Wood ash amendment to forest soils contributes to the sustainability of the growing bioenergy industry, not only through decreased wood ash waste disposal in landfills but also by increasing soil/site productivity and tree growth. However, tree growth studies to date have reported variable responses to wood ash, highlighting the need to identify proper application rates under various soil/site conditions to maximize their benefits. We explored the influence of tree species, wood ash nutrient application rates, time since application, stand development stage, and initial (i.e., before wood ash application) soil pH and N on short‐term tree growth response to wood ash amendment across eight unique study sites spanning five Canadian Provinces. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb) had the most positive response to wood ash amendment compared to white (Picea glauca Moench), hybrid (Picea engelmannii x glauca Parry), and black spruce (Picea mariana Miller), where increasing nutrient application rates increased height growth response. In comparison, black spruce had the most negative response to wood ash amendment, where increasing nutrient application rates slightly decreased height growth response. Site as a random effect explained additional variation, highlighting the importance of other unidentified site characteristics. By examining trends in short‐term growth response across multiple studies with variable site characteristics, we found growth response differed by tree species and nutrient application rates, and that jack pine is a promising candidate for wood ash amendment. These results contribute to our knowledge of optimal wood ash amendment practices and environmentally sustainable bioenergy production.


Abstract Context Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) have many factors that are associated with pressure ulcer formation, including paralysis, loss of sensation, poor nutrition, anemia, and skin maceration related to incontinence. Treatment of these ulcers involves relieving pressure, improving nutrition and skin hygiene, treating infections, removing necrotic tissues, and applying the appropriate dressings. However, some cases are not responsive to the above treatment. Electrical stimulation (ES) is thought to enhance soft tissue healing through promotion of protein synthesis, inhibition of bacterial growth, facilitation of epithelial tissue migration, improvement of blood flow, and tensile strength. This data is mainly based on evidence from animal studies and very few rigorously controlled studies conducted in humans. Objective To demonstrate the effectiveness of ES in the treatment of recalcitrant pressure ulcers. Methods Retrospective case series describing the care of adults with SCI and recalcitrant pressure ulcers. ES was applied directly into the wound bed: 60 minutes per session, 3–5 times per week; with an intensity of 100 milliamperes and a frequency of 100 pulses per second. Polarity was negative initially and was switched weekly. The amplitude and wave form were maintained throughout. Results The long-standing (11–14 months) pressure ulcers were completely healed after 7 to 22 weeks of treatment with high-voltage ES. Conclusion/clinical relevance This case series demonstrates the effectiveness of ES for enhanced healing of Stage III–IV ulcers otherwise unresponsive to standard wound care. Further study is needed to identify the most effective protocol for ES therapy in the treatment of recalcitrant pressure ulcers.


Abstract. Fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) is the major contributor of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere, and accurate quantification is essential to better understand the carbon cycle. Since October 2012, we have been continuously measuring the mixing ratios of CO, CO2, CH4, and H2O at five different heights at the Beromunster tall tower, Switzerland. Air samples for radiocarbon (Δ14CO2) analysis have also been collected from the highest sampling inlet (212.5 m) of the tower on a biweekly basis. A correction was applied for 14CO2 emissions from nearby nuclear power plants (NPPs), which have been simulated with the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART-COSMO. The 14CO2 emissions from NPPs offset the depletion in 14C by fossil fuel emissions, resulting in an underestimation of the fossil fuel component in atmospheric CO2 by about 16 %. An average observed ratio (RCO) of 13.4 ± 1.3 mmol mol−1 was calculated from the enhancements in CO mixing ratios relative to the clean-air reference site Jungfraujoch (ΔCO) and the radiocarbon-based fossil fuel CO2 mole fractions. The wintertime RCO estimate of 12.5 ± 3.3 is about 30 % higher than the wintertime ratio between in situ measured CO and CO2 enhancements at Beromunster over the Jungfraujoch background (8.7 mmol mol−1) corrected for non-fossil contributions due to strong biospheric contribution despite the strong correlation between ΔCO and ΔCO2 in winter. By combining the ratio derived using the radiocarbon measurements and the in situ measured CO mixing ratios, a high-resolution time series of CO2ff was calculated exhibiting a clear seasonality driven by seasonal variability in emissions and vertical mixing. By subtracting the fossil fuel component and the large-scale background, we have determined the regional biospheric CO2 component that is characterized by seasonal variations ranging between −15 and +30 ppm. A pronounced diurnal variation was observed during summer modulated by biospheric exchange and vertical mixing, while no consistent pattern was found during winter.


Three short novels show Golding at his subtle, ironic, mysterious best. The Scorpion God depicts a challenge to primal authority as the god-ruler of an ancient civilization lingers near death. Clonk Clonk is a graphic account of a crippled youth's triumph over his tormentors in a primitive matriarchal society. Envoy Extraordinary is a tale of Imperial Rome where the emperor loves his illegitimate son more than his own arrogant, loutish heir.


Objectives To investigate the quality of reporting for randomised controlled trials of acupuncture for neurological disorders conducted in China before and after the implementation of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA) guidelines. Methods The quality of reporting for included papers was assessed against a subset of criteria adapted from CONSORT and STRICTA. CONSORT and STRICTA were developed in 1996 and 2001, respectively. Thus, for the date of publication we selected 2-year periods, at 5-yearly intervals: 1994–1995; 1999–2000; 2004–2005 and 2009–2010. These selections cover the periods before the publication dates of both guidelines (1996, 2001) and at least 3 years afterwards, and provide reasonably up-to-date data. We calculated the total score for each guideline and compared reported differences during different date ranges. Results For CONSORT items (maximum score 8), there was evidence of a slight improvement in reporting between 1994–1995 and 1999–2000 combined (2.5±0.6) and 2004–2005 and 2009–2010 combined (3.0±0.9) (difference 0.5, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.8). For STRICTA items (maximum score 17), there was evidence of a slight improvement in reporting between 1994–1995 and 1999–2000 combined (8.9±1.8) and 2004–2005 and 2009–2010 combined (10.3±1.6) (difference 1.4, 95% CI 0.9 to 1.9). Conclusions The quality of reporting for studies of acupuncture for neurological disorders has generally improved since the implementation of STRICTA and CONSORT guidelines.


Correlation of the petrographic and magnetic properties of the magnetic minerals contained in rocks is least ambiguous when both properties are determined on the same individual mineral grain. Petrographic properties of grains and structures at least as small as 0.05 μm can be obtained from a combination of conventional and modem techniques, including reflected-light microscopy, scanning-electron microscopy, x-ray energy spectrometry, x-ray diffraction analysis, and etching techniques. Our initial results indicate that naturally occurring magnetite commonly contains a rich variety of submicroscopic inclusions and structures, heretofore unobserved, which probably have considerable effect on the magnetic properties of their hosts. After petrographic characterization, the magnetic properties of the individual grain can be determined by the use of vibrating sample and small-reentrant cryogenic magnetometers, an A.F. demagnetization unit, and a sensitive Curie balance system.


Rainfall intensities during heavy rain events over the continental U.S. are compared for several advanced radar products. These products include the following: 1) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) near-surface estimates; 2) NOAA Quantitative Precipitation Estimation very high resolution (1 km, instantaneous) radar-only national mosaics (Q2); 3) very high resolution gauge-adjusted radar national mosaics, which we have developed by applying a gauge correction on the Q2 products; and 4) several independent C-band dual-polarimetric radar-estimated rainfall samples collected with the Advanced C-band Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research (ARMOR) radar in Alabama. These instantaneous rainfall rate fields [i.e., 1)-3)] can be considered as radar products with the largest coverage currently available from space- and ground-based radar observations. Although accumulated rainfall amounts are often similar, we find the PR and Q2 rain-rate histograms quite different. PR rain-rate histograms are shifted toward lower rain rates, implying a much larger stratiform/convective rain ratio than do products such as Q2. The shift is more evident during strong continental convective storms and not as pronounced in tropical rain. A "continental/maritime regime" behavior is also observed upon adjusting the Q2 products to rain gauges, yet the rain amount more closely agrees with that of PR. The independent PR/ARMOR comparisons confirm this systematic regime behavior. In addition, comparisons are performed over central Florida where PR, Q2, and the NASA TRMM ground validation products are available. These comparisons show large discrepancies among all three products. Resolving the large discrepancies between the products presents an important set of challenges related to improving remote-sensing estimates of precipitation in general and during extreme events in particular.


OBJECTIVE:To compare the inhibitory effect of a novel proton pump inhibitor (PPI), tenatoprazole 40 mg once daily, with esomeprazole 40 mg once daily on intragastric acidity.METHODS:A randomized, investigator-blind, two-way, crossover study was conducted in 30 healthy Helicobacter pylori negative male volunteers. Tenatoprazole 40 mg or esomeprazole 40 mg was administered once daily for 7 consecutive days with a 4-wk washout period between treatments. Ambulatory 24-h intragastric pH was recorded at baseline, after 7 days' treatment, and 3 and 5 days after treatment was stopped.RESULTS:At presumed steady-state (day 7), median 24-h pH values were 5.02 and 4.79 for tenatoprazole and esomeprazole, respectively. There was a significant difference between tenatoprazole and esomeprazole during the nocturnal period when mean pH was 4.64 ± 0.67 versus 3.61 ± 0.90, respectively (p < 0.0001), as well as a significantly higher mean percentage of time with pH >4 on tenatoprazole (72.5 ± 14.9 vs 62.2 ± 13.6, p < 0.0001). The effect of tenatoprazole was still present 5 days after treatment withdrawal especially during the night-time. The mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve and elimination half-time was significantly higher in the tenatoprazole group as compared with the esomeprazole group.CONCLUSION:Tenatoprazole 40 mg daily provides a prolonged duration of acid suppression and a shorter nocturnal acid breakthrough in healthy volunteers, even after stopping the drug. Thus, tenatoprazole may provide greater clinical efficacy for patients in whom a once daily PPI is ineffective. Further studies are indicated.


