In high magnetic fields tunneling of two dimensional electrons requires an extra energy to overcome an effective barrier due to electron-electron interaction. This barrier is clearly visible as a shift of the tunnel resonance to higher biases. The filling factor = 1 marks a surprisingly rapid transition between lowfield (quadratically developing shift) and high-field (saturation) regimes. At low temperatures, the many-body shift decays linearly with increasing temperature which can be attributed to coupling of a tunneling electron to phonon-like excitations in the correlated electron system. 2.1 Resonant tunneling spectroscopy of a 2DEG Since the pioneering work of Chang, Esaki and Tsu [1] a great deal of attention has been paid to studying physics of resonant tunneling and the single-particle Part of this work has been published in: J.G.S. Lok, A.K. Geim, J.C. Maan, L. Eaves, A. Nogaret, P.C. Main and M. Henini, Physical Review B 56, 3630 (1997). Many body blockade of resonant tunneling of two dimensional electrons approach is found to be generally adequate to describe this long-familiar system. However, it has recently become clear that many-body phenomena can also play a substantial role in resonant tunneling and even lead to qualitative changes in its behavior. Such changes have been observed in two specific situations: as a Fermi-edge singularity for the tunneling of 2D electrons through a strongly localized state of a single impurity [2] and as a plasmon replica in asymmetric resonant tunneling devices (RTDs) in the regime of charge accumulation [3]. In this chapter we show that electron-electron interaction is also responsible for another qualitative feature which can readily be seen in the behavior of conventional RTDs with a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the emitter interface. The interaction leads to a clearly noticeable shift of the tunnel resonance to higher biases when a strong magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the 2DEG. Such a shift indicates the emergence of an extra barrier which restrains electron tunneling. We explain this shift in terms of so-called Coulomb (quasi-)gap [4] which has recently been observed for equilibrium tunneling between two 2D-electron systems [5–7] and, subsequently, attracted significant theoretical interest [8–13]. The observation of the quasi-gap as a first-order effect in resonant tunneling which survives up to temperatures of several tens of Kelvin is only one of the points of this chapter. Further, the process which controls the tunnel current in our RTDs is tunneling from the emitter 2DEG into the empty quantum well. This essentially distinguishes our system from double-layer devices [5–7] giving further information about the nature of the Coulomb quasi-gap. Firstly, the evidence for the many-body blockade in the system with a single 2DEG proves that the intrarather than interlayer interaction dominates this effect [13]. Secondly, free supply of electrons into the emitter 2DEG from the parallel planar contact layer effectively removes the strongly oscillating in-plane 2DEG magnetoresistance which has hampered the accuracy of measurements in the double 2DEG systems in low magnetic fields. In our system, we have been able to accurately measure magnetic field and temperature dependences of the quasi-gap which both appear to be remarkable. In high magnetic fields, the many-body shift exhibits saturation to a value of about (T=0) e /r, where r is the average electron spacing in the 2DEG, in agreement with the previous work on double 2DEG systems. In low fields, we have found a quadratic dependence on B which cannot be explained by current theories. The transition point between the two regimes is clearly marked by the filling factor = 1 and cannot be connected to any other


An introductory Astronomy survey course is often taken to satisfy a college graduation requirement for non-science majors at colleges around the United States. In this course, material that can be broadly categorized into topics related to "the sky", "the Solar System", "the Galaxy", and "cosmology" is discussed. Even with the wide variety of topics in these categories, though, students may not be 100% interested in the course content, and it is almost certain that a specific topic about which a student wishes to learn is not covered. To at least partly address these issues, to appeal to all of the students in this class, and to allow students to explore topics of their choice, a video project has been assigned to students at Albion College as a class activity. In this assignment, students are asked to create a video of a famous (or not) astronomer, astronomical object or discovery, or telescope observatory to present to the class. Students work in pairs to create a video that is original and imaginative and includes accurate scientific content. For this project, then, students use a familiar technology and exercise their creativity while learning a little (or a lot of) science along the way. Herein data on types and topics of videos, examples of videos, assignment requirements and grading rubrics, lessons learned, and student comments will be discussed and shared.


Cellulose derivatives have been widely used as adsorbents for the removal of micropollutants such as drugs, dyes, and metals, due to their abundance, low cost and non-contaminating nature. In this context, several studies have been performed searching for new adsorbents (cellulose derivatives) efficient at contaminant removal from aqueous solutions. Thus, a new adsorbent was synthesized by chemical modification of cellulose with ethylenediamine in the absence of solvent and applied to the adsorption of amitriptyline (AMI) in aqueous solution. The modification reaction was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetry/Differential Scanning Calorimeter (TG/DSC), solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 1H and 13C (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). Moreover, the effectiveness of reaction was confirmed by computational calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at level B3LYP/6-31G(d). This adsorption process was influenced by pH, time, concentration, temperature and did not show significant changes due to the ionic strength variation. Through these experiments, it was observed that the maximum adsorption capacity of AMI by CN polymer at 298 K, 300 min, and pH 7 was 87.66 ± 0.60 mg·g−1.


Aiming at complex features of the fault rotating machinery such as nonstationary and nonlinearity, a new method for fault diagnosis based on multi-fractal was introduced. The vibration signals firstly are analyzed by multi-fractal theory and have multi-fractal characteristics. Then the area of multi-fractal spectrum S and the entropy of multi-fractal spectrum Hm were extracted as new criterions to diagnose machinery faults. Results of experimental analysis indicate that the method is effective and it provides a new way in fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.


ABSTRACT Children in foster care may face difficulties during their school years. When it comes to academic achievement, there is reported low school performance and lower grades. However, school may be strong protective factor in difficulties if supports are individual. School-based interventions represent a possibility for supporting children whose home life may make them vulnerable. This discussion paper presents Finnish initiative, which is based on Skolfam® model used in several Nordic countries.


Trophic cascades are important drivers of plant and animal abundances in aquatic and aboveground systems, but in soils trophic cascades have been thought to be of limited importance due to omnivory and other factors. Here we use a meta-analysis of 215 studies with 1526 experiments that measured plant growth responses to additions or removals of soil organisms to test how different soil trophic levels affect plant growth. Consistent with the trophic cascade hypothesis, we found that herbivores and plant pathogens (henceforth pests) decreased plant growth and that predators of pests increased plant growth. The magnitude of this trophic cascade was similar to that reported for aboveground systems. In contrast, we did not find evidence for trophic cascades in decomposer- and symbiont-based (henceforth mutualist) food chains. In these food chains, mutualists increased plant growth and predators of mutualists also increased plant growth, presumably by increasing nutrient cycling rates. Therefore, mutualists, predators of mutualists and predators of pests all increased plant growth. Further, experiments that added multiple organisms from different trophic levels also increased plant growth. As a result, across the dataset, soil organisms increased plant growth 29% and non-pest soil organisms increased plant growth 46%. Omnivory has traditionally been thought to confound soil trophic dynamics, but here we suggest that omnivory allows for a simplified perspective of soil food webs – one in which most soil organisms increase plant growth by preying on pests or increasing nutrient cycling rates. An implication of this perspective is that processes that decrease soil organism abundance (e.g. soil tillage) are likely to decrease aboveground productivity.

Synthesis

Soil foodwebs have resisted generalizations due to their diversity and interconnectedness. Here we use results from a meta-analysis to inform a simplified perspective of soil foodwebs: one in which most soil trophic guilds increase plant growth. Our review also includes the first widespread support for the presence of trophic cascades in soils.


Right lower leg pain prompted a 15-year-old boy to seek medical attention. An hour earlier, he had fallen on the leg during a football game and on standing had heard a "pop." No gross abnormality was noted. Jack-Ky Wang, MD, and Laurie Meng, PA-C, of Palos Heights, Ill, report that radiographs revealed a transversing pathologic fracture through an expansile lytic lesion of the right fibula.


Volcanic and plutonic rocks of Archean greenstone belts in the Abitibi subprovince become younger southward; plutonic rocks are ∼10–30 m.y. younger than volcanic rocks. The Abitibi greenstone belt has an upper crust of ∼2.75–2.70 Ga oceanic supracrustal assemblages and a middle crust of ∼2.70–2.68 Ga granitic and gneissic rocks. The greenstone belt upper crust is greenschist facies with upright structures and low reflectivity, and the middle crust is amphibolite facies with moderate to shallowly dipping structures and strong reflectivity. We propose that the age progression and crustal layering resulted from accretion of oceanic assemblages followed by extensive mid-crustal magmatism linked to southward migration of an arc-trench system. Thermal softening of the middle crust during magmatism caused ductile flow now represented by strong, mid-crustal reflectivity. Upward heat flow following magmatism caused late-tectonic (2.67–2.65 Ga) low-pressure metamorphism observed in the upper crust.


Kaufman (2006a, 2011) defines Ideal Visions as measurable statements of the kind of world an organization, as well as its associates and external stakeholders, commits to help create for the future. This study investigated the relationships among several research-supported variables regarding personality aspects and individual characteristics with indicators of individuals' motivation to achieve goals aimed at adding value to external clients and society. Indicators of generative beliefs, values, individual differences, and commitment to an Ideal Vision were examined in this study. Generativity (the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation), membership and activity in a formal civic organization, and gender, each demonstrated a statistically significant relationship with commitment to an Ideal Vision. In addition, various values were ranked differentially by those with relatively high versus low commitment to an Ideal Vision. A discussion of how these variables warrant the ongoing investigation into these variables is provided.


