During the period 1820-1835, the Anglo-American legal world was set ablaze. Like the reforms taking place in the United Kingdom, Louisiana, South Carolina and New York State, this was about finding the right moment to abolish common law and replace it with codes. Although the two Anglo-American controversies were originally independent of each other, they very soon became intertwined, in particular because the reviews were the cause of a transatlantic confrontation. At the heart of the respective arguments, the French Civil Code of 1804, or the Code Napoleon, was strategically drawn on by both sides. Supporters of codification were happier to turn to it than to Bentham, to show that the Napoleonic Code was working and had put an end to the legal chaos in France. Advocates of common law searched through the works of French jurists for evidence that the Napoleonic Code was a failure and that, far from ending the confusion in the law, it had aggravated it. This controversy helped stir up the opposition between the two legal systems by accentuating and reversing the respective vices and virtues


Markov decision process (MDP) models for the optimal time to initial a medical therapy, such as an organ transplantation, require the estimation of health state transition probabilities from physiological data. Such estimation may be a source of probabilistic ambiguity when, for example, some critical health states are seldom visited historically. For MDP models in general, robust dynamic programming has been proposed as an approach to mitigate the effects of ambiguity on optimal decisions. However, very few realworld studies examining the usefulness of robust MDP policies have been reported. We present a robust MDP model for medical therapy initiation in which worst-case transition probabilities are chosen from a set of probability measures constructed using relative entropy bounds. For this model, we prove that therapy is initiated sooner, in additional states, as the ambiguity increases. We apply the methodology to the problem of deciding when to undergo a living-donor liver transplantation, and present the results of a case study using clinical data. We propose a novel implied confidence level measure that maps the robust solutions to historical transplant decisions, and find that in some cases the robust policies are closer to decisions that have been made in practice.


OBJECTIVE To increase primary care providers' awareness and use of genetic services; increase their knowledge of genetic issues; increase their confidence in core genetic competencies; change their attitudes toward genetic testing for hereditary diseases; and increase their confidence as primary care genetic resources.

DESIGN Participants completed a workshop and 3 questionnaires: a baseline questionnaire, a survey that provided immediate feedback on the workshop itself, and a follow-up questionnaire 6 months later.

SETTING Ontario.

PARTICIPANTS Primary care providers suggested by deans of nursing, midwifery, family medicine, and obstetric programs, as well as coordinators of nurse practitioner programs, in Ontario and by the Ontario College of Family Physicians.

INTERVENTION A complex educational intervention was developed, including an interactive workshop and PowerPoint educational modules on genetic topics for participants' use (available at [www.mtsinai.on.ca/FamMedGen/][1] ).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Awareness and use of genetic services, knowledge of genetics, confidence in core clinical genetic skills, attitudes toward genetic testing, and teaching activities related to genetics.

RESULTS The workshop was attended by 29 participants; of those, 21 completed the baseline questionnaire and the 6-month follow-up questionnaire. There was no significant change found in awareness or reported use of genetic services. There was significant improvement in self-assessed knowledge of ( P = .001) and confidence in ( P = .005) skills related to adult-onset genetic disorders. There were significant increases in confidence in many core genetic competencies, including assessing risk of hereditary disorders ( P = .033), deciding who should be offered referral for genetic counseling ( P = .003), discussing prenatal testing options ( P = .034), discussing benefits, risks, and limitations of genetic testing ( P = .033), and describing what to expect at a genetic counseling session ( P = .022). There was a significant increase in the number of primary care providers agreeing that genetic testing was beneficial in the management of adult-onset diseases ( P = .031) and in their confidence in being primary care genetic resources for adult-onset genetic disorders ( P = .006).

CONCLUSION Educational interventions that include interactive peer resource workshops and educational modules can increase knowledge of and confidence in the core competencies needed for the delivery of genetic services in primary care.

 [1]: http://www.mtsinai.on.ca/FamMedGen/


Gorakhpur division consisting of Gorakhpur and neighboring districts Deoria, Kushinagar and Maharajganj in Uttar Pradesh, India, have been witnessing seasonal outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) among children for the last three decades. Investigations conducted during 2005 identified Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus as an aetiology of AES. With the introduction of JE vaccination and other control strategies, the incidence of JE in the region declined, however, outbreaks of acute febrile illness with neurological manifestations continued to occur. Subsequent investigations identified Orientia tsutsugamushi, as the major aetiology of AES outbreaks in the region. This review details clinical, epidemiological, animal and entomological investigations conducted for AES due to O. tsutsugamushi during 2015 and 2017 in Gorakhpur region. Surveillance of acute febrile illness among children attending peripheral health facilities identified scrub typhus as an important aetiology of febrile illness during monsoon and post-monsoon months. Population-based serosurveys indicated high endemicity of scrub typhus. Entomological studies demonstrated natural infection of O. tsutsugamushi in small animal hosts and vector mites. Children acquired this infection through recent exposure to outdoor environment, while playing, or visiting fields or defecating in open fields. A few of the children with scrub typhus progress to develop CNS manifestations. Hence, early administration of appropriate antibiotics is crucial in preventing progression of AFI due to scrub typhus to AES. The investigations conducted by the multi-disciplinary team helped understand the transmission dynamics of scrub typhus in Gorakhpur division and recommend strategies for its control.


Abstract Larval and juvenile growth stages of myoconchid bivalves (family Kalenteridae) are illustrated and described for the first time. Excellently preserved shells of Myoconcha crassa J. Sowerby, 1824 from the middle Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) clay/silt deposits of southern Poland reveal that the prodissoconch in this taxon is large (exceeding 350 µm in length) and characterized by a prominent, collar-like structure arising from the demarcation to the dissoconch. Similar prodissoconch morphology has not been described previously in any other bivalve genus. The large size and absence of a prodissoconch II strongly suggest a non-planktotrophic development of the larvae, indicating either simple lecithotrophy or long-term brooding and parental care for the larvae in this species. Consequently, the new discovery constitutes the earliest well-documented record of non-planktotrophic development in the Bivalvia. The shell of Myoconcha crassa is composed of an outer cross-lamellar layer and an inner complex cross-lamellar layer. This composition suggests that the Kalenteridae may be included in the Carditida rather than the Palaeoheterodonta or Anomalodesmata. The genus Pseudomyoconcha Rossi Ronchetti and Allasinaz, 1966 is rejected herein and considered as a junior synonym of Myoconcha J. Sowerby, 1824.


The objective of this study was to evaluate head, neck and back kinematics during take-off in elite level horses jumping, and to compare these over an upright and parallel spread fence. Ten mixed-breed elite-level showjumping horses were opportunistically evaluated jumping the same 15-fence course (1.35 m) during a British Equestrian Federation World Class Performance three-day training session. Two fences were evaluated using high-speed motion-capture (250 Hz). Head, neck and back kinematics of the horse were determined at take-off, at vertical orientation of leading and trailing third metacarpus/tarsus and as the trailing hindlimb left the floor. Very consistent patterns between all horses over both upright and spread fences were observed in neck-trunk (NT) angle, lumbosacral (LS) angle, the angle of the thoracolumbar (TL) to horizontal and of LS to horizontal. Head-neck (HN), TL angle and distance to fence showed moderate variation between horses. There were no significant differences between fence-type in HN, NT, TL, LS angle or distance to the fence, but TL to the horizontal angle was greater over the spread for all stride phases. LS to the horizontal angle was greater over the upright when the leading forelimb was vertical at take-off and when the trailing hindlimb was vertical at take-off. These findings suggest that elite horses may use some similar strategies to achieve a successful jump. Further understanding regions which are most influenced by velocity, rider, and horse stability could enable us to modify jumping patterns for the performance and welfare of jumping horses.


Abstract The basic reproductive biology of two ectoparasitoids developing on the late larval instars of the scolytid Ips typographus Linnaeus, a pest of spruce forests in Eurasia, was studied with the purpose of explaining which biological features allow the two species to share the same host. The anautogenous braconid Coeloides bostrichorum Giraud had a longer pre-oviposition period (5.1 vs. 3.3 days), a greater egg load (8.1 vs. 6.1 eggs), survived longer and emerged later than the pteromalid Rhopalicus tutela (Walker). In contrast, R. tutela was autogenous and tended to be more fecund under constrained conditions (9.7 vs. 5.1 total offspring per female). The longer pre-oviposition period of the specialist C. bostrichorum, coupled with its greater longevity, afforded the opportunity of better synchronization of ovipositing females with late instar larvae of I. typographus. By contrast, the polyphagous R. tutela matured rapidly, allowing parasitism of both younger and older larval instars of I. typographus in addition to other species. These small differences favoured the co-occurrence of the two parasitoid species on the same attacked trees.