This is the first study to apply to the topics of workplace democracy or change in political culture both before" and "after" sample survey data as well as long-term participant observation.Originally published in 1981.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


4.1 Introduction

So far, we have considered refracting imaging systems: a spherical refracting surface in Chapter 1, a thin lens in Chapter 2, and a plane-parallel plate in Chapter 3. Now we consider the imaging properties of a spherical reflecting surface, i.e., a spherical mirror. These properties can be obtained in a manner similar to that for a spherical refracting surface. However, the geometry of the problem is different since now a ray incident on the surface is reflected back into the same medium containing the incident ray, instead of being refracted into another medium. Accordingly, it is instructive to draw object and image rays and not blindly use the imaging and aberration relations appropriate for a reflecting surface. In this chapter, we give the relations describing the primary aberrations of a spherical mirror for an arbitrary position of the aperture stop. These relations are applied to specific cases, one when the aperture stop is located at the mirror and the other when it is located at its center of curvature. It is shown that, in the first case, field curvature and distortion are zero. In the second case, coma, astigmatism, and distortion are zero. A numerical problem illustrates these results.

4.2 Primary Aberration Function

Consider an imaging system consisting of a spherical mirror of radius of curvature R and focal length f. Let the aperture stop and the corresponding exit pupil of the system be located as indicated in Figure 4-1. The line joining the center of curvature C of the mirror and the center of the aperture stop (and, therefore, the center O of the exit pupil) defines the optical axis of the system. Consider an object lying at a distance S from the vertex V 0 of the mirror. Let the height of an object point P from the optical axis be h. The distance S ′ and height h ′ of its Gaussian image P ′ are given by 1 S +1 S ′ =−2 R =1 f and M=h ′ h =S ′ +R S+R =−S ′ /S, respectively, where M is the magnification of the image.


Percutaneous absorption of 14C-labeled benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was studied in five-day in vivo and in vitro experiments with female Sprague-Dawley rats following single topical doses of 9-10 micrograms/cm2. The in vivo percutaneous absorption was measured by the presence of 14C radioactivity in urine, feces and tissues. In vitro percutaneous absorption was measured with excised (non-viable) skin in Franz-type diffusion cells. Several modifications of standard diffusion cell techniques which are known to enhance the transport of lipophilic compounds were evaluated. In vitro penetration was determined by directly measuring the level of 14C radioactivity in the receptor fluid. BaP was observed to readily penetrate in vivo with a total of 46.2% (n = 4, SD = 3.4%) of the applied dose being absorbed over five days. In in vitro experiments using an approximately 350 micronthick skin section and normal saline receptor solution, only 2.1% of the applied BaP diffused into the receptor fluid over five days. In in vitro experiments using full-thickness skin and a 6% solution of nonionic surfactant receptor fluid, 28.0% of the applied BaP diffused into the receptor fluid over five days. When both an approximately 350 microns-thick skin section and a 6% surfactant receptor solution were used in vitro, 49.9% (n = 4, SD = 3.1%) of the BaP dose was found in the receptor fluid after five days. The results show that the modified in vitro method is suitable for studying percutaneous absorption of lipophilic compounds such as BaP.


Tree-structured neural network architectures for sentence encoding draw inspiration from the approach to semantic composition generally seen in formal linguistics, and have shown empirical improvements over comparable sequence models by doing so. Moreover, adding multiplicative interaction terms to the composition functions in these models can yield significant further improvements. However, existing compositional approaches that adopt such a powerful composition function scale poorly, with parameter counts exploding as model dimension or vocabulary size grows. We introduce the Lifted Matrix-Space model, which uses a global transformation to map vector word embeddings to matrices, which can then be composed via an operation based on matrix-matrix multiplication. Its composition function effectively transmits a larger number of activations across layers with relatively few model parameters. We evaluate our model on the Stanford NLI corpus, the Multi-Genre NLI corpus, and the Stanford Sentiment Treebank and find that it consistently outperforms TreeLSTM (Tai et al., 2015), the previous best known composition function for tree-structured models.


Medication reconciliation is an important and complex task for which careful user interface design has the potential to help reduce errors and improve quality of care. In this paper we focus on the hospital discharge scenario and first describe a novel interface called Twinlist. Twinlist illustrates the novel use of spatial layout combined with multi-step animation, to help medical providers see what is different and what is similar between the lists (e.g., intake list and hospital list), and rapidly choose the drugs they want to include in the reconciled list. We then describe a series of variant designs and discuss their comparative advantages and disadvantages. Finally we report on a pilot study that suggests that animation might help users learn new spatial layouts such as the one used in Twinlist.


Alcohol use during the day is common amongst British MPs and Parliamentary staff even when Parliament is in session. MPs are frequently under the influence of alcohol when deciding on important bills, potentially affecting their judgement. Lobbying from the alcohol and the tobacco industries is rife in Parliament. What hope is there to change alcohol and tobacco policy in a more rational and healthy direction if the companies responsible for their harms are corrupting the political process in this fashion? We propose recommendations in line with the standards required for doctors.


Thermal, metabolic, and circulatory responses were studied in six hill-walkers taking part in a 28-mile (45-km.) walk in rough country in autumn and winter, air temperatures being 6 to 12° C. and –2 to 2° C., respectively. Though they were an apparently well-matched party, the walkers had to split into three pairs to avoid exhaustion. They adjusted their clothing so that mean skin temperatures were similar in both warm and cold conditions, the average value being 30·5° C. compared with the resting comfort range of 33 to 34·5° C. When, on the winter trial, skin temperatures were lowered by reduction of clothing, mean skin temperatures fell to 26·5 to 27·8° C., one subject showing a value of 21·3° C. These temperatures were associated with moderate discomfort from cold. Gut temperatures during exercise, measured with a radio pill, averaged 38·7 to 37·9° C. on the autumn exercise. Slightly lower values were observed in winter, but this was associated with slower walking rather than cold stress. A fat and a thin subject walking together with minimal clothing showed widely different temperature responses, the fatter subject having a lower skin temperature and higher gut temperature than his companion. These results were compared with other results on extreme cold stress and discussed in relation to hypothermia. Heart rate and blood pressure findings were unremarkable, except for increased post-exercise heart rates and standing/lying heart rate differences, and a tendency to postural hypotension associated with exhaustion. Blood volume was not reduced in exhaustion and there were no significant changes in blood electrolytes or other constituents apart from a small rise in potassium. Ketonuria developed in all subjects.


With the rising use of social media and in particular the visual elements of 'selfies' by young adults, recent research has explored the ways in which the images of the female body are scrutinised and stigmatised if non-conformity towards an idealised body image is apparent (Chrisler, 2011). This current trend of social media surveillance and self-regulation has led to recent moves towards young females removing their pubic hair with clinicians claiming that it is now unusual to examine a female under the age of 30 years who still has pubic hair (Braun, Tricklebank & Clarke, 2013; Riddell, Varto & Hodgson, 2010). These are ways in which the intimate appearances of genitalia become enveloped within everyday life.
This qualitative research uses one-to-one, semi-structured interviews analysed using a discursive analysis with females aged 18 to 30 years old, with differing sexual orientations to explore their own perceptions and practices of this particular grooming regime. This research is still in progress at this time but initial findings suggest that participants predominantly cite the removal of pubic hair as a hygienic issue together with narratives of non-shaving resulting in a lessening of sexual activity (this can take the form of self-monitoring whereby not having shaved before a night out will stem sexual activity together with partners' (either male or female) influencing shaving behaviours by refusing to have oral sex if the vaginal area is not fully shaved. All participants cite pornography and the media (television programmes such as Geordie Shore) as being instrumental in this trend.


A fundamental question in epistemological philosophy is whether reason may be based on a priori knowledge—that is, knowledge that precedes and which is independent of experience. In modern science, the concept of innateness has been associated with particular behaviors and types of knowledge, which supposedly have been present in the organism since birth (in fact, since fertilization)—prior to any sensory experience with the environment.
 This line of investigation has been traditionally linked to two general types of qualities: the first consists of instinctive and inflexible reflexes, traits, and behaviors, which are apparent in survival, mating, and rearing activities. The other relates to language and cognition, with certain concepts, ideas, propositions, and particular ways of mental computation suggested to be part of one's biological make-up. While both these types of innatism have a long history (e.g., debate by Plato and Descartes), some bias appears to exist in favor of claims for inherent behavioral traits, which are typically accepted when satisfactory empirical evidence is provided. One famous example is Lorenz's demonstration of imprinting, a natural phenomenon that obeys a predetermined mechanism and schedule (incubator-hatched goslings imprinted on Lorenz's boots, the first moving object they encountered). Likewise, there seems to be little controversy in regard to predetermined ways of organizing sensory information, as is the case with the detection and classification of shapes and colors by the mind.
 In contrast, the idea that certain types of abstract knowledge may be part of an organism's biological endowment (i.e., not learned) is typically met with a greater sense of skepticism. The most influential and controversial claim for such innate knowledge in modern science is Chomsky's nativist theory of Universal Grammar in language, which aims to define the extent to which human languages can vary; and the famous Argument from the Poverty of the Stimulus. The main Chomskyan hypothesis is that all human beings share a preprogrammed linguistic infrastructure consisting of a finite set of general principles, which can generate (through combination or transformation) an infinite number of (only) grammatical sentences. Thus, the innate grammatical system constrains and structures the acquisition and use of all natural languages.


This paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing Buddhist-Christian dialogue bybringing together the teachings of Zen Master Dōgen and the Russian Christianphilosopher Nikolai Berdyaev. This dialogue discusses a metaethical question:What is the foundation of ethical practice? I aim to show that Dōgen's idea of"buddha-nature" and Berdyaev's idea of "personality" can be understood as thefoundations of ethical practice in ways that are similar and mutually clarifyingin their total affirmation of human temporal existence. We begin by discussingthe general contours of Dōgen's practice-realization and Berdyaev's creativeethics, and then proceed to a comparative examination of the foundationof ethics found in Dōgen's notion of Buddha-nature and Berdyaev's notionof personality. The comparison considers four facets of Buddha-nature andpersonality: being, time, nothingness, and impermanence. First, we show howboth thinkers consider the ground of ethics to be something inseparable fromthe entire being of an individual and the being of all existence as a whole. Thisrefutes the tendency to see the foundation of goodness as a mere fragment ofhuman existence or as restricted to particular existents. Second, we show howboth thinkers consider this foundation to be manifest not merely in the futureor the past, but in every moment seen as a whole in itself. Third, we examinethe collision between this immanent foundation and individuality, and showhow the non-substantiality of Buddha-nature and God make room for creative and individual expressions of authenticity. Finally, we consider the problem ofimpermanence, and show how the ground of ethics is not an escape fromimpermanence but an acceptance and embracing of this impermanence as theground of the efficacy and dynamism of ethical practice.


With the development of ICT technologies, such as ubiquitous computing, and semantic Web etc., Group- Oriented Large-scale Cooperation Environment used for special domains is needed. In e-Learning, the environment can be used as infrastructure for large-scale collaborative elearning facility. In this infrastructure, awareness service is the key. The paper focuses on the research of innovative awareness service for this environment. According to the characteristics of groups in large scale environment and intrinsic requirements of cooperation, an awareness language is proposed, which is called Group-oriented Cooperative Awareness Language. The language is a declarative Language, which is described in detail in the paper. The runtime for this awareness service is developing.


Nelfinavir (Viracept®, Pfizer), and Amprenavir (Ageneraze®, GlaxoSmithKline) are potent bioavailable inhibitors of the enzyme Protease (PR) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1), which have been developed by consistent structure-based drug design projects, and have been approved worldwide for the treatment of HIV infected patients. They act as competitive inhibitors, and tightly bind the active site of PR with high shape and electrostatic potential complementarity. However, the virus has shown the ability of fixating mutations which decrease the affinity of the antiretrovirals for the binding pocket of PR, although at the cost of decreasing (but to a minor extent) the affinity for the substrate. The consequent appearance of drug resistance compromised the long term efficacy of the drug. In this work we have extended such structure based drug design effort with computational methodologies, by performing very small substitutions in the inhibitors, directed at interacting with the most conserved amino acids. It is not possible to mutate the latter, at the cost of making the enzyme catalytically inactive. We show with a set of examples that significant increases in affinity can still be achieved without changing the overall structure, molecular mass and hydrophobicity of the inhibitors, thus preserving their very favourable ADME properties.


Small and medium-sized farms all over Europe guarantee their survival by a broad range of strategies and different income sources. In remoter areas of highly developed countries such as the UK, such strategies may be expected to have their own characteristics, both legislative and socio-economic. This paper reports results from a socio-economic survey carried out among 40 Scottish agricultural households in the Caithness and Sutherland region of the North of Scotland, focussing specifically on the diversification strategies of (larger) farms and (smaller) crofts related to the multifunctionality of agriculture. After analysing the land, labour and capital use of farm/croft households in the region, the paper analyses why farms/crofts in this remote area have chosen specific diversification or specialisation strategies, and briefly considers their futures. The survey showed that only a quarter of the average household income of crofts comes from agriculture, and that this proportion (like the equivalent on farms) derives from substantial CAP subsidies. However, these known (if declining) income source may be the basis for the development of small and medium-sized rural enterprises if crofters and farmers are sufficiently educated, skilled and dedicated. The paper shows that, in times of economic decline, crofting (which has been the subject of a recent report to the Scottish Government) and farming in this area can be the basis of farm household survival in remote rural areas of developed countries.


We report conditions for the efficient growth of NIH 3T3 and BALB/c 3T3 cells cultured in a defined medium supplemented with either platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or pituitary-derived fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The oncogenes v-mos, v-src, v-sis, and c-H-ras Val 12 can induce morphological transformation of these cells and can release them from the mitogen requirement for growth, while the oncogene v-fos cannot abrogate the PDGF-FGF requirement. The radically different behavior of normal and transformed NIH 3T3 cells in PDGF-FGF-free defined medium can form the basis of a sensitive new fibroblast transformation assay.


AIM: The aim of the workshop is for the authors to share their experiences of developing an interactive board game which is used to formatively assess students on a critical care module, and for the audience to experience playing the game. We feel exposure of the game to a wider European audience will allow dissemination of this idea and allow us to judge its potential usefulness outside of the UK.
The use of games as educational tools are widely used throughout higher education. Critical care nursing is a complex and dynamic speciality. The aim of the Foundations in Critical Care Module at Northumbria University is primarily to increase the knowledge base of qualified nurses who work in the speciality of critical care. Critical illness is a very complex area of practice with many patients suffering from acute, single or multiple organ failure (DoH 2000). The difficulty for nurses is in the understanding, recognition and management of this complex set of illnesses. The assessment strategy for the module is an exam and is was envisaged that the development of the game would enable students to integrate knowledge from all of the sessions in the module and to identify subjects for revision prior to their final exam.
The game is based on a hybrid of Monopoly and Trivial Pursuit and the authors first had the idea for the game after attending a BACCN conference where Toby Edwards and Agi Holland presented their game entitled Neuropoly. The aim of the board game is for nurses to work in teams and compete against each other by asking and answering questions. Players have one hour to save their patient. In the hour they must collect a series of interventions required by the patient. Competition is introduced by working in teams competing against each other and the clock. The questions produced for the board game are similar to those used in the exam. The evaluation of the game exceeded our expectations with comments such as:
"To be able to take it home and play!"
 "The game was a fun way to learn without making you feel stupid if you got the question wrong"
"Send it to the wards/units for staff to play with"
"It helped for on the spot thinking: thinking about the types of questions could be asked and understanding of the question to gather the appropriate answers".
"Reminded me of the need to be specific in answers and explanations"
"It was learning without effort-motivation to learn"
"The questions prompted you to think what you had learnt over the last 10 weeks"

Delegates attending the workshop would be asked to form teams and actually play the game. Come along, its great fun. Places will be limited.


SUMMARY. A single adult male specimen of the East Asian crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan, 1835) was collected in August 2001 in the northern Adriatic Sea along the northwest coast of the peninsula of Istra. This is the first record of this genus and species from the Mediterranean Sea. Previously, Hemigrapsus sanguineus had been reported to invade the Atlantic coasts of North America and of western France, while the congeneric East Asian species, Hemigrapsus penicillatus (de Haan, 1835), has established breeding populations along the Atlantic coast of Europe. The current absence of Hemigrapsus sanguineus in southern Europe and the western Mediterranean suggests an independent human-mediated introduction of the Croatian specimen. Preliminary genetic analyses reveal that specimens from Istra, North America, and Japan have identical DNA haplotypes corresponding to the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene (16S mtDNA), while the homologous sequence from a specimen of Taiwan differs in two out of 525 nucleotides.


The natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a U.S. population has not been well described. We identified the causes of death in 6,689 health plan members infected with HBV who were followed between March 1, 1996 and December 31, 2005. Causes of death were grouped into HBV‐related (subdivided into decompensated cirrhosis [DCC] and hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]), cancer, cardiovascular, and other/unknown. The study cohort included 3,244 females and 3,445 males; 68.3% were of Asian‐Pacific Islander (API) descent, 11.8% were white (non‐Hispanic), and 19.9% were of other or unknown race. Exposure to HBV antivirals and preexisting comorbidities were uncommon. Males had higher overall 10‐year death rates than females, both for total deaths (8.9% versus 4.1%) and for HBV‐related deaths (4.8% versus 1.2%). The death rate rose markedly with increasing age, and approximately 40% of all deaths in subjects over the age of 40 were HBV related. The death rate from HCC was twice that of DCC. HCC deaths represented 70% of cancer deaths in males and 37% in females. On multivariable analysis, when subjects with antecedent HCC and DCC were excluded, the only significant predictor of HBV mortality in both sexes was age. Conclusion: HBV was the cause of death in over 40% of those who died during the study, and the mortality increased markedly with increasing age over 40 in males and over 50 in females. HBV‐related mortality was four times more common in males than in females and was as common in non‐Asians as in those of API origin. HBV‐related deaths were twice as common from HCC as from DCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)


Diagnostic complexity is an important contextual factor affecting a variety of medical outcomes. Existing measurements of diagnosis complexity either rely on crude proxies or use fine-grained measures that employ indicators from proprietary data that are not readily available. Hence, the study of this important construct in fields such as medical informatics has been hampered by the difficulty of measuring diagnostic complexity. This article presents a novel approach for conceptualizing and operationalizing diagnostic task complexity as a multi-dimensional construct, which employs the readily available International Classification of Diseases codes from medical encounters in hospitals and uses Analytic Hierarchical Process methodology. We demonstrate the reliability of the proposed approach and show that despite using a relatively simple procedure, it is able to predict readmission rates just as well as (or even better) than some of the sophisticated measures that have been used in recent studies (namely, the LaCE score index).


