In recent years, the federal government's efforts to open up competitive electricity markets have transformed how we think about the regulation of energy. In many respects, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) broad "deregulatory" efforts, which commenced in the 1990s, might appear to be a case of paradigmatic regulatory exit as defined by J.B. Ruhl and Jim Salzman. But our case study of FERC's restructuring of wholesale electricity markets reveals some important institutional features that make exit in federalism contexts, and under federal statutory duties, a rich and difficult problem. In the context of energy, exit from one regulatory sphere can create regulatory gaps. This has led FERC, which largely exited the regulation of wholesale electricity rates, to increase regulation in other spheres. It has also invited forms of intergovernmental exchange, as states have emulated or otherwise responded to FERC's regulatory modifications in the areas in which states have jurisdiction. In this sense, the transition to competitive energy supply markets has involved constrained exit characterized by a hydraulic back-and-forth between regulators and institutions in an effort to ensure that statutory duties are fulfilled and other public needs are met.
This assessment of regulatory exchange has a prescriptive implication: a federal regulator seeking to exit specific forms of conventional regulation needs to proactively develop strategies to facilitate regulatory exchange, while simultaneously preserving its authority over important substantive values related to its regulatory mission. Attention to "offsetting" regulations is often necessary to ensure that problematic regulatory gaps will not arise. In the energy context, these strategies might also include the use of mechanisms that give other institutions a voice in implementing exit strategies, as well as better ex ante regulatory planning for market enforcement that will continue after partial exit. We argue that it is not only a good strategy for federal regulators to recognize this hydraulic feature of exit, but that cooperative federalism statutes such as the Federal Power Act often require them to do so.


Visual perception is of uttermost importance for cyclists orienting themselves in urban environments, wherein the imperatives of 'See!' (and 'Be seen!') can make a dramatic difference between a safe ride and an unfortunate traffic event. Drawing from the work of J.J. Gibson (1938) in the domain of ecological psychology, in this paper I delineate the characteristics of the 'visual field of safe travel' in relation to cycling. In doing so, I also expand Gibson's overtly visual (and car-focused) account by bringing to the fore a plethora of other senses that make cycling a distinctive mobility practice. Arguing that senses not only function as mere sensations and feelings, but as effective ways of 'making sense' of the world (Rodaway 1994), I show how cycling sensory scapes are substantially different from those afforded by the car, where indeed one is often completely 'car-cooned' not only from risks and dangers, as Urry and Kingsley (2009) argue, but from a more rich and meaningful perception of the environment. The sensory scape surrounding the bicycle rider opens up her body not only to a more unmediated perception of the environment itself, but it makes possible the very articulation of political and cultural discourses about liberation, counter-culture, alternative and green(er) lifestyles or post-capitalist societies. This presentation draws from an auto-ethnography of my cycling experience in London, which is documented with a mixture of mobile methods (Buscher and Urry 2009), featuring video and audio recordings.


In high-pressure turbines, cool air is purged through rim seals at the periphery of wheel-spaces between the stator and rotor discs. The purge suppresses the ingress of hot gas from the annulus but superfluous use is inefficient. In this paper the interaction between the ingress, purge and mainstream flow is studied using unsteady numerical simulations based on the DLR TRACE solver. The computations are compared to experimental measurements from a one-and-a-half stage axial-turbine rig operating with engine-representative blade and vane geometries, and overlapping rim seals. Radial traverses using a miniature CO2 concentration probe quantified the penetration of ingress into the rim seal and the outer portion of the wheel-space. Unsteady pressure measurements from circumferentially-positioned transducers on the stator disc identified distinct frequencies in the wheel-space, and the computations reveal these are associated with large-scale flow structures near the outer periphery rotating at just less than the disc speed. It is hypothesised that the physical origin of such phenomenon is driven by Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities caused by the tangential shear between the annulus and egress flows, as also postulated by previous authors. The presence and intensity of these rotating structures are strongly dependent on the purge flow rate. While there is general qualitative agreement between experiment and computation, it is speculated that the under-prediction by the computations of the measured levels of ingress is caused by deficiencies in the turbulence modelling.


A genetic algorithm (GA) based method is proposed to design a self-generating rule-mapping fuzzy controller. Its construction is based on the concept of a template rule base, as suggested by MacVicar & Whelan (see R.R. Yager et al., 1994). In the GA approach, an individual is constructed to represent a fuzzy controller. A short coded string is proposed such that, when associated with an individual, it can map a rule to a fuzzy controller structure, including the number of membership functions for each input variable, the shapes of the membership functions associated with each input variable and the index function. Then, a fitness function is proposed to guide the search procedure to select an appropriate fuzzy controller in order to satisfy the desired performance. Finally, the inverted pendulum control problem is utilised to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.


SUMMARY. Data on tuberculosis in twins collected by Dr. Barbara Simonds for the Prophit Committee of the Royal College of Physicians of London were re-analyzed using multiple regression to control for the effects of variables other than zygosity. Concordance for tuberculosis was significantly higher among monozygotic than dizygotic twin pairs. This finding indicates that inherited susceptibility is an important risk factor for tuberculosis among humans.


Despite evidence highlighting the multiple benefits that liberalization can have in the agricultural sector, agricultural protectionism is abundant, especially in developing countries. Chile provides an interesting case on this topic because it implemented an aggressive liberalization in the agricultural sector during the 1970s and 1980s. This paper analyzes the impact of farm protectionism on the use of agricultural inputs in Chile. To do this, we estimated partial elasticities of substitution by incorporating government protectionism as a factor for agricultural production. Our findings reveal that increased protectionism decreases agricultural labor and promotes the use of fixed capital. In contrast, protectionism has no effect on the use of working capital and land. This information shows a clear transference from the government to farmers. Furthermore, our results are useful for anticipating the effects that varying levels of government protectionism can have on the Chilean agricultural sector over time.


Abstract. Enhanced weathering (EW) is a promising strategy for carbon sequestration, but several open questions remain regarding the actual rates of dissolution in conditions of natural hydroclimatic variability in comparison to laboratory experiments. In this context, models play a pivotal role, as they allow exploring and predicting EW dynamics under different environmental conditions. Here a comprehensive hydro-biogeochemical model has been applied to four cropland case studies (i.e., Sicily and the Padan plain in Italy and California and Iowa in the USA) characterized by different rainfall seasonality, vegetation (i.e., wheat for Sicily and California and corn for the Padan plain and Iowa), and soil type to explore their influence on dissolution rates. The results reveal that rainfall seasonality and irrigation when applied are crucial in determining EW and carbon sequestration dynamics, given their effect on hydrological fluxes, soil pH and weathering rate. The carbon sequestration rate was found to be strongly affected also by the background weathering flux, which is one of the main factors controlling soil pH before the olivine amendment. Regarding the US case studies, Iowa sequesters the greatest amount of CO2 if compared to California (4.20 and 2.21 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively), and the same happens for Sicily with respect to the Padan plain (0.62 and 0.39 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively). These low carbon sequestration values suggest that an in-depth analysis at the global scale is required to assess EW efficacy for carbon sequestration.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
The expression of CD36 antigen has not been conclusively associated with human B-lymphocytes although CD36 was recently detected in a human B-cell angiotropic lymphoma where it might be involved in lymphoblast-endothelial cell adhesion. We investigated the expression of CD36 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by multiparameter flow cytometry; results were correlated with clinical features.

DESIGN AND METHODS
CD36 expression was evaluated on peripheral blood and bone marrow samples from 24 patients affected by CD5+ B-CLL. Mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation, were labeled with fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies under standard experimental conditions and were analyzed by flow cytometry. CD36 expression was quantified both in terms of frequency of CD19+CD36+ cells and of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI-R) of CD36+ cell populations. The intensity of CD36 expression was arbitrarily classified as weak (MFI-R ranging from 3 to 6; score 0), moderate (MFI-R ranging from 6 to 9; score 1), intermediate (MFI-R ranging from 9 to 11; score 2) or strong (MFI-R ranging from 11 to 17; score 3).

RESULTS
CD36 could be detected on 3% (range 2-5) of normal CD19+ B-lymphocytes and on 45% (range 30-75) of neoplastic CD19+ B-cells. When CLL patients were stratified according to CD36 staining intensity, higher hemoglobin levels (Hb) were recorded in patients assigned to score 0 (Hb = 14.3 g/dL; range 13.9-15.1) compared to patients scoring 1-2 (Hb = 11.2; range 10.3-12.2) or 3 (Hb = 9.8; range 9.6-11.6; p=0.0053). Similarly, higher platelet counts (Plt) were found in patients scoring 0 (Plt = 282x10(3)/microL; range 244-319), compared to patients with intermediate (Plt = 175x10(3)/microL; range 144-238) and high scores (Plt = 149x10(3)/microL; range 103-230; p=0.044); lymphocyte count (Ly) was significantly higher in patients assigned to score 3-4 (Ly = 23.3x10(3)/microL, range 13-30) compared to score 0-2 (Ly = 9.8x10(3)/microL, range 8.5-10.8; p=0.045). CLL patients expressing CD36 at intermediate-to-strong intensity (MFI-R = 14, range 9-16) were more frequently assigned to Rai stages III-IV than stages I-II (CD36 MFI-R = 9, range 6.5-11; p=0.005) and stage 0 (CD36 MFI-R = 6, range 4-7.3; p<0.001). Interestingly, bone marrow diffuse histology was strongly associated with higher CD36 expression (MFI-R = 8.7; range 4.7-13.9) compared to non-diffuse patterns of bone marrow infiltration (MFI-R = 6.7; range 5.2-9.3; p=0.0019). In multivariate regression analysis, CD36 staining intensity significantly and independently correlated with diffuse BM histology (p=0.033).