This collection moves from medieval lyrics and ballads to the Protestant hymns of the 16th century, to the great explosion of German literature with Goethe and Schiller, taking in the isolated genius of Hoelderin, and then on to late 19th-century naturalism, the post-World War I expressionists, and several notable poets in this century, including Loerke and Bertolt Brecht. Demonstrating the unusual and exciting way German poetry has evolved, this volume of poems illustrates how, at times, traditions seem to have been lost and then re-created, while many of the poets included here - Weckherlin, Opitz, Klopstock, Goethe, Hoelderin, Rilke, Trakl - seem to start afresh in a way no English poet has done since Chaucer.


We introduce a practical partitioning technique designed for parallelizing Position Based Dynamics, and exploiting the ubiquitous multi‐core processors present in current commodity GPUs. The input is a set of particles whose dynamics is influenced by spatial constraints. In the initialization phase, we build a graph in which each node corresponds to a constraint and two constraints are connected by an edge if they influence at least one common particle. We introduce a novel greedy algorithm for inserting additional constraints (phantoms) in the graph such that the resulting topology is ‐colourable, where is an arbitrary number. We color the graph, and the constraints with the same color are assigned to the same partition. Then, the set of constraints belonging to each partition is solved in parallel during the animation phase. We demonstrate this by using our partitioning technique; the performance hit caused by the GPU kernel calls is significantly decreased, leaving unaffected the visual quality, robustness and speed of serial position based dynamics.


The drought of the last seven years with its disastrous dust storms has damaged vast areas of the native prairie as well as much of the cultivated land. Deficient rainfall has caused crop failures over large areas, leaving the fields without a protective covering. Due to these conditions, wind erosion started the dry, loose soil to drifting. Large amounts of the soil settled on the grassland and destroyed much of the native plant cover. Where t e native vegetation was weakened or destroyed, the soil was invaded by such weedy annuals as lambsquarter (Chenopodium sp. ) , Russian thistle (Salsola pestifer), pig weed (Amaranthus sp .) , and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) . The severe competition of these ruderals further weakened the native vegetation to the point where, in many cases, it was completely destroyed. These conditions have brought about an increased activity in the field of range research. Until recently there has been relatively little research work done on the revegetation of cultivated land. The greater part of the experimental work, prior to the drought, was carried out with the intention of using domestic forage plants to revegetate the depleted ranges. The present needs in range research are more experimental data on native forage plants and the methods of handling them on revegetation areas. It is more practical to obtain t h is information on small experimental plots than on large revegetation areas where improper methods might prove too costly. To provide a part of this needed information, an experiment was set up at Hays, Kansas, in the spring of 1939 to determine the effect of clipping and weed competition on the spread of pasture grass seedlings.


Moraxella IgD-binding protein (MID) is a well characterized trimeric autotransporter that specifically targets the IgD of B cells. We fused the membrane anchor of the meningococcal autotransporter NhhA with the IgD-binding region of MID (aa 962–1200) to create a chimeric protein designated as NID. The aim was to use this specific targeting to provide a better vaccine candidate against meningococci, in particular serogroup B by enhancing the immunogenicity of NhhA. NID was thereafter recombinantly expressed in E. coli. The NID-expressing E. coli bound to peripheral B lymphocytes that resulted in cellular activation. Furthermore, we also successfully expressed NID on outer membrane vesicles, nanoparticles that are commonly used in meningococcal vaccines. This study thus highlights the applicability of the menigococcal-Moraxella fusion protein NID to be used for specific targeting of vaccine components to the IgD B cell receptor.


The coplanar-grid (CPG) and other electron-only detection techniques have made possible the use of CdZnTe-based detectors for gamma-ray spectroscopy when high efficiency, good energy resolution, and near room temperature operation are required. Despite the demonstrated potential of the technologies, widespread use remains hampered in part by the limited availability of the highly uniform CdZnTe material required for high-resolution spectroscopy. However, it has been recently shown that mild cooling of CdZnTe CPG detectors can result in a significant improvement in the energy resolution of the detectors thereby allowing a wider range of material to be used for high-resolution applications. In this paper, we show that improved spectroscopic performance can consistently be achieved through a combination of detector cooling and increased detector bias. Energy resolutions of about 1% FWHM at 662 keV for detector volumes up to 2.3 cm3 have been obtained at -20degC. With the electronic noise subtracted, this amounts to an intrinsic resolution of 0.8%. We also show that further cooling of the detectors to -30degC leads to field polarization and a loss of spectroscopic performance


A versatile, fast, and nature-inspired polyphenol chemistry surface modification was applied to prepare superhydrophobic surfaces with micro-grooved structures in this study. Tannic acid and iron ion (TA–FeIII) complexes were employed as a molecular building block for anchoring biomimetic coating onto the wood substrate with catalytically reducing formative Ag ions as the rough surface to ensure well-developed micro/nanostructure hierarchical roughness. TA–FeIII complexes also acted as stable bridges between the substrate and hydrophobic groups. The thickness and architecture of TA–FeIII complex coatings can be tailored by coordination-driven multistep assembly. The results indicated that the micro/nano hierarchical roughness structure was well-developed with increased coating times and increased deposition of reduced Ag nanoparticles, resulting in excellent superhydrophobic properties (e.g., water CA (contact angle) of about 156° and a rolling angle of about 4°). The superhydrophobic material exhibited outstanding stability and durability in harsh conditions, including strong acid/base or organic solvent, high-temperature water boiling, ultrasonic cleaning, and ultraviolet aging. A series of superhydrophobic models are proposed to clarify the effect of the micro/nano hierarchical structure on these superhydrophobic properties.


PURPOSE
To investigate how background complexity influences visual sensitivity and binocular summation.

METHODS
Using two noise backgrounds (noise-sparse and noise-dense) and two corresponding noise-free backgrounds with the same luminance for each noise background, monocular and binocular thresholds were measured in six visually normal subjects (average age, 27.3 ± 1.1 years). The noise-sparse and noise-dense backgrounds respectively had 312 and 936 white-light dots projected on them-the same size white-light dots (0.431° of visual angle) as those that were used for the white-spot target in the threshold measurement. The target was tested at the fovea and at 3° intervals on the 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° meridians. A total of 25 locations were tested.

RESULTS
The monocular threshold for the noise-dense background was higher than that for its corresponding noise-free background, with significant differences seen at 15° and 18° (P < 0.01). No significant differences in the binocular threshold were seen, either between the noise-dense and its corresponding backgrounds or between the noise-sparse and its corresponding backgrounds. The binocular summation ratios for both noise backgrounds were significantly higher than the ratios for the noise-free backgrounds, and the difference increased with eccentricity, with significances seen at 15° and 18° (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Only the monocular threshold increases with background complexity. The binocular summation increases with background complexity in the periphery. When the background becomes more complex and the monocular visual processing reaches its limit, binocular interaction functions efficiently.


Tapestry Conservation: Principles and Practice explores current practice and recent research in tapestry conservation, promoting awareness of recent developments among conservators and custodians of tapestries. The book facilitates more informed conservation practice and decision-making, and helps custodians to select the most appropriate method of intervention. * The first major publication on tapestry conservation for over a decade
* Covers both traditional and innovative conservation methods
* Written by highly regarded experts from the UK, Europe and USA


Abstract This Article explores three theories of humanitarian intervention that appear in, or are inspired by, the writings of Hugo Grotius. One theory asserts that natural law authorizes all states to punish violations of the law of nations, irrespective of where or against whom the violations occur, to preserve the integrity of international law. A second theory, which also appears in Grotius's writings, proposes that states may intervene as temporary legal guardians for peoples who have suffered intolerable cruelties at the hands of their own state. Each of these theories has fallen out of fashion today based on skepticism about their natural law underpinnings and concerns about how they have facilitated Western colonialism. As an alternative, this Article outlines a third theory that builds upon Grotius's account of humanitarian intervention as a fiduciary relationship, while updating Grotius's account for the twenty-first century. According to this new fiduciary theory, when states intervene to protect human rights abroad they exercise an oppressed people's right of self-defense on their behalf and may use force solely for the people's benefit. As fiduciaries, intervening states bear obligations to consult with and honor the preferences of the people they seek to protect, and they must respect international human rights governing the use of force within the affected state. By clarifying the respective responsibilities of the Security Council and individual states for humanitarian intervention, the fiduciary theory also lends greater coherency to the international community's "responsibility to protect" human rights.


Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of spontaneous tinnitus in 11-year-old children. Design: A prospective UK population-based study. Study sample: A total of 7092 children from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children (ALSPAC) who attended the hearing session at age 11 years and answered questions about tinnitus. Results: We estimated the prevalence of any spontaneous tinnitus as 28.1% (95% CI 27.1, 29.2%), and the prevalence of 'clinically significant' tinnitus as 3.1% (95% CI 2.7, 3.5%). Children were less likely to have clinically significant tinnitus if the tinnitus was 'soft' rather than 'loud' and if continuous rather than intermittent. Clinical significance was more likely if the tinnitus occurred more than once a week. Neither pitch nor length of history were important determinants of clinical significance. Small increases in mean hearing threshold (of up to 2.3 dB HL) were associated with clinically significant tinnitus. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of any tinnitus in 11-year-old children appears high, the small proportion in which this was found to be clinically significant implies that this does not necessarily indicate a large unmet clinical demand. We would expect approximately one child per class of 30 to have clinically significant tinnitus which is, by definition, problematic.


Recent years have witnessed significant increase in numbers of older men imprisoned in England and Wales; a phenomenon experienced across the western world. Those aged fifty and over represent the fastest-growing demographic group in prison in England and Wales. This article summaries explanations for and implications of this increase and the characteristics, needs and lived experiences of this population, before critically reflecting on current policy and practice responses; and how responses highlight definitional and policy ambiguities around older prisoners. The article discusses a multi-agency initiative developed at one prison in northern England that recognised the uniqueness of older prisoners, modified regimes and changed physical environments. Impact is benchmarked against Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons four tests of a healthy prison, followed by discussion of findings and implications for policy and practice. The article argues for expanded collaboration to better manage challenges posed by older prisoners, supported by a national strategy.


This volume dwells on the process of the formation of the modern national identity among the Crimean Tatars during the first decades of this century. One of the basic postulates of this study is that the national movements played a crucial and definitive role in this process. Therefore, the formation of national identity among the Crimean Tatars is traced and analyzed in the course of the successive national movements of the period. Although the main focus of the study is on the period between 1905-1916, the subject-matter is complemented by a general portrayal of Crimean Tatar society during the first century of Russian rule over the Crimea and an analytical account of the two formative decades of Ismail Bey Gaspirali's reforms prior to 1905. The study devotes meticulous care in placing the subject within the context of the parallel processes of other Turkic and/or Muslim peoples.


Adult Clonorchis sinensis were collected from the biliary passage of nine cases of medico-legal autopsies. The worms were washed repeatedly with tap water and rinsed twice with physiological saline. Incubation took place in Tyrode's medium in order to recover live worms. The number of worms surviving in the medium was determined. The rate of surviving worms showed an unexpectedly high percentage (22.8%) in those cases autopsied 2 days after death. The surviving worm burden dropped sharply to 6.3 and 9.2 percent for those samples taken 5 days after death.


The ability of fertilizer treatments (O (Optimum level), OP (Optimum level + twice amount of K), OZ (Optimum level + twice amount of Zn) and OZP (Optimum level + twice amount of K + twice amount of Zn)) to ameliorate salinity stress was studied in canola plants. In addition, fertilizer treatments; O, OZ and OZP couldn't increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 18.104.22.168), catalase (CAT; EC 188.8.131.52) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 22.214.171.124). When these plants were treated with OP treatment, the inhibitory effects of salinity stress were decreased by increasing the membrane stability index and antioxidant enzyme activities by ameliorating the salinity injury. These results suggested that 500 (mg kg) potassium has an important role in the enhancement of plant antioxidant systems and resistance to salinity in canola plants.


This paper describes a method for the automatic synthesis of multiple-valued combinational logic circuits using automatic theorem proving techniques. Logic design of multiple-valued circuits is considerably more complex than binary design because of the associated combinatorial explosion. Two general approaches which can be taken in axiomatizing the environment of combinational logic design in multiple-valued logic have been investigated. These axiomatizations, formulated in the language of first order logic, are used to state the problem of combinational logic design as a theorem proving problem. This formulation together with a representation of the function being designed can be used as input to an automatic theorem proving program. The circuit design can then be obtained from the proof generated by the theorem prover.


Monthly variations and the effects of host size on parasite prevalence and mean intensity were examined in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) from Beysehir Lake in Turkey. This study was carried out between March-2003 and February 2005. A total of 233 fish were examined. Three parasites species were identified: Dactylogyrus minutus, Caryophyllaeus laticeps, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi. Infection with Dactylogyrus minutus was recorded on fish in all months with the exception of April. Peak infection occurred in May (69.23%). Infection of C Caryophyllaeus laticeps was the highest in April (72.22%). Prevalence levels of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi were rather low, less than 35% in all months. The distribution of infrapopulations of Dactylogyrus minutus, Caryophyllaeus laticeps and Bothriocephalus acheilognathi did not vary significantly with size class of fish (P>0.05), peaking in larger size classes.


Olfaction is in many species the most important sense, essential for food search, mate finding, and predator avoidance. Butterflies have been considered a microsmatic group of insects that mainly rely on vision due to their diurnal lifestyle. However, an emerging number of studies indicate that butterflies indeed use the sense of smell for locating food and oviposition sites. To unravel the neural substrates for olfaction, we performed an anatomical study of 2 related butterfly species that differ in food and host plant preference. We found many of the anatomical structures and pathways, as well as distribution of neuroactive substances, to resemble that of their nocturnal relatives among the Lepidoptera. The 2 species differed in the number of one type of olfactory sensilla, thus indicating a difference in sensitivity to certain compounds. Otherwise no differences could be observed. Our findings suggest that the olfactory system in Lepidoptera is well conserved despite the long evolutionary time since butterflies and moths diverged from a common ancestor.


BACKGROUND
An early serum tumor marker (TM) decline during chemotherapy was shown to independently predict survival in patients with poor-prognosis disseminated non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors (NSGCTs). The aim of this study was to assess whether a TM decline (TMD) also correlates with the outcome in the salvage setting.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Data regarding 400 patients with progressive or relapsed disseminated NSGCTs after first-line chemotherapy prospectively accrued onto two phase III clinical trials were obtained. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and/or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks of chemotherapy. A total of 297 patients, 185 and 112 in the training and validation sets, with initially abnormal TMs for whom a change from baseline could be established were used for this analysis.

RESULTS
An unfavorable decline in either AFP or hCG was predictive of progression-free survival (PFS) [hazard ratio, HR = 2.15, (95% CI 1.48-3.11); P <0.001; 2-year PFS rate: 50% versus 26%] as was the Lorch prognostic score (LPS). In the multivariate analysis, an unfavorable TMD, stratified based on the LPS, was an independent adverse prognostic factor for PFS and OS.

CONCLUSION
An unfavorable TMD during the first 6 weeks after chemotherapy is associated with a poorer outcome in patients with relapsed disseminated NSGCTs.


Narratives of homophobia and the repathologization of gay men now emerge and coalesce in often unconsidered ways. Within this paper, we present a deconstructive analysis of a recent paper published within the British Journal of Social Psychology (Crossley, 2004) and highlight how a narrative of repathology emerges through the selective appropriation of particular textual sources. By employing pathological constructions of sexual conduct between men; focusing upon singular homogenized constructions of gay men and simplistic constructions of health promotion and through a process of reconstructing HIV as a gay plague and it is possible to embroider a moral tale which constitutes a further deviant 'othering' of gay men. We contend that by employing (functional) discourses of 'unconscious motivation', together with a constellation of disclaimers, caveats and tokenistic pluralization, it becomes possible for psychologists to engage in homophobic knowledge production whilst maintaining an identity as a (dis)interested professional. Our analysis raises issues pertinent to all social psychologists engaged in 'suspicious' research on 'the other'. To this end, we expand our critique by employing ideas from Ricoeur's hermeneutic phenomenology to provide more general discussion of ethical and constructive ways of engaging in textual analyses of persons outside one's own tradition.


Comparative study of the essential oils isolated from fruit peel, leaf and flowers of navel orange ( Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck var. malesy) was carried out using gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GLC/MS). A total of two hundred components were identified and quantified. The major component in the ripe and unripe fruit peel oils was limonene with 80.14 and 80.93%, respectively. In the leaf oil, terpinen-4-ol was the prominent compound (14.1%). The hydrodistilled oil and hexane-ether extract of the flower afforded 92 and 34 identified components, respectively. Sabinene followed by limonene were represented in higher amount in both flower hydrodistilled oil and its hexane-ether extract. Navel orange var. malesy volatile components exhibited high anti-inflammatory activity represented by its effect on tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide. They also showed significant insecticidal activity against the common home mosquito larvae and substantial antimicrobial effect against most common, Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and some fungi.


