there exists a general unwillingness to accept the diagnosis of acute obstruction of the intestine as long as enemas continue to be returned with the expulsion of gas and feces. In this study an attempt has been made to evaluate the significance of the expulsion of enemas as a criterion of intestinal obstruction. In a series of nine dogs, obstructions of varying types were established, and Noble's enemas were subsequently administered. In four animals a high jejunal complete obstruction was established by severing the bowel and inverting the proximal end; the distal end was brought up and anchored to


Abstract The spaces of our childhood maintain a particularly enduring hold when they cease to exist or are so reconstructed that the previous version is effectively obliterated. Recollections of an early home that no longer exists provide the framework for David Malouf's celebrated 12 Edmondstone Street. In this article, I juxtapose Malouf's experiences with recollections of my own family home in Kyogle, coincidentally situated at the other end of the old railway line that began just a couple of hundred metres from Malouf's childhood dwelling. In addressing both the similarities and differences between Malouf's and my own example, the discussion will develop around the fact that in contrast to the physical non-existence of the address of 12 Edmonstone Street, my own family home in Kyogle has not been extinguished; instead, it is today a disfigured 'renovation' of its former self. Ultimately, 12 Edmondstone Street – a piece of writing whose poetic power and mnemonic resonance go beyond the mortal limits of physical space – will operate as a literary shelter through which the power of memories of former living spaces can be articulated.


Active rules (i.e., event condition action rules, triggers) have been put forward as a technique for reacting to important events, and thereby avoiding polling or embedding rule processing in applications. Despite the promises of active rules technology, the usage of active rules is low in practice. It has often been claimed (by database researchers) that the reason why few active rules applications have been built is due to the lack of support in analysis and design phases. Hence, there are very few notations or guidelines available for software engineers who develop active rules applications.In this paper, we propose modelling templates for UML state-charts and UML-A statecharts for how software engineers can capture the fundamentals of active rules. By following the proposed modelling templates and notations for active rules, it will be easier for software engineers to develop applications that rely on active rules technology.


The article proposes a methodological approach to potential damage from natural hazards forecasting in case of large-scale investment projects realization in ski tourism planning, as well as to assessing changes in the vulnerability of the territory in which these projects will be implemented. The method was verified on the data of the "Northern Caucasus Resorts" tourist cluster. The study purpose is the creation and verification of a methodology for socio-economic damage predicting in limit values and vulnerability changing in the regions of the "North Caucasus Resorts" tourist cluster objects localization for the long term. Research methods – statistical (a structural approach based on the identification of common structural patterns of several sets). The lack of statistical information on significant parameters for forecasting determine necessitates of using the various logically non-contradictory revaluations based on the identified structural similarities for the calculation of their values within the planning horizon. The study results and main conclusions – in case of the "North Caucasus Resorts" tourist cluster creation the number of people potentially located in avalanche and mudflow danger areas will significantly increase in all of its facilities localization municipalities, which indicate an increase in the individual risk of death level for this territory. The present population in the ski season in some of the most remote and underdeveloped areas can increase up to 30 times. The increment in the value of the fixed assets for the municipalities under consideration will be from two to 90 times, potential damages in limit values will reach tens of billions rubles.


I use a model of avian migration based on maximization of overall migration speed to compare the strength of selection acting on foraging performance and flight speed. Let the optimal foraging behaviour be u* and the optimal flight speed be v*. It is shown that at this optimum, the ratio of the strength of selection on foraging to the strength of selection on flight speed is θ =–(u*2Pγ″/v*2γP″), where γ is the rate of energy expenditure during flight and P is the rate at which energy is gained during foraging. The dimensionless ratio P/γ is the ratio of time spent building up fuel to time spent flying which A. Hedenström and T. Alerstam showed was much greater than unity. Although θ depends on this ratio, it also depends on the curvatures of the functions, as represented by γ″ and P″. I use this simple example to make some general points about the strength of selection.


The objective of the present work is to design and develop an android app based user interface to control a robotic vehicle using wireless bluetooth technology. The entire system consists of carefully selected replaceable low-cost components to meet the rugged industrial environment. The proposed single-board in-vehicle embedded system is equipped with the HC-05 bluetooth model to interact with microcontroller and android app, dc gear motor and L293D motor driver to control the kinetics of a robotic vehicle, and ATmega328P microcontroller as core processing unit fixed on self-designed chassis. The back-hand design for the android app is developed using open source called 'App Inventor' developed by MIT and suitable to develop app without Java platform. The in-vehicle electronics hardware is developed around the ATmega328P microcontroller and bluetooth module is interfaced with microcontroller through the UART protocol to exchange the data with android app. By pressing remote button developed in the android app the direction of the robotic vehicle can be decided. The major advantages of this proposed design is, minimum version of in-built bluetooth smartphone is used to install the developed app and wireless bluetooth technology offers zero communication cost. Moreover, this robotic vehicle can also be utilized other application such as, exploring the toxic area, detection of explosive landmines, multipurpose surveillance vehicle.


India is urbanizing at a massive rate, and predicted to have 50% of its population classified as urban by 2050. The Mumbai Metropolitan region is an urban agglomerate that represents the emancipatory qualities of urbanisation while simultaneously showing signs of urban decay that reflects a poor urban strategy. This urban decay is however blamed on the city's rural-urban migrants who are seen to contribute to over-crowding in the city leading to a competition for urban resources. The project attempts to identify these labour migrants through various narratives and historic precedents of migration in the city to form an understanding of the shortcomings of the present Metropolitan regional plan. To understand this rural-to-urban transition in the city, the research project identifies that urbanisation neglects to consider the rural landscape that it seeks to change in present day growth models and seeks to propose an alternative strategy for urban India. Review of literature on the subject indicates that rural change occurs by land acquisition and change in land-usage, rural to urban migration (transference of poverty), reduction in the agricultural production and villages reduced to slum like conditions. The design project seeks to propose an alternative model for urbanisation that incorporates the agricultural economy to improve the edge city sub-region of Vasai-Virar with examples at various scales.


We introduce character into organizational learning by building theory about how strength of individual character enhances organizational learning and how unbalanced or weak character undermine organizational learning. Bringing character into organizational learning theory helps to elucidate the type of judgment (i.e. character-based judgment anchored in all dimensions of character) that is missing but required in organizational learning to resolve organizational learning dilemmas that have persisted in the field. In connecting character to organizational learning, we rely on the multi-level processes of the 4I framework of organizational learning as scaffolding to theoretically introduce the processes of character activation, character contagion, and character embeddedness and discuss how the different character configurations and processes enhance organizational learning across levels in an organization.


Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate binocular vision after adult strabismus surgery and to investigate the predictive factors on improvement stereoacuity. Methods: Patients aged upper from 16 years who underwent strabismus surgery in our hospital reviewed retrospectively. Age, existence of amblyopia, pre-operative and postoperatively fusion ability, stereoacuity, and deviation angle were recorded. Patients were divided into two groups according to final stereoacuity; 200 sn/arc and lower: Good stereopsis (Group 1), upper 200 sn/arc: Poor stereopsis (Group 2). Characteristics were compared between groups. Results: A total of 49 patients, who were 16–56 years of age, were included in the study. The mean follow-up time was 37.8 months (range 12–72 months). Of patients, 26 had improvement in stereopsis scores after surgery (53.0%). Group 1 includes 200 sn/arc and lower (n=18, 36.7%) and Group 2 includes higher than 200 sn/arc (n=31, 63.3%). The presence of amblyopia and higher refraction error was frequent significantly in Group 2 (p=0.01 and p=0.02, respectively). The existence of fusion postoperatively was significantly frequent in Group 1 (p=0.02). Type of strabismus and the amount of deviation angle were not found in a relationship with good stereopsis. Conclusion: In adults, surgical correction of horizontal deviation improves stereoacuity. Having no amblyopia, having fusion after surgery, and low refraction error are predictive for the improvement in stereoacuity.


Online surveys are increasingly viewed as a method to expand research and evaluation capacity. This article focuses on a case study utilizing online surveys for data collection conducted by researchers at the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Arizona. The National Youth Participation Study makes use of computer technology and the interest youth have in such technology. Online methods, survey design, techniques when surveying youth and lessons learned in developing the online study are shared by the authors.


Reverse-time migration (RTM) provides superior images in areas where there are steep salt flanks or other complex geologic structures. However, the high cost of running RTM often makes it difficult to use RTM for routine large volume production. By dividing the subsurface into two or three regions in depth according to the complexity of the velocity model and applying RTM only in the region where we can benefit from it, we are able to make RTM very cost effective for routine production usage. Since the top region is often structurally simple, we use one-way WEM to image the region and save the downward continued wavefields at the base. We then use the saved wavefields as an input to RTM to image the middle region where there are complex structures and save the wavefield at the base if there is a third region with a simpler structure. We switch back to one-way WEM to image the third region using the saved data. By combining the strength of different migration algorithms, this hybrid approach not only significantly reduces the computation time and memory requirement, but also generates images of higher qualities.


Smart grids are fostering a paradigm shift in the realm of power distribution systems. Whereas traditionally different components of the power distribution system have been provided and analyzed by different teams through different lenses, smart grids require a unified and holistic approach that takes into consideration the interplay of communication reliability, energy backup, distribution automation topology, energy storage, and intelligent features such as automated fault detection, isolation, and restoration (FDIR) and demand response. In this paper, we present an analytical model and metrics for the survivability assessment of the distribution power grid network. The proposed metrics extend the system average interruption duration index, accounting for the fact that after a failure, the energy demand and supply will vary over time during a multi‐step recovery process. The analytical model used to compute the proposed metrics is built on top of three design principles: state space factorization, state aggregation, and initial state conditioning. Using these principles, we reduce a Markov chain model with large state space cardinality to a set of much simpler models that are amenable to analytical treatment and efficient numerical solution. In case demand response is not integrated with FDIR, we provide closed form solutions to the metrics of interest, such as the mean time to repair a given set of sections. Under specific independence assumptions, we show how the proposed methodology can be adapted to account for multiple failures. We have evaluated the presented model using data from a real power distribution grid, and we have found that survivability of distribution power grids can be improved by the integration of the demand response feature with automated FDIR approaches. Our empirical results indicate the importance of quantifying survivability to support investment decisions at different parts of the power grid distribution network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


It has been recently proposed that the local cerebral blood volume change during brain activation can be measured by a series of images whose contrast is dependent on vascular space occupancy (VASO). VASO takes advantage of the inversion recovery sequence to acquire images when the longitudinal magnetization (MZ) of blood is relaxing through zero. The degree of blood suppression, however, is not always well controlled as a consequence of spatial variations in inversion efficiency and blood T1. Furthermore, while blood is eliminated, the MZ of other tissues is also small, which makes the contrast-to-noise ratio inherently low in VASO. In this paper, diffusion gradients were applied to demonstrate residual intravascular signal in the original VASO. An alternative VASO-weighted imaging was then proposed using a longer inversion time at which the MZ difference between blood and gray matter was optimized. A global saturation immediately after image acquisition was employed to eliminate the MZ disparity between inflowing blood and the residual in-plane blood from previous acquisition. Feasibility was evaluated by numerical simulation and functional experiments. In human visual cortex, the fractional VASO signal and cerebral blood volume changes were found to be 0.6% and 44%, respectively (voxel size = 3.4 times 3.4 times 5.0 mm3). As compared to the original VASO, the presented method provided a largely comparable activation map and hemodynamic curve but was not confounded by the existence of blood. Results also demonstrated its advantages of 1.6-fold higher CNR and insensitivity to variant tissue/blood T1 as well as inversion efficiency.


The mechanism of improving the TID radiation hardened ability of partially depleted silicon-oninsulator(SOI) devices by using the back-gate phosphorus ion implantation technology is studied. The electron traps introduced in Si O2 near back Si O2/Si interface by phosphorus ions implantation can offset positive trapped charges near the back-gate interface. The implanted high concentration phosphorus ions can greatly reduce the back-gate effect of a partially depleted SOI NMOS device, and anti-total-dose radiation ability can reach the level of 1 Mrad(Si) for experimental devices.


An Industry Working Group set up by a public appointments competition has recently produced Electronic Execution of Documents Interim Report via the Ministry of Justice. The Law Commission dealt with this issue in 2019 in Electronic execution of documents (Law Com No 386, HC2624) and it was suggested that uncertainties may have influenced the degree of confidence of users. The aim of this article is to provide a critical analysis of the Interim Report and its uncritical acceptance of the suggestion.
Index words: Ministry of Justice; England & Wales; electronic execution; electronic documents; electronic signatures; recommendations


: A 77-year-old woman collapsed shortly after arrival at the emergency department and attempts at resuscitation were unsuccessful. Autopsy revealed an evolving recent transmural myocardial infarct in the posterolateral free wall of the left ventricle with rupture of both papillary muscles. No well documented description of post infarction dual papillary muscle rupture was found in the literature.