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
The present report provides the first evidence of CD36 expression on CD19+ B-cells from CLL; the correlations with clinical parameters strongly support the view that CD36 might favor tumor cell spreading. Whether high CD36 expression levels on CLL CD19+ B-cells identify an aggressive disease subset remains to be further confirmed in larger series of patients.


Plant mitochondrial promoters are poorly conserved but generally share a loose consensus sequence spanning approximately 17 nucleotides. Using a homologous in vitro transcription system, we have previously shown that an 11-nucleotide sequence within this region comprises at least part of the maize mitochondrial atp1 promoter (W. Rapp and D. Stern, EMBO J. 11:1065-1073, 1992). We have extended this finding by using a series of linker-scanning and point mutations to define the atp1 promoter in detail. Our results show that mutations at positions -12 to +5, relative to the major transcription start site, can decrease initiation rates to between < 10 and 40% of wild-type levels. Some mutations, scattered throughout this region, have lesser effects or no effect. Taken together, our data suggest a model in which the atp1 promoter consists of a central domain extending from -7 to +5 and an upstream domain of 1 to 3 bp that is centered around -11 to -12. Because many mutations within this promoter region are tolerated in vitro, the maize atp1 promoter is distinct from the highly conserved yeast mitochondrial promoters.


Availability of a low-energy, high current electron gun delivering a well-focused spot on the sample is essential for the inverse photoelectron spectroscopy. We have optimized an electron gun to obtain the maximum beam current at all electron kinetic energies of relevance with a reasonably small focus spot. Here we present the design, the procedure for the optimization, as well as the resulting characteristics of the electron gun. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. @DOI: 10.1063/1.1647694 #


TRISTAN (TRasgo para InveSTigaciones ANtarticas) is a cosmic ray detector of the TRASGO family. The detector has been installed at the Spanish Antarctic Base in Livignston Island, as one of the detectors of ORCA (Antarctic Cosmic Ray Observaroty) in December 2019. TRISTAN detector collected data during three journeys crossing the Atlantic Ocean between latitudes 38oN and 53oS on board of the Sarmiento de Gamboa and BIO Hesperides oceanographic vessels. The trips took place between November 2018 and December 2019. The main purpose is to evaluate the capability of a TRASGO detector to explore the geomagnetic field variations and the different atmospheric behaviours at both hemispheres and in the Equator region. Themain technical aspects of the detector and its performance (efficiency, resolutions, and acceptances) will be discussed and the preliminary results of the last journey will be presented.


Mass Transit is the transportation for tomorrow. Mass transit is able to commute a large amount of people in a certain period of time with a pre-designed controlled speed. This paper intent to pervail the importance of mass transit as the only earth- and user- friendly public transport, as well as the most important urban tourist transport in the near future. Ideally, the tourist should be able to visit all destinations within a city with mass transit which integrated with walking and cycling to create a wonderful travel experience.


This study addressed the effect of balance control problems on the high-heeled women. The specific purposes of this study are to quantify the displacements and velocities of center-of-pressure (COP) of a body during waist pulling perturbation and to compare the differences between the bare-feet and the high-heeled. Another purpose of the study is to identify the effects of a high-heeled posture on electromyography (EMG) activities and muscle fatigue. We used a waist pulling system which has three different magnitudes to sway the subjects. The COP displacement of a high-heeled posture was about twice as much as that of bare-feet posture. Also the COP velocity of a high-heeled posture became about twice as much as that of bare-feet posture. Muscle fatigue could be identified by the shift of the median frequency (MF) of the EMG power spectrum toward lower frequencies. Median frequency of the EMG power spectrum from tibialis anterior was reduced more rapidly during high-heeled situation than during bare-feet situation. COP kinematics and muscle fatigue analysis in postural balance researches are considered to provide useful information in understanding the balance control mechanism of women's high-heeled posture.


This case report presented a rare case of irreversible ectopic eruption of right mandibular first permanent molar in a 6-year-old boy. Distal root resorption of primary second molar was found during routine radiographic examination. Early treatment of ectopically erupting permanent first molar was considered in favor of preventing space loss. Using a modified Humphrey appliance as the correcting appliance, the ectopic eruption of permanent first molar had been successfully uprighted and retained.


Abstract This article describes the development and evaluation of a bullying prevention program in one large, public elementary school. The program, which was developed based on a collaborative model between school personnel and university consultants, included modification of the school environment, education of students, and training of teachers. To evaluate the program, all students completed an anonymous survey in the spring of 1998 (n = 541) and the spring of 1999 (n = 520). Among the younger children, a 40% reduction in the mean self-reported aggression and a 19% reduction in mean self-reported victimization were found. Among children in third through fifth grade, a 23% reduction in the mean reported victimization was observed, but no significant differences in aggression were found. This article proposes a model of translating theory and research of violence prevention into action.


Differences in murine follicular dendritic cells (FDC)-CD23 expression under Th1 vs Th2 conditions prompted the hypothesis that T cells help regulate the phenotype of FDCs. FDCs express CD40, suggesting that T cell-CD40L and lymphokines may be involved in regulating FDC-CD23. To test this, highly enriched FDCs were incubated with CD40L trimer or anti-CD40 to mimic T cell signaling in the presence of IFN-gamma or IL-4. Surface expression of CD23 was determined by flow cytometry, whereas mRNA levels of CD23 and its isoforms CD23a and CD23b were independently measured by quantitative PCR. When FDCs were incubated with either CD40L trimer or agonistic anti-CD40 Ab, the expression of FDC-CD23 was increased both at the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, engagement of FDC-CD40 enhanced mRNA levels for both CD23a and CD23b isoforms. In addition, IFN-gamma substantially enhanced CD23a and CD23b mRNA levels in CD40-stimulated FDCs. Curiously, IL-4 could also up-regulate FDC-CD23a but not -CD23b. Anti-IFN-gamma dramatically inhibited FDC-CD23 in mice immunized with CFA, whereas anti-IL-4 had only a modest inhibitory effect. In contrast with FDCs, IFN-gamma inhibited surface expression of murine B cell-CD23 as well as mRNA for B cell CD23a and -CD23b, whereas IL-4 dramatically enhanced message for both isoforms as well as protein expression. In short, CD23 was regulated very differently in FDCs and B cells. Previous studies suggest that high levels of FDC-CD23 inhibit IgE production, and this IFN-gamma and CD40L-mediated up-regulation of FDC-CD23 may explain, at least in part, why Th1 responses are associated with low IgE responses in vivo.


SIR,-The excellent article by Mr. Malcolm Donaldson (July 1, p. 35) opens the question of an old but always very topical problem which has been neglected for somne years. It raises two important issues: (1) making general practitioners more cancer-minded, and (2) education of the public; both aiming at early recognition of malignant disease and consequently increasing the survival rate after treatment (surgical, radiotherapeutical, etc.). The suggestion of holding lectures for general practitioners seems to be most acceptable and is also practicable. Local clinical societies and divisions of the B.M.A. could be of great help in this respect. The second problem, on the other hand, regarding the education of the public, is a difficult and controversial one. The majority of the medical practitioners who deal with a large number of cancer cases would undoubtedly welcome a suitable form of education, as they are often exasperated by the considerable number of advanced stages which often could be avoided if the patients had some idea of the early symptoms. The methods and ways of this education, however, ought to be very carefully selected, as there is a real risk of causing a lot of harm by haphazard publicity. Education is a national problem, and as such it seems to be desirable that it should be dealt with on a national basis and not left in the hands of local authorities or individual cancer organizations without adequate supervision. One would think that organizations like the, British Empire Cancer Campaign or even the World Health Organization ought to give guidance in this matter.-I am, etc.,


Is it possible to supply strong empirical evidence for or against the efficacy of reasoning software? There is a paradox concerning tests of reasoning software. On the one hand, acceptance of such software is slow although overwhelming arguments speak for the use of such software packages. There seems to be room for skepticism among decision makers and stakeholders concerning its efficacy. On the other hand, teachersdevelopers of such software (the present author being one of them) think the effects of such software are obvious. In this paper, I will show that both positions – skepticism vs. belief in efficacy – can be compatible with evidence. This is the case if (1) the testing methods differ, (2) the facilities of observation differ and (3) tests rely on contextual assumptions. In particular, I will show that developers of reasoning software can, in principle, know the efficacy of certain design solutions (cf. van Gelder, 2000b, Suthers et al., 2003). Other decision makers may, however, be unable to establish evidence for efficacy.


In this paper, we describe the evaluation of a real-world awareness (RWA) prototype designed to help managers perform environmental scanning in the pharmaceutical industry. RWA in the pharmaceutical industry consists of not only the tracking and tracing of drugs but also of pattern recognition for relevant events – both internal and external to the company which can affect a company's drug research and development plans, marketing effectiveness, and ultimately its profitability. Based on interview insights from a German pharmaceutical company, we identify several objects of perception relevant to real-time identification and advanced anticipation of events. Our study provides a first glimpse into the potential of RWA for companies in the pharmaceutical industry, and generates insights for design of future RWA systems.


