: We propose a flexible convex relaxation for the phase retrieval problem that operates in the natural domain of the signal. Therefore, we avoid the prohibitive computational cost associated with "lifting" and semidefinite programming (SDP) in methods such as PhaseLift and com-pete with recently developed non-convex techniques for phase retrieval. We relax the quadratic equations for phaseless measurements to inequality constraints each of which representing a symmetric "slab". Through a simple convex program, our proposed estimator finds an extreme point of the intersection of these slabs that is best aligned with a given anchor vector . We characterize geometric conditions that certify success of the proposed estimator. Furthermore, using classic results in statistical learning theory, we show that for random measurements the geometric certificates hold with high probability at an optimal sample complexity. We demonstrate the ef- fectiveness of the proposed method through numerical simulations using both independent random measurements and coded diffraction patterns. We also extend this formulation to include sparsity constraints on the target vector. With this additional constraint, we show that, considering "nested" measurements, the number of phaseless measurements needed to recover the sparse vector is essentially the same (to within a logarithmic fac- tor) as the number of linear measurements needed by standard compressive sensing techniques.


To pick-up information from the image, the pretreatment towards the image is necessary. Based on the contrast from the traditional edge detection, the theory of wavelet transform is introduced and studied. Then the image is smoothed through wavelet transforming. Meanwhile, the edge information of the image is intensified using the transforming. This paper proposes a new mage fusion method based on wavelet transform. Across the computer simulation, it's educed that the result of edge detection based on wavelet transform is much better than the traditional edge detection.


We analyze price and quality information at the procurement level in the specialty coffee supply chain using data from small and large volume e-auctions. Hedonic price equations reveal that the Cup of Excellence auction is a more differentiated market disclosing more information about coffee values associated with ratings, rankings, quantities available, and country reputations whereas information in the Q auction is more limited and tends to be remunerated to a lesser extent. These results indicate that there are different business models and valuation of product characteristics within the specialty coffee industry. Management implications are drawn for specialty coffee producers and roasters.


Lifestyle modification –healthy diet and physical activity– can help prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in adults with prediabetes (preDM) . However, 84% of US adults with preDM are unaware they have it. Whether preDM status awareness is associated with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) levels and dietary intake is unknown. Using data from US adults without DM ≥18 y from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2013-2018, we classified preDM as 'aware' (self-report of preDM and 5.7%≤A1c<6.5%, n=456) , 'unaware' (no self-report; 5.7%≤A1c<6.5%, n=2,223) , and 'normoglycemic' (A1c<5.7% but self-reported as preDM, n=191) . We calculated means or medians for LTPA (self-reported minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week) , dietary intake (total calories, fruit, vegetables, whole grains, added sugars, processed meat, unprocessed red meat from one day of 24-h recall data) , and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2015, a marker of overall healthy diet (higher score indicates healthier diet) . Of adults with or reporting preDM, 77.9% were unaware (mean age [years]: 51.2 [standard error, 0.5]; 44.6% [1.4] female; mean BMI: 30.3 kg/m2[0.2]) , 14.3% were aware (mean age: 57.4 [0.9]; 56.5% [2.6] female; mean BMI: 31.8 kg/m2 [0.5]) , and 7.8% were normoglycemic (mean age: 43.6 [1.4]; 71.1% [3.7] female; mean BMI: 30.6 kg/m2 [0.6]) . PreDM-aware and normoglycemic adults consumed less calories (p=0.002) , added sugars (p<0.001) , and unprocessed red meat (p<0.001) than preDM-unaware adults. PreDM-aware and preDM-unaware adults consumed more processed meat than normoglycemic adults (p=0.002) . HEI scores and fruit, vegetables, and whole grains intake were low overall and across groups (all p>0.05) . Mean LTPA levels did not significantly vary across the 3 groups (p=0.22) . Overall, preDM awareness is associated with lower added sugars, red meat, and total overall calories intake, suggesting that efforts to increase awareness may lead to healthier eating among those with preDM.

 K.R.Siegel: None. M.E.Pavkov: None. S.R.Benoit: None. G.Imperatore: None. K.M.Bullard: None.


Flying in poor visibility conditions, such as rain, snow, fog or haze, is inherently dangerous. However these conditions can occur at nearly any location, so inevitably pilots must successfully navigate through them. At NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC), under support of the Aviation Safety and Security Program Office and the Systems Engineering Directorate, we are developing an Enhanced Vision System (EVS) that combines image enhancement and synthetic vision elements to assist pilots flying through adverse weather conditions. This system uses a combination of forward-looking infrared and visible sensors for data acquisition. A core function of the system is to enhance and fuse the sensor data in order to increase the information content and quality of the captured imagery. These operations must be performed in real-time for the pilot to use while flying. For image enhancement, we are using the LaRC patented Retinex algorithm since it performs exceptionally well for improving low-contrast range imagery typically seen during poor visibility poor visibility conditions. In general, real-time operation of the Retinex requires specialized hardware. To date, we have successfully implemented a single-sensor real-time version of the Retinex on several different Digital Signal Processor (DSP) platforms. In this paper we give an overview of the EVS and its performance requirements for real-time enhancement and fusion and we discuss our current real-time Retinex implementations on DSPs.


Adolescents are the next generation of the nation, in Indonesia Adolescents have a considerable proportion. But juvenile delinquency is increasingly worrying, among others, free sex. This is because not yet the maximum sex education provided to adolescents, including information media. In health education the media has an important influence in delivering information. Mind Mapping was chosen as a medium in delivering sex education information. This study aims to determine the effect of giving sex education with media mind mapping to knowledge Research was conducted at SMPN 1 Bandung Tulungagung on February 4 - 12, 2018 to 50 respondents. Design Experimental with pre test - post test design. The population of all class VIII students with simple random sampling technique was in accordance with the inclusion criteria. The results showed that before being given sex education as many as 21 respondents had good grades. after being given sex education brain mopping 33 respondents had good grades. The Wilcoxon Test Sign Rank Test results show a value of p 0,000 (p <I±) which means H0 is rejected. Brain mopping is more attractive to the brain because of the use of images, colors and keywords. It is recommended for further researchers to further examine the use of educational aids media.


We assemble the Irish industrial data currently available for the years 1800–1921, the period during which the entire island was in a political union with Great Britain, and construct an annual index of Irish industrial output for 1800–1913. We also construct a new industrial price index. Irish industrial output grew by an average of 1.3 per cent per annum between 1800 and the outbreak of the First World War. Industrial growth was slightly slower than previously thought, especially during the two decades immediately preceding the Great Famine. While Ireland did not experience absolute deindustrialisation either before the Famine or afterwards, its industrial growth was disappointing when considered in a comparative perspective.


Background: Drug utilization studies are used to analyze different aspects of the use of drugs and to implement methods of improving therapeutic quality. This study was conducted to study drug prescription pattern in outpatient department of Government Medical College and C.P.R. Hospital, Kolhapur which is one of the important medical college in western Maharashtra.
Methods: One thousand prescriptions were screened & analyzed as per the study parameters from OPD of Government Medical College & C.P.R. Hospital, Kolhapur. Study parameters like demographic profile of the patient like age, sex and diagnosis were recorded. Also groups of drugs commonly prescribed, number of drugs per patient, drug profile and drawbacks of prescription if any were recorded and analyzed.
Results: Most common group of drugs prescribed by physicians was Analgesics (32.83%), followed by Antimicrobials (22.82%), Multivitamins (16.42%) and Antacids (9.14%). The average number of drugs prescribed per patient was four; the average number of analgesic was one. The incidence of polypharmacy was common occurrence and some prescriptions had small drawbacks like absence of diagnosis, absence of doctor's signature, etc.
Conclusions: We conclude that most of the prescriptions which were analyzed at R.C.S.M. Government Medical College and C.P.R. Hospital, Kolhapur, were according to the standard norms of WHO prescriptions and also most of the drugs prescribed were from the list of essential drug list. But still there is scope for improvement in prescription pattern.


This study is concerned with followers impact on managerial leadership. In the traditional leader-centric views on leadership, influence is regarded as something coming from above in the organization. We take another stance, and look at influence as wave from followers, rising up in the organizational system. This study aims to contribute to the expansion of the followership research field, which would simultaneously lead to filling gaps within leadership research. Based on our findings from five cases, we found that followers have influence not only on leaders but on the whole organization system. A major finding was that the attitude among followers had a huge impact on leaders motivation and performance. Other means of influence were discovered as well.


Scholarly research exploring the phenomenon of regional distinctiveness in Europe, since at least the 1960s, has generated a variety of competing theories to explain the phenomenon, including the following: the persistence of linguistic distinctiveness; the impact of economic distinctiveness; and remoteness. Often these studies operationalize "regional distinctiveness" in different ways, impeding the evaluation of different types of theories against one another. This study develops a novel measure for regional distinctiveness, applied to 161 regions in 11 European countries from 1990–2014, and demonstrates that language, economics, and remoteness work through regional parties to generate regional political distinctiveness, while only linguistic distinctiveness also has a direct effect on such distinctiveness.