Data are presented for a pH-adjustable liquid UV-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) matrix for mass spectrometry analysis. The liquid matrix system possesses high analytical sensitivity within the same order of magnitude as that achievable by the commonly used solid UV-MALDI matrices such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid but with improved spot homogeneity and reproducibility. The pH of the matrix has been adjusted by the addition of up to 0.35% trifluoroacetic acid and up to 200 mM ammonium bicarbonate, achieving an on-target pH range of 3.5-8.6. Alteration of the pH does not seem to affect the overall sample signal intensity or signal-to-noise ratio achievable, nor does it affect the individual peptide ion signals from a mixture of peptides with varying isoelectric points (p1). In addition, the pH adjustment has allowed for the performance of a tryptic digest within the diluted pH-optimized liquid matrix.


OBJECTIVE
To measure the levels of sulfotransferase activity for keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in serum of patients with macular corneal dystrophy type I, an inherited disorder that is characterized by the absence of sulfate esters on keratan sulfate in the corneal stroma.

METHODS
The amount of sulfur-35 transferred from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to partially sulfated keratan sulfate and partially sulfated chondroitin sulfate by the sulfotransferase present in serum from patients with macular corneal dystrophy and age-matched controls was determined under conditions where only the added enzyme was rate limiting.

RESULTS
Serum from patients with macular corneal dystrophy type I has the same level of sulfotransferase activity for keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate as found in age-matched controls.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with macular corneal dystrophy type I have sulfotransferase activity for sulfating at least 1 of the 2 sugars in keratan sulfate. It is proposed that the sulfotransferase for N-acetylglucosamine may be deficient.


Contemporary design is typified by fluid, evolving patterns of practice that regularly traverse, transcend and transfigure historical disciplinary and conceptual boundaries. This mutability means that design research, education, and practice is constantly shifting, creating, contesting and negotiating new terrains of opportunities and re-shaping the boundaries of the discipline. This paper proposes that this is because globalisation and the proliferation of the digital has resulted in connections that are no longer "amid", cannot be measured "across", nor encompass a "whole" system, which has generated an "other" dimension (Bourriaud, 2009), an "alternative disciplinarity" - an "alterplinarity". As the fragmentation of distinct disciplines has shifted creative practice from being "discipline-based" to "issue- or project-based" (Heppell, 2006), we present the argument that the researcher, who purposely blurs distinctions and has dumped methods from being "discipline-based" to "issue- or project-based", will be best placed to make connections that generate new ways to identify "other" dimensions of design research, activity and thought that is needed for the complex, interdependent issues we now face. We present the case that reliance on the historic disciplines of design as the boundaries of our understanding has been superseded by a boundless space/time that we call "alterplinarity". The digital has modified the models of design thought and action, and as a result research and practice should transform from a convention domesticated by the academy to a reaction to globalisation that is yet to be disciplined.


Background The Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT) intervention identifies and addresses family carer support needs towards end of life. This person-centred approach involves a change in practice from a practitioner – to carer-led assessment process. Numerous policies recommend carers' needs should be addressed yet there is little guidance on how to achieve this within palliative care. To address this gap and assist a change to a carer-led process, an implementation strategy for the CSNAT intervention was developed, of which facilitation is key. Aims Investigate components of facilitation associated with successful implementation of the CSNAT intervention across a range of palliative/end-of-life care services. Methods Qualitative: Interviews three and six months post-CSNAT implementation with 38 practitioners with the role of CSNAT 'champion' (internal facilitation) in 32 services. Researcher field notes collected from teleconference support sessions with 'champions' (external facilitation). Results Successful implementation of the CSNAT intervention was associated with: utilising a teamwork approach to facilitation; the 'lead champion' having a leadership role in the service e.g. team manager; presenting a clear rationale why a change in practice was needed; reviewing progress and making changes to overcome identified barriers; 'champions' having good communication skills and authority to make changes. Larger services faced more barriers to facilitation e.g. difficulties with providing training to all staff and less frequent opportunities to review progress as a team. Aspects of context which constrained facilitation included the need to establish a new carer record, and organisational changes e.g. budget cuts, and a culture focused on the patient. In contrast, support from management was one aspect of context which assisted with facilitation efforts. Conclusions In addition to managerial support, establishing a team of practitioners to lead facilitation of the CSNAT intervention and regularly review implementation progress, is vital for implementation success. This study was funded by Dimbleby Cancer Care.


. The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by the s and r processes. However, a small amount of stable isotopes on the proton-rich side cannot be made by neutron capture and is thought to be produced by photodisintegration reactions on existing seed nuclei in the so-called \ p process". So far most of the p -process reactions are not yet accessible by experimental techniques and have to be inferred from statistical Hauser-Feshbach model calculations. The parametrization of these models has to be constrained by measurements on stable proton-rich nuclei. A series of ( n; (cid:176) ) activation measurements on p nuclei, related by detailed balance to the respective photodisintegrations, was carried out at the Karlsruhe Van de Graafi accelerator using the 7 Li( p; n ) 7 Be source for simulating a Maxwellian neutron distribution of kT = 25 keV. We present here preliminary results of our extended measuring program in the mass range between A = 74 and A = 132, including flrst experimental ( n; (cid:176) ) cross-sections of 74 Se, 84 Sr, 120 Te and 132 Ba, and an improved value for 130 Ba. In all cases we flnd perfect agreement with the recommended MACS predictions from the Bao et al. compilation. 25.40.Lw Radiative capture { 26.30.+k Nucleosynthesis in novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments { 27.50.+e 59 • A • 89 { 27.60.+j 90 • A • 149


The objectives of this research were to determine the optimal parameters (culture conditions, transferases and sugar nucleotides content) for the expression of complete recombinant human glycoprotein and develop an optimal processing condition for the production of human like glycoprotein in an artificial system by the manipulation of metabolic engineering and process engineering approach. In the early part of the study, fundamental works were carried out to optimize Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells growth and mock infection. Serum concentration, different type of media, cell subculturing condition, initial cell density and spent medium carry over had been found to significantly influence the growth kinetics of Sf-9 cells. The optimized parameters were then used to evaluate the expression of recombinant hTf and 1,4-GalT in Sf-9 cells. Time course expression profiles of rhTf at various multiplicities of infection (MOI), seeding densities (SD), times of infection (TOI), and harvest times (HT) were studied. Screening experiments were conducted to identify the medium components in Sf900-II SFM and the recombinant baculovirus stock that resulted in improved production of rhTf. Finally, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to hunt for optimum medium composition. The results showed that the optimum HT for rhTf was between 24 to 72 hours post infection, at SD of 1.6 x 10 6 viable cells/ml, TOI of day 2 post seeding, and MOI of 5 pfu/cell. Glucose and glutamine were found to have the most positive effect on rhTf production with more than 95% significance. In addition to that, the best recombinant baculovirus stock was identified at 98.7% purity. With the optimized parameters, rhTf production had increased three-fold from 19.89g/ml to 65.12g/ml. Subsequently, native UDP-Gal levels at normal and upon baculovirus infection produced in Sf-9 cells were monitored using Reverse Phase High iv Performance Liquid Chromatography. UDP-Gal concentration was discovered to decrease gradually once infected with the recombinant baculovirus. Finally, baculovirus coinfection study was carried out to evaluate the recombinant glycoprotein quality. However, lectin binding analysis using Ricinus communis agglutinin-I, revealed that co-expression between rhTf and -1,4GalT (in vivo) did not show encouraging result due to the reduction of UDP-Gal upon baculovirus infection. This finding suggested that the introduction of -1,4GalT alone was not sufficient for successful galactosylation. However, another strategy was used to overcome the problem. Commercial GalT and UDP-Gal were introduced artificially to the rhTf after it was secreted from cell culture. It was found that the in vitro strategy promoted better N-glycan quality in insect cells. Last stage of the research was based on rhTf purification, to get a pure rhTf with improved recovery. Steps of purification were hydrophobic chromatography, dialysis and ion exchange chromatography. Elution strategy, flowrate and rhTf loading capacity of phenyl sepharose 6 fast flow were optimized. Batch purification in reduced sized was used to select suitable anion exchange matrix, pH and concentration of equilibration buffer. 74.6% of rhTf was recovered from phenyl sepharose, 86.8% recovered after dialysis, and 52.5% recovered from Q-sepharose and the overall recovery of pure rhTf was 34%.


Ex vivo colon fermentation systems are highly versatile as models for analyzing gastrointestinal tract microbiota composition and functionality. Ex vivo colon models range in size and functionality from bench-top micro fermenters to large units housed in individualized cabinets. The length of set-up time (including stabilization periods) for each fermentation system can range from hours to weeks to months. The aim of this study was to investigate a single-use cassette mini-fermentation system as a reproducible batch model of the colon. The online data log from the cassettes (triplicate wells across four different cassettes, n = 12) was sensitive enough to identify real-time changes in pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen or liquid addition (sodium hydroxide) during the runs which could be addressed if an alarm set-point was triggered. The alpha diversity indices also showed little variation between cassettes with the samples clustering around the mean. The weighted beta diversity PCoA analysis illustrated that 95% of the variance between the samples was accounted for by the time-point and not the fermentation run/cassette used. The variation in taxonomic diversity between cassettes was limited to less than 20 out of 115 genera. This study provides evidence that micro-bioreactors provide some very attractive advantages as batch models for the human colon. We show for the first time the use of the micro-Matrix a 24-well sophisticated parallel controlled cassette-based bioreactors as a batch colon model. We demonstrated a high level of reproducibility across fermentation cassettes when used in conjunction with a standardized fecal microbiota. The machine can operate 24 individual fermentations simultaneously and are relatively cost effective. Based on next generation sequencing analysis, the micro-bioreactors offer a high degree of reproducibility together with high-throughput capacity. This makes it a potential system for large screening projects that can then be scaled up to large fermenters or human/animal in vivo experiments.


