There are mixed findings with respect to individual or gender differences in virtual Morris water maze tasks, which may be attributed to variations in the scale of the space, the cues provided, and differences in spatial navigation experience and abilities. We explore the question of scale and context by presenting participants with either a large (146 m) or small (36 m) outdoor virtual Morris maze, along with a measure of lifetime mobility and mental rotation skills. Results of this study suggest that, for the small-scale environment, males and females performed similarly when asked to navigate with only close visual cues. However, males outperformed females when only far cues were visible. In the large-scale environment, males outperformed females in both cue conditions. Additionally, mental rotation abilities predicted better navigation performance with close cues only. Finally, we found that highly mobile females and males perform equally well when navigating with close cues.


Eczema and asthma are chronic diseases with onset usually before the age of 5 years. More than 50% of individuals with eczema will develop asthma and/or other allergic diseases. Several loss‐of‐function mutations in filaggrin (FLG) have been identified in patients with eczema. However, the association of FLG with healthcare use is unknown.


Atmospheric rivers are recognized as major contributors to the poleward transport of water vapor. Upon reaching land, these phenomena also play a critical role in extreme precipitation and flooding events. The Pineapple Express (PE) is defined as an atmospheric river extending out of the deep tropics and reaching the west coast of North America. Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) high‐resolution ensemble simulations for the twentieth and 21st centuries are diagnosed to identify the PE. Analysis of the twentieth century simulations indicated that the CCSM4 accurately captures the spatial and temporal climatology of the PE. Analysis of the end 21st century simulations indicates a significant increase in storm duration and intensity of precipitation associated with landfall of the PE. Only a modest increase in the number of atmospheric rivers of a few percent is projected for the end of 21st century.


Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are powerful tools for understanding the properties of systems of interacting electrons and phonons in a solid. When mobile electrons are studied, these simulations are limited to a few hundred particles. More powerful machines and algorithms must be used to address many of the most important issues in the field. We present results from using the p4 parallel programming system on a variety of parallel architectures to conduct MC and MD simulations.<<ETX>>


Samples of the green mussel, Perna viridis, the brown mussel Perna perna and the parrot mussel were collected from Kadiyapattinam of Kanyakumari coast and their biochemical composition and the levels of heavy metal contamination were analyzed. The results of this study showed that the biochemical composition of the mussels did not very much. The specimens of all the three species of mussels were found to be good aquatic invertebrates for human consumption. P. viridis contained higher proportion of protein than Perna perna and the parrot mussel. Perna perna and the parrot mussel contained more lipid, ash, carbohydrate, and fibre; and their caloric values were also more than that of Perna viridis. Perna perna had the highest moisture content (78.21%) followed by the parrotmussel (19.47%) and Perna viridis (20.30%). Concentrations of the heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, As, Ni and Se) in the edible portions of the samples were within the values recommended by the WHO. Mercury was not detected and so these mussels are safe for the consumers. The order of concentrations of minerals found in the mussel samples was: K > Na > P > Ca > Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn. Potassium content was more than the other elements. It was evident from the study that in the soft tissue of all Perna species the concentration of essential minerals was higher than the nonessential metals. Kadiyapattinam mussels are a rich source not only of protein but also of all the other micro and macro minerals. The soft tissues of all the mussels had low levels of heavy metal concentration, and this indicates a comparatively lower heavy metal contamination of Kadiyapattinam coast. Mussels are also a rich source of nutritional components and could be used as human diet in place of other fish so as to reduce the pressure on sea foods.


Both project finance and corporate debt restructuring activity in the emerging markets have been increasing sharply in recent years. This article highlights contrasts and similarities between the two. There are contrasts in timing expectations, the nature of negotiations with the debtor, the fundamentals of the debtor's creditworthiness, the nature of standstills, and the central focus of the restructuring exercise. There are often similarities as well such as the key role of strategy in managing the restructuring process, the requirement for effective creditor coordination, the possibility of gaining additional security, efforts to simplify the creditor approval process, the way the negotiation process is driven by recovery expectations of key parties, the importance of early intervention, and the challenge of arranging interim financing.


Over the last few years, propolis has been the object of many studies conducted around the world, and its biological properties and chemical composition have been widely investigated. The present study focuses on the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity as well as an examination of the chemical composition of two samples of propolis from Eastern Algeria coming from the commune of El Mechrouha and Ouled Driss in the wilaya of Souk-Ahras. The two samples are tested for their antimicrobial power by undertaking the agar diffusion technique on eight pathogenic microbial strains (six bacterial strains and two fungal strains) which are: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus thoraltensis, , , Candida famata and Aspergillus niger. The results obtained clearly show the impact of propolis on the microbial susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria (S. agalactiae and S. aureus), as well as on fungal species (C. famata and A. niger). The analysis of the chemical composition of the ethanolic extracts of the two propolis by UV-visible absorption spectrometry and thin layer chromatography showed that Algerian propolis is wealthy in phenolic compounds, and high performance liquid chromatography allowed the identification of four polyphenols (Gallic acid, Caffeic acid, Quercetin and Catechin). These outcomes permitted a first assessment of the two propolis which present comparable components in their chemical compositions.


Discover the important new features that the latest version of Microsoft Word has to offer with the focused approach found in MICROSOFT OFFICE 365 & WORD 2016: INTERMEDIATE. This new edition is part of the acclaimed Shelly Cashman Series that has effectively introduced computer skills to millions. MICROSOFT OFFICE 365 & WORD 2016: INTERMEDIATE continues the Series' strong history of innovation with an enhanced learning approach that addresses your needs, no matter what your learning style. A trademark step-by-step, screen-by-screen approach encourages you to expand your understanding of basic and more advanced Microsoft Word 2016 skills through experimentation, critical thought, and personalization. This edition delivers the most effective educational materials specifically designed to engage, improve retention, and prepare you for success with Microsoft Word 2016.


In this paper, we propose a dual diversified dynamical Gaussian process latent variable model (D3GPLVM) to tackle the video repairing issue. For preservation purposes, videos have to be conserved on media. However, storing on media, such as films and hard disks, can suffer from unexpected data loss, for instance, physical damage. So repairing of missing or damaged pixels is essential for better video maintenance. Most methods seek to fill in missing holes by synthesizing similar textures from local patches (the neighboring pixels), consecutive frames, or the whole video. However, these can introduce incorrect contexts, especially when the missing hole or number of damaged frames is large. Furthermore, simple texture synthesis can introduce artifacts in undamaged and recovered areas. To address aforementioned problems, we introduce two diversity encouraging priors to both of inducing points and latent variables for considering the variety in existing videos. In D3GPLVM, the inducing points constitute a smaller subset of observed data, while latent variables are a low-dimensional representation of observed data. Since they have a strong correlation with the observed data, it is essential that both of them can capture distinct aspects of and fully represent the observed data. The dual diversity encouraging priors ensure that the trained inducing points and latent variables are more diverse and resistant for context-aware and artifacts-free-based video repairing. The defined objective function in our proposed model is initially not analytically tractable and must be solved by variational inference. Finally, experimental testing results illustrate the robustness and effectiveness of our method for damaged video repairing.


Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is a family of algorithms frequently employed in surface moving target indication radar systems to enable detection of moving objects in the presence of fixed (i.e., nonmoving) clutter. In this paper, two new closed-form expressions that quantify the loss associated with the STAP notch centered on clutter are derived in terms of system parameters of interest. Although there are many excellent reports, books, and papers focused on STAP, a simple yet accurate approximation for the STAP notch has not previously appeared. It is also shown that a new, accurate approximation for the important STAP metric known as minimum detectable velocity may be derived from the STAP notch expression. Furthermore, accurate expressions are derived that predict when "aperture-limited" STAP performance may be obtained. This work provides the first analytical, unifying connection between these STAP metrics. As they are implemented in compact closed-form expressions, the new results are attractive for system design. The significant computational benefits associated with the new results can be very advantageous in trade studies or large simulations in which STAP performance estimates must be computed thousands of times. It is expected that this work will be of great use to both readers with a background in STAP and readers new to this field. For readers with STAP experience, this work provides a new understanding of the drivers of STAP performance and of the interconnections between STAP performance measures. For readers new to the STAP field, this work removes the mystery associated with STAP by providing intuition into how STAP works. With accurate, analytical expressions, system engineers can now implement accurate predictions of STAP performance without the necessity of constructing patch-based analysis tools that estimate STAP performance by computing the notch associated with hundreds to thousands of clutter patches.


: Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that calcification is one of the body's primary responses to injury and a key pathological feature of cardiovascular disease. Calcification activity can now be imaged using 18 F-NaF positron emission tomography (PET) in combination with either computed tomography or magnetic resonance. These techniques allow visualization of calcification activity and, therefore, provide different information to the established macroscopic calcium imaged with computed tomography. Indeed, 18 F-NaF PET has been used to investigate a wide range of valvular conditions, including aortic stenosis, mitral annular calcification, and bioprosthetic valve disease, as well as vascular conditions, including abdominal aortic aneurysm disease, coronary, and carotid atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, and erectile dysfunction. In this brief review, we will focus on how 18 F-NaF PET has improved our pathophysiological understanding of cardiovascular calcification and how it can be used as a marker of vascular calcification, providing a useful tool that can be utilized in clinical trials investigating the prediction of both disease progression and clinical events. Finally, we will discuss how 18 F-NaF might be employed clinically to improve patient assessment and to guide decision-making.


