While the colourful sweetmeats are frying in the kitchen, Jagan immerses himself in his copy of the Bhagavad Gita. A widower of firm Gandhian principles, Jagan nonetheless harbours a warm and embarrassed affection for his wastrel son Mali. Yet even Jagan's patience begins to fray when Mali descends on the sleepy city of Malgudi full of modern notions, with a new half-American wife and a grand plan for selling novel-writing machines. From different generations and different cultures, father and son are forced to confront each other, and are taken by surprise ...


Technical and economic advances have led to the digitalization of our environment. Whether collected from smartphones, smart household devices, or wearable health trackers, data is automatically processed and used to provide us with multiple services throughout the day. While the benefits of such technologies for individual users — as well as society at large — are undisputed, the resulting transformed environment triggers concerns vis-à-vis informational privacy and the loss thereof. These privacy and data protection challenges must be addressed. As privacy protects different and evolving interests, research in this field is a complex undertaking. To do justice to the complex and interdisciplinary nature of privacy and data protection, the topic at hand has to be approached from multiple perspectives. The book «Designing for Privacy and Its Legal Framework» focuses on how the law and technical tools, acting together, can enhance the protection of privacy and data in an Internet of Things environment. In doing so, we provide concrete insights into how to implement the concept of privacy by design.


Seawater intrusion is a natural phenomenon occurring in coastal aquifers, which is exacerbated by borehole abstraction, which may lead to contamination of water supplies. Borehole data are usually too scarce spatially to enable accurate identification and delineation of seawater intrusion. For that purpose, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and electromagnetic (EM) methods are proven and popular geophysical techniques because of their high spatial resolution and sensitivity to pore water salinity, which is particularly beneficial in heterogeneous aquifers characterised by complex saltwater intrusion patterns. Inverted resistivity models can be converted into pore water salt concentration through the application of so-called petrophysical relationships, and further interpreted to map seawater intrusion patterns or used as constraining dataset for groundwater models. However, the conversion procedure is prone to conceptual and computational errors including the application of the appropriate petrophysical relationship —considering heterogeneity or clay content—, and the numerical limitations in the inversion of the geophysical data. These errors are cumulated and transferred throughout all steps from geophysical acquisition to the hydrogeological model. In this work, using ERT geophysics as an example, we evaluate the magnitude and spatial distribution of relative errors and their imprint in the final recovered salinity section to be used for interpretation or model calibration. Results highlight the importance of applying the appropriate petrophysical relationship when delineating spatial salinity patterns from the resistivity model, along with the errors associated with the conceptual simplifications in heterogeneous systems on one hand, and with the geophysical inversion procedure on the other hand. These three sources of errors add-up and may lead to large inaccuracies in the estimated position and spreading of the seawater-freshwater mixing zone. They need to be accounted for when using geophysical model for mapping and modelling of saltwater intrusion. The analysis also provides practical insights for the integration of inverted geophysical data in early-warning seawater intrusion monitoring strategies, for improved estimations of freshwater resources and for the management of coastal aquifers.


Purpose/objectives To discuss and describe the role of relaxation and imagery in the care of patients with cancer, including suggestions for enhancing assessment and brief instructions for implementing basic interventions. Data synthesis Relaxation and imagery are commonly used to treat various side effects of cancer and its treatment. The nursing literature often has encouraged nurses to use relaxation and imagery to assist patients in managing pain, nausea, vomiting, and anxiety. Frequently, the literature has presented these techniques as being simple, harmless interventions requiring little assessment, planning, or individualization. Conclusions Simplistic, generalized approaches may result in suboptimal treatment or deleterious responses. Implications for nursing practice Clinicians must assess and collaborate with patients in developing an appropriate strategy that fits the individual's preferences and beliefs.


Studies have shown that modern methods of readability assessment, using automated linguistic analysis and machine learning (ML), is a viable road forward for readability classification and ranking. In this paper we present a study of different levels of analysis and a large number of features and how they affect an ML-system's accuracy when it comes to readability assessment. We test a large number of features proposed for different languages (mainly English) and evaluate their usefulness for readability assessment for Swedish as well as comparing their performance to that of established metrics. We find that the best performing features are language models based on part-of-speech and dependency type.


Objective: The objective of present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegate root. Methods: In the present study BVEE at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was studied for anti-inflammatory activities in different animal models.. Antiinflammatory activity was carried out by using carrageenan induced paw edema model and cotton pellet induced granuloma model in wistar rats. Results: The results shows that BVEE possess anti-inflammatory activity in acute as well as sub acute models of inflammation in rats. BVEE (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed significant (p <0.01) anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the paw edema volume in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats in the late phase (2to4h)regulated by prostaglandins and leucotrienes and in cotton pellet induced granuloma model BVEE decreased dry weight of granuloma. Conclusion: The observed pharmacological activity may be due to presence of phytochemical compounds present in the extract like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and tannins.


Abstract Levinson (1995, 2000) and Traugott & Dasher (2002) suggest that semantic change proceeds from particularized conversational implicature via generalized conversational implicature to coded meaning. However, this model is ultimately neither theoretically nor empirically tenable. Our alternative proposal builds on the assumption that PCI are in the communicative foreground of a message while GCI are in its background. The following sequences therefore seem to be possible: 1. A PCI semanticizes directly: PCI(* → GCI) → coded meaning. 2. A PCI turns into a GCI, but is not fully semanticized: PCI → GCI (* → coded meaning). 3. A GCI semanticizes, but only after being foregrounded as a PCI: GCI → PCI → coded meaning.


This paper presents an extended object model for case-based reasoning in product configuration design. In the extended object model a few of methods of knowledge expression are adopted such as constraints, rules, objects etc. On the basis of extended object model, case representation model for case-based reasoning is applied to product configuration design system. The product configuration knowledge can be represented by the extended object. The model can support all the processes of case-based reasoning in product configuration design such as case representation, indexing, retrieving and case revising. The model extends traditional object-oriented model by including the relationship class used to express the relation between the cases, constraints class used in the product configuration knowledge representation, index class used in case retrieving, solution class used in case revise. So the product configuration knowledge that used in the product configuration design can be represented by using this model. In the end a Metering pump product configuration design systems is developed on the basis of the proposed product configuration model to support customized products.


BACKGROUND Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The present study was designed to assess the prevalence of renal artery stenosis in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) who underwent Coronary Angiography (CAG). MATERIALS AND METHODS The consecutive CAD patients undergoing CAG and renal angiography were studied from November 2000 to July 2004. The presence of risk factors such as age, hypertension, diabetes, left ventricular function and myocardial infarction were assessed. The degree of arterial stenosis was categorised into mild, moderate and severe and at least 50% narrowing of the arterial lumen was considered as arterial stenosis. Data was analysed by using SPSS 20.0 software. Out of 878 patients, the prevalence of RAS was calculated as 33 (3.8%) patients, the majority of them were male (75.9%). Out of 33 patients, 19 (57.6%), 6 (18.2%) and 8 (24.2%) patients were classified as mild, moderate and severe RAS, respectively. Using multiple variables including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, multivessel disease and left ventricular dysfunction patients were considered as predictors of RAS. The significant number of a patient had unilateral 18 (54.5%) and 11 (33.3%) bilateral RAS observed from renal angiography. The present study suggests that the renal angiography in combination with coronary artery angiography in CAD patients provides the opportunity for identification of RAS.


An increasing popularity of multichannel recordings from freely behaving animals and the need to develop a practical brain-machine interface has fuelled the development of miniature multichannel recording systems. Here we describe our prototype miniature 64-channel acquisition system that could be used for multichannel recordings in freely behaving monkeys or other large animals. The system's features include an high impedance input for neurophysiology electrodes, an integrated battery fed circuitry with a 64 low-noise multiplexed amplifiers array that permits the parallel recording of all channels, a 10-bit resolution ADC, an FPGA digital core for online processing and data transmission, a USB 2.0 link and a custom software for data visualization and whole system control.


Since prolactin (PRL) (a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary) was first identificated, the existence of hyperprolactinemic syndrome has been recognized. Main symptoms are galactorrhea, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea and infertility in women and decreased libido and impotence in men. Macroprolactinemia reflects the predominance of circulating forms with reduced bioactivity not associated with typical clinical manifestations of hyperprolactinemia. It is identified by immunoassays commonly used in clinical practice, resulting in hyperprolactinemia. Polyetilenoglycol (PEG) is the most used method that removes PRL from serum. It is likely that the phenomenon of macroprolactinemia is consistently underestimated and unrecognized. Manufacturers of immunoassays for PRL have been slow to incorporate in the literature, validated protocols, and data related to the interference of PEG. From a clinical and biochemical point of view and, the main concern should be to avoid unnecessary investigation and treatment.


This paper compares the many fault tolerant three-phase AC motor drive topologies that have been proposed to provide output capacity for the inverter faults of switch short or open-circuits, phase-leg short-circuits, and single-phase open-circuits. Also included is a review of the respective control methods for fault tolerant inverters including two-phase and unipolar control methods. The output voltage and current space in terms of dq components is identified for each topology and fault. These quantities are then used to normalize the power capacity of each system during a fault to a standard inverter during normal operation. A silicon overrating cost factor is adopted as a metric to compare the relative switching device costs of the topologies compared to a standard three-phase inverter.