Contemporary interest in resuscitation was historically related to anesthetic death. Primitive techniques of anesthetic administration, loss of airway control, and psychologically influenced sudden death contributed to unanticipated respiratory and cardiac arrest. Airway obstruction has remained the principal factor in asphyxial death, necessitating crucial preservation of respiratory function during induction of anesthesia. Early, disorganized overdose and arrest interventions included: application of cold water, manual artificial respiration, heat, friction and galvanic battery application. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, after years of research and experimentation became an integrated plan of attack: mouth-to-mouth ventilation and maneuvers eliminating pharyngeal obstruction were proven effective; internal and external cardiac massage was incorporated and definitive drug therapy began with epinephrine, strychnine, caffeine, carbon dioxide, amyl nitrate, coramine, metrazol and procaine. Defibrillation proved electricity converted ventricular fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm. Significant lethality still occurs from anesthetic-induced cardiac arrest, despite technological advances. Causes of operating room cardiac arrests are numerous and include sudden death syndrome. Constant vigilance distinguishes variable patient response. Immediate recognition and coordinated intervention assures success.


AIM
. To investigate the nature of student engagement in interprofessional interaction while on placement.

BACKGROUND
Due to continuing emphasis on improving interprofessional collaboration, UK educational establishments are required to offer pre-qualifying health and social care students interprofessional education in order that they acquire relevant competencies. However, few formal interprofessional education initiatives occur in practice settings and little is known about pre-qualifying students' non-formal learning about interprofessional issues while on placement.

DESIGN
From 2003-2005 an English Faculty of Health and Social Care conducted a qualitative study to explore opportunities for interprofessional learning and working available to students in practice placement settings.

METHODS
Case studies were conducted in a coronary care ward, a medical ward for older patients, a maternity unit, a paediatric unit, an integrated community learning disabilities team and a residential facility for adults with challenging behaviour. Gaining access was complex, due to variable student timetables and UK research governance requirements. Sites were therefore selected according to geographical area and timing of student placements. Details of interprofessional interaction (formal and informal) were observed and recorded. Interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 20 practitioners and 15 students. Data were analysed thematically.

RESULTS
Student experience varied considerably. Contributing factors included the influence of doctors and differing professional cultures; mentors' support for student engagement in interprofessional working; and individual students' confidence levels. Most sites were managed by nurses and some senior nurses were proactive in involving students interprofessionally. However, many students lacked systematic support for interprofessional engagement.

CONCLUSIONS
Students lack parity of experience concerning interprofessional activity on placement. Where they do not have systematic support, their engagement depends mainly on their own confidence.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Senior nurses are ideally placed to promote environments where students can develop interprofessional competencies through systematic interprofessional engagement.


With the further promotion of smart grid and the concentration of business systems, the State Grid Corporation put forward higher information security protection requirements. This paper proposes a Role-based Multi-area Access Control Method (RMACM), which provides a generalized and effective mechanism of security management in Electric Power Unified Application Platform System. RMACM provides a set of items constraint specifications. These constraint specifications are organized to form a construction, and an enact process is proposed to make it scalable and flexible to meet the need of diversified service application systems. Concerned on the problem that the standard role-based access control mechanism does not consider the implementation in multi-area secure, RMACM erases the downward information flow by extended rules of read and write and some authorization constraints while still keeping the expressive power and flexibility of standard RBAC, which makes up the limitations when applying standard RBAC on multi-area systems.


Highly prevalent maternal psychosocial complaints are accompanied by increases in glucocorticoid stress hormones, which may predispose the offspring for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in adulthood. The aim of the current research is to study whether prenatal maternal psychosocial stress is associated with parameters of blood glucose metabolism in their children aged 5–6 years. The study design was a prospective birth cohort (the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, the Netherlands). Depressive symptoms, pregnancy-related anxiety, parenting daily hassles and job strain were recorded by questionnaire (gestational week 16). A cumulative score was also calculated. Possible sex differences in the associations were considered. The subjects were 1952 mother–child pairs. Outcome measures were fasting glucose (n=1952), C-peptide and insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) (n=1478) in the children at the age of 5–6 years. The stress scales, single and cumulative, were not associated with glucose/C-peptide/insulin resistance (all P>0.05). We did not find evidence for sex differences. In conclusion, we did not find evidence for an association between psychosocial stress during early pregnancy and parameters of glucose metabolism in offspring at the age of 5–6 years. Differences emerging later in life or in response to a metabolic challenge should not be ruled out.


Millions of Ukrainian families with children have been forced to leave their permanent place of residence, moving to safer places under the current conditions of martial law in the country, which in its effects corresponds to the difficult life and often traumatic circumstances. The challenge arises in the need to meet the needs of new residents for social, medical, psychological, legal, social and pedagogical services, and appropriate living conditions. Forced moving can cause emotional and physical stress, fear, depression, inability to adequately assess events and make decisions, respond to them, and adapt to the changed conditions. The need for social protection and psychological and social and pedagogical assistance takes on increasing importance for families, in particular for children in difficult circumstances as a result of military actions. The article reveals the peculiarities of providing social and pedagogical support to children of internally displaced persons under martial law. The need for a multilevel comprehensive system of support for victims and displaced persons, the organization of intersectoral and interdepartmental interaction between specialists of corresponding services in providing complete psychological and social and pedagogical help, and coordination of efforts of various specialists is brought up to date. The need for social and pedagogical and psychological support for internally displaced children, which may require the recovery of their mental health and social well-being, an appropriate response to hostilities, and adaptation to new, changed conditions, is emphasized. It was established that social and pedagogical support is a type of activity of a social care teacher, aimed at organizing preventive and operational social and psychological and pedagogical assistance in preventing and overcoming situations that violate the vital activities of children. An analysis of models of social and pedagogical support for internally displaced children in difficult circumstances has been conducted. The technology of social and pedagogical support for children of internally displaced persons is considered. The relevant directions and content of social and pedagogical support for children of internally displaced persons under martial law are outlined. It is noted that modeling and organization of social and pedagogical support for children of internally displaced persons who suffered from military operations or were forced to leave their homes will help them to overcome the psychological trauma of military events, and will contribute to successful adaptation to the new changed conditions.
Keywords: internally displaced persons, difficult life circumstances, social services, adaptation of internally displaced children, social and pedagogical support, model of social and pedagogical support for children of internally displaced families.


We have previously shown that male mice living in groups of 12 males establish and maintain stable linear social hierarchies with each individual having a defined social rank. However, it is not clear which social cues mice use to signal and recognize their relative social status within their hierarchy. In this study, we investigate how individual social status both in pairs and in groups affects the levels of major urinary proteins (MUPs) and specifically MUP20 in urine. We housed groups of adult outbred CD1 male mice in a complex social environment for three weeks and collected urine samples from all individuals repeatedly. We found that dominant males produce more MUPs than subordinates when housed in pairs and that the production of MUPs and MUP20 is significantly higher in alpha males compared with all other individuals in a social hierarchy. Furthermore, we found that hepatic mRNA expression of Mup3 and Mup20 is significantly higher in alpha males than in subordinate males. We also show that alpha males have lower urinary creatinine levels consistent with these males urinating more than others living in hierarchies. These differences emerged within one week of animals being housed together in social hierarchies. This study demonstrates that as males transition to become alpha males, they undergo physiological changes that contribute to communication of their social status that may have implications for the energetic demands of maintaining dominance.


ABSTRACT This article draws on our experience of implementing RootsLab, a feminist programme piloted in Lebanon by Oxfam, Global Fund for Women, FRIDA|Young Feminist Fund, and Young Foundation. It works with young grassroots activists, supporting feminist movement building. Here, we reflect critically on RootsLab, and its place and role in the wider development system. RootsLab offers a unique perspective on navigating challenges and capturing learning, to demystify feminist practices and make an effective case for a transformed ecosystem that is conducive to sustainable feminist change. Feminist principles, approaches, and tools aim to challenge power imbalances embedded in our programmes and are intentionally political and transformative. However, they are often criticised for being idealistic, with unattainable goals. It is important to step away from both romanticisation and paralysing criticism – which is often rooted in patriarchal thinking. And it remains essential to work towards that ideal. But, given the restrictive realities of the current development ecosystem, how do we then translate feminist values into all aspects of our programme?


North Korean defectors advocating over the cause of North Korean human rights have started to assert themselves on the South Korean political scene. Their activities have attracted controversy in South Korea where much of the population holds it as axiomatic that unification is a future reality and subsequently place great faith in inter-Korean dialogue and economic assistance measures to achieve this goal. The activities of North Korean defectors, advocating for a more pro-active stance by Seoul over the issue of North Korean human rights, fly in the face of these widely held beliefs regarding the desirable trajectory of inter-Korean relations. Defector groups, nonetheless, have continued to proliferate. Recent moves by these organizations, to expand their realm of influence beyond advocacy and into activities such as broadcasting and leadership training, indicates the growing confidence of defector organisations.


Fluoride therapy and fissure sealant are the main methods in the prevention of caries in children. However, even though many studies have reported an increased use of these two tratement, there has been very little research reported on the effectiveness of such use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the topical effect of APF gel on the microleakage of composite resin that is used as fissure sealant. A total of 60 healthy premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic treatment were disinfected and brushed by pumice in accordance with APF composite (Sultan, USA) restorations and treatment instruction and were divided into 4 groups of 15 (4 x 15): Group1) nanohybrid composite (Grandio flow, Voco) + saline, Group2) nanohybrid composite (Grandio flow, Voco) + APF, Group3) microhybrid composite (Arabesk flow, voco) + saline, Group4) microhybrid composite (Arabesk flow, voco) + APF. All samples were subjected to a thermo-cycling process and then were immersed in a methylene blue solution with a 30 second dwell time. The samples were cut and the microleakage was analyzed and sectioned by stereomicroscope (Magnus) at 40x magnification. Data were analyzed by Mann-whitney test. Mann-whitney test indicated that no significant difference exists between the microleakage of groups 1 and 2 (P=0.775), 3 and 4 (P=0.436).Group 4 demonstrated higher microleakage scores than other groups whereas group1 showed the lowest microleakage value when compared with other groups tested. Although the results did not show statistically significant differences, it is suggested that low composite resin and smaller filler particles particularly nanohybrid composites were found to be the best products in this group.But, given the negligible effect of the composites, the non-acidic fluoride material is recommended for composite restorations.