SUMMARY: The paper presents a new tool to be used by architects and engineers for an optimized selection of windows in dwellings. The tool has been developed using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and VBA and aims to be user-friendly and flexible, so it can be suitable for different levels of user expertise. The tool organizes the process of selecting windows in four different stages. A first stage, in which the user is able to compare the energy performance of different individual windows (varying in configuration, size and component performances) using the concept of net energy gain. In a second stage, the user may define a combination of windows to be used in a dwelling and calculate their energy use on a seasonal basis, taking into account the utilization factors of the solar gains and heat losses for the heating and cooling seasons respectively, according to (CEN, 2007, prEN ISO 13790). The main purpose of the third stage is to evaluate the indoor environment of critical rooms of the dwelling in order to verify whether or not the windows solutions selected as having a good energy performance also allow fulfilling the indoor comfort requirements defined in( CEN, 2007, EN 15251). The method used is the simple hourly method defined in (CEN, 2007, prEN ISO 13790). In this stage the indoor temperature and the heating/cooling energy demand are calculated for every hour of the year for each critical room of the dwelling. The fourth step consists of a simple economic evaluation for the combinations of windows previously selected, based on cost of conserved energy during the dwelling lifetime. Based on the overview of the stages previously mentioned, the optimum windows solution can be selected for each specific dwelling. In this way, the full potential of optimizing the energy performance of dwellings by optimizing the selection of windows can be used in an easy way.


The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) is perhaps the most significant law reform project undertaken on U.S. prison issues in the twenty-first century. In the decade since PREA was enacted, it has been invoked by both plaintiffs and defendants and mentioned in hundreds of opinions, even though PREA does not create a private right of action or affirmative defense. This article provides the first scholarly analysis of the role of PREA in prison litigation. The author argues that courts have addressed PREA in ways that have disserved prisoners and contributed to the perpetuation of sexual harm.The article first provides background on PREA and on the constitutional and statutory standards that govern most claims related to sexual abuse in detention. Second, it describes and analyzes the key ways in which PREA has failed prisoners. Third, it lays out proposals for judicial approaches to PREA that would make better doctrinal and normative sense than current trends, including using PREA to inform judicial understandings of "evolving standards of decency" under the Eighth Amendment. Fourth and finally, it reflects on the implications of this analysis for larger questions about law reform and social justice.


The objective of the work is to propose a context driven dynamic adaptation model for knowledge assessment in ELearning system through software as component. Most of the existing models deployed for Knowledge Management have focused on the contents of the assessment while giving less emphasis to the context with which the assessment services are to be rendered. A timed automaton has been proposed to accept the user requests for services navigating through the different rules resulting in a change in the behavioral states. The various states are then rewritten according to the runtime policy of application incorporating the uncertainties pertaining to the nature of services, content, time and policy changes. This context driven approach considers the nature of the application and its content along with the run time policy of different applications. An architectural framework with dynamic adaptation model has been implemented using PHP and MySQL Server and extensive testing has been carried out. Interesting inferences have been observed in terms of the session time and rewriting rules.


Pore pressure plays a major role when considering rocks mechanical properties. In that field, the concept of effective pressure is a key one to deal with fluids mechanical effects. However, its frequent use has been the source of frequent confusing statements. Because of the various meanings which have been attached to that concept, an attempt is made in this paper to clarify it and examine the validity of its various uses relative to rock mechanical behaviour or rock properties. At a macroscopic scale, thermodynamics provides a powerful tool to investigate this. Reversible or irreversible thermodynamics provide general relationships of great interest. But because real rocks are non homogeneous systems, a microscopic approach is also required in order to analyze the mechanical properties from a description of the small scale processes. The microscopic approach is complementary of the macroscopic thermodynamic one as it leads to the calculation of the effective properties of the medium. In this last approach, effective medium theory is a powerful tool. The effective properties as derived from the microscale can be nicely combined to thermodynamic relations to interpret pore fluid pressure effects and scale effects. The example of elastic properties of porous rocks is more specifically emphasized to illustrate this because of both its intrinsic interest and importance as far as applications are concerned.


The development of today-s complex products requires advanced integrated environments and modeling languages for modeling and simulation. Equation-based object-oriented declarative (EOO) languages are emerging as the key approach to physical system modeling and simulation. The increased ease of use, the high abstraction and the expressivity of EOO languages are very attractive properties. However, these attractive properties come with the drawback that programming and modeling errors are often hard to find. In this paper we propose an integrated framework for run-time debugging of equation-based modeling languages. The framework integrates classical debugging techniques with special techniques for debugging EOO languages and is based on graph visualization and interaction. The debugging framework targets the Modelica language.


When humans explore the Moon, lunar caves will be an ideal base to provide a shelter from the hazards of radiation, meteorite impact, and extreme diurnal temperature differences. In order to ascertain the existence of caves on the Moon, it is best to visit the Moon in person. The Google Lunar X Prize(GLXP) competition started recently to attempt lunar exploration missions. Ones of those groups competing, plan to land on a pit of Lacus Mortis and determine the existence of a cave inside this pit. In this pit, there is a ramp from the entrance down to the inside of the pit, which enables a rover to approach the inner region of the pit. In this study, under the assumption of the existence of a cave in this pit, a 3D model was developed based on the optical image data. Since this model simulates the actual terrain, the rendering of the model agrees well with the image data. Furthermore, the 3D printing of this model will enable more rigorous investigations and also could be used to publicize lunar exploration missions with ease.


Phytotherapeutic agents, or plant-based drugs, are a new class of standardised medicinal agents. In recent years, plant-based therapeutics have been used for the prevention and management of cancer. Practitioners believe that wheatgrass is an effective agent because it contains chlorophyll-like molecules that increase haematopoiesis and strengthen the immune system. This study used wheatgrass juice and powder to substantiate the claim that wheatgrass is an effective anticancer agent. Researchers formulated a new extraction procedure to isolate compounds and subsequently evaluated their bioactivities, particularly their immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities. This procedure successfully managed to isolate 2 new compounds whose structures were elucidated using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy (LCMS), and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) techniques. Both compounds showed unique characteristics with respect to their melting points, colours, odours and solubilities. These 2 novel compounds, a ketone (WG1) and a polyphenol (YWG), exhibited strong in vivo immunomodulatory lymphocyte proliferation and potent in vitro cytotoxic activities against breast, pancreatic, colon, lung, and prostate cancer cell lines. This research concludes that wheatgrass juice and powder includes constituents with medicinal value that can be used for further research as an anti-cancer agent.


isolation of G vaginalis together with the significantly higher isolation rate among heterosexual men suggests that while gardnerella infection of the male urethra is unlikely, colonisation of this site may be an important factor in the epidemiology of "non-specific" vaginitis. This should be borne in mind when setting up and evaluating trials of therapy for this condition. S G DAWSON Department of Genitourinary Medicine


Leakage of petroleum compounds from Tehran Oil Refinery (TOR) has caused soil contaminations in this area. These compounds can enter the groundwater and cause direct or indirect hazardous effects. This research is focused on Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), the main group of petroleum compounds. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis are made on 19 samples collected in grid sampling from sides and center of the stream adjacent to the TOR. Also according to the geotechnical properties of the area and considering the physical and hazardous quality of the contaminants, clean up levels are assessed for the groundwater preservation. Among 16 poly aromatic priority pollutants, four compounds which have the highest concentrations in the area and also have carcinogenic effects are evaluated. These compounds are benzo(a)pyren (BaP), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BaK), benzo(a)anthracene (BaC), and chrysene (Chr). This study showed that the concentration of BaP, BkF, and BaA were higher than the allowable concentrations. Also in case of BaP, maximum evaluated concentration (638 ppm) was 50 times higher than the allowable concentration (13.2 ppm). Different dispersing mechanisms are also evaluated and applicable methods are discussed in order to control the contaminants. In addition, based on geotechnical properties of the soil and considering physical specifications of the contaminants, biologic methods and phyto-remediation via phyto-transformation and rhizosphere-bioremediation are recommended to clean up the site.


The institutional designs of international organizations (IOs) are notoriously resistant to reform. Nevertheless, we have witnessed a dramatic transformation of international organizations, from interstate cooperation toward more complex forms of governance, involving participation by transnational actors (TNAs). This chapter maps the speed, scope, and depth of institutional change in TNA access. Combining descriptive statistics with case studies, the chapter explains the dynamics of institutional change that we observe. The chapter argues that the process of change has been driven by two structural factors—deepening cooperation and domestic democratization—in combination with the end of the Cold War as a critical juncture. The end of the Cold War triggered the temporal intersection of these two structural factors, separating an early period of slow and incremental growth in openness from a later period of rapid and profound expansion of TNA access.