Ni-Fe-P coatings were deposited on ferritic stainless steel by means of electroless method. The oxidation behavior of the steel with these coatings were investigated at 800°C in air. The mass gain of the steel with Ni-Fe-P coatings deposited from solutions with different mass ratios of FeSO4 to NiSO4 decreased with increasing mass ratio. For the steel with Ni-Fe-P coating deposited in the solution with 0.25 of the mass ratio, the mass gain increased with the increase in oxidation time. While the mass gain of the steel with coatings deposited in solution with 0.5 and 0.75 of the mass ratio, respectively, became stable after 10-h oxidation. Compared with Ni-P, The Ni-Fe-P coatings improved the spallation resistance of the surface oxide scale. The oxide scale formed the bare steel consisted of Cr2O3 with TiO2 and (Mn,Cr)3O4 spinel. However, the oxide scale thermally grown on the steel with Ni-Fe-P coatings was composed of NiO, (Ni,Fe)3O4 spinel and Cr2O3.


This report describes two methodology studies dedicated towards development of metal catalysed crosscoupling reactions in the synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds.

Firstly, a Heck-Mizoroki arylation reaction is reported for the direct functionalisation of tetrahydropyridines, towards the synthesis of kainoid analogues. Kainoids are a group of non-proteinogenic pyrrolidine dicarboxylic acids, which have attracted considerable interest because of their potent biological activity, including insecticidal, anthelmintic and neuroexcitatory properties. The ideal synthesis of kainoids would allow the ability to introduce various side chains at the C-4 position to access diverse pharmacologically active kainoid analogues. Tandem asymmetric Heck-Mizoroki arylation reaction and [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement provides a quick and efficient way to access these molecules. The Heck-Mizoroki arylation of 1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine and its hydrochloride salt is reported, with the arylation in the 3- position of the tetrahydropyridine as the major product. The reaction has been applied to a variety of substituted aryliodides, with promising results, demonstrating functional group tolerance of the method, however isolation and purification of the resulting compounds has remained challengeing. Diarylation of tetrahydropyridines has also been achieved.

Secondly, a new catalytic method for arylative spirocyclisation is reported, using stoichiometric Grignard reagents and iron(III) catalysts, to induce cyclisation of (2-iodo benzyl ethers of furan in a highly stereoselective manner to produce novel functionalised spirocyclic compounds. Method optimisation and application of a variety of Grignard reagents is reported with aryl cross-coupling achieved in high yields. Alkyl- cross coupling has also been achieved with ethylmagnesium bromide Grignard reagent.


The Web is a virtually infinite information space, and archiving its entirety, all its aspects, is a utopia. The volume of information presents a challenge, but it is neither the only nor the most limiting factor given the continuous drop in storage device costs. Significant challenges lie in the management and technical issues of the location and collection of Web sites. As a consequence of this, archiving the Web is a task that no single institution can carry out alone. This article will present various approaches undertaken today by different institutions; it will discuss their focuses, strengths, and limits, as well as a model for appraisal and identifying potential complementary aspects amongst them. A comparison for discovery accuracy is presented between the snapshot approach done by the Internet Archive (IA) and the event-based collection done by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF) in 2002 for the presidential and parliamentary elections. The balanced conclusion of this comparison allows for identification of future direction for improvement of the former approach.


The spatial learning abilities of young, middle-age, and senescent rats were investigated in two experiments using several versions of the Morris water maze task. In Experiment 1, Long-Evans hooded rats were trained to find a submerged escape platform hidden within the water maze. During this phase of testing, aged rats exhibited acquisition deficits compared with either young or middle-age subjects. With continued training, however, all age groups eventually achieved comparable asymptotic levels of performance. Subsequent testing in Experiment 1 revealed that following original training, aged rats were not impaired in learning a novel escape location or in their ability to locate a visible, cued escape platform. In an attempt to identify the basis of the age-related impairments observed in Experiment 1, naive young and aged rats in Experiment 2 were initially tested for their ability to locate a cued escape platform in the water maze. During this phase of testing, the escape latencies of both young and aged rats rapidly decreased to equivalent asymptotic levels. Subsequent analyses revealed that following cue training, young subjects exhibit a significant spatial bias for the region of the testing apparatus where the platform was positioned during training. In contrast, aged rats showed no spatial bias. Training was continued in Experiment 2 using a novel submerged platform location for each subject. During these place training trials, the escape latencies of senescent rats were longer than those of young subjects. These impairments were also accompanied by a lack of spatial bias among aged rats relative to young control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


The present research examines analytically and experimentally the mode-I and mode-II and mixed mode-Interlaminar fracture toughness of PAN based carbon/epoxy composite. A modified Arcan fixture, well-suited for the study of the behavior of used composite assemblies, was developed in order to focus on the analysis of the fracture behavior of the material. The edge effects are minimized by using an appropriate design of the substrates so that experimental results give reliable data. Also the mode-I and mode-II stress intensity factors were computed for different crack lengths and load orientation angles using finite element analysis. The numerical results show that the modified Arcan specimen is able to provide pure mode-I, pure mode-II and any mixed mode loading conditions. It is shown that the results obtained from the fracture tests are consistent very well with mixed mode fracture theories. Obtained results indicated that fracture toughness and stress intensity factor for sliding mode enhanced up when the loading angle increased. Mechanism of fracture and toughening were examined by using scanning electron microscopy.


Glioblastoma (WHO grade IV astrocytoma) is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Optimal treatment of a patient with glioblastoma requires collaborative care across numerous specialties. The diagnosis of glioblastoma may be suggested by the symptomatic presentation and imaging, but it must be pathologically confirmed via surgery, which can have dual diagnostic and therapeutic roles. Standard of care postsurgical treatment for newly diagnosed patients involves radiation therapy and oral temozolomide chemotherapy. Despite numerous recent trials of novel therapeutic approaches, this standard of care has not changed in over a decade. Treatment options under active investigation include molecularly targeted therapies, immunotherapeutic approaches, and the use of alternating electrical field to disrupt tumor cell division. These trials may be aided by new insights into glioblastoma heterogeneity, allowing for focused evaluation of new treatments in the patient subpopulations most likely to benefit from them. Because glioblastoma is incurable by current therapies, frequent clinical and radiographic assessment is needed after initial treatment to allow for early intervention upon progressive tumor when it occurs.


This paper deals with the problem of thermal and mechanical shocks, which rising during operation, mostly at interrupted cut. Here will be solved their impact on the cutting edge tool life, the impact of coating technology on resistance to shocks and experimental determination of tool life in heating flame. Resistance of removable cutting edges against thermal and mechanical shock is an important indicator of quality as well as its abrasion resistance. Breach of the edge or its crumble may occur due to cyclic loading. We can observe it not only during the interrupted cutting (milling, turning areas abandoned hole or slot), but also in continuous cutting. This is due to the volatility of cutting force on cutting. Frequency of the volatility in this case depends on the type of rising chips (chip size element). For difficult-to-machine materials such as austenitic steel particularly happened at higher cutting speeds for the localization of plastic deformation in the shear plane and for the inception of separate elements substantially continuous chips. This leads to variations of cutting forces substantially greater than for other types of steel. Keywords—Cutting Tool Life, Heating, Mechanical Shocks, Thermal Shocks


Snapshot Isolation (SI) is a multiversion concurrency control algorithm, first described in Berenson et al. [1995]. SI is attractive because it provides an isolation level that avoids many of the common concurrency anomalies, and has been implemented by Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server (with certain minor variations). SI does not guarantee serializability in all cases, but the TPC-C benchmark application [TPC-C], for example, executes under SI without serialization anomalies. All major database system products are delivered with default nonserializable isolation levels, often ones that encounter serialization anomalies more commonly than SI, and we suspect that numerous isolation errors occur each day at many large sites because of this, leading to corrupt data sometimes noted in data warehouse applications. The classical justification for lower isolation levels is that applications can be run under such levels to improve efficiency when they can be shown not to result in serious errors, but little or no guidance has been offered to application programmers and DBAs by vendors as to how to avoid such errors. This article develops a theory that characterizes when nonserializable executions of applications can occur under SI. Near the end of the article, we apply this theory to demonstrate that the TPC-C benchmark application has no serialization anomalies under SI, and then discuss how this demonstration can be generalized to other applications. We also present a discussion on how to modify the program logic of applications that are nonserializable under SI so that serializability will be guaranteed.


In this research, heat transfer enhancement and simultaneous effect of that on pressure drop inside condensers with twisted tape inserts are investigated. A refrigeration system is designed for attaining to maximum level of heat transfer with minimum pressure drop. The test condenser is a double pipe heat transformer with inner and outer diameter of 10.7mm and 12.7mm for internal pipe, respectively. The test tube's length is 104mm. Experiments are performed for a plain tube and four tubes with twisted tape inserts with different twist ratios of 6, 9, 12 and 15. Also data are collected for mass velocities of 56.44, 69.49, 82.38, 96.52, 113.32 and 130.9kg/m2s. In conclusion, data analysis showed that insertion of twisted tapes inside tubes has increased the heat transfer and pressure drop by as much as 40% and 240% above the plain tube values on a nominal area basis, respectively.


The deterioration of U.S.-Soviet scientific relations in 1946–1948 traditionally has been seen as simply a consequence of the growing political conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. Scientific activities with direct military applications—most clearly manifested in the nuclear bomb—have been depicted as the primary motive for a variety of Cold War science policies, ranging from restrictions on international cooperation to the veil of secrecy placed over military-related scientific research. This article explores U.S.-Soviet relations in oncology in 1944–1948 and shows that science became an integral part and an instrument, rather than a mere reflection, of the Cold War confrontation. Science played a central role in the formulation of certain Cold War policies and informed Soviet decision-making on a wide range of policy issues that were essential to the growth of the Cold War. In this context, the symbolic value of science as a propaganda tool became no less important than its military applications.