Renal cell cancer with tumor thrombus is present in 4-15% of cases. The prognostic significance of this entity has been object of intense debate. Nowadays, it is considered, that the presence of thrombus itself does not have a negative prognostic impact on survival rates if the thrombus could be excised satisfactorily. Complete removal of renal malignant tissue is the only curative strategy for the treatment of this kind of tumors. During the last three decades, there has been steady improvements in surgical technique and preoperative care fields that have favorably modified the surgeons' ability to safely excise these tumors. In this sense, the experience provided by multiorgan, kidney-pancreas and liver procurement and transplantation techniques led the urologists reexamine their approaches to the inferior vena cava and retroperitoneum, thus they could result useful in the always challenging resection of these complex tumors with neoplasic extension into the vena cava.


We investigate the pass-through of monetary policy to bank lending rates in the euro area during the sovereign debt crisis, in comparison to the pre-crisis period. We make the following contributions. First, we use a factor-augmented vector autoregression, which allows us to assess the responses of a large number of country-specific interest rates and spreads. Second, we analyze the effects of monetary policy on the components of the interest rate pass-through, which reflect banks' funding risk (including sovereign risk) and markups charged by banks over funding costs. Third, we not only consider conventional but also unconventional monetary policy. We find that while the transmission of conventional monetary policy to bank lending rates has not changed with the crisis, the composition of the IP has changed. Specifically, expansionary conventional monetary policy lowered sovereign risk in peripheral countries and longer-term bank funding risk in peripheral and core countries during the crisis, but has been unable to lower banks' markups. This was not, or not as much, the case prior to the crisis. Unconventional monetary policy helped decreasing lending rates, mainly due to large shocks rather than a strong propagation. JEL classification: E5, E43, E44, C3


Gold nanoparticles can be used as detectors in various diagnostics and therapeutics of diseases. Currently, we are developing a diagnostic kit for Chikungunya virus by using gold nanoparticle as biosensor on immunoassay. One of the preliminary steps of the research is to synthesize gold nanoparticles by natural product as bioreductor. Green-gold nanoparticle was chosen as the candidate of biosensor because of its low toxicity. Gold nanoparticle was produced by using malva nut gum ( Scaphium macropodum  (Miq.) Buem.) as bioreductor and biostabilizer. Tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl 4 ) solution was mixed with malva nut gum; and stirred until the gold nanoparticle's colour turn into red. The optimum reaction time and concentration of malva nut gum as bioreductor were 4 hours and 3% w/v, respectively. Moreover, the product was stable for 23 days. It was found that the speed of stirring of synthesis also influenced the particle size. Particle size ranged from 74-106 nm was produced by 500 rpm of stirring for 4 hours. The product was characterized by spectrophotometer UV-Vis, SEM / EDS, and FTIR. Keywords: Malva nut gum; bioreductor; biostabilizer; gold nanoparticle; Chikungunya


A BSTRACT Background Successful engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells from unrelated donors is influenced by disparities between the donor and recipient for HLA-A, B, and C alleles. Disparities between HLA sequence polymorphisms that are serologically detectable are termed antigen mismatches, whereas those that can be identified only by DNA-based typing methods are termed allele mismatches. Whether both kinds of polymorphisms are important in transplantation is not known. We tested the hypothesis that allele mismatches that are detectable only at the DNA level are less immunogenic than those that are serologically detectable and thereby are associated with a lower risk of graft failure after hematopoietic-cell transplantation. Methods We used DNA sequencing to define the HLA-A, B, and C alleles in 471 patients who received bone marrow from unrelated donors for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia after myeloablative conditioning therapy. The odds ratios for graft failure were determined for recipients of transplants from donors with a single class I allele mismatch, a single class I antigen mismatch, or two or more class I mismatches, as compared with those with no mismatch. Results A single HLA allele mismatch did not increase the risk of graft failure, whereas a single antigen mismatch significantly increased the risk. The risk was also increased if the recipient was HLA homozygous at the mismatched class I locus or if the donor had two or more class I mismatches. Conclusions HLA class I antigen mismatches that are serologically detectable confer an enhanced risk of graft failure after hematopoietic-cell transplantation. Transplants from donors with a single class I allele mismatch that is not serologically detectable may be used without an increased risk of graft failure. (N Engl J Med 2001;345:1794-800.)


Dengue fever is viral infection caused by dengue virus which is transmitted in human body by bite of female Eddie mosquito. There are 50 million people suffer from it globally every year. Pakistan has been victim of this rapidly growing disease from last few years. The world health organization identified two main types of dengue fever. This paper appraises the selected classification algorithms for the classification of dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemraghic fever (DHF) datasets. Naïve Bayes classifier, Decision Tree, K-nearest neighbor algorithm, multilayered perception algorithm and Support vector machines are considered here for classification of dengue fever. These algorithms are measured based on five criteria: Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Specificity and false negative rate.


In Italy the link between citizenship and national identity is relatively weak. Historically, nation-building has been hampered by its simultaneity with other macropolitical processes: state construction, economic modernization and the consequent restructuring of class cleavages, the secularization of state authority, the transition to mass politics, and enduring regional disparities. After the collapse of Fascism during World War II, the Republican polity was founded not on national identity but on cosmopolitan values and on the integrative capacity of political parties. The partisan mediation of the practice of citizenship has allowed the consolidation of democracy in Italy under conditions of ideological polarization. However, the rights and duties actually enjoyed or performed by citizens are the result of a continuous bargaining process among parties and interest groups rather than of a distinctive and pervasive conception of citizenship. In combination with a relatively weak sense of ethnic identity, this circumstance makes Italians well prepared for participating in a political system based on negotiation and 'thin' loyalties like the European Union.


Online learning communities may greatly benefit from incorporating adaptive features which take advantage of the knowledge and experiences of community members and use it to better serve each individual depending on personal preferences, goals and needs, as well as the history of activity in the community. This paper investigates the incorporation of adaptive features in online learning communities and focuses on deploying web mining techniques for this purpose. It presents a pilot system that experiments with the application of a number of adaptation forms and concludes with identifying some open issues and concerns in the domain of applying adaptiveness to web environments that host learning communities.


