Abstract: The theoretical interpretation of lattice resolution in high-angle annular dark-field images produced in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has been a subject of controversy. A first-order perturbation theoretical analysis is presented here, which shows that the contrast in the image arises from large-angle multiphonon, incoherent scattering, which is atomic number dependent. The lattice resolution is a consequence of coherently filling the objective aperture, and dynamical elastic diffraction preceding the large-angle multiphonon scattering is not a necessary requirement. Elastic scattering to the higher order Laue zone (HOLZ) is also shown to be negligible, compared with the incoherent scattering. Calculations from application of the theory are also presented. They show that lattice images formed using the high-angle annular dark-field detector are sensitive to atomic number and are relatively insensitive to defocus. Although high-angle annular dark-field lattice imaging appears to be simple, scattering into the high-angle detector can only be approximately described by an incoherent imaging model.


Terpinen-4-ol (TP4O) is the main component of the essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia, known as the tea tree, of the botanical family Myrtaceae. The anticancer effects of TP4O have been reported in several cancer cell lines. Previous reports have demonstrated that TP4O exerts anticancer effects by inducing apoptotic cell death in several cell lines; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects remain unclear. In the present study, the anticancer effects of TP4O against the colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines HCT116 and RKO were evaluated using WST-8 and bromodeoxyuridine assays. The mechanism of cell death was investigated by the measurement of caspase-3/7, Annexin V and lactate dehydrogenase release. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels induced by TP4O were evaluated by electron spin resonance and quantitative measurement of dihydroethidium. Localization of the ROS derived from mitochondria was observed by confocal inverted microscopy. Protein levels of ROS scavengers were assessed by western blotting analysis. To confirm the role of ROS, cell viability was measured in the presence of antioxidant reagents. In an in vivo xenograft model of ICR-SCID mice implanted with HCT116 cells, 200 mg/kg TP4O was injected locally, and tumor growth was compared with that of the control. TP4O induced apoptotic cell death in HCT116 and RKO cells in a dose-dependent manner, and TP4O also increased the levels of ROS generated by mitochondria. TP4O-induced cell death was rescued by administration of antioxidant regents. In vivo, TP4O inhibited the proliferation of HCT116 xenografts compared with that of the control group. The results of the present study suggest that TP4O induces apoptosis in CRC cells through ROS generation. Furthermore, TP4O is potentially useful for the development of novel therapies against CRC.


The analysis and simulation of an emitter coupled differential amplifier with an active load is presented. In most books, the two halves of the differential amplifier are assumed to be identical. This assumption made to analyze the circuit leads to erroneous results. Here, the authors compare the simulation results with hand calculations to convince the readers about this very common error in the textbooks.


Within developed economies, the field of m-payment appears to be driven by (disruptive) technological innovations. M-payments, similar to e-payments, have been regulated in such a way that banks and other established financial institutions have been able to maintain an unchallenged position in the payment ecosystem. However, disruptive technologies like Near Field Communication, but more importantly cloud technology based solutions might lead to dramatic changes. In the long run this may change the position of banks in the payment ecosystem including their control over "money flows". Yet, for this to happen m-payment solution and service providers need to understand the role of money and payment instruments as well as how payment ecosystems work, in-depth. In this conceptual paper we discuss how the ecosystem of m-payment is expected to change due to technology changes. Based on platform and ecosystems concepts, theories of money and behavioral theories a comprehensive literature review and a qualitative meta-analyses of the m-payment literature is presented. On the basis of the theory review and literature analysis we expect that the role of Over The Top (OTT) providers in the m-payment ecosystems will be driven by cloud-based solutions and threaten the position of traditional players. Banks need regulators to safeguard their control over the money flow.


A novel receiver-initiated soft-state probabilistic multicasting protocol (RISP) for mobile ad hoc network is proposed in this paper. RISP introduces probabilistic forwarding and soft-state for making relay decisions. Multicast members periodically initiate control packets, through which intermediate nodes adjust the forwarding probability. With a probability decay function (soft-state), routes traversed by more control packets are reinforced, while the less utilized paths are gradually relinquished. In this way, RISP can adapt to node mobility; at low mobility, RISP performs similar to a tree-based protocol; at high mobility, it produces a multicast mesh in the network. Simulation results show RISP has lower delivery redundancy than mesh-based protocols, while achieving higher delivery ratio. Further, the control overhead is lower than other compared protocols.


Background
Targeted therapies (TT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are currently modifying the landscape of metastatic cancer management and are increasingly used over the course of many cancers treatment. They allow long-term survival with controlled extra-cerebral disease, contributing to the increasing incidence of brain metastases (BMs). Radiation therapy remains the cornerstone of BMs treatment (either whole brain irradiation or stereotactic radiosurgery), and investigating the safety profile of radiation therapy combined with TT or ICI is of high interest. Discontinuing an efficient systemic therapy, when BMs irradiation is considered, might allow systemic disease progression and, on the other hand, the mechanisms of action of these two therapeutic modalities might lead to unexpected toxicities and/or greater efficacy, when combined.

Patients and methods
We carried out a systematic literature review focusing on the safety profile and the efficacy of BMs radiation therapy combined with targeted agents or ICI, emphasizing on the role (if any) of the sequence of combination scheme (drug given before, during, and/or after radiation therapy).

Results
Whereas no relevant toxicity has been noticed with most of these drugs, the concomitant use of some other drugs with brain irradiation requires caution.

Conclusion
Most of available studies appear to advocate for TT or ICI combination with radiation therapy, without altering the clinical safety profiles, allowing the maintenance of systemic treatments when stereotactic radiation therapy is considered. Cognitive functions, health-related quality of life and radiation necrosis risk remain to be assessed. The results of prospective studies are awaited in order to complete and validate the above discussed retrospective data.


Market economies experience high rates of job creation and job destruction in almost every time period and sector. Each year, many businesses expand and many others contract. New businesses constantly enter, while others abruptly exit or gradually disappear. Amidst the turbulence of business growth and decline, jobs, workers and capital are continually reallocated among competing activities, organizations and locations. We synthesize the growing body of research on this process, especially as it pertains to the creation and destruction of jobs. We summarize and analyze empirical regularities related to cross-sectional, cross-country and cyclical variation in job flows. We also relate theories of heterogeneity, growth and fluctuations to the large magnitude of job flows and to systematic patterns of cross-sectional and time variation. Other major themes include the connection between job flows and worker flows, creative destruction and the productivity-improving role of factor reallocation, reallocation behavior and consequences in transition economies, and the productivity and welfare effects of policies that impede or encourage job flows.


Introduction Preliminary checklist of recognition of 1.5 Potentially significant approximations to 1.5 in practice? Clarification of the magic square governing human civilization? Radical possibility of 1.5 resulting from from golden ratio design by committee In quest of a language of proportion as the language of appropriateness Adaptation of the Uncertainty Principle to the social sciences? Language of proportion implied by poetic justice Deflowering of civilization versus Flowering of civilization: an aesthetic contrast? Spiral of silence and the associated "conspiracy" of silence Mysterious challenge of doubling, replication and multiplication References


The Standard DAI is an orthodontic index based on perceptions of dental aesthetics in the USA. The Standard DAI is a regression equation linking perceptions of the social acceptability of dental aesthetics with the objective intraoral measurements of ten occlusal traits. Since the Standard DAI is based on perceptions of dental aesthetics in the USA it can be used without modification only where perceptions of dental aesthetics are similar to those in the USA. This study was designed to determine whether perceptions of dental aesthetics of students in eleven diverse ethnic groups are similar to those of students in the USA. The same 25 stimuli (photographs of dental configurations, a subset of the 200 stimuli used in deriving the Standard DAI equation) were rated for dental aesthetics by Australian, Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Native American, Singaporean Chinese, Singaporean Indian, Singaporean Malay, and Thai students. Their ratings were compared with the ratings of the same 25 stimuli by students in the USA. Spearman rank-order correlations ranged from 0.84 to 0.94. These correlations are sufficiently high to show that perceptions of dental aesthetics in all eleven ethnic groups are very similar to the perceptions of USA students. Therefore the Standard DAI can be used without modification in all eleven ethnic groups.


The automatic evaluation of computer programs is a nascent area of research with a potential for large-scale impact. Extant program assessment systems score mostly based on the number of test-cases passed, providing no insight into the competency of the programmer. In this paper, we present a system to grade computer programs automatically. In addition to grading a program on its programming practices and complexity, the key kernel of the system is a machine-learning based algorithm which determines closeness of the logic of the given program to a correct program. This algorithm uses a set of highly-informative features, derived from the abstract representations of a given program, that capture the program's functionality. These features are then used to learn a model to grade the programs, which are built against evaluations done by experts. We show that the regression models provide much better grading than the ubiquitous test-case-pass based grading and rivals the grading accuracy of other open-response problems such as essay grading . We also show that our novel features add significant value over and above basic keyword/expression count features. In addition to this, we propose a novel way of posing computer-program grading as a one-class modeling problem and report encouraging preliminary results. We show the value of the system through a case study in a real-world industrial deployment. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time a system using machine learning has been developed and used for grading programs. The work is timely with regard to the recent boom in Massively Online Open Courseware (MOOCs), which promises to produce a significant amount of hand-graded digitized data.