An automatic detection device was developed to measure the frictional resistance force between the tracks on the brackets of car seats. The device adopted the force sensor to measure the action force of the tracks on line. The industrial computer was responsible for processing the data, dynamically drawing the value curve of the meter, collecting the order from the SCM and sending the controlling signal to the SCM. The applications show that the measuring system has the good dynamic performance, high measuring accuracy and reliability.


This article describes the culture of some English departments and the value system often attached to various forms of media in them. Because English studies so often values the letter, texts, and the consumption of these, it's been caught in its own hierarchy of signs. English studies has been slow to create new media scholarship and train future teachers to understand multiple media despite challenges from within and outside of the discipline to do so. Samples of new media scholarship are offered to demonstrate the plurality of scholarship and teaching practices possible with new media.


Navigation database (NDB) capacity (memory size) has always been an issue in aircraft Flight Management Computers (FMC). And, that issue is a concern for Performance-based Navigation (PBN) Implementation as so many new next generation (NextGen) procedures are being developed and many FMCs no longer have the capacity for additions to their NDBs. For the near-term, the problem will just keep getting worse for aircraft with FMCs limited by capacity due to the growth in the number of coded procedures and waypoints to store and limitations in the storage size. Anecdotal evidence finds navigation database suppliers estimating that worldwide procedure production will increase database size approximately 3% to 8% annually for the forseable future.1 In many cases, the airlines must already strictly tailor the available sets of procedures in their databases according to geographic areas to meet current FMC memory capacity constraints. Fortunately, the trend for the mid-term and far-term is that the projected growth rate will not be such an issue given the actual and "potential" additional memory expansion of new FMCs.However, a related concern is a means to move away from the binary packing of data into a general standard that works with all FMCs. Database development groups are proposing using a version of Extensible Markup Language (XML) which will take up significantly more storage. FMC vendors and airlines have expressed concern over this proposal because of memory storage requirements. This proposal is still in its infancy and has yet to be proposed as a formal standard. This paper provides background on FMC database capacity and factors that influence memory requirements. It addresses airline's tailoring of navigation databases and the status of memory in current FMCs operating within the United States National Airspace System (NAS). It also introduces the methods the airlines use to reduce the size of their NDBs despite the tide of procedures being developed worldwide.


Prior research has extended the classical PMC (or Symmetric Invalidation) Model to incorporate a priori weights or probabilities associated with units. We consider a similar extension to the BGM (or Asymmetric Invalidation) Model. In contrast to the PMC model, where deciding the weighted diagnosability number is co-NP complete, we show that the diagnosability number in the weighted BGM model can be obtained in O(m/sup 2/) time, where m is the number of tests in the system. We also show that diagnosis in this weighted model can be performed in O(T(n)) time, where n is the number of units in the system and T(n)/spl ap/n/sup 2.376/ is the amount of time needed to multiply two n by n matrices.


"When the gut works, use it" is a common expression used to encourage the use of the enteral route for nutrition over the parenteral route in hospitalized patients. The same access device is often used to deliver both the enteral formula and medications without regard to the administration site (gastric versus small bowel). Changes in drug response as well as complications of drug administration may result from delivering enteral nutrition and medication together through the same tube. Currently, there is no standard of practice regarding the administration of specific medications when patients are receiving tube feeding, and if the feeding should be held for a period of time before and after drug administration. This report provides a general review regarding interactions between enteral feeding and the fluoroquinolones antibiotic class.


Real-time communication where the timely delivery of the data transfer requests needs to be guaranteed is essential for several applications. This work formally introduces the Real-Time Unsplittable Data Dissemination Problem (RTU/DDP), which is a generalization of the unsplittable flow problem. RTU/DD P problem is proved to be NP-hard. Therefore, heuristic approaches are required to acquire good solutions to the problem. The problem is divided into two sub-problems: path selection and request packing. Each of these sub-problems is formally defined and h euristic algorithms are proposed for both sub-problems. MinMin/FPF, Edge Disjoint MinMin/FPF, MinCon/FPF, and LFL-MinCon/FPFheuristics are proposed for the path selection subproblem. MNOFF and MOFF heuristics are introduced for the latter subproblem. The performances of these algorithms are compared with a genetic algorithm solution proposed in this study and a heuristic fr om the literature. The results and discussions of the comparisons among the performances of the proposed heuristics are presented.


In the present computing world, most new-generation database applications demand intelligent interface to enhance efficient interactions between database and the users. The most accessible interfaces for databases must be intelligent and able to understand natural language expressions. In this paper mapping of natural language queries to SQL is discussed. We propose a general architecture for an intelligent database interface and also a real implementation of such a system which can be connected to any database. One of the main characteristics of this interface is domain-independence, which means that this interface can be used with any database. Another characteristic of this system is ease of configuration. The intelligent interface employs semantic matching technique to convert natural language query to SQL using dictionary and set of production rules. The dictionary consists of semantics sets for tables and columns. The shaped query is executed and the results are presented to the user. This interface was first tested using Supplier-Parts database and secondly with Northwind database of SQL server 7.0. KeywordsDatabases; Structured Query Language (SQL); intelligent interface; Intelligent Database System (IDBS), Flexible Querying; Intelligent Layer; Domain Independent Interface.


Abstract Much research has been conducted into the determinants of customer experience. However, these studies do not include relationship norms as a possible determinant of customer experience. Nevertheless, there are strong indications that the relationship norms used by a customer are an important factor in customer behavior and customer experience. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of relational models on customer experience and to explain possible differences in presence of relational models. This paper describes the results of two studies. The first study focuses on the effects of relational models on customer experience. This first study shows that the type of relationship has a strong influence on customer experience in terms of consumption emotions, customer satisfaction, and recommendation intention. Knowing that differences in the presence of relational models have a strong influence on customer experience, a second study focuses on finding a possible explanation for the differences in the presence of relational models. We hypothesize that differences in the presence of relational models can be explained by how organizations approach their customers and how customers perceive the organization. Especially, the perceived organizational involvement and freedom of choice as perceived by the customer play an important role. The second study, therefore, focuses on the influence of perceived organizational involvement and freedom of choice on relational models. The study shows that organizational involvement and freedom of choice have a significant impact on the activation of relational models. The findings are interesting for organizations that want to improve customer experience.


The objective of this study was to determine intake and site and extent of nutrient digestion of lactating cows grazing pasture with or without energy supplementation. Four dual-cannulated (rumen and proximal duodenum) cows were randomly assigned to two groups to graze mixed cool season grass legume pasture with either no supplement or with 6.4 kg of cracked corn and mineral mix daily in a switchback design with three 2-wk periods. Markers (Cr2O3 and Co-EDTA) were used to estimate intake, duodenal flow, fecal output, and fractional rates of passage from the rumen. Daily OM intake was similar between diets, but OM intake of pasture was lower when cows were fed corn. Apparent OM and NDF digestibilities in the rumen and total digestive tract were lower when cows were supplemented with corn than when they consumed pasture only. Supplemental corn decreased ruminal NH3 N (22 vs. 17 mg/dl) and increased N recovery at the duodenum (86% vs. 75% of N intake). Nonammonia, nonmicrobial N flowing to the duodenum was 67% of the total NAN flow. Corn increased energy intake of grazing cows, but decreased herbage intake and digestibility.


—Measurement of vertebral spinal motion is a difficult endeavor given the lack of reachable bony landmarks for placement of reflective markers for common optoelectronic systems and large skin movement artifacts along the spine affecting the accuracy of surface-mounted techniques. The objective of this proof-of-concept study was to develop an experimental framework to assess spinal curvatures with high accuracy by using ultrasound (US) imaging. A phantom spine model (T1-T12) immersed in water was scanned using both Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3D) US. The US scans were obtained for the phantom spine in different postures while the US probe was localized by three electromagnetic tracking sensors (NDI system) attached to the probe head and later identified on the acquired US volumes via visual inspection. Spinal landmarks were selected on the US images and validated using US-MRI registration. Their position was then related to the position of the tracking sensors, enabling the precise localization of landmarks and reconstruction of spinal curvatures in a global reference frame. The obtained anatomical reconstructions were further refined using an automatic registration algorithm and validated by an experienced sonographer (ground-truth solution). Results of this study show that localized 3D US enables tracking of spinal landmarks and allows for an accurate reconstruction of static postures. A high reliability in sensor identification of 0.49 mm was found on average while the inter-observer variability was strongly correlated to the intra-observer error with maximum deviance of 0.8 mm. The NDI-based spine reconstruction had a mean error of 5.6 mm compared to the ground-truth, which is significantly lower than errors obtained by current gold standards (>10 mm). Combining US probe tracking and semi-automatic registration methods anatomical reconstructions comparable to clinical standards were obtained. This study implies that US holds the potential for advancing vertebral motion assessment and the reconstruction of spinal curvatures. In future, this could overcome limitations of marker-based approaches.