This thesis describes the transmission electron microscope investigations of two unrelated materials, namely MgO and ZnSe. AS grown crystals of MgO have been found to contain several interesting configurations of precipitates on grown-in dislocations. An arrangement not previously reported has been found in which precipitates are located at the extremities in the [100] projection of a prismatic dislocation loop on a {100} plane. Some of the platelet shaped precipitates have been identified by electron diffraction as calcium stabilised zirconia in agreement With earlier work, but the identity of the spherical ones has still not been established. The application of reflection electron microscopy to the study of etched surfaces is demonstrated. A study of neutron damaged MgO is reported in which the effects of post-irradiation annealing treatment in the temperature range from 1100 to 1800oC are described. The most important finding of this aspect of the work concerns the growth of cuboidal cavities in material irradiated with a dose exceeding 10 (^20) n v t. These defects are nucleated on annealing at 1500oC for an hour in an ambient of argon and most of their growth does not occur until the annealing temperature exceeds about 1600oC. Electron spin resonance studies of the same samples indicate that the nucleation of cavities is accompanied by a conversion of iron ions from the divalent to the trivalent state in octahedral symmetry and that most of the cavity growth does not occur until these trivalent ions become associated with vacancies. A mechanism to account for the role of iron in the cavity growth process is proposed. In the second part of this work it is shown that the major defects occurring in ZnSe are long thing ortho-twins. This study is supplemented by an investigation of zinc sulpho-selenide crystals which are found to contain narrower twins and, in addition, groups of long intrinsic stacking faults, and some polytypic regions. The fact that the stacking faults in mixed crystals are exclusively intrinsic in nature and that they usually occur in groups in which each fault has the same slip vector suggests that they owe their origin to a slip process arising from post-growth stress. An explanation based on the more covalent nature of the bonding in ZnSe and involving a stress relieving mechanism is proposed to account for the long ortho-twins being favoured in this material. Some preliminary results of ion beam damage in ZnSe samples prepared by ion thinning are discussed.


Although one-story residential masonry structures are thought not to be vulnerable to seismic actions, many heavily damaged and/ or collapsed instances of these types of structures have been observed in the past strong earthquake events. Hence, the evaluation of their safety requires much attention in terms of more precise numerical models. In-situ vibration tests together with laboratory tests on masonry specimens provide valuable information for structural parameter identification that can be used to develop accurate numerical models. These numerical models then can be used for evaluation of the response and seismic safety. While many specific methods and parameters can be adopted in numerical modeling, linear material properties of a structure are expedient in response analysis. Hence, an equation to be used to determine the homogenized linear model parameters for masonry walls with openings is proposed in this study. The equation has been developed based on the percentage of the openings on the wall. The effect of wall openings on the stiffness and the total strength of one-story masonry structures have been evaluated by using the experimental data and the calibrated finite element models. In-situ ambient vibration and material tests have been conducted on three masonry buildings with identical materials and the results from these experiments were used to verify the accuracy of the formulation.


Fire-retardant paper was prepared by mixing of Montmorillonite (MTM), Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Cellulose Fibres (CF) isolated from oil palm trunk biomass by alkaline treatment. The mixtures of dispersed CMC, MTM and CF with various ratios were stirred for 24 h, then casted and dried to form paper. The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Their mechanical and fire retardance properties were also evaluated. The CMC50 : MTM50 paper with CF (12 phr) was the proper ratio according to the good of flame-retardant testing and maximum tensile testing at 24.7 MPa and Young's Modulus at 13.7 MPa.


The aim of the studies conducted by the authors of the paper was to provide methodological bases for performing market analyses. The research area comprised local property markets, characterized by a small number of transactions. Different research methods were used in the course of the studies, including questionnaire examinations and statistical procedures. The results are presented in a descriptive form and in that of tables and diagrams.


The method combining linear programming theory and computer technology, affords the possibility for the Optimization problem of food prescription in engineering design. Excel's Solver function may be used to solve problems with up to 200 decision variables, enough to calculate the most problems about food prescription. Combined design requirement of mayonnaise prescription, the decision variables, constraint condition and mathematics model of cost are established. The optimization prescription of minimum cost is gotten through the function of Excel programming calculation. It may provide valuable reference for the application of computer in prescription design.


A BSTRACT A recent study of 36 sub-Saharan African countries found a positive impact of aid in the majority of these countries. However, for Tanzania and Ghana, two major aid recipients, aid did not seem to have been equally beneficial. This study singles out these two countries for a more detailed empirical investigation. The focus is on the effect of aid when allowing external and nominal factors to play a role in the macroeconomic transmission mechanism. We conclude that when monetary and external factors are properly accounted for, then aid has been pivotal to growth in both real GDP and investment.


Digital Masters goes extreme! This beautifully produced guide by Michael Clark is the newest entry in the series, as well as the first book on a fast-growing photographic genre: shooting today's popular extreme outdoor sports, from mountain biking and ice climbing to surfing, BASE jumping and more. Clark is one of the world's most respected adventure photographers, and he offers sage advice on equipment, techniques and the specific skills required to get in on the action. You can learn to capture fast-moving subjects and deal with harsh conditions and horrible weather - even when you're hanging from ropes and riggings in a squall. Of special interest is the Portraiture and Lifestyle chapter, which covers increasingly in-demand techniques.


Background: Hemangioblastomas are rare, benign, vascular neoplasm. According to the World Health Organization classification of tumors of the nervous system, hemangioblastomas are classified as meningeal tumors of uncertain origin and are Grade I neoplasm. Hemangioblastomas arise either in the setting of von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) disease or more often as solitary sporadic lesions. They account for 1-3% of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. The most common location is the cerebellum followed by spinal cord. Supratentorial lesions are rare. Aims: The aim was to study the prevalence of hemangioblastoma. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study of 7 years duration was carried out in the department of pathology of a tertiary referral center. The sample received was processed by standard formalin fixing, paraffin embedding method. Serial sections and special stains were studied as and when required. Results: During the period of 7 years, we reported total 679 cases of primary CNS tumors, of which 11 (1.62%) cases were of hemangioblastoma. Ten of them were intracranial, and one was spinal. There were seven male and four female patients that clearly indicate male preponderance. Conclusions: In our study, prevalence of hemangioblastoma was 1.62% (11 cases) out of 679 primary CNS tumors, which is low as per literature. There was a male predominance with male:female ratio 2:1. Cerebellum was the most frequent site (81.8%). No association with vHL disease was noted.


Omri has never forgotten Little Bull though, and finally yields to the temptation to see his tiny blood brother again. But when the cupboard door opens, Little Bull is slumped, unconscious, over his horse, two bullet wounds in his back. As Omri tries to help him, he faces the terrifying responsibility of power, the power of life and death...


The effects of particle size and electrical resistivity of zinc oxide (ZnO) on mechanical properties, electrical and thermal conductivities of composites made with linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) were investigated. Micron sized (mZnO), submicron sized (sZnO), and nano sized (nZnO) powders having resistivities of 1.5 × 106, 1.5 × 109, and 1.7 × 108 were used to prepare composites with 5–20 vol % filler. The tensile strength was lowered and the modulus of elasticity of the composites was increased with ZnO addition. Rather than the particle size of the ZnO, its initial resistivity and aspect ratio affected the resistivity of composites. The resistivity of the LLDPE was lowered from 2.3 × 1016 Ω cm down to 1.4 × 1010 Ω cm with mZnO addition. Thermal conductivity of the composites was increased with ZnO addition 2.5–3 times of the polymer matrix. The composites can be used for electrostatically dissipating and heat sink applications due to their decreased electrical resistivity and increased thermal conductivity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2734–2743, 2013


This qualitative study explores the experiences and support needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning (LGBTQ) young people living in Sussex (UK), and the associated training needs of community practitioners working with LGBTQ young people. The aims were to explore the experiences of young people including bullying, ''coming out,'' and social service and educational needs, and to investigate how practitioners view the needs of LGBTQ young people. Twenty-nine interviews were conducted and analyzed thematically. Participants stressed the social and health impact of discrimination andbullying on LGBTQ young people as well as barriers faced in accessing services. Young people require support, yet practitioners lack the training to provide that support. Practitioners are open to this training and both groups of participants believe effective training should include youth in the development and delivery. There is an urgent need for the development of appropriate and dedicated LGBTQ youth training for all practitioners working with young people.


We used the brain insulin-producing cell (IPC) lineage and its identified neuroblast (IPC NB) as a model to understand a novel example of serial specification of NB identities in the Drosophila dorsomedial protocerebral neuroectoderm. The IPC NB was specified from a small, molecularly identified group of cells comprising an invaginated epithelial placode. By progressive delamination of cells, the placode generated a series of NB identities, including the single IPC NB, a number of other canonical Type I NBs, and a single Type II NB that generates large lineages by transient amplification of neural progenitor cells. Loss of Notch function caused all cells of the placode to form as supernumerary IPC NBs, indicating that the placode is initially a fate equivalence group for the IPC NB fate. Loss of Egfr function caused all placodal cells to apoptose, except for the IPC NB, indicating a requirement of Egfr signaling for specification of alternative NB identities. Indeed, both derepressed Egfr activity in yan mutants and ectopic EGF activity produced supernumerary Type II NBs from the placode. Loss of both Notch and Egfr function caused all placode cells to become IPC NBs and survive, indicating that commitment to NB fate nullified the requirement of Egfr activity for placode cell survival. We discuss the surprising parallels between the serial specification of neural fates from this neurogenic placode and the fly retina.