Mucormycosis is a fungal infection that often is fatal. It usually affects diabetic or immunocompromised patients. The site of onset generally is the nasal mucosa and the disease extends rapidly to the palate, orbit and brain. Early diagnosis is important and is based on the clinical features (diabetes, black eschar in nose, palate or face) and demonstration of the characteristic hyphae in the biopsy of the nasal mucosa or oral lesions. Treatment is based on systemic antifungal therapy, radical surgery, and medical management of the underlying disease. A case of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis is presented and the world literature is reviewed.


Recent studies indicate increased mitochondrial fission and organ dysfunction in models of obesity. While the mechanisms for this morphological alteration are not completely understood it is likely that the altered adipokine profile that occurs during obesity may play a permissive role in enhanced mitochondrial fragmentation. In this study, we investigated the role of resistin, a pro-inflammatory adipokine that is elevated in the plasma of obese individuals, on regulation of the mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin-related protein 1(DNM1L) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We hypothesized that serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) plays a role in resistin-induced mitochondrial fission expression in VSMCs. In dose and time response studies, we found that resistin stimulated DNM1L protein levels in both rat and human aortic smooth muscle cells suggesting a role for resistin in regulation of mitochondrial fission. In addition, we observed that resistin enhances expression and activity of SGK1. To determine whether SGK1 regulates resistin-mediated expression of DNM1L, we examined the effect of SGK1 over-expression, or inhibition on resistin-induced expression of DNM1L. Over-expression of wildtype SGK1 potentiated resistin-mediated DNM1L expression, while dominant-negative SGK1 inhibited resistin-mediated expression of DNM1L in human VSMC. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that SGK1 is a potential downstream mediator of resistin. Interestingly, SGK1 activity has been linked to pathological vascular remodeling in various cardiovascular disease settings. Our data suggests that the elevated plasma levels of resistin that occur in obese individuals may lead to activation of SGK1. This in turn, could exacerbate mitochondrial fragmentation in VSMC and predispose to the development of vascular dysfunction that is evident during obesity. Together with further mitochondrial fission studies, additional elucidation of how resistin also alters components of mitochondrial fusion machinery may uncover novel mechanisms of potential theraputic targets for obesity-mediated vascular dysfunction.


Objective: To assess the incidence of cleft lip and palate defects in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Design Setting: The study was conducted in 2001 in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The state has a population of 76 million. Three districts, Cuddapah, Medak and Krishna, were identified for this study owing to their diversity. They were urban, semi-urban and rural, respectively. Literacy rates and consanguinity of the parents was elicited and was compared to national averages to find correlations to cleft births. Type and side of cleft were recorded to compare with other studies around the world and other parts of India. Results: The birth rate of clefts was found to be 1.09 for every 1000 live births. This study found that 65% of the children born with clefts were males. The distribution of the type of cleft showed 33% had CL, 64% had CLP, 2% had CP and 1% had rare craniofacial clefts. Unilateral cleft lips were found in 79% of the patients. Of the unilateral cleft lips 64% were left sided. There was a significant correlation of children with clefts being born to parents who shared a consanguineous relationship and those who were illiterate with the odds ratio between 5.25 and 7.21 for consanguinity and between 1.55 and 5.85 for illiteracy, respectively. Conclusion: The birth rate of clefts was found to be comparable with other Asian studies, but lower than found in other studies in Caucasian populations and higher than in African populations. The incidence was found to be similar to other studies done in other parts of India. The distribution over the various types of cleft was comparable to that found in other studies.


Risk analysis, comprising risk assessment and risk management stages, is one of the most popular and challenging topics of our times because security and privacy, and availability and usability culminating at the trustworthiness of cybersystems and cyber information is at stake. The precautionary need derives from the existence of defenders versus adversaries, in an everlasting Darwinian scenario dating back to early human history of warriors fighting for their sustenance to survive. Fast forwarding to today's information warfare, whether in networks or healthcare or national security, the currently dire situation necessitates more than a hand calculator to optimize (maximize gains or minimize losses) risk due to prevailing scarce economic resources. This article reviews the previous works completed on this specialized topic of game‐theoretic computing, its methods and applications toward the purpose of quantitative risk assessment and cost‐optimal management in many diverse disciplines including entire range of informatics‐related topics. Additionally, this review considers certain game‐theoretic topics in depth historically, and those computationally resourceful such as Neumann's two‐way zero‐sum pure equilibrium and optimal mixed strategy solutions versus Nash equilibria with pure and mixed strategies. Computational examples are provided to highlight the significance of game‐theoretic solutions used in risk assessment and management, particularly in reference to cybersystems and information security. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:227–248. doi: 10.1002/wics.1205


IIn law school, a fear of failure can paralyze students and hinder their learning. Students may not try a new skill or a new argument or even give an answer in class if they are unsure or uncertain that they will get it right—or are afraid they will get it wrong. In part, this resistance to and fear of failure is exacerbated by legal education's institutional focus on outcomes: grades, class rank, and high-paying jobs. This focus often causes students to be increasingly extrinsically motivated and encourages a "fixed mindset," which contributes deleteriously to the mental health and intellectual curiosity of some law students. And this fear and shunning of failure does not end in law school. In practice, lawyers who feel pressure to be perfect or to avoid even the appearance of failure are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and stress than peers in other professions or in the general population. Similarly, they are less resilient to the setbacks inherent in practicing within the adversarial system and receiving constructive feedback from supervising attorneys. They also may be less creative in crafting arguments to best represent their clients and may shy away from meritorious yet difficult cases because they do not want to "lose." To help law students be effective in their studies and prepare for the intellectual and emotional demands of practice, law professors have a responsibility to help counteract law school's negative institutional forces. Like other skills that we teach, we can teach our students to react to failure with a "growth mindset" and resilience and help them to engage even when something is difficult. To that end, this Article identifies and suggests a tiered set of tangible techniques for any legal classroom aimed at helping our students cultivate growth mindsets and habits of resilience. Specifically, this Article provides a failure pedagogy that professors can incorporate to their curricula easily to create a safe space for failure; incorporate growth language into their feedback; and help students analyze, anticipate, and prevent failures. Together, these techniques are designed to help the students of today be more effective and engaged lawyers tomorrow.


The relationship of Jacques Derrida and Martin Heidegger has always been complex, encompassing an entanglement of two already immense networks and suspended between proximities and distances from infinitesimal to radical. Its peculiarity is evident in the way in which Derrida strategically inscribes his own text at the margin of Heidegger's thought via a double or cl6tural gesture which articulates the paradox that Derrida writes with Heidegger against Heidegger. One of the most decisive aspects of this gesture is Derrida's deconstruction of Heidegger's claims regarding the relation between technology and philosophy. In "The Question Concerning Technology" and accompanying essays Heidegger opens up a way of reflecting upon the essence of technology moves against its metaphysical determination specifying, moreover, the sense of modern technology as a mode of disclosure. These reflections are, however, ambiguous. Heidegger is one of the first thinkers to confront technology in philosophical terms, and yet he wishes to purify thinking of originary technicity. Technology remains a question, and as a question asked by thinking, thinking is not technical. In other words, thinking for Heidegger, is constituted in its very difference from technology. This is the move that must be deconstructed. In simultaneously repeating and displacing the Heideggerian scheme, Derrida elaborates an infinitesimal and decisive differance between the thinking of Being and his own notion of "writing" (Vecriture) or generalized inscription. What is crucial is that as against Heidegger's Being, the general text is not an essence of technics nor is it a proper thinking opposed to technology. On the contrary, Derrida's main point, among other things, against Heidegger, is that technology has always already begun, that it is originary with respect to the history of Being and thinking. In this study I examine the stakes and implications of Derrida's move along with a possible Heideggerian response. To begin with, I develop a reading of Heidegger's text that shows the import of technology to his work as a whole and its centrality to the thinking of Being as difference. I then take up the question of Derrida's deconstruction of Heidegger's analysis of the history of Being and its technological completion as this is played out in The Post Card and related texts. Following this I revert back to Derrida's now "classic" writings of the late 1960s and early 1970s and explore the arguments that relate contemporary developments in technology, science, and the media to the problematic of writing and to the closure of logocentric metaphysics. The preceding chapters lay the groundwork for me to then offer a critical reading of Derrida's text that locates in the articulations and assumptions of deconstruction certain indications of its belonging, within the horizon of Heidegger's thinking of technology. Finally, I offer a reading of some of Derrida's later texts with the aim of showing that and how deconstruction emerges as an affirmative technology.


Hydrodynamic induced cavitation generates imploding cavitation bubbles which can lead to degradation or even mineralisation of water constituents without addition of any chemicals. This technology overcomes the restrictions of ultrasound irradiation by the local production of a cavitation cloud close to the sonotrodes. In the presented paper hydrodynamic cavitation can be stabilized and extended inside a pipe downstream the nozzle depending on the ambient pressure conditions. If the pressure is kept low, the imploding cavitation bubbles generate new cavities, analogous to a chain reaction, and elevate the radical synthesis inside the apparatus. During the pilot tests using ethan-1,2diol, the biological degradation characteristics changes significantly depending on cavitation exposure time. A significant difference on chemical effects was observed between imploding cavitation bubbles and supercavitation. Supercavitation can mobilize chemical stable compounds for further treatment.