In this study, the behavior of vibration of sandwich cylindrical shells covered by functionally graded coatings and resting on the Pasternak elastic foundation considering combined influences of shear stresses and rotary inertia are examined. It is assumed that the effective material properties of functionally graded coatings changes exponentially in thickness direction. The modified Donnell type equations of motion of functionally graded and homogeneous sandwich cylindrical shells on the Pasternak elastic foundation are deduced using the first-order shear deformation theory. Basic equations are reduced to an algebraic equation of the sixth order and numerically solving this algebraic equation gives the dimensionless fundamental frequency. The expressions for the dimensionless fundamental frequencies of functionally graded and ceramic coated sandwich cylindrical shells with and without taking into account the effects of Pasternak elastic foundation and shear stresses obtained in a special case. Calculations, the influences of an elastic foundation, compositional profiles of coatings, shear stresses, rotary inertia, and sandwich shell geometry parameters on the nondimensional fundamental frequency are described. The results are verified by comparing the obtained values with those in the existing literature.


The objective was to develop regional domains from the Myasthenia Gravis Questionnaire (MGQ) to better assess generalised, bulbar and ocular involvement in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and to evaluate their responsiveness. Some items from the MGQ were aggregated into 3 domains: bulbar, generalised and ocular. The study was carried out at the Institute of Neurology, EMG Service, Universita Cattolica, Rome, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Modena, Italy. Ninety-three MG patients were prospectively enrolled in two neurological departments; furthermore, out- come after treatment was studied in 23 patients to evaluate responsiveness. Disease severity was scored according to a modified version of the Osserman classification and MGQ. The questionnaire appeared more sensitive than clinical examination and history to assess bulbar and ocular involvement. For exam- ple, according to the bulbar domain, 67 patients experienced bulbar symptoms whereas on clinical examination 51 of 67 were completely normal in the bulbar region. The MGQ domains appeared reliable and sensitive. Results of global MG score (GMG) and of domains appeared reliable. Domains were able to better assess the functional involvement of anatomical regions than main GMG, clinical examination and history.


The study was planned to evaluate the prevalence of HSV-1 infection, and the use of rhabdomyosarcoma and L20B as cell lines for the primary propagation of human herpes simplex1, by using modern diagnostic techniques. Study were involved a collection of 60 samples from dermal lesions, randomly selected from population of ages ranges from 15 to 45 years. These samples were collected during a period extended from February to September 2013. Primarily, these samples were investigated by RT-PCR technique directed to certify human herpes simplex-1 infections. Bosphore® HSV-1&2 Genotyping Kit v1(Anatolia geneworks, Turkey) was used for the detection protocol. From total of 47 HSV-1 positive samples in PCR step, 20 samples were cultured using two cell lines (Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and L20B cell lines) in an attempt for virus isolation and evaluation capability of these cells for HSV-1 propagation. Results of applied PCR revealed that HSV-1 DNA was correlated with 47(78.3%) positive of the total cases investigated. In the attempt to HSV-1 isolation, both RD and L20B cell lines were demonstrate a specific HSV-1 cytopathic effect. Herpes simplex virus type 1 had been propagated in 19 (95%) of the 20 PCR positive isolates by RD cell line, while 17:20 (85%) HSV-1 isolates were positive on L20B cells. In conclusions: The thermal protocol for Bosphore® HSV-1 Genotyping Kit v1allows very rapid detection of HSV-1 DNA in dermal lesions. It is finding to be laborsaving and show sufficient sensitivity. The RD and L20B cell lines are efficient as cell lines for the propagation of HSV1, for that It is well recommended to achieve future therapeutic studies on HSV-1.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis is incompletely understood and accumulation of small infarctions may be one of the possible sources of such white matter lesions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the rate of incident infarction as depicted on diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) obtained from a general patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the 4-year study period, a total of 60 patients (36 men and 24 women) had an incidental DWI-defined infarction without overt clinical symptoms suggestive of a stroke or a transient ischemic attack. All of the MR images were obtained by using a similar protocol on 2 identical 1.5T whole-body scanners. The patient's vascular risk factors, as well as the presence of white matter lesions (WMLs) on MR imaging and atheromatous changes on MR angiography, were assessed retrospectively. The incidental DWI-defined infarcts were also characterized in terms of their lateralization, lobe, and specific location. RESULTS: A total of 16,206 consecutive brain MR images were done during the study period; the overall incidence of incidental infarcts was 0.37%. Most of these patients with an incidental infarct had vascular risk factors and WMLs on MR images. Most of these patients (80%) had a single lesion on DWI. A total of 88 lesions were identified; most were located in the white matter of the supratentorial brain, primarily in the frontoparietal lobes. There were also lesions involving the brain stem (n 2). The lesions involving cerebrum were more commonly located in the right side (right to left 52:34). CONCLUSION: Small, DWI-defined acute brain infarctions can be found incidentally in an asymptomatic population; this finding may account, at least in part, for the pathogenesis of WMLs identified on MR imaging.


The complex valued matched filter correlators consume maximum power in the DS/SS CDMA receivers. These correlators accumulate 1024 samples lying in the range -7 to +7. This accumulation needs 3 data bits, 1 sign bit and 10 extra bits for overflow. Hence, the correlator can be implemented as a cascade of 4-bit full adder and a 10-bit incrementer. As a ripple carry adder (RCA) consumes the least power among all the existing adder architectures, we have implemented the 4-bit adder as a RCA. Previous incrementers were implemented as ripple counters. In this paper we propose a novel incrementer which is faster than a ripple counter based incrementer. Hence, it can be operated at a reduced voltage resulting in considerable power reduction. The incrementer is implemented using multiplexers, AND gates and TSPC registers. The ripple-counter correlator and the proposed incrementer correlator were laid out in MAGIC using 0.5µ CMOS technology followed by power estimation using HSPICE. It is shown that the proposed architecture requires 50% less power than a ripple counter based design.


Abstract Reaction of the C2-symmetric "Trost modular ligand" with cationic Pd(II) allyl fragments allows isolation of air- and bench-stable pro-catalysts for the asymmetric allylic alkylation of racemic cycloalkenyl esters. In solution, three distinct complexation modes are observed. When mixed in a ligand/Pd ratio of 1/2, a binuclear bis-P,O-chelate complex is generated. This species does not induce enantioselectivity in the reaction. In contrast, with a ligand/Pd ratio of 1/1, a highly enantioselective, P,P-coordinated pro-catalyst system is generated in which there are two basic coordination modes: monomeric and oligomeric. The monomeric form is mononuclear and exists as two 13-membered chelates, isomeric through loss of C2-symmetry in the ligand. The oligomeric form is polynuclear and forms chains and rings of alternating ligand and cationic Pd(allyl) units, one of which was identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In solution, the monomeric and oligomeric species are in dynamic equilibrium with populations and interconversion rates controlled by concentration, temperature, and counterion. Isotopic desymmetrization analysis suggests that the monomer-oligomer equilibrium plays a crucial role in both the selectivity and efficiency of the asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction.


Co-operatives in Africa have survived the market forces and continue to grow in number and membership. In the current liberalized economy, Saccos as financial institution like the rest of the private sector must strive to be effective and be able to provide efficient services in order to 'attract and retain their members. Hence the need to have appropriate strategies put in places (strategic plan). However, there are many factors that are influencing the implementation of strategic plans Manyara (2003). Therefore, this study sought to find out factors influencing the implementation of strategic plans in Sacco's in lmenti North District. A descriptive survey method was used to conduct the study; the target population was the sixteen Saccos in Irnenti North District which made up the sample. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, while secondary data was collected from books, journals, strategic plans, internet and magazines. Data analysis was mainly done °by descriptive statistics. Findings were presented in form of frequency tables, pie charts, graphs and percentages. This study revealed that majority (87%) of the respondents felt that organization structure affected strategy implementation. Majority (62.5%) of the respondents rated the implementation of the policies good while the minority rated it satisfactory. Similarly, majority (81.3%) of the respondents rated the supervision of work in the SACCOs as good though 18.8% felt that the supervision of work was very good. Majority of the respondents exercised good leadership qualities. However, leaders did not consider or show respect to employee personal feelings. It could be concluded that SACCOs in Imenti North District had good manpower planning mechanisms in place specified the objectives of recruitment and provided a framework for implementation of recruitment programme. Such mechanisms may involve organizational system to be developed for implementing recruitment programmes and procedures by filling up vacancies with best qualified people. Based on study findings, the study proposes the following recommendations: Saccos should adopt new innovative means and strategies of sourcing for funds to finance their activities instead of relying on the members deposits alone, strict implementation of SACCOs SASRA policies, the government should have some control in the implementation of the strategic plans and the need for uniform Sacco supervision in a country-regulation should not be selective.