Background Typhoid fever is endemic in Iraq. Hot weather and the frequent interruptions of electricity and water supply during the summer months have resulted in increased incidence. Increased health and disease awareness and improved attitude of residents do indeed reduce the prevalence of typhoid. Objective To assess the mothers' knowledge, attitude and practice on typhoid fever . Methods A cross sectional study was conducted at Al-Kadhimiya Pediatrics Hospital. Data collection took place from 10 th April 2015 till 20 th October 2015. Sample size was (267). Sampling method was based on convenience method. P value <0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 20. Results Sample size was 267 (N=267). Only 1 (0.4%) of the mothers had low score, 54 (20.2%) of the mothers had average score, 147 (55.1%) of the mothers had good score, 65 (24.3%) of the mothers had very good score. There was a weak, positive correlation between age of mothers in years and overall knowledge, attitude and practice score, a weak, negative correlation between number of children and overall knowledge, attitude and practice score. Also, there was statistically significant association between mothers' educational levels and their knowledge, attitude and practice category. A s tatistically significant association between mothers' occupational status and their knowledge, attitude and practice category was found. Conclusion There are wide spread wrong beliefs about typhoid fever in relation to exposure to sunlight.


BACKGROUND Traumatic esophageal perforation is rare and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is substantial variability in diagnosis and treatment. Esophageal stents have been increasingly used for nontraumatic perforation; however, stenting for traumatic perforation is not yet standard of care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate current management of traumatic esophageal perforation to assess the frequency of and complications associated with esophageal stenting. METHODS This was an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multi-institutional retrospective study from 2011 to 2016 of patients with traumatic cervical or thoracic esophageal injury admitted to one of 11 participating trauma centers. Data were collected and sent to a single institution where it was analyzed. Patient demographics, injury characteristics, initial management, complications, and patient mortality were collected. Primary outcome was mortality; secondary outcomes were initial treatment, esophageal leak, and associated complications. RESULTS Fifty-one patients were analyzed. Esophageal injuries were cervical in 69% and thoracic in 31%. Most patients were initially managed with operative primary repair (61%), followed by no intervention (19%), esophageal stenting (10%), and wide local drainage (10%). Compared with patients who underwent operative primary repair, patients managed with esophageal stenting had an increased rate of esophageal leak (22.6% vs. 80.0%, p = 0.02). Complication rates were higher in blunt compared with penetrating mechanisms (100% vs. 31.8%, p = 0.03) despite similar Injury Severity Score and neck/chest/abdomen Abbreviated Injury Scale. Overall mortality was 9.8% and did not vary based on location of injury, mechanism of injury, or initial management. CONCLUSION Most patients with traumatic esophageal injuries still undergo operative primary repair; this is associated with lower rates of postoperative leaks as compared with esophageal stenting. Patients who have traumatic esophageal injury may be best managed by direct repair and not esophageal stenting, although further study is needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, level IV.


The multi-grid composite wall-shear wall structure (the hybrid structure discussed in this paper) is a new dual structural system consisting of the multi-grid composite walls and the RC shear walls. Because of the shear deformation of the composite walls subject to arbitrary loads, it is not accurate to calculate the horizontal displacement of the hybrid structure by using the displacement formulations of the frame-shear wall structure. And therefore, a displacement calculation method for the hybrid structure subjected to horizontal loads should be proposed. In this paper, the composite walls are viewed as shear-flexural type cantilever walls and the shear walls as flexural type cantilever walls. Based on the Timoshenko beam theory, the displacement differential equation of the hybrid structure is proposed by the continuum method. The analytical solutions of the displacement equation for the hybrid structure subject to the inverse triangle load are obtained with boundary conditions. The example indicates that the lateral displacement curve of the hybrid structure from the proposed method exhibits a shear-flexural type characteristic in which the shear deformation should not be ignored.


What is the relationship between ethnic heterogeneity and the ability of the poor to organize and influence democratic governments to improve their welfare? Political scientists and economists have argued that democracies are superior to non-democracies for improving poverty outcomes because they are advantaged with institutional mechanisms such as universal suffrage and majority rule. Yet, there are numerous cases where democracy has done little to help the poor. Through a series of essays, I examine the effects of ethnic heterogeneity of the poor on the effect of democracy and oil revenue on poverty. I argue that ethnic heterogeneity reduces the likelihood that poor citizens will organize and pressure political elites to provide public goods and services that improve their general welfare. As a result, democracy and oil revenue are less likely to improve poverty outcomes when the poor are ethnically heterogeneous compared to being homogeneous.

The first chapter presents a cross-national study to help us understand the general effects of ethnic heterogeneity of the poor on the effects of democracy on poverty. The results are not statistically significant. It is not clear if the lack of significance is due to notable endogeneity issues or that the hypothesis is wrong. For that reason, the second chapter takes advantage of an institutional natural experiment in Indonesia to produce more reliable results. The results show that ethnic heterogeneity of the poor significantly affects the effect of elections on the majority of the dependent variables. In the third chapter, I test the effects of ethnic heterogeneity of the poor on the effect of oil revenue among Brazilian municipalities. The revenues local democratic governments depend upon increased significantly due to the sharp increase of offshore oil royalties and world oil prices from early 1990s to the early 2010s. This allows me to measure the effects of ethnic heterogeneity of the poor on the effect of oil revenue on poverty at the municipal level. Results suggest that ethnic heterogeneity of the poor does not significantly affect the effect of local oil revenue on poverty outcomes in Brazil.


This paper analyzes the 2020 election, focusing on voters, not political money, and emphasizing the importance of economic geography. Drawing extensively on county election returns, it analyzes how spatial factors combined with industrial structures to shape the outcome. It treats COVID 19's role at length. The paper reviews studies suggesting that COVID 19 did not matter much, but then sets out a new approach indicating it mattered a great deal. The study analyzes the impact on the vote not only of unemployment but differences in income and industry structures, along with demographic factors, including religion, ethnicity, and race. It also studies how the waves of wildcat strikes and social protests that punctuated 2020 affected the vote in specific areas. Trump's very controversial trade policies and his little discussed farm policies receive detailed attention. The paper concludes with a look at how political money helped make the results of the Congressional election different from the Presidential race. It also highlights the continuing importance of private equity and energy sectors opposed to government action to reverse climate change as conservative forces in (especially) the Republican Party, together with agricultural interests.


The literature in the history of economics has grown to an extent that it is almost impossible for an individual to read, study, and assimilate all the recent works even in a specialized area. Other disciplines have coped with similar growth by developing mechanisms that help members keep up-to-date with the latest scholarly contributions and methodological trends – mechanisms including survey articles. But in the history of economics, and in the larger academic context, survey articles bring serious challenges. One challenge is their unintended consequences for rankings of history of economics journals on the basis of citation measures, as evidenced by Clarivate Analytics decision to exclude three major history of economics journals from its 2018 Journal Citation Report. In this paper, we take this case as representative for illustrating the functions, advantages, and challenges of survey articles. We argue that survey articles should play an important role in the history of economics as mechanisms that mitigate narrow specialization, provide greater visibility, support reflexivity, set and evaluate the research agenda of the field, and work as a 'technology of distance' builds up trust among historians of economics.


Abstract. This paper presents a novel nodal finite-element method for either continuous and discontinuous elements, as applied to the 2-D shallow-water equations on the cubed sphere. The cornerstone of this method is the construction of a robust derivative operator that can be applied to compute discrete derivatives even over a discontinuous function space. A key advantage of the robust derivative is that it can be applied to partial differential equations in either a conservative or a non-conservative form. However, it is also shown that discontinuous penalization is required to recover the correct order of accuracy for discontinuous elements. Two versions with discontinuous elements are examined, using either the g1 and g2 flux correction function for distribution of boundary fluxes and penalty across nodal points. Scalar and vector hyperviscosity (HV) operators valid for both continuous and discontinuous elements are also derived for stabilization and removal of grid-scale noise. This method is validated using four standard shallow-water test cases, including geostrophically balanced flow, a mountain-induced Rossby wave train, the Rossby–Haurwitz wave and a barotropic instability. The results show that although the discontinuous basis requires a smaller time step size than that required for continuous elements, the method exhibits better stability and accuracy properties in the absence of hyperviscosity.


The thesis researches into Customer Relationship Management (CRM) that is driven by a strong sense of purpose and the strategies that allure to expected benefits among Ghanaian Banks. Most CRM units of service organizations exist but do not practically fulfill the expected CRM mandates for which they exist, meanwhile in today's global economy; virtually every aspect of human life is service-centered. The consumer now looks out for the best available service quality that brings satisfaction. There is therefore an urgent need for banks as service organizations to consciously maximize service quality and customer satisfaction so as to achieve competitive advantage. The statistical sample of the research is ten (10) licensed Ghanaian Banks with (50) relationship staff and (10) CRM Unit managers. Purposive sampling was used to select the sample. Both qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used to collate and analyze data. All data collected were by means of survey research design using questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis was by the help of Microsoft Office 2007. The findings of the study are that, service quality that leads to customer satisfaction is what drives Customer Relationship Management among Ghanaian banks. The study also reveals that customer identification, customer differentiation, customer interaction and customer personalization still remain strong model as CRM strategies that lead largely to expected benefits such as customer acquisition, customer loyalty and retention, profitability and customer satisfaction across Ghanaian banks. The researcher recommends that for quality service, banks must first differentiate their customers to be able to customize their needs and demands by using CRM software to track their customers.