Sporulating yeast populations were separated into a number of fractions by centrifugation through linear density gradients of Urografin. At least eight distinct fractions could be obtained from cultures that were just beginning to produce asci visible by phase contrast microscopy. Cells in these fractions were found to differ in the stage they had reached in meiosis and sporulation; those more advanced in sporulation banded at a lower density. Using this gradient centrifugation method it was shown that cultures induced to sporulate by the usual technique were markedly heterogeneous with respect to the stage in meiosis and sporulation reached by the cells, and that most of the labelled amino acids incorporated into protein by sporulating cultures appeared in those cells not yet committed to either recombination or meiosis.


From the Publisher:
The combined study of logic and language goes back at least as far as the Middle Ages. In the last twenty-five years it has gained momentum with the formulation of Montague semantics and Generative Syntax, and the subsequent diversification of research programs.
The Handbook of Logic and Language is the first comprehensive survey of the field. The twenty chapters show both sides of the interaction between logic and language: how logical systems are designed and modified in response to linguistic needs, and how mathematical theory arises out of this process and affects subsequent linguistic theory.
Contributors: N. Asher, D. Beaver, W. Buszkowski, D. de Jongh, J. E. Fenstad, J. Groenendijk, H. Hendriks, J. Higginbotham, J. Hintikka, T. M. V. Janssen, H. Kamp, E. J. Keenan, J. T. Lonning, E. Martin, M. J. Moortgat, L. S. Moss, R. Muskens, D. Osherson, B. H. Partee, F. J. Pelletier, W. C. Rounds, G. Sandu, J. Seligman, M. Steedman, M. Stokhof, R. H. Thomason, R. Turner, J. van Benthem, J. van Eijck, A. Visser, D. Westerstahl


VIPR (vapor in-cloud profiling radar) is a tunable G-band radar designed for humidity and cloud remote sensing. VIPR uses all-solid-state components and operates in a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar mode, offering a transmit power of 200–300 mW. Its typical chirp bandwidth of 10 MHz over a center-frequency tuning span of 167–174.8 GHz results in a nominal range resolution of 15 m. The radar's measured noise figure over the transmit band is between 7.4 and 10.4 dB, depending on its frequency and hardware configuration, and its calculated antenna gain is 58 dB. These parameters mean that with typical 1 ms chirp times, single-pulse cloud reflectivities as low as −26 dBZ are detectable with unity signal-to-noise at 5 km. Experimentally, radar returns from ice clouds above 10 km in height have been observed from the ground. VIPR's absolute sensitivity was validated using a spherical metal target in the radar antenna's far-field, and a G-band switch has been implemented in an RF calibration loop for periodic recalibration. The radar achieves high sensitivity with thermal noise limited detection both by virtue of its low-noise RF architecture and by using a quasioptical duplexing method that preserves ultrahigh transmit/receive isolation despite operation in an FMCW mode with a single primary antenna shared by the transmitter and receiver.


Objective: To investigate the effect of the severe acute pancreatitis (SAP)-related miR-551b-5p on intracellular Ca2+ concentration and c-Kit expression and distribution in rat interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in vitro. Methods: ICCs were isolated from 5-10-day-old rats and cultured in vitro. The cultured ICCs were divided into five groups: a normal control group; a group transfected with an miR-551b-5p mimic; a group transfected with an miR-551b-5p inhibitor; a group transfected with a negative control for the miR-551b-5p mimic; and a group transfected with a negative control for the miR-551b-5p inhibitor. After transfection, real-time PCR was used to detect miR-551b-5p and c-Kit expression. A Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of c-Kit protein. Confocal microscopy combined with immunofluorescence and Fluo 3-acetoxymethyl (AM) fluorescence were used to determine the localization of c-Kit and intracellular Ca2+ concentration, respectively. Results: Transfection with the miR-551b-5p mimic or inhibitor resulted in overexpression or downregulation of miR-551b-5p in ICCs, respectively. The overexpression or downregulation of miR-551b-5p had no significant influence on c-Kit mRNA or protein levels. The overexpression of miR-551b-5p significantly increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and the downregulation of miR-551b-5p significantly decreased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Conclusion: miR-551b-5p increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration but does not alter c-Kit expression in rat ICCs, suggesting that it functions in ICCs by regulating the intracellular Ca2+ concentration downstream or independently of c-Kit signaling.


There are few academic papers exploring the possibilities of the translation in multisemiotic environments, like the Comics, although the consumption of them is increasing, including the translated ones. In the comics, the images, as the words, have different meanings in each society and, therefore, need to be considered in translation. Images, words and exclusive comic elements (ECE) - as the balloon or onomatopoeia - represent a major challenge to the translator, especially when the images and the ECE cannot be modified by copyright issues. The aim of this study was to understand how non-verbal elements affect the translator's choices. The methodology was qualitative, documentary, descriptive and interpretive, i.e. dependent on the sensibility and interpretation of the researcher. Data analysis was conducted using four printed comic albums of the French character Asterix, with their versions in the original language and their translations for the Brazilian public. The research has been proved fruitful and profitable because it required, in addition to the theoretical foundation in the field of translation studies, the search for other theories in the fields of Arts, Applied Linguistics, Semiotics and others. Special emphasis was given to Multimodality and Paratranslation, theoretical tools that allow rethinking of the images and translations. As a result, it was concluded that the images and ECE really influence the translator's choices, since their work and freedom are limited to places such as interior of balloons, the title, the footnotes and other rare places in a frame. More than limited, the translation has to fit into spaces originally not planned for it. And it must be in "harmony" with the images and what the ECE are "saying" in each frame and in the general context of the album, strip, cartoon or any of the possible genres of the Comic Supergenre. The translator, therefore, must not only know the source/target languages and cultures, but must also know the pictorial elements and other semiotic and symbolic systems that affect the numerous social contexts that arise in the interplay between images, ECE and words.


Insular cortex epilepsy is an under-recognized, localization-related syndrome. The presence of this condition could account for the surgery treatment failure seen in a portion of patients with temporal epilepsy, as well as a portion of those with frontal and parietal lobe epilepsy. Most cases of intractable temporal epilepsy are associated with insular cortex involvement. In this review, we will discuss the associations of insular cortex with other nervous cortex systems anatomically and functionally in order to correctly understand the insular lobe; the relationship between insular epilepsy and temporal epilepsy, the independence of insular epilepsy, and differences of insular epilepsy between the independent epileptogenesis and epileptic system as well as the concept of epileptic foci-complex were also discussed based on the current literature and our clinical experience in the treatment of epilepsy.


As banking institutions, Islamic banks have to meet their liquidity needs and obligations to ensure the smooth running of their business, as it is the case with their conventional counterparts. However, the very nature of Islamic banks with their objective of avoiding Riba in any form, have additional issues to address in order to meet their liquidity needs because most available conventional instruments used for liquidity management are interest based, therefore, not sharia'a compatible. The study was a comparative study aimed to identify and compare liquidity management practices used by conventional and Islamic banks in Kenya. Throughout the study both quantitative and qualitative data regarding the sample chosen were . collected through primary and secondary data. The sample of the study was four banks; two Islamic banks and two conventional banks. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were used to analyze the responses. The study found that there are similarities between Islamic banks and conventional banks on liquidity management in terms of, measurement of liquidity, minimum cash reserves banks maintain, dealing with other banks for liquidity management purpose. Also, head of treasury is the manager responsible for liquidity management in both types of banks. However, there are differences between the two types of banks in terms of: liquidity management policy; Islamic banks follow guidelines recommended by the Shari'ah board as part of their liquidity management policy, liquidity risk management approaches, possible liquidity risks banks predict and liquidity management instruments banks use.


The effect of environmental context on episodic memory was examined in two free recall experiments with groups of old and young subjects. All subjects studied a list of unrelated words and were subsequently tested in the same room or in a different room. The results of Experiment 1 showed an advantage of being tested in the same context for the old subjects, but no effects of the context manipulation for the young subjects. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and additionally showed that old subjects (but not young subjects) benefited from instructions to mentally reinstate the learning context. The results of both experiments are discussed in terms of the relative value of contextual cues for subjects in each of the two age groups.


A combination of selective fluorescent dyes has been developed for simultaneous quantitative measurements of several physicochemical parameters. The operating principle of the assay is similar to electronic nose and tongue systems, which combine nonspecific or semispecific elements for the determination of diverse analytes and chemometric techniques for multivariate data analysis. The analytical capability of the proposed mixture is engendered by changes in fluorescence signal in response to changes in environment such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, and presence of oxygen. The signal is detected by a three-dimensional spectrofluorimeter, and the acquired data are processed using an artificial neural network (ANN) for multivariate calibration. The fluorescence spectrum of a solution of selected dyes allows discreet reading of emission maxima of all dyes composing the mixture. The variations in peaks intensities caused by environmental changes provide distinctive fluorescence patterns which can be handled in the same way as the signals collected from nose/tongue electrochemical or piezoelectric devices. This optical system opens possibilities for rapid, inexpensive, real-time detection of a multitude of physicochemical parameters and analytes of complex samples.