ABSTRACT Drawing on minority stress theory and sexual health literature, this exploratory study tested the relations of bisexual identity factors (e.g. anticipated binegativity, identity affirmation), minority stressors (e.g. isolation and vicarious trauma), and sexual and relationship variables (e.g. sexual functioning, relationship satisfaction) with mental health. Participants were 53 self-identified bisexual individuals in a mixed orientation relationship (MORE) with partners who did not also identify as bisexual. Moderate or above levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were reported by 34.5%, 25.4%, and 27.3% of the sample, respectively. Minority stressors were examined as mediators of the relations of bisexual identity factors and mental health outcomes. Isolation significantly mediated anticipated binegativity and depression, anxiety, and stress. Additionally, vicarious trauma mediated the relation of bisexual identity affirmation with anxiety. Consistent with existing literature, mental health concerns were negatively correlated with various aspects of sexual functioning and relationship satisfaction. Bisexual individuals in monogamous relationships with lesbian-identified partners reported lower stress levels than those with heterosexual partners. Results from the current study provide preliminary information about the health of bisexual individuals in MOREs, and point to minority stressors as potentially fruitful targets of prevention and intervention efforts to reduce negative mental health outcomes among bisexual populations.


Aim : The aim of this study was to provide quantitative estimations of the burden of death in term of years of life lost (YLL) due to colorectal cancer (CRC) in Iran and a temporal trend analysis. Background : Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. YLL is a tool for quantifying the burden of disease according to mortality rates. The aim of this study was to provide quantitative estimations of the burden of death in term of YLL due to colorectal cancer in Iran and a trend analysis. Patients and methods : National death Statistic Reported by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOH&ME) from 1995 to 2003, stratified by age group, sex, and cause of death were included in this analysis. YLL for CRC were expressed as the annual rates per 100,000 of the general population, gender and age group. Results : The general rate of YLL for CRC increased during the years under study from 4.52 to 32.20 per 100,000 of the general population and YLL mortality was higher for older aged males. Conclusion : Our study confirms a temporal trend of increasing YLL due to CRC. Currently there is a low rate of CRC screening in Iran. We recommend that in Iran screening be started, at least in families with a history of CRC, in order to reduce the mortality and burden of CRC in the future.


This study was conducted to identify strategies for evaluation of students' proficiency in practical skills in NCE (technical) Building Technology Education. Questionnaire was the instrument used in collecting data from respondent. The population for the study comprises of all Technical Teachers in the School of Technical Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), Potiskum. There was no sampling employed for this study due to small size of the population. The data obtained were analyzed through the use of means and standard deviation. The study findings revealed that non-availability of practical materials, in adequate training facilities, and the limited time allocated to practical activities are some of the problems often encountered in the evaluation of students' proficiency in practical skills. It also shows that pre-determination of objectives, preparation of checklist, assessing students' safety considerations, and assessing students independence in handling practical task, assessing students ability in following the proper steps of procedure, assessing the overall quality of the completed task were some of the strategies that could be adopted for the effective evaluation of students proficiency in practical skills. Based on the finding, conclusion was drawn and it was recommended that two third of a subject involving practical should be allocated to practical, government should make training facilities and materials adequate to technical teachers training institutions, safety education should be emphasized in the teaching and learning of practical skills, Technology Teacher Education should be kept abreast on the new trends of evaluation procedures through continue professional development (CPD).

 Key words: Strategies, students' proficiency, practical skills, vocational and technical education.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the hemodynamic effects of the combination of norepinephrine-dobutamine in adult patients with septic shock. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that norepinephrine in addition to dobutamine would improve cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI) and increase left-ventricular afterload.

DESIGN
Prospective, descriptive, interventional study with no control group.

SETTING
Intensive care unit of a university hospital.

PATIENTS
Fourteen patients (group 1) were transferred to the intensive care unit from other wards with septic shock not responsive to dobutamine infusion, low blood pressure (systolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg), clinical and laboratory signs of infection, clinical signs of poor organ perfusion, and blood lactate of >2.0 mmol/L. They were enrolled and treated by the addition of norepinephrine, while the dose of dobutamine remained constant. Three of these patients required additional fluid loading to achieve adequate ventricular filling (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [PCWP], 12-15 mm Hg). These patients were compared with 12 patients with septic shock with high CI (CI > 5/min/m2, and other signs as outlined previously) who were treated with norepinephrine alone (group 2).

INTERVENTIONS
Patients in group 1 were maintained with the same dobutamine dose, and norepinephrine was added (initial dose, 0.5 microg/kg/min, and increments of 0.3 microg/kg/min) until the correction of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP > or =75 mm Hg). Patients in group 2 received norepinephrine following the same protocol.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
At study entry, group 1 patients receiving dobutamine had similar MAPs but were significantly older and had significantly lower CIs and SVIs and higher systemic vascular resistance than group 2 patients. In group 1 norepinephrine, in addition to dobutamine, significantly increased MAP, CI, SVI, left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). No change in heart rate or PCWP was observed. In group 2, norepinephrine used alone did not modify CI or SVI and it significantly improved MAP, LVSWI, and SVR. No changes in heart rate or PCWP were observed. Blood lactate was significantly decreased in both groups. Comparing the two groups, in response to norepinephrine titrated to increase MAP to a similar concentration, patients with dobutamine-resistant septic shock had a statistically significantly greater increase in CI and SVI than patients treated with norepinephrine alone. There were no other significant differences in hemodynamic and metabolic responses to norepinephrine between groups 1 and 2.

CONCLUSION
The addition of norepinephrine to treatment of patients with septic shock unresponsive to dobutamine significantly improves MAP, CI, SVI, and LVSWI. A different pattern of evolution was observed if norepinephrine was used alone in younger patients with higher CI at study entry, increases in MAP and LVSWI, and no concomitant change in CI or SVI. The use of norepinephrine in dobutamine-resistant septic shock may have some beneficial implications for the treatment of patients with inadequate myocardial performance associated with low SVR.


Background: The COVID-19 outbreak is currently the major public health concern worldwide. This infection, caused by the novel coronavirus Sars Cov2, primarily affects respiratory system, but there is increasing evidence of neurologic involvement and cerebrovascular accidents. Case Report: We present a case of stroke in a 62-year-old COVID-19-positive patient, with multiple vascular risk factors. The patient arrived 1 h after onset of symptoms, was treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) with improvement of neurologic deficits, and later developed right foot arterial ischemia (recanalized by balloon catheter angioplasty) and left arm superficial venous thrombosis. A control computed tomography (CT) scan 7 days after onset showed hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic lesion without mass effect. However, respiratory and neurologic conditions improved so that the patient was discharged to rehabilitation. Discussion: Until now, few cases of stroke in COVID-19 have been described, mainly in severe forms. This patient had ischemic injuries in different sites as well as venous thrombosis; hence, we speculate that Sars Cov2 could have a direct role in promoting vascular accidents since its receptor ACE2 is a surface protein also expressed by endothelial cells. This case suggests that COVID-19 can favor strokes and in general vascular complications, even in milder cases, and the presence of preexisting risk factors could play a determinant role.


The theoretical basis of land management at the local level has already been sufficiently worked out, but it can be argued that they have not yet been finally resolved with regard to institutional provision. Therefore, it is expedient to propose an author's vision regarding the essential definition of this concept. In the classical form, this term was used many decades ago and literally meant the "foundation", "the foundation". It has been established that balanced development of land management as a mechanism for the development of the socio-economic, ecological and legal system of land use in the respective territory is ensured by interaction between the whole set of conditions and factors that can be grouped according to qualitative characteristics in six blocks: 1) needs, development goals, developmental tasks ; 2) innovations in the development of land management and land management NTP for land use development; 3) state land policy, land policy of territorial communities; organizational structure of the land management system; 4) normative-legal infrastructure; 5) mentality, culture, public consciousness; 6) economic mechanism, system of social and economic development. Institutional provision of balanced development of land management and land management of territories of territorial communities is possible only if it is possible to achieve the coherence and complementarity of all six blocks and the unidirectionality of their development. Institutional provision of land management and land management at the local level is a set of social interests, elements, actions and institutions aimed at building land relations and land system systems that ensure the harmonious functioning of land use at the local and other hierarchical levels of economic development of the respective territories. Conceptual basis of institutional provision of land management and land management at the local level in the conditions of new land relations and decentralization of power, which includes local land use development programs, land management and urban planning, land formation and land management, and infrastructure provision of land management. Keywords. Land management, land management, institutional provision, land use, territorial community


. For over a decade now we have been witnessing the success of massive parallel computation frameworks, such as MapReduce, Hadoop, Dryad, or Spark. Compared to the classic distributed algorithms or PRAM models, these frameworks allow for much more local computation. The fundamental question that arises however in this context is can we leverage this additional power to obtain even faster parallel algorithms? A prominent example here is the maximum matching problem. It is well known that in the PRAM model one can compute a 2-approximate maximum matching in O (log n ) rounds. Lattanzi et al. [SPAA, ACM, New York, 2011, pp. 85--94] showed that if each machine has n 1+\Omega (1) memory, this problem can also be solved 2-approximately in a constant number of rounds. These techniques, as well as the approaches developed in the follow-up work, seem though to get stuck in a fundamental way at roughly O (log n ) rounds once we enter the (at most) near-linear memory regime. In this paper, we break the above O (log n ) round complexity bound even in the case of slightly sublinear memory per machine. In fact, our improvement here is almost exponential : we are able to deliver a (1 + \epsilon  )-approximate maximum matching for any fixed constant \epsilon  > 0 in O ((log log n ) 2 ) rounds. To establish our result we need to deviate from the previous work in two important ways. First, we use vertex-based graph partitioning, instead of the edge-based approaches that were utilized so far. Second, we develop a technique of round compression .