The Su«phan stratovolcano is one of the major Quaternary eruption centers of post-collisional volcanism in eastern Anatolia, located in the zone of convergence between the Arabian and the Anatolian plates. We document the geological and geochemical evolution of Su«phan in terms of volcanostratigraphy, geochronology ( 40 Ar^ 39 Ar), isotope composition (Sr, Nd, Pb) and bulk-rock geochemistry. Our new 40 Ar^ 39 Ar data, along with previously published K/Ar ages, indicate an age of 0 · 76^0 · 06 Ma for the eruptive products, which extend over an area of (cid:2) 2000 km 2 .The products of Su«phan include transitional mildly alkaline to calc-alkaline lavas, domes and pyroclastic rocks ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite. MELTS modeling suggests that the majority of the Su«phan magmas with SiO 2 contents between (cid:2) 57 and (cid:2) 65 wt % are the products of isobaric^isenthalpic mixing of basaltic trachyandesitic and rhyolitic magmas at a crustal pressure of 0 · 5 kbar. Energy-constrained assimilation and fractional crystallization modeling of trace element and isotope compositions points to 2^10% (upper) crustal contamination that accompanied differentiation. Large ion lithophile element enrichment and the presence of negative high field strength element anomalies in primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns suggest a mantle source that was modified by subducted sediments. Light to heavy and medium to heavy rare earth element ratios and partial melting models suggest the derivation of the eastern Anatolian parental magmas from variable mixing of lithospheric and asthenospheric melts. Unlike the commonly accepted models for post-collisional volcanism that envisage an increasing contribution from asthenospheric melts with time, melting degree and contribution of the lithospheric mantle seem to have increased from Miocene^Pliocene to Quaternary times in eastern Anatolia.


Focusing on the period from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s, this thesis traces the changing sites and trajectories of text-based conceptual art and artists' publications in Britain. Taking as its case studies various magazines, exhibitions and art schools including Art-Language by the group Art & Language, Control magazine by artist Stephen Willats and the Ealing Groundcourse at Ealing College of Art, I demonstrate how artists adopted text, language and publications in order to question paradigms of viewing and display. Although the term 'conceptual art' is now unanimous with art which eschewed traditional forms of art production such as painting and sculpture, its definition and dates are unclear and frequently contested. As such, I explore how the sites of artists' magazines, exhibitions and art schools, and their overlapping territories, can map generational networks and influences of text-based conceptual art practice in Britain.

This thesis attempts to avoid a retroactive linear reading and instead understands the 1960s and 1970s as linked by questioning the role of the artist as well as their value in a wider society. Bringing together published and archival material to explore the importance and relevance of using both exhibition histories and pedagogical practice in its analysis, I argue that exhibitions, both then and now, framed the dissemination and reception of this practice. In addition to this, art schools and art school magazines acted as platforms for discourse between students and teachers as well as a a broader generational dialogue and the dissemination of ideas. In exploring text-based conceptual practice, I therefore align it to its social and political context demonstrating that the relationship between the 1960s and 1970s was based on a shared institutional and ontological enquiry into the dominant frameworks and networks of art.


All 633,987 periods of admission to Norwegian general hospitals in 1991 were analyzed. The length of stay increases considerably with the patient's age. 80-year old patients stay three times as long in hospital as five-year old patients. The typical surgical patient requires 56% more resources than the typical medical patient. For surgical patients, the mean length of stay was 7.2 days, and for medical patients it was 6.8 days. Patients in the age group 70-79 years require almost twice as much resources as the youngest patients. Patients up to the age of 65 who live in a municipality where there is a hospital stay in hospital just as long as corresponding patients from municipalities without a hospital. For older patients there are significant differences in length of stay for these two categories of patients. The discharge rate for men of 70 years and older is significantly higher than the rate for women in the same age group, but the women stay longer in hospital.


Isotropic Gaussian priors are the de facto standard for modern Bayesian neural network inference. However, it is unclear whether these priors accurately reflect our true beliefs about the weight distributions or give optimal performance. To find better priors, we study summary statistics of neural network weights in networks trained using stochastic gradient descent (SGD). We find that convolutional neural network (CNN) and ResNet weights display strong spatial correlations, while fully connected networks (FCNNs) display heavy-tailed weight distributions. We show that building these observations into priors can lead to improved performance on a variety of image classification datasets. Surprisingly, these priors mitigate the cold posterior effect in FCNNs, but slightly increase the cold posterior effect in ResNets.


Written for a symposium at the University of Minnesota Law School on "Law and the Modern American Family," this essay explores the extent to which American law should recognize, organize, and support a family outside marriage - what might be termed "the flexible family." The essay advances three normative claims. First, nonmarital cohabitation should be more fully recognized and supported by American law. Second, given the mobility of our population from one state to another, the legal structures that recognize and support the flexible family should be portable across state lines for parties who change their state of domicile. Third, American law not only should address the bilateral, or two-dimensional, rights and obligations of unmarried cohabitants to each other but also should do more to protect the flexible family against third parties - hence, in all three dimensions.


In this review we expose how Nanodroplet Bombardment of surfaces by charged particles produced through electrospray atomization offers unparalleled opportunities for surface engineering of chemically inert crystalline materials. The sputtering yields and rates are comparable or higher than reactive etching techniques and significantly higher than other physical sputtering systems. Moreover, bombardment can amorphatize a thin layer of the target. The imposed physical characteristics of the electrospray, droplet diameter, molecular mass of the spray, and kinetic energy will determine the sputtering and amorphization efficiency, and the topography of the processed target. Molecular dynamics studies have clarified the mechanisms of both processes; amorphous layers appear due to ultra‐fast quenching of melted target pools around the impact area while sputtering is driven by a combination of collision cascades, thermal evaporation, and, for large and fast projectiles, of hydrodynamic forces.


Introduction
Cigarette smoking is inversely associated with DNA methylation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR; cg05575921). However, the association between secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and AHRR methylation is unknown.

Methods
DNA methylation of AHRR cg05575921 in CD14+ monocyte samples, from 495 never-smokers and 411 former smokers (having quit smoking ≥15 years) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), was cross-sectionally compared with concomitantly ascertained self-reported SHS exposure, urine cotinine concentrations, and estimates of air pollutants at participants' homes. Linear regression was used to test for associations, and covariates included age, sex, race, education, study site, and previous smoking exposure (smoking status, time since quitting, and pack-years).

Results
Recent indoor SHS exposure (hours per week) was inversely associated with cg05575921 methylation (β ± SE = -0.009 ± 0.003, p = .007). The inverse effect direction was consistent (but did not reach significance) in the majority of stratified analyses (by smoking status, sex, and race). Categorical analysis revealed high levels of recent SHS exposure (≥10 hours per week) inversely associated with cg05575921 methylation (β ± SE = -0.28 ± 0.09, p = .003), which remained significant (p < .05) in the majority of stratified analyses. cg05575921 methylation did not significantly (p < .05) associate with low to moderate levels of recent SHS exposure (1-9 hours per week), urine cotinine concentrations, years spent living with people smoking, years spent indoors (not at home) with people smoking, or estimated levels of air pollutants.

Conclusions
High levels of recent indoor SHS exposure may be inversely associated with DNA methylation of AHRR in human monocytes.

Implications
DNA methylation is a biochemical alteration that can occur in response to cigarette smoking; however, little is known about the effect of SHS on human DNA methylation. In the present study, we evaluated the association between SHS exposure and DNA methylation in human monocytes, at a site (AHRR cg05575921) known to have methylation inversely associated with current and former cigarette smoking compared to never smoking. Results from this study suggest high levels of recent SHS exposure inversely associate with DNA methylation of AHRR cg05575921 in monocytes from nonsmokers, albeit with weaker effects than active cigarette smoking.


Spatiotemporal planning involves making choices at multiple locations in space over some planning horizon to maximize utility and satisfy various constraints. In Forest Ecosystem Management, the problem is to choose actions for thousands of locations each year including harvesting, treating trees for fire or pests, or doing nothing. The utility models could place value on sale of lumber, ecosystem sustainability or employment levels and incorporate legal and logistical constraints on actions such as avoiding large contiguous areas of clearcutting. Simulators developed by forestry researchers provide detailed dynamics but are generally inaccesible black boxes. We model spatiotemporal planning as a factored Markov decision process and present a policy gradient planning algorithm to optimize a stochastic spatial policy using simulated dynamics. It is common in environmental and resource planning to have actions at different locations be spatially interelated; this makes representation and planning challenging. We define a global spatial policy in terms of interacting local policies defining distributions over actions at each location conditioned on actions at nearby locations. Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation is used to sample landscape policies and estimate their gradients. Evaluation is carried out on a forestry planning problem with 1,880 locations using a variety of value models and constraints.