The Fordist economy was marked don what David Stark calls a Parsonian Compromise in which economic value and other values were clearly separated, in theory as well as in practice. Today this is changing. The rise of ethical consumerism, of Corporate Social Responsibility as well as that, more fundamentally, of the economic importance of intangible assets like brands, testify to a stronger role of values that derive form a wide range of diverse forms of affect in determining price formation. In this paper I will argue that this trend has two fundamental causes. First, the socialization of production has increased the importance of affective investments in things like brands, reputation, corporate culture and efficient teamwork as a sources of value. Second, a common criteria for the measurement of affective investments is forming, based on the new form of abstract or General Sentiment that is emerging as a new 'general equivalent' as a consequence of the present remediation of communicative relations, principally throughout the diffusion of social media. Together these two dimensions make up the foundations for a new value logic that is emerging within contemporary wealth creation. After briefly summarizing the first argument, this paper will concentrate on the second, describing the emergence of General Sentiment as a criterion of value.


This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation with lerak extract combined with mineral block on protozoal and bacterial population, and fermentation characteristic in vitro . The experimental design was completely randomized block design with 3 treatments and 4 replications. Control diet was a substrate that consisted of concentrate, forage and feed block with ratio 50 : 48 : 2, respectively.  The treatments as a substrate were: control diet (C), C + 0.09% lerak extract, and C + 0.18% lerak extract from the total ration. Variables observed were protozoal and bacterial population, dry matter and organic matter degradability, N-NH 3 and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed that there were no significant effect (P>0.05) for all parameter measured with lerak extract supplementation up to 0.18% in the presence of mineral block. However, supplementation of lerak extract 0.18% only slightly reduced protozoal numbers but tended to increase bacterial numbers. Dry matter and organic matter degradability and concentration of N-NH 3 were similar among treatments. Volatile fatty acids profile changed which propionate tended to increase and acetate tended to decrease and ratio of acetate to propionate tended to decrease. In conclusion, addition of lerak extract up to 0.18% from total ration in the presence of mineral block  was not yet effective to depress protozoal population, but could modify fermentation characteristic in vitro .


According to the Chou-Fasman rules for predicting the secondary structures of proteins, the 12-20 portion of salmon calcitonin should adopt an alpha helical conformation. These residues would form an amphipathic helix and contribute to the solubilization of certain phospholipids by the peptide. Circular dichroism was used to assess the extent that peptide segments of salmon calcitonin fold into structures of higher helical content in the presence of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol, lysolecithin or sodium dodecyl sulfate. All of the segments studied are carboxyl terminal amides as is the native, intact, salmon calcitonin. Salmon calcitonin segments 11-23 or 12-23 form no more helical structure in the presence of lipids or detergents than does a segment comprising the hydrophilic carboxyl terminal residues 22-32 which is not predicted to adopt a helical conformation. Even a larger segment containing residues 12-32 does not exhibit a great increase in helical content in the presence of lipids or detergents, and it causes only a small broadening of the phase transition of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol. In contrast, a preparation with an equivalent molar ratio of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol to the salmon calcitonin segment 1-23 exhibits a very marked broadening of the phase transition, similar to what is found with the 32 amino acid native hormone. This amino terminal segment also adopts a conformation of higher helical content than even the intact hormone. This 1-23 segment is the only one studied that showed significant interaction with lipids, and it is also the only one which exhibited any hypocalcemic activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Scholars have located the origins of the Colonial Revival in the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, but have seldom explored its deep background in the intellectual life of the early nineteenth century. The revival of the 1870s was not wholly innovative but the culmination of trends of thought that reached back at least three generations. The Picturesque Movement as imported from England around 1800 brought with it all the elements needed for a positive reevaluation of colonial architecture: antiquarianism, a concern with the humble cottage, a nostalgic Old English mindset. Promulgated by poetry, travelogues, and villa books, the Picturesque joined with patriotism and nationalism to produce a sweeping change in opinion, as colonial architecture-long scorned and neglected-was gradually rediscovered, celebrated, preserved, and eventually imitated. The process of rediscovery was highly selective, the Picturesque always translating the colonial according to its own contemporary needs and predilections.


Background : Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be lethal for the cell. Edible plants due to containing antioxidants reduce risk of disease and damages resulting from ROS. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects of aqueous and alcoholic fruit extracts of Rose Canina on the cell line U937.
Materials and Methods: Cell line U937 (cell leukemia , human ) purchased from the Pasteur Institute were incubated for 24 hours.Oxidative stress was created by iron ( 50 mM ) or copper ( 50 mM ) and H2O2 (mM1%) for cells, and the selected antioxidants ( aqueous and alcoholic extract, 15 µmol of separate concentration levels of 25,50, and 100 mM ) were added to them (except for control samples). Glutathione levels were measured by Tietze. Lipid peroxidation was detected by MDA assay method. LDH kit was used for cytotoxicity assessments. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test.
Results: Mean and Sd of MDA for alcoholic extract was 0.6338 and 0.0012 µm/mg protein and for aqueous extract were 0.6389 and 0.0017 vs. for control: 0.6570 and 0.0023, respectively (p<0.05). There was no significant differentce between glutathione amounts among alcoholic and aqueous extract samples and control sample. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts 25% more than other concentrations significantly decreased the MDA. Alcoholic extract 100% had the most(62/15%) and 25% had the lowest (24/1%) toxicity.
Conclusion: Alcholic and aqueous extracts of Rosa Canina fruit lead to decrease in lipid peroxidation. Their high concentrations have the most toxicity.
Keywords: Rose Canina, Cell line U937, Glutathione, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity


Colorectal cancer is a serious health problem, a challenge for research, and a model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in its development. According to its incidence, this pathology manifests itself in three forms: family, hereditary, and most commonly sporadic, apparently not associated with any hereditary or familial factor. For the types having inheritance patterns and a family predisposition, the tumours develop through defined stages ranging from adenomatous lesions to the manifestation of a malignant tumour. It has been established that environmental and hereditary factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer, as indicated by the accumulation of mutations in oncogenes, genes which suppress and repair DNA, signaling the existence of various pathways through which the appearance of tumours may occur. In the case of the suppressive and mutating tracks, these are characterised by genetic disorders related to the phenotypical changes of the morphological progression sequence in the adenoma/carcinoma. Moreover, alternate pathways through mutation in BRAF and KRAS genes are associated with the progression of polyps to cancer. This review surveys the research done at the cellular and molecular level aimed at finding specific alternative therapeutic targets for fighting colorectal cancer.


Background: Reforms in inpatient care are critical for the enhancement of the efficiency of health systems. It still remains the main costly sector of the health system, accounting for more than 60% of all expenditures. Inappropriate and ineffective use of the hospital infrastructure is also a big issue. We aimed to analyze statistical data on health indices and dynamics of the hospital stock in Kazakhstan in comparison with those of developed countries. Materials and Methods: Study design is comparative quantitative analysis of inpatient care indicators. We used information and analytical methods, content analysis, mathematical treatment, and comparative analysis of statistical data on health system and dynamics of hospital stock in Kazakhstan and some other countries of the world [Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), USA, Canada, Russia, China, Japan, and Korea] over the period 2001-2011. Results: Despite substantial and continuous reductions over the past 10 years, hospitalization rates in Kazakhstan still remain high compared to some developed countries, including those of the OECD. In fact, the hospital stay length for all patients in Kazakhstan in 2011 is around 9.9 days, hospitalization ratio per 100 people is 16.3, and hospital beds capacity is 100 per 10,000 inhabitants. Conclusion: The decreased level of beds may adversely affect both medical organization and health system operations. Alternatives to the existing inpatient care are now being explored. The introduction of the unified national healthcare system allows shifting the primary focus on primary care organizations, which can decrease the demand on inpatient care as a result of improving the health status of people at the primary care level.


Despite the preponderance of online learning in K-12 public schools, still little is known about what constitutes good online teaching. The purpose of this interpretivist investigation was to learn about some of the ways in which culturally responsive teaching occurs online. This study focused on the practices of four full-time online high school teachers. Using the methods of grounded theory research, the author analyzed data generated through observations of online courses, interviews with teachers, and teacher-written narratives in order to learn how four instructors practiced culturally responsive online pedagogy in one state-supported online program. Results indicated that the teachers engaged in frequent and ongoing dialogue with their students. The teachers used multiple strategies to get to know their students, to build class community, to adapt instruction to students' learning needs and preferences, and to make learning relevant. Teachers also discussed contextual factors that impacted their practice. How-ever, some characteristics of culturally responsive pedagogy, including infusing students' cultures into the curriculum and helping students to challenge power and hegemony were not identified.


The Gulf crisis of 1990–1991 was, by any standards, one of the more significant international crises of the post-1945 epoch. It involved the mobilization of around one million armed men, the diplomatic involvement of much of the international community, and a war that, for all its limited character, was a significant case of inter-state conflict. In what follows I do not want to dwell on the actual course of this war or to examine in detail specific aspects of the history, not least because the broad outline of what happened is already well known. I do, however, want to look at this conflict in broader perspective, and from two vantage points in particular, each pertinent to the study of international relations (IR).