Operations and projects are typically treated as dichotomous concepts; projects create assets to be operated. The segregation of operations from projects is evidenced in the generic project life cycle (concept, feasibility, design, execute, and close) in which consideration of an operations stage is omitted. This article, however, suggests that this omission renders the generic project life cycle (PLC) unsuitable as a frame of reference for managing (and researching) long-term public infrastructure projects, in particular those delivered under the auspices of private participation in infrastructure initiatives such as public–private partnerships (PPPs). Drawing on the normative literature and the authors' phenomenological research that is embedded in practice, this article demonstrates that operations are an inherent feature of PPP projects. Thus, the generic PLC model is inconsistent with the actuality of PPPs. Implications of this inconsistency for operations management and research of PPPs, particularly in relation to quality, risk, and human resource management are identified and discussed.


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by marked impairments in social and communication skills, as well as restricted and/or repetitive patterns of behaviour or interests. Approximately 25-30% of children with ASD do not develop speech. As a result they may require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) interventions. However, most interventions discussed in our present body of research focuses on basic communication skills like requesting. As such, it is important to investigate systematic teaching strategies for more complex requesting (i.e., manding) skills like requesting actions or requesting information. This research aims to extend previous manding literature by investigating effective methods for teaching advanced manding skills to children with ASD who communicate using an SGD.  Three empirical intervention studies that a presented in this thesis evaluated the use of behaviour chain interruption strategy (BCIS) and systematic teaching procedures based on the principals of applied behaviour analysis (ABA), to teach advanced manding skills (i.e., manding for actions, manding for "where" questions, and persistence of "where questions") for individuals with ASD who use speech-generating devices (SGD).  Single-case research methodology was used via variations of the multiple baseline design (i.e., multiple probe multiple baseline design across participants and multiple probe multiple baseline across participants and behaviour chains) to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions. A total of three participants (2 boys and 1 girl, ages 13, 10, and 5) participated in the interventions that were designed to teach the targeted mand. Results of each study yielded positive results, in that each participant acquired the targeted skill. Generalisation (i.e., across stimuli, over time, and across communication partners) results were mixed, however with additional teaching with the use of systematic instruction they were also acquired. Although these results are preliminary, they indicated that advanced manding skills should be taught to children with ASD who communicate using SGDs and can be acquired with the use of systematic instruction.


Willingness to download health applications could be increased by addressing data privacy concerns indirectly. In Mexico, a survey experiment explored different priming prompts and their effect on willingness to download a diagnostic and tracing app. The survey experiment revealed that mentioning government efforts on data privacy can backfire. Surprisingly, reminding people of social media's usefulness did not affect people's willingness to download the app.


All living organisms struggle against the forces of nature to carve out niches where they can maintain homeostasis. We propose that such a search for order amidst chaos might offer a unifying principle for the emergence of useful behaviors in artificial agents. We formalize this idea into an unsupervised reinforcement learning method called surprise minimizing RL (SMiRL). SMiRL trains an agent with the objective of maximizing the probability of observed states under a model trained on previously seen states. The resulting agents can acquire proactive behaviors that seek out and maintain stable conditions, such as balancing and damage avoidance, that are closely tied to an environment's prevailing sources of entropy, such as wind, earthquakes, and other agents. We demonstrate that our surprise minimizing agents can successfully play Tetris, Doom, control a humanoid to avoid falls and navigate to escape enemy agents, without any task-specific reward supervision. We further show that SMiRL can be used together with a standard task reward to accelerate reward-driven learning.


A beam propagation method (BPM) with an adaptive discretization of a 1D cross section and a longitudinal step-size control is presented. In contrast to most approaches to a BPM that use an a priori fixed grid for the numerical discretization of the transversal optical field, the algorithm presented generates a space grid during the simulation depending on the geometry of the structure and on the actual computed field solution. In general, such an adaptively generated grid is highly nonuniform. An automatic stepsize control is introduced to complete the adaptive concept.<<ETX>>


In this paper, we propose a new method ealled incremental Fourier synthesis to generate 2-D self-similar images based on a 2-D fractional Browninan motion (mm) model. With this method, the stationary increments of fBm are created by a Fourier synthesis method and the increments are added up to generate the nonstationary 2-D fBm process. Since the new method takes advantage of the FFT, its computational complexity is only O(N2 log,(N)), and its memory requirement is only O(N2) for a self-similar image of size N x N.


In this study, the homogenous relaxation model (HRM) for CO2 flow in a two-phase ejector was modified in order to increase the accuracy of the numerical simulations The two- phase flow model was implemented on the effective computational tool called ejectorPL for fully automated and systematic computations of various ejector shapes and operating conditions. The modification of the HRM was performed by a change of the relaxation time and the constants included in the relaxation time equation based on the experimental result under the operating conditions typical for the supermarket refrigeration system. The modified HRM was compared to the HEM results, which were performed based on the comparison of motive nozzle and suction nozzle mass flow rates.


The Web is constantly changing, but most tools used to access Web content deal only with what can be captured at a single instance in time. As a result, Web users may not have a good understanding of the changes that occur. In this paper we show that making Web content change explicitly visible allows people to interact with the Web in new ways. We present a longitudinal study in which 30 people used a Web browser plug-in that caches visited pages and highlights text changes to those pages when revisited. We used a survey to capture their understanding of Web page change and their own revisitation patterns at the beginning of use and after one month. For a majority of the participants, we also logged their Web page visits and associated content change. Exposing change is more valuable to our participants than initially expected, making them aware of how dynamic content they visit is and changing their interactions with it.


In recent years, base sequences have been increasingly unscrambled through attempts represented by the human genome project. Accordingly, the estimation of the genetic network has been accelerated. However, no definitive method has become available for drawing a large effective graph. This paper proposes a method which allows for coping with an increase in the number of nodes by laying out genes on planes of several layers and then overlapping these planes. This layout involves an optimization problem which requires maximizing the fitness function. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we show some graphs using actual data on 82 genes, 552 genes, and artificial data modeled from a scale-free network of 1,000 genes. We also describe how to lay out nodes by means of stochastic searches, e.g., stochastic hill-climbing and simulating annealing methods. The experimental results show the superiority and usefulness of stochastic searches in comparison with the simple random search.


The rate of sequencing microbial genomes is accelerating, with the hope of discovering new antibiotics, cures for various diseases or new industrial en-zymes. However, about 25-30% of the genes in the sequenced microbial genomes do not have an assigned function. Predicting the functions of these "unknown" genes could unlock a considerable biological potential for biomedical and biotechnology applications, as well as further our understanding of the molecular tenets of life. Current methods for gene mining rely basically on comparison of primary sequences or 3D-structures to those of already characterized genes. The problem with such approaches is that unknown genes with no homology to the already characterized genes remain completely out of reach. Herein, I argue that evolutionary approaches, such as the genomic phylostratigraphy, can make a substantial contribution to genome mining – especially regarding genes with no homology to the characterized ones. My group has recently used genomic phylostratigraphy to discover new genes involved in sporulation of the bacterial model organism Bacillus subtilis . These new sporulation genes exhibited no sequence homology with the known sporulation genes and were missed by all other genome mining approaches. They have been discovered solely based on their evolutionary age. Along these lines, I argue that phylostratigraphy should be integrated into genome mining pipelines and develop a brief example of how this could be done .


In this article, the author uses qualitative methodology to investigate how African American elementary students in an urban school engaged with a National Council of Teachers of Mathematics standards-oriented mathematics curriculum and how their engagement converged with or diverged from the offered patterns of teaching practices in classrooms. The findings suggest that student practices converged with teaching practices that reflected the African American cultural dimension of social/affective interactions such as focused collaboration and active participation and diverged when students enacted practices that reflected expressive creativity and nonverbal interactions as with dramatic expression and improvisation. Rather than looking at the divergent behaviors as social problems or behaviors needing remediation or punishment, considering what can be learned from these behaviors could enhance the mathematical identity and academic achievement of African American students.