Turkey, located on the most suitable place on earth for vinegrowing, has a remarkably old and essential vinegrowing history as well as being the centre of grape-vine gene. Turkey's share in grape production area and world production in 2007 were 7 and 6%, respectively. The purpose of this study is to analyse the use of energy in sultana grape production in Manisa, a significant production area in Turkey and to determine the variable costs and gross margin of sultana grapes production. For this purpose, 48 farmers were selected and their 2008 growing season records examined. Winegrowing (viticulture and enology) is a global industry, representing a significant demand on the world's resources, including fossil fuels. Nowadays, energy use in agricultural production in Turkey is becoming more intensive due to the use of energy-intensive inputs. The total energy input necessary for sultana grape production was 37,488.00 MJ/ha. The research results indicated that the total energy input used for grape production was mainly dependent on non-renewable energy forms. The values of gross product and total variable costs were US$ 6,039.00 and US$ 2,847.23, respectively. Therefore, gross margin was calculated to be US$ 3,191.77.


Despite being a popular research topic, digital control is still seldom applied in practical low-power high-frequency integrated SMPS converters. Phones, PDAs and music/video players are still mainly designed with analog PWM control inside the voltage regulator blocks. This is mainly due to the apparent complexity of implementation, cost constraint and absence of digital controller architectures that can support operation at switching frequencies significantly higher than 1MHz with low-power consumption features. Broader acceptance of digital techniques in low-power high-frequency SMPS is still hampered by practical problems of the combination of cost issues, trade-off performances and power consumption. However, with the rapid development of Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technologies and CMOS manufacturing technique, and associated with their design tools in the last decade, it is now very possible to realize the high performance digital control in power electronics system by high-speed low-power digital devices (FPGA, ASIC, etc). With these advantages, the implementation of digital controller has become more feasible for low-power high-frequency SMPS design in portable electronics applications. The research interest of the thesis is to explore practical ways of incorporating advantages of digital control in practical implementation, investigates issues of digital controller implementation at lower power levels, gives detailed guidelines for digital controller design and hardware selection, and proposes new hardware solutions for the main functional digital controller blocks. Two main objectives of this work focus the implementation of high-resolution high-frequency digital PWM (DPWM) and high-performance digital control algorithms for SMPS in FPGA-based realization


For the first time, quantitative data was obtained on plasma treatment of living mammalian cells. The nonthermal atmospheric discharge produced by the plasma needle was used for treatment of mammalian endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The influence of several experimental parameters on cell detachment and necrosis was tested using cell viability assays. Interruption of cell adhesion (detachment) was the most important cell reaction to plasma treatment. Treatment times of 10 s were enough to detach cells in the cultured cell sheet. Under extreme conditions, cell necrosis occurred. Cell detachment without necrosis could be achieved at low voltages. It was shown that the thickness of the liquid layer covering the cells was the most important factor, which had more influence than treatment time or applied voltage. The results show no remarkable differences between the responses of the two cell types.


A major complication associated with burn injury is delayed wound healing. While healing of the burn injury site is essential, healing of distal injury sites caused by surgical interventions and other processes also is important. The impact of burn injury on healing of these distal wound sites is not understood clearly. To study this, mice were subjected to major burn injury or a sham procedure. Immediately following, excisional wounds were made on the dorsal surface caudal to the burn site and wound closure was monitored over a 7-d period by planimetry. In a second series of experiments, plasma and excisional wounds were collected for in vitro analysis of cyto- and chemokine levels, L-arginine metabolism, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α expression. At 1–7 d post-injury, a significant inflammatory response was evident in both groups, but the healing process was delayed in the burn-injured mice. At 3 d post-injury, wound levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and keratinocyte-derived chemokine were suppressed in the burn group. This difference in the wound inflammatory response was independent of changes in L-arginine metabolism (nitrate levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, arginase activity), but correlated with a marked reduction in HIF-1α protein levels. In conclusion, these findings suggest that HIF-1α and the inflammatory response play a significant role in wound healing, and reduced levels of HIF-1α contribute to the impaired healing response post-burn.


The idea of this paper draws from the area of theoretical economics. It tries to explain effect scientific and technical progress development for the total economic growth. It is based on the land of the neo-classic political economics. Room for scientific and technical development is here understood like possibility to achieve required production profits at lower basic personal and matter factors usage. Submitted benefit tempts outline consistency image about incidence scientific and technical progress development like agent's economic growth and it image cunning until formal expressions that it is possible use to construction analytic or forecasted oriented model.
This economics construction introduce that the exercise scientific and technical progress development in economic growth is contingent effective for doing innovative, or experimental work; corresponding operation is intended world's initial operation. Innovation introduced by this Directive in consequence research, general time economically efficient incidence these innovation and at last innovative frequency, because operation is higher, where is time variation in innovation introduced by this Directive own research. Worlds initial beginning innovative incidence is here virtual so that it is concerned as innovation on a world-wide scale. Reason - if innovation introduced by this Directive definite scientific and technical progress of knowledge, it is scientific and technical progress essence.


We used array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to measure genomic copy number alterations (CNAs) in 42 neuroblastoma cell lines with known 1p36.3, 2p24 (MYCN), 11q23, and 17q23 allelic status. All cell lines showed CNAs, with an average of 22.0% of the genome of each sample showing evidence of gain (11.6%) or loss (10.4%). MYCN amplification was detected in 81% of cell lines, but other regions with high‐level genomic amplification were observed only rarely. Gain of 17q material was present in 75% of the samples, and four discrete genomic regions at 17q23.2–17q25.3 were defined. Novel regions of gain were identified, including a 2.6‐Mb subtelomeric region at 5p that includes the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT), which was found in 45% of the cell lines. Hemizygous deletions were noted at 1p36.23–1p36.32 and 11q23.3–11q25 in 60% and 36%, respectively, of the samples, with other frequent (>25%) regions of deletion localized to 1p32.1, 3p21.31–3p22.1, 5q35.2–5q35.3, 7q31.2, 7q34, 9q22.3–9q24.1, 10q26.11–10q26.12, 16q23.1–16q24.3, 18q21.32–18q23, and 20p11.21–20p11.23. A smallest region of overlap (SRO) for CNAs was mapped across all experiments and in each case was consistent with or refined the published data. A single cell line showed a homozygous deletion at 3p22.3, which was verified, and this location was refined by FISH and PCR. There was outstanding concordance of aCGH with PCR‐based CNA detection methods. Several potential cooperating loci were identified, including deletion of 11q23–25, which was highly associated with both regional gain and loss at multiple chromosomal loci but was inversely correlated with the deletion of 1p36. Taking all of this together indicates that aCGH can accurately measure CNAs in the neuroblastoma genome and facilitate gene discovery efforts by high‐throughput refinement of candidate loci. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045‐2257/suppmat/index.html. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the changes of corneal topography following femtosecond laser and manual clear corneal incision (CCI).