Exposed dentine with patent tubules allows the movement of tubule fluid leading to dentine sensitivity. Occlusion of patent dentinal tubules effectively reduces the state of dentine hypersensitivity. Strontium chloride (SrCl2) has been well known as a component of desensitizing dentifrice. Recently, new dentifrice containing sodium metasilicate was on the market for desensitizing dentifrice. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the occlusion effect of dentinal tubule between the sodium metasilicate and the existing desensitizing dentifrices. Sixtyfour human dentine specimens were embedded into a Teflon mold and were grinded with the use of silicone carbide papers to expose the surface of dentin. The dentin surface was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds and was treated with ultrasonic washing for 1 hour. The dentifrices used in the study are classified into four groups: G1-dentifrice containing Sodium metasilicate, G2- dentifrice containing Strontium chloride, G3-dentifrice containing Hydroxyapatite and G4-BSI reference dentifrice (control group). Toothpaste slurries were prepared as 20 gram of toothpaste in 80 ml of distilled water. Thirty-two specimens were brushed with the toothpaste slurries using V8 Cross Brushing Machine. Tooth-brushing was performed 5,000 times using a back-and–forth stroke. The pictures of the sizes of dentinal tubules were taken by scanning electron microscopy (×3000) and changes of tubule sizes were analyzed by digital analysis. The results showed that the difference of tubule size in descending order: G1-3.30±1.80, G2-2.82±1.73, G3-1.49±1.14, G4- 1.04±0.94. The dentifrice containing Sodium metasilicate (22.5%) showed the highest dentinal tubule occlusion. Moreover, the dentifrice containing Sodium metasilicate statistically significantly increased occlusion of dentinal tubule as compared to BSI reference dentifrice (p<0.05). Thus, new desensitizing dentifrice containing sodium metasilicate was more effective than existing desensitizing dentifrice on occlusion of dentin tubules.


This paper examines the current freshwater resource management regime and allocation of fresh water under the Resource Management Act 1991. It examines the concept of first-in first-served in the allocation of the resource and questions whether this approach achieves the sustainable management principles of the RMA. Balancing competing interests is an underlying issue in the management of water resources and current policy on the part of central government and the courts. Powers over allocation methods have been delegated by central government to regional and district councils, which are required to formulate and implement rules on allocation of water resources. The first-in first-served approach has for some time been adopted by the councils and the courts. The future of this approach is, however, open to scrutiny due to sustainability and increased demands on the resources. Sustainable concepts may be at risk if there is a strict adherence to the concept of first-in first-served in allocation of water resources and this paper concludes that central government should provide councils with direction on alternative allocation management, such as a quota regime and/or market-based approaches.


Purpose
Today, marketing has evolved due to the emergence of new electronic technologies and has shifted to e-marketing. Meanwhile, the gamification and gamified systems is an up-to-date research topic that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. As one of the main goals of marketing is to increase customer engagement and loyalty by persuading and motivating them to participate, the gamification has a great potential for e-marketing. Although much research has been done on the gamification subject in e-marketing, there has not yet been a comprehensive review of these studies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific and practical research on gamification applied to e-marketing using the systematic mapping study methodology.

Design/methodology/approach
Because considerable research has been devoted to gamification since 2011, and the number of papers published in this area has grown steadily from 2011, the paper reviews the publications over the period 2011-2018. The research method includes developing research questions, designing the research process and filtering the findings based on the specified criteria.

Findings
The findings of this study show the main applications of gamification in e-marketing, the technologies used and the proven benefits of applying this technique in e-marketing. It also provides a classification of the studies in this area.

Practical implications
This paper helps other researchers to understand the main areas of research in gamification within the marketing discipline and enables them to find the fields needed for future studies.

Originality/value
The proposed classification can give a comprehensive overview of the scientific and practical actions taken on gamification applied to e-marketing for academics and practitioners. It also enables the readers to find main areas of research and motivates them to apply gamification in e-marketing.


An inattentional blindness paradigm was adapted to measure ERPs elicited by visual contour patterns that were or were not consciously perceived. In the first phase of the experiment, subjects performed an attentionally demanding task while task-irrelevant line segments formed square-shaped patterns or random configurations. After the square patterns had been presented 240 times, subjects' awareness of these patterns was assessed. More than half of all subjects, when queried, failed to notice the square patterns and were thus considered inattentionally blind during this first phase. In the second phase of the experiment, the task and stimuli were the same, but following this phase, all of the subjects reported having seen the patterns. ERPs recorded over the occipital pole differed in amplitude from 220 to 260 msec for the pattern stimuli compared with the random arrays regardless of whether subjects were aware of the patterns. At subsequent latencies (300–340 msec) however, ERPs over bilateral occipital-parietal areas differed between patterns and random arrays only when subjects were aware of the patterns. Finally, in a third phase of the experiment, subjects viewed the same stimuli, but the task was altered so that the patterns became task relevant. Here, the same two difference components were evident but were followed by a series of additional components that were absent in the first two phases of the experiment. We hypothesize that the ERP difference at 220–260 msec reflects neural activity associated with automatic contour integration whereas the difference at 300–340 msec reflects visual awareness, both of which are dissociable from task-related postperceptual processing.


Following man‐made or natural catastrophes, widespread and long‐lasting disruption of lifelines can lead to economic impacts for both business and residential lifeline users. As a result, the total economic losses caused by infrastructure damage may be much higher than the value of damage to infrastructure itself. In this paper, we consider the estimation of economic impacts on businesses and residential consumers resulting from water supply disruption. The methodology we present for estimating business interruption losses assumes that marginal losses are increasing in the severity of disruption and that there may be a critical water availability cutoff below which business activity ceases. To estimate residential losses from water supply interruption, we integrate consumers' demand curves, calibrated to water agency price and quantity data. Our methodologies are spatially disaggregated and explicitly account for the time profile of infrastructure repair and restoration. As an illustration, we estimate the economic losses to business and residential water users of one of the major water supply systems of the San Francisco Bay Area of California resulting from two potential earthquake scenarios, a magnitude 7.9 event on the San Andreas Fault and a magnitude 7.1 event on the Hayward Fault. For the business loss estimation, our modeling framework is general enough to calculate and compare losses using loss functions from several previous studies. Estimated business and residential losses for the San Andreas event are $14.4 billion and $279 million, respectively. For the Hayward event, estimated business and residential losses are $9.3 billion and $37 million, respectively.


The existence of ridge transform faults and the near absence of fan-shaped magnetic-anomaly patterns suggest that seafloor spreading is a spatially incremental process. This concept requires that spreading-velocity contrasts exist across ridge transform faults and that the fracture zones beyond ridge transform structures contain a small component of strike slip motion. Magnetic-anomaly patterns in the North Pacific confirm this motion and give 0.55 cm/year as its average measure; this value is in close agreement with theory. These patterns demonstrate further that the plate segments into which the oceanic crust is divided by the great fracture zones move with different angular velocities and erratic spreading directions. Topographic persistence of fracture zones, patterns of submarine volcanism, and the "branching lines," here interpreted as a consequence of a change in spreading direction on an array of active fracture zones, are further evidence of deformation within the plate interiors. The low seismicity of the fracture zones is the result of high pore pressure, intense brecciation, and serpentinization that cause a drastic reduction in shear strength in the fracture zones. The oceanic crust is considered as a distinct mechanical and seismic province which is cut by thin zones of extremely low shear strength and in which major deformation can occur continuously and seismically. Crustal rigidity in such a system is the adjusting rigidity of a logjam. The concept of rigid plates is thus only a useful approximation to a dynamically complex crust.


The macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) relates space–mean density and flow. Because the MFD represents areawide network traffic performance, perimeter control strategies and networkwide traffic state estimation using the MFD concept have been studied. Most previous works used data from fixed sensors, such as inductive loops, to estimate the MFD, which can cause biased estimation in urban networks because of queue spillovers at intersections. To overcome this limitation, recent literature reported on the use of trajectory data obtained from probe vehicles. However, these studies were conducted with simulated data sets; few works have discussed the limitations of real data sets and their impact on variable estimation. This study compares two methods for estimating traffic state variables of signalized arterial sections: a method based on cumulative vehicle counts (CUPRITE) and one based on vehicle trajectory from taxi GPS logs. The comparisons reveal some characteristics of taxi trajectory data available in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The current trajectory data have limitations in quantity (i.e., the penetration rate), because of which the traffic state variables tend to be underestimated. Nevertheless, the trajectory-based method successfully captures the features of traffic states, which suggests that the trajectories from taxis can be a good estimator for networkwide traffic states.