Abstract In Wyoming, most resources of helium are concentrated in Paleozoic reservoirs at La Barge anticline and Church Buttes Field on the Moxa arch in the Greater Green River Basin. There are reservoirs in other areas of the State, however, that can produce helium along with natural gas. Individually these other reservoirs only contain modest helium resources because helium concentrations in the gas are low or because the reservoirs are small. These other reservoirs, however, contain substantial marginally economic and subeconomic resources of helium. An estimate of the original resources of helium in Wyoming is 611.06 billion ft3 (bcf). After cumulative production of 20.41 bcf is subtracted, Wyoming has remaining resources of 590.65 bcf (through December 31, 1994). The remaining recoverable resources of 508.18 bcf consist of 408.99 bcf of identified resources and 99.19 bcf of undiscovered resources. Of the 464.81 bcf of remaining identified resources of helium estimated for Wyoming, 408.99 bcf occur as identified economic resources in the Madison Limestone at La Barge anticline. Of the 55.82 bcf of remaining identified marginally economic and subeconomic resources, 30.38 bcf occur in other Paleozoic reservoirs at La Barge anticline, 3.30 bcf are in the Madison Limestone at Church Buttes Field, 7.86 bcf are in the reservoirs that contain Wyoming's 10.826 trillion ft3 (tcf) of natural gas reserves, and 14.78 bcf occur with probable gas resources in basins throughout the State. Undiscovered resources of helium are an estimated 125.84 bcf. All of the 99.19 bcf of recoverable undiscovered resources will occur in Paleozoic formations below a depth of 15,000 ft in the Greater Green River Basin. Undiscovered marginally economic and subeconomic resources total 26.65 bcf and will be found scattered throughout Wyoming. Current production of helium from Wyoming is about 1.5 bcf a year. All of the economic production of about one bcf a year is from the Madison Limestone at La Barge anticline, while the remaining, 0.5 bcf of production comes from many reservoirs in the State where helium is not extracted from the natural gas production and is considered marginally economic and subeconomic.


Numerical simulations are used to generate a velocity field entering the pump of a waterjet propelled ship so that the level of non-uniformity in axial velocity can be evaluated. Non-uniform axial velocity entering the pump causes unsteady loading of the rotor blades resulting in noise, vibrations, and can increase the risk of rotor cavitation. The hull form modeled in this study is the R.V. Athena, fitted with a waterjet propulsion system. The ship speeds in this investigation correspond to Froude numbers between 0.34 and 0.84 and Reynolds numbers between 3.6 × 108 and 9.0 × 108. The pump shaft speed and flow rate are determined via calm water resistance data from experiments and the pump curves for the axial flow pump modeled. The numerical simulations are steady single phase and do not include the free surface. In all of the numerical simulations the hull geometry is kept at a fixed draft and on even keel. The variation in axial velocity is quantified by total distortion coefficient, harmonic components, and rotor section inflow angles. Using harmonic analysis, it is shown that the non-dimensional wake entering the pump exhibits a mean axial velocity component that varies proportionally to nozzle velocity ratio and harmonics of constant amplitude and phase, for all ship speeds. Thus, the wake pattern at any ship speed can be approximated using the harmonic content of the wake at one ship speed, and scaling the mean axial velocity. It is also found that this hull and pump configuration resulted in the pump operating at a fixed pump flow coefficient for all ship speeds investigated. The result is that the average rotor section inflow angles are also constant over the speed range. This is ideal for a rotor with a fixed pitch distribution because the mean angle of attack on a given rotor section will be independent of ship speed.


The purpose of this study is to investigate what five primary teachers in five different schools with many second language students have for an idea about inclusion, language development, practices and environment of the multilingual classrooms. In my study I discusses teachers 'views on the multilingual classroom, inclusion, development of language in a language developing classroom environment and the importance of language skills has for multilingual pupils' language development and learning of the Swedish language. The method used was unstructured interviews using a digital recording device. The results showed that for these five teachers, meeting second language learners was in there everyday teaching, while it is a challenge to motivate and support them on their level. The teachers work diligently to find a balance and a working classroom environment for the multilingual classroom where all students, regardless of conditions, background, experience, knowledge and language could be offered an equal opportunity to education.


The education system is currently undergoing various changes towards its goal of making it more quality and national. Educational change represents a process of developmental change consisting of three phases such as adoption, implementation, and institutionalization (continuation, incorporation). The purpose of the change is to go through a situation of uncertainty and expose the organization to a variety of risks and threats. But if they do not make the changes they already have, the stability and comfort of an organization will face the greatest challenge in the global market. The objective of this concept paper, field of educational change and distinguished it in five domains such as curriculum development, school improvement, effectiveness, teacher research and teacher development. In this concept paper, few issues have discussed on Education Structure, Education Access, Equity Education and Instructor. The implication is that globalization's impact on the education system has forced schoolchildren to effectively manage change and continue to seek strategies for improvement. Besides that ,change, new skills and knowledge must be acquired so that the individual does not fall into disrepair. It requires an understanding of the importance of individual level changes to ensure success.


Glutathione transferases (GSTs) play a pivotal role in cellular defense, since they are main contributors to the inactivation of genotoxic compounds of exogenous and endogenous origins. Directed evolution was used to improve the catalytic activities of Theta class GST T1-1 toward different substrates. The library was constructed by recombination of cDNA coding for human GST T1-1 and rodent Theta class GSTs, resulting in the F2-F5 generations. The clones were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and screened for variants with enhanced alkyltransferase activity. A mutant, F2:1215, with a 70-fold increased catalytic efficiency with 4-nitrophenethyl bromide (NPB) compared to human GST T1-1, was isolated from the second generation. NPB was used as a surrogate substrate of the anticancer drug 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in order to facilitate the screening process. The catalytic efficiency of the F2:1215 with BCNU had improved 170-fold compared to wild-type human GST T1-1, suggesting that NPB is a suitable model substrate for the anticancer drug BCNU. The sequence of the F2:1215 mutant differs from wild-type human GST T1-1 by three residues; one of these differences is Arg234, which corresponds to Trp in the human enzyme. Upon replacing the Trp234 in the human GST T1-1 with Arg, the resulting mutant (hTrp234Arg) showed enhanced alkyltransferase activity with a wide range of substrates (e.g. haloalkanes and other typical GSTs substrates). The three-dimensional structures of both wild-type human GST T1-1 and hTrp234Arg mutant help to explain the higher activity showed by of hTrp234Arg mutant compared to wild-type enzyme. The reciprocal mutation of the residue 234 in mouse GST T1-1 to that found in human, mArg234Trp, caused a dramatic decrease in the activity of the mouse enzyme to be similar to human GST T1-1. This indicates that residue 234 can be considered as a master switch of activities between human and rodent GST T1-1. Another important residue in the C-terminal helix of GST T1-1 is Met232. Although residue 232 points away from the H-site, it influences the catalytic activity and substrate selectivity of the mouse GST T1-1. A minor modification of Met232 induces major changes in the substrate-activity profile of the mouse GST T1-1 to favor novel substrates such as isothiocyanates and hydroperoxides and decreases the activity toward substrates that catalyzed by the wild-type enzyme.


The thesis examines the position of nurses during the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899 ? 1902) and considers how their work helped to raise the profile of nursing. The experience of the war demonstrated the superiority of the work undertaken by trained nurses as compared with that of ?amateurs?. At the commencement of war a small cohort of army nurses worked alongside large numbers of trained male orderlies, however these numbers proved insufficient during the period of the war and additional, entirely untrained orderlies (often convalescent soldiers) were relied upon to deliver nursing care. Against a backdrop of long term antipathy toward nurses at the seat of war, the work of both army and civilian nurses in military hospitals suggested that the clinical proficiency of trained nurses had a significant impact on military effectiveness. The thesis will develop arguments based on the personal testimonies of nurses who served during the Anglo-Boer War, relating to clinical nursing and nurses perceptions of professionalism during the period. Personal testimony will be used primarily to examine the working lives and experiences of serving nurses, as many historians simply state that the excellent work of the nurses forced changes, yet make no allusion to what this specifically entailed. Faced with the exigencies of war, including limited medical supplies and military bureaucracy (termed by nurses and doctors alike as ?red tape?) that hindered nurses? abilities to provide high levels of care, nurses demonstrated their developing clinical confidence. Despite accusations that nurses were ?frivolling? in South Africa, raising concerns over the control and organisation of nurses in future military campaigns, the social exploits of nurses on active service was not entirely detrimental to contemporary views of their professional status. Nurses were able to demonstrate their abilities to survive the hardships of war, including nursing close to the ?front lines? of war and the arduous conditions inherent in living under canvas on the South African veldt. Not only were nurses proving their abilities to endure hardship normally associated with masculine work, but they were also establishing their clinical capabilities. This was especially so during the serious typhoid epidemics when nurses were able to draw upon their expert knowledge to provide careful nursing care based on extensive experience. Nurses, who had undergone recognised training in Britain, demonstrated their professional competence and proved that nursing was a learned skill, not merely an innate womanly trait. The war also represented an opportunity to evidence their fitness for citizenship by using their skilled training for the benefit of the Empire. The subsequent reform of the Army Nursing Service, resulting in the establishment of the Queen Alexandra?s Imperial Military Nursing Service in 1902, suggests permanent recognition of the essential role of nurses in times of both war and peace.


Social Media
Facebook users, randomized to deactivate their accounts for 4 weeks in exchange for $102, freed up an average of 60 minutes a day, spent more time socializing offline, became less politically polarized, and reported improved subjective well-being relative to controls. However, the treatment group also became less knowledgeable about current events. Allcott et al. report that after the 4-week deactivation period ended, the treated subjects' Facebook use remained persistently lower than that of the controls, and treated subjects lowered the amount of compensation they would demand to deactivate their accounts for another 4 weeks.

Am. Econ. Rev. 110 , 629 (2020).