METHODS
Inflation testing was performed in 14 human eye globes to evaluate the topographic response of the cornea to CCIs. In seven samples (femtosecond laser group), a 2.75-mm three-plane CCI was created using the iFS femtosecond laser (Abbott Medical Optics, Inc., Santa Ana, CA); the remaining seven samples (control group) received a 2.75-mm manual CCI using disposable angled knives. Topographic maps of the anterior and posterior cornea were acquired using a Scheimpflug topographer Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). Keratometric data were used to analyze the curvature changes of the cornea. The changes of corneal astigmatism were analyzed by vector analysis.

RESULTS
After CCI, the mean change of the anterior keratometric power was 0.04 ± 0.39 and 0.05 ± 0.51 diopters (D) (analysis of variance, P > .05) in the femtosecond laser and control groups, respectively. The mean change (P > .05) of the posterior corneal keratometric power was 0.16 ± 0.19 and 0.15 ± 0.18 D, respectively. The average change of the anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism vector magnitude was 0.17 D or less in both groups (P > .05). A slight against-the-rule astigmatic change of the anterior and posterior corneal interfaces was found after both CCI techniques.

CONCLUSION
The 2.75-mm three-plane CCI created with femtosecond laser showed minimal changes of the anterior and posterior corneal topography, comparable with those of single-plane angled manual incision.


We present a superfluid theory of a polarized dipolar Fermi gas. For two dipolar molecules each of which consists of two atoms with positive charge and negative charge, we derive an effective dipole-dipole pairing interaction. Using this pairing interaction, we show that the resulting BCS gap equation is not suffered from the well-known ultraviolet divergence, so that one can quantitatively predict superfluid properties of a dipolar Fermi gas. Using this cutoff-free superfluid theory, we examine the symmetry of the superfluid order parameter at T=0. We also discuss the deformation of the Fermi surface, originating from the anisotropy of the dipole-dipole interaction.


The threats of climate change and rising food prices have stirred renewed attention for seed and food security in Africa, inviting new thinking on the role of seed sector development in coping with these concerns. One conceptual framework that has gained attention is the Integrated Seed Sector Development (ISSD) approach. The ISSD approach has evolved as a response to the almost exclusive focus on formal seed systems in seed sector development programs. Instead, ISSD aims to recognize and support all the diverse seed systems that exist in a particular country. An analysis of the evolution of seed policies and regulatory frameworks in Kenya since independence indeed exposes a continuous support for the formal seed sector while support given to the informal sector has merely been intended to transform it into formal. In reality, however, the formal and informal sectors appear to be made up of a plurality of seed systems, with the informal seed systems being the main source of seed for most crops. The article continues with analysing some of Kenya's recent policy shifts in order to explore how its new seed policy and legislative framework may fit within ISSD principles, and concludes with some recommendations on how the variety of seeds systems that exists on the ground and in particular local seed systems can be supported.


We conducted a field study to investigate positive intergroup attitudes (i.e., allophilia) and equality values as potential antecedents of social policy support for multiracial individuals. Participants (N = 97) reported their social policy support for multiracial individuals in two ways—support for the recognition of "multiracial" as a distinct racial category (recognition) and support for multiracial individuals' access to programs and policies (assistance). Results revealed that allophilia motivated those who held equality beliefs to support social policies for multiracial individuals. Implications of these findings for theories of positive intergroup relations, as well as the processes that may underlie progress for multiracial individuals, are discussed.


Human-induced habitat changes have been typically linked to negative effects on native species, but an increasing number of studies show that many species are unaffected by these changes or even benefited from them. The Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia is a raptor species that has deserved special attention in recent years due to its capacity to live in a variety of natural and modified habitats. In this study, we analyzed habitat characteristics that determine the habitat selection of the Burrowing Owl at the nest-patch, territory and landscape scales in the Pampas of Argentina. We performed broadcasting call surveys to evaluate presence-absence of owls at random points. In addition, we measured habitat variables in the field and used satellite imagery to obtain land-use information. We used Generalized Linear Models to explore the influence of habitat variables on the probability of occupancy by Burrowing Owls. Our results indicate that Burrowing Owls demonstrate good ability to live in a wide variety of habitat types and with different disturbance levels in the Pampas. At the nest-patch scale, which includes the nest-site and the surrounding patch around it, the presence of owls was positively associated with the horizontal visibility and was influenced by the land-cover type. At the territory scale, the occurrence of owls was positively associated with the presence of active (non-vegetated) dunes and negatively with croplands. At the landscape scale, the presence of owls was negatively associated with the disturbance level and positively with the amount of borders between habitats. A unique multi-scale model containing variables of the three spatial scales was more robust to explain variation in Burrowing Owl occupancy patterns than any single-scale model. This would reveal the hierarchical nature of habitat selection by Burrowing Owls in the Pampas, comparable to that observed in North American populations.


This review of Karl Boyd Brooks, Before Earth Day: The Origins of American Environmental Law, 1945–1970 (2009), considers an attempt to describe the law's "environmental history" through a narrative account of incrementalism. The author's deep research and skillful storytelling takes us into the struggles of early environmental advocates, who yearned to become citizens of a broader biotic community and catalyzed tensions between nature and politics and property. The author capitalizes on the co-dependencies of human and environmental sovereignty and reveals the continuous interplay of human action, nature, and legal evolution. Despite making tremendous discoveries about the emergence of environmental law, the book makes a further claim. The author suggests that most commentators erroneously focus on the environmental decade of the 1970s, instead of the roots that took hold and flourished in the post war period. In so doing, the author argues, most commentators fail to grasp the political, economic and environmental commitments made prior to the 1970s. This essay argues that although environmental law has always appeared at the crossroads of environmental challenge, economic needs, property, identity, and community, we cannot avoid the environmental law of the 1970s, when the convergence of disciplines informed our regulatory approach and when the immediate need for environmental quality became part of the law.


summary
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Eradu) was grown in the field or glasshouse on a deep loamy sand which had either a compact soil layer (compact soil) between 10 and 55 cm depth or a deep-tilled profile (loosened soil). The pattern of assimilate transport to the roots was investigated. Previously reported growth rates and solute concentrations of the seminal root axes were coupled with rates of O2 uptake measured in the field to give estimates of dry weight import into the ethanol-insoluble (structural), ethanol-soluble (osmotic) and respiratory pools. The calculated daily import of dry weight was 28% less in mechanically impeded than unrestricted apices. However, the dry weight required to produce 1 cm of root was twice as high for axes in compact soil. In these roots, a greater proportion of imported substrates went into ethanol-insoluble matter, probably cell walls. Non-respired 14C lost from root systems into the rhizosphere was measured in the glasshouse and found to be less than 4% of the 14C fixed 72 h earlier, even in compact soil.