Increases in CO2 levels in the atmosphere and their contributions to global climate change have been a major concern. It has been shown that CO2 injection can enhance the methane recovery from coal. Accordingly, sequestration costs can be partially offset by the value added product. Indeed, coal seam sequestration may be profitable, particularly with the introduction of incentives for CO2 sequestration. Hence, carbon dioxide sequestration in unmineable coals is a very attractive option, not only for environmental reasons, but also for possible economic benefits. Darcy flow through cleats is an important transport mechanism in coal. Cleat compression and permeability changes due to gas sorption desorption, changes of effective stress, and matrix swelling and shrinkage introduce a high level of complexity into the feasibility of a coal sequestration project. The economic effects of carbon dioxide-induced swelling on permeabilities and injectivities has received little (if any) detailed attention. Carbon dioxide and methane have different swelling effects on coal. In this work, the Palmer-Mansoori model for coal shrinkage and permeability increases during primary methane production was re-written to also account for coal swelling caused by carbon dioxide sorption. The generalized model was added to PSU-COALCOMP, a dual porosity reservoir simulator for primary andmore » enhanced coalbed methane production. A standard five-spot of vertical wells and representative coal properties for Appalachian coals were used.[1] Simulations and sensitivity analyses were performed with the modified simulator for nine different parameters, including coal seam and operational parameters and economic criteria. The coal properties and operating parameters that were varied included Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, the cleat porosity, and the injection pressure. The economic variables included CH4 price, CO2 cost, CO2 credit, water disposal cost, and interest rate. Net present value analyses of the simulation results included profits due to methane production, and potential incentives for CO2 sequestered. This work shows that for some coal-property values, the compressibility and cleat porosity of coal may be more important than more purely economic criteria.« less


Twin-screw pumps are positive displacement machines. Two meshing screws connected by timing gears push the fluid trapped in the screw cavities axially from suction to discharge. Available steady state hydraulic models predict pump performance and axial pressure distribution in the chambers in single and two phase flow conditions. However, no model is available for their rotordynamics. Due to the helix angle of the screw, the pressure distribution around the rotor is not balanced; giving rise to both static and dynamic lateral forces. The work presented here introduces a starting point for rotordynamic analysis of twin screw-pumps. We first show that the screw rotors geometry can be represented by axisymmetric beam elements. Second, we extend the steady state hydraulic model to predict both the static and dynamic lateral forces resulting from the unbalanced pressure field. Finally, hydraulic forces are applied to the rotor to predict static, synchronous and nonsynchronous responses. Predictions of the dynamic pressure were compared to measurements from the literature and were found to be in good agreement.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Residual stress measurement techniques using mechanical strain relaxation depend on a number of physical quantities and are therefore sensitive to errors associated with the measured data. The resulting stress uncertainties can easily become significant and compromise the usefulness of the results or lead to misinterpretation of the behaviour of the residual stress distributions. It is therefore essential to develop an error analysis procedure for the measurements undertaken. Error analysis procedures for the deep hole drilling (DHD) method are developed to consider triaxial residual stresses. A modified deep hole drilling method, called the incremental deep-hole drilling (iDHD), was applied to measure the near yield residual stress distributions in a cold water quenched aluminium 7010 alloy forged block. The experimental results are used to illustrate the errors.


Distal deletion of chromosome 3p25‐pter (3p‐ syndrome) produces a distinct clinical syndrome characterized by low birth weight, mental retardation, telecanthus, ptosis, and micrognathia. Congenital heart disease (CHD), typically atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) occurs in about a third of patients. Previously we reported on an association between the presence of CHD and the proximal extent of the deletion such that a CHD susceptibility gene was mapped between D3S1263 and D3S3594. In addition, we and others have suggested several candidate genes for the psychomotor retardation usually seen with constitutional 3p25 deletions. In order to further investigate genotype–phenotype correlations in 3p‐ syndrome we analyzed 14 patients with cytogenetically detectable deletions of 3p25 (including one patient with a normal phenotype) using Affymetrix 250K SNP microarrays. Deletion size varied from ∼6 to 12 Mb. Assuming complete penetrance, a candidate critical region for a CHD susceptibility gene was refined to ∼200 kb and a candidate critical region for mental retardation was mapped to an ∼1 Mb interval containing SRGAP3 but other 3p neurodevelopmental genes including CHL1, CNTN4, LRRN1, and ITPR1 mapped outside the candidate critical interval. We suggest that current evidence suggests that SRGAP3 is the major determinant of mental retardation in distal 3p deletions. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


A Self aligning spherical journal bearing is a plain bearing which has spherical surface contact that can be applied in high power industrial machinery. This type of bearing can accommodate a misalignment problem. The journal bearing faults degrade machine performance, decrease life time service and cause unexpected failure which are dangerous for safety issues. Non-intrusive measurements such as surface vibration (SV), airborne sound (AS) and acoustic emission (AE) measurement are appropriate monitoring methods for early stage journal bearing fault in low, medium and high frequency. This paper focuses on the performance comparison using SV, AS and AE measurements in monitoring a self aligning spherical journal bearing for normal and faulty (scratch) conditions. It examines the signals in the time domain and frequency domain and identifies the frequency ranges for each measurement in which significant changes are observed. The results of SV, AS and AE experiments indicate that the spectrum can be used to detect the differences between normal and faulty bearing. The statistic parameter shows that RMS value and peak value for faulty bearing is higher than normal bearing.


We show that isolated capital cities are robustly associated with greater levels of corruption across US states, in line with the view that this isolation reduces accountability, and in contrast with the alternative hypothesis that it might forestall political capture. We then provide direct evidence that the spatial distribution of population relative to the capital affects different accountability mechanisms over state politics: newspaper coverage, voter knowledge and information, and turnout. We also find evidence against the capture hypothesis: isolated capitals are associated with more money in state-level campaigns. Finally, we show that isolation is linked with worse public good provision.


The aim of the research is to investigate specific antitumor immunotherapy on the basis of autologous dendritic cells in the complex treatment of patients with malignant cerebral gliomas of supratentorial localization. 55 patients with malignant gliomas (41 with glioblastomas, 14 with anaplastic astrocytomas) have been analysed who had received complex treatment with specific immunotherapy. All the patients were hospitalized at complicated disease stages and with tumors over 5 cm in diameter. Specific antitumor immunotherapy was conducted according to the original methodology and included autologous dendritic cells with tumor antigens and tumor cells lysate. Treatment course consisted of autologous dendritic cells introduction on the 10-12th day after the operation. It was performed every 2-3 months. Follow-up results of specific antitumor immunotherapy with autologous dendritic cells were analised. It was noted that lifetime of patients with malignant supratentorial gliomas became longer in comparison with average statistical results. In conclusion it is of importance to point out that specific antitumor immunotherapy included into complex treatment of malignant gliomas allowing to increase disease remission and quality of life


Abstract A successful enterprise resource planning (ERP) system ultimately requires loyal use—proactive, extended use and willingness to recommend such uses to others—by employees. Building on interactional psychology literature and situational strength theory, we emphasize the importance of psychological commitment, in addition to behavioral manifestation, in a multilevel model of loyal use. Our empirical test of the model uses data from 485 employees and 166 information system professionals in 47 large Taiwanese organizations. Individual-level analyses suggest that perceived benefits and workload partially mediate the effects of perceived information quality (IQ) and system quality (SQ) on loyal use. Cross-level analyses show that IQ at the organizational level alleviates the negative effect of an employee's perceived workload on loyal use; organization-level SQ and service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors (SOCBs) of internal information systems staff reduce the influence of employees' perceived benefits. Overall, our findings suggest that IQ, SQ, and SOCBs at the organizational level influence employees' loyal use in ways different from their effects at the individual level, and seem to affect individuals' cost–benefit analyses. This study contributes to extant literature by considering the SOCBs of the internal information systems group that have been overlooked by most prior research. Our findings offer insights for managers who should find ways to create positive, salient, shared views of IQ, SQ, and SOCBs in the organization to nourish and foster employees' loyal use of an ERP system, including clearly demonstrating the system's utilities and devising viable means to reduce the associated workload.


We have used two techniques - the beat spectrum method and the frequency noise spectrum method - to measure linewidths of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based tunable external cavity lasers (ECLs) in the C-band (1527-1567 nm). The two techniques yield similar results, but the latter is able to measure narrow linewidths more accurately in the presence of frequency jitter. The MEMS-based ECL linewidths are found to be inversely proportional to output powers over a wide range of powers. At output powers of 12 dBm, the beat linewidth is no more than 30 kHz, corresponding to per-laser linewidths of about 15 kHz. We show that these lasers are suitable for coherent detection of quadrature phase-shift keying.


This case report describes diagnostic and prognostic applicability of pulmonary acoustic radiation force impulse elastography and ultrasonography in canine hydrops fetalis. We also explore these methods' potential in prediction of postnatal respiratory dysfunction. Two pregnant bitches (English bulldog [case 1] and French bulldog [case 2]) were referred for sonographic evaluation in their last week of pregnancy. Ultrasound showed that in each bitch, one fetus presented with lung alterations (hyperechogenicity, irregular surface, and pleural effusion) and anasarca. The other fetuses of the litter were normal, and they were observed as light gray and dark blue on pulmonary elastography. Their shear-wave velocity was 0.75m/s. Fetuses with hydrops were observed as medium gray and dark blue, and the average shear-wave velocities were 1.05m/s (case 1) and 1.12m/s (case 2). Findings were compatible with increased lung rigidity. Six neonates of English bulldog and two of French bulldog showed no signs of clinical abnormalities during neonatal assessment. One puppy in each gestation presented with anasarca and respiratory distress, and died approximately 24 hours after birth. Novel ultrasound techniques (elastography) for assessing pulmonary tissues in abnormal fetuses in veterinary obstetrics can promote early, safe, and non-invasive diagnosis of canine prenatal and neonatal alterations.