The robust delivery of video over emerging wireless networks poses many challenges due to the heterogeneity of access networks, the variations in streaming devices, and the expected variations in network conditions caused by interference and co-existence. By combining the continuous scalability of MPEG-4 fine-granularity-scalability (FGS) video coding with the robustness of variable modulation, a powerful method of video transmission is achieved that allows a video stream to be viewed with imperceptible degradation over a continuously changing wireless channel. In addition, sigmoid functions for throughput modelling for 802.11a networks are presented, and a game theoretic approach is suggested for further adapting the modulation and channel coding strategy to improve the video transmission performance under different wireless channel conditions.


This paper analyses the 2008 expert hearings during a legal reform of the registration of life-course events, including marriages and divorces, in the Indonesian province of Aceh. The reform aimed to promote the civil registration of marriages and divorces, but was in tension with the spatial entanglement of traditional law (adat) and the reinvigorated rule of Islamic law (Sharia) alongside the legacies of decades of civil war (1976–2005) and the devastation of the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. While the registration of marriages makes related rights and responsibilities enforceable, the hearings brought to light that unregistered marriages can result in de facto polygamous marriages, often locally accepted according to village oral customs, without access to state benefits and eligibility for post-divorce rights. Unregistered marriages are often more prone to domestic violence because of lack of redress and support. This paper argues that the contestation of legal inscription of bodies in the realm of marriages and divorces points to possibilities for an alternative co-production of law and space, which in the long run might increase women's independence from patriarchal structures. The paper contributes to a feminist legal geography by fleshing out the local–national scalar nature of plural legal orders that shape politics about the female body in postcolonial Muslim contexts.


The Y3-8-11 superconductors and silver composite superconductors were synthesized by solid state reaction. The standard four probes method was used to measure the critical temperature (Tc), and the XRD technique (FULLPROF PROGRAM) was used to determine the lattice parameters, space group and phase compositions. It was found that the pure Y3-8-11 has the lowest Tc onset about 95 K, and the more silver doped concentration, have the higher Tc offset and Tc onset. The samples have both superconducting phase and non-superconducting phase. The silver doped samples have higher superconducting phase. The Pmmm space group was corresponding as to superconducting phase. The non-superconducting phase exhibite in Y211 and BaCuO2 with Pbnm and Im-3m, respectively. The surface of the silver doped sample is much smoother and denser compared to the undoped samples without impurities.


Mutationally activated alpha subunits of two G proteins, Gs and Gi2, induce neoplastic transformation of fibroblasts and are found in human tumors. Here we report that mutationally activated alpha subunits of two other G proteins, G12 and G13, induce neoplastic transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts and NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Constitute activation of these alpha subunits resulted from replacement by leucine of glutamine-229 and glutamine-226 in alpha 12 and alpha 13, respectively. Transient expression of mutant alpha 12 and alpha 13 cDNAs induced focus formation in Rat-1 cells and NIH3T3 cells, and stable expression of these mutant proteins in Rat-1 cells accelerated growth rate, induced growth in soft agar, and increased DNA synthesis. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity, stimulated by EGF, was increased in Rat-1 cells that expressed mutant alpha 12 or alpha 13. The MAP kinase cascade plays a role in mediating neoplastic transformation induced by other GTPases, including ras and the alpha subunit of Gi2. Therefore, we propose that the MAP kinase cascade is an effector pathway affected by alpha 12 and alpha 13 and may contribute to neoplastic transformation by these mutant proteins. We predict that activating somatic mutations in alpha 12 and alpha 13 genes will be found in human tumors, as is the case for mutationally activated alpha subunits of Gs and Gi2.


A guide to all aspects of East Europe, Central Europe Database including content, searching, and viewing results on the new ProQuest platform.


To estimate the patient‐specific risk of pre‐eclampsia (PE) at 30–34 weeks' gestation by a combination of maternal characteristics and medical history with multiples of the median (MoM) values of mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI), serum placental growth factor (PlGF) and serum soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1), and stratify women into high‐, intermediate‐ and low‐risk management groups.


Students in a course on high performance computing were assigned the task of parallelizing an algorithm for recursive matrix multiplication. The objectives of the assignment were to: (1) design a basic approach for incorporating parallel programming into a recursive algorithm, and (2) optimize the speedup. Pseudocode was provided for recursive matrix multiplication, and students were required to first implement a serial version before implementing a parallel version. The parallel version had the following requirements: (1) use OpenMP to perform multithreading, and (2) use exactly 4 threads, where each thread computes one quadrant of the array product. Using a class size of 23 students, including undergraduate and graduate, approximately 70% of the students designed valid parallel solutions, and 13% achieved the optimal speedup of 4×. Common errors included recursively creating excessive threads, failing to parallelize all possible mathematical operations, and poor use of compiler directives for OpenMP.


Grassi et al. [Gra+16] introduced subspace trail cryptanalysis as a generalization of invariant subspaces and used it to give the first five round distinguisher for Aes. While it is a generic method, up to now it was only applied to the Aes and Prince. One problem for a broad adoption of the attack is a missing generic analysis algorithm. In this work we provide efficient and generic algorithms that allow to compute the provably best subspace trails for any substitution permutation cipher.


Abstract Organic growers need additional tools for weed control. A new technique using abrasive grit propelled by compressed air was tested in field plots. Grit derived from corncobs was directed at seedlings of summer annual weeds growing at the bases of corn plants when the corn was at differing early stages of leaf development. Season-long, in-row weed control exceeded 90% when two or three abrasion events were coupled with between-row cultivation. Timing of weed abrasion was critical, with highest levels of control corresponding to the one- and five-leaf stages or the one-, three-, and five-leaf stages of corn development. Corn yields associated with these treatments were equivalent to those of hand-weeded controls in which no abrasive grit was applied. Thus, air-propelled abrasive grit applications at the one-, three-, and five-leaf stages of corn controlled weeds sufficiently to prevent weed-induced reductions in corn grain. Additionally, these applications were not harmful to corn plants. This new concept for weed control may be of interest to organic crop managers. Nomenclature: Corn, Zea mays L. 'Croplan 294RR' and '3114RR'.


We describe a method for isolating cosmid clones randomly from mouse chromosome 17. A cosmid library was constructed from the mouse-Chinese hamster cell line R4 4-1 that contains a limited amount of mouse DNA (chromosomes 17 and 18 and some other unidentified material) on a Chinese hamster background. The library was screened with the murine repetitive sequence probe pMBA14, which selectively hybridizes with mouse DNA. The mouse-derived cosmid clones thus identified were individually hybridized with DNA from the mouse-Syrian hamster cell line JS17 containing all mouse chromosomes except chromosome 17 on a Syrian hamster background. We deduced that the cosmid clones that contained sequences absent in JS17 were derived from mouse chromosome 17. One of the chromosome 17-derived cosmid clones, 3-4-1 (located proximal to the T122/T66C segment) was found to be highly polymorphic among European wild-mouse populations and may be a useful probe to elucidate the evolution and migration of Mus species. The randomly isolated mouse-derived cosmid clones can also be screened for the presence of functional genes. Using testicular cDNA as a probe, a testis-specific gene was cloned from mouse chromosome 17.


At the moment the Dutch ornamental plant sector has a dominant international position fulfilling about 44% of the European market. However, emerging markets are positioned at a great distance requiring new logistics concepts to operate efficiently and effectively, new marketing channels become apparent which require increased responsiveness and product diversification, and new competitors like Spain and Italy are entering the arena. If no action is taken, the Dutch might loose their renowned international position. What actions should the Dutch ornamental plant sector take; can network collaboration or logistics orchestration provide the answer? This is the central question in this position paper as part of the Transforum "FloriLog-regie" project. This paper aims to support the development of logistics orchestration concepts in the ornamental plant supply chain network by presenting literature reviews regarding logistics orchestration concepts and network design, and by developing a typology of orchestration concepts for the ornamental plant supply chain network using case studies from multiple sectors. The paper is concluded with an overview of recommendations regarding the design and management of the international supply chain network of the Dutch ornamental plant sector


Statement of the problem It was the purpose of this investigation, (l) to discover whether the dates as given in the Litch-Smith view of Revelation the ninth chapter, which ends the times of the fifth and sixth trumpets on August 11, 1840, agree with both the Bible and history; and if not, (2) to determine whether a solution is possible that would agree with both factors in view of the criticism presently leveled at the Litch-Smith view. This criticism is based on the seeming inability to find historical facts to support this view, and also on the exegesis of the prophetic language used. Thus this study is "An Inquiry Into the Time Elements of the Fifth and Sixth Trumpets of Revelation Nine." Importance of the study to Seventh-day Adventist Of the twenty-two beliefs of Seventh-day Adventists listed in the denominational yearbook, eleven are directly concerned with prophecy or the prophetic office. A denomination that gives such prominence In its teachings to prophetic exposition should be sure that history agrees with Biblical events, prior to attesting to classify them as fulfilled prophecy. This is especially true because of the challenge presented by many Bible scholars to faith in prophecy. However, the problem under consideration is not one of the major or fundamental beliefs of the church. Because of the difficulties encountered in seeking to fit the events as pictured by Litch and Smith with both the Bible and history, it is suggested that there must be a missing factor involved, or one erroneously interpreted. Hence this investigation was made. Present status of the problem The problem of Revelation nine has been in recent times practically untouched. Secular historians in general ignore prophecy as having nothing to do with their work, and many Bible scholars sought only to prove a preconceived idea, in that the symbolism of the Bible has not been understood. There is a language problem in this prophecy that also helps make it difficult to clarify. Mary churches of the present day do not stress the importance of prophecy. Hence it is almost completely ignored. After the seeming fulfillment of Litch's prediction in August, 1840, when it seemed to many that Turkey surrendered her independence to the European powers, few troubled themselves to study the matter further. In general, the followers of the Litch-Smith view accepted the presentation as accurate. This is especially true in view of the statements concerning this event by Mrs. E. G. White in The Great Controversy Between Christ and Satan. However, as more is now becoming known of the Middle East, grave doubts have arisen as to the accuracy of this prediction. Yet while many have worked on this problem, they have either failed to reach a concurring conclusion, or else have refrained from presenting their findings.


Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a female predominant progressive and neoplastic disorder that leads to lung destruction and respiratory failure primarily in women. LAM is typically due to TSC2 mutations resulting in mTORC1 activation in proliferative smooth muscle-like cells in the lung. The female predominance of LAM suggests that estradiol contributes to disease development. Metabolomic profiling identified estradiol-enhanced prostaglandin biosynthesis signature in Tsc2-deficient cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Estradiol increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, which was increased at baseline in TSC2-deficient cells, and was not affected by rapamycin treatment, but decreased by Torin 1 treatment and Rictor knockdown, associated with reduction of levels phospho-Akt (S473). Prostaglandin production was also increased in TSC2-deficient cells. In preclinical models, Celecoxib or aspirin treatment suppressed tumor progression. LAM patients had significantly higher serum prostaglandin levels than healthy women. 15-epi-lipoxin-A4 was identified in exhaled breath condensate from LAM subjects and was increased by aspirin treatment, indicative of functional COX-2 expression in the LAM airway. Targeting COX-2 and prostaglandin pathways may have therapeutic value in LAM and TSC-related diseases, and possibly in other conditions associated with mTOR-hyperactivation. Citation Format: Chenggang Li, Po-Shun Lee, Yang Sun, Xiaoxiao Gu, Erik Zhang, Chin-Lee Wu, Andrey Parkhitko, Neil Aurrichio, Tasha Morrison, John Blenis, Kai-Feng Xu, Elizabeth Petri Henske, Bruce Levy, David Kwiatkowski, Jane Yu. Aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase 2-mediated prostaglandin production and tumorigenesisin a preclinical model of tuberous sclerosis complex. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: The Translational Impact of Model Organisms in Cancer; Nov 5-8, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B09.


This article provides an overview of assessment, planning, and correction of deformities in revision rhinoplasty surgery. Common deformities are described with tips for preventing such postoperative problems, and corrective strategies are suggested. Assessment remains the key to successful rhinoplasty surgery, and its importance in revision operations is emphasized. The external approach is preferred for complex revision surgery due to its unparalleled exposure of the underlying anatomy, but closed approaches are still used for dorsal correction or minor tip deformities. The use of and options for graft material in reconstruction are detailed.


Abstract. Here we show high-magnification images of hexagonal ice crystals acquired by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Most ice crystals were grown and sublimated in the water vapor environment of an FEI-Quanta-200 ESEM, but crystals grown in a laboratory diffusion chamber were also transferred intact and imaged via ESEM. All of these images display prominent mesoscopic topography including linear striations, ridges, islands, steps, peaks, pits, and crevasses; the roughness is not observed to be confined to prism facets. The observations represent the most highly magnified images of ice surfaces yet reported and expand the range of conditions in which rough surface features are known to be conspicuous. Microscale surface topography is seen to be ubiquitously present at temperatures ranging from −10 °C to −40 °C, in supersaturated and subsaturated conditions, on all crystal facets, and irrespective of substrate. Despite the constant presence of surface roughness, the patterns of roughness are observed to be dramatically different between growing and sublimating crystals, and transferred crystals also display qualitatively different patterns of roughness. Crystals are also demonstrated to sometimes exhibit inhibited growth in moderately supersaturated conditions following exposure to near-equilibrium conditions, a phenomenon interpreted as evidence of 2-D nucleation. New knowledge about the characteristics of these features could affect the fundamental understanding of ice surfaces and their physical parameterization in the context of satellite retrievals and cloud modeling. Links to supplemental videos of ice growth and sublimation are provided.


Searching through a collection of 124 Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains, we found one isolate, strain 01A1032, that inactivates 14- and 16-membered macrolides. The products of inactivation were purified from supernatant fluids of cultures exposed to erythromycin for 3 h and were found to be identical to products of inactivation from Escherichia coli strains that encode either an EreA or EreB esterase. Further, strain 01A1032 was shown to be resistant to azithromycin, a 15-membered macrolide, by an alternate mechanism, efflux. Thus, strain 01A1032 harbors determinants encoding an esterase activity that hydrolyzes 14- and 16-membered macrolides and a macrolide efflux system.


We have theoretically investigated the optical absorption spectrum and intraband dynamics by subjecting a superlattice to both a terahertz (THz)-frequency driving field and an optical pulse by using an excitonic basis.In the presence of a THz dc field, the satellite structures in the absorption spectra are presented. The satellite structure is a result from the THz nonlinear dynamics of Wannier-Stark ladder excitons. On the other hand, the coherent intraband polarization is investigated. We find that the excitonic Bloch oscillation is driven by the THz field and yields an intraband polarization that continues to oscillate at times much longer than the intraband dephasing time. The temporal evolution of the slowly varying components of the intraband polarization is dependent on the THz frequency.


The main purpose of this study is to investigate to what extent municipalities in Sweden use democratic innovations to include citizens in the decision making process. Along there are three research questions:• What different forms of democracy innovations are Swedish municipalities applying in order to increase the civic participation between elections and what forms are dominant?• What potential influence in decision-making are citizens getting through these democratic innovations based on the results?• Based on the results – in what ways is the democracy innovations used in municipalities challenging representative democracy? The method used to fulfill the purpose and answer the research questions is a web survey including 287 of 290 (in total) municipal websites. The theoretic framework includes a model which is called "Smith's ladder of participation" and is influenced by the research of Graham Smith and Sherry Arnstein. The ladder illustrates four categories of democratic innovations together with the potential influence by citizens in the decision making process. This model later serves as guideline in conducting the web survey and is used to present and in analyzing the result along with democratic theories. The results in this study show that the innovations used by municipalities to include citizens in the decision making process is concentrated to the lowest level in the participation ladder and the consultative innovations is by far the most common forms of participation in which citizens can influence the decision-making between elections. This means that citizens mainly acts as respondents in the decision making process in general and according to the results in this study it seems to be rather few municipalities who offer their residents opportunities in terms of decision making. The lack of innovations found in the highest level in the participation ladder suggests that representative democratic isn´t challenged in a way where elected representatives delegates power in decision making to citizens.


A multi-agent system consists of a number of agents, which may include software agents, robots, or even humans, in some application environment. Multi-robot systems are increasingly being employed to complete jobs and missions in various fields including search and rescue, space and underwater exploration, support in healthcare facilities, surveillance and target tracking, product manufacturing, pick-up and delivery, and logistics.

Multi-agent task allocation is a complex problem compounded by various constraints such as deadlines, agent capabilities, and communication delays. In high-stake real-time environments, such as rescue missions, it is difficult to predict in advance what the requirements of the mission will be, what resources will be available, and how to optimally employ such resources. Yet, a fast response and speedy execution are critical to the outcome.

This thesis proposes distributed optimisation techniques to tackle the following questions: how to maximise the number of assigned tasks in time restricted environments with limited resources; how to reach consensus on an execution plan across many agents, within a reasonable time-frame; and how to maintain robustness and optimality when factors change, e.g. the number of agents changes. Three novel approaches are proposed to address each of these questions. A novel algorithm is proposed to reassign tasks and free resources that allow the completion of more tasks. The introduction of a rank-based system for conflict resolution is shown to reduce the time for the agents to reach consensus while maintaining equal number of allocations. Finally, this thesis proposes an adaptive data-driven algorithm to learn optimal strategies from experience in different scenarios, and to enable individual agents to adapt their strategy during execution. A simulated rescue scenario is used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods compared with existing baseline methods.


There are two significant goals in teleoperation systems: Stability and performance. This paper introduces an LMI-based robust control method for bilateral transparent teleoperation systems in presence of model mismatch. The uncertainties in time delay in communication channel, task environment and model parameters of master-slave systems are called a model mismatch. The time delay in communication channel is assumed to be large, unknown and asymmetric, but the upper bound of the delay is assumed to be known. The proposed method consists of two local controllers. One local controller namely local slave controller is located on the remote site to control the motion tracking and the other one is located on the local site namely local master controller to preserve the complete transparency by ensuring force tracking and the robust stability of the closed-loop system. To reduce the peak amplitude of output signal respect to the peak amplitude of input signal in slave site, the local slave controller is designed based on a bounded peak-to-peak gain controller. In order to provide a realistic case, an external signal as a noise of force sensor is also considered. Simulation results show the effectiveness of proposed control structure.


A high energy heavy ion microbeam irradiation system is constructed at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). A quadrupole focusing system, in combination with a series of slits, has been designed here. The IMP microbeam system is described in detail. The intrinsic and parasitic aberrations associated with the magnets are simulated. The ion beam optics of this microbeam system is investigated systematically. Then the optimized initial beam parameters are given for high spatial resolution and high hitting rates.