The partitioning of 14C-labelled assimilate in plants from the two treatments was compared. The proportion of 14C in the ethanol-soluble fraction was hardly affected by tissue age or soil strength. Furthermore, 62–82% of the soluble 14C was in the neutral (sugar) fraction in the roots. However, the 14C concentration (dry-weight basis) in apices of seminal root axes was substantially greater when the roots grew in loosened soil. The greater sink strength of seminal root? growing in loosened soil was reflected in a 3-fold larger incorporation of 14C into each gram of new ethanol-insoluble material formed. In contrast, concentrations of 14C were similar in mature root tissues, nodal roots and shoots taken from both soil treatments.


Abstract Diverse and well-preserved acritarchs are reported from the type section of the Cambrian Hanford Brook Formation at Hanford Brook, southern New Brunswick. This section fills an important gap in acritarch studies by providing the first detailed picture of changing acritarch associations close to the traditional lower–middle Cambrian boundary in Avalonia. Acritarchs from the St Martins Member, at the base of the succession, include Skiagia ciliosa, Heliosphaeridium notatum, H. longum and Liepaina plana and suggest attribution to Cambrian Stage 4. Acritarchs from the Somerset Street Member, in the middle of the formation, include Eliasum llaniscum and Comasphaeridium silesiense. This information adds new biochronological context to an ash bed in the Somerset Street Member previously dated as c. 510 Ma or 508 Ma, and to the endemic trilobites from the same member, including Protolenus elegans. It also places absolute ages on the basal range of stratigraphically important acritarchs. Both the acritarch assemblage and the radiometric age are consistent with a position very close to the traditional lower–middle Cambrian transition and likely within Cambrian Stage 5. Acritarchs from the Long Island Member, at the top of the succession, include additional taxa demonstrating assignment to Cambrian Stage 5. Both the Somerset Street and Long Island members probably correlate with the Morocconus notabilis Zone. The new acritarch species Retisphaeridium striatum Palacios is described. New data are presented on acritarchs from the upper part of the Hell's Mouth Formation, Wales, and correlation proposed with the Long Island Member.


Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) technique has been utilized to study the evolution of domain structure with varying Pb sZr,TidO3sPZTd thickness on GaN substrate. Sol-gel PZT films were deposited on the GaN/sapphire substrate with PZT thickness of 100, 200, and 300 nm. The films exhibit ferroelectric properties that vary as a function of the film thickness. This is explained by the mechanical stress at the PZT/GaN interface. The thicker film s300 nmd is characterized by the presence of a number of oppositely polarized domains and a relatively high value of the effective piezoelectric constant. The laminar domain structure, consisting of 90° and 180° domains, has been revealed in the thinner s200 nmd PZT film. Both films show clear ferroelectric switching behavior, which is in contrast to the thinnest films100 nmd, where no switching has been observed due to mostly in-plane polarization orientation. The observed results indicate the utility of the PFM technique for characterization of the electronic properties of the PZT/GaN heterostructures. © 2004 American Institute of Physics . [DOI: 10.1063/1.1765740 ]


Abstract During the last decade, the prevalence of cancer pain and the reality of undertreatment have been well documented in both adults and children. There has been a proliferation of educational and regulatory activity setting an expectation that management of pain is a priority. At the same time, pain has come to the attention of the media, advocacy groups, industry, legislators, regulators and litigators creating an environment where this rich and multidimensional aspect of oncology care has moved beyond a clinical focus and opening up a range of opportunities for oncology professionals to participate as experts and leaders. The ethical underpinnings of the mandate to treat pain and attend to suffering compels psychosocial clinicians to advocate for the care of patients and consider participating in an informed way in the policy, legislative and political issues that flourish around the treatment of pain.


We have measured the 3.6 μ m luminosity evolution of about 1000 galaxies in 32 clusters at $0.2<z<1.25$, without any a priori assumption about luminosity evolution, i.e. in a logically rigorous way. We find that the luminosity of our galaxies evolves as an old and passively evolving population formed at high redshift without any need for additional redshift-dependent evolution. Models with a prolonged stellar mass growth are rejected by the data with high confidence. The data also reject models in which the age of the stars is the same at all redshifts. Similarly, the characteristic stellar mass evolves, in the last two thirds of the universe age, as expected for a stellar population formed at high redshift. Together with the old age of stellar populations derived from fundamental plane studies, our data seems to suggest that early-type cluster galaxies have been completely assembled at high redshift, and not only that their stars are old. The quality of the data allows us to derive the LF and mass evolution homogeneously over the whole redshift range, using a single estimator. The Schechter function describes the galaxy luminosity function well. The characteristic luminosity at $z=0.5$ is is found to be 16.30 mag, with an uncertainty of 10 per cent.


A local gyrokinetic Vlasov simulation code GKV is extended to incorporate realistic tokamak equilibria including up-down asymmetry, which are produced by a free-boundary 2D Grad-Shafranov equation solver MEUDAS. By using a newly developed interface code IGS, two dimensional rectangular equilibrium data from MEUDAS is converted to straight-field-line flux coordinates such as Hamada, Boozer, and axisymmetric coordinates, which are useful for gyrokinetic micro-instability and turbulent transport analyses. The developed codes have been verified by a cross-code benchmark test using Cyclone-base-case like MHD equilibrium, where good agreement in the dispersion relation of ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven mode has been confirmed. The extended GKV is applied to two types of shaped plasmas expected in JT-60SA tokamak devices, i.e., ITER-like and highly-shaped plasmas, and ITG-mode stability and residual zonal-flow level are investigated. Through the detailed comparisons, more favorable stability properties against the ITG mode are revealed for the highly-shaped case, where the lower ITG-mode growth rate and higher residual zonal-flow levels compared to the ITER-like case are identified. c © 2014 The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research