This article addresses one under‐studied aspect of Charles I's finances during his Personal Rule: the licensing of tobacco retailers. While it was ultimately a failed project, the tobacco retail licence project was fiscally successful before the transformative events of the 1640s triggered its demise. The project enabled tobacco retail licensees to establish commercial outlets for the marketing of tobacco throughout England and Wales, and cooperation with pre‐existing officeholders contributed to the apprehension of unlicensed retailers. Ultimately, the geographic breadth of tobacco licences translated into much‐needed royal revenue which, when added to other projects and patents, contributed to the king's financial survival. The evidence presented here suggests that we may want to rethink some of our assumptions for how the process of state formation worked and that earlier seventeenth‐century 'prototypes' of taxation were more fiscally successful than previously recognized.


This study examined the neurobehavioural effects of closed head injury (CHI) in adults aged 50 years and older. Twenty two mild to moderate CHI patients who were within seven months of the injury were administered measures of language, memory, attention, and executive functioning. Compared with demographically similar normal controls, the patients exhibited significantly poorer functioning on the cognitive domains. Naming and word fluency under timed conditions, verbal and visual memory, and the ability to infer similarities were especially vulnerable. These initial findings indicate that CHI in older adults produces considerable cognitive deficits in the early stages of recovery. Future research should characterise long term outcome and the potential links between head injury and the development of progressive dementia.


BACKGROUND
Concomitant Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is observed in Lewy body diseases (LBD), but the clinical impact is unknown. Only a few biomarker studies in LBD exist and have included small cohorts from single centers.

OBJECTIVE
We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers across the spectrum of LBD in a large multicenter cohort and to assess whether an AD biomarker profile was associated with demographic and clinical differences in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).

METHODS
We included 375 DLB patients, 164 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients without dementia, and 55 PD patients with dementia (PDD) from 10 centers. CSF amyloid-beta42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) values were dichotomized as abnormal or normal according to locally available cut-off values. A CSF AD profile was defined as abnormal Aβ42 combined with abnormal t-tau and/or p-tau.

RESULTS
A substantial proportion of DLB patients had abnormal values for CSF Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau, while abnormal values were uncommon in PD without dementia. Patients with PDD had values in between. A CSF AD profile was observed in 25% of DLB patients, compared with only 9% of PDD and 3% of PD without dementia. Within DLB, patients with a CSF AD profile were older, more often female, performed worse on the Mini-Mental State Examination, and had shorter disease duration compared with patients with normal CSF.

CONCLUSION
A CSF AD profile is more common in DLB compared with PDD and PD, and is associated with more severe cognitive impairment in DLB.


Protective relays play an important role in today's complex power generation, transmission and distribution systems. Consequently, this process has given rise to the need for more broad-based dynamic automated testing. For this, a PC-based real-time simulator for relay testing was developed in the last years, including the capability of automated closed loop testing. The simulation program NETOMAC is used for generating the output signals under real time conditions. The digital network model DINEMO (digital network model) a unit for real time communication, is able to put out the real time computed signals to the relay. The system response, like a trip signal to open a breaker is connected back to the PC and the NETOMAC breaker model can be controlled as in the real system. Additionally an interface output of the simulator system to standard test hardware for offline testing was developed in the last year. The use or the simulation program NETOMAC allows the simulation and testing of nearly any fault event, e.g. evolving faults, saturation effects or power swings. High end test modules for all kinds of protection devices like line protection, transformer protection, busbar protection, generator protection and machine protection are available which can be used easily for testing protection devices.


This Letter presents measurements of the polarization of the top quark in top-antitop quark pair events, using 4.7 fb^-1 of proton-proton collision data recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. Final states containing one or two isolated leptons (electrons or muons) and jets are considered. Two measurements of alpha_l P, the product of the leptonic spin-analyzing power and the top quark polarization, are performed assuming that the polarization is introduced by either a CP conserving (CPC) or a CP violating (CPV) production process. The measurements obtained, alpha_l P_CPC = -0.035 +/- 0.014 (stat) +/- 0.037 (syst) and alpha_l P_CPV = 0.020 +/- 0.016 (stat) +0.013 -0.017 (syst), are in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction of negligible top quark polarization.


: In a Moroccan male, a Turkish female and a Sudanese male newborn who presented with seizures in the second week of life, hypocalcaemia was found. The hypocalcaemia was caused by neonatal vitamin-D deficiency as a result of maternal vitamin-D deficiency during pregnancy. The vitamin-D deficiency of the mothers was caused by the diminished exposure to sunlight as a result of wearing a veil and the dark pigmentation of the skin. The infants were cured by vitamin-D suppletion. With the increasing numbers of dark-skinned women and women who wear veils in the Dutch population, the group of pregnant women and newborns running a risk of vitamin-D deficiency is becoming larger. Therefore, the risk of hypocalcaemia and vitamin-D deficiency rickets in newborns is also increasing. In newborns with seizures, one should think of the possibility of neonatal vitamin-D deficiency, especially if the mothers belong to the group at risk.


Null-subject languages are said to track reference and discourse-pragmatic information exploiting the array of specialized forms provided by their grammar. This argument is normally used as the baseline against which language acquisition and contact varieties (L1, 2L1, L2, L1-attrition) are evaluated. However, recent studies on Italian question the empirical validity of this pattern and call for an analysis of these issues from an empirical perspective. This paper presents the results of a study on mechanisms for introduction and tracking of reference in narratives (Frog Stories) in Italian L1/Dutch L2, Dutch L1/Italian L2, Italian/Dutch bilinguals and age-matched monolingual Italian controls. All utterances were scrutinized for form, antecedent, and discourse-pragmatic function. The results so far show an overextended use of null subjects, also in contexts of topic-shift, where overt subjects would be expected. These constructions are not ambiguous, as speakers make use of alternative devices for anaphora interpretation that exploit contextual cues.


ABSTRACT Amidst the research on the psycho-behavioral factors correlating with alcohol abuse, numerous studies have identified psychopathological disorders and alexithymic traits in adult alcohol abusers, but this relationship has yet to be studied in adolescents. To a sample of 1,466 students (mean age of 13.5 years) were administered three questionnaires to assess their alcohol consumption, any alexithymic traits, and any psycho-behavioral problems. There was an association between alcohol consumption and psycho-behavioral problems in the sample as a whole, but a statistically significant relationship between alcohol consumption and alexithymia only in the subsample of students attending middle school (sixth to eighth graders). Among these younger adolescents (11 to 13 years old), those with a higher score for alexithymia and psycho-behavioral problems had a significantly greater alcohol consumption than their peers without these psychological traits. Alexithymic traits, especially when associated with psycho-behavioral problems, constitute a risk factor for alcohol consumption in preadolescence.


Abstract The distinguishing characteristic of complex co-evolving systems is their ability to create new order. In human systems this may take the form of new ways of working or relating, new ideas for products, procedures, artefacts, or even the creation of a different culture or a new organizational form. This article will explore the creation of new order using the principles of complexity and the concepts of creativity and innovation. It will argue that innovation can be facilitated by an enabling environment based on the logic of complexity and describe how one organization (the Humberside Training and Enterprise Council) co-created an innovative environment and changed its culture, ways of working, thinking, and relating.


The consequence of blindness on auditory spatial localization has been an interesting issue of research in the last decade providing mixed results. Enhanced auditory spatial skills in individuals with visual impairment have been reported by multiple studies, while some aspects of spatial hearing seem to be impaired in the absence of vision. In this study, the ability to encode the trajectory of a 2-dimensional sound motion, reproducing the complete movement, and reaching the correct end-point sound position, is evaluated in 12 early blind (EB) individuals, 8 late blind (LB) individuals, and 20 age-matched sighted blindfolded controls. EB individuals correctly determine the direction of the sound motion on the horizontal axis, but show a clear deficit in encoding the sound motion in the lower side of the plane. On the contrary, LB individuals and blindfolded controls perform much better with no deficit in the lower side of the plane. In fact the mean localization error resulted 271 ± 10 mm for EB individuals, 65 ± 4 mm for LB individuals, and 68 ± 2 mm for sighted blindfolded controls. These results support the hypothesis that (i) it exists a trade-off between the development of enhanced perceptual abilities and role of vision in the sound localization abilities of EB individuals, and (ii) the visual information is fundamental in calibrating some aspects of the representation of auditory space in the brain.


Rainfall is the most significant factor for debris flows triggering. Water is needed to saturate the soil, initiate the sediment motion (regardless of the mobilization mechanism) and transform the solid debris into a fluid mass that can move rapidly downslope. This water is commonly provided by rainfall or rainfall and snowmelt. Consequently, most warning systems rely on the use of rainfall thresholds to predict debris flow occurrence. Debris flows thresholds are usually empirically-derived from the rainfall records that caused past debris flows in a certain area, using a combination of selected precipitation measurements (such as event rainfall P, duration D, or average intensity I) that describe critical rainfall conditions. Recent years have also seen a growing interest in the use of coupled hydrological and slope stability models to derive physically-based thresholds for shallow landslide initiation.