Breast cancer rates in South Korea have been rising rapidly in recent years. Public health experts point to changing lifestyle factors as a cause of this increase, and popular South Korean understanding blames women for adopting foreign behaviors that put them at risk for developing cancer. Survivors, however, drew on an alternative explanatory framework, placing stress at the center of their understanding of their own cancer diagnoses. This interpretation has motivated the survivors I interviewed to make significant changes in their own habits and social relationships in the pursuit of a less-stressful life. Many also now dedicate numerous volunteer hours to cancer prevention education, but although these survivors teach breast self-exam techniques and advise women to make minor behavioral adjustments, they do not share the implicit social critique embedded in their rejection of women's normal responsibilities as potentially toxic. The survivors' critical perspective is constrained by the dominant framing of both breast cancer and stress as caused by individual behaviors rather than as social effects.


: Peroral small intestinal biopsies were obtained from 17 patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection and 13 control subjects. There was no difference between the dissecting microscopic appearances of patients and controls. The histological sections of patients showed significant shortening and broadening of villi compared to controls. There was no significant difference in the cellularity of the Lamina propria between patients and controls except that patients had significantly more eosinophils. The biopsies from the control subjects showed appearances of tropical enteropathy.


Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, already widely used for the treatment of pain and inflammation, are considered as promising compounds for the prevention and treatment of neoplasia. The aim of our study was to determine the direct antiproliferative effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), piroxicam and deracoxib, at a variety of concentrations as both single and combined treatments on canine mammary carcinoma cell line CMT-U27 and to understand the mechanisms of cell death. MTT assay was performed to determine cell viability, and flow cytometric analyses were performed to evaluate apoptosis and cell cycle alterations. Significant decrease in cell viability was observed at high concentrations of piroxicam and deracoxib in both single and combined treatments after 72 h incubation. Combined treatment produced a significantly greater inhibition than that caused by either agent alone. Also apoptotic cell number was increased by both drugs at the cytotoxic concentrations. However, concomitant treatment of cells with piroxicam and deracoxib resulted in significant induction of apoptosis at lower concentrations and accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Significant cytotoxic effects exhibited by the combination of piroxicam and deracoxib against canine mammary carcinoma cells in vitro suggest an attractive approach for the treatment of canine mammary carcinoma.


Many varieties of new "pro se" or "pro bono" appellate programs have been sprouting up around the country in recent years. Courts, bar associations, and legal services and advocacy organizations are implementing these projects to grapple with the challenges raised by increasing numbers of pro se (self-represented) and indigent civil litigants in appellate courts. The expansion of pro se litigation strains appellate court resources and staff, but because of the complex, technical nature of the appellate process, the pitfalls for pro se litigants in this area are numerous and substantial. Improper designation of the record, noncompliance with the rules of court, and a failure to provide coherent briefing of the relevant legal and factual issues on appeal are all issues that often impede low-income pro se litigants from obtaining equal access to justice in the appellate process. Access to justice depends on access to the courts, and pro se civil litigants need adequate information and resources to better navigate state and federal appellate systems and perfect their cases. In many—if not most - cases, they also would benefit from representation by counsel. For their part, appellate courts struggle to remain neutral and not give legal advice while providing enough guidance to ensure meaningful access for unrepresented litigants. Much of the focus of pro se/pro bono appellate programs has accordingly been on providing print or online resources to which appellate court staff may direct pro se litigants without having to do too much "hand-holding" throughout the process or on methods of screening pro se litigant cases for appointment of pro bono counsel. These are each necessary, but frequently insufficient, measures. Many pro se litigants require technical assistance at each stage of the appellate process, beyond an initial referral to written directions. This need for assistance places a serious burden on court clerks and staff attorneys, who must either spend inordinate amounts of time helping litigants unfamiliar with the court system or deal with noncompliant submissions and faulty briefing as a result of such litigants' lack of guidance. Funding to establish and maintain more formalized assistance structures is not widely available within most courts of appeal. And mechanisms for placement of pro se appellate matters with pro bono counsel may depend on proactive litigant request or may be limited in scope to certain kinds of matters. These gaps in the availability of pro bono representation may allow meritorious appeals by pro se litigants to fall through the cracks. In Los Angeles, a new model seeks to better meet the needs of both indigent pro se appellate litigants and the courts, by providing a staffed self-help clinic on site at a court of appeal. This successful program, now four years old, is a unique collaboration between pro bono public interest law firm Public Counsel, the California Court of Appeal (Second Appellate District), and the Appellate Courts Committee of the Los Angeles County Bar Association. It is the first formal drop-in clinic for pro se appellate litigants housed in any state or federal court, and to our knowledge, no other public interest or legal aid organization in the country currently provides general in-person, self-help technical assistance to indigent pro se individuals involved in civil appeals. In tandem with managing the self-help clinic, which is staffed three days a week by an experienced appellate attorney, the Public Counsel Appellate Law Program also identifies and evaluates cases for pro bono representation and works with the Appellate Courts Committee to refer appropriate cases to pro bono counsel. Everyone involved has benefitted from the presence of a knowledgeable, trusted intermediary to both provide technical procedural assistance and facilitate pro bono placement for indigent pro se litigants on appeal. Having these functions handled by the same independent, neutral specialist, accessible at the courthouse yet not paid or supervised by the Court of Appeal, has been of immense value in managing, prioritizing, and streamlining both tasks. The cost to the court system has been minimal, and the Public Counsel Appellate Law Program offers a model that, with the right local leadership and funding, has the potential to be transferable to courts of appeal nationwide.


Abstract The highest control layer of a (hybrid) vehicular drive train is termed the Energy Management Strategy (EMS). In this paper an overview of different control methods is given and a new rule-based EMS is introduced based on the combination of Rule-Based and Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies (RB-ECMS). The RB-ECMS uses only one main design parameter and requires no tuning of many threshold control values and parameters. This design parameter represents the maximum propulsion power of the secondary power source (i.e., electric machine/battery) during pure electric driving. The RB-ECMS is compared with the strategy based on Dynamic Programming (DP), which is inherently optimal for a given cycle. The RB-ECMS proposed in this paper requires significantly less computation time with the similar result as DP (within ±1% accuracy).


Food allergies are classified among the largest problems of human health by World Health Organization (WHO), with 2-10% of the world's population (children and adults) being confronted with it. Milk protein allergy is one of the most common types of allergies. But milk and dairy products are widely consumed and represent not only an inexpensive and easily accessible source of protein, calcium and vitamin D, but also an important share in the world food industry economy. Here, it is presented an overview of the different approaches, tested and developed to help the dairy industry in controlling the allergenicity of these products. Special emphasis is given to protein cross linking by transglutaminase, a recent technique that has attracted increasing attention in the scientific and industrial community. In fact, it does not involve the use of chemicals, it is easy to control and it is not necessary to remove the allergenic protein after the treatment, leading to a final non-allergenic product with equivalent protein content to the original product.


It has been speculated that the higher peak pressures typically generated beneath the feet of overweight/obese children may result in excessive discomfort of these children's developing feet (Mickle et al. 2006, Dowling et al. 2001), in turn, acting as a deterrent to them participating in physical activity. Apart from perpetuating the cycle of obesity via decreased energy expenditure, physical inactivity in young children can restrict opportunities for these children to develop basic motor skills and, possibly, proper musculoskeletal development. We postulated that an intervention designed to improve fundamental movement skill (FMS) performance in overweight and obese young children may influence development of the children's base of support, the feet, during locomotor skills. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a FMS intervention program on foot structure and function in young overweight and obese children. Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Life Sciences | Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details This article was originally published as Riddiford-Harland, DL, Steele, JR, Baur, LA, Cliff, DP, Okely, AD, Morgan, PJ and Jones, RA, What is the effect of a physical activity program on foot structure & function in overweight & obese children?, Emed Scientific Meeting, Dundee, Scotland, 28-31 July 2008. Original conference information available here Authors D. L. Riddiford-Harland, J. R. Steele, L. A. Baur, Dylan P. Cliff, Anthony D. Okely, P. J. Morgan, and R. A. Jones This journal article is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/hbspapers/97


This contribution is intended to show some of the most recent, eventually active, shale structures developed in the northwestern margin of the Alboran Sea in the western Mediterranean. Most marine geophysical data used for this study are from surveys conducted by ConocoPhillips in 2000 and 2001 in the Alboran Sea. This company explored the western sector of this basin, both in Spanish and Moroccan waters. It acquired a comprehensive data set, including a complete mosaic of sea-floor multibeam bathymetry with the associated sub-bottom high-resolution profiles, and a dense network of 2D multichannel seismic reflection profiles. These surveys provide a significant amount of new marine geophysical data, which increase the previous knowledge of the structure and characteristics of the westernmost Mediterranean region.


are intrinsically unpredictable. Secondly, there is the recognition that an exclusively reductionist view of complex systems with its 'bottom-up' explanation of behaviour is inadequate: the system as a whole exerts 'downward' causation upon its constituent parts. From these premises the author demonstrates that God can relate to such a world (and communicate with its evolved inhabitants) without interrupting any of the perceived laws of nature. The incarnation of Jesus is then restated not as the descent of God into his world but as the revelation of God's immanence from within the process. ADAM FORD, LONDON


Due to its sensitivity to climate changes, south Greenland is a particularly suitable area to study past global climate changes and their influence on locale Human settlements. A paleohydrological investigation was therefore carried out on two river-fed lakes: Lake Qallimiut and Little Kangerluluup, both located close to the Labrador Sea in the historic 5 farming center of Greenland. Two sediment cores (QAL-2011 and LKG-2011), spanning the last four millennia, were retrieved and showed similar thin laminae, described by high magnetic susceptibility and density, high titanium and TOC / TN atomic ratio, and coarse grain size. They are also characterized either by inverse grading followed by normal grading or by normal grading only and a prevalence of red amorphous particles 10 and lignocellulosic fragments, typical of flood deposits. Flood events showed similar trend in both records: they mainly occurred during cooler and wetter periods characterized by weaker Greenlandic paleo-temperatures, substantial glacier advances, and a high precipitation on the Greenlandic Ice Sheet and North Atlantic ice-rafting events. They can therefore be interpreted as a result of ice and 15 snow-melting episodes. They occurred especially during rapid climate changes (RCC) such as the Middle to Late Holocene transition around 2250 BC, the Sub-boreal/Sub-atlantic transition around 700 BC and the Little Ice Age (LIA) between AD 1300 and AD 1900, separated by cycles of 1500 years and driven by solar forcing. These global RCC revealed by QAL-2011 and LKG-2011 flood events may have influenced Human 20 settlements in south Greenland, especially the paleo-Eskimo cultures and the Norse settlement, and have been mainly responsible for their demise.