The recent rise of political Islam in Turkey is examined in terms of a complex interplay between four major processes: the policies of the parties on the center right toward religion; state-sponsored religious activities and the consolidation of establishment Islam; the impact of Sufi tarikats and communities; and the growing organizational strength, ideological appeal, and electoral base of the Islamist Welfare Party (WP). In the local elections held on 27 March 1994, the religious Welfare Party (WP) won 28 of the mayorships in Turkey's 75 provincial centers. It raised its share of the votes to 19 percent from the previous 9.9 percent in the general election held on 20 October 1991, and in some regions emerged as the leading party in the highly politically fragmented landscape of the 1990s. What startled many Turks, their Westernized elite, and foreign observers was this party's success in the two largest metropolitan areas. Istanbul and Ankara were known as the bastions of secularism and the democratic left for the past two decades. Necmettin Erbakan, the leader of the WP, interpreted his party's victory as reclaiming Istanbul, the ancient capital where the caliph of Islam had been based until 1924 when Kamal Ataturk abolished the Caliphate. He also saw it as winning over Ankara, the capital city of the Turkish Republic, which had been a symbol of modernization for many reformists throughout the Muslim world. This article examines the rise of political Islam in Turkey within the context of very recent developments and essentially political variables. The complex interplay between four major processes is identified as crucial in this respect. These processes are: the policies of the parties on the center right toward religion; state-sponsored religious activities; the impact of Sufi Islam; and Islamic party politics. The policies put forward by political parties on the center right and the religious activities of various government institutions have tended to heighten religious consciousness, increase levels of religious observance, and reinforce religious identity among the masses. On the other hand, Sufi Islam and Islamic party activity, though by no means militant in content, have strong radical and fundamentalist leanings. They are antithetical to the compartmentalization of religion and state, insisting instead on the Islamization of the society and polity according to the principles of Islamic law. TURKISH SECULARIZATION In the early 1920s, the creators and leaders of the modern Turkish republic, Mustafa Kemal and his close associates, saw in Islam both positive and negative aspects. They clearly recognized that Islam was a significant part of Turkish society, that religious faith was important for national unity and mobilization, and that it could contribute to social and moral welfare. On the other hand, they also saw Islam as a traditional force and a source of conservative influence, superstition, false ideas, and dogmas that they felt were responsible for Turkey's backwardness, and were obstacles to the achievement of national ideals. The attitude of the Republican leaders was supportive when Islam was consistent with Republican reforms, but extremely hostile when it was at cross-purposes with the main objectives of modernization.(l) Their aim was to enforce a secularization program and make Islam compatible with the modern nation-state. The secularization program involved a set of major legal and institutional changes implemented by the government in the years following the declaration of the Turkish Republic in 1923. In 1924, the new regime introduced drastic measures, abolishing the Caliphate, Islamic schools, seriat (Islamic law) courts, and the Ministries of Seriat and Evkaf (pious foundations). In 1925, sects and orders were banned and monasteries were closed. In the same two years a unified educational system under a secular Ministry of Public Instruction was established, as was a Directorate of Religious Affairs (DRA) (under the Premier's office), to replace the two previously mentioned ministries. …


Objective: To determine if habitual physical activity could be increased in people with cerebral palsy. Data sources: We searched electronic databases until February 2010 using key words related to concepts of cerebral palsy and physical activity. This search was supplemented with citation tracking. Methods: Studies had to include participants with cerebral palsy who have habitual physical activity measured over at least one day after a therapy intervention. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality with the PEDro scale (quantitative studies) and Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research (qualitative studies). For quantitative studies standardized mean differences were calculated and meta-analysis conducted. Qualitative data were synthesized thematically. Results: Three randomized controlled trials (96 participants) and two qualitative studies (21 participants) were reviewed. Four studies evaluated exercise programmes, and one study an online educational and support programme. Meta-analysis showed that exercise programmes could increase habitual physical activity (δ = 1.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28 to 1.72). This result was reinforced by reports of increased daily activity in two qualitative studies. The online programme increased weekly minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (d = 0.81; 95% CI 0.17 to 1.45), and weekly step counts (d = 0.62; 95% CI 0.0 to 1.25). Positive effects were not maintained after programmes stopped. There was insufficient evidence to determine if demographic factors or programme characteristics, such as intensity and setting, were associated with outcomes. Conclusion: Preliminary evidence suggests that exercise programmes and online support programmes can increase habitual physical activity in people with cerebral palsy, but effects are not maintained when programmes stop.


Online nuclear counting represents a challenge due to the stochastic nature of radioactivity. The count data have to be filtered in order to provide a precise and accurate estimation of the count rate, this with a response time compatible with the application in view. An innovative filter is presented in this paper addressing this issue. It is a nonlinear filter based on a Centered Skellam Test (CST) giving a local maximum likelihood estimation of the signal based on a Poisson distribution assumption. This nonlinear approach allows to smooth the counting signal while maintaining a fast response when brutal change activity occur. The filter has been improved by the implementation of a Brown's double Exponential Smoothing (BES). The filter has been validated and compared to other state of the art smoothing filters. The CST-BES filter shows a significant improvement compared to all tested smoothing filters.


BACKGROUND
The pathogenesis and treatment of cutaneous malodour in dogs have not been investigated previously. Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp. are associated with human axillary malodour.

HYPOTHESIS
Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp. are associated with cutaneous malodour in dogs, and treatment with a topical essential oil-based product will improve malodour and reduce the abundance of odour-causing bacteria.

ANIMALS
Twenty seven bloodhound dogs from a south Texas boarding facility were enrolled in this study.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
Skin swabs were taken from the axilla and dorsum of 27 dogs at initiation of the study. Mean malodour scores were used to assign dogs to control or malodour groups. The malodourous dogs were randomly assigned to a treatment or placebo group, received four weekly topical applications of the spot-on or placebo, and samples were recollected. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were performed on all swabs.

RESULTS
Psychrobacter and Pseudomonas spp. were significantly more abundant (P < 0.001, P = 0.006; respectively), and overall bacterial diversity was reduced (P = 0.0384) on the skin of malodourous dogs. Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp. were not associated with malodour. The topical essential oil-based product significantly (P = 0.0078) improved malodour in the treatment group and shifted their bacterial community structure.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
A novel association of bacterial genera with malodour in bloodhound dogs, identified by NGS, highlights future targets for odour control. The topical treatment significantly reduced malodour. The interaction between the topical treatment and cutaneous microbiota should be further investigated and may be useful in other dermatological conditions involving microbiota.


The classification of textures images has attracted the attention of many researchers. The multiscale techniques for gray level texture analysis have been intensively studied. In this paper, we aim on extending texture classification of color images by using the multiwavelets transform, a new notion addition to wavelet. The recognition of textures deals with both feature extraction and classification phases. In the classification phase the evolutionary computation techniques (genetic programming) was used for more speed recognition result evaluation. In our experiment results the proposed method has achieved 99.6% test accuracy on an average. In addition, the experimental results also show that classification rules generated by this approach are robust to some noises on textures.