Calophyllum spp have been known for their biological activities. This genus belongs to the Guttifereae family where are rich with secondary metabolites such as xanthones, flavonoids and coumarins. Our recent phytochemical study on the bark of Calophyllum sclerophyllum and Calophyllum hoseii has led to the isolation of six xanthones, one coumarin and one flavanoid. These compounds are macluraxanthone (1), trapezifolixanthone (2), rubraxanthone (3), thwaitesixanthone (4), dombakinaxanthone (5), osajaxanthone (6), calopolyanolide A (7) and catechin (8). We report here the structural elucidations of these compounds based on the basis of detailed 1D-NMR (H, C and DEPT) and 2D-NMR (COSY, HMQC and HMBC) spectroscopic analysis.


There has been considerable progress in the construction of fundamental bandwidth limits and near optimal design realisations for several classes of passive linear electroma gnetic wave devices, most notably for radar absorbent materials, antennas and meta-materials. This article seeks to place balun design on a similar footing, for an important class of baluns; in particular those which are 'perfect' and do not contain magnetically coupled transformers. For this class of baluns, the equivalent circuit is always characterised by a shunt impedance at the output of the device which is inductive in the low frequency limit. Consequently they are governed by one of the Fano [9] limits on bandwidth. The Fano integrated measure of bandwidth is proportional to the shunt inductance and is maximised when the reflection coefficient, at the balanced output port, is minimum reflection phase. Although, in theory, a minimum reflection phase high pass matching network can be shown to provide infinite fractional bandwidth in practice it is not possible to construct such a network at microwave frequencies because the shunt impedance is not purely inductive. At microwave frequencies the shunt impedance is usually realised as a shorted transmission-line section with non-negligible length. This may be approximated by a shunt inductance in parallel with a shunt capacitance over the principal operating range of the balun. This leads to a band-pass characteristic and the shunt capacitance gives rise t o a second Fano bandwidth measure. It is shown that the use of both measures leads to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, together with the balanced load impedance, determining the ultimate performance of the balun. This ultimate performance is also achieved if the reflection coefficient, looking from the balanced load into the balun, is minimum reflection phase. Suitable minimum reflection phase designs can be realised using Fano-Rhodes band-pass networks and these equivalent circuits can be compared with realistic designs. An example of such a design is presented for use over 2-18 GHz.


An ion channel is a protein with a hole down its middle embedded into the cytoplasmic membrane of a living biological cells. Ion channels facilitate ionic transport across the membrane, thus bridging the intra- and extra-cellular compartments. Properly functioning channels contribute to the healthy state of an organism, making them one of the main targets for pharmaceutical applications. The description and prediction of a channel's performance --conductivity, selectivity, blocking etc., -- under arbitrary experimental conditions starting from its crystal structure thus appears as an important challenge in contemporary theoretical research. The main obstacle for such description arises from the presence of the multiple non-negligible interactions in the system. These include ion-ion, ion-water, ion-ligands, ion-pore, and other interactions. Their self-consistent consideration is essential in narrow ion channels, where due to inter-ion interactions and atomic confinement, the ions move in a single-file highly-correlated manner. Molecular dynamics, the most detailed computational tool to date, does not allow one routinely to evaluate the properties of such channels, while continuous methods overlook the ion-ion interactions. Therefore, one needs a method that combines atomic details with the ability to estimate ionic currents. This thesis focuses on the classical treatment of ion channels. Namely, a Brownian Dynamics simulation is described where the interactions of the ion with other ions and the channel are incorporated via the multi-ion potential of the mean force (PMF). This allows one to model the channel's behaviour under various experimental conditions, while preserving the details of the structure and nanoscale interactions with atomic precision. Secondly, we use the concept of a quasiparticle to describe the highly-correlated ionic motion in the selectivity filter of the KcsA channel. We derive the quasiparticle's effective potential from the multi-ion atomic PMF, thus connecting the quasiparticle's properties with the nanoscale features of the channel. We also evaluate the rates of transition between different quasiparticles by virtue of the BD simulation. These ingredients comprehensively describe the quasiparticle's dynamics which hence serves as an intermediary between the crystal structure and the experimentally observed properties of a narrow ion channel. Lastly, an analytical method to describe the ion-solvent interaction is proposed. It incorporates the ion-solvent and ion-lattice radial density functions, and hence automatically accounts for the pore shape, the type of atoms comprising the lattice, the type of solvent, and the ion's location near the pore entrance. This method paves the way to an analytical decomposition of single-ion PMFs, what is of fundamental importance in predicting the conductive and selective properties of mutated biological ion channels. This method can also find application in designing functionalized artificial nanopores with on-demand transport properties for efficient water desalination.


The effects of salinity on the growth, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, inorganic ions, proline accumulation, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), and catalase (CAT) of 3 cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars (Cengelkoy, Anadolu F1, and Beith Alpha) were investigated. Cucumber cultivars were grown in perlite culture and irrigated with half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution for a period of 35 days under controlled conditions. After this period, seedlings were treated with 150 mM NaCl solution and the plants were harvested on day 7 and day 14 of salt treatment. The fresh and dry weights, RWC, inorganic ions, total chlorophyll, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and SOD, CAT, and APOX activities were determined. In general, the applied salinity affected all of the considered parameters depending on the duration of salt treatment and the cultivars analyzed. Proline content also increased with salinity, but accumulation of proline was lower in Cengelkoy than in the other cultivars. The results suggest that the protection mechanism against oxidative damage due to induced activity of antioxidant enzymes may be better in Cengelkoy than in Beith Alpha or Anadolu F1. The higher K + concentrations, RWC, total chlorophyll content, and SOD, CAT, and APOX activities, together with the lower MDA, proline content, and Na


In this paper, we study the operational availability of a complex technical system consisting of several components. The components are subject to breakdowns, and hence for each component a limited number of spare parts are held in stock. If a system's component fails and it can not be replaced immediately, due to a lack of spares, the system becomes unavailable until a new component is installed. Failed components are disposed of and hence, to keep the spare parts stock at an appropriate level, new components have to be purchased. We assume that only a limited annual budget is available for procurement, while any further procurement requires a considerable lead time. We investigate at an aggregate level what budgets are needed to attain a target availability level for the system. In addition, we develop various operational strategies for spending the annual budget during each year. Numerical results indicate that the so-called Balance Focussed strategy provides the best results in terms of system availability as a function of time.


The city of Helsinki is proud to be the first HundrED Forerunner. As the world around us has become more complex, new and versatile skills are required in order to thrive. HundrED Forerunner identifies top-level innovations that can improve education immediately and at scale. HundrED Forerunner on Helsinki presents system-level innovations for implementing the goals of the new curriculum in Finland.


This paper is based on an inquiry carried out among a small group of children between the ages of 10 and 12 years, who, in the framework of an art-workshop, attended two theatrical performances of the same subject, Homer's Odyssey, but of quite different directorial approaches: the first performance h ad a narrative character following the basic principles of the dramatic model, while the second one belonged to the postdramatic paradigm that tends to subvert all traditional concepts about the structure and the content of a theatrical act. The conversation that followed showed that children have only to gain by their approach to unconventional artworks, as they get stimulated to think in new and diverse directions. As an informed instructor on philosophical and theoretical art-matters is a prerequisite, this paper aims at the construction of a fundamental theoretical framework for the postdramatic model and at the examination of the possibilities of postdramatic performances to function both as carriers of information and as stimulators of new kinds of aesthetic experiences, in an educative manner.


This article explores divergent perspectives on female early marriage and genital modification in Ethiopia. It contrasts international norms and research evidence with local understandings, the latter focusing on the part these practices play in securing family social heritage, wellbeing of girls, and their transition to adulthood. The article explains persistence of these practices in the face of campaigns to eliminate them and questions assumptions behind the international child protection model. It points to unintended adverse consequences of interventions that do not pay sufficient regard to local meanings and social relations, and suggests how policy might be approached differently.


The synthesis of several electron poor allenes bearing electron withdrawing substituents is described and their use as Lewis acids in the field of frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry reported. At room temperature the combination of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) with the allenes under study invariably afforded the corresponding Lewis adducts; however, at -78 °C this reaction is in most of the cases inhibited and kinetically induced organic FLPs are formed. Under these conditions the activation of S-S bonds in disulfides has been achieved in excellent yields.


This study proposes the digital redesign (DR) method for an observer-based output-feedback control in the presence of parametric uncertainties. The term DR is to convert an existing analogue control into an equivalent digital one in the sense of state-matching. The DR problem can be reduced to find the digital gains minimising the norm distance between the closed- loop states of the analogue and digital control. The main feature of the proposed DR is that the state estimation error in the plant dynamics is considered for the state-matching condition. Also, by handling the parametric uncertainties in the concerned system, the robust stability is well guaranteed in the proposed DR procedure. Its constructive conditions are expressed as the linear matrix inequalities A numerical example has been demonstrated to visualise the feasibility of the proposed methodology.


We consider the performance analysis of reconfigurable antenna-aided space shift keying (RectAnt-SSK) system for Internet-of-Things applications. In particular, we propose a mathematical framework for analyzing performance of RectAnt-SSK in a general context using a single RecAnt (equipped with several ideal radiation patterns (RPs)) and multiple receive antennas. We take into account the effect of RPs from RecAnt in conjunction with a ray tracing based two dimensional (2D) channel model. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is then assessed through Monte Carlo simulation using simulated RPs.