Virus capsids are polymeric protein shells that protect the viral cargo. About half of known virus families have icosahedral capsids that self-assemble from tens to thousands of subunits. Capsid disassembly is critical to the lifecycles of many viruses yet is poorly understood. Here, we apply a graph and percolation theory to examine the effect of removing capsid subunits on capsid stability and fragmentation. Based on the structure of the icosahedral capsid of hepatitis B virus (HBV), we constructed a graph of rhombic subunits arranged with icosahedral symmetry. Though our approach neglects dependence on energetics, time, and molecular detail, it quantitatively predicts a percolation phase transition consistent with recent in vitro studies of HBV capsid dissociation. While the stability of the capsid graph followed a gradual quadratic decay, the rhombic tiling abruptly fragmented when we removed more than 25% of the 120 subunits, near the percolation threshold observed experimentally. This threshold may also affect results of capsid assembly, which also experimentally produces a preponderance of 90 mer intermediates, as the intermediate steps in these reactions are reversible and can thus resemble dissociation. Application of percolation theory to understanding capsid association and dissociation may prove a general approach to relating virus biology to the underlying biophysics of the virus particle.


The present study was designed to evaluate the performance of alternative bio-based solvents, more especially 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, obtained from crop's byproducts for the substitution of petroleum solvents such as hexane in the extraction of fat and oils for food (edible oil) and non-food (bio fuel) applications. First a solvent selection as well as an evaluation of the performance was made with Hansen Solubility Parameters and the COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvation (COSMO-RS) simulations. Experiments were performed on rapeseed oil extraction at laboratory and pilot plant scale for the determination of lipid yields, extraction kinetics, diffusion modeling, and complete lipid composition in term of fatty acids and micronutrients (sterols, tocopherols and tocotrienols). Finally, economic and energetic evaluations of the process were conducted to estimate the cost of manufacturing using 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF) as alternative solvent compared to hexane as petroleum solvent.


Risk perception is an important component which would bring about changes in unhealthy lifestyle. Underestimation of risk would reduce the commitment of individuals from making a significant change in their lifestyle including dietary habits,activity levels, and tobacco usage to decrease their risk for CVD. The objectives of this study are (i) To determine the proportion of cardiovascular risk factors in the studied population, (ii) To determine the Framingham Risk Score in the studied population, (iii) To determine the association between cardiovascular risk perception with socio-demographic characteristics, (iv) To determine the level of cardiovascular risk perception with respect to cardiovascular risk factors and (v) To determine the association between cardiovascular risk perception with Framingham risk scores. This cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2010 to June 2011 in Raub,Malaysia involving adults aged 30 years and above. Sampling of subjects was done based on purposive convenient sampling. Blood pressure measurement was taken twice and an average was recorded. Anthropometric measurement was done for BMI and WHR determination. Venous blood samples were obtained for Fasting Blood Glucose and Fasting Serum Lipid Assays. Framingham Risk Score was calculated using the "General Cardiovascular Risk Profile for Use in Primary Care: The Framingham Heart Study online calculator". A set of modified Risk and Health Behaviours Questionnaire was used to measure the cardiovascular risk perception scores. Prior to the study, a pilot study was done to evaluate the reliability of the
questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.972 for this questionnaire. A total of 600 rural respondents (meaniSD of age: 59.5±10.7 years; 41.7% males) participated in this study. A majority were married (80.9%), had primary education (64.8%),
housewives (44.3%) and had a monthly household income of RM501-RM1500 (57.9%). The proportion with hypertension was 63.8%, smoking was 14.3%, obesity was 30.2%, elevated WHR was 77.1%, diabetes was 23.7% and dyslipidemia was 83.7%. Based on Framingham risk score, 42.4% of the respondents were at high risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the next 10 years. A majority of males (63.2%) were at high risk for CVD while 44.5% of females were in the low risk group.Cardiovascular risk perception scores were found to be significantly negatively correlated with age (r=-0.097, p=0.018) and waist hip ratio (r=-0.098, p=0.017).Monthly household income of the respondents was significantly associated with the cardiovascular risk perception scores (F(3,573)=l 0.649, p<0.001). Hypertensives who took anti-hypertensive medications had significantly higher cardiovascular risk perception scores (t(371)=2.110, p=0.036). Hypertensives who were aware of their hypertension had significantly higher cardiovascular risk perception score (t(361)=2.189, p=0.029). Among respondents who were on anti-hypertensive medications and successful in controlling their blood pressure had significantly higher cardiovascular risk perception score (t(171)=2.640, p=0.009). Framingham Risk Score was found to be significantly associated with cardiovascular risk perception score (F(2,433)=3.352, p=0.036). Almost half of the rural respondents had high risk for developing CVD. Increasing age, low monthly household income, elevated WHR,hypertensive who were not on treatment, unaware of their hypertension status and unsuccessful in controlling their blood pressure had low cardiovascular risk perception. Framingham Risk Score was significantly associated with cardiovascular risk perception score. Healthcare providers should develop relevant strategies to improve the cardiovascular risk perception among the rural population to augment better control of CVD risk factors.


From the memories of everyday experience, "Living Atlanta" vividly recreates life in the city during the three decades from World War I through World War II--a period in which a small, regional capital became a center of industry, education, finance, commerce, and travel. This profusely illustrated volume draws on nearly two hundred interviews with Atlanta residents who recall, in their own words, "the way it was"--from segregated streetcars to college fraternity parties, from moonshine peddling to visiting performances by the Metropolitan Opera, from the growth of neighborhoods to religious revivals.The book is based on a celebrated public radio series that was broadcast in 1979-80 and hailed by Studs Terkel as "an important, exciting project--a truly human portrait of a city of people." "Living Atlanta" presents a diverse array of voices--domestics and businessmen, teachers and factory workers, doctors and ballplayers. There are memories of the city when it wasn't quite a city: "Back in those young days it was country in Atlanta," musician Rosa Lee Carson reflects. "It sure was. Why, you could even raise a cow out there in your yard." There are eyewitness accounts of such major events as the Great Fire of 1917: "The wind blowing that way, it was awful," recalls fire fighter Hugh McDonald. "There'd be a big board on fire, and the wind would carry that board, and it'd hit another house and start right up on that one. And it just kept spreading." There are glimpses of the workday: "It's a real job firing an engine, a darn hard job," says railroad man J. R. Spratlin. "I was using a scoop and there wasn't no eight hour haul then, there was twelve hours, sometimes sixteen." And there are scenes of the city at play: "Baseball was the popular sport," remembers Arthur Leroy Idlett, who grew up in the Pittsburgh neighborhood. "Everybody had teams. And people--you could put some kids out there playing baseball, and before you knew a thing, you got a crowd out there, watching kids play."Organizing the book around such topics as transportation, health and religion, education, leisure, and politics, the authors provide a narrative commentary that places the diverse remembrances in social and historical context. Resurfacing throughout the book as a central theme are the memories of Jim Crow and the peculiarities of black-white relations. Accounts of Klan rallies, job and housing discrimination, and poll taxes are here, along with stories about the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, early black forays into local politics, and the role of the city's black colleges.Martin Luther King, Sr., historian Clarence Bacote, former police chief Herbert Jenkins, educator Benjamin Mays, and sociologist Arthur Raper are among those whose recollections are gathered here, but the majority of the voices are those of ordinary Atlantans, men and women who in these pages relive day-to-day experiences of a half-century ago.


A cooling device assembly with a top pressure spring and a gas cooler used for an electric power well in a building comprises a plurality of cooling devices which are separatedly arranged along a vertical direction of the electric power well, wherein gas transmission pipes (61) are used to provide a gas in the cooling devices. Each cooling device comprises a cooling device body (82) and fixing supports (100) which are arranged on two sides of the cooling device body (82) and are fixed on two opposite side walls (102) of the electric power well. Cable fixing holes (103) are arranged in the fixing supports (100), wherein an electric power cable (1030) passes through each cable fixing hole (103). Each cooling device body (82) comprises an annular cavity shell (15) which is provided with a gas inlet pipe nozzle (6) and is connected to each gas transmission pipe (61).


We previously reported that the scaffold protein c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK)/stress‐activated protein kinase‐associated protein 1 (JSAP1) functions in cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) to promote their cell‐cycle exit and differentiation. In this study, we used immunocytochemistry to examine the subcellular distribution of JSAP1 in proliferating cultured GCPs. We found that when stimulated with fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2), a factor that promotes GCP differentiation through JNK and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, JSAP1 translocated to the plasma membrane and colocalized with activated JNK and ERK. In transfected cells expressing a constitutively activated FGF receptor (FGFR), JSAP1 and the activated FGFR colocalized at the plasma membrane with not only activated but also unphosphorylated and inactive JNK and ERK. These colocalizations did not occur when a mutant JSAP1 lacking the JNK‐binding domain was substituted for wild‐type JSAP1. Biochemical analyses of transfected cells showed that activated FGFR increased JSAP1's affinity for JNK and ERK and that JSAP1 enhanced FGFR‐induced JNK and ERK activation. Collectively, these results suggest that when stimulated by FGFR, JSAP1 translocates to the plasma membrane, where it recruits JNK and ERK and facilitates their activation, leading to the differentiation of cerebellar GCPs.