We consider a multi-hop wireless network in which a single source-destination pair communicates with the help of multiple cooperative relays. The relays deliver the source message by transmitting it in groups at every hop. The group transmissions increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal, and improve the range of communication. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of cooperative network with respect to the network parameters such as source/relay transmission powers and the decoding threshold (the minimum SNR required to decode a transmission). It is shown that if the decoding threshold is below a critical value, the message is delivered to the destination regardless of the distance between the source and the destination. Otherwise, the number of transmitting nodes diminishes at every hop, and the message does not reach to a destination far away. Our approach is based on the idea of continuum approximation, which is valid when the network density is high.


This paper proposes to consider two questions that are being increasingly involved nowadays: sustainability and cultural heritage. That is, the relationship between the concern for a sustainable development of marine resources management, and the concern for the preservation of maritime cultural heritage seriously damaged due to the coastal tourism development. On one hand we observe the emergence of cultural discourses about nature (e.g. the case of marine protected areas) where the limits of natural and cultural heritage are blurred. On the other hand, we observe how the attempt for the preservation of certain tangible and intangible cultural heritage (e.g. traditional methods of catching fish, fishermen's ecological knowledge) is done on behalf of environmental sustainability. In this paper I propose a reflection and debate on this issue from some ethnographic examples of my current research on the central Catalan coast in Western Mediterranean Europe.


: Objectives: It is difficult to assess sleep habits using one factor (i.e., sleep duration) alone. Regularity and quality of sleep have to be considered to assess sleep accurately. However, to our knowledge there is no scale which scores the three factors simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to inspect the reliability and validity (content, construct, and discriminant validity) of a scale we developed to screen for poor sleep habits. This scale was constructed to assess three aspects of sleep: regularity, quality, and quantity. Methods: Subjects were 563 day workers (370 men and 193 women; average age = 40.4 yr) from the manufacturing and service industries. We created a 21-item questionnaire (7 items for each of 3 factors) based on earlier studies and discussions with specialists. Reliability and construct validity of the questionnaire were assessed through item and factor analyses and Cronbach's alpha. In addition, subjects' scores were using principal component analysis, and subjects were classified according to their scores through a cluster analysis. We compared lifestyles, daytime sleepiness, stress, and chronic disease among the subjects to examine the instrument's discriminant validity. Results: Although our analysis revealed 6 items were invalid, the questionnaire assessed the three factors (regularity, quality and quantity) as expected: Cronbach's alpha was 0.744, 0.757, and 0.548, respectively. Two of the 7 quantity items were identified as assessing regularity instead, but all other items performed as expected. Four items measuring insomnia (disturbance of sleep induction, disturbance of sound sleep, nocturnal awakening, and early morning awakening) included constant burden as a quality factor. Chi-squared tests showed that the ratio of participants who took good care of their health and had less stress and daytime sleepiness was significantly high in the highest-scoring group, while the ratio of people reporting stress and chronic disease was significantly high in the lowest-scoring group. Conclusions: The questionnaire we developed for assessing three factors of sleep (regularity, quality and quantity) was determined to have construct validity. However, since some items were excluded and some assessed into another factor, sufficient reliability and content validity were not found. Revision is needed to improve the scale's accuracy, and we also have to examine detailed discriminant validity controlling for factors such as age and sex.


ANALYSIS Sounding Out Pop: Analytical Essays in Popular Music. Edited by Mark Spicer and John Covach. (Tracking Pop.) Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010. [xiv, 265 p. ISBN 9780472115051 (hardcover), $75; ISBN 9780472034000 (paperback), $28.95.] Music examples, illustrations, bibliography, discography, index. Although the subtitle of Sounding Out Pop belies an analytical approach to popular music, the nine essays "range from historical to music-analytic, aesthetic to ethnographic, with several drawing liberally from ideas in other disciplines" (p. vii). Though most of the contributors, including both editors, are trained as music theorists, their approaches are as varied as their repertoires. Patient readers will find this diversity both enriching and stimulating, and those expecting only traditional music-theoretical approaches may be surprised. When specialized analytical techniques are introduced, whether standard in the musictheoretical literature (e.g., Kevin Holm- Hudson's neo-Riemannian transformations), borrowed from other disciplines (e.g., Lori Burns's narrative theories), or idiosyncratic to the author (e.g., John Covach's formal typologies), the authors are careful to introduce the methodology thoroughly enough for a non-specialist audience. Essays by James Grier and Andrew Flory both address autobiographical connections to analysis. In "Marvin Gaye as Vocal Composer," Flory defines a style of composition that emerges around Gaye's increased studio production prowess in the 1970s. As a "vocal composer," Gaye records improvisations over finished rhythm section tracks, patching together the final product from many disparate takes, often in a manner not reproducible live. In connecting Gaye's composition with his role in the studio, Flory effectively shortens the distance between performer and producer, composer and improviser. Flory links this practice to black musical traditions, though it has become commonplace among musicians as home studio technology becomes increasingly affordable. Grier's essay "Ego and Alter Ego" explores the multivalent connections between Bob Dylan and Roger McGuinn of The Byrds. Arguably, McGuinn's musical pedigree is primarily as an interpreter of Dylan's songs, and Grier's analyses illuminate some very interesting differences between his covers and Dylan's originals. For example, McGuinn alters nearly every 34 Dylan tune to a more rockfriendly 44. Comparing the vocal melodies (p. 50) does much to illustrate these differences, but transcriptions and analyses of the rhythm section parts might help to clarify how other musicians, studios, and producers interface with these covers. In "Leiber and Stoller, the Coasters, and the 'Dramatic AABA' Form," Covach argues that to understand The Coasters' "playlet" songs (written by Leiber and Stoller) we must examine their peculiar formal and narrative structure, which he calls the "Dramatic AABA" form. Through numerous examples, Covach demonstrates that the B section presents "the focus of the song-the point to which everything leads dramatically" (p. 9). If Covach's aim is to illuminate new possibilities for the AABA structure outside of its Tin Pan Alley archetype, one may wonder why he depends on the same prescriptive formal categories he has employed since his 2006 essay on rock formal structures ("From Craft to Art: Formal Structure in the Music of the Beatles," in Reading the Beatles: Cultural Studies, Literary Criticism, and the Fab Four, ed. Ken Womack and Todd F. Davis [Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006], 37-53). Christopher Endrinal's recent work on the "interverse" (the climactic B section in a compound AABA form) in U2's music is particularly relevant here, yet goes without citation (Christopher Endrinal, "Form and Style in the Music of U2" [Ph.D. diss., Florida State University, 2008]). Holm-Hudson's essay "A Study of Maximally Smooth Voice Leading in the Mid-1970s Music of Genesis" theorizes Tony Banks's unique keyboard voicings and their impact on the band's stylistic development. …