Innovation is needed to improve care of the seriously ill, and there are important opportunities as we transition from a volume- to value-based payment system. Not all seriously ill are dying; some recover, while others are persistently functionally impaired. While we innovate in service delivery and payment models for the seriously ill, it is important that we concurrently develop accountability that ensures a focus on high-quality care rather than narrowly focusing on cost containment. The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation convened a meeting of 45 experts to arrive at guiding principles for measurement, create a starter measurement set, specify a proposed definition of the denominator and its refinement, and identify research priorities for future implementation of the accountability system. A series of articles written by experts provided the basis for debate and guidance in formulating a path forward to develop an accountability system for community-based programs for the seriously ill, outlined in this article. As we innovate in existing population-based payment programs such as Medicare Advantage and develop new alternative payment models, it is important and urgent that we develop the foundation for accountability along with actionable measures so that the healthcare system ensures high-quality person- and family-centered care for persons who are seriously ill.


JET components are removed periodically for surface analysis to assess material migration and fuel retention. This paper describes issues related to handling JET components and procedures for preparing samples for analysis; in particular a newly developed procedure for cutting beryllium tiles is presented. Consideration is also given to the hazards likely due to increased tritium inventory and material activation from 14 MeV neutrons following the planned TT and DT operations (DTE2) in 2017. Conclusions are drawn as to the feasibility of handling components from JET post DTE2.


Investigations in Time and of Space Using the FIRST Survey: Radio Source Variability and the Evolution of FR II Quasars Nithyanandan Thyagarajan The FIRST survey covered ∼ 10,000 deg of the sky over a decade, providing unprecedented levels of flux density sensitivity (∼ 1 mJy) at 1.4 GHz, uniformity to within 15% (at ∼ 0.15 mJy rms), 5. 4 angular resolution, astrometric accuracy to better than 1 and has cataloged & 800,000 sources. It has made enormous contributions to diverse scientific ends including such subjects as radio source populations, quasars, large-scale structure and clustering of radio sources, gravitational lensing, cosmology, etc. I present the motivation, analysis and results of two projects also intended to demonstrate the power and expand the scope of the FIRST survey's scientific reach. A comprehensive search for variable and transient radio sources has been conducted using the ∼ 55,000 snapshot images of the FIRST survey. An analysis leading to the discovery of 1,651 variable and transient objects down to mJy levels over a wide range of timescales (few minutes to years) is presented. The multi-wavelength matching for counterparts reveals the diverse classes of objects exhibiting variability. Interestingly, ∼ 60% of the objects in the sample have either no classified counterparts or no corresponding sources at any other wavelength and require multi-wavelength follow-up observations. I discuss these classes of variables and speculate on the identity of objects that lack multi-wavelength counterparts. Thus, the FIRST survey has yielded the largest sample by far of radio variables and transients to date to unprecedented levels of sensitivity and sky coverage and demonstrates the promise of future radio instruments which have transient-detection as one of their key science projects. For decades, radio astronomers have attempted to use double-lobed radio sources to constrain the angular size-redshift (θ − z) relation and to derive cosmological parameters therefrom. Most of the early attempts have, embarrassingly, shown general consistency with a static Euclidean universe rather than with Friedmann models. These earlier results can be attributed to a combination of selection effects, sample definition problems, and inconsistencies in analysis. However, some recent and more successful analyses have still failed to distinguish among different Friedmann models. A catalog of ∼ 680 FR II quasars was constructed from the FIRST sources with redshifts taken from the SDSS spectroscopic QSO catalog and a similar sized sample from the SDSS photometric QSO catalog which are the largest quasar compilations to date. Using statistical analyses, no evidence for intrinsic evolution of sizes with redshift is found. A static Euclidean model for the universe is clearly ruled out. However, new degeneracies between parameters in the multi-dimensional χ-surface are found which can only be resolved with additional, independent information. Notable differences are found between the spectroscopic and photometric samples raising questions about the nature and origin of these populations.


It has been proposed that multiple rare variants in numerous genes collectively account for a substantial proportion of multifactorial inherited predisposition to a variety of diseases, including colorectal adenomas (CRA). We have studied this hypothesis by sequencing the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene in 691 unrelated North American patients with CRAs and 969 matched healthy controls. Rare inherited nonsynonymous variants of APC were significantly overrepresented in patients who did not carry conventional pathogenic mutations in the APC or MutY homologue genes [non-familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) non-MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP) patients; 81 of 480, 16.9%] compared with patients with FAP or MAP (20 of 211, 9.5%, P = 0.0113), and this overrepresentation was highest in those non-FAP non-MAP patients with 11 to 99 CRAs (30 of 161, 18.6%, P = 0.0103). Furthermore, significantly more non-FAP non-MAP patients carried rare nonsynonymous variants in the functionally important beta-catenin down-regulating domain compared with healthy controls (32 of 480 versus 37 of 969, P = 0.0166). In silico analyses predicted that approximately 46% of the 61 different variants identified were likely to affect function, and upon testing, 7 of 16 nonsynonymous variants were shown to alter beta-catenin-regulated transcription in vitro. These data suggest that multiple rare nonsynonymous variants in APC play a significant role in predisposing to CRAs.


OBJECTIVE
To assess psychological stress and other factors as possible triggers of ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences.

DESIGN
A prospective cohort study nested in a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.

SETTING
Fifty-eight community-based or university sites.

PARTICIPANTS
Immunocompetent adults (N = 308), aged 18 years or older, with a documented history of ocular HSV disease in the prior year and observed for up to 15 months. EXPOSURE VARIABLES: Psychological stress, systemic infection, sunlight exposure, menstrual period, contact lens wear, and eye injury recorded on a weekly log. The exposure period was considered to be the week before symptomatic onset of a recurrence.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The first documented recurrence of ocular HSV disease, with exclusion of cases in which the exposure week log was completed late after the onset of symptoms.

RESULTS
Thirty-three participants experienced a study outcome meeting these criteria. Higher levels of psychological stress were not associated with an increased risk of recurrence (rate ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-1.05; P =.07). No association was found between any of the other exposure variables and recurrence. When an analysis was performed including only the recurrences (n = 26) for which the exposure week log was completed late and after symptom onset, there was a clear indication of retrospective overreporting of high stress (P =.03) and systemic infection (P =.01). Not excluding these cases could have produced incorrect conclusions due to recall bias.

CONCLUSIONS
Psychological stress does not appear to be a trigger of recurrences of ocular HSV disease. If not accounted for, recall bias can substantially overestimate the importance of factors that do not have a causal association with HSV infection.


The meta! expansion penetration has been examined experimentally. The whole casting process was simulated using a commercial software, in order to investigate the solidification characteristics and the pore formation in the casting studied. In order to do this, a special module for cast iron was used, where nucleation and growth of all relevant phases are considered. During simulation it is possible to detect the areas where porosities are likely to be formed. The results of the experiments show that expansion penetration generally occurs in the same areas as detected in the simulation depending on the solidification path. The inoculation and solidification behaviour will result in an excess or deficiency of meta! at the end of solidification. This will lead to either meta! penetration or the formation of pores.A series of test castings were produced at a foundry. They were used to study the influence of chemical composition, the type and amount of inoculant and the casting temperature. The results show that the carbon and phosphorus content had an influence on meta! penetration. The tendency for meta! penetration decreased whit decreasing carbon content as well as with increasing phosphorus content.The experiments show that the type and amount of inoculant and casting temperature for grey cast iron influence the meta! expansion penetration in areas with late solidification and where the melt is in contact with the sand mould. The worst cases of meta! penetration were obtained with uninoculated melt. A !arge number of small eutectic cells making up a !arge fraction of the volume were observed, resulting in a !arge penetration.


During cultivation on a mixture of xylose and glucose, Bacteroides xylanolyticus X5-1 showed neither diauxic growth nor a substrate preference. Xylose-limited continuous-culture cells were able to consume xylose and glucose both as single substrates and as mixed substrates without any lag phase. When glucose was the growth-limiting substrate, the microorganism was unable to consume xylose. However, in the presence of a small amount of glucose or pyruvate, xylose was utilized after a short lag phase. In glucose-limited cells, xylose isomerase was present at low activity but xylulose kinase activity could not be detected. On addition of a mixture of xylose and glucose, xylose isomerase was induced immediately and xylulose kinase was induced after about 30 min. The induction of the two enzymes was sensitive to chloramphenicol, showing de novo synthesis. Xylose uptake in glucose-grown cells was very low, but the uptake rate could be increased when incubated with a xylose-glucose mixture. The increase in the uptake rate was not affected by chloramphenicol, indicating that a constitutive uptake system had to be activated. The inability of B. xylanolyticus X5-1 cells undergoing glucose-limited continuous culture to induce the xylose catabolic pathway after the addition of only xylose probably was caused by energy limitation.


This paper proposes a new Capacitive graded bushing configuration for 145kV Live Tank Current Transformer which has lowest possible maximum electrical stress in it. Capacitive graded bushing breakdown is one of the major reasons of Current Transformer failures (In-service and at test bead). Since this bushing is heart of the current transformers, so it is necessary to design it carefully and to have proper electric stress distribution in capacitive graded bushing. The main motive is to obtain the better design of a capacitive graded bushing which will have reduced electric stress as compared with the existing design. Capacitive graded bushing contains concentric aluminium foils which are isolated from each other by Oil Impregnated Paper (OIP). The partial capacitances (Combination of Series and Parallel) between these can be modified by adjusting the number of foils, its diameter, width and foil staggering also the thickness of dielectric material between foils. This stated grading configuration"s stress level is under the limit considering all practical conditions, taking the various literature, IEEE transactions and practical results as benchmark. This paper reveals the configuration which gives improved and optimal electric stress distribution in the designed bushing configuration and which ultimately reduces the oil volume content, cost of active part insulation and the porcelain housing as a whole product. Keywords— Capacitive graded bushing, Bushing Foils, Electric Field, Electric Field Simulation,ElecNet,Finite Element Analysis.