Apparent vote-exchange ("logrolling") in the Eurovision Song Contest has been variously interpreted as a manifestation of political attitudes within Europe, a reflection of regional tastes in pop music, or a social (memetic) epidemic. This paper provides data supporting the third of these three options, also demonstrating that the cultural contagion has now nearly reached saturation. As well as logrolling, ethnic diasporas and the "semi-final effect" are also shown to influence the result of the contest. Reform of the voting system to produce a contest which better rewards musical excellence, without suppressing the mass participation element, is therefore a complex problem.


In order to improve the water-solubility of chitosan, chitosan biguanidine hydrochloride was synthesized by modified chitosan with dicyandiamide in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The guanidinylation chitosan was then applied to Antheraea pernyi (A. pernyi) silk fabric in the presence of 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid with sodium hypophosphite as catalyst. Studies on the effect of chitosan biguanidine hydrochloride treatment on morphology and textile properties of A. pernyi silk fiber and fabric have been conducted. The changes in the morphological structure have been monitored by scanning electron microscope. The changes in some of textile properties including wrinkle recovery angles and bacterial reduction owing to the treatment have also been investigated. It has been found that the surface of A. pernyi silk gets rough. The wrinkle-resistant performance improved, and the antibacterial activity of the treated A. pernyi silk fabric against E. coli was more than 99%.


Background: Tungiasis, a neglected tropical ecto-parasitic disease, has resurged in Sub-Saharan Africa, causing public concern and at times confusing diagnosis. In October 2010, following widespread human disease within the Busoga sub-region of Eastern Uganda the Ministry of Health sought to verify the cause. Tungal extraction was therefore performed to provide specimens for diagnosis.
Aim: To identify the organisms enucleated from the feet of residents in two affected districts.
Method: The formalin-preserved enucleate was macroscopically described, processed and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections four micrometers thick were then stained with haematoxylin and eosin and microscopically examined.
Results: Histology showed cystic bodies with internal structures. At the periphery a multi-layered cuticle overlay a stratum of hypodermal cells. At the centre, distended globular sections lined by columnar cells characteristic of digestive epithelia had speckled content representing ingested human blood. Eccentric bipolar sections had convoluted microvillous epithelia typical of filtration-excretory surfaces. Eosinophilic rings formed sub-cuticular chains and central clusters, describing tracheal routes. Numerous eosinophilic anisocytic spheres were enclosed in circular sections lined by cuboid cells characteristic of ovarian epithelia. Fat globules and striated muscle were noted; the head, thorax and terminal abdomen were not seen.
Conclusion: The structures described were distinct from those observed in cutaneous helminthiasis, cutaneous myiasis and acariasis. The organisms were thus reported as tissue-embedding haematophagous oviparous arthropods of the genus Tunga. Tungiasis has since been listed among the thirteen neglected tropical diseases of highest public health importance in Uganda.


The rarity of tuberous sclerosis justifies the adding of an additional case to the small group already recorded in the literature. Only 1 patient with this disease has been encountered among more than 6,000 admitted to the radiation therapy service of the Kings County Hospital. Tuberous sclerosis is characterized by diffuse multiple nodular tumor-like accumulations of primitive glial tissue in the motor cortex of the brain. Associated with these there are other ectodermal developmental abnormalities, such as adenoma sebaceum facialis, rhabdomyoma of the cardiac muscle, embryonic muscle-like tumors in the kidney and phacomas in the retina. The histologic picture of the cortical lesions is largely an accumulation of spongioblast-like primitive glial cells. In the depth of these nodules or nests of cells may be deposits of hyaline material or calcium salts, besides many giant cells and evidence of fatty degeneration. The classic clinical picture is the triad of progressive retardation


AIM
To determine global DNA methylation in paired hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples using several different assays and explore the correlations between hypomethylation and clinical parameters and biomarkers, including that of aflatoxin B(1) exposure.

METHODS
Using the radio labeled methyl acceptance assay as a measure of global hypomethylation, as well as two repetitive elements, including satellite 2 (Sat2) by MethyLight and long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINE1), by pyrosequencing.

RESULTS
By all three assays, mean methylation levels in tumor tissues were significantly lower than that in adjacent tissues. Methyl acceptance assay log (mean ± SD) disintegrations/min/ng DNA are 70.0 ± 54.8 and 32.4 ± 15.6, respectively, P = 0.040; percent methylation of Sat2 42.2 ± 55.1 and 117.9 ± 88.8, respectively, P < 0.0001 and percent methylation LINE1 48.6 ± 14.8 and 71.7 ± 1.4, respectively, P < 0.0001. Aflatoxin B(1)-albumin (AFB(1)-Alb) adducts, a measure of exposure to this dietary carcinogen, were inversely correlated with LINE1 methylation (r = -0.36, P = 0.034).

CONCLUSION
Consistent hypomethylation in tumor compared to adjacent tissue was found by the three different methods. AFB(1) exposure is associated with DNA global hypomethylation, suggesting that chemical carcinogens may influence epigenetic changes in humans.


1 In the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska, moist non‐acidic tundra dominates more recently deglaciated upland landscapes, whereas moist acidic tundra dominates older upland landscapes. In previous studies, experimental fertilization of moist acidic tussock tundra greatly increased the abundance and productivity of the deciduous dwarf shrub Betula nana. However, this species is largely absent from moist non‐acidic tundra. 2 These two common upland tundra community types exhibited markedly different responses to fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus. In moist acidic tundra, cover of deciduous shrubs (primarily B. nana) increased after only 2 years, and by 4 years vascular biomass and above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) had increased significantly, almost entirely because of Betula. In moist non‐acidic tundra, both biomass and ANPP were again significantly greater, but no single species dominated the response to fertilization. Instead, the effect was due to a combination of several small, sometimes statistically non‐significant responses by forbs, graminoids and prostrate deciduous shrubs. 3 The different growth form and species' responses suggest that fertilization will cause carbon cycling through plant biomass to diverge in these two tundra ecosystems. Already, production of new stems by apical growth has increased relative to leaf production in acidic tundra, whereas the opposite has occurred in non‐acidic tundra. Secondary stem growth has also increased as a component of primary production in acidic tundra, but is unchanged in non‐acidic tundra. Thus, fertilization will probably increase carbon sequestration in woody biomass of B. nana in acidic tundra, while increasing carbon turnover (but not storage) of non‐woody species in non‐acidic tundra. 4 These results indicate that nutrient enrichment can have very different consequences for plant communities that occur on different geological substrates, because of differences in composition, even though they share the same regional species pool. Although the specific edaphic factors that maintain compositional differences in this case are unknown, variation in soil pH and related variability in soil nutrient availability may well play a role.


We show that Mallows' model averaging estimator proposed by Hansen (2007) can be written as a least squares estimation with a weighted L1 penalty and additional constraints. By exploiting this representation, we demonstrate that the weight vector obtained by this model averaging procedure has a sparsity property in the sense that a subset of models receives exactly zero weights. Moreover, this representation allows us to adapt algorithms developed to efficiently solve minimization problems with many parameters and weighted L1 penalty. In particular, we develop a new coordinate-wise descent algorithm for model averaging. Simulation studies show that the new algorithm computes the model averaging estimator much faster and requires less memory than conventional methods when there are many models.