Author(s): Diaz-Ochoa, Vladimir Emiliano | Advisor(s): Raffatellu, Manuela | Abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) induces a host inflammatory response that suppresses the growth of commensal bacteria. A contributing factor is the expression of proteins that starve microbes of metals. One such protein, calprotectin (CP), sequesters zinc (Zn2+) and manganese (Mn2+). While growth of commensal bacteria is suppressed, intestinal inflammation enhances S. Typhimurium growth. We tested the hypothesis that Salmonella is resistant to CP-mediated Mn2+ starvation. Using wild-type CP or CP mutants deficient in either Zn2+ or Mn2+ binding, we determined that S. Typhimurium resisted CP-mediated Mn2+ starvation and growth inhibition by expressing three Mn2+ transporters (SitABCD, MntH, and ZupT) . We also show that Salmonella mutants lacking Mn2+ transporters had a growth defect in the inflamed gut that was not rescued in CP deficient (S100a9-/-) mice. Remarkably, growth inhibition of the sitA mntH zupT mutant was reduced in Il22-/- mice, which lack a key cytokine involved in the induction of metal-binding antimicrobials, a finding that suggests the host might also deploy CP-independent mechanisms of Mn2+ sequestration.Under anaerobic conditions, CP did not inhibit sitA mntH zupT growth, suggesting that Mn2+ sequestration may enhance Salmonella susceptibility to oxidative stress. Consistent with this hypothesis, Mn2+ is a co-factor for SodA, a superoxide dismutase in Salmonella that reduces oxidative stress. We found that SodA helped S. Typhimurium overcome CP-mediated growth inhibition and contributed to Salmonella growth in the inflamed gut. Because neutrophils are the major source of oxidative stress during Salmonella induced gastroenteritis, we partially rescued the growth defect of the sitA mntH zupT and sodA mutants when we depleted neutrophils in C57BL/6 mice. We also rescued the growth defect of the sitA mntH zupT and sodA mutants in Cybb-/- mice, which have a defect in producing ROS. Moreover, the growth defect of the sitA mntH zupT mutant was less prominent in Cybb-/- S100a9-/- mice, most likely because these mice lack some ability to enhance oxidative stress through CP-mediated Mn2+ sequestration. Altogether, we demonstrate that Mn2+ transporters contribute to S. Typhimurium growth in the inflamed gut by helping Salmonella overcome Mn2+ starvation to effectively mitigate the host oxidative burst.


In this paper, we propose Tree-structured Expectation Propagation (TEP) algorithm to decode finite-length Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes. The TEP decoder is able to continue decoding once the standard Belief Propagation (BP) decoder fails, presenting the same computational complexity as the BP decoder. The BP algorithm is dominated by the presence of stopping sets (SSs) in the code graph. We show that the TEP decoder, without previous knowledge of the graph, naturally avoids some fairly common SSs. This results in a significant improvement in the system performance.


Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, must be diagnosed early fo r effective treatment. Irregular pigment network and streaks are important clues for melanoma diagn os s using dermoscopy images. This thesis describes novel image processing approaches for c omputer-aided pigment network and streaks detection on dermoscopy images. Our methods provide mea ningful visualization of these structures, and extract features for irregularity detection. Ad ditionally we present our efforts towards prevention of melanoma, by developing a smartphone app, UV-Can ada, to raise awareness of the importance of using sunscreen to prevent melanoma. To locate pigment networks, after preprocessing steps, which include se gmenting the lesion from the normal skin in the dermoscopy image, we use a graph-based appr oach to extract the holes and meshes of the pigment network, where cyclic subgraphs correspon d to skin texture structures. Each correctly extracted subgraph has a node corresponding to a hole in the pigment network, and the image is classified according to the density ratio of the graph. Our results o ver a set of 500 dermoscopy images show an accuracy of 94.3% on classification of the image s as pigment network Present or Absent. For analyzing the irregularity of the structure, we loc ate the network lines and define features inspired by the clinical definition to classify the network with a n accuracy of 82% discriminating between Absent, Typical or Atypical, which is important for melan oma diagnosis. To find streaks in dermoscopy images, filters are applied, and in a similar fash ion to fingerprint analysis, orientation estimation and correction is performed to detect low contr ast and fuzzy streak lines. A graph representation is used to analyze the geometric pattern of valid streaks, to model their distribution and coverage. We achieved an accuracy of 77% for classif ying dermoscopy images into streaks Absent, Regular, or Irregular on 945 images; the largest valida tion dataset published to date. Our contributions will improve automated diagnosis of melanoma using dermoscop y images.


In this work the influence of thermal effects on the performance of a finite porous journal bearing has been investigated using a thermo-hydrodynamic analysis. The Reynolds equation of thin viscous films is modified taking into account the oil leakage into the porous matrix, by applying Darcy's law to determine the fluid flow in the porous media. The governing equations were solved numerically using the finite difference approach. Obtained result show a reduction in the performance of journal bearings when the thermal effects are accounted for and, this reduction is greater when the load capacity is significant.


To explore the status of breast cancer screening in Turkey and analyze the factors affecting the use of screening among women, research was conducted in a teaching hospital in Ankara. Of the research group; 33.2% were < 30 years old, 83.9% were married, 36.6% had university and higher education level. There were statistically significant differences in women's status of doing breast self-examination (BSE) by age, knowledge of how, and the most appropriate time to do BSE; differences in clinical breast examination by age, marital status, employment status, pregnancy status, and having a personal history of breast diseases, and differences in mammography by age, marital status, educational status, employment status, pregnancy status, personal history of breast disease, and close family members with history of breast cancer.


The non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) increases the cardiovascular risk regardless of risk factors in metabolic syndrome. The stroke-prone (SP) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP5/Dmcr), fed a high-fat and -cholesterol (HFC) diet and administered Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) presented NASH and cardiovascular disease. However, the intermediary factors between NASH and cardiovascular risk are still unknown. We investigated whether bile acids (BAs) play an intermediary role between NASH and cardiovascular disease in SHRSP5/Dmcr rats. SHRSP5/Dmcr rats divided into 2 groups were fed an SP (non-NASH group, n=7) or HFC diet (NASH group, n=10) for 8 weeks. L-NAME was administered intraperitoneally in the final 2 weeks. In the NASH group, total BA levels were increased in both serum and liver; they aggravated the endothelial dysfunction in aorta, which is the first step to atherosclerosis, and activated the gene expression levels of cell adhesion molecules (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1) in coronary artery. In particular, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkB) was increased in the NASH group in the coronary endothelial cells activated by high BA levels. We demonstrated that liver BAs aggravated steatosis and fibrosis and serum BA accelerated arteriosclerosis and ischemic heart disease via the classical pathway of NFkB in the endothelial cells. BA metabolism disorder may be an intermediary factor between NASH and cardiovascular risk in SHRSP5/Dmcr rats.


Three strands ironed closely together It is not uncommon when braiding hair or bread to intertwine three different strands. At the molecular level, however, synthetic knots have thus far been restricted to architectures accessible from two-strand braids. Danon et al. used iron ion coordination to guide three organic ligand strands to form a knot geometry with eight separate crossings. Science, this issue p. 159 Iron coordination helps to template a molecular knot formed from three distinct strands. Knots may ultimately prove just as versatile and useful at the nanoscale as at the macroscale. However, the lack of synthetic routes to all but the simplest molecular knots currently prevents systematic investigation of the influence of knotting at the molecular level. We found that it is possible to assemble four building blocks into three braided ligand strands. Octahedral iron(II) ions control the relative positions of the three strands at each crossing point in a circular triple helicate, while structural constraints on the ligands determine the braiding connections. This approach enables two-step assembly of a molecular 819 knot featuring eight nonalternating crossings in a 192-atom closed loop ~20 nanometers in length. The resolved metal-free 819 knot enantiomers have pronounced features in their circular dichroism spectra resulting solely from topological chirality.


Abstract Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms are resistant to the third-generation cephalosporins commonly used as empirical therapy for a wide range of serious infections. It is therefore important for laboratories to offer reliable ESBL detection methods. This study compares two combination disc methods (Oxoid and Mast Diagnostics) containing cepodoxime with and without clavulanate with Vitek 2 for routine detection of ESBLs in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated from blood cultures. From December 2003 to April 2005, a total of 58 potential ESBL-producing isolates (resistant to cefotaxime and/or ceftazidime) by BSAC disc susceptibility were tested by the combination discs and Vitek 2. The Advanced Expert System, a feature of Vitek 2 reports possible mechanisms of resistance, based on interpretive reading of MICs. This study detected 7.4% more ESBL-producing isolates by Vitek 2 than by Oxoid disc testing (95% CI: 0.15–14.7%; P<0.2) and 31.6% more ESBL-producing isolates were detected by Vitek 2 than by Mast disc testing, (95% CI: 16.2–46.96%; P<0.001). Batch-to-batch variation was evident in disc performance for both disc types. Thus, use of appropriate controls is recommended when testing by the combination disc methods. Although no phenotypic test is 100% sensitive and specific, the Vitek 2 was a reliable system for ESBL detection; however, it is expensive and interpretation of results can be confusing to inexperienced users. Further studies to compare Vitek 2 with cefotaxime and ceftazidime combination discs may reveal disc methodology for ESBL detection to be a more reliable alternative than using cefpodoxime combination discs alone.


The company's main goal is to maximize the long term value of the company. The company's ability to generate value for the company was favorably affected by management's ability to manage the company. The company expects the financial manager will do the best for the company to increase the value of the company and create wealth for owners and shareholders. This research aims to understand the influence of profitability, capital structure, cash holding, and GCG (Good Corporate Governance) on firm value. The samples of this study were the property sector and real estate companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the period of 2008-2013. The data used from the annual report company. The methods of data analysis were multiple regression models and analyzed using IBM SPSS software. The results of this study are profitability has no influence on firm value, capital structure has positive influence on firm value, cash holding has no influence on firm value and GCG a has a positive influence on firm value.