: Sustainability refers to the capacity to continue. For the most part, United States dental schools have shown an amazing ability to endure over the past century. Dental schools have continued through fluctuations in application cycles and through persistent faculty shortages. Today, dental schools, particularly public institutions, find themselves faced with draconian budget cuts as states slash funding to higher education. While dental schools face threats, they also enjoy unprecedented opportunities. Scientific advances, particularly in genetics and molecular biology, presage the emergence of new modalities of patient care. The desirability of the dental profession as evidenced by the demand for dental services and the rising income of dentists is at an all time high. Public awareness about the importance of oral health care continues to grow.


Purpose The receptors for hepatocyte and vascular endothelial cell growth factors (MET and VEGFR2, respectively) are critical oncogenic mediators in gastric adenocarcinoma. The purpose is to examine the safety and efficacy of foretinib, an oral multikinase inhibitor targeting MET, RON, AXL, TIE-2, and VEGFR2 receptors, for the treatment of metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. Patients and Methods Foretinib safety and tolerability, and objective response rate (ORR) were evaluated in patients using intermittent (240 mg/day, for 5 days every 2 weeks) or daily (80 mg/day) dosing schedules. Thirty evaluable patients were required to achieve alpha = 0.10 and beta = 0.2 to test the alternative hypothesis that single-agent foretinib would result in an ORR of ≥25%. Up to 10 additional patients could be enrolled to ensure at least eight with MET amplification. Correlative studies included tumor MET amplification, MET signaling, pharmacokinetics and plasma biomarkers of foretinib activity. Results From March 2007 until October 2009, 74 patients were enrolled; 74% male; median age, 61 years (range, 25–88); 93% had received prior therapy. Best response was stable disease (SD) in 10 (23%) patients receiving intermittent dosing and five (20%) receiving daily dosing; SD duration was 1.9–7.2 months (median 3.2 months). Of 67 patients with tumor samples, 3 had MET amplification, one of whom had SD. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 91% of patients. Rates of hypertension (35% vs. 15%) and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (23% vs. 8%) were higher with intermittent dosing. In both patients with high baseline tumor phospho-MET (pMET), the pMET:total MET protein ratio decreased with foretinib treatment. Conclusion These results indicate that few gastric carcinomas are driven solely by MET and VEGFR2, and underscore the diverse molecular oncogenesis of this disease. Despite evidence of MET inhibition by foretinib, single-agent foretinib lacked efficacy in unselected patients with metastatic gastric cancer. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00725712


This thesis discusses the history of Jerusalem from 1912 to 1920, with a particular focus on the period of the First World War and the British military administration of the city up to July 1920. It examines the dynamics of the transition from Ottoman to British rule and compares the two administrative structures, as well as changes which affected the foreign population of the city and its religious communities. This thesis is organised in six chapters and evolves around three main themes. The first theme discussed in Chapter One addresses the complex issue of periodisation. The re-interpretation of the transitional period from Ottoman to British rule is discussed through the historiographical approach known as microhistory, in order to highlight the methodological underpinnings of this study. The second theme considers these two periods from the perspective of continuity and change. As far as change is concerned, this thesis underlines the changes which affected the political sphere; namely, the political identities of local communities that followed the end of the war in 1917 and the establishment of the British Military administration in Jerusalem. The third theme investigated is the relationship between the city and its foreign population, focussing on the foreign impact upon the political and social milieu of Jerusalem. Chapter Two discusses the late Ottoman administration of Jerusalem, providing a thorough analysis of the demographic structure in the transitional period. Chapter Three examines in detail the phases of the transition from the Ottomans to the British as a consequence of the military operations in Palestine. Chapter Four looks at the presence and functioning of the Christian religious institutions and their reactions to the British occupation. Chapter Five assesses the foreign presence in the city, with particular focus to some unexplored diplomatic sources. Chapter Six examines the functioning of the British Military administration, with particular focus on the role of the military governor Ronald Storrs.


Access to credit is vital in agricultural production due to low income from both farming and non-farm undertakings and this impedes investing in production inputs especially among smallholder farmers. These farmers produced about 90% of the total food supply, but the production has been declining over the last few years due to lack of funding, a situation that subjects them to low efficiency, low output and income which aggravates poverty in the country. Microfinance as an alternative means of providing financial services to the poor, have the potential to increase their income which if well spend on farm inputs could eventually increase their well-being.

The main objective of the study was to determine the impact of microfinance credit towards efficiency and net income improvement as well as the well-being of the beneficiaries. To examine the impact precisely, a group of non-credit beneficiaries was also studied. The impact was determined by comparing two groups of maize producers namely, credit beneficiaries (CB) and non-credit beneficiaries (NCB). The study also analyzed the socio-economic and maize farm related factors influencing technical inefficiency in the farming practices. Data were collected from 600 respondents using stratified random sampling technique in four states which include; Adamawa, Bauchi, Gombe and Taraba based on their prominence in maize production activities. A well-designed questionnaire was used as an instrument to gather information and data. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as slacks-based measure of efficiency model, slacks-based super efficiency model, fractional regression model, T-test analysis, net income analysis and Cobb-Douglass production function model were used to achieve the stated objectives.

The results indicated that there is a significant difference among the production inputs used by CB and NCB at 1% and 5% levels of probability. Besides, CB have higher maize yield (772.55kg/ha), higher net farm income ($174.47) and a higher technical efficiency scores than their NCB counterparts. The mean technical efficiency of both CB and NCB were 79% and 69% respectively, which implied that the farmers can still improve their respective efficiency levels by about 21% and 31% with the existing technology. The results also indicated that CB received an average daily income of $3.60, while NCB received only $1.34 per day. This implied that the daily income of CB have increased from less than $1.25 per day to about $3.55 per day as a result of microfinance credit.

According to the study, about 38 (CB) and 22 (NCB) farmers were super-efficient. The super-efficiency scores describe those farmers that applied inputs in an appropriate quantities during the production process and hence, were well represented by high input-output ratios. Super-efficiency scores of greater than one distinguish the best performing farmers from the worst and these farmers represent the most important ones that are extremely efficient. Microfinance credit, household size, years of farming experience, extension contact and education increased technical efficiency, while off-farm activities, drought and age decreased technical efficiency in maize farming. Costs of labour, cost of seeds, cost of agrochemicals and cost of fertilizer were found to have negative effect on net income of the farmers.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the higher technical efficiency, higher output and net farm income levels achieved by CB was due to the presence of microfinance credit which enabled them to purchase more production inputs at the appropriate time than their NCB counterparts. There is need for the extension workers to organize training and workshops in order to disseminate information that can encourage farmers (NCB) to collect microfinance credit in order to expand their scale of operations since it is evident that credit has positive impact on the technical efficiency, net farm income and the well-being of borrowers. Thus, government in collaboration with research institutes and universities should educate farmers on the recommended amount of inputs to apply on their farm lands. This can help them to reduce inputs wastage and production costs thereby increasing their income. It is also very important for government to drill boreholes for the rural farmers in their farm centers so that they can explore avenues for irrigational farming system instead of relying on rainfall for production. This can avert the impact of drought on crops and widens their opportunities to plant at least four times per annum and even diversify to other farming enterprises.


Dr E. L. McLellan writes: In their very valuable paper, Baker & Droop (1983) have argued that contrasts in metamorphic cooling ages and grades across the andalusite-kyanite isograd are attributable to emplacement of the Banff Nappe. Specifically, 'it is suggested that the eastern high temperature zones were thrust over the western kyanite zone and that the rocks to the west of the kyanite isograd were metamorphosed by thermal relaxation beneath this thrust sheet.' My comments concern: (1) the proposed direction of overthrusting; and (2) the differing thermal settings of the eastern and western areas. Baker & Droop worked in an area marginal to the Banff Nappe and were thus unable to provide direct evidence to support their proposed westerly-directed nappe emplacement. My work (unpublished) on the Deeside gneisses forming the southern base of the Banff Nappe, together with that of Treagus & Roberts (1981) on the northern coast, suggests that nappe emplacement involved SE-directed motion. Thus the Banff Nappe was emplaced from the interior of the orogen, as in the tectonic models of Henderson & Robertson (1982), not from the exterior as required by Baker & Droop. I agree with Baker & Droop that the high grade assemblages of Glen Muick formed under the same high geothermal gradient as the overlying Buchan assemblages, and that this high geotherm is best ascribed to an island-arc environment, as proposed for Connemara by Yardley & Senior (1982). However, Baker & Droop's model requires that these high geotherms be established prior to and during


We recently showed that neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity occurs in subpopulations of neurons in 3 cranial parasympathetic ganglia: the otic, sphenopalatine, and ciliary. The present work identifies the target tissues innervated by cranial parasympathetic NPY- immunoreactive neurons. Plexuses of NPY-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the parotid gland, the target of the otic ganglion, and in the intraorbital lacrimal gland and palate, targets of the sphenopalatine ganglion. NPY-immunoreactive fibers of apparent parasympathetic origin innervated glandular acini in all 3 structures and were also present around small blood vessels in the parotid and intraorbital lacrimal glands. These fibers were presumed to be parasympathetic because they were not affected by removal of the superior cervical ganglion and because their distribution was coextensive with that of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivity, which we have previously shown to be colocalized with NPY in the cell bodies of otic and sphenopalatine ganglion neurons. In contrast, no NPY-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the iris or ciliary body of acutely sympathectomized rats, suggesting that NPY- immunoreactive neurons in the ciliary ganglion do not normally transport detectable levels of NPY to their terminals. The target specificities of cranial parasympathetic NPY-immunoreactive neurons are different from those of sympathetic NPY-immunoreactive neurons. Sympathetic NPY-immunoreactive fibers innervated the iris and ciliary body, and the blood vessels but not the parenchymal cells of all the glands examined. In contrast, parasympathetic NPY-immunoreactive fibers primarily innervated glandular acini. NPY-immunoreactive neurons in the sphenopalatine ganglion displayed an additional level of specificity in their projection pattern in that they innervated only a subset of the ganglion's array of target glands: they innervated the intraorbital lacrimal gland and the seromucous glands of the palate but not the exorbital lacrimal gland or the glands of the nasal mucosa. The finding that NPY immunoreactivity is present in the parasympathetic innervation of secretory acini in several craniofacial glands raises the possibility that NPY plays a role in the parasympathetic control of glandular secretion. The observed overlap in the distributions of NPY- and VIP-immunoreactive fibers in these glands further suggests that NPY may interact with VIP to stimulate secretion.