Subconjunctival dibutyryl 3',5' cyclic adenosine monophosphoric acid (DBcAMP) produced a statistically significant reduction of ulceration in the alkaliburned rabbit cornea. No effect on epithelial cell growth was observed. DBcAMP also caused a statistically significant acceleration of corneal neovascularization in the first two weeks postburn. Medroxyprogesterone acetate also affected the development of corneal ulcers postalkali burn, but in a less well-defined manner. Dinoprost and indomethacin did not seem to influence this lesion. Cyclic adenosine monophosphoric acid may therefore possess a potential for use in the alkali-burned human eye.


The Physical Education and Nutrition Education Working Together (PE-Nut) program was evaluated to determine the impact nutrition and physical education has on students' academic performance. Administrative data was collected from 8 Traverse City Michigan Area Public Schools (TCAPS), four schools that administered PE-Nut (treatment) and four schools that did not administer PE-Nut (control). Regression analysis was utilized to identify the treatment effect of PE-Nut on students' academic performance. Overweight and obese students that participated in PE-Nut were 12% and 9% more likely to be proficient in reading. For math and writing, overweight and obese students that participated in PE-Nut were 22% and 13% more likely to be proficient at math, and 14% and 13% more likely to be proficient in writing. Implications from these results are nutrition and physical education programs can have a positive spillover effect on students' academic performance. The estimated economic impact of students participating in PE-Nut suggests that participants can improve their future wages by nearly $10,000.


Introduction: Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage represents one of the most feared complications of endovascular reperfusion. We aim to describe a series of patients that experienced immediate reperfusion injury with active intraprocedural extravasation within the territory of the deep penetrating arteries and provide real-time correlation with CT "spot sign." Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of patients that suffered reperfusion injury with active arterial extravasation during endovascular stroke treatment in two tertiary care centers. Results: Five patients were identified. Median age was 63 (58–71) years, 66% were male. Median NIHSS was 13.5 (9.5–23.0), platelet level 212,000 (142,000–235,000), baseline systolic blood pressure 152 (133–201) mm Hg, and non-contrast CT ASPECTS 7.0 (6.5–9.0). Two patients were taking aspirin and one had received intravenous thrombolysis. There were three middle cerebral artery M1, one internal carotid artery terminus, and one vertebrobasilar junction occlusion. Three patients had anterior circulation tandem occlusions. Stroke etiology was extracranial atherosclerosis (n = 2), intracranial atherosclerosis (n = 2), and cervical dissection (n = 1). The median time from onset to puncture was 5.5 (3.9–8.6) h. Intravenous heparin was administered in all patients (median dose of 4,750 [3,250–6,000] units) and intravenous abciximab in four. All tandem cases had the cervical lesion addressed first. Four lenticulostriates and one paramedian pontine artery were involved. Intraprocedural flat-panel CT was performed in four (80%) cases and provided real-time correlation between the active contrast extravasation and the "spot sign." The bailout included use of protamine, blood pressure control, and balloon guide catheter or intracranial compliant balloon inflation plus coiling of targeted vessel. All patients had angiographic cessation of bleeding at the end of the procedure with parenchymal hemorrhage type 1 in one case and type 2 in four. Three patients had modified Rankin score of 4 and two were dead at 90 days. Conclusions: Active reperfusion hemorrhage involving perforator arteries was observed to correlate with the CT "spot sign" and to be associated with poor outcomes.


textabstract"The steamship 'President Coolidge' arrived in the harbor of Honolulu
August 26, 1937, and tied up at pier 8. At about the hour of 10 a.m. of that day, one
Norman R. Arthur, a harbor patrol boatman under the United States District
Engineer, was passing under the stern of the 'President Coolidge' in a patrol boat,
when a quantity of garbage, consisting of cabbage, orange peel, celery, tea leaves,
and water, descended upon him, part thereof falling in the water . . . Immediately
following his being drenched with the refuse, Arthur cleared his eyes, then looked
and saw a person, apparently Chinese, walking away from the stern rail of the
Coolidge, carrying a can or bucket . . . Arthur fastened his small boat to the pier,
changed clothes and boarded the 'President Coolidge' to make a search for the
person responsible. He saw the chief mate and explained what had happened and
the officer conducted an investigation, but no further information was secured.
There was testimony on behalf of the claimant that orders had been issued
by the Company against throwing of refuse from the ship while in harbor; that signs
were placed in conspicuous places written in English and Chinese, warning
employees not to throw things overboard; that locks were placed upon the slop
chutes to prevent their use while in harbor; that the officers of the ship had no
knowledge of violation of the law or their orders in this respect and in this instance.
Having committed his ship to the seas, an owner takes the risk of much
which he cannot easily control. Any other construction would change the statute
from one of prohibition to that requiring merely due care.
Affirmed."
With these words, on January 23rd, 1939, the Honorable Francis A. Garrecht,
a senior ninth circuit court judge, affirmed the District Court of Hawai'i's decree,
which penalized the corporation that owned the steamship "President Coolidge," for
its employee's misconduct. No questions were raised regarding what genuine
efforts the corporation had made to prevent the violation. Nor were any additional arguments presented concerning other precautionary measures the corporation
might have taken to prevent the violation. In fact, it was never argued that the
corporation could have exercised more control over its employees or could have
prevented their misconduct. Notwithstanding, the corporation was held strictly
liable for the misconduct of its employee.
In the seven decades since the "President Coolidge" case, corporate
enforcement policies around the globe have gone through a sea of change.


The Indee district, located in the Central Pilbara tectonic zone of the North Pilbara terrain in Western Australia, contains Archean lode gold deposits and epithermal gold systems. Hydrothermal alteration assemblages associated with these deposits contain the minerals pyrophyllite, white mica, chlorite, and tourmaline. Known prospects are surrounded by flat areas of poorly exposed calcretized bedrock, calcretes, rock float, and sandy soils. Two adjacent lines of airborne hyperspectral data (HyMap®) were acquired. To produce mineral abundance maps, these data were processed to correct for atmospheric and illumination conditions and then calibrated to reflectance data using field spectra. This analysis successfully mapped the distribution of pyrophyllite, white mica, Mg chlorite, Fe chlorite, calcite, dolomite, kaolinite, tourmaline, hematite, and goethite. Alteration assemblages associated with the Camel 2 deposit, which is located along the Mallina shear zone, were found to be characterized by pyrophyllite and Al-rich white mica, the latter having an AlOH absorption feature at 2.194 μ m. In contrast, alteration assemblages associated with epithermal deposits south of the Mallina shear zone are characterized by Al-poor white mica with a longer wavelength absorption feature at 2.210 μ m, the shift reflecting the change in Al chemistry (Tschermak substitution). Tourmaline is also present near the epithermal-like deposits, suggesting that it may be an integral part of these systems. Fe chlorite is associated with both the mesothermal and epithermal systems but is also pervasive as a regional metamorphic mineral. Regolith-related carbonates are common throughout the area and their compositions are determined by the hyperspectral processing. Mineral abundance images were verified by PIMA® (portable infrared mineral analyser) analysis of ground samples, and assays of rocks in previously unknown areas of pyrophyllite and white mica confirmed the presence of anomalous gold. These results show that mineral maps and compositional information derived from hyperspectral analysis are extremely valuable for exploration, even in poorly exposed, regolith-dominated districts such as Indee.


We have previously described artifacts in corrosion casts prepared with Mercox®, diluted with methylmethacrylic acid (MMA). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of casts and light microscopy (LM) of tissue sections, we found new forms of artifacts in casts prepared with both undiluted and MMA-diluted Mercox®. When undiluted Mercox® was used, most of the casts did not show artifacts. Artifacts were rarely seen and comprised empty casts consisting of a rim, while endothelial cell nuclear imprints and other vascular wall structures were replicated. Other casts sometimes showed vessels with a fine granular surface or some with conglomerates in their internal structure, however, surrounding vessels were well cast. When using MMAdiluted Mercox®, beside casts consisting only of a rim of resin, casts with granular surface, or casts composed of conglomerates, we found casts which were partially collapsed, casts with artifacts on many vessels, casts which only rudimentarily mimicked vascular structures, and finally casts which did not reveal any vascular structures. Light microscopy confirmed these findings and showed that the number of artifacts increases toward the periphery of an individual microvascular bed, demonstrated in intestinal villi as a model. The number of artifacts was higher when MMA-diluted Mercox® was used, regardless of the tissue or species used. Casts which did not replicate vascular structures were never found when undiluted Mercox® was used. Therefore, we recommend the use of undiluted Mercox® for the preparation of vascular corrosion casts.


A comparison of different treatment strategies does not always result in determining the best one for all patients, one needs to study subgroups of patients with significant difference in efficiency between treatment strategies. To solve this problem an approach to subgroups generation is proposed, where data are described in terms of a pattern structure and pattern concepts stay for patient subgroups and their descriptions. To find the most promising pattern concepts in terms of the difference of treatment strategies in efficiency a version of CbO algorithm is proposed. An application to the analysis of data on childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is considered.