Street vendors as a source of livelihood of the people who obviously need serious attention from governments, particularly in aspects of management. Lack of information on their contributions that make street vendors be positioned as a manufacturer slums, chaos, causing social problems, traffic congestion, and reduce the beauty of the city.
With all the consequences Local Governments are required to seek and provide a place to sell a proper procurement and legal for street vendors and does not interfere with the beauty and orderliness of the city. Because legally, if the street vendors have received the settlement from the city government programs, the legal protection will be obtained directly without any fear of for the evicted and the rights acquired by the absolute business
This research takes the formulation of the problem: 1. Any problems faced by sidewalk vendors Comboran law relating to the protection of street vendors?. 2. How Implementation of legal protection for street vendors Comboran?
This research was conducted in Malang, using judicial and sociological approach, and using primary data collection techniques (interviews, documentation, observation) and secondary data (literature study). By Respondent / samples originated from street vendors in Malang Comboran (JL. Halmahera, JL. Irian Jaya, JL. Prof.. Moch. Yamin and JL. Sartono, SH), which amounts to 26 people from a total population of 523 vendors Comboran.
Of the 26 informants Comboran street vendors in the area found several legal issues that caused the problems of licensing, selling the building was built in a semi-permanent or permanent, and the use of the shoulder.
Viewing this problem as the implementor Markets Department Legal protection has been to find solutions to overcome the problems of street vendors in Comboran one of them with the construction of the Western New Comboran Market as a place of relocation, but this has still not responded well by street vendors.
In conclusion, it is very necessary legal protection of their existence, because the street vendors is one of the honest work that can accommodate the number of job seekers increasingly difficult amid the number of jobs, probably things that must be considered by the City Government is a stubborn assertiveness on street vendors in the coaching program has strived . Communication and continuous supervision is very important. Because if this is not done then the characteristics of street vendors who clutter-makers and law breakers will be increasingly embedded rules


We use administrative data linking workers and firms to study employer-to-employer (E-to-E) flows. After discussing how to identify such flows in quarterly data, we investigate their basic empirical patterns. We find that the pace of E-to-E flows is high, representing approximately 4% of employment and 30% of separations each quarter. The pace of E-to-E flows appears to be highly procyclical and varies systematically across worker, job, and employer characteristics. There are rich patterns in terms of origin and destination of industries. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that more than half of the workers making E-to-E transitions switch even broadly defined industries (i.e., NAICS supersectors).


The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and ultrastructure of the digestive tract ofQinling lenok(Brachymystax tsinlingensis Li, 1966), a cold water Salmonidae fish, an endangered teleost species, with high potential for controlled rearing in Shaanxi Province of China, by light and electron microscopy. Morphological data of the digestive tract are important for understanding fish nutrition, pathological or physiological alterations. The histological structure of Qinling lenok consists of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. Taste buds were found in lips and esophagus. The esophageal mucosa consists of undifferentiated mucous cells and surface epithelial cells. The U-shaped stomach was divided into cardiac, fundic and pyloric region. There are numerous gastric glands in the submucosa layer of the cardiac and fundic stomach, but none of them are present in the pyloric region. The convoluted tube-shape intestine is lined by simple columnar epithelial cells with microvilli at the apical surface, with an intestinal coefficient of 0.61. There are numerous goblet cells in the intestine. Finger-like pyloric caeca were found in the front of intestine tube, with number ranged from 42 to 88. In ultrastructural level, mucous and glandular cells in the stomach were found, the glandular cell with well-developed tubulovesicular system, a great amount of pepsinogen granules, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. The enterocytes with abundant microvilli contained mitochondria and lysosome, and mucous granules of goblet cells were apparent in the intestine. High density of lipid droplets of pyloric caeca might be concerned with fat-absorption. The present study suggests that the digestive tract ofQinling lenok is similar to other carnivorous fishes, in relation to its feeding habits.


Abstract. In the early days of September 2018, a group of artists and researchers converged on the Detroit River (an international border between Detroit, Michigan, USA and Windsor, Ontario, Canada) to investigate the "Buoyant Cartographies" that this particular site demanded. As one of the parties involved in this participatory event (along with Lead Investigators In/Terminus Creative Research Group and Float School), my artist-research collective Hamilton Perambulatory Unit (HPU) undertook an experimental mapping project that investigated the different "strata" of the place and the development of a "city-image." The HPU Strata-Walk is an experimental and performative mapping methodology that focuses on how spatial meaning is created through a "stratigraphic" sensing of a site. The Detroit-Windsor border makes an especially compelling site for a Strata-Walk, in light of the conflicts over borders and walls in the current political environment, which presents an urgent need towards understanding and envisioning alternate possibilities for border zones. As a material site and geo-political space, the Detroit River border particularly benefits from intermedial investigations into spatial meanings and their construction. Notably, the role of folklore and local narratives on the internet and social media (and the erasure of Indigenous knowledge) figures large in developing one's knowledge of place. Experimental cartographies can thus help to develop alternate ways of seeing such sites.This presentation is an attempt to trace this particular event of "discovery," an account of how a place becomes known and how intermedial practices influence the manifestation of space and experience. Inherent in this research is the overarching question of how one begins to decolonize public narratives of place, how gaps and erasures in knowledge can be located in order to demarcate a way forward for further study and action. With these concerns in mind, I conduct a preliminary analysis of the border site through the activities of the HPU and our specific "strata-walking" framework, which focuses on different approaches of mapping-as-process, from phenomenological, ethnographic and cultural landscape reading methodologies to networked, social and digital media research. This performative mapping can shape individual experiences of the border through the revealing of complex networks, flows, and narratives, and point to fissures where alternative imaginings might be possible. I will first begin with a brief introduction to the HPU's methodologies, before situating them in a survey of relevant literatures around experimental and critical processes of mapping. Then, using photographic and textual documentation, I delve into some very preliminary results of the investigation, focusing on touristic experiences of border crossing as well as a look at the specific "imageability" of Peche Island in the Detroit River, a place of rumour and mystery, now a nature park maintained by the city of Windsor. The overall goal will be to demonstrate the necessity of experimental cartographies in the creation of alternate experiences and more reflexive narratives about the border zone, with the Detroit-Windsor border as a case study.


CONTEXT
Reductions in population mobility can mitigate virus transmission and, in turn, disease-related mortality. But do social distancing policies in response to COVID-19 actually change population behavior and, if so, what political, socioeconomic, and epidemiological factors condition this policy effect?

METHODS
We leverage subnational variation in the stringency and timing of state-issued social distancing policies to test their effects on population mobility from March to December 2020 across 109 states in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. We also explore how conventional explanations of compliance, including political trust, socioeconomic resources, health risks, and partisanship, modify these policy effects.

FINDINGS
In Brazil and the U.S., mandatory stay-at-home orders and workplace closures jointly reduced mobility, especially early in the pandemic. In Mexico, where federal government intervention created greater policy uniformity across states, workplace closures produced the most consistent reduction in mobility. Conventional explanations of compliance perform well in the U.S. but not in Brazil and Mexico, with the exception of socioeconomic resources.

CONCLUSIONS
In addition to new directions for future research on the politics of compliance, the article offers insights for policymakers about which public health measures are likely to elicit compliance. Our finding that the efficacy of workplace closures at reducing population mobility increases with levels of socioeconomic development suggests that cash transfers, economic stimulus packages, and other policies that mitigate the financial burdens of the pandemic may help reduce population mobility by decreasing the costs of staying at home.


I argue against the conception of scientific models advocated by the proponents of the Semantic View of scientific theories. Part of the paper is devoted to clarifying the important features of the scientific modeling view that the Semantic conception entails. The liquid drop model of nuclear structure is analyzed in conjunction with the particular auxiliary hypothesis that is the guiding force behind its construction and it is argued that it does not meet the necessary features to render it a model of the theory, as the Semantic View demands. Given that this model is indicative of how quantum mechanics is applied in the domain of nuclear physics, I claim that the Semantic View does not adequately account for scientific models.


ABSTRACT Strontium content of calcite has been used to aid in the interpretation of diagenesis of carbonate rocks. However, the distribution coefficient for strontium partitioning between calcite and solution (KDSr-Ca) is subject to both kinetic and thermodynamic factors that are incompletely understood. The effect of stress (which may involve both of these factors) on the partitioning of trace-element cations in the carbonate lattice has not previously been investigated. Aragonite-to-calcite transformation may occur under axial-stress burial conditions if aragonite-rich sediments escape near-surface diagenetic alteration. The effect of stress on KDSr-Ca during aragonite-to-calcite conversion was investigated through experimental compaction studies. Experiments investigated partitioning behavior under conditions of purely hydrostatic fluid pressure surrounding growing calcite crystals. Changes in hydrostatic pressure (up to 35 MPa, isothermal) had little or no effect on the partitioning of strontium into calcite. Varying solution Sr/Ca ratios at constant temperature likewise had no effect on the distribution coefficient. Hydrostatic experiments also investigated the temperature dependence of partitioning. Experimental data indicate that KDSr-Ca at STP is about 0.028. An experimental design was also constructed to test whether differential stress affects the KDSr-Ca value. A compaction apparatus was used to generate an effective stress of over 5 MPa, simulating lithostatic burial load at approximately 240 m. Temperature was held constant during experimental compaction runs. Data from compaction experiments show an order-of-magnitude depression of KDSr-Ca with increasing effective stress in the range from 0 to 5.35 MPa. These empirical results may aid in the interpretation of low-Sr limestones in the geologic record.