A comparison of Small Form Factor (SFF) fiber optic connectors is presented for LC, MT-RJ, SC-DC, and VF-45. Multimode and singlemode jumper cables were tested using industry standard test procedures and bench marked against the industry standard SC Duplex connector. Initial loss data as well as stress testing was performed. Variations were found in the performance of the connectors types and between connectors of the same type from different suppliers. In some cases the connectors out performed the SC Duplex on some tests but no connectors out performed the SC Duplex on all tests with the mechanical stress tests of axial and off-axial pull being the most difficult to exceed. These connectors are rapidly developing and are at different levels of maturity but none of them tested out to be a fully mature replacement for the SC Duplex connector yet.


Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) is a language based on XML that provides an effective solution for the preparation, presentation and exchange of International Financial Reporting Standards. Many researchers examined the adoption, acceptance or usage of XBRL but none have clarified a direct link between the acceptance of technology and how it affects XBRL users. So, a significant issue to answer is: What is the level of acceptance of XBRL in the European region? Particularly, a new acceptance model was developed based on Technology Acceptance Model 2 (TAM2) in order to test XBRL usage and its impact with five major constructs. The sample consists of 100 listed companies from European Union countries such as United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Denmark, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxemburg and Poland. The results reveal that a great number of companies in the European Union are satisfied with the output and the perspectives of XBRL acceptance and usage. The above argument is supported by the positive correlation found in this research among independent constructs and the dependent factors of XBRL acceptance and usage. Europe appears to be a strong supporter of XBRL technology, so non adopters of XBRL can use the results of this study and decide whether XBRL is a useful tool for them or not.


This paper deals with a fuzzy manufacturing scheduling problem in the self-organizing manufacturing system (SOMS), in which modules self-organize effectively according to other modules. A module decides its outputs through the interaction with other modules, but the module does not share all information of other modules. In addition, the information received from other modules often includes ambiguous and incomplete information. We therefore apply fuzzy theory to represent incomplete information of other modules. Furthermore, we apply a virus-evolutionary genetic algorithm (VEGA) to a fuzzy flow shop scheduling problem with fuzzy transportation time. The VEGA is a stochastic optimization method simulating coevolution of host population and virus population. The simulation results indicate that the fuzzified information is effective when a module has incomplete information in the SOMS.


A florid tail injury was observed in carrageenan-inflamed rats previously treated with acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAI) drugs to suppress paw inflammation and then exposed to mild chilling (7-10 degrees C for 10-16 h). All three treatments, i.e. NSAI drug + carrageenan paw oedema + mild chilling treatment, were required for the development of this condition. Histological observations suggest that the tissue necrosis was initiated by a primary disturbance of the peripheral vasculature. The possible involvement of suppressed prostaglandin (PG) production in the aetiology of this condition is indicated by the fact that it was totally reversed by prior treatment with PGE2. This appears to be a classical pluricausal thrombohaemorrhagic phenomenon (of Selye), with cold-stress being the sensitizer and carrageenan and NSAI drugs being the challenger. The possibilities are considered of employing this tail injury model as a convenient method of developing drugs to control microvascular disturbances in man.


Human labour use effectively and directional be key towards employee labour capacity enhanced. to that's wanted a organization leadership policy in effort moves, invite and aim labour. so that want to work voluminouser as according to plan that appointed that policy by gives push or correct motivation to labour or employee besides bouncy good itself employee responsibility and enthusiastic again so that will beneficial organization and can to compete with organization other of a kind. This watchfulness aim is that is to detects motivational level, employee labour capacity in KUD BATU, to will detect work motivation influence that consist of push physiological need, push security need, push social need, push appreciation need, and push self actualization need towards employee work accomplishment in KUD BATU and to detect where influentialer towards accomplishment employee work in KUD BATU. data analyzer that used that is doubled linear regression by using test f and test t. From scale distance analysis result will show employee work motivation that cover push physiological need, security need and welfare, social need, appreciation need and self actualization need enters in tall category. analysis result knowable that employee labour capacity that covers ability finishes all jobs that be responsibility as according to target that determined. based on test result f knowable that simultaneously motivation variable that cover push physiological need, security need, social need, appreciation need, and has influence significant towards employee labour capacity in KUD BATU. based on regression coefficient each variable so can be elaborated as follows: push variable physiological need (x1) that is as big as 0,414, pushes security need (x2) as big as 0,218, push variables social need (x3) that is as big as 0,187, pushes appreciation need (x4) as big as 0,293 and push self actualization need (x5) that is as big as 0,157. will so thereby inferential that push variable physiological need has influence biggest towards employee labour capacity in KUD BATU will be compared with other variable. Suggestion that submitted in this watchfulness that is supposed companies to give proper salary and on time to employees so that can fulfil all physiological need that is main need or most mendasar that cover food need, clothing and board need and always appreciate existence that employees at companies with creat harmonic work atmosphere delivers employee. Keyword : motivasi dan prestasi kerja Link Terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/326/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2009-nandungpra-16287-PENDAHUL-N.pdf


Sanders Ezekiel [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B5, 674 (1988)] measured Laub drag coefficients in dielectric samples moving in a ring cavity and obtained an average difference from their theory of 60 ppm. We find significant revisions to their analysis (mainly the reinterpretation of the refractive index, inclusion of angular aberration in the dispersive term, and corrections to the geometry of the beam path through the sample), which increase this figure to 1290 ppm. Reasons for the residual discrepancy are advanced. Present drag measurements give direct manifestations of relativity only to an accuracy of the order of 1000 ppm.


'Six Moments in Kingston Town' was an art project developed by the Public Art Commission in May 2019 that sought to collectively speak to the diverse cultures and shared histories of the City of Kingston, south of Melbourne. A series of leading Australian artists were commissioned
 to work with local community groups to develop projects that spoke to the complex, rich and interwoven social fabrics of this region, concentrating on the period of the mid-1970s to early 1980s. Using as key case studies events such as the election of Moorabbin's first female councillor
 in 1976, a selection of nationally famous political protests in 1982, and the disappearance of aviator Fred Valentich who flew out from Moorabbin airport in 1978 never to be seen again, the project sought to highlight hidden or obscured historical moments that impacted well beyond the Kingston
 region. This text examines how curatorial practice via the commissioning of a series of iterative, place-specific, temporary projects can serve to nurture resilient communities while showcasing adventurous, challenging contemporary art. In picking up on local gestures, materials and events
 that clearly resonate with our contemporary milieu, we bring into question art's repeated teleology ‐ one that eschews resistance in favour of its own disappearance into a kind of utopic consensus, where politics, art, culture and the economy fuse into a life of communal accord.
 In this article, we argue that the making of public artworks as dissensus serves to resist the collapse of art into life and, therefore, the danger that, with the disappearance of art, politics is doomed as well. As the article progresses, we pick up on a number of theoretical threads
 that present the works as ruptures in our conventional approaches to these sites and their histories.


On-shelf availability (OSA) is key in the Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) industry. In this project, out of stock (OOS) patterns are identified, grouped, and analyzed in order to gain meaningful insights to improve OSA. The approach is to normalize a time-series dataset, search for similar OOS patterns, and analyze some particular patterns. By focusing on a particular type of pattern, in which an OOS event happens within a pre-defined time period, some behaviors are observed from this study: first, as the time period is decreased (from 7 days to 4 days), the similar OOS pattern happens more frequently; second, a steep inventory drop appears to be an infrequent event, based on the sample dataset. The purpose of this study is to draw a common approach that could possibly be used by practitioners; the firm could possibly use the index and similarity search approach to identify patterns in all GTINs. The potential insights of this study are: first, stock outs don't seem to be predictable based solely on DC data, since steep inventory drops appear to be infrequent events; and second, a firm could possibly use the identified patterns to connect point of sale data with OOS events and then identify the drivers of out of stocks. Capstone Project Supervisor: James Blayney Rice, Jr. Title: Deputy Director, MIT Center for Transportation and Logistics


Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by 3 overlapping phenotypes: salt-wasting (SW), simple virilizing (SV), and non-classic (NC). We aimed at conducting a nationwide genotype description of the CAH pediatric patients and to establish their genotype–phenotype correlation. Methods: CAH patients were recruited from Portuguese pediatric endocrinology centers and classified as SW, SV, or NC. Genetic analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction (sequence specific primer, restriction fragment length polymorphism) or direct Sanger sequencing. Genotypes were categorized into 4 groups (0, A, B, and C), according to their predicted enzymatic activity. In each group, the expected phenotype was compared to the observed phenotype to assess the genotype–phenotype correlation. Results: Our cohort comprises 212 unrelated pediatric CAH patients (29% SW, 11% SV, 60% NC). The most common pathogenic variant was p.(Val282Leu; 41.3% of the 424 alleles analyzed). The p.(Val282Leu) variant, together with c.293-13A/C>G, p.(Ile173Asn), p.(Leu308Thr), p.(Gln319*), and large deletions/conversions were responsible for 86.4% of the mutated alleles. Patients' stratification by disease subtype revealed that the most frequent pathogenic variants were c.293-13A/C>G in SW (31.1%), p.(Ile173Asn) in SV (46.9%), and p.(Val282Leu) in NC (69.5%). The most common genotype was homozygosity for p.(Val282Leu; 33.0%). Moreover, we found 2 novel variants: p.(Ile161Thr) and p.(Trp202Arg), in exons 4 and 5, respectively. The global genotype-phenotype correlation was 92.4%. Group B (associated with the SV form) showed the lowest genotype–phenotype correlation (80%). Conclusion: Our cohort has one of the largest NC CAH pediatric populations described. We emphasize the high frequency of the p.(Val282Leu) variant and the very high genotype–phenotype correlation observed.


SIMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE RADIAL TIME PROJECTION CHAMBER FOR THE BONUS12 EXPERIMENT IN CLAS12 Nathan M Dzbenski Old Dominion University, 2020 Director: Dr. Gail Dodge Knowledge of the structure of nucleons (i.e. protons and neutrons) is a central topic of interest to nuclear/particle physicists. Much more is known about the structure of the proton than the neutron due to the lack of high-density free neutron targets. The Barely Off-shell Nucleon Structure experiment (BONuS12) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) is a second generation experiment upgraded/optimized to advance our knowledge of the neutron's structure using the deep-inelastic scattering of electrons off deuterium. Typically, since deuterium is a nuclear target, corrections for off-shell and nuclear binding effects must be taken into account in order to extract results on the neutron. These corrections are model-dependent and therefore have limited our success in extracting neutron information using deuterium targets. In the BONuS12 experiment, 10.6 GeV electrons are scattered off of a deuterium target. By detecting the low momentum spectator proton at backward angles, the uncertainty due to final state interactions is minimized. The goal of the experiment is to measure the ratio of the neutron to proton structure functions (F n 2 /F p 2 ) as the Bjroken scaling variable x approaches 1. The newly designed Radial Time Projection Chamber (RTPC) for BONuS12 detects the spectator proton in coincidence with the scattered electron, which is detected in the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS12). This work presents the simulation and development of the new BONuS12 RTPC. The design, construction, and testing of the Drift-gas Monitoring Sysytem (DMS) for the BONuS12 experiment is also described. The results of the DMS operation as well as the first preliminary data from the BONuS12 experimental run are given. Because the BONuS12 data analysis depends on CLAS12 working effectively, an effort to verify the CLAS12 operation with the extraction of the inclusive deep inelastic cross section from the first experiment in CLAS12 (Run Group A) will be presented.


This study explores the long-run effect of the 1981-1993 Punjab Insurgency on the educational attainment of adults who were between ages 6-16 years at the time of the insurgency, using the 2005 India Human Development Survey. We find a substantial and statistically significant negative effect of terrorism on educational attainment. To explore the channels through which the conflict affected education, we use a unique historical dataset on the annual expenditure decisions by farmers in the state of Punjab during 1978-1989. We find a significant reduction in expenditure on education by households with a high ratio of girls to boys and those residing in violence affected districts, which suggests that this reduction was one of the demand-side channels through which conflict affected education.


Introduction: The differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MSCs) to the osteoblastic or adipogenic phenotype is thought to be an important pathophysiological mechanism for bone diseases. Dexamethasone induced adipogenesis in mesenchymal progenitor cells by decreasing osteogenic differentiation. The internal cortisol metabolism in bone seems to be mainly regulated by the enzyme 11-β HSD1, a key enzyme converting cortisone to active cortisol or vice versa. We examined overexpression of 11- β HSD1 in relation to adipogenic transcription markers and the product cortisol. Cortisol has a widespread effect on bone metabolism. It suppresses the differentiation of the osteoblastic mesenchymal stem cells via RUNX and influences them in a proadipogenic way. An important regulator for this pathway are the early proadipogenic markers PPARγ, C/EBP alpha and beta. This project aims to promote the aspects of 11-β HSD1 overexpression in mesenchymal stem cells. This knowledge might help us understand the pathogenesis of aged-related osteoporosis. Material and methods: Mesenchymal progenitor cells from different patients were cultured in DMEM 10% FCS, glutamine, penicillin/streptomycin. mRNA was analyzed by SYBR Green® PCR. 11-β HSD1 and 11-β HSD2-protein were analyzed by western blotting. Cortisol and cortisone synthesis was measured by mass spectrometry. Mesenchymal progenitor cells were seeded 100.000/ ml in 6 well plates and transfected for 6 h at confluence using lipofectamine and a pcDNA3.1 plasmid for 11-β HSD1 overexpression (provided by V. Bahr) or control plasmid. Mesenchymal progenitor cells after transfection were cultured for either 48 hours, 7 days or up to 28 days. Amongst others we used a stimulation medium to provide enzymatic activity and to generate enzymatic cofactors. The added factors were cortisone and cortisol. Furthermore we added NADPH, NAD, glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, all together these factors arise a regeneration system for 11-β HSD1 cofactors. Results: After addition of cortisone for 48h cortisol synthesis doubled after transfektion with 11-β HSD1 in cell suspension and media. By comparison, after addition of cortisol for 48 hours cortisone synthesis did not increase in cell suspension and not very distinctive in media. This result accorded with a spontaneous conversion of cortisol in cortisone. We transfected 11-β HSD1 in mesenchymal progenitor cells, expression increased 10 to 1000 fold depending on the individual experiment. 11-β HSD1, assisted by cofactors (regeneration system), increased synthesis of cortisol more than without cofactors. mRNA Expression remained stable over 7 days and decreased thereafter. Plasmid transfection increased 11-β HSD1 protein detectable by western blotting after 48 hours and 28 days. In addition 11-β HSD2 protein also increased after 48h. Even so the adipogenic differentiation, measured by mRNA of aP2, C/EBP alpha and C/EPB beta was clearly induced after 48 hours and 7 days. The osteogenic differentiation measured by mRNA of RUNX2 was significantly suppressed after 28 days. mRNA of RANKL was induced after 48 hours as well. Conclusions: In our experimental setup we show that a 11-β HSD1 overexpression is in mRNA and protein levels possible and repeatable. Our results suggest an increased proadipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells by overexpression without stimulation. Furthermore, we could show the direct detection of the increased product cortisol and the influence of cofactors on the enzyme 11-β HSD1. The implantation of a regenerations system is usefully and supports the thesis of an increased conversion of cortisone in cortisol in mesenchymal progenitor cells, like it might appear in age-related osteoporosis.


Introduction: The scarcity of grafts remains to be the major limitation in lung transplantation. Uncontrolled non-heart-beating donors (UNHBDs) represent one way to alleviate this problem. Objectives: We present the early and late results of lung transplantation from UNHBDs and compare the outcomes with the recipient cohort receiving lungs from brain dead donors (BDDs). Methods: Between January 2002 and December 2012, 38 (11.5%) of the 330 lung transplantation performed in our institution used lungs from UNHBDs. Early and late outcomes for this recipient cohort were compared with those for recipients who received organs from BBDs (292 patients) over a median follow up of 41.7 months (0.3-133) for UNHBDs and 41 months (0.3-142.3) for BDDs (NS). Results: The incidence of primary graft dysfunction grade 3 (PGD3) in the UNHBDs group was similar to that of the BDDs group (p=0.17). The patient survival rates at 3 months, 1 year, 3, 5 and 10 years were 81.6%, 71.1%, 60.3%, 50.8% and 16.5% for the UNHBDs group and 80.5%, 75%, 66%, 58.4% and 38.1% for the BDDs groups (NS). Freedom from chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) at 1, 3, 5 and 10 years in the UNHBDs group was 96.3%, 76.6%, 54% and 27% respectively, and did not differ from the incidence of CLAD in the BDDs group (p=0.49). Conclusions: In our experience, both early and late results in UNHBDs lung transplantation were comparable to those with BDDs. Our findings support that the use of lungs from UNHBDs is safe and could substantially expand the donor pool for lung transplantation.


A critical examination of the case-law on the specific issue order reveals some uncertainty concerning the nature and scope of the order. On several occasions, judicial encounters with the order have been characterized by (sometimes conflicting) assertions, rather than a systematic and carefully reasoned engagement with its definition. What may be required, on the part of the judiciary, is a sharpening of focus on the specific wording of statutory provisions, and a greater willingness to engage with, and clarify, concepts.


Background
In endemic areas, schistosomiasis causes both overt and subclinical disease in young children and their mothers, as well as in returned travellers.

Sources of data
Key recently published literature.

Areas of agreement
An action plan for paediatric schistosomiasis and female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is needed with expanded access to praziquantel (PZQ) treatment required.

Areas of controversy
Schistosomiasis-related morbidity is underappreciated. Present and future demand for PZQ treatment is bottlenecked, imbalanced and inequitable. Current dosing, treatment algorithms and access plans are suboptimal with treatment stalled during pregnancy.

Growing points
Raised dosing of PZQ (>40 mg/kg) is being explored in young children. Surveillance of female genital schistosomiasis FGS is increasing. Use of PZQ in pregnancy is safe and preventive chemotherapy guidelines are being revised in morbidity- and transmission-control settings.