Indigenous peoples in cultural homelands of the most rural areas of developing regions experience challenges in using their traditional food systems and to ensure food security and health despite the treasures of food biodiversity that could support well-being. This book is the third in a series promoting use of local food systems by indigenous peoples; the first defines the process to document local food resources, and the second describes food systems in 12 diverse rural areas of different parts of the world. This book describes processes and findings from more than 40 interdisciplinary collaborators who created health promotion interventions for communities using local food systems. Included are participatory processes using local knowledge and activities specifically for local food; global overviews of Indigenous Peoples health circumstances, environmental concerns, and infant and child feeding practices; and nine specific case examples from Canada, Japan, Peru, India, Colombia, Thailand and the Federated States of Micronesia. Common themes of successful interventions and evaluations are given along with chapters on human rights issues and implications for policies and strategies. Throughout the 10 years of this research, the authors have shown the strength and promise of local traditional food systems to improve health and well-being. This work is in context of the second United Nations International Decade of the World s Indigenous Peoples and the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples."


The performance of regularized least-squares estimation in noisy compressed sensing is analyzed in the limit when the dimensions of the measurement matrix grow large. The sensing matrix is considered to be from a class of random ensembles that encloses as special cases standard Gaussian, row-orthogonal, geometric, and so-called T-orthogonal constructions. Source vectors that have non-uniform sparsity are included in the system model. Regularization based on ℓ-norm and leading to LASSO estimation, or basis pursuit denoising, is given the main emphasis in the analysis. Extensions to ℓ-norm and zero-norm regularization are also briefly discussed. The analysis is carried out using the replica method in conjunction with some novel matrix integration results. Numerical experiments for LASSO are provided to verify the accuracy of the analytical results. The numerical experiments show that for noisy compressed sensing, the standard Gaussian ensemble is a suboptimal choice for the measurement matrix. Orthogonal constructions provide a superior performance in all considered scenarios and are easier to implement in practical applications. It is also discovered that for non-uniform sparsity patterns, the T-orthogonal matrices can further improve the mean square error behavior of the reconstruction when the noise level is not too high. However, as the additive noise becomes more prominent in the system, the simple row-orthogonal measurement matrix appears to be the best choice out of the considered ensembles.


Concentrations of iron, copper and zinc were determined in 56 samples of mature human milk from Canarian women and 5 samples of powdered infant formula. According to the literature our data fall within the normal limits in each kind of milk. The mean concentration of Fe, Cu and Zn of powdered infant formula was significantly higher than those concentrations found in the human milks. Significant differences among the concentrations of the studied metals for the milks of considered mothers were observed. The Fe, Cu and Zn intakes of infants fed with human milk are lower than the requirements recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board (1989). However, the infants fed with powdered infant formula had consumed an adequate intake of Fe and Cu. A progressive decrease of the metal concentrations with the lactation stage was observed. The human milk obtained in spring presented Fe and Zn concentrations lower than in autumn, which could be due to changes in nutritional habits of the mothers. Age of mother and number of previous children seem to influence the Zn and Cu concentrations of human milk.


Several factors affect the bearing the load of natural and engineered embankments and slopes including the crude oil leakage, leading to a severe decrease in resistance. This is especially important for oil-rich countries, such as Iran, which have several crude oil resources. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the load bearing (i.e. load versus settlement) and strain-stress behavior of crude oil contaminated sandy soils using California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test. In this paper, 10 different types of sand with different characteristics used. At first, a series of CBR experiments performed for natural sands (i.e. clean sands) and then contaminated sands with 6% crude oil tested under similar conditions and densities to obtain the reduction in bearing the load of crude oil contaminated sands quantitatively. Experimental results showed that bearing the load of sand containing 6% of crude oil decreased at least 50% compared to clean sands and the stress-strain diagram of these contaminated soils would decrease significantly. Based on the results of investigation, it can be stated that particle shape (sharpness or roundness), coarse particle ratio, and finally the type of aggregation influences the resistance of crude oil contaminated sands. It was also found that standard Ottawa sand had 83% reduction in strength and sand with a coarse particle had 57% decrease in strength. Sand contaminated with crude oil experience a severe loss of bearing capacity, so in designing foundations and engineering structures, greater safety factors should be considered, where there is a risk of crude oil leakage.


We analyze the evolution of shock waves in high-resolution 3D radiative MHD simulations of the quiet Sun and their synthetic emission characteristics. The simulations model the dynamics of a 12.8 × 12.8 × 15.2 Mm quiet-Sun region (including a 5.2 Mm layer of the upper convection zone and a 10 Mm atmosphere from the photosphere to corona) with an initially uniform vertical magnetic field of 10 G, naturally driven by convective flows. We synthesize the Mg II and C II spectral lines observed by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) satellite and extreme ultraviolet emission observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/AIA telescope. Synthetic observations are obtained using the RH1.5D radiative transfer code and temperature response functions at both the numerical and instrumental resolutions. We found that the Doppler velocity jumps of the C II 1334.5 Å IRIS line and a relative enhancement of the emission in the 335 Å SDO/AIA channel are the best proxies for the enthalpy deposited by shock waves into the corona (with Kendall's τ correlation coefficients of 0.59 and 0.38, respectively). The synthetic emission of the lines and the extreme ultraviolet passbands are correlated with each other during the shock-wave propagation. All studied shocks are mostly hydrodynamic (i.e., the magnetic energy carried by horizontal fields is ≤2.6% of the enthalpy for all events) and have Mach numbers >1.0–1.2 in the low corona. The study reveals the possibility of diagnosing energy transport by shock waves into the solar corona, as well as their other properties, by using IRIS and SDO/AIA sensing observations.


Wind erosion—alone or combined with other physical or socioeconomic causes—is a mechanism that may induce desertification, i.e. severe or irreversible degradation of water and soil resources. Now that this phenomenon is better understood, the model of the 1970s based on three distinct stages (causes, mechanisms, consequences) has been discarded, in view of the many feedbacks and insidious links generated by wind erosion. Timely detection of wind erosion onset thresholds with remote sensing tools (satellite images and aerial photographs), and spatial delimitation and positioning of the phenomena observed are essential to be able to efficiently combat the damaging effects of wind erosion. No field operations can be effective without prior knowledge of wind erosion mechanisms at the land-atmosphere interface. At this interface, wind activities are organised in dynamic units on a continental scale, or so-called global wind action systems (GWAS) spanning the Saharan and Sahelian regions, or regional scale (sweeping southwards across Egypt), or so-called regional wind action system (RWAS), in which humans interact via their activities. A GWAS is divided into three (particle source, wind transport, deposition) areas, each of which may be found at several locations within the GWAS. When striving to combat wind-induced threats, especially by controlling clay, silt and sand particle loss and, conversely, sand invasion, the sediment balance and types of prevailing dunes should be taken into account, while distinguishing between the: . mobility in source areas where mobile particles should be stabilised . mobility in transport areas where wind streams should be deflected so as to prevent human infrastructures from being filled with sand, and . mobility in deposition areas where sand invasion is at stake. The first stage consists of defining the site to be protected in relation to the GWAS or RWAS (taking the topography and type of dune or mobile sand into due consideration), and assessing the surface to be stabilised or protected. The second operational stage aims at reducing the surface wind velocity through technical and biological strategies. To ensure success, the specific features of local ecosystems and human communities must be taken into consideration and effectively tapped in wind erosion control programmes in order to minimise costs and come up with solutions that are viable for the communities involved.


This study analyzed and explored the lived experiences of the foreign students in the higher education in their intercultural communications. Employing Hursserlian qualitative design in phenomenological studies and Colaizzi's 7 steps in data analysis, this study made use of in-depth interview to extract quality data. The foreign students who were the informants of the study have shared candidly their sojourn in the Philippines as regular college students in Southwestern UniversityPHINMA. Generally, their over-all experiences during their pre and actual sojourn were more on their acknowledgement of cultural differences, adjustments and understanding and how they have coped with the challenges of being in a foreign land especially in terms of expression and communication. Thus, the study came up with 3 significant themes: (1) I love it here, (2) I adjust to cultural differences, and (3) I am never the same person. Based on the data and the organized themes, three propositions were formulated (1) Positive environment leads to ease in communication, (2) Adapting to different cultures requires space and time, and (3) Personal transformations entail motivation, determination and improved perspectives and value of self.


This paper analyzes the association between tax complexity and foreign direct investments (FDI) based on the newly developed Tax Complexity Index (TCI) and its components. For a sample of 15,607 new foreign subsidiaries, we find no association between total tax complexity, as proxied by the TCI, and the location probability. When we decompose the TCI into tax code complexity and tax framework complexity, we find opposing associations. Tax code complexity is positively related to the location probability, while tax framework complexity is negatively related to it. These associations are, for example, driven by the complexity of transfer pricing and loss offset regulations in the tax code and the dimensions guidance, audits, as well as filing and payments, in the tax framework. In additional analyses, we find that the associations are sensitive to certain characteristics, such as country-specific and firm-specific characteristics. For example, the positive tax code association diminishes when tax rates are high. Overall, we are the first to provide empirical evidence on potential costbenefit tradeoffs of tax complexity for FDI and thereby enhance prior literature, which has primarily focused on the costs of tax complexity.


This paper investigates stress corrosion cracking resistance of cold worked layers of 25 Cr duplex stainless steel grade UR52N+. The surface layers were processed through burnishing treatment. The residual stresses at surface layers were determined using grazing angle incidence X-ray diffraction method (g-sin2 Ψ). Corrosion tests were performed with the use of Slow Strain Rate Test technique in boiling 35% MgCl2 solution. It has been demonstrated that burnishing treatment increases corrosion resistance of the steel. Stress corrosion cracking resistance depends on the magnitude of cold work at surface layers. High level of cold work diminishes corrosion resistance.