With the global nanotechnology market growing rapidly, nanomaterials are being increasingly released into aquatic environments, where they can undergo modifications and sedimentation, which will put benthic organisms at risk. Of particular interest is the study of nanomaterial effects on periphyton, a community of auto- and heterotrophic microorganisms embedded in an extracellular polymer matrix that covers submerged surfaces in aquatic ecosystems. Although periphyton assumes important functions in ecosystems, like primary production, little information is available on its sensitivity to nanomaterials and how these might be transferred to higher trophic levels in food webs. In the present thesis, effects of short- and long-term exposures to citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP, 35 nm) and silver ions (Ag+, dosed as AgNO3) were assessed on periphyton in microcosm studies for periods between 2 hours and 21 days. After exposure, primary production, secondary production, photosynthetic yield, microbial respiration and potential extracellular enzyme activity were measured. Moreover, addition of an aquatic snail, Physa acuta, feeding on periphyton allowed the assessment of effects of AgNP on an aquatic herbivore and trophic transfer efficiency. Contaminated (AgNP and AgNO3) and uncontaminated periphyton was offered to snails in a 5-day experiment to determine silver uptake and the mortality, feeding rate and reproduction of the snails. Our findings show that all endpoints measured in periphyton were affected by both AgNP and AgNO3 during short-term exposure, but AgNO3 was more toxic on a total silver mass basis than AgNP. Concentrations causing a 50% reduction in the different endpoints (EC50) ranged from 17 to 83 µM AgNP and from 2 to 4 µM AgNO3. Exposure of periphyton in the presence of silver ion ligands to complex Ag+ (ca. 1% of total silver in AgNP suspensions) prevented AgNP toxicity to most endpoints, confirming that the observed toxic effects were caused by the bioavailable Ag+. An exception was the extracellular enzyme leucine aminopeptidase, which was directly affected by AgNP. Concentrations of AgNP and AgNO3 that caused low toxicity during short-term exposure also caused effects on periphyton functions upon long-term exposure, with algae and bacteria being differently affected. Periphyton exposed to 10 µM AgNP for 21 days showed a 63% decrease in primary production and a 246% increase in bacterial secondary production per unit of total periphyton biomass. The community composition exposed to AgNP or AgNO3 differed from that of the control and also from each other. Furthermore, AgNP-exposed communities were more tolerant to subsequent AgNP exposure. Trophic transfer of silver from contaminated periphyton to snails occurred efficiently, independently of the silver form. Feeding rate of snails on AgNO3-exposed communities was 50% lower than on controls, and disturbance of digestion was evident upon feeding on both AgNP- and AgNO3-exposed communities. No changes in the mortality or egg production of the snails were observed. However, the hatching success of eggs from snails that fed on contaminated periphyton was reduced by more than 79%, and 28-day old embryos showed malformations. Overall, this study clearly identified damaging effects of AgNP on periphyton, with consequent indirect impacts on a consumer, trophic relationships and stream ecosystem processes.


The frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events have increased throughout the United States over the past 100 years and are projected to continue to increase in the future (Karl et al., 2009; National Climate Assessment, 2014). Despite the consistent trends in precipitation, trends in flooding are not as clear due to additional complex flood generation mechanisms such as soil moisture and snowmelt as well as the impacts of land use change and watershed regulation and diversion (Berghuijs et al., 2016; Collins et al., 2014; Villarini et al., 2009; Vogel et al., 2011). This study evaluates the strength of the relationship between extreme rainfall and flooding within the contiguous United States (CONUS) over the past 30 years, for 5,268 watersheds from the Geospatial Attributes of Gages for Evaluating Streamflow, version II (GAGES-II) dataset. A flood set for each watershed is developed from historical daily streamflow records, which are compared with daily gridded precipitation data to evaluate the strength of the relationship between flood magnitude (Q) and precipitation accumulation (P). The role of antecedent conditions and watershed characteristics on the P and Q relationship strength is evaluated and regional differences in relationship strength are examined. Extreme rainfall is found to be a relatively poor predictor of flood magnitude within the CONUS, with P explaining at least 50% of the variation in Q for less than 25% of study watersheds. The relationship strength is stronger in regions that typically experience little to no snowfall, such as the Southeast and Southcentral United States. The exclusion of winter flood events increases relationship strength in some regions that experience substantial snowfall. The relationship between extreme rainfall and flooding increased slightly with an increasing percentage of urban area for watersheds that had a change in percent urban area from 1992 to 2011 of less than 5%. A multiple linear regression with seven individual days of precipitation as predictors showed improved relationship strength over a simple linear regression using three day total precipitation as a predictor of Q.


We present detailed optical photometry for 25 Type Ibc supernovae (SNe Ibc) within d ≈ 150 Mpc obtained with the robotic Palomar 60 inch telescope in 2004–2007. This study represents the first uniform, systematic, and statistical sample of multi-band SNe Ibc light curves available to date. We correct the light curves for host galaxy extinction using a new technique based on the photometric color evolution, namely, we show that the (V − R) color of extinction-corrected SNe Ibc at Δt ≈ 10 days after V-band maximum is tightly distributed, 〈(V − R)V10〉 = 0.26 ± 0.06 mag. Using this technique, we find that SNe Ibc typically suffer from significant host galaxy extinction, 〈E(B − V)〉 ≈ 0.4 mag. A comparison of the extinction-corrected light curves for helium-rich (Type Ib) and helium-poor (Type Ic) SNe reveals that they are statistically indistinguishable, both in luminosity and decline rate. We report peak absolute magnitudes of 〈MR〉 = −17.9 ± 0.9 mag and 〈MR〉 = −18.3 ± 0.6 mag for SNe Ib and Ic, respectively. Focusing on the broad-lined (BL) SNe Ic, we find that they are more luminous than the normal SNe Ibc sample, 〈MR〉 = −19.0 ± 1.1 mag, with a probability of only 1.6% that they are drawn from the same population of explosions. By comparing the peak absolute magnitudes of SNe Ic-BL with those inferred for local engine-driven explosions (GRB-SN 1998bw, XRF-SN 2006aj, and SN 2009bb) we find a 25% probability that relativistic SNe are drawn from the overall SNe Ic-BL population. Finally, we fit analytic models to the light curves to derive typical 56Ni masses of MNi ≈ 0.2 and 0.5 M☉ for SNe Ibc and SNe Ic-BL, respectively. With reasonable assumptions for the photospheric velocities, we further extract kinetic energy and ejecta mass values of Mej ≈ 2 M☉ and EK ≈ 1051 erg for SNe Ibc, while for SNe Ic-BL we find higher values, Mej ≈ 5 M☉ and EK ≈ 1052 erg. We discuss the implications for the progenitors of SNe Ibc and their relation to those of engine-driven explosions.


ABSTRACT The river bug Aphelocheirus aestivalis is a 40 mg aquatic insect that, as an adult, relies totally on an incompressible physical gill to exchange respiratory gases with the water. The gill (called a 'plastron') consists of a stationary layer of air held in place on the body surface by millions of tiny hairs that support a permanent air–water interface, so that the insect never has to renew the gas at the water's surface. The volume of air in the plastron is extremely small (0.14 mm3), under slightly negative pressure and connected to the gas-filled tracheal system through spiracles on the cuticle. Here, we measure PO2 of the water and within the plastron gas with O2-sensing fibre optics to understand the effectiveness and limitations of the gas exchanger. The difference in PO2 is highest in stagnant water and decreases with increasing convection over the surface. Respiration of bugs in water-filled vials varies between 33 and 296 pmol O2 s−1, depending on swimming activity. The effective thickness of the boundary layer around the plastron was calculated from respiration rate, PO2 difference and plastron surface area, according to the Fick diffusion equation and verified by direct measurements with the fibre-optic probes. In stagnant water, the boundary layer is approximately 500 μm thick, which nevertheless can satisfy the demands of resting bugs, even if the PO2 of the free water decreases to half that of air saturation. Active bugs require thinner boundary layers (∼100 μm), which are achieved by living in moving water or by swimming. Summary: The surface of the aquatic bug Aphelocheirus aestivalis is covered with a film of air that acts as a permanent gill and allows this insect to remain under water permanently.


ABSTRACT By recognising young athletes as active socialising agents in their own right and how they experience parents' behaviour, the article contributes knowledge about parent-created educational practices and conditions for players' political socialisation in competitive youth games in grassroots soccer. Parents play an important role in the creation of educational practices and the conditions for young people's political socialisation in sport. Young people's formation of political identities, values, attitudes and norms, their adaption to, learning about and sometimes changes in the political culture of a community are dimensions that have hitherto not been explored to any great extent in youth sport research. Three types of educational practices are identified in which the conditions for political socialisation are shown to be marked by social cohesion, security and respectability; group segregation, selfishness and manipulation; disrespect, hostility and blame.


The pathogen diversity means that multiple strains coexist, and widely exist in the biology systems. The new mutation of SARS-CoV-2 leading to worldwide pathogen diversity is a typical example. What are the main factors of inducing the pathogen diversity? Previous studies indicated the pathogen mutation is the most important reason for inducing the pathogen diversity. The traffic network and gene network are crucial in shaping the dynamics of pathogen contagion, while their roles for the pathogen diversity still lacking a theoretical study. To this end, we propose a reaction–diffusion process of pathogens with mutations on meta-population networks, which includes population movement and strain mutation. We extend the Microscopic Markov Chain Approach (MMCA) to describe the model. Traffic networks make pathogen diversity more likely to occur in cities with lower infection densities. The likelihood of pathogen diversity is low in cities with short effective distances in the traffic network. Star-type gene network is more likely to lead to pathogen diversity than lattice-type and chain-type gene networks. When pathogen localization is present, infection is localized to strains that are at the endpoints of the gene network. Both the increased probability of movement and mutation promote pathogen diversity. The results also show that the population tends to move to cities with short effective distances, resulting in the infection density is high.