Areas timely for developing research
Shifting focus of population-level control to individual-case management. Detection and prevention of FGS within general health services and integration of PZQ treatment for women and children in antenatal clinics. Feasibility studies assessing alternative and expanded access to PZQ treatment to at-risk children and mothers and pregnant women.


Introduction Men who have sex with men (MSM) constitute a risk group for sexual transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. Despite counselling interventions, risk behaviour remains high. Syndemic theory holds that psychosocial problems often co-occur, interact and mutually reinforce each other, thereby increasing high risk behaviours and co-occurring diseases. Therefore, if co-occurring psychosocial problems were assessed and treated simultaneously, this might decrease high risk behaviour and disease. Method An open label randomised controlled trial will be conducted among 150 MSM with high risk behaviour recruited from the STI clinic of Amsterdam. Inclusion criteria are: HIV negative MSM with two STI or PEP treatment in the last 24 months or HIV positive MSM with one STI in the last 24 months. All participants get questionnaires on the following syndemic domains: ADHD (ASRS), depression (HADS), anxiety disorder(HADS), alexithymia (TAS) and sex(SCS, Kalichman) and drug addiction(DUDIT and AUDIT). Participants in the control group receive standard care for one year: STI screenings every three months and motivational interviewing based counselling. Participants in the experimental group receive standard care plus additional questionnaires depending on baseline questionnaire scores followed by feedback and referral to a co-located mental health or addiction service in case of a positive indication according to the additional questionnaires. The primary outcome is help seeking behaviour for mental health problems and/or drug use problems. The secondary outcomes are STI incidence and changes in sexual risk behaviour (i.e. condom use, number of anal sex partners, drug use during sex). Conclusion This study will provide information on syndemic domains among MSM who show high risk behaviour and on the effect of screening and referral on help seeking behaviour and health (behaviour) outcomes. Inclusion started in September 2016, on 1 December more than 60 MSM were included with this pace baseline data will be available in July 2017.


The purpose of the researcher was to investigate mathematics anxiety in 9th, 10th, and 11th grade students. The five independent variables investigated were gender, grade level, socioeconomic status, mathematics achievement level, and mothers' highest educational level. The dependent variable was the scores from the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale-Adolescent. The sample consisted of 156 students in grades 9 through 11. A status survey factorial design was employed using a three-way analysis of variance (general linear model). Five composite null hypotheses were tested at the .0500 level of significance. A total of 18 comparisons were made plus 17 recurring. Of the 18 comparisons, 5 were for main effects and 13 for interactions. One of the 5 main effects was statistically significant at the .0500 level. The statistically significant main effect was for the independent variable mathematics achievement and the dependent variable mathematics anxiety. The results of the present study indicated that students who had low (0-69 percent) achievement in mathematics had statistically higher mathematics anxiety than those at all other levels of achievement. None of the 13 interactions was statistically significant at the .0500 level. The results of the present study appeared to support the following generalizations: students who have low achievement in mathematics have higher mathematics anxiety, and 2. students have very low mathematics anxiety.


Phase relations in harzburgite have been determined between 14 and 24 GPa and 1473 and 1673 K. At 1673 K, harzburgite transformed to wadsleyite + garnet + clinopyroxene below 19 GPa and decomposed into an assemblage of ringwoodite + garnet + stishovite above 20 GPa. Certain amounts of akimotoite were produced at still higher pressures (22–23 GPa). Finally, perovskite and magnesiowüstite were found to coexist with garnet at 24.2 GPa. Compositions of all the phases were analyzed and elemental partitioning coefficients were determined among coexisting phases. Combining our experimental data with available thermoelastic properties of major minerals in the earth's mantle, we modeled the velocity and density signatures of the stagnated oceanic slab in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) under eastern China, based on kinematic slab thermal structure analysis. We examined two end‐member slab models: a conventional straight slab with deformation thickening and an undulate slab with an oscillating wavelength of 200 km. We found that an undulated (buckled) slab model yields velocity anomalies (about 1–2% for Vp) that are consistent with seismic tomography models, taking into account low‐pass filtering effects in seismic tomography studies. On the other hand, straight slab models yield velocity anomalies that are too high compared with seismic tomography models. Our models provide important constraints on the thermal structure, mineralogy, composition, density, and velocities of slab materials in the MTZ.


Discussion about the nature of warfare in Afghanistan is related to several larger inter-related debates in the field of military history. First, is the world witnessing a military revolution, or a military technical revolution/revolution in military affairs at the dawn of the new millennium? Second, is conventional warfare dead? Third, are we witnessing a new form of insurgency, and is the new form of insurgency part of the so-called Eastern way of warfare? Fourth, does this mean that counter-insurgency in Afghanistan is part of the West's ongoing Global War on Terror (also dubbed the Long War)? We will try to generalize the future of warfare by making a case study of the recent conflict in Afghanistan.


Antigenic variation is a process by which pathogenic micro-organisms escape the immune response of their mammalian hosts. By convergent evolution, protozoal, fungal and bacterial pathogens have developed similar genetic mechanisms for true antigenic variation. In this review article, the biology, the surface antigens and their encoding genes, and the molecular mechanisms of antigenic variation of the protozoa Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium falciparum, Babesia bovis, Giardia lamblia, the fungus Pneumocystis carinii, and the bacteria Borrelia hermsii, Anaplasma marginale, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma bovis and Campylobacter fetus are compared.


Creative Commons CC BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https:// creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by/ 4. 0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https:// us. sagepub. com/ enus/ nam/ openaccessatsage). Book Review: Making Sense of Aung San Suu Kyi's Policy


Background: COVID-19 is an ongoing health concern that hospitals have struggled to keep up with, given its increasing burden with the passage of time. Considerations for the management of COVID-19 should be made especially for pregnant patients and their neonates. Objectives: To determine COVID-19 prevalence and the clinical profile of mothers admitted for childbirth at Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center from May 2020 to July 2020. The profile and outcomes of neonates born to these mothers were likewise studied. Materials and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done that included mothers admitted for childbirth who had SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR swab test and their neonates. A total of 408 medical records of mother and neonate dyads were reviewed. Relevant variables such as the patients' demographic profile, clinical characteristics, co-morbidities and the maternal and neonatal outcomes were obtained. Frequency distributions were made to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 among the patients, as well as maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results: Twenty-two (5.39%) mothers tested positive for COVID-19, while all neonates (n = 22) that underwent RT-PCR swab at the 24th hour of life had negative results. Of the 22 COVID-19 positive mothers, 2 (9.09%) were symptomatic upon admission while 20 (90.09%) were asymptomatic. The following were the key trends among those mothers who tested positive for COVID-19: (1) 81.82% were from ages 20-39 years old, (2) 72.73% were multigravida mothers, (3) 54.55% had normal spontaneous delivery, (4) diabetes mellitus was the only noted comorbidity. Key findings on the neonatal outcomes observed in the study population of both COVID-19 positive and negative cases, include: (1) majority of neonates had an APGAR score of greater than 7 at 1st and 5th minute of life; (2) higher frequency of neonates with Ballard's score of more than 37 weeks AOG; (3) more male neonates as compared to female neonates; (4) a normal birth weight for majority of cases; (5) 45.45% of neonates born to COVID positive mothers had a length of stay of <48 hours as compared to 72.8% of neonates born to COVID negative mothers; and (6) neonatal pneumonia as the most common comorbid condition in both cases. Conclusion: This study noted a prevalence of 5.39% COVID-19 positive mothers. SARS-CoV-2 virus was not detected in all of the neonates born to COVID-19 affected mothers. Neonates delivered to COVID-19 positive mothers had similar trends in the neonatal outcomes when compared to neonates delivered to mother who were COVID-19 negative.


The use of forest residues as an energy source is a strategy used by developed and developing countries, mainly due to the decrease of fossil fuel reserves. The integration of torrefaction and pelletisation is one of the most promising routes for energy densification of lignocellulosic biomass. Dichrostachys Cinerea (Marabou) is classified as an invasive plant that affects large extention of arable land and because of its characteristics can be considered as a renewable source of energy. In the present work the objective is to design economically and evaluate a plant for marabou torrefaction for energy purposes. The flows related to the unit processes of the proposed technological scheme are quantified through mass and energy balances, as well as determining the main design parameters of the equipment for each of the stages of the process. The results of the economic evaluation show that the investment is feasible from the economic point of view, with a unit gain of 0, 04 $/kg validated by the dynamic indicators and the Discounted Payback Period of 3,20 years. A sensitivity analysis of different parameters is performed, indicating that the selling price of torrefied pellets have the greatest influence on the Net Present Value ($ 4,94E + 07).


To improve the efficiencies in kinematics, dynamics analysis and finite element (FE) calculation, distributed computing is used in the project of Chinese mechanical virtual human (CMVH). A three-dimensional (3D) musculoskeletal model of a male human and its finite element model have been constructed according to the male dataset of Chinese visible human (CVH). Many servers and software have been architected by using the method of distributed computing. Finally, a distributed computing platform by using these models to solving the parameters has been established. This distributed computing platform will provide wide applications in the areas such as medical engineering, robot design, physical and art education, sport, ergonomics and traffic accident analysis etc.