The energy-loss spectrum associated with scattering of 100 keV H{sup +} ions from Y atoms on Si(111) has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Measurements were made from Y overlayers, and from the Si(111)(1x1) two-dimensional silicide phase formed by Y on this surface, in various scattering geometries and with different surface preparations. Theoretical simulations were conducted based on calculations of the energy loss experienced in specific ion trajectories through the surface, using coupled-channel calculations to describe inner-shell ionization and excitation as a function of impact parameter. The experimental results indicate that additional broadening contributions arise from surface inhomogeneity and roughness, but for near-normal incident and outgoing trajectories the theory and experiment agree quite well. The calculations show that, even for the ideal two-dimensional silicide phase in which the Y atoms lie just below the surface, significant energy loss arises from interaction of the ions with surrounding Si atoms, leading to a complete loss of intensity at zero energy loss.


Diagnosability of systems is an essential property that determines how accurate any diagnostic reasoning can be on a system given any sequence of observations. Generally, in the literature of dynamic event-driven systems, diagnosability analysis is performed by algorithms that consider a system as a whole and their response is either a positive answer or a counter example. In this paper, we present an original framework for diagnosability checking. The diagnosability problem is solved in a distributed way in order to take into account the distributed nature of realistic problems. As opposed to all other approaches, our algorithm also provides an exhaustive and synthetic view of the reasons why the system is not diagnosable. Finally, the presented algorithm is scalable in practice: it provides an approximate and useful solution if the computational resources are not sufficient.


The effect of electron beam (EB) irradiation of high density polyethylene (HDPE) on polyethylene-terephthalate (PET)/HDPE blends has been investigated. The HDPE component was radiation treated before the blend was melt mixed. Although the radiation treatment of HDPE component with 50-200 kGy caused some decrease in the tensile strength and elasticity modulus, the maximum tensile elongation of the blend showed a significant increase (+40%) at optimum dose (100 kGy). The DSC results and the scanning electron microscope images of the fracture surfaces also showed the benefit of a 100 kGy EB-dose in the connection the otherwise thermodynamically incompatible part of the blend.


Imagine being awarded a cool $50,000. That's what pharmacists at OhioHealth, a not-for-profit healthcare organization, nabbed for designing a program that reduced by 51% the adverse drug event (ADE) rate for the eight hospitals in its network. This was the first Award for Excellence in Medication-Use Safety offered by ASHP's Research & Education Foundation and sponsored by the Cardinal Health Foundation.


Two and six-layer stack accumulative roll bonding (ARB) processes were applied to commercial purity aluminum in order to investigate the effect of the stacking layer number on the mechanical properties. The initial thickness of the aluminum sheets for two and six-layer stack ARB was 1mm and 0.5mm, respectively. Two-layer stack ARB was performed by 50% reduction per cycle. For six-layer stack ARB, the six aluminum sheets were first stacked together and cold-roll-bonded by 50% reduction rolling, and then followed by four-pass rolling so that the final thickness was 0.5mm. The sheet was then cut to the six pieces of same length and the same procedure was repeated to the sheets. The tensile strength of the ARB processed specimens increases with the number of ARB cycles in both two and six layer stack ARB. The tensile strength is lower by the six-layer stack ARB than that by the two-layer stack ARB. The elongation slightly decreases with the number of the ARB cycles, regardless of the stacking layer number. TEM observation reveals that the grain size of the six-layer stack ARB is larger than that of the two-layer stack ARB. The effects of the number of the layers in stacking are explained by the redundant shear deformation.


Reactive oxygen species are well-known mediators of various biological responses. Recently, new homologues of the catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase have been discovered in non phagocytic cells. These new homologues (Nox1–Nox5) produce low levels of superoxides compared to the phagocytic homologue Nox2/gp91phox. In this study we examined the effect of (cid:2) -eudesmol, a sesquiterpenoid alcohol isolated from Teucrium ramosissimum leaves, on proliferation, superoxide anion production, adhesion and migration of human lung (A549) and colon (HT29 and Caco-2) cancer cell lines. Proliferation of tumor cells was inhibited by (cid:2) -eudesmol. It also significantly inhibited superoxide production in A549 cells. Furthermore, (cid:2) -eudesmol inhibited adhesion and migration of A549 and HT29 cell. These results demonstrate that (cid:2) -eudesmol may be a novel anticancer agent for the treatment of lung and colon cancer by different ways: by inhibition of superoxide production or by blocking proliferation, adhesion and migration.


Liquid-liquid extraction, i.e. control of the reversible transfer of cations between phases, is a core chemical process for metal purification and recycling. The objective of the "REE-CYCLE" project (Rare Earth Element reCYCling with Low harmful Emissions) is to develop the fundamental understanding of complex fluid processing in order to innovate environmentally friendly, economically competitive processes. The presented work on micro-solvent-extraction takes this approach beyond the state-of-the-art: An instrumented and computer-controlled microfluidic device is described, enabling the first steps towards fast measurement of the free energy of ion transfer between complex fluids. Continuous screening of a manifold parameter set, including e.g. multi-component phase composition, pH, temperature, will be enabled by integra-ting inline, real-time measurements into a robotized lab-on-a-chip. Miniaturized spectro-scopic and sensing methods will allow automated characterization of kinetics/thermody-namics, partition coefficients, chemical potential differences and constituent's activity coefficients. First results of the microfluidic device, compared to batch mode assays, are presented concerning temperature and pH variation. Examples are shown on N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamide (TODGA) reverse micelles diluted in dodecane for lanthanide extraction in the presence of iron. Partition coefficients and kinetics data for different parameters are addressed and resulting pathways explored to enhance separation and selectivity. First data on solvent activity coefficient measurements will also be presented, giving insight on molecule aggregation, constituents' chemical potentials and solvent vapour pressure.


Background: Blunt chest trauma is the third most important injury in patients with multiple trauma, thus the appropriate diagnosis is critical. Although chest X-rays (CXRs) are the most common diagnostic method, the physician should detect the imaging necessity and modality. Accordingly, NEXUS chest and thoracic injury rule-out criteria (TIRC) have been developed to prevent unnecessary radiographs in traumatized patients. Objectives: In this study, the diagnostic accuracy of these two guidelines was compared in patients with multiple trauma. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, eligible patients with chest blunt trauma, who referred to the Emergency Department of Imam Hossein Hospital from July 2016 to March 2018, were recruited. Demographic data, trauma and clinical information, and radiographic reports were recorded and the necessity of CXR was determined based on NEXUS chest and TIRC. Finally, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were also calculated for NEXUS chest and TIRC. Results: In this study, 1925 patients with a mean age of 43.7 ± 9.16 years were evaluated (55% male). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of TIRC in the diagnosis of traumatic chest injury were 93.6%, 84.9%, 24.03%, and 99.6%, respectively, and those of NEXUS in the diagnosis of traumatic chest injuries were 97.84%, 51.80%, 93.43%, and 99.79%, respectively. There was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between TIRC and NEXUS chest models. Conclusions: This study showed that NEXUS chest and TIRC have equal values in predicting traumatized chest injuries. Parameters of TIRC are easily measurable in ED and do not require subjective assessments, such as mechanisms and velocity of trauma or fall height. Therefore, the TIRC model seems to be a better tool than NEXUS in detecting injury to the chest and reducing the risk of radiation exposure.


Mathematical diagnostic tables for differentiating intracranial hematomas and contusions of the brain were compiled on the basis of a minimax algorithm with the use of the M-222 electronic computer. Their application in 160 cases with intracranial traumatic hematomas and in 110 cases with contusion of the brain provided exact diagnosis in 90% of cases. The mathematical calculations are adapted for use with the "Elektronika" microcomputers manufactured in the USSR. Language: ru


During a field trial to evaluate the efficacy of repeated vaccinations with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) marker vaccines, a glycoprotein E (gE)-negative BHV-1 strain was isolated from the nasal secretions of two cows, eight months after vaccination with a gE-negative live-attenuated vaccine, initially given intranasally, then intramuscularly. The strain isolated was characterised using immunofluorescence, restriction analysis and CR. All the techniques used identified the isolated virus as a gE-negative BHV-1 phenotypically and genotypically identical to the Za strain used as a control.


Operation Flood and dairy co-operatives emerged in India as the largest rural employment scheme, enabling the modernization of the dairy sector to a level from where it can take off to meet not only the country'Â's demand for milk and milk products but can also exploit global market opportunities. This study reviews the existing status of milk marketing and dairy co-operatives in India and provides recommendations to meet future challenges. The results of the study indicate that 80 percent of the milk produced by the rural producer is handled by an unorganized sector and the remaining 20 percent is handled by an organized sector. It is found that the dairy co-operatives play a vital role in alleviating rural poverty by augmenting rural milk production and marketing. Involvement of intermediaries; lack of bargaining power by the producers; and lack of infrastructure facilities for collection, storage, transportation, and processing are the major constraints which affect the prices received by producers in milk marketing. Milk quality, product development, infrastructure support development, and global marketing are found to be future challenges of IndiaÂ''s milk marketing.