Predisposing conditions for acute bacterial meningitis include prematurity, young age, management in an intensive care setting, low socioeconomic background, and crowded living conditions. Clinical findings vary with age and may be nonspecific (altered feeding behavior) or specific (Kernig and Brudzinski signs). Examination and culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are essential for diagnosis. Antigen identification in CSF, serum, or urine by latex agglutination or other techniques can be useful in the identification of the pathogen. Randomized, controlled studies with a single-, double-, or evaluator-blinded design are encouraged. Among neonates, infants, and children, CSF should be examined again 24-36 hours after initiation of therapy. Outcomes should be judged by both clinical and microbiological criteria. Assessment of microbiological outcome is paramount.


This research paper discusses the growing trend of interactive displays in art institutions as a relevant shift in the discourse on photographic literacy, and it is addressed towards curators, archivists, museum professionals, and new media artists with a specialization in photographic studies. The paper explores the concerns of digitized materiality in interactive exhibitions, virtual museums, and image databases. Four cases studies will be utilized in this discussion, including the Peel Art Gallery Museum and Archives, Google Cultural Institute, Flickr: The Commons, and The Lowcounty Digital History Initiative. The relationship between digitized materials and visitors requires an ongoing review of how a diverse demographic of museumgoers read photographs and relate to them in exhibitions. This research paper utilizes topics from new media studies to better understand the implications, benefits, and drawbacks of these different types of displays, and how they fit into the narrative of photographic theory and exhibition design.


system. The purpose of present study was to investigate the protective role of Beta carotene
on cadmium induced testicular damage. Materials and Methods: The present study was
conducted following approval from Institutional Bioethical Committee and strict internationally
accepted guidelines, for the usage of animals in experimental study were. Rats were
divided into four groups with 8 rats in each.The Gr. I rats were administered with the single
dose of normal saline intraperitoneally. Group II received Beta carotene (10 mg/kg bw) orally
for 30 days. Group III received a single dose of 1 mg/kg bw cadmium chloride and Group IV
received Beta carotene for 30 days prior to cadmium administration. After the desired protocol,
rats were sacrificed and both the testes were removed for biochemical and histopathological
evaluation. One testis was fixed in Bouvins fluid and processed or histopathological studies.
The levels of lipid peroxides (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)
were detected in the tissue homogenates of other testis. Results: In the present study, the
level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly high and GSH and SOD (P<0.001) were
low in cadmium treated rats compared to normal control. Pre-treatment with beta carotene
showed a protective effect by decreasing LPO and increasing GS Hand SOD level (P<0.001).
The morphological changes like atrophy of tubules, edema and decreased spermatogenesis
in the testis of rats exposed to cadmium chloride. But, antioxidant showed the normal architecture
of the testis. Conclusion: Results of the present study showed the antioxidative role
of beta carotene in protecting the testis from cadmium induced toxicity.


Cyanuric triazide (CTA), a nitrogen-rich energetic material, was compressed in a diamond anvil cell up to 63.2 GPa. Samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Raman and infrared spectroscopy. A phase transition occurring between 29.8 and 30.7 GPa was found by all three techniques. The bulk modulus and its pressure derivative of the low pressure phase were determined by fitting the 300 K isothermal compression data to the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. Due to the strong photosensitivity of CTA, synchrotron generated x-rays and visible laser radiations both lead to the progressive conversion of CTA into a two dimensional amorphous C=N network, starting from 9.2 GPa. As a result of the conversion, increasingly weak and broad x-ray diffraction lines were recorded from crystalline CTA as a function of pressure. Hence, a definite structure could not be obtained for the high pressure phase of CTA. Results from infrared spectroscopy carried out to 40.5 GPa suggest the formation at high pressure of a lattice built of tri-tetrazole molecular units. The decompression study showed stability of the high pressure phase down to 13.9 GPa. Finally, two CTA samples, one loaded with neon and the other with nitrogen, used as pressure transmitting media, were laser-heated to approximately


ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore experiences of violence and victimization among Black adults with serious mental illnesses (SMIs) in mental health services. Fourteen Black individuals with SMIs participated in semi-structured interviews exploring their experiences and definitions of community. Thematic analysis revealed that participants experienced personal and vicarious criminal/violent encounters, putting them at high risk for adverse mental health and quality of life outcomes. Utilizing the structurally engineered trauma perspective and an intersectionality-based framework, implications for social work practice for preventing and reducing violence and victimization with Black populations with SMIs are discussed.


The purpose of this study was to determine (a) if personal characteristics of nursing students may be significant in potentiating stigma against obese persons (b) if an educational presentation discussing healthcare bias against people affected by obesity and the multi-causal nature of obesity could be useful in improving knowledge about potential barriers and better methods of treatment. A mixed method approach was used for data collection. After the intervention, participants filled out a survey that obtained demographic data, data about attitudes towards obese persons in the form of a Likert scale, and data about knowledge learned in the presentation in the form of open ended short answer questions. The results of the study found that the students regardless of demographic disagreed least with the idea that anyone can lose weight if they simply try harder. It was observed that nearly all participants were surprised with the information presented regarding barriers to weight loss or with prevalence of stigma in healthcare; although all had reported that they had witnessed weight discrimination in a healthcare setting. Recommendations for future research include developing studies involving more students from a larger range of nursing programs. Recommendations for practice include creating a more holistic education on obesity to improve knowledge and awareness on the multifactorial nature of obesity to improve patient care and global health. WEIGHT STIGMA IN HEALTHCARE Mullaney 5


Background: When exposed in previous experiments to a behavioural game in a three-pool laboratory theatre, common goldfish, Carassius auratus (the prey), and little egrets, Egretta garzetta (the predator), demonstrated optimal adjustments in their foraging and anti-foraging behaviours when confronted with different numbers of fish. Question: In a similar theatre with one, two or three pools and a fixed number of fish per pool, will predator and prey again solve the game and optimally adjust their foraging and anti-foraging behaviours? Methods: Experiments were conducted in two identical, circular aviaries (diameter 7 m) consisting of three circular pools (diameter 1.52 m), each of which could be covered so as to remove it from an experiment. We conducted experiments with one, two or three uncovered pools. Each pool had two available fish habitats: protected from predation but without food for fish, and exposed but with food. There were 15 goldfish in each experimental pool. One egret foraged in each aviary (none in controls). The egret moved at will among the pools. During six-hour observation periods, we observed, minute-by-minute, the distribution of fish among their habitats and the movement of the egret among the pools. In addition to compiling summary statistics of the behaviours, we counted the number of successful predation events and analysed the results to test their optimality. Results: As the number of pools changed, the egret changed its foraging behaviour, moving among the pools in a way that maximized its capture success. The time an egret spent hunting correlated with the number of pools available, thus it captured fish at a higher rate when more pools were available. Regardless of the number of pools, egrets captured the same number of goldfish per pool per day. The time that fish used the exposed habitat was negatively correlated with the time the egret foraged in a pool. However, even in one-pool trials, goldfish emerged from protected habitat occasionally, which sometimes led to their capture.


A class of extensions of the Standard Model allows Lorentz and CPT violations, which can be identified by the observation of sidereal modulations in the neutrino interaction rate. A search for such modulations was performed using the T2K on-axis near detector. Two complementary methods were used in this study, both of which resulted in no evidence of a signal. Limits on associated Lorentz and CPT violating terms from the Standard Model Extension have been derived taking into account their correlations in this model for the first time. These results imply such symmetry violations are suppressed by a factor of more than $10^{20}$ at the GeV scale.


MOTIVATION
Targeted mass spectrometry comprises a set of powerful methods to obtain accurate and consistent protein quantification in complex samples. To fully exploit these techniques, a cross-platform and open-source software stack based on standardized data exchange formats is required.

RESULTS
We present TAPIR, a fast and efficient Python visualization software for chromatograms and peaks identified in targeted proteomics experiments. The input formats are open, community-driven standardized data formats (mzML for raw data storage and TraML encoding the hierarchical relationships between transitions, peptides and proteins). TAPIR is scalable to proteome-wide targeted proteomics studies (as enabled by SWATH-MS), allowing researchers to visualize high-throughput datasets. The framework integrates well with existing automated analysis pipelines and can be extended beyond targeted proteomics to other types of analyses.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION
TAPIR is available for all computing platforms under the 3-clause BSD license at https://github.com/msproteomicstools/msproteomicstools.


The 'convective invigoration' hypothesis posits that aerosol affects precipitating clouds by delaying the onset of precipitation until the cloud has grown above the freezing level, making more efficient ice-phase precipitation processes available and leading to more intense precipitation than would have been produced by the same cloud in a less polluted atmosphere. In the IPCC AR5, evidence for a systematic aerosol effect on precipitation intensity (i.e., not limited to individual storms) is described as 'limited and ambiguous'.
We use a combined dataset of spaceborne radar (CloudSat) and lidar (CALIPSO) retrievals of precipitation and cloud thermodynamic phase to derive a climatology of rain occurrence from liquid-phase cloud ('warm rain') and ice-phase cloud ('cold rain'). The cloud-top phase of precipitating cloud serves as a proxy for rain intensity, with warm clouds preferentially producing drizzle and cold clouds preferentially producing more intense rain. This proxy is useful over land, where CloudSat does not retrieve precipitation intensity. In conjunction with aerosol data, the cloud-top phase can be used to test convective invigoration; according to the hypothesis, increasing aerosols should lead to an increase in the cold-rain fraction.