Bacteriophages are viruses able to infect and kill their bacterial host upon replication within it. They are thought to be the most abundant organism on earth, since their population exceed the one of bacteria (about 1030) by a factor of 10. In many cases, the host range where a given bacteriophage is active is so narrow that it is usually specific to one species of bacteria. In the early 1920s, phage were used to treat bacterial infections in eastern Europe and spread to western companies that began to commercialize typhoid and urinary-tract infection therapies. Soon after, because of penicillin discovery, researchers abandoned this therapy for antibiotic treatment, mostly due to phage susceptibility to the immune system and other unknown behaviours. Due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotic drugs, antibiotic resistance fast become a serious problem of global concern, currently with no real solution, which represents a threat to humanity leading to a post-antibiotic era if no counter-measures and alternative strategies are undertaken. In the last decade, bacteriophage application for the treatment of bacterial infections has re-gained huge attention. However, phages delivered in buffer solutions are suboptimal, since they are not shielded from host defences that inexorably hinder phage activity. Therefore, for effective in vivo applications, e.g. crossing the acidic environment of the stomach or infecting intracellular pathogens, phages need to be delivered to the site of infection, for example via encapsulation. Encapsulation in targeted delivery systems will help phages to reach the target with high specificity, minimizing losses, undesired adverse side effects, and limiting the likelihood of emerging "super bacteria". In the last decades, a considerable variety of stimuli-responsive micro/nanocarriers have been designed. Such systems show a transition to the supramolecular structure or in their chemical structure in response to given stimuli. A wise choice of the stimulus that triggers the variation allows releasing of their cargo in a spatial- and temporal- controlled fashion. The stimuli can be either external or internal and most commonly are thermal variation, pH, enzyme concentration, redox potential, magnetic field, ultrasound intensity and photo sensitivity. In this thesis, we study the encapsulation of bacteriophages in lipid carriers able to deliver and release the cargo in a controlled manner. Liposomes are biodegradable non-toxic micro/nano vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer, which encloses an aqueous core that offer many advantages in medicinal applications. It was demonstrated that phage encapsulation in liposomes improves stability. Indeed, when inside the aqueous core of a vesicle, the thermodynamics of the system is advantageous for phage storage. In this doctoral thesis we have assessed the encapsulation of two model phages, an Escherichia coli T3 podovirus (size ~65 nm) and a myovirus Staphylococcus aureus phage K (capsid head ~80 nm and phage tail length ~200 nm). Encapsulation in liposomes was carried out by producing the vesicles by alcohol injection method in a capillary microfluidic device, in the presence of the cargo. We generated liposomes having mean sizes between 100–300 nm and the encapsulation yield of T3 phages was 109 PFU ml-1 and for phage K was much lower at 105 PFU ml-1. The encapsulation efficiency was affected by the aggregation state of the virions. Furthermore, we discovered that phage K is able to interact with the lipid bilayer resulting in phages bound to the outer membrane of the liposomes instead of being encapsulated inside them. We utilised the encapsulated phages to determine whether 1) they are internalized by human macrophages in higher number compared to free phages and whether 2) they are able to reach the cytosol were intracellular pathogens reside. We discovered that, regardless the formulation of liposomes, encapsulated phages are intracellularized more efficiently in comparison to free phages. However, following uptake, liposomes and encapsulated phages are trafficked to the lysosome, where they are irreversibly digested. Therefore, we envisioned a different approach: a smaller antimicrobial agent than phages, namely a phage lysin, was co-encapsulated with a hemolysin able to make pores in the endosomal membrane. We observed that the co-encapsulated of the two proteins effectively escaped lysosomal degradation and defeated intracellular S. aureus. We expect this approach to be easily extended to phages and we suggest further perspectives and concrete future experiments. In this doctoral thesis, we made significant advances in the encapsulation and intracellular delivery of phages for antimicrobial treatment, and we obtain promising results that pave the way to the actual utilization of phages for medical treatment of infections, especially of antibiotic resistant ones.


Objective:To explore the significance of family history combined with obesity in screening dyslipidemia in children. Methods: Cluster-randomized samplings in a transecting epidemiological survey for children aged 6 to 18 years in Beijing area were used. A total of 9 495 boys and 9 542 girls were virtually included in the study. They were divided into four groups as school boys, adolescent boys, school girls and adolescent girls. Their fasting capillary blood total cholesterol (TC) levels, triglyceride (TG) levels, body height and body weight were detected. Results: Of the detected children, 38% were with family history, 4.9% obese, 2.5% both obese and positive family history and 40.4% with positive family history or obese. The percentages of dyslipidemia in non-obese children without family history, non-obese children with family history, obese children without family history, and obese children with family history were as follows: hyperlipidemia: 7.9%, 9.6%, 30.1% and 31.5%, respectively; hypercholesterolemia: 0.9%, 1.5%, 3.3% and 2.9%, respectively; hypertriglyceridemia: 7.1%, 8.6%, 29.2% and 31.3% respectively. Odds Ratios (95%CI) of dyslipidemia in obese children including school boys, adolescent boys, school girls and adolescent girls were 6.439(4.178-9.925),6.287 (4.153-9.518),5.063 (3.041-8.427) and 3.665 (2.536-5.296),respectively. Odds Ratios (95%CI) of dyslipidemia in children with family history including school boys, adolescent boys, school girls and adolescent girls were 1.204 (0.952-1.522) (P=0.121),1.331 (1.047-1.692) (P=0.020),1.095 (0.847-1.416) (P=0.490) and 1.260 (1.070-1.483) (P=0.005), respectively. In children with dyslipidemia, 43.8% were with positive family history, 15.8% obese, 8.2% both obese and positive family history, and 51.3% either obese or positive family history. Conclusion: Family history combined with obesity is important in identifying dislipidemia in children.


Abstract : Recent findings from our laboratory indicate that brain-damaged patients can manifest category-specific defects in the retrieval of conceptual knowledge for concrete entities. For example, patients may lose the ability to recognize many animals, but remain entirely normal in their ability to recognize tools; or the reverse may occur. These findings raise interesting questions about the mechanisms of knowledge retrieval defects. It has been suggested, for example, that category-related recognition defects are attributable to the origin of the entities, in terms of whether they are natural (animate, living) or artifactual (manufactured, inanimate, nonliving) (e.g., Warrington & Shallice, 1984). This account has been challenged by those who have seen these defects as a reflection of factors such as familiarity, frequency, and prototypicality (e.g., Farah et al., 1991; Funnell & Sheridan, 1992; Stewart et al., 1992); or as a reflection of the underlying 'difficulty' that makes some entities inherently harder to recognize (e.g., Capitani et al., 1994).


To study the effect of ultrafiltration on the radiocarbon ages of relatively poorly preserved bones in Japan, we analyzed the 14C dates of high-molecular-weight (HMW) gelatin samples and compared them with those of other extracted organic fractions, unfiltered gelatin samples extracted from NaOH-treated or NaOH-untreated collagen, and XAD-purified hydrolysates of animal fossil bones (∼4600 BP; gelatin yield of 2–4%) from the Awazu underwater archaeological site, Shiga, Japan. NaOH-treated, unfiltered gelatins and XAD-purified hydrolysates showed statistically similar 14C ages to those of HMW gelatins. The 14C ages of the HMW gelatins were the oldest and similar to those of wood collected from the same layer as the bones, and the NaOH-treated, unfiltered gelatins gave 14C ages within the acceptable margins of error; therefore, ultrafiltration was effective for accurate 14C dating, while NaOH-treated gelatin without ultrafiltration was also sufficient to obtain accurate 14C dates on the animal bones. The 14C ages of human skeletons (∼750 BP; gelatin yield of 2–11%) from 5 individuals excavated from an archaeological site in Yuigahama, Kamakura, Japan, showed statistically the same 14C ages as NaOH-treated, unfiltered gelatins and HMW gelatins within the margins of error, although HMW gelatins were likely to give slightly older ages than unfiltered gelatin with a yield of less than ∼3%. These results indicate that unfiltered gelatins extracted from fossil bones of gelatin yield more than ∼3% can produce accurate 14C ages without the need for ultrafiltration. Ten bone fragments from 3 humans showed the same 14C ages for each individual, suggesting that any bone part from an individual can be used to obtain a representative age. The 14C ages of tooth enamels of 2 individuals were 35 and 70 yr older than their bone ages. Death dates obtained from these age gaps agreed with those determined by morphology.


The future communications satellites will employ broadband communications techniques. In order to provide for a planning of their developments and conceptual designs, various satellite payload architectures need to be investigated. Of particular interest, the architectures discussed in this paper include no-processing, partial-processing and fullprocessing satellite payloads. Functional characteristics and features associated with each of these architectures are described in detail. Typical link budget calculations are presented for comparison. In addition, this paper presents a brief comparison on the issue of implementing the on-board channeliztion and switching circuitry using analog and digital components.