In both cases, rainfall thresholds are affected by significant uncertainty. Sources of uncertainty include: measurement errors; spatial variability of the rainfall field; incomplete or uncertain debris flow inventory; subjective definition of the “rainfall event”; use of subjective criteria to define the critical conditions; uncertainty in model parameters (for physically-based approaches). Rainfall measurement is widely recognized as a main source of uncertainty due to the extreme time-space variability that characterize intense rainfall events in mountain areas. However, significant errors can also arise by inaccurate information reported in landslide inventories on the timing of debris flows, or by the criterion used to define triggering intensities.

This study analyzes the common sources of uncertainty associated to rainfall thresholds for debris flow occurrence and discusses different methods to quantify them. First, we give an overview of the various approaches used in the literature to measure the uncertainty caused by random errors or procedural defects. These approaches are then applied to debris flows using real data collected in the Dolomites (Northen Alps, Itay), in order to estimate the variabilty of each single factor (precipitation, triggering timing, triggering intensity..). Individual uncertainties are then combined to obtain the overall uncertain of the rainfall threshold, which can be calculated using the classical method of “summation in quadrature” or a more effective approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. The uncertainty budget allows to identify the biggest contributors to the final variability and it is also useful to understand if this variability can be reduced to make our thresholds more precise.


The Venturi scrubber, equipment frequently used in the removal of particles from gases, is constituted basically by a duct with a convergent section followed by a constriction, or throat, and a divergent section. A liquid, usually injected in the throat, is atomized by the flowing air at high speed. The formed droplets act as collectors of particles from the gas. The process of droplet formation from an injected liquid can be described as follows: the liquid enters the gas stream in the form of a jet, perpendicular to the gas flow. As the jet penetrates the gas stream, it is bent by the gas drag. After a given penetration distance, a burst occurs, and the remaining jet is disintegrated as a droplet cloud. Depending on the liquid and gas flow rates, the penetration on the jet into the gas stream may reach the walls of the equipment, and a fraction of liquid deposits in the form of a film. This film contributes little for the removal of particles from the dust laden gas. Few studies have analyzed the formation of film at the scrubber walls and its influence in the droplet size inside the Venturi scrubber. For this reason, the present study is focused on the experimental measurement of the deposition of the liquid film on the walls of a rectangular Venturi scrubber and, simultaneously, the estimation of the droplet size measured in the Venturi throat. The experiments were carried out varying the liquid flow rate, the gas velocity and the number of orifices of liquid injection. A correlation, using a dimensionless number, was proposed to quantify the influence of each experimental condition. The results indicate that film fraction has a significant influence in the droplet size measured inside of Venturi scrubber.


The aim was to determine the extent to which parent and adolescent characteristics and patterns of alcohol use influence parents' plans to supply their adolescent aged 14-16 years with full serves of alcohol (i.e. not necessarily initiation) in the next 6 months. A cross-sectional sample of parents from Victoria, Australia, completed an online survey. Parents' plans to supply alcohol in the next 6 months was significantly associated with their reports of supplying alcohol in the previous 3 months (β=0.51, P<0.01), perceptions that their adolescent drinks (β=0.34, P<0.01), reports of not practising religion (β=0.13, P<0.01), and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores (β=0.09, P=0.04). The total variance explained by the model was 57.4% F (9, 242)=36.2, P<0.01. Parents' plans to supply their adolescent with alcohol might be a reflection of the normalisation of alcohol use in Australia. There is a need to support Australian parents to review their own alcohol use, clarify their views on alcohol use by their adolescent and confidently restrict their child's access to alcohol, irrespective of their own drinking patterns.


Abstract : Fanconi anemia (FA) is a human genetic disease characterized by a progressive bone marrow failure and heightened susceptibility to cancer. The main objective of our project was to understand the mechanisms of bone marrow failure in FA. The specific objective was to determine the role of cytokinesis failure of hematopoietic stem cells in the pathogenesis of bone marrow failure in FA. During the award period, we have assessed the role of FA pathway in mitosis and confirmed that murine FA-deficient hematopoietic stem cells exhibit p53-mediated growth defects, cytokinesis failure and apoptosis. In order to study the role of bone marrow microenvironment in bone marrow failure in FA, we have also evaluated primary FA-deficient bone marrow stromal cells for mitotic defects. Interestingly, these cells also exhibit cytokinesis defects. Collectively, our results suggest that bone marrow failure in FA may be caused, in part, by p53-mediated cellular defects and underscore the importance of therapeutically targeting p53 in FA.


In four studies, we tested whether higher trait self-objectification was associated with more strategic and less authentic self-presentation on social media among cisgender women, and whether these links could be attributed to heightened approval motivation among those having higher levels of self-objectification. Study 1 (N  =  167, Mage  =  27.05) and Study 2 (N  =  149, Mage  =  29.87), using self-reported measures, found that self-objectification was positively associated with strategic self-presentation on Tinder and Facebook. Study 3 (N  =  202, Mage  =  28.07) replicated and extended the first two studies, using self-reported behavioral indicators of strategic self-presentation. The first three studies were conducted on Prolific with a nationwide sample of female participants. Study 4 (Mage  =  21.87) was a real-time behavioral study conducted on Zoom with 102 female U.K. university students using a tool by which actual photo editing was measured. The results confirmed a positive association between trait self-objectification and strategic self-presentation. Mediation analyses suggest that this relation may be attributed to a heightened approval motivation among those who self-objectify. Social media users and policy makers should be made aware of the potential downstream consequences associated with the frequent use of social media self-presentational techniques discussed in this research.


Abstract The Central Asian Orogenic Belt is an accretionary orogen with many distinct terranes including the Chinese Central Tianshan, whose Precambrian tectonic affinity is not yet clearly known. We present Precambrian age spectra of inherited/xenocrystic zircons from magmatic rocks in the Chinese Central Tianshan, collected from published papers. The age patterns are dominated by zircons with ages ranging from 3261 to 541 Ma. These spectra provide robust clues regarding the Precambrian affinity of the Chinese Central Tianshan. The age spectra record two major tectonothermal events, represented by salient age peaks of c. 950 and 900 Ma within the 'Grenville Orogeny' period, and age peaks at c. 750 and 630 Ma, synchronous with magmatic events corresponding to Rodinia break-up. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the Chinese Central Tianshan was part of the Tarim craton during Precambrian time as well as documenting its incorporation into, and separation from the Rodinia landmass.


Abstract The subject assumes significance in view of the politics evolving around the idea of negotiating peace, especially with the Taliban, as the West plans to withdraw bulk of their troops by 2014. Though often regarded as flawed, ill-timed, regressive, wobbly, dangerous and unworkable, the idea has nevertheless come to dominate the discourse on the Afghan war. However, principal Afghan opposition forces and networks operating from Pakistan continue to publicly rebuff and mock at the government's initiative. This article exclusively focuses on the reconciliation efforts aimed at the Taliban and not towards other Afghan insurgent groups such as the Haqqani network and the Hezb-e Islami (Hekmatyar).


Background: This study was aimed to establish a consistent lower limb lymphedema animal model for further investigation of the mechanism and treatment of lymphedema. Methods: Lymphedema in the lower extremity was created by removing unilateral inguinal lymph nodes followed by 20, 30, and 40 Gy (groups IA, IB, and IC, respectively) radiation or by removing both inguinal lymph nodes and popliteal lymph nodes followed by 20 Gy (group II) radiation in Sprague-Dawley rats (350–400 g). Tc99 lymphoscintigraphy was used to monitor lymphatic flow patterns. Volume differentiation was assessed by microcomputed tomography and defined as the percentage change of the lesioned limb compared to the healthy limb. Results: At 4 weeks postoperatively, 0% in group IA (n = 3), 37.5% in group IB (n = 16), and 50% in group IC (n = 26) developed lymphedema in the lower limb with total mortality and morbidity rate of 0%, 56.3%, and 50%, respectively. As a result of the high morbidity and mortality rates, 20 Gy was selected, and the success rate for development of lymphedema in the lower limb in group II was 81.5% (n = 27). The mean volume differentiation of the lymphedematous limb compared to the health limb was 7.76% ± 1.94% in group II, which was statistically significant compared to group I (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Removal of both inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes followed by radiation of 20 Gy can successfully develop lymphedema in the lower limb with minimal morbidity in 4 months.


Background: Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is important in many neurosurgical and neurological patients. The gold standard for monitoring ICP, however, is via an invasive procedure resulting in the placement of an intraventricular catheter, which is associated with many risks. Several noninvasive ICP monitoring techniques have been examined with the hope to replace the invasive techniques. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of all modalities that have been used for noninvasive ICP monitoring to date. Methods: A thorough literature search was conducted on PubMed, selected articles were reviewed in completion, and pertinent data was included in the review. Results: A total of 94 publications were reviewed, and we found that over the past few decades clinicians have attempted to use a number of modalities to monitor ICP noninvasively. Conclusion: Although the intraventricular catheter remains the gold standard for monitoring ICP, several noninvasive modalities that can be used in settings when invasive monitoring is not possible are also available. In our opinion, measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter and pupillometry are the two modalities which may prove to be valid options for centers not performing invasive ICP monitoring.