We find that warm rain is extremely rare over the extratropical continents (1.5% of rain occurrences). Warm rain is rarer in the most polluted tercile of observations (measured by reanalysis dry AOD) over wide areas of land and ocean outside the tropics, consistent with expectations under the convective invigoration hypothesis. (In the tropics, the effect is reversed, presumably due to wet scavenging.) Extrapolating the observed relationship between warm-rain fraction and reanalysis dry AOD to preindustrial conditions shows a large anthropogenic aerosol influence on precipitation over the extratropical continents. We propose this as evidence supporting the convective invigoration hypothesis.


Based on the working principle of the TC2400 Tower-belt, the power bond graph of the hoisting mechanism hydraulic system was established under the listing loads condition. The dynamic equations of the system were deduced according to the logical relations amongst the established power bond graph variables. Based on the dynamic equations of the system, the system's simulation model was established using the block diagram of SIMULINK. By setting the simulation parameters of the hydraulic system, this simulation was carried out, and the performance curve of the hydraulic system was obtained. The simulation results checked the validity of the simulation method, proved the feasibility to build model and simulate the hydraulic system of the large construction machinery by combining power bond graph with SIMULINK, and provided a theoretical direction for improving and optimizing the system.


The spread of information technology has changed the role of language teachers considerably. Being a good educator and an expert in their field are not enough anymore, but teachers are expected to be modern, which means, to possess the ability to design interactive classes (often by using digital tools) and use teaching methods that engage students in a creative way. Today it is a general requirement for teachers to know their way around technology and to possess the know-how of implementing it in a way that fosters language learning. To this purpose teachers need to take into account all facets of technology use, including the advantages and disadvantages of technology-mediated tasks, their usefulness for language learning (e.g. if they are related to the topic of the lesson, are challenging enough for students), helpful resources for students, etc. Technology is regarded as a supplementary instrument to traditional teaching methods that can impact students' motivation to learn in a positive way, provided it is used for activities that are in line with their needs and expectations. Task-based activities are considered to be especially useful in this regard, allowing students to practice their language skills in an authentic context and also develop creative thinking and problem solving abilities. Web 2.0 technologies (e.g. software programs for creating quizzes and polls, language learning websites, chat programs, wikis, etc.) offer a variety of valuable resources both for activities in the classroom and for practice at home.


Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) is an important satellite precipitation product of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. Quantitative information about the errors of IMERG has great significance for the data developers and end users. In order to investigate the characteristics and the source of the errors contained in IMERG, a bias-decomposition scheme was employed to evaluate the hourly IMERG over the eastern part of Mainland China during the warm season. First, the total bias of IMERG before and after calibration (termed as precipitationUncal and precipitationCal) was calculated using rain gauge measurements as reference. Then the bias was decomposed into three independent components including false bias, missed bias, and hit bias. Finally, the hit bias was further decomposed according to the rainfall intensity measured by rain gauges. The results indicate that (1) the bias of precipitationUncal over the north part is dominated by hit bias and false bias, leading to the serious overestimation for the precipitation over this area, but it underestimates the precipitation over the south part with the false bias and missed bias acting as major contributors; (2) the precipitationCal overestimates the precipitation over more than 80% of the study areas mainly as a result of a large amplitude of false bias; (3) the calibration algorithm used by IMERG could not reduce the missed bias and enlarges the false bias over some regions, revealing a shortcoming of this algorithm in that it could not effectively alleviate the bias resulting from the rain areas delineation; (4) the hit bias of IMERG is strongly related with the rainfall intensity of rain gauge measurements, which should be beneficial for reducing the errors of IMERG. This study provides a deep insight into the characteristics and sources of the biases inherent in IMERG, which is significant for its utilization and possible correction in future.


The emergence of educational technology ("EdTech") in developing countries has been received as a promising avenue to address some of the most challenging policy questions within educational systems. In this paper, I review and synthesize all existing studies with credible causal identification frameworks of EdTech interventions in developing countries. While other studies review the evidence for EdTech interventions in developed countries, there is currently no equivalent study for developing contexts, in spite of the rising number of studies being produced. I classify studies into four thematic categories based on the type of EdTech intervention analyzed: (1) access to technology, (2) technology-enabled behavioral interventions, (3) improvements to instruction, and (4) self-led learning. I find that EdTech interventions centered around self-led learning and improvements to instruction are the most effective forms of EdTech at raising learning outcomes. Similarly, technology-enabled behavioral interventions are less promising for generating large effects but highly cost-effective given their typically low marginal costs. While expanding access to technology alone is not sufficient to improve learning, it is a necessary first step for other types of interventions. More broadly, the overall success of interventions rests on the thoughtful customization of the EdTech solution to the policy constraints at hand. Finally, EdTech interventions across all thematic areas can and should act as complements by leveraging their respective comparative advantages to address deficiencies within educational systems in developing countries. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Ion-exchange removal of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in synthetic urine can selectively remove pharmaceuticals with minimal coremoval of nutrients to enhance nutrient recovery efforts. However, the effect of endogenous metabolites in urine on ion-exchange removal, and the corresponding reduction in ecotoxicity potential of pharmaceuticals in treated urine entering the environment, is unknown. To assess treatment efficacy, this work paired predicted breakthrough curves determined by the homogeneous surface diffusion model to an in vitro bioassay to evaluate COX-1 inhibition. The presence of endogenous metabolites in urine significantly impacted pharmaceutical removal, by competing for ion-exchange sites on the resin and reducing the resin capacity for pharmaceuticals. This indicates ion-exchange would be ineffective at removing NSAIDs and other negatively charged compounds in urine. Due to hydrolysis of pharmaceutical metabolites back to the parent compound, treatment systems should be designed based on the ultimate pharmaceutical concentration in ureolyzed urine. Mass removal and COX-1 inhibition followed a nonlinear correlation and mixture toxicity followed the generalized concentration addition model. This work demonstrates the importance of evaluating removal of contaminants of emerging concern, such as pharmaceuticals, using a risk-based approach to ecotoxicity end points in conjunction with mass removal.


Abstract—The wide range of industrial applications involved with boiling flows promotes the necessity of establishing fundamental knowledge in boiling flow phenomena. For this purpose, a number of experimental and numerical researches have been performed to elucidate the underlying physics of this flow. In this paper, the improved wall boiling models, implemented on ANSYS CFX 14.5, were introduced to study subcooled boiling flow at elevated pressure. At the heated wall boundary, the Fractal model, Force balance approach and Mechanistic frequency model are given for predicting the nucleation site density, bubble departure diameter, and bubble departure frequency. The presented wall heat flux partitioning closures were modified to consider the influence of bubble sliding along the wall before the lift-off, which usually happens in the flow boiling. The simulation was performed based on the Two-fluid model, where the standard k-ω SST model was selected for turbulence modelling. Existing experimental data at around 5 bars were chosen to evaluate the accuracy of the presented mechanistic approach. The void fraction and Interfacial Area Concentration (IAC) are in good agreement with the experimental data. However, the predicted bubble velocity and Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) are over-predicted. This over-prediction may be caused by consideration of only dispersed and spherical bubbles in the simulations. In the future work, the important physical mechanisms of bubbles, such as merging and shrinking during sliding on the heated wall will be incorporated into this mechanistic model to enhance its capability for a wider range of flow prediction.


Various factors affecting the reproductive success of Vespacrabro and Dolichovespula saxonica (Vespinae), including their parasitoids, parasites, pathogens and other micro organisms accompanying their nests in the city of LodzŸ in Poland were investigated. Sphecophaga vesparum, Aphomia sociella and especially Quedius brevicornis, whose larvae cause destruction of wasp nests, were recorded. Totally 19 species or groups of bacteria, including pathogens like Pseudomon aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, and 5 species of fungi were identified. Cities create very good conditions for wasp societies. Unfortunately, their presence can cause specific but important risks to humans, which lead to massive destruction of wasp nests. However, this does not cause considerable decrease in the number of colonies of common wasp species but less abundant species may be endangered in cities by this practice. It is thus recommended to limit the number of all wasp nests destroyed and to discriminate between the species.


The results of our investigation of ion implantation of PLGA show that the PLGA films undergo crosslinking, carbonization and etching. The PLGA coating degrades in water by a hydrolysis reaction. The dewetting of PLGA coating under water is observed on silicon wafer, metal and carbon surfaces. As the result, the coating is ruptured up to separate drops of PLGA on the surface. The dewetting process can be eliminated by an ion beam implantation treatment, when the ions penetrate through the whole PLGA coating. The dewetting process in the modified layer can be eliminated even with low fluence (10^14 ions/cm2) modification. The amount of degradable PLGA in the modified layer depends on the fluence of ion implantation and can equal up to 80% of the film at low fluence of 10^14 ions/cm2.


Insertion of turundas covered with pilastin into the acoustic meatus alleviates exacerbation of chronic otitis media purulenta. As a result, disability does not last more than 2-12 days and was followed by a persistent remission and activation of immunity. Pilastin enhances proliferation and division of lymphocytes, increases blood levels of IgG and IgA.