Background: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a key clinical focus area of Advancing Quality (AQ), a programme which has shown to decrease mortality with significant financial gain for North West Hospitals (ref: N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1821-8, Health Econ. (2013)DOI: 10.1002/hec). A dedicated AQ pneumonia lead nurse relies on coding system for case identification but current codes fail to differentiate CAP from other causes of pneumonia. Aims and Objectives: To find out the number of patients who had CAP amongst cases coded as Pneumonia specified (organism known) and non-specified (organism unknown). Methods: A prospective data was collected for patients coded as pneumonia specified and non-specified over 3 months period (n=250). A thorough review of medical notes, discharge summaries and investigation results for the admission episode was undertaken to identify actual number of CAP cases. Results: Out of the 250 cases reviewed only 70% had CAP, while 12.4% had pneumonia due to other cause.
 Moreover, 17.6% (44) were miscoded as pneumonia, the most common being sepsis with other or unknown source followed by exacerbation of COPD. Conclusion: Though majority of the patients coded as pneumonia had CAP, a significant proportion had other diagnosis. Current coding system categorises pneumonia based on isolation of a causative organism but fail to specifically differentiate between its clinical forms. Also, it is not infrequent to find other conditions being miscoded as pneumonia. We suggest a revised coding for different pneumonias to reflect clinical rather than theoretically significant differences between diseases.


The question of right speech about the mystery of God in suffering has moved many to discuss theodicy and human freedom, and has persuaded many others to rethink the understanding of God in relation to the world itself. The article focuses on two key concepts in Arthur Peacocke's evolutionary theology to propose a new understanding of the creative suffering of the triune God. It considers this proposal in three particular contexts: feminist theology, ecological praxis, and pastoral ministry.


This the HE Construction Library Guide. Here you can find help on finding and using the resources the Library provides.


Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a major pregnancy complication that causes pregnant women mortality. Here, we had scrutinized the correlation between serum levels of ?-hCG and biochemical parameters in PIH. Serum samples were collected from eighty Iraqi women (forty women with pregnancy-induced hypertension as patients group, twenty normotensive pregnant women as a positive control, and twenty normotensive non-pregnant women as a negative control) all groups were diagnosed clinically. All ?-hCG hormone level was measured for all studied groups, also serum uric acid, albumin, and total protein levels were measured as biochemical parameters. Data analysis showed that serum level of ?-hCG hormone was significant increase (p?0.05) in PIH in compared to control groups. Also Uric acid level was increased significantly in PIH group in compared with control groups. While Albumin show there was no significant difference in PIH group. Total serum protein level was measured by Bradford total Protein assay all results was in normal value and showed a significant difference in PIH group in comparison to control groups. Our study shows that there is correlation between ?-hCG with uric acid and albumin levels in PIH. Serial estimation of serum ?-hCG, uric acid, and albumin can be important to use as a marker of disease and also can be used in better early management of established cases that lead to preeclampsia and eclampsia.


The Swift mission has discovered an intriguing feature of gamma-ray burst (GRBs) afterglows, a phase of shallow decline of the flux in the X-ray and optical light curves. This behaviour is typically attributed to energy injection into the burst ejecta. At some point this phase ends, resulting in a break in the light curve, which is commonly interpreted as the cessation of the energy injection. In a few cases, however, while breaks in the X-ray light curve are observed, optical emission continues its slow flux decline. This behaviour suggests a more complex scenario. In this paper, we present a model that invokes a double component outflow, in which narrowly collimated ejecta are responsible for the X-ray emission while a broad outflow is responsible for the optical emission. The narrow component can produce a jet break in the X-ray light curve at relatively early times, while the optical emission does not break due to its lower degree of collimation. In our model both components are subject to energy injection for the whole duration of the follow-up observations. We apply this model to GRBs with chromatic breaks, and we show how it might change the interpretation of the GRBs canonical light curve. We also study our model from a theoretical point of view, investigating the possible configurations of frequencies and the values of GRB physical parameters allowed in our model.


A new causal power-normalized waveguide equivalent-circuit theory fixes both the magnitude and phase of the characteristic impedance of a waveguide.


OBJECTIVE
To assess differences between women with three distinct types of chronic pain conditions using a modified McGill Pain Questionnaire.

STUDY DESIGN
Data by self-administered questionnaire were collected on patients presenting to the University of Michigan Medical Center with chronic vulvar pain (144 patients), pelvic pain (198 patients) or headaches (130 patients). Data for analysis included: patient demographics, duration of pain and modified McGill Pain Questionnaire scores. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

RESULTS
Patients with vulvar pain had more formal education (P < .001), were more likely to be married (P < .001) and were less likely to be African American (P = .003) as compared to those with chronic pelvic pain and headaches. Chronic pelvic pain patients were younger than those in the other two groups (P = .002), and headache patients were likely to have had their chronic pain for a shorter duration than those with vulvar or pelvic pain (P < .001). Patients with vulvar pain had lower total scores on the McGill Pain Questionnaire as well as on the four subsets of variables: affective, sensory, cognitive and miscellaneous indexes (P < .001). They also chose fewer words to describe their symptoms from the 20-word lists (P < .001) and had lower average scores in each of the 20 categories as compared to the other two groups (P < .0001). Controlling for age, ethnicity and marital status did not alter this significance.

CONCLUSION
Patients with vulvar pain were a unique groups when compared to other chronic pain populations. Evaluation of the demographics and McGill Pain Questionnaire scores confirmed the distinct qualities of women with vulvar pain.


If only we could know what our students were up to at any given moment in class. Who is paying attention, and who is falling asleep? Who understands the past perfect and who thinks it is about something wonderful that happened yesterday? And wouldn't it be great if we knew who is motivated and who is ready to drop out of the course? Language teachers perhaps struggle with these questions even more than teachers in other domains, because their students are not able to communicate their preferences and needs as well as L1 speakers. Learning analytics involves monitoring student engagement and comprehension and can be used as a way to identify potential problems early on in a course. In this short article I will describe what learning analytics is, how it can work in practice, as well as its potential benefits and drawbacks for language learning and teaching.


Excellence in IT is both a driver and a key enabler of the digital transformation. The digital transformation changes the way we live, work, learn, communicate, and collaborate. The Internet of Things (IoT) fundamentally influences today's digital strategies with disruptive business operating models and fast changing markets. New business information systems are integrating emerging Internet of Things infrastructures and components. With the huge diversity of Internet of Things technologies and products organizations have to leverage and extend previous Enterprise Architecture efforts to enable business value by integrating Internet of Things architectures. Both architecture engineering and management of current information systems and business models are complex and currently integrating beside the Internet of Things synergistic subjects, like Enterprise Architecture in context with services & cloud computing, semantic-based decision support through ontologies and knowledge-based systems, big data management, as well as mobility and collaboration networks. To provide adequate decision support for complex business/IT environments, we have to make transparent the impact of business and IT changes over the integral landscape of affected architectural capabilities, like directly and transitively impacted IoT-objects, business categories, processes, applications, services, platforms and infrastructures. The paper describes a new metamodel-based approach for integrating Internet of Things architectural objects, which are semi-automatically federated into a holistic Digital Enterprise Architecture environment.


The IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE) took place from 6 to 8 September 2011 in Berlin. It was colocated with the IFA Consumer Electronics Unlimited, the leading trade show for consumer electronics (CE) and home appliances in Europe. The event was a great success with more than 100 oral presentations and a series of interesting and topical keynotes on the key issue for the CE industry.


Literature shows that not much is known about the prosodic systems in Ekegusii, a Bantu language spoken by about 2.2 million people in south western Kenya. This paper presents an analysis of vowel compensatory lengthening in Ekegusii. Synchronic evidence for hiatus resolution strategies is provided in order to describe the vowels that are lengthened compensatorily and determine the morphological processes that trigger compensatory lengthening in Ekegusii. Guided by native speaker intuition and triangulation by other native speakers, data in the form of nominals and verbals were elicited from four Ekegusii texts and qualitatively analysed for emerging patterns. Findings revealed that all the seven basic Ekegusii vowels undergo compensatory lengthening when their phonetic environments are altered. Vowel compensatory lengthening is brought out as a surface realisation of the interaction of morphemes through the morphological process of prefixation. The lengthening is further seen as a conspiracy to eliminate ill-formed sequences created by prefixation. The height of the first vowel and whether it is followed by another vowel or a consonant determines how the hiatus situation is eliminated. It is expected that the analyses done in this study will have practical pedagogical implications in the teaching of segmental and suprasegmental aspects of Ekegusii.


Buckling of tubulars inside wellbores has been the subject of many researches and articles in the past. However, these conservative theories have always followed the same assumptions : the wellbore has a perfect and unrealistic geometry (vertical, horizontal, deviated, curved), the friction and rotation effects are ignored, conditions relatively far from actual field conditions. How do tubulars buckle in actual field conditions, that is, in a naturally tortuous wellbore with friction and rotation ? Can we apply theories developed for perfect well conditions (no tortuosity, no friction, no rotation) to actual well conditions ? For the first time, this paper presents how the drillstring rotation affects the critical buckling load in actual field conditions. These new results have been obtained from an advanced model dedicated to drillstring mechanics successfully validated with laboratory tests. Firstly, this paper presents the new developments integrated in a recently advanced model for drillstring mechanics that enables to take into account the buckling phenomenon in any actual well trajectory. Indeed, some simultaneous torque-drag-buckling calculations are presented and allow to properly take into account the additional contact force generated in a post-buckling configuration, and as a consequence the additional torque at surface. Secondly, this paper shows the influence of friction and rotation on buckling loads for some practical and critical cases met in the drilling industry. These friction and rotation effects are demonstrated with an experimental set up that enables to confirm theoretical features. Lastly, this paper shows that using standard buckling criteria may lead to too conservative solutions, and that under specific circumstances, the drilling and completion engineer could safely operate in a buckling mode for a given time. These new results presented in this paper should improve significantly well planning and operational procedures to drill and operate more and more complex wells.