Background: Estimates of autism prevalence have increased dramatically over the past two decades. Evidence suggests environmental factors may contribute to the etiology of the disorder. Objectives: This scoping review aimed to identify and categorize primary research and reviews on the association between prenatal and early postnatal exposure to environmental chemicals and the development of autism in epidemiological studies and rodent models of autism. Methods: PubMed was searched through 8 February 2018. Included studies assessed exposure to environmental chemicals prior to 2 months of age in humans or 14 d in rodents. Rodent studies were considered relevant if they included at least one measurement of reciprocal social communicative behavior or repetitive and stereotyped behavior. Study details are presented in interactive displays using Tableau Public. Results: The search returned 21,603 unique studies, of which 54 epidemiological studies, 46 experimental rodent studies, and 50 reviews were deemed relevant, covering 152 chemical exposures. The most frequently studied exposures in humans were particulate matter (n=14), mercury (n=14), nonspecific air pollution (n=10), and lead (n=10). In rodent studies, the most frequently studied exposures were chlorpyrifos (n=9), mercury (n=6), and lead (n=4). Discussion: Although research is growing rapidly, wide variability exists in study design and conduct, exposures investigated, and outcomes assessed. Conclusions focus on recommendations to guide development of best practices in epidemiology and toxicology, including greater harmonization across these fields of research to more quickly and efficiently identify chemicals of concern. In particular, we recommend chlorpyrifos, lead, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) be systematically reviewed in order to assess their relationship with the development of autism. There is a pressing need to move forward quickly and efficiently to understand environmental influences on autism in order to answer current regulatory questions and inform treatment and prevention efforts. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4386


Since depth measuring devices for real-world scenarios became available in the recent past, the use of 3d data now comes more in focus of human action recognition. Due to the increased amount of data it seems to be advisable to model the trajectory of every landmark in the context of all other landmarks which is commonly done by dimensionality reduction techniques like PCA. In this paper we present an approach to directly use the subspaces (i.e. their basis vectors) for extracting features and classification of actions instead of projecting the landmark data themselves. This yields a fixed-length description of action sequences disregarding the number of provided frames. We give a comparison of various global techniques for dimensionality reduction and analyze their suitability for our proposed scheme. Experiments performed on the CMU Motion Capture dataset show promising recognition rates as well as robustness in the presence of noise and incorrect detection of landmarks.


Despite recent improvements in outcomes of treatment for infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), very few current injection drug users (IDUs) have access to treatment programs. We examined the natural history of and treatment knowledge about HCV infection and barriers and willingness to seek treatment for HCV infection. A convenience sample of current IDUs (n=100) with self-reported HCV-positive status drawn from a primary health facility and methadone clinic in inner Sydney completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Participants had a reasonable knowledge of the natural history of HCV infection but poorer knowledge of treatment for HCV infection. Most believed that being a current IDU was an exclusion criterion for treatment. Despite this, 70%-80% of IDUs reported that they would consider treatment under current scenarios in Australia: requirement for liver biopsy, subcutaneous injections, common adverse effects, and 40% efficacy. Study participants at the methadone clinic had higher levels of consideration of treatment. These findings support the development of specific education programs regarding treatment for HCV infection for current IDUs.


Path prediction methods with deep learning architectures take into account the interaction of pedestrians and the features of the physical environment in the surrounding area. These methods, however, process all prediction targets as a unified category and it becomes difficult to predict a path suitable for each category. In real scenes, it is necessary to consider not only pedestrians but also automobiles and bicycles. It is considered possible to predict the path corresponding to the type of target by considering the types of multiple targets. Therefore, aiming to achieve path prediction in accordance with individual categories, we propose a path prediction method that represents the target type as an attribute and simultaneously considers the physical environment information. The proposed method inputs feature vectors in a long short-term memory that represents i ) past object trajectory, ii) the attribute, and iii) the semantics of the surrounding area. This makes it possible to predict a path that is proper for each target. Experimental results show that our approach can predict a path with higher precision. Also, changes in accuracy were analyzed by introducing the attribute of the prediction target and the physical environment information.


While the United States remains the world's largest donor to global efforts to address HIV / AIDS in low- and middle-income countries dozens of other nations and multilateral organizations also engage in these efforts around the globe. The large number of donor organizations working on these efforts creates challenges for effectively negotiating coordinating and delivering programs particularly in the current era of economic austerity. This report maps the complex network of international assistance aimed at addressing the global impact of HIV / AIDS. The analysis identifies 37 different donors comprising 26 nations providing bi-lateral support and 11 multilateral programs providing assistance to 143 recipient countries over a three-year period through 2011. Key findings include: The U.S. provides almost two-thirds of all HIV / AIDS international assistance. The next largest donor the Global Fund provides one fifth of all assistance. Together they account for an average of 80 percent global HIV / AIDS assistance. On average 10 donors were present in each recipient country. Fourteen recipient countries had more than 20 donors present during the three-year period: Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Malawi Zimbabwe Mozambique Rwanda South Africa Uganda Vietnam Zambia India Burkina Faso and Mali. The biggest donor varies by region with the United States providing the largest share of assistance in sub-Saharan Africa and North & Central America; the Global Fund providing the largest share in Europe the Middle East North Africa South and Central Asia South America and Far East Asia; and Australia providing the largest share in Oceania. This report is the first in a planned series that will examine the donor nations and multilateral organizations involved in addressing different global health challenges in recipient countries worldwide. The reports aim at providing perspective on the geographic presence of global health donors and to enable more effective coordination and delivery of services globally and within individual recipient nations.


Abstract Data from automated in situ measurements of surface displacements on Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland, made a few times a day from late June until late October 1998 are presented. Two short-term speed-up events were observed, and partial evidence for a third motion event was seen. Short-term motion events are thus not limited to the start of the melting season. Strong correlation between the timing of the motion events and periods of heavy rainfall, in conjunction with the large size of the area of the glacier which becomes activated during the events, both point towards an external triggering mechanism. In the time periods between two motion events, surface velocities do not vary significantly with time. After a motion event, surface velocities do not return to previous values, suggesting that the events have a lasting effect on the structure of the subglacial drainage system.


We report both decreasing and increasing trends in the patch sizes during pulsating aurora events. About 150 pulsating auroral events over the Fennoscandian Lapland have been successfully analyzed for their average patch size, total patch area, and number of patches as a function of event time, typically 1–2 hr. An automatic routine has been developed to detect patches in the all‐sky camera images. In addition to events with decreasing and increasing average patch size evolution over the course of the pulsating aurora, events with no size trends and events with intermittently increasing and decreasing patch size trends were also found. In this study, we have analyzed a subset of events for which the average and total patch size systematically increase or decrease. The events with increasing patch size trend do not experience a decrease in the peak emission height, which was previously associated with the behavior of pulsating aurora precipitation. Furthermore, the events with increasing patch sizes have shorter lifetimes and twice as many substorm‐injected energetic electrons at geosynchronous orbit as the events with decreasing patch sizes. Half of the events with increasing patch sizes occur during substorm expansion phases, while a majority (64%) of the ones with decreasing patch sizes take place during the recovery phase. These findings suggest that the visual appearance of pulsating aurora may be used as an indication of the pulsating aurora energy deposition to the atmosphere.


Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent and widely used anthracycline antibiotic for the treatment of several malignancies. Unfortunately, the clinical utility of DOX is often restricted due to the elicitation of organ toxicity. Particularly, the increased risk for the development of dilated cardiomyopathy by DOX among the cancer survivors warrants major attention from the physicians as well as researchers to develop adjuvant agents to neutralize the noxious effects of DOX on the healthy myocardium. Despite these pitfalls, the use of traditional cytotoxic drugs continues to be the mainstay treatment for several types of cancer. Recently, phytochemicals have gained attention for their anticancer, chemopreventive, and cardioprotective activities. The ideal cardioprotective agents should not compromise the clinical efficacy of DOX and should be devoid of cumulative or irreversible toxicity on the naïve tissues. Furthermore, adjuvants possessing synergistic anticancer activity and quelling of chemoresistance would significantly enhance the clinical utility in combating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. The present review renders an overview of cardioprotective effects of plant-derived small molecules and their purported mechanisms against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Phytochemicals serve as the reservoirs of pharmacophore which can be utilized as templates for developing safe and potential novel cardioprotective agents in combating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.


Loperamide, a peripherally-acting m-opioid receptor agonist available over-thecounter for treatment of diarrhea, is not known to prolong the QTc interval. The oral bioavailability of loperamide is poor due to intestinal p-glycoprotein activity and considerable first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP3A4. Cimetidine is a potent inhibitor of p-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. Coincident ingestion of loperamide and cimetidine may result in significantly elevated serum loperamide levels. We report a case of a 26 year-old man with prior opioid abuse who presented to our hospital with recurrent torsade de pointes after ingestion of cimetidine and large doses of loperamide. Electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm revealed a markedly prolonged QTc interval. Isoproterenol infusion was begun, and no further episodes of torsade de pointes occurred. Following two weeks of observation, the QTc interval normalized. Our patient reported taking cimetidine along with large doses of loperamide to simulate the euphoric effects associated with prior prescription opioid abuse. He learned about this effect from a website designed for sharing information amongst drug abusers. This case raises concern for a growing public health danger that warrants increased vigilance among clinicians as loperamide is inexpensive, widely available without a prescription, and presently is not characterized as a QTc prolonging drug.