Tarsiers are small nocturnal primates with a long history of fuelling debate on the origin and evolution of anthropoid primates. Recently, the discovery of M and L opsin genes in two sister species, Tarsius bancanus (Bornean tarsier) and Tarsius syrichta (Philippine tarsier), respectively, was interpreted as evidence of an ancestral long-to-middle (L/M) opsin polymorphism, which, in turn, suggested a diurnal or cathemeral (arrhythmic) activity pattern. This view is compatible with the hypothesis that stem tarsiers were diurnal; however, a reversion to nocturnality during the Middle Eocene, as evidenced by hyper-enlarged orbits, predates the divergence of T. bancanus and T. syrichta in the Late Miocene. Taken together, these findings suggest that some nocturnal tarsiers possessed high-acuity trichromatic vision, a concept that challenges prevailing views on the adaptive origins of the anthropoid visual system. It is, therefore, important to explore the plausibility and antiquity of trichromatic vision in the genus Tarsius. Here, we show that Sulawesi tarsiers (Tarsius tarsier), a phylogenetic out-group of Philippine and Bornean tarsiers, have an L opsin gene that is more similar to the L opsin gene of T. syrichta than to the M opsin gene of T. bancanus in non-synonymous nucleotide sequence. This result suggests that an L/M opsin polymorphism is the ancestral character state of crown tarsiers and raises the possibility that many hallmarks of the anthropoid visual system evolved under dim (mesopic) light conditions. This interpretation challenges the persistent nocturnal–diurnal dichotomy that has long informed debate on the origin of anthropoid primates.


This essay analyzes the history of the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) discovery, relating some of the principles of the theory of scientific creativity to the cognitive and personal qualities of the scientists that participated in the discovery, particularly Rita Levi-Montalcini and Viktor Hamburger. The discovery of NGF is especially attractive for the history of science as it involves chance, luck, creativity, and some extraordinary scientists.


A high energy-efficiency switching scheme for a successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) is presented. The proposed method can achieve 98.4% savings in switching energy when compared to a conventional SAR. The proposed technique also achieves a 4 % reduction in total capacitance used in the digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) compared to the conventional DAC.


Ranking the strengths and weaknesses of software engineering students in software development life cycle (SDLC) process level is a challenging task owing to (1) data variation, (2) multievaluation criteria, (3) criterion importance and (4) alternative member importance. According to the existing literature, no specified procedure can rank the ability of software engineering students based on SDLC process levels to figure out the strengths and weaknesses of each student. This study aims to present a novel triplex procedure for ranking the ability of software engineering students to address the literature gap. The methodology of the proposed work is presented on the basis of three phases. In the identification phase, four steps are implemented, namely, processing dataset, identifying the criteria, distributing the courses to the software engineering body of knowledge and proposing the pre-decision matrix (DM). The data comprise the GPA and soft skills from 60 software engineering students who graduated from Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris in 2016. In the pre-processing phase, three steps are involved as follows. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is first used to assign weights to the courses and then multiply the assigned weight by courses, which is the first procedure in the proposed work. In this phase, the construction of DM is presented based on multimeasurement criteria (GPA and soft skills), with SDLC process levels as alternatives. In the development phase, AHP is used again to weight the multimeasurement criteria, and this is the second procedure. In such case, the coordinator and head of the software engineering department are consulted to obtain subjective judgments for each criterion. Technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is then used to rank the students, which is the third procedure. In the validation, statistical analysis is performed to validate the results by checking the accuracy of the systematic ranking. Results show that (1) integrating AHP and group TOPSIS is suitable for ranking the ability of students. (2) The 60 students are categorized into five ranking groups based on their strength level: 14 collector requirements, 13 designers, 5 programmers, 13 testers and 15 maintenances. (3) Significant differences are observed between the groups' scores for each level of SDLC, indicating that the ranking results are identical for all levels.


The aerodynamic interactions of wind turbines within a wind farm cause major energy losses. While these unavoidable interactions are minimized via layout optimizations prior to the construction of the wind farm, some active treatments can be carried out to further tackle this issue during the operation of the plant. Among all, yaw control has appeared to be the most promising strategy. Studying the impact of intentional yaw misalignment on the wake characteristics and the performance of wind farms has led to the conclusion that proper positive yaw misalignment can lead to an overall increase in the annual energy production of a wind farm, while any negative misalignment always reduces the energy production. Two unverified reasons are proposed for this: (i) clockwise rotation of the turbine blades and (ii) the Coriolis effect. This paper investigates these two potential explanations by conducting six large-eddy simulations of flow through a wind farm of 10 turbines. Results indicate that the Coriolis force and the direction of rotation of the blades both contribute to the significant inconsistency between the impact of positive and negative yaws on the net power production. The Coriolis force, however, was found to be more influential at the studied hub height. For the studied case, the difference between applying a positive and a negative yaw angle to the front-row turbine was found to be approximately 17%. This difference was reduced to almost 7% when the Coriolis force was relaxed, and to approximately 11% when the turbines were set to rotate counterclockwise.


In their letter, Petracca & Frair () detail several methodological considerations in our examination of whether interview-based surveys produce unreliable results (Caruso et al., ). We thank them for pointing out these issues and, by doing so, helping to strengthen our main point. We agree with most of the methodological concerns that Petracca & Frair raise.We also believe, however, that most of the assumptions we made in our research are common in the conservation literature, especially with respect to species that are rare, cryptic, elusive or otherwise difficult to detect. Robust sampling designs for studying such species frequently require large samples and, consequently, human and monetary resources that are not always available. Thus pooling data from different years is a common practice in occupancy and/or species distribution modelling (Burton et al., ; Cuyckens et al., ). We also pooled the presence/absence information of the five camera traps at each site, to increase the detection probability of the species per site. By doing so, we aimed to provide a more reliable estimate of the presence status of each species at each site. Perhaps the most important point, however, is that for the interview-based data we only calculated a naïve occurrence probability (i.e. the proportion of sites in which the species were present, without taking into account detection probability). We did this because our interview sampling was not designed to be analysed within the framework of occupancy modelling, and it was not our intention to estimate occupancy parameters. As we discussed (Caruso et al., ), Zeller et al. () and Petracca et al. () have shown, however, that estimating occupancy parameters for interview-based data is possible. Nevertheless, in spite of the fact that it has been shown that the resulting models may not be reliable (e.g. Gu & Swihart, ), several studies (e.g. Feijó et al., ; Ochoa‐Quintero et al., ) have modelled species distributions using interview data that did not have sufficient replicates to estimate occupancy parameters. In conclusion, the main objective of our article was to present a case study in which the presence data obtained by interviews appeared to be insufficiently reliable to elucidate the distribution of certain species, such as some carnivores. Our advice is that researchers should be cautious when drawing conclusions from interview-based data. Thus our main conclusion was not that 'interview data are unreliable' (Petracca & Frair, ). Rather, interview data can potentially be skewed in some particular situations, and should be calibrated with other kinds of data, such as from camera trapping. We believe our conclusion offers valuable insights to help improve studies that utilize interview-based data.


Introduction: Lower limb neuropathy is one the complications of diabetes mellitus and the most common cause of lower limb amputation. Hence information and self-care advice should be provided to primary healthcare patients to prevent this condition. Objective: To explore insulin users' knowledge of foot self-care. Methods: This quantitative, descriptive, exploratory study was conducted at a Family Health Unit Curitiba-PR of Curitiba, PR, Brazil. The study sample comprised 63 insulin users. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Results: Although they reported performing self-care activities, 67% (n = 42) of insulin users declared that they had never received any information on foot self-care. Conclusion: The adherence to self-care practices shown by respondents and the patient empowerment observed in this study indicate the effectiveness of the information on diabetes self-care imparted to patients registered at this health care unit in contributing to the promotion of quality of life.


The late modern views that the environment is simply there for the use and benefit of the human person without value persist to this day. The purpose of this article, The Ethics of Responsibility: The Philosophical Proposals of Hans Jonas and its Critical Appraisal towards Environmental Ethics for a Technological Age, is to add to the growing discussion which seeks to reconnect the environment and the human person through an exploration of the views offered by Hans Jonas. The imperative of responsibility serves as a guide to an establishment of an ethics for the future. This ethics guided by general principles of authentic dialogue unfolds an important relationship between those theories concerning our view and the use of the environment and human activities championed by modern technology. The significance of this study rests on the fact that the environmental crisis has become so urgent and leaves no one unaffected. The global environmental challenges, especially in our technological era, present serious ethical difficulties. For these reasons this work seeks to examine and evaluate the environmental ethics of Hans Jonas. He presents the dangers that will come to the environment if an ethics of responsibility is not taken towards the environment and further generations. At the same time we want to propose what could be solutions to the present day environmental crisis. The investigation concludes that the environment and the human person share essentially the same scope. Both lead to an understanding of that reality and truth which underline all that occupy human interest.


Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), also termed big MAPK1 (BMK1), is the most recently discovered member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. It is expressed in a variety of tissues and is activated by a range of growth factors, cytokines and cellular stresses. Targeted deletion of Erk5 in mice has revealed that the ERK5 signalling cascade is critical for normal cardiovascular development and vascular integrity. In vitro studies have revealed that, in endothelial cells, ERK5 is required for preventing apoptosis, mediating shear-stress signalling and regulating tumour angiogenesis. The present review focuses on our current understanding of the role of ERK5 in regulating endothelial cell function.


This thesis evaluates whether Catholics are swing voters, how their voting behavior has changed from 1992 to 2004, and what issues are influencing their voting behavior. National Election Survey datasets from 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004 are used. Two models are evaluated, the ethnoreligious model and the culture wars thesis. In addition, this thesis looks at whether Catholics tend to be single-issue voters. The research and analysis of this thesis support the conclusion that Catholics are not swing voters and that their voting patterns are more similar to the general electorate than ever before. Although religious, class and cultural issues have significantly influenced Catholic voting behavior, they also have significantly influenced non-Catholic voting behavior in similar ways. While the "Catholic Vote" may once have been a significant factor in electoral politics, today Catholics are more likely to vote like the rest of the country than ever before.