The Royal Institute of Philosophy and Cambridge University Press are pleased to announce the inauguration of an annual Philosophy Essay Prize. Winners of the Prize will receive £2,500 with their essay being published in Philosophy and identified as the essay prize winner. The topic for the inaugural essay competition is The Value of Truth. Entries may address the topic in a variety of ways, for example, by consideration of historical figures and ideas, by direct analysis and argument, in relation to different kinds of value and different areas in which truth maybe found: logic, metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, etc. In assessing entries priority will be given to originality, clarity of expression, breadth of interest, and potential for advancing discussion. All entries will be deemed to be submissions to Philosophy and more than one may be published. In exceptional circumstances the prize may be awarded jointly in which case the financial component will be divided, but the aim is to select a single prize-winner. Entries should be prepared in linewith standard Philosophy guidelines for submission (see http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/ page/46 ). The closing date for receipt of entries is October the 1 2012. Entries will be considered by a committee of the Royal Institute of Philosophy, and the winner announced by the end 2012. The winning entry will be published in Philosophy in April 2013.


Organizational autonomy is a fundamental organizational design choice that holds a central position in management theories and practice. To date, this construct has suffered from definitional vagueness and conceptual fragmentation in its academic study across different management subfields. Drawing from a review of 87 articles appearing in top academic management journals, we had four objectives. We sought to establish clarity and consensus on the construct of organizational autonomy, to review the fragmented fields of studies on its determinants and outcomes, to identify unresolved or neglected debates, and to provide an organizing template for guiding future research. In a first section, we discuss the development of the organizational autonomy construct and review its diverse definitions, primary determinants, and outcomes. In a second section, we provide a set of recommendations spanning methodological directions and conceptual opportunities on the overlooked dynamics of organizational autonomy. Overall, our review provides a unified framework and direction for enhancing the understanding of one of the management field's fundamental concepts.


Dense deployment of millimeter wave (mmWave) cells is crucial to face the capacity challenge of future cellular systems (5G and beyond). To fully harness their potential, wireless backhauling and infrastructure virtualization are key technological enablers.
Wireless backhauling using mmWave connections between mmWave cells is a new scenario in the cellular paradigm and its success depends on a profound revision of Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and design of new routing schemes. Firstly, because the current cellular paradigm uses static TDD schemes that would be rather inefficient in a mmWave network due to the increased traffic dynamics. Secondly, because uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) transmissions cannot happen at the same time due to interference. In mmWave, however, this UL/DL separation is unnecessary thanks to high transmission directivity. Thirdly, because mmWave cellular networks will rely on new complex mesh topologies that are not considered in current cellular standards, not even in relaying operation mode, which would severely degrade the achievable capacity region of mmWave networks. Moreover, a new relaying mode should also incorporate an efficient mechanism to differentiate data traffic when routing. Therefore, optimal routing in these complex networks must be addressed.
In the first part of this dissertation we contribute to address the challenges above. We provide opportunistic network control policies to exploit the network capacity region with completely dynamic TDD operation under arbitrary topologies. The proposed policies involve link scheduling and routing problems and we present analytical performance guarantees such as throughput-optimallity and end-to-end delay minimization. In addition, we incorporate Quality-of-Service traffic differentiation with optimal network-level delay. The theoretical results hold with the markovian behavior of the mmWave channel in time.
Sharing resources using virtualization techniques increases flexibility at reduced costs.
While spectrum scarcity is the most compelling factor to increase performance in below-6 GHz cellular systems, site density becomes more critical in mmWave due to the blockage problem. Therefore, infrastructure sharing emerges naturally as a solution in the new mmWave cellular paradigm. Sharing cell sites between operators contributes to reducing capital and operational expenditures since only a single mmWave network deployment is needed. At the same time, the large bandwidth and the high spatial diversity of mmWave cells still boost operator performance even sharing the base stations.
In the second part of this dissertation we contribute to the analysis of infrastructure sharing among operators. In our approach, an infrastructure provider offers its mmWave base stations to several mobile operators in exchange for a payment. We propose a distributed infrastructure auction mechanism in which operators compete for base stations resources based on their own loads. In this manner, each operator can obtain a network infrastructure slice dynamically and on demand to serve its users.
We believe that our control policies provide solid foundations for the development of real protocols. Our virtualization framework provides pricing and allocation mechanisms for generating dynamic network slices in scenarios where load conditions change rapidly at base stations due to mobility and intermittent access.


In current conditions, a special role in strengthening family relations can be played by the state, which is interested in preserving and strengthening the institution of the family. In different countries, the state policy towards the family depends on the traditions, the legislative framework, the level of economic development and the problems that characterize the course of family life in a given state.


In this article, we have made a review of the influence of playing musical instruments on the formation of malocclusion and TMJ disorders in musicians. Primary attention was paid to the effects of wind and stringed instruments. The aim of the article was the presentation of research and opinions about this problem in the last 25 years. It is reported that long-term and repetitive playing of musical instruments, particularly stringed (violin and viola) and wind instruments can cause dysfunctions of the stomatognathic system. The impact of wind instruments was assessed in terms of the type of mouthpiece. We studied the possibility of repositioning the front teeth and reducing the width of the upper dental arch and overbite. There were also reports on the use of a specific instrument to improve the child's occlusion. Studies have also been performed on the usefulness of relaxation plates in order to improve, and even prevent, dysfunction caused by the constant stress on the same parts of the stomatognathic system. The experiments were mainly based on interviews, dental cast analyses and cephalometric analyses. Additional methods were dynamometer tests and muscle tension palpation (Adv Clin Exp Med 2014, 23, 1, 143–146).


Research Summary
Pro-market reforms in emerging markets evolve in a temporal pattern, however extant studies examining the impact of pro-market reforms have eschewed temporality. We propose that the net impact of reforms on firm performance is contingent on the firm's temporal strategic fit of firm's strategic choice with the external environment. Using internationalization as the strategic choice, we posit that positive impact of internationalization is contingent on whether or not firms entrain (synchronize) the temporal parameters of their internationalization activities with those of pro-market reforms. Robust empirical support for these arguments comes from longitudinal panel data related to Indian automotive firms for the period 2001–2010, contributing to our understanding of the role of the temporal strategic fit of firms' strategic choices during institutional transitions.

Managerial summary
Managers of emerging market (EM) firms have faced pro-market reforms in their home markets leading to a high degree of competition. Hence, it is pertinent for EM firms to know the intricacies of their response during such changes. We suggest that managers should frame their strategic responses by considering not only the role of "what" and "how" but also the impact of "when" and "at what rate". We find that the firms which shape their response in synchronization with the changes in the external environment are in the best position to mitigate the erosion of their profitability. As such, this study focuses on the impact of temporal fit of internationalization activities with pro-market reforms by EM firms and has implication for managers of economies in transition.


Cerebellar liponeurocytoma is a newly recognized, rare clinicopathological entity. It manifests with posterior fossa symptoms in adults and is characterized histopathologically by advanced neuronal and focal lipomatous differentiation with a low level of mitotic activity. The authors analyzed the computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings in two patients with histopathologically proven cerebellar liponeurocytomas and review the literature. Cerebellar liponeurocytoma may be suspected on the basis of neuroimaging findings that demonstrate an intraaxial neoplasm with the propensity for exophytic growth into the adjacent subarachnoid spaces. On CT scans, the tumor commonly presents as a hypointense mass with intermingled areas exhibiting the attenuation values of fatty tissue. On T1-weighted MR images, the tumor is hypointense with scattered foci of hyperintense signal and displays moderate contrast enhancement. On T1-weighted MR images, the tumor is slightly hyperintense to cortex, and edema is usually absent. Areas of fat density as assessed on CT scans and of T1 hyperintensity seen on MR images help to distinguish this rare neoplasm from the more common adult medulloblastomas or ependymomas. The available follow-up data indicate a favorable clinical prognosis; therefore, knowledge and precise characterization of this tumor is important to avoid unnecessary adjuvant radio- or chemotherapy.


Semidiurnal tidal currents can exceed 5 ms−1 in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, where a tidal energy demonstration area has been designated to generate electricity using marine hydrokinetic turbines. The risk of harmful fish–turbine interaction cannot be dismissed for either migratory or local fish populations. Individuals belonging to several fish populations were acoustically tagged and monitored by using acoustic receivers moored within the Minas Passage. Detection efficiency ρ is required as the first step to estimate the probability of fish–turbine encounter. Moored Innovasea HR2 receivers and high-residency (HR) tags were used to obtain detection efficiency ρ as a function of range and current speed, for near-seafloor signal paths within the tidal energy development area. Strong tidal currents moved moorings, so HR tag signals and their reflections from the sea surface were used to measure ranges from tags to receivers. HR2 self-signals that reflected off the sea surface showed which moorings were displaced to lower and higher levels on the seafloor. Some of the range testing paths had anomalously low ρ, which might be attributed to variable bathymetry blocking the line-of-sight signal path. Clear and blocked signal paths accord with mooring levels. The application of ρ is demonstrated for the calculation of abundance, effective detection range, and detection-positive intervals. High-residency signals were better detected than pulse position modulation (PPM) signals. Providing that the presently obtained ρ applies to tagged fish that swim higher in the water column, there is a reasonable prospect that probability of fish–turbine encounter can be estimated by monitoring fish that carry HR tags.