Different techniques of solar radiation management (SRM) have been suggested to counteract global warming, among them the injection of sulfur into the stratosphere, mirrors in space, and marine cloud brightening through artificial emissions of sea salt. This study focuses on to what extent climate impacts of these three methods would be different. We present results from simulations with an Earth system model where the forcing from the increase of greenhouse gases in a transient scenario (RCP4.5) was balanced over 50 years by SRM. While global mean temperature increases slightly due to the inertia of the climate system and evolves similar with time for the different SRM methods, responses of global mean precipitation differ considerably among the methods. The hydrological sensitivity is decreased by SRM, most prominently for aerosol‐based techniques, sea salt emissions, and injection of sulfate into the stratosphere. Reasons for these differences are discussed through an analysis of the surface energy budget. Furthermore, effects on large‐scale tropical dynamics and on regional climate are discussed.


Benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and gentamicin injected to the mice with Staphylococcus infection increased the immunosuppression induced by the staphylococci. The highest immunosuppressing action was induced by benzylpenicillin. Red blood cells of healthy and especially infected animals showed in case of the allogenic transfer marked immunosuppressing properties. Injection of syngenic red blood cells extracorporeally treated with the antibiotics stimulated the immune response to SRBC in the mice but did not influence the response induced by LPS of Salmonella typhi. The red blood cells incubated in the presence of gentamicin (5000 micrograms) for 1 hour had the most pronounced immunostimulating properties. Benzylpenicillin and streptomycin extracorporal treatment of the red blood cells of the animals infected with staphylococci did not induce immunomodulating properties in them whereas the incubation in the presence of gentamicin resulted in the development of slightly pronounced immunostimulating properties.


Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the frequency of microalbuminuria and abnormal urinary beta2‐microglobulin excretion in patients with Behçet's disease (BD). Materials and Methods: Twenty‐eight patients and 27 healthy controls were included in this study. Urine albumin/creatinine and beta2‐microglobulin/creatinine ratios were calculated. Results: The frequency of microalbuminuria and abnormal urinary beta2‐microglobulin excretion was higher among patients with BD than in control group, but this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Microalbuminuria and abnormal beta2‐microglobulin excretion are markers of renal injury, which have not been investigated in BD previously. Renal injury in BD is more frequent than has been recognized and it is most often in mild nature.


We introduce the concept of continual queries, describe the design of a distributed event-driven continual query system-OpenCQ, and outline the initial implementation of OpenCQ on top of the distributed interoperable information mediation system DIOM. Continual queries are standing queries that monitor update of interest and return results whenever the update reaches specified thresholds. In OpenCQ, users may specify to the system the information they would like to monitor (such as the events or the update thresholds they are interested in). Whenever the information of interest becomes available, the system immediately delivers it to the relevant users; otherwise, the system continually monitors the arrival of the desired information and pushes it to the relevant users as it meets the specified update thresholds. In contrast to conventional pull-based data management systems such as DBMSs and Web search engines, OpenCQ exhibits two important features: it provides push-enabled, event-driven, content-sensitive information delivery capabilities; and it combines pull and push services in a unified framework. By event-driven we mean that the update events of interest to be monitored are specified by users or applications. By content-sensitive, we mean the evaluation of the trigger condition happens only when a potentially interesting change occurs. By push-enabled, we mean the active delivery of query results or triggering of actions without user intervention.


In the report "Physiological studies on fruit development by means of ovule transplantation in vivo" by V. L. M. Melnick, L. Holm, and B. E. Struckmeyer (7 August, p. 609), reference 4 should read: R. N. Chopra and P. S. Sabharwal, in Plant Tissue and Organ Culture, Proc., Symp. held at Univ. of Delhi, India, P. Maheshwari and R. Swami, Eds. (Intern. Soc. Plant Morphol., 1963)


In Part 1 study, a time-domain collapse analysis method of ship hull girder was developed and named FE-Smith method. Hull girder was treated as elastoplastic beam model and Smith's method was used for collapse analysis of cross sections. A concept of average stress-average plastic strain relationship was introduced so that nonlinear collapse behavior of members can be treated as pseudo strain-hardening/softening behavior. Fluid-structure interaction effects were considered. Uniform cross-section beam was assumed as a most fundamental study.
 In this Part 2, a container ship is taken as subject model. Not only FE-Smith analysis but also non-linear FE analyses using shell model for collapse parts are performed for comparison purpose. Two types of average stress-average strain curves are considered for FE-Smith analysis, i.e. obtained by Gordo-Soares formulae and by shell FEM. Applicability of FE-Smith method is examined comparing with more precise but time-consuming methods. Some parametric studies are also performed. Wave response will be reported in the next papers.


This paper proposes a framework incorporating deep-learned features with the conventional machine learning models within which the objective function is optimized by using quadratic programming or quasi-Newton methods instead of an end-to-end deep learning approach which uses variants of stochastic gradient descent algorithms. A temporal segmentation algorithm is first scrutinized by using a learning to rank scheme to detect the abrupt changes of frame appearances in a video sequence. Afterward, a peak-searching algorithm, statisticssensitive non-linear iterative peak-clipping (SNIP), is employed to acquire the local maxima of the filtered video sequence after rank pooling, where each of the local maxima corresponds to a key frame in the video. Simulations show that the new approach outperforms the main state-of-the-art works on four public video datasets.


Abstract Audio description (AD) has established itself as a media access service for blind and partially sighted people across a range of countries, for different media and types of audiovisual performance (e.g. film, TV, theatre, opera). In countries such as the UK and Spain, legislation has been implemented for the provision of AD on TV, and the European Parliament has requested that AD for digital TV be monitored in projects such as DTV4ALL (www.psp-dtv4all.org) in order to be able to develop adequate European accessibility policies. One of the drawbacks is that in their current form, AD services largely leave the visually impaired community excluded from access to foreign-language audiovisual products when they are subtitled rather than dubbed. To overcome this problem, audio subtitling (AST) has emerged as a solution. This article will characterise audio subtitling as a modality of audiovisual localisation which is positioned at the interface between subtitling, audio description and voice-over. It will argue that audio subtitles need to be delivered in combination with audio description and will analyse, systematise and exemplify the current practice of audio description with audio subtitling using commercially available DVDs.


In this paper, we report on a study of the psychosocial effects of child domestic work (CDW) in six countries and the relevance of our findings to international legislation. Our results suggest that CDW is highly heterogeneous. While some young child domestic workers work long hours, suffer physical punishment and are at risk of psychosocial harm, others are able to attend school and benefit from good relationships with their employers and networks of support. Child domestic workers in India and Togo were most at risk of psychosocial harm. We conclude that classification of this employment as hazardous would not be appropriate and could be counterproductive and instead propose that legislation focuses on protective factors such as a social and community support.


We conducted a health survey of amphibians in and adjacent to Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) to document current disease presence inside RMNP and identify disease outside RMNP with the potential to spread to the Park's amphibians. Amphibians from five sites within RMNP and seven sites within 60 km of Park boundaries were collected and examined. Necropsies (n - 238), virus isolation, bacterial and fungal cultures, and histological examinations were carried out on amphibian egg masses (outside RMNP/within RMNP: 26/22), larvae (30/42), imagos (recently metamorphosed individuals) (0/3) and adults (61/67) of five species. Marked infections by a pathogenic chytrid fungus (chyridiomycosis), Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, were detected in three species (Bufo boreas, Pseudacris maculata and Rana sylvatica) from three of five sites within RMNP and in one of three species (P. maculata) from three sites outside RMNP. Of the fully metamorphosed individuals tested (B. boreas, P. maculata and R. sylvatica), chytridiomycosis was found in 60 % (n = 3), 46 % (n = 37) and 54 % (n = 7), respectively. Chytridiomycosis was the principal lethal pathogenic infectious disease detected in three amphibian species within or adjacent to RMNP. Higher fungi were isolated from the cloaca and skin of all five amphibian species. Watermolds (Oomycetes) were isolated from amphibian eggs or skin of all five species. No evidence of Ranavirus was found in cultures and histological examinations of 176 and 142 amphibians, respectively. Fifteen genera of bacteria were identified in larval and just metamorphosed amphibians, and a potentially pathogenic lungworm, Rhabdias sp, was identified in 61.1 % (n = 11) of B. woodhousii outside RMNP, but in only 2 (15.4 %) R. sylvatica within the Park.


The aim of this study is to explore the effects of quenching and milling processing on setting property of calcium phosphate cement (CPC). For this purpose, non-quenched α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and quenched α-TCP were synthesized and their corresponding cement systems were prepared. The particle size of α-TCP powder was introduced as a variable. Then, setting properties of these CPC systems were estimated. By a comparison between non-quenched CPC and the quenched one, it is found that milling processing mainly influences the initial setting stage by decreasing reactant particle size whereas the quenching treatment affects the final setting stage by changing α-TCP content, which supports that CPC setting initially depends on the surface area of reactants and subsequently on the diffusion through the hydrated layer formed around the reactants.


One of the principal objects of theoretical research in any department of knowledge is to find the point of view from which the subject appears in its greatest simplicity. J. Willard Gibbs This book is an outgrowth of lectures I have given, on and off over some sixteen years, in graduate courses at the California Institute of Technology, and, in abbreviated form, elsewhere. It is, nevertheless, not meant to be a textbook. I have aimed at a full exposition of the phenomenological theory of linear viscoelastic behavior for the use of the practicing scientist or engineer as well as the academic teacher or student. The book is thus primarily a reference work. In accord with the motto above, I have chosen to describe the theory of linear viscoelastic behavior through the use of the Laplace transformation. The treatment oflinear time-dependent systems in terms of the Laplace transforms of the relations between the excitation add response variables has by now become commonplace in other fields. With some notable exceptions, it has not been widely used in viscoelasticity. I hope that the reader will find this approach useful.