The coupling between cardiac mechanics and electric signaling is addressed in a nonstandard framework in which the electrical potential dictates the active strain (not stress) of the muscle. The physiological and mathematical motivations leading us to this choice are illustrated. The propagation of the electric signal is assumed to be governed by the FitzHugh-Nagumo equations, rewritten in material coordinates with a deforming substrate; the solution is compared with the rigid case, and differences in celerity and width of a pulse are discussed. The role of viscoelasticity is pointed out. We show that the stretching of coordinates is insufficient to originate electromechanical feedback; nevertheless, it can increase the energy of a perturbation enough to produce a traveling pulse: an energy estimate and numerical evidence are reported. To support these conclusions, numerical simulations in two dimensions show the interplay between electric propagation and mechanical strain.


The material presented in this paper resulted from ethnographic research conducted with the Grand Canyon Forest Partnership (GCFP) of Flagstaff, Arizona, in the fall of 2001, as well as continued attention to the public discourse of commercial timber harvesting, forest fire prevention, ecological restoration, and ecosystem management in Southwestern ponderosa pine (Pin us ponderosa) forests. In general terms, the paper reflects an increasing concern for and attention to the nation's forest lands, primarily in response to what forest experts consider unnatural forest fire behavior. These fires, in turn, constitute a symptom of declining health and sustainability of forest ecosystems. More specifically, this paper concerns the "large tree" or "diameter cap" issue involving Flagstaff area forest restoration prescriptions. Because the "large tree" issue is central to the debate over forest policy and management in the American Southwest and elsewhere, it has become a focal point for regional conflict. The story of this issue as it played out within the GCFP illustrates a local community-level example of what has become widespread in national environmental political culture.


The author presents a new strategy to select a minimal test pattern set as a basis for test pattern generation by specific software or hardware modules. In contrast to other proposals this procedure is totally independent of the used test pattern generation algorithm. Based on the basic deterministic test pattern set, the test generation hardware can be easily realized. It is possible to show that the storage requirements could be drastically reduced on an average of more than 80% compared with the original deterministic test pattern sets.<<ETX>>


This paper describes an extension of an intelligent acoustic event detection system, which is able to recognize sounds of dangerous events such as breaking glass or gunshot sounds in urban environment from commonly used noise monitoring stations. We propose to extend the system the way that it would not only detect the gunshots, but it would identify a suspects gun/pistol type as well. Such extension could help the investigation process and the suspect identification. The proposed extension provides a new functionality of the gun type recognition (classification) based on audio recordings captured. This research topic is discussed in other research papers marginally. Different kinds of features were extracted for this challenging task and feature vectors were reduced by using mutual information based feature selection algorithms. The proposed system uses two phase selection process, HMM (Hidden Markov Model) classification and Viterbi based decoding algorithm. The presented approach reached promising results in the experiments (higher than 80% of ACC and TPR).


This article examines the training needs of educators working in the further education (FE), adult education, and Second Chance sectors in the Republic of Ireland. The research on which it is based was funded jointly by the European Union Leonardo da Vinci Programme and the Department of Education and Science of Ireland and took place from 1998 to 2003. It consisted of a survey of the coordinators of 162 further education (FE) centres and follow up interviews with 13 of these coordinators. The paper concentrates largely on the skills and competencies identified as the key to providing a quality service for the clientele of FE in Ireland. It begins by describing the different types of provision which the FE label refers to in Ireland and then presents some quantitative data which establishes the training deficit suffered by staff in the system. The main part of the paper is based on the interview data obtained, which offers a very complex picture of the skills and competencies perceived as vital in delivering a service which meets the needs of the clientele. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the extent to which further and adult educators perceive personal development and interpersonal communications skills to be the most vital tools in their work. In consequence, it is argued, programmes of professional development for staff in this field must find ways to enhance these skills.


Thionic Fluvisols soil in Southern Vietnam is like typical acid sulfate soil in the tropics and is severely polluted due to human activities. Salinity intrusion and industrial wastewater contamination are the main cause of environmental degradation in soil ecosystem. This research was aimed to determine a link between biochemical soil properties and land use types to provide suitable solutions for afforestation and soil restoration. Soil sampling was conducted in five different land use types at four soil layers (O, AB, Bj and Cp). The five land use types were sugarcane crop; Melaleuca plantation; 2-year Acacia plantation; 5-year Acacia plantation; and control (grass-covered land). The results showed that soil in those five land use types were very acidic (pH ≤ 4) having poor-nutrient condition with  range of  orthophosphate  content  of 378 - 640 mg/kg, N-NH 4 of 586 - 999 mg/kg and N-NO 3 of 830 - 1,112 mg/kg. Concentration of toxic ions was very high with large variation among land use types and soil depths i.e. 1,799 – 12,403 mg SO 4 2- /kg; 22 - 1,645 mg exchangeable Fe/kg and 34 - 88 mg Al 3+ /kg soil. The lowest concentration of exchangeable Fe 3+ and SO 4 2- ions were found in sugarcane and Melaleuca plantations, respectively. Twenty-three sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and two iron-oxidizing bacteria were identified. All these bacteria were initially identified as Thiobacillus sp. Sugarcane and Melaleuca plantations exhibited the most diverse Thiobacillus species which linked to reduction of exchangeable Fe and SO 4 2- concentrations in these two land use types. This study indicated that Thiobacillus sp. could grow well in the Thionic Fluvisols. It is proposed that Melaleuca and sugarcane species could reduce iron and sulfur contents in Thionic Fluvisols in the tropics.


Human fall in the elderly population is one of the major causes of injury or bone fracture: it can be a cause of various injuries (e.g., fracture, concussion, and joint inflammation). It also could be a possible cause of death in a severe case. To detect human fall, various fall detection algorithms have been devised. Most fall detection algorithms rely on signals from a single accelerometer or gyroscope and use a threshold-based method to detect the human fall. However, these algorithms need careful adjustment of a threshold for each subject and cannot detect the direction of falls. In this study, we propose a novel fall recognition algorithm using a pair of a tri-axial accelerometer and a tri-axial gyroscope. Our fall recognition algorithm utilizes a set of augmented features including autoregressive (AR) modeling coefficients of signals, signal magnitude area (SMA), and gradients of angles from the sensors. After Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) of the augmented features, an Artificial Neural Nets (ANNs) is utilized to recognize four directional human falls: namely forward fall, backward fall, right-side fall, and left-side fall. Our recognition results show the mean recognition rate of 95.8%. Our proposed fall recognition technique should be useful in the investigation of fall-related injuries and possibly in the prevention of falls for the elderly.


Healthcare professionals and patients are (or should be) interested in understanding the benefits of health care. We should be able to know the expected treatment benefits and to see quantifiable evidence that supports those expectations. Such information is a requirement in all clinical studies and there have long been calls for the systematic recording of health outcomes. Without such information how will healthcare professionals differentiate between treatments that yield health benefits – and those that do not? Key to the measurement of outcomes in healthcare is an understanding as to what is meant by "health", a concept that continues to evade a universally agreed definition. The measurement of health outcomes provides three key pieces of information – it identifies whether or not anything has changed, the direction of any change and its magnitude. New approaches to measuring health outcomes herald new ways of managing and delivering healthcare in the twenty-first century.


The associations between smoking, caffeine, and alcohol intake and the risk of duodenal ulcer have rarely been investigated prospectively. We examined these associations in a prospective cohort of 47,806 men, 40–75 years of age, using a mailed baseline questionnaire in 1986, with follow‐up every 2 years through 1992. During 6 years of follow‐up, we documented 138 newly diagnosed cases of duodenal ulcer. After adjustment for age, energy‐adjusted dietary fiber, body mass index, and use of aspirin or other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, current smoking was not associated with a substantial risk of duodenal ulcer [relative risk (RR) = 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61–1.89]. Overall, past smokers were not at increased risk compared with never‐smokers (RR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.69–1.42). Adjusting for other risk factors, alcohol intake (comparing those who drink >30 gm of alcohol per day to nondrinkers) was not associated with higher risk of duodenal ulcer (RR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.42–1.29). We observed little association between caffeine, caffeine‐containing beverages, and decaffeinated coffee and the risk of duodenal ulcer. These results indicate that smoking is not associated with a substantial increase in risk of duodenal ulcer, nor is high intake of alcohol and caffeine.


This paper aims to answer how best to model education attainment, which is an individual-level variable, in household-level income functions. The accepted practice in the literature is to use the education level of the household head. This paper compares the head-of-household model to three competing models and concludes that the maximum or average level of education in the household is a better explanatory variable of household income. Least absolute deviations (LAD) estimators and censored least absolute deviations (CLAD) estimators are used to predict income. Standard errors, which are robust to violations of homoscedasticity and independence, are generated by a boot-strap method that replicates the two-stage sample design.


This thesis describes a connectionist approach to learning and long-term memory consolidation, inspired by empirical studies on the roles of the hippocampus and neocortex in the brain. The existence of complementary learning systems is due to demands posed on our cognitive system because of the nature of our experiences. It has been shown that dual-network architectures utilizing information transfer successfully can avoid the phenomenon of catastrophic forgetting involved in multiple sequence learning. The experiments involves a Reverberated Simple Recurrent Network which is trained on multiple sequences with the memory being reinforced by means of self-generated pseudopatterns. My focus will be on the implications of how differentiated learning speed affects the level of forgetting, without explicit training on the data used to form the existing memory.