It has been known that an ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) process can produce thin films with different physical properties by changing conditions of assist-ion-beam. The aim of this study is to produce Fe thin films by the IBAD and an ion-beam-sputter deposition (IBSD) process which uses no assist-ion-beam and then to examine relationship between the microstructure and the corrosion resistance of the films. Five types of the films were prepared using the IBSD and the IBAD with various conditions of assist-ionbeam. The corrosion resistance of the films prepared was examined in 0.1 kmol•m-s Na2SO4. The microstructure of the films was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the surface topography of them was measured by atomic force microscope (AFM). All the films were consisted of cr-Fe microcrystals. The grain size of the IBAD films was half of that of the IBSD films. The corrosion tests in 0.1 kmol-m-3 Na2SO, exhibited that corrosion pits on the IBAD films initiated immediately but those on the IBSD films occurred at about 5 ks after immersion. The number of the pits on both the films increased for a short time and became constant a fter a given time. The increase rate of pit radius on the IBAD films was larger than that on the IBSD films. According to the observation by AFM, the surface of the IBAD films was roughened by the irradiation of assist-ion-beam. The roughness of the films with low corrosion resistance was larger than that with high corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance of the IBAD films was influenced by Ar flow rate in the hollow cathode compared with assistbeam-voltage.


A series of test for the fatigue crack growth rate da/dN and the threshold ΔKth values were performed with CT specimens on a ship-condenser material titanium alloy plate and rolled ring. Base metal, welded joint and HAZ (heat affected zone) materials were used to make different test specimens. Specimens made from the titanium plate were cut along L-T direction, those made from rolled ring were obtained along C-R and L-R direction respectively. Results show that the fatigue crack growth rate value of welded joint is much higher than those of base metal and HAZ material. The da/dN values of C-R direction specimens are much higher than those of L-R direction specimens, whereas the ΔKth values are lower. It means that welding process may lead to a great reduction in the fatigue property for titanium alloy and the effect of crack orientation on fatigue property is not negligible for titanium alloy. To select a proper orientation of titanium material is therefore very important in engineering practice. Results also indicate that a simplified method can be used to calculate the ΔKth values for titanium material, that is, ΔKth values may be calculated directly from the da/dN expression in a zone near the threshold and the laborious measurements of ΔKth may therefore be saved.


The internet, peer-to-peer technology and mobile devices are radically changing markets for digital media such as recorded music. Incumbent companies in these industries have severe difficulties in reacting to these changes and finding effective business models. The fundamental challenge is how to capture value from delivering digital music files which users expect to download for free. It is the consumer's capability to handle digital content that opens up possibilities for new business models where consumers are active partners helping to co-create value along with companies. Compared to the music industry, the video game industry was more successful in adapting its business models. By conducting an exploratory study among recently founded video game startups and two case studies of music-technology startups, whether and how the video game industry is a vital source from which to draw analogies for the music industry will be analysed in this paper.


The Lihir Au deposit (also known as Ladolam), Papua New Guinea, has a 56-Moz resource and is the world's largest alkalic Au deposit in terms of contained Au. The Au deposit is in an amphitheater, inferred to be a remnant of the original ~1.1-km-high volcanic cone that underwent NE-directed sector collapse(s) and prolonged tropical weathering. The ore deposit is situated in the footwall of the sector collapse detachment surface and consists of several orebodies. Late-stage, Au-rich, alkalic low-sulfidation epithermal mineralization was superimposed upon early-stage, porphyry-style alteration. A threefold vertical alteration architecture at Lihir is interpreted to broadly represent this evolution. With increasing depth, the alteration zones consist of (1) a surficial, generally barren, steamheated clay alteration zone that is a product of modern high-temperature geothermal activity, (2) a high-grade
(>3 g/t Au), refractory sulfide and adularia alteration zone that represents the ancient epithermal environment, and (3) a comparatively low-grade ( Early porphyry-style hydrothermal activity in the Lienetz orebody resulted in a magmatic-hydrothermal breccia complex and associated hydrothermal veins, most of which contain anhydrite. A spectacular anhydrite ± carbonate vein array is exposed in the deeper levels of the Lienetz open pit and reveals a dynamic structural evolution where veins were reactivated but with grossly similar geometries and kinematic histories. Early localized compression is evident from low-angle thrust faults and tensile vein arrays with both subvertical and subhorizontal dips. This occurred in the porphyry-style environment under low differential stress and an oscillating subhorizontal to subvertical σ1 and temporarily elevated fluid pressures that resulted from mineral sealing. The variable stress conditions and nucleation of vein arrays with low-angle dips are interpreted to relate principally to instabilities in the volcanic-magmatic environment, triggered in part by volume changes
within the underlying magma chamber and exsolution of hydrothermal volatiles. Protracted or multistage NWdirected extension with a mostly subvertical σ1 predominated for the rest of the porphyry- to epithermal-stage evolution, possibly reflecting the greater control of far field tectonic stresses and instabilities in the shallow volcanic environment. This is best documented by the principal vein array at Lienetz, which consists of large hybrid to shear veins with low-angle dips (~30°) to the north. Linking these large, low-angle veins are sets of tensile to hybrid veins and breccia veins with high-angle dips (~65°) to the northwest. Kinematic indicators record dominantly extensional displacement, with N- to NW-directed, top-block down sense of shear. Significant modification of the early formed veins and breccias occurred during the transition from porphyrystyle to epithermal conditions, leading to recrystallization, dissolution seams, stylolites, volume loss, and solution collapse breccias. The modified veins localized some shear and may have had some control of lubrication for the sector collapse event(s); however, they are not kinematically linked. High-grade, epithermal-style, Au mineralization followed vein modification and sector collapse(s). Mineralization was partly facilitated by preconditioning provided by porphyry-stage events, as auriferous hydrothermal fluids flowed through cavities created by the dissolution of early formed anhydrite. Mineralization was also localized at depth by NE-striking faults. Continued extension with top-block down to the northwest preferentially reactivated the principal vein array with low-angle dips to the north. Porphyry-stage veins were modified during epithermal mineralization due to reactivation under extensional conditions. Reactivation produced NE-striking tensile to hybrid veins and breccia veins with high-angle dips and rhombic dilational jogs that localized high-grade Au. The NE- to ENE-striking structural grain, evident at both the island scale and the deposit scale, was inherited from the basement. These structures were weaknesses that were reactivated throughout the evolution of Lienetz. Similarly oriented deep-seated faults contributed to the northeast elongation of the volcanic amphitheater and were fundamental for the structural control of vein formation and Au localization. The unique characteristics of the Lihir Au deposit, in particular the preserved relationships of hybrid ore and volcanic architecture, provide insights into transitional processes between porphyry and epithermal end members. Reactivated structures and anhydrite dissolution were significant factors in Au mineralization in the Lienetz orebody. As such, they should be regarded in the exploration and understanding of other magmatichydrothermal ore deposits.


This project presents the results of experimental studies about MS rod confined with high-strength carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. Four small scale specimens (ID=25mm,OD=28.5mm) were subjected to uniaxial compression up to failure and stress-strain behaviours were recorded. The various parameters such as wrap thickness and fiber orientation were considered. The fiber orientation of 0 o , 90 o , 45 o and combinations of them were investigated. The results demonstrated significant enhancement in the compressive strength, stiffness, and ductility of the CFRP-wrapped MS rod as compared to unconfined MS rod. The carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) used as an external wrapping is to achieve strengthening and repair of cylindrical structures. The CFRP composites have been used successfully for rehabilitation and strengthening of deficient reinforced cylindrical elements.Reinforced cylinder, need to be laterally confined in order to ensure large deformation under applied loads before failure and to provide an adequate strength.


Museums are important public sites for the authentication and presentation of heritage in Western cultures. The authority of museums is derived from their long history as repositories of material culture and as agents of identity formation, nationalism, and most recently, social inclusion. But in a country such as Canada where global economics and popular culture combine with an unprecedented influx of immigrants, how society imagines itself and how the nation articulates its community and its heritage is changing radically. Issues of power, meaning, authenticity and citizenship have threatened the museum's representational authority. How are Canadian museums responding to these changes, and is their authority now up for debate? Or is the need to assert authority a problem in itself and can museums evolve a new type of discourse about heritage? This paper investigates museum authority inherent in its simultaneous roles as voice of the state and as a public space for opinion and meaning making. It focuses attention on Canadian museums and government policies that have influenced their authority, in particular, theoretical implications of the current drive for 'social cohesion'. An exhibit on the Underground Railroad and African-Canadian history at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto is examined to consider how museums as instruments of the state can be re-tuned as sites of public identity discourse and social inclusion.


An application of the MaMiC programming environment (a programming environment for handling both numeric and symbolic data) is described. The application is an intelligent interface to MathWorks' System Identification Toolbox. The interface contains two parts: one that makes it easier to use the System Identification Toolbox (by simplifying the syntax and by bookkeeping of all variables used in the system), and one that gives the user advice during an identification session. A decision support system which advises the user only about the interpretation of certain results and how to do reasonable commands, actions, etc. is described and illustrated by an example.<<ETX>>


Abstract— Disasters are events or series of events that threaten and disturb the lives of people caused by both natural and/or non-natural factors, resulting in human death, environmental damage, property loss, and psychological impact. Flooding is a natural disaster whose occurrence can be caused by several factors, such as high rainfall, geomorphology and human activity. The Tanjung Putus Hamlet area is located in Gampong Jawa Village, Langsa City. This area located along the Krueng Langsa river with a fairly densely populated settlement. This area is also a water catchment area. The area is vulnerable to catastrophic floods and landslides. Spatial arrangement of infrastructure, housing, and environment is not well-organized in the area. Research was done by field observation. This study aims to design the environment of disaster-prone areas into a cozy area of disaster. This Design will be done in the form of arrangement of regional infrastructure, land function, evacuation lane and early warning system. The arrangement is expected to improve the quality of life of the population in terms of comfort and security. The final result of this research is the formation of a river-friendly area, making the river a front side and environmentally friendly.