Objectives As an indispensable job nature, night shift work may cause the night work disorder, working stress and emotion problems. This study aims to investigate the relationship between night shift work and depression by analysing the baseline data of a prospective night shift workers cohort. Methods We are establishing a prospective night shift worker cohort in Shenzhen, China. More than 70,000 workers were recruited till the end of 2015. A standardised questionnaire is used to collect information on lifetime night shift work, light at night, occupational hazards, sleep disorders, etc. Diseases history and medicine taking of recent two weeks were also collected by the questionnaire. Depression was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression test questionnaire. Results Currently, we reported data from 1338 day workers and 398 night shift workers with a response rate of 95%. The shift workers are about two-years younger than day workers. The smoking and alcohol drinking status are comparable in two groups. The prevalent of moderate-severe depression is 1.6% among all participants. However, the prevalence of depression is no deferent between night shift workers and day workers after adjusting for age and other confounding factors. Conclusion These preliminary results didn't support that long-term night shift work may increase the risk of depression, while this result will be updated in the conference after fully considering of sleep disorders. [National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project number 81273172 and 81372964), firstname.lastname@example.com (Lap Ah Tse)]


Pulsatile release of GnRH is essential for proper reproductive function, but little information is available on the molecular processes underlying this intermittent activity. Recently, GnRH gene expression (GnRH-GE) episodes and exocytotic pulses have been identified separately in individual GnRH-expressing cells, raising the exciting possibility that both activities are linked functionally and are fundamental to the pulsatile process. To explore this, we monitored GnRH-GE (using a GnRH promoter-driven luciferase reporter) and exocytosis (by FM1-43 fluorescence) in the same, living GT1-7 cells. Our results revealed a strong temporal association between exocytotic pulses and GnRH-GE episodes. To determine whether a functional link existed, we blocked one process and evaluated the other. Transcriptional inhibition with actinomycin D had only a modest influence on exocytosis, suggesting that exocytotic pulse activity was not dictated acutely by episodes of gene expression. In contrast, blockage of exocytosis with anti-SNAP-25 (which obstructs secretory granule fusion) abolished GnRH-GE pulse activity, indicating that part of the exocytotic process is responsible for triggering episodes of GnRH-GE. When taken together, our findings suggest that a careful balance is maintained between release and biosynthesis in GT1-7 cells. Such a property may be important in the hypothalamus to ensure that GnRH neurons are in a constant state of readiness to respond to changes in reproductive function.


Ballistic and dissipative electron transport through a two-dimensional geometry is studied in the de Broglie-Bohm quantal trajectory model. The dissipative effect, incorporated to simulate inelastic scattering, is introduced via an imaginary potential term in the Hamiltonian. The relation between the conductance and the local behaviour of the quantal trajectories is discussed. The vortex-like structure of the de Broglie-Bohm trajectories in the vicinity of wavefunction nodes is studied.


The question of how society is going to pay for restoration has received little open discussion. We review existing literature and examples to explore two questions: How should ecological and economic considerations be balanced in determining expenditures on restoration projects? and How is society going to pay for the substantial costs involved? We discuss a number of different techniques for determining the amount of money to allocate to restoration efforts, including ecosystem replacement costs, quantifying ecosystem services, contingent valuation, and surrogate market price techniques. We then review different strategies for paying for restoration including private funding by the party responsible for the damage, public funding through taxes, voluntary contributions, and various public/private partnerships. We conclude by discussing other considerations in developing strategies to pay for restoration, including uncertainty, time‐scale, evaluating success, and regional planning.


Genetic differentiation among local groups of individuals, i.e., genetic β-diversity, is a key component of population persistence related to connectivity and isolation. However, most genetic investigations of natural populations focus on a single species, overlooking opportunities for multispecies conservation plans to benefit entire communities in an ecosystem. We present an approach to evaluate genetic β-diversity within and among many species and demonstrate how this riverscape community genomics approach can be applied to identify common drivers of genetic structure. Our study evaluated genetic β-diversity in 31 co-distributed native stream fishes sampled from 75 sites across the White River Basin (Ozarks, USA) using SNP genotyping (ddRAD). Despite variance among species in the degree of genetic divergence, general spatial patterns were identified corresponding to river network architecture. Most species (N=24) were partitioned into discrete sub-populations (K=2–7). We used partial redundancy analysis to compare species-specific genetic β-diversity across four models of genetic structure: Isolation by distance (IBD), isolation by barrier (IBB), isolation by stream hierarchy (IBH), and isolation by environment (IBE). A significant proportion of intraspecific genetic variation was explained by IBH (x□ =62%), with the remaining models generally redundant. We found evidence for consistent spatial modularity in that gene flow is higher within rather than between hierarchical units (i.e., catchments, watersheds, basins), supporting the generalization of the Stream Hierarchy Model. We discuss our conclusions regarding conservation and management and identify the 8-digit Hydrologic Unit (HUC) as the most relevant spatial scale for managing genetic diversity across riverine networks.


This paper analyzes the impacts of the 1998 and 2008 financial crises on the Korean labor market. We study the historical background of the Korean Employment Insurance System and the change of labor policies from the 1998 Asian financial crisis to the current 2008 global financial crisis. While it is arguable to say that the expansion of the social welfare system in the Republic of Korea is main source of difference between the two crises, it is certain that the social welfare system is one of the influential factors that helped overcome the problems of the global financial crisis. From an analysis of the Korean experience on the two financial crises, we can deduce the following. First, financial stability at the national level is important to stabilize employment. Second, countries need to develop a social welfare system ahead of any economic crisis. Third, layoffs should be the last resort to lowering labor costs, even at a time of recession. Finally, cooperation and coordination among government departments are crucial to overcome the crisis in labor market.


This essay examines the significance of a particular metaphor, flooding the zone, which gained prominence as an account of bloggers' argumentative prowess in the wake of Senator Trent Lott's toast at Strom Thurmond's centennial birthday party. I situate the growth of the blogosphere in the context of the political economy of the institutional mass media at the time and argue that the blogosphere is an alternative site for the invention of public argument. By providing an account of how the blogosphere serves as a site of invention by flooding the zone with densely interlinked coverage of a controversy, this essay theorizes how the networked public sphere facilitates invention with speed, agonism, and copiousness. The essay then identifies how flooding the zone has been adopted by corporations and the state in order to blunt spontaneous argumentation emerging from the periphery of communication networks.


Semiempirical molecular orbital methods, and non-local density
functional methods, have been used to study the minima and transition
structures involved in the formation of six-membered ring
alkoxycyclophosphazanes. These compounds show a marked conformational
preference whereby two methoxy groups are above the ring and one is below
(ααβ); the ααα form involving three
methoxy groups pointing above the ring has not been observed
experimentally. The free-energy calculations predict that the
ααα is actually more stable than the ααβ
compound, but the transition-structure calculations show that the energy
barrier for the formation of the ααα compound is
significantly higher than for the ααβ. Calculations
involving demethylated compounds indicated that this selectivity arises due
to steric effects in the transition structures. Indeed, there is
significantly less distortion in the transition structure for the formation
of the ααβ than for the ααα compound.
Density functional calculations, using the Becke 88 exchange and the
Lee–Yang–Parr correlation combination of functionals, were in
broad agreement with semiempirical PM3 molecular orbital
calculations.


Today's dynamic business environment demands from companies variable and flexible processes. Rather than imposing a single fixed process, process models must account for the variability of real-world business problems. Many companies are hierarchically organized with top-down decision making processes. On the one hand, company policies and legal regulations often require compliance with standard process models prescribed by higher-level management. On the other hand, lower-level employees should be flexible within the prescribed boundaries. In this paper, we propose a hetero-homogeneous approach to modeling process variability. We employ the multilevel business artifact (MBA) in order to represent within a single object the homogeneous schema of an abstraction hierarchy of processes. We employ multilevel concretization for the introduction of heterogeneities into sub-hierarchies which comply with the homogeneous global schema.


The Durham adaptive optics real-time controller is a generic, high-performance real-time control system for astronomical adaptive optics systems. It has recently had new features added as well as performance improvements, and here we give details of these, as well as ways in which optimizations can be made for specific adaptive optics systems and hardware implementations. We also present new measurements that show how this real-time control system could be used with any existing adaptive optics system, and also show that when used with modern hardware, it has high enough performance to be used with most Extremely Large Telescope adaptive optics systems.


We investigate the numerical performance of the regularized deconvolution closure introduced recently by the authors. The purpose of the closure is to furnish constitutive equations for Irwing-Kirkwood-Noll procedure, a well known method for deriving continuum balance equations from the Newton's equations of particle dynamics. A version of this procedure used in the paper relies on spatial averaging developed by Hardy, and independently by Murdoch and Bedeaux. The constitutive equations for the stress are given as a sum of several operator terms acting on the mesoscale average density and velocity. Each term is a "convolution sandwich" containing the deconvolution operator, a composition or a product operator, and the convolution (averaging) operator. Deconvolution is constructed using filtered regularization methods from the theory of ill-posed problems. The purpose of regularization is to ensure numerical stability. The particular technique used for numerical experiments is truncated singular value decomposition (SVD). The accuracy of the constitutive equations depends on several parameters: the choice of the averaging window function, the value of the mesoscale resolution parameter, scale separation, the level of truncation of singular values, and the level of spectral filtering of the averages. We conduct numerical experiments to determine the effect of each parameter on the accuracy and efficiency of the method. Partial error estimates are also obtained.