Eco-friendly polymer composites in the form of granules based on biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) with the inclusion of montmorillonite (MMT) from 5 to 50 wt% were prepared by solution-casting and melt extrusion. The physicochemical properties of the composite granules were studied using FTIR spectroscopy, XRDA, DSC, and TGA methods. The paper presents comparative values of crystallinity of composite granules which depend on the method of measuring (XRDA, DSC). It was shown that the crystallinity of PCL/MMT granules was affected by the preparation method and by the MMT content, and that with increase in MMT content, crystallinity increased by up to 61–67%. The change in crystallinity of the granules also affected its biodegradation in soil. At the end of exposure in soil, the mass loss for the granules prepared by solution-casting was more than 90%, whereas for the composite granules prepared by extrusion it was less than 60%. Applying melt extrusion enabled obtaining intercalated composites with predictable features, whereas only mixed-structure microcomposites could be prepared by solution-casting.


Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising atomic emission based elemental analysis technique that has many potential applications for various samples. This paper presents the implementation of calibration free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) approach to identify and determine the concentration of elements in Iraqi cement samples collected from local market. Q-switched Nd: YAG laser with energy laser pulse of 100 mJ and pulse duration of 9 ns is focused on cement pellet surface to generate a plasma spark in air. The plasma emission spectrum was recorded by the spectrometer connected to the fiber optic and resolved spectra were used for identification and quantification of detected elements. The produced plasma temperature was obtained from the Boltzmann plot method while their electron density was determined by Saha-Boltzmann equation. The major elements such as Ca, Si, Al, Fe, Mg and minor Mn, Ti, K and Na elements have been identified and their concentrations calculated based on analysis of the spectrum that contain all information  needed to derive the elemental composition of the  cement matrix.


Labor costs are one of the largest expenses of retail companies. This work develops a decision support tool to manage staffing levels and schedule working shifts, balancing the sales contribution of employees with salary costs. We extend recent empirical studies that estimate the impact of staffing levels on sales, combining detailed sales transaction and hourly customer traffic with employee staffing data. The empirical strategy uses exogenous deviations between the planned and actual schedule to identify the causal effect of staffing on conversion rates and basket value. This empirical model combined with traffic forecasting models are used as an input to a scheduling algorithm that optimizes the workforce schedule by balancing revenues with employee salaries, providing a feasible and detailed specification of working shifts that complies with labor regulations and other practical constraints. We also propose a robust optimization model to face uncertainties coming from the parameter estimation. The methodology is tested using real data from a children apparel retail chain in Latin America. The results suggest that most stores are understaffed during the weekends and at the same time overstaffed during lunch hours in weekdays, which is in part explained by the reduced flexibility imposed by regulatory restrictions for full-time workers. We show that our approach to optimize the workforce schedule can effectively improve the efficiency of the current labor plan of the company. Finally by using a robust approach we find staffing plans that produce less variance in the outcomes without losing too much in terms of expected revenue. The methods and models developed in this work have been integrated into a packaged solution for retail chains.


The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation conducted on bricks. Prism-shaped specimens were produced. Laboratory tests were carried out at the Non-Destructive Testing Laboratory of the Politecnico di Torino. They were subjected to static compressive tests for the determination of their mechanical properties and cyclic compressive tests for the analysis of their fatigue behaviour. The aim of this work is to apply a failure criterion based on the observation of the static and cyclic curves to estimate the fatigue life and the long-term behaviour of the brick. Subsequently, it will be possible to give a relation between the static-displacement and cyclic-displacement of the material tested.


In their articles for this special issue on digital humanities, Jeremy Burman (2018) and Ivan Flis and Nees Jan van Eck (Flis & van Eck, 2018) examine how psychology journals can be used as sources for large-scale data sets that might illuminate the development of psychology as a research discipline. In my commentary, I seek to situate these two articles in a broader history of scientific publishing and offer further thoughts on the possibilities and pitfalls of data-based methods for the history of scientific publishing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).


Background: Because of their broad geographic distribution, diverse ownership and operation, and funding instability, it is a challenge to develop a framework for studying substance abuse treatment programs serving American Indian and Alaska Native communities at a national level. This is further complicated by the historic reluctance of American Indian and Alaska Native communities to participate in research. Objectives and Methods: We developed a framework for studying these substance abuse treatment programs (n ≈ 293) at a national level as part of a study of attitudes toward, and use of, evidence-based treatments among substance abuse treatment programs serving AI/AN communities with the goal of assuring participation of a broad array of programs and the communities that they serve. Results: Because of the complexities of identifying specific substance abuse treatment programs, the sampling framework divides these programs into strata based on the American Indian and Alaska Native communities that they serve: (1) the 20 largest tribes (by population); (2) urban AI/AN clinics; (3) Alaska Native Health Corporations; (4) other Tribes; and (5) other regional programs unaffiliated with a specific AI/AN community. In addition, the recruitment framework was designed to be sensitive to likely concerns about participating in research. Conclusion and Scientific Significance: This systematic approach for studying substance abuse and other clinical programs serving AI/AN communities assures the participation of diverse AI/AN programs and communities and may be useful in designing similar national studies.


The effectiveness of a language model is influenced by its token representations, which must encode contextual information and handle the same word form having a plurality of meanings (polysemy). Currently, none of the common language modelling architectures explicitly model polysemy. We propose a language model which not only predicts the next word, but also its sense in context. We argue that this higher prediction granularity may be useful for end tasks such as assistive writing, and allow for more a precise linking of language models with knowledge bases. We find that multi-sense language modelling requires architectures that go beyond standard language models, and here propose a localized prediction framework that decomposes the task into a word followed by a sense prediction task. To aid sense prediction, we utilise a Graph Attention Network, which encodes definitions and example uses of word senses. Overall, we find that multi-sense language modelling is a highly challenging task, and suggest that future work focus on the creation of more annotated training datasets.


Abstract. In this work, the main focus is on voxel tree modeling using 3-D lidar data for accurate leaf area density (LAD) and woody material volume estimation. For more accurate LAD estimation, the voxel model was constructed by combining airborne and portable ground-based lidar data. The profiles obtained by the two types of lidar complemented each other, thus eliminating blind regions and yielding more accurate LAD profiles than could be obtained by using each type of lidar alone. Parts of the LAD profiles that were underestimated even when data from both lidars were combined were interpolated by using a Gaussian function, yielding improved results. A laser beam coverage index, Ω, incorporating the lidar's laser beam settings and a laser beam attenuation factor, was proposed. This index showed general applicability to explain the LAD estimation error for LAD measurements using different types of lidars. In addition, we proposed a method for accurate woody material volume estimation based on a 3-D voxel-based solid modeling of the tree from portable scanning lidar data. The solid model was composed of consecutive voxels that filled the outer surface and the interior of the stem and large branches. By using the model, the woody material volume of not only the whole target tree but also of any part of the target tree can be directly calculated easily and accurately by counting the number of corresponding voxels and multiplying the result by the per-voxel volume.


: Skepticism seems to have excessive consequences: the impossibility of successful enquiry and differentiated judgment. Yet if skepticism could avoid these consequences, it would seem idle. I offer an account of moderate skepticism that avoids both problems. Moderate skepticism avoids excessiveness because skeptical reflection and ordinary enquiry are immune from one another: a skeptical hypothesis is out of place when raised with in an ordinary enquiry. Conversely, the result of an ordinary enquiry cannot be used to disprove skepticism. This 'immunity' can be explained by theories such as contextualism, or sensitive invariantism. Moderate skepticism avoids idleness, because it can eliminate dogmatic elements from our commitments. An analogy is used to illustrate this: Consider someone who is rootless—someone who doesn't have a home. She won't take this conclusion to undermine her judgment that she is flying home for the holidays—even if she is sleeping in the guest bedroom. Similarly, a skeptic won't take the skeptical conclusion to undermine ordinary claims to know. Yet concluding that one is rootless is significant: it can shape one's commitments; for instance it can check one's nationalism. Similarly, accepting the skeptical conclusion is significant; it can undermine dogmatic commitments and ultimately bring about intellectual catharsis.


High strength steel (HSS) has been available for many years. However, its use in onshore engineering is quite restrictive. Nonetheless very recently, there was a growing trend for the use of HSS in tubular structures thanks to Eurocode 3 Part 1-12 (2006) that extended its scope to steel grades up to S690/S700MC. Nonetheless, Eurocode 3 Part 1-12 imposes many limitations at thematerial, structural and design level. The ambitious targets of two EU funded –ATTEL and HITUBES – projects are to increase the performance of tubular structures, reduce weights, construction and operating costs by change in conceptual design and implementation of HSS. In a greater detail, the intent of the ATTEL project, is to promote the use of HSS members endowed with circular hollow sections in buildings subject to earthquake and fire, in order to understand the actual behaviour of HSS material and to show the possible benefits with respect to mild steel. The buildings were realized with TS590 for steel columns and S275 for beams in order to satisfy the capacity design criterion for columns and beams under earthquake loading. The preliminary design of these structures leaned towards two fundamental conclusions: i) the cost benefits related to the use of HSS columns in braced frames, which are mainly subjected to axial loads and low bending moments; ii) the cost benefits related to the use of HHS columns in unbraced frames only achieved along the main direction and for "medium" earthquake loading (<0.25g). Physical tests both on full scale beam-to-column joints and column base joints to be performed at the University of Trento will allow details for these important components to be checked. As far as the HITUBES project is concerned, the main work regards members and joints subject to monotonic, low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue loading. In particular, the project is focusing on: i) extraction of tubular welded and bolted joints from two case studies, i.e. a footbridge and a railway bridge, respectively; ii) definition of weld condition –overmatching and undermatching – electrode selection and post-weld treatment –peening- for welded tubular joints.