Evoking Chris Freeman and following from the last book he co-authored, this WP asks why has the Phase B of the fourth long wave been so long, since the major turning point of the 1970s. As Chris's answer was the mismatch between the new techno-economic paradigm, available for decades, and the socio-institutional framework, which is being transformed by the neoliberal agenda, this paper investigates such contradiction. I study the new regime of accumulation, based on the boom and devaluation of fictitious capital, and the four radical conditions that are required to solve the mismatch: liberalization of financial flows, privatization of public goods, precarization of labor, and globalization of markets. The development of such agenda imposes time consuming changes in social relations, namely in the selection, education and networking of the political decision makers, imposition of aggravated inequality and changes in the international hierarchy of powers, which are discussed.


Soil organic carbon is an important component of soil organic matter that serves as a useful indicator of soil condition. It also explains the soils' potential to serve as sinks for inorganic carbon in climate change mitigation. Land restoration is a promising tool for carbon sequestration in soils. This study assessed the variation of soil organic carbon content among cropland, restored land and eroded land in Iceland. The cropland and restored land were both revegetated around 1976 and the site for the cropland converted in 2009. The study employed the loss-on-ignition method to estimate soil organic matter content. The soil organic carbon – loss-on-ignition relationship conversion factor was determined using regressions and used to calculate soil organic carbon. The results showed that soil organic carbon concentration was higher in the restored land than in the cropland and the eroded land, in the top 5 cm depth of soil. However, the highest soil organic carbon concentration was observed in the cropland compared to both the restored land and the eroded land for the 5-15 cm depth. For the top 15 cm depth, no significant difference was observed between the cropland and the restored land in soil organic carbon concentration. The total soil organic carbon stocks in the top 15 cm depth was highest in cropland compared to the restored land and the eroded land. The soil organic carbon contents for the eroded land were significantly lowest for both depths. The findings suggest that land restoration has great potential to improve soil organic carbon content. Land Restoration Training Programme Keldnaholt, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland UNU Land Restoration Training Programme ii


The main objective of this Strategic Cities Project for Tanzania is to provide an acceptable plan for the resettlement and compensation of persons affected by land acquisition for the purpose of creating a buffer zone for the Mbeya landfill. Negative impacts include: relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; or loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. Mitigation measures include: compensation of the unfinished structure according to the type of structure, without fracturing in depreciation cost; compensation of land according to the replacement cost if the PAP owns the land, have customary right or established residency; where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons relocated by the sub-project to share in sub-project benefits. Relocated persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs; and relocated persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of sub-project implementation, whichever is higher.


Abstract : The possibility of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members having to respond to a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) incident is not a hypothetical scenario reserved for training exercises. Indeed, a number of countries worldwide have considerable experience in dealing with a variety of naturally occurring, accidental, and deliberate CBRN incidents. NATO itself, however, has no clear conceptual vision of its role in civil emergencies because preparedness of this sort remains a national responsibility. For many years, NATO's military forces have addressed CBRN issues as part of their military planning. But the question remains as to how NATO nations view the capability of their military forces and the contribution that these forces can make in dealing with the consequences of a domestic CBRN attack within one or several member countries. This paper provides insights into the current thinking of NATO members -- based on an informal survey of Alliance military attaches assigned to Washington, DC -- regarding the planning, assets, and training for such a contingency. The resulting snapshot of NATO CBRN capabilities suggests specific initiatives that should be considered within the Alliance to improve its collective response to a CBRN incident. Areas recommended for particular emphasis and further study include bolstering Alliance capabilities for biological and radiological contingencies; strengthening command and control and logistics capabilities; addressing the airlift shortfall; intensifying multilateral exercises; and creating an Alliance-wide mechanism for sharing lessons learned.


stance against Pakistan and would put Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK) directly under the control of the Indian central government. This did not paint a positive picture. Since 2014, India's primary goal in foreign policy has remained to encircle Pakistan on all of its borders and isolate it from the rest of the world. Nearly all of the world's superpowers and the Muslim nations have encouraged diplomatic relations with India. India strategically employs all of the regional nations and global powers it has close ties to fight Pakistan. Without any regional or international pressure, it unilaterally changed the special constitutional status of Indian-occupied Kashmir. The reactionary foreign policy of Pakistan, on the other hand, did not rely on pre-emptive measures to fight India's foreign policy, which is primarily built on plotting against Pakistan. India consistently takes advantage of Pakistan's weak and nebulous international policies. This study aims to give a detailed analysis of the elements, in particular the internal or domestic ones that were responsible for influencing foreign policy decision-making in India and Pakistan between 2014 and 2020. Using Allison's models of foreign policy has identified the factors accountable for Pakistan's unproductive and responsive external policy in contrast to India's proactive and forceful external strategy. One of the crucial findings that this study identified is that the democratic system and political continuity in India are the significant elements providing a strong base for effective policy making and building strong institutions as compared to Pakistan where the absence of both these elements are contributing to institutional crisis as well as weak and passive decision making.


This chapter examines the origins and institutionalization of sport sociology in Germany and Switzerland and provides an overview of the current state of research. It shows how academic chairs and research committees were established and how the first textbooks, anthologies, and journals appeared from the 1970s onwards. The institutionalization process of German-speaking sport sociology proceeded parallel to the establishment of sport science. With regard to its theoretical and empirical basis, German-speaking sport sociology is rooted in theories and concepts of general sociology. Studies using a system theory perspective, conceptualizing sport as a societal sub-system and examining its linkage with and dependence on economy, media, or politics are particularly common in the German-speaking region. In addition, actor theoretic perspectives are very popular, and French sociologists such as Bourdieu and Foucault have had a marked influence on German-speaking sport sociology. A large number of sport sociology studies are concerned with the changes in leisure and elite sports. In this context, the emergence of new trends in risk sports as well as the fitness boom and its implications on body perception are of special interest. Further areas of research refer to sport participation and the impact of social inequality, particularly with respect to gender differences and social integration. Finally, organization research focusing on change at the level of sport associations and clubs has a long tradition. Major challenges for the future of German-speaking sport sociology include its internationalization and an enhanced international linkage in order to improve the visibility of research results.


Hematological studies were conducted in three wild groups of toque macaques (Macaca sinica) inhabiting the Polonnaruwa Sanctuary in northeastern Sri Lanka. The macaques were temporarily trapped and anesthetized, and femoral blood was drawn from 35 males and 37 females (age range: 0.33–24.5 yr). Statistically significant (P<0.05) differences were observed by sex for total plasma proteins (PP), and by age for red blood cell (RBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular Hb (MCH), mean corpuscular Hb concentration (MCHC), PP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), differential and absolute neutrophil counts, differential lymphocyte counts, and absolute eosinophil counts. In general, the results were similar to those reported for other species of colony‐bred and free‐ranging macaques. However, there also were differences. First, in contrast to earlier studies of nonhuman primates, we examined the hematology of infants. Compared to other age classes, infants (<1 yr old) had lower RBC, Hb, MCHC, and ESR values, and a higher MCV. These findings were similar to those obtained in human infants. Second, we observed variations in hematology among social groups in relation to their ecology. Two groups (IH3 and M3) had ready access to water throughout the dry season (the period of sampling), whereas the third group (J) did not. The Hb, RBC, and PP values obtained in groups IH3 and M3 were similar to those reported in other macaque species. However, these parameters in group J were significantly (P<0.01) higher, which suggests that this group (representing about 26% of the sample) had been dehydrated during the dry season. Finally, two indices indicative of injury and infection–the ESR and leukocyte counts–were higher in the wild toque macaques than has been reported for other species of macaques held in captivity, and about 15% of the toque macaques sampled had extreme outlier values for these parameters; however, none were visibly ill or died. These results suggest that wild toque macaques are subject to a wide array of physical and biological insults that are unique to natural populations. Am. J. Primatol. 61:13–28, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Recurrence of carcinomas due to cells that migrate away from the primary tumor is a major problem in cancer treatment. Immunohistochemical analyses of human carcinomas have consistently correlated up-regulation of the actin-bundling protein fascin with a clinically aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. To understand the functional and mechanistic contributions of fascin, we undertook inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of fascin in human colon carcinoma cells derived from an aggressive primary tumor. Fascin-depletion led to decreased numbers of filopodia and altered morphology of cell protrusions, decreased Rac-dependent migration on laminin, decreased turnover of focal adhesions, and, in vivo, decreased xenograft tumor development and metastasis. cDNA rescue of fascin shRNA-knockdown cells with wild-type green fluorescent protein-fascin or fascins mutated at the protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site revealed that both the actin-bundling and active PKC-binding activities of fascin are required for the organization of filopodial protrusions, Rac-dependent migration, and tumor metastasis. Thus, fascin contributes to carcinoma migration and metastasis through dual pathways that impact on multiple subcellular structures needed for cell migration.