This paper takes a conversational perspective on the issue of analyst–client interaction, concentrating on how social and organisational contexts impact on the verbal process of defining a new information system. It has been suggested that organisational agendas are built from talk at the interactional level (Boden, 1994), and this paper seeks to explore the relationship between social and organisational contexts and the process of early requirements gathering. Analysts and clients were asked about their aims, their professional role, and other issues that arose in their interactions with each other as part of a larger study in early requirements gathering. The paper discusses three themes from three case studies that can be seen to be embedded in the social and organisational context of early requirements gathering—how the issues to be discussed during the interaction were put forward, professional relationships, and the overall organisational context in which the interaction takes place. Some observations are made about the varying social and organisational contexts of early requirements gathering and the role of individual differences, and the possibility of using typical contexts as 'repertoire building research' (Schon, 1983) to flow into practice.


Pulsed poloidal current drive (PPCD) experiments have been conducted in the resistive shell EXTRAP T2R reversed-field pinch experiment. During the current profile modification phase, the fluctuation level of the m = 1 internally resonant tearing modes decreases, and the velocity of these modes increases. The m = 0 modes are not affected during PPCD, although termination occurs with a burst in the m = 0 amplitude. The PPCD phase is characterized by an increase in the central electron temperature (up to 380 eV) and in the soft x-ray signal. Spectroscopic observations confirm an increase in the central electron temperature. During PPCD, the plasma poloidal beta increases to 14%, and the estimated energy confinement time doubles, reaching 380 µs. The reduction in the fluctuation level and the corresponding increase in the energy confinement time are qualitatively consistent with a reduction in parallel transport along stochastic magnetic field lines.


OBJECTIVE
To validate an ion exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in gingival crevicular blood (GCB) spotted on filter paper, for use in screening dental patients for diabetes.

METHODS
We collected the GCB specimens for this study from the oral cavities of patients during dental visits, using rigorous strategies to obtain GCB that was as free of debris as possible. The analytical performance of the HPLC method was determined by measuring the precision, linearity, carryover, stability of HbA1c in GCB, and correlation of HbA1c results in GCB specimens with finger-stick blood (FSB) specimens spotted on filter paper.

RESULTS
The coefficients of variation (CVs) for the inter- and intrarun precision of the method were less than 2.0%. Linearity ranged between 4.2% and 12.4%; carryover was less than 2.0%, and the stability of the specimen was 6 days at 4°C and as many as 14 days at -70°C. Linear regression analysis comparing the HbA1c results in GCB with FSB yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.993, a slope of 0.981, and an intercept of 0.13. The Bland-Altman plot showed no difference in the HbA1c results from the GCB and FSB specimens at normal, prediabetes, and diabetes HbA1c levels.

CONCLUSION
We validated an HPLC method for measuring HbA1c in GCB; this method can be used to screen dental patients for diabetes.


The evolution of the multimode Rayleigh-Taylor instability of nearly incompressible fluids, with density ratio r = 2, is investigated by means of two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. The study focuses on the effect of the initial perturbation on the evolution towards turbulent mixing. It is shown that, for sufficiently large times, a self-similar mixing regime occurs, in which typical spatial scales (such as the size of the mixed layer) evolve proportionally to g(t - t0)2, where g is the gravity, t the time, and t0 is a characteristic time depending on the initial conditions. A model for the prediction of t0 is then presented, which is in agreement with the simulations.


The lateritic weathering process of Precambrian albitite formations containing gold sulphide mineralization has been studied at Larafella, southern Burkina Faso. The regional landscape consists of three land surface units with respective altitudes of 300 m, 280 m and 265–250 m. Plateaus on a barren schist formation form the first two upper units; there are remnants of two old planation surfaces capped by ferricretes. The third unit is a large recent pediment covered by a soft ferricrete. Within the weathering profile of this lower surface, preservation of the parent rock structures, Au and As content, Au particle morphology and the Ag content indicate the inheritance of the parent mineralized rock. The preservation of unweathered sulphides within the soft ferricrete and their absence in the underlying saprolite indicate that the ferricrete formed on a stripped surface at the expense of a slightly weathered rock, and preceded the formation of the clay horizons and the deepening of the weathering profile. Some sulphide grains and Au particles affected by transportation marks are also present within the ferricrete of the upper units. Transported bauxitic and ferruginous debris of previous lateritic formations have also been described. The upper units are accumulation surfaces, each with 8–10 m of reworked material on the bedrock. The results provided here improve our knowledge of the geomorphic dynamics that can be useful for Au exploration in lateritic environments.


Nitric oxide (NO) reduction through coal, biomass and their blend reburning is conducted on a drop tube furnace experimental system and it is proved to be feasible of using the coal-biomass blend as the reburning fuel. For a high NO reduction efficiency, the excess air ratio in the reburning zone should be less than 0.9 and the reaction temperature is required to be higher than 1373K. 50-60% of the biomass percentage in the blend is enough for an acceptable efficiency. At the same time, for a thorough NO reduction process, the reburning fuel fraction and the residence time in the reburning zone must be guaranteed about 20% and 0.6-0.8s, respectively. Also, when the initial NO concentration is excess 600ppm, the efficiency is varied little at different NO concentrations.


From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s the major project of the British poet Tom Raworth was a series of sonnet sequences, whose main sections have been published as Sentenced to Death (1987), Eternal Sections (1993), and Survival (1994). My intention here is to elaborate some commentary on this project in the form of loosely thematic readings, in which I try to draw out and explore patterns of image and idea that can contribute to my and others' understanding of these poems. If the context were a poetry more obviously discursive or settled than Raworth's this might sound like an unexceptionable project; but such a task might seem both difficult and beside the point in relation to a poetry that destabilizes ideas of unitary meaning, of "content" of a poem's being "about" something. To give a sense of the style of these poems, and the challenges they pose to conventions of interpretation and commentary, I'll quote one sonnet (I am using the word loosely: the poems are 14 lines long, but they are not conventionall y metrical nor do they feature regular rhyme). Here is the opening poem of Eternal Sections: in black tunics, middle-aged in the stationery store every gesture, even food: to it thought which breaks stereotypes which constitute extenuated to the point none of the action's promoters the user experiences no need of acting dedicated to commerce the history of our own stiffness of manner no longer aligned How might one discuss poetry like this, at once so elusive and shifting, yet strangely familiar in its collage of recognizable idioms and situations? The poem's phrases are unpredictably choppy or continuous, and sometimes seem assembled according to shape rather than sense. (Note, for instance, the parallel constructions involving "which' "no/none' "in," and "of"; or the near mirror-image of "every" and "even" in line 3.) Yet the poem does tempt interpretation: its wry allusions to "thought" and "stereotypes" glance self-reflexively at the very acts of thinking and writing, and the last line points to the poems own realignment of once-familiar phrases. But it would seem that any act of "close reading"--of "reading for content"--would either be wilfully synthetic or merely document the trace of private associations (mine) that are both unstable and of doubtful value to another reader. So before moving to some commentary on the poetry, I want to frame that commentary by sketching in some of the concerns about contemporary poetry, and the way one talks about it, that acts of close reading might speak to. In proportion to the length of Raworth's career and the evident importance of his work to several generations of poets from the UK, North America, and Europe, there has been remarkably little substantial criticism about his poetry: I'd count about half a dozen articles once one discounts brief reviews. I would guess that this critical lack is due to the poetry's elusiveness, and also to Raworth's characteristic unwillingness to frame his work with the trappings of commentary, poetics statements, interviews, and critical appreciations of other writers that give critics some obvious purchase on the work. During the composition of the original version of this paper for a talk, I discussed my project with a number of my correspondents; quite a few admitted that they admired Raworth's work but couldn't really say much about it. I'll quote one: Raworth wd certainly be worth having a shot at; it's certainly true that for all folks tend to regard him as the bees knees...very few people have much to say about him. & he of course doesn't invite it--is thoroughly resistant in fact. Not that he'd mind folks doing it I think; just that he's not going to spend time saying or writing things to make the task easier. Am caught in the same dilemma myself: I like much of the work (prefer 1 think to hear him read than work with the text) but don't have much to say really. …


This report is part of a series of reports which document the role of local government in crime reduction in the six metropolitan cities in South Africa.1 This report gives a preliminary overview of the municipality's safety and security arrangements, and future crime reduction plans, in the Nelson Mandela Metro in the Eastern Cape Province. In particular, this report will consider the local government's progress on the development of social crime prevention and by-law enforcement initiatives, given that these are the two primary tasks of local government in relation to local-level crime reduction.2


A Fortran 95 program has been written to calculate critical values for the step-up and step-down FDR procedures developed by Somerville (2004). The program allows for arbitrary selection of number of hypotheses, FDR rate, one- or two-sided hypotheses, common correlation coefficient of the test statistics and degrees of freedom. An MCV (minimum critical value) may be specified, or the program will calculate a specified number of critical values or steps in an FDR procedure. The program can also be used to efficiently ascertain an upper bound to the number of hypotheses which the procedure will reject, given either the values of the test statistics, or their p values. Limiting the number of steps in an FDR procedure can be used to control the number or proportion of false discoveries (Somerville and Hemmelmann 2007). Using the program to calculate the largest critical values makes possible efficient use of the FDR procedures for very large numbers of hypotheses.