Coal based combined cycles for efficient generation of electricity or cogeneration of thermal and mechanical (electrical) power can be realized making use of Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC). A draw-back with respect to the efficiency, however, is imposed from the combustion system limiting the temperature to some 850°C. This threshold may be overcome by integrating a high pressure, high temperature gas turbine topping cycle into the process. In a first step, the high pressure, high temperature gas turbine is fired by natural gas, and the exhaust gas of the turbine is fed to the PFB combustor as an oxygen carrier. In a future advanced system, the fuel gas may be provided by an integrated coal gasification process.A basic reference case has been established based on commercially available gas turbine equipment, hot gas filtration systems as actually tested in various pilot installations, and on a conservative steam cycle component technology. With an ISO gas turbine inlet temperature of 1165°C and an overall compression ratio of 16 up to 30, the entire process yields a net efficiency of some 46% (LHV) and an overall power output of some 750 MW with the gaseous fuel making up for some 50% of the overall energy input. Both the efficiency and the power output have been found rather insensitive with respect to a variation of the overall compression ratio. However, for a non-intercooled compression, an increase of the maximum process pressure would allow for the energy input to be shifted towards coal (and to reduce the natural gas input), and in particular for an elevated PFB combustor pressure considered mandatory for compactness as well as for combustion efficiency including emissions.The numerous calculations for the design, the optimization and the prediction of part-load operation of complex systems are efficiently performed with a semi-implicit method, the results of which have been checked carefully against those of a more conventional sequential approach and found in good agreement.Copyright © 1992 by ASME


Among many environmental pollutants, dyes releasing from industries play a major role in contaminating the aquatic environment. Most of the dyes are non biodegradable, stable and carcinogenic due to their synthetic nature and aromatic structure. Therefore it is necessary to reduce the pollution load including decolourization of industrial effluents before disposal. Though the adsorption on to commercial activated carbon is a promising method, it is expensive. The present study was carried out to investigate the possibility of using a low cost adsorbent for the removal of carcinogenic dye, Rhodamine B in a more effective manner. Three different forms of sawdust, formaldehyde treated sawdust (SD), base treated sawdust (BTSD) and acid activated charred sawdust (AASD) were prepared and used for the removal of Rhodamine B from an aqueous solution. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the potential efficiency of the three forms of sawdust to remove Rhodamine B from the aqueous solution as a function of the initial Rhodamine B concentration, Contact time and temperature. Equilibrium was found to be attained at about 30 min, 50 min and 60 min respectively for SD, BTSD and AASD. Based on Langmuir isotherms, the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 319.5 mgg at 60 ̊C for AASD among three different forms of sawdust. Various isotherms and kinetic models were fitted to describe the adsorption process and the activation parameters were evaluated in all three types of sawdust. Kinetic data of all three types of sawdust were well fitted for the second order rate model. Based on Langmuir, Frendlich and D-R isotherms, a better adsorption capacity was obtained for the AASD adsorbent compared to SD and BTSD. Thermodynamic parameters suggest that the adsorption of Rhodamine B onto all three type of adsorbent is spontaneous and the process is physisorption. SEM images revealed that AASD has more porous and irregularities in the surface which makes it a better adsorbent. IR spectral data reveal the disappearance of many functional groups in AASD adsorbent compared to SD and BTSD.


A 12-year-old Quarterhorse stallion was presented with a severe lameness in the left forefoot. There was a 3 cm diameter cavity in the sole that extended to the solar surface of the distal phalanx. Radiographs revealed an osteomyelitis and a sequestrum which probably developed following the prolonged topical application of 10 percent formalin. The sequestrum was removed and the infected bone curetted under general anaesthesia. The horse was shod with heart bar shoes on both front feet 7 days after the surgery. Eight months later, radiographs showed marked rotation of the distal phalanx despite continual shoeing with heart bar shoes. Surgical resection of the dorsal wall of the hoof at the toe removed the pressure applied by the laminar wedge, and combined with the stabilising and supporting action of the heart bar shoe, permitted realignment of the distal phalanx approximately 30 degrees closer to the normal skeletal axis by 26 days post-operatively. This case highlights some of the recent developments in the treatment of laminitis and suggests that effective treatment is possible if the value of the animal warrants the time and investment.


As a result of a long-term follow-up of 300 epiletic patients the author has determined clinical and social factors of the favourable and unfavourable prognosis in epilepsy. The prognosis is determined by the severity of the organic brain lesion underlying epilepsy, the localization and activity of the epileptic focus, its time-course, the tempo of the increase of psychopathological and paroxysmal disorders, the effect of intercurrent diseases, psychotraumatic situations, as well as by the early and adequate therapeutic and rehabilitation measures. Of a significant role in such prediction is the assessment of the clinical manifestations of the disease during its progression under conditions of drug therapy, as well as a number of social fastors (the capacity to work and learn, marital status, etc.).


heritage within these historical and cultural changes. The place of heritage rhetoric is particularly important in thinking about tobacco in kentucky in these early decades of the twentyfirst century. She shows how reconceptualizing the tobacco industry as heritage can serve both to commemorate loss and to provide critical ways of examining agricultural change and rural identity. in this respect, her excellent regional study provides important perspectives for understanding similar changes in other areas of agriculture throughout the nation.


ABCA7, a close relative of ABCA1 which facilitates cholesterol efflux to lipid-poor apoproteins, has been implicated in macrophage lipid efflux and clearance of apoptotic cells in in vitro studies. In the current study, we investigated the in vivo effects of macrophage ABCA7 deficiency on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Chimeras with dysfunctional ABCA7 in macrophages and other blood cells were generated by transplantation of bone marrow from ABCA7 knockout (KO) mice into irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) KO mice. Unexpectedly, macrophage ABCA7 deficiency did not significantly affect atherosclerosis susceptibility of LDLr KO mice after 10 weeks Western-type diet feeding. However, ABCA7 deficiency was associated with 2-fold (p<0.05) higher macrophage ABCA1 mRNA expression levels. Combined disruption of ABCA1 and ABCA7 in bone-marrow-derived cells increased atherosclerotic lesion development (1.5-fold (p>0.05) as compared to wild type transplanted mice. However, single deletion of ABCA1 had a similar effect (1.8-fold, p<0.05). Macrophage foam cell accumulation in the peritoneal cavity was reduced in ABCA1/ABCA7 dKO transplanted animals as compared to single ABCA1 KO transplanted mice, which was associated with increased ABCG1 expression. Interestingly, spleens of ABCA1/ABCA7 double KO transplanted mice were significantly larger as compared to the other 3 groups and showed massive macrophage lipid accumulation, a reduction in CD3+ T-cells, and increased expression of key regulators of erythropoiesis. In conclusion, deletion of ABCA7 in bone marrow-derived cells does not affect atherogenesis in the arterial wall neither in the absence or presence of ABCA1. Interestingly, combined deletion of bone marrow ABCA1 and ABCA7 causes severe splenomegaly associated with cellular lipid accumulation, a reduction in splenic CD3+ T cells, and induced markers of erythropoeisis. Our data indicate that ABCA7 may play a role in T cell proliferation and erythropoeisis in spleen.


Valid and relevant statistics are required for library planning and advocacy. As libraries and their users turn to the web, library statistics must follow. In this paper we explore the use of three common traffic indicators to measure the impact of web resources from national libraries. We present and discuss the use of data on on page views, virtual visits and unique users, with examples from national, academic and public libraries. These indicators are in an early stage of development and need some conceptual and much empirical work to become good tools for strategic planning. But we note four findings: (1) the ratios between the three indicators are very unstable, so we must measure and interpret all three; (2) we find substantial differences between countries, with Denmark in a leading position; (3) in academic and national libraries the number of virtual visits is likely to overshadow the number of physical visits; (4) analysis of web traffic must be based on an understanding of J-shaped distributions ('power laws') rather than concepts drawn from ordinary well-behaved bell curves ('normal distributions').


Abstract. In recent years, efficient management of urban spatial data has played a major role in improving urban planning projects both in terms of cost and time savings. Since urban planning projects involve various disciplines like city planning and architecture as well as working with different spatial data, one of the main challenges is how to integrate and manage these multimodal data for a proper workflow. Currently, the involved companies are using project management and accounting systems, so called Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to handle these complex urban projects - that partly handle the same data objects as stored in urban spatial databases but without any spatial reference. Embedded in the application example of an urban redevelopment area, which according to the German Urban Development Promotion Act aims at financially promoting urban districts in need of renewal, project-related spatial and non-spatial data that were previously kept separate are linked and integrated. Therefore, our work presented here bridges the gap between these two types of application systems, the non-spatial accounting system called Finanz Management System (FMS) and the urban spatial databases. FMS manages information related to parcels, buildings, property owners, as well as the legally required payments connected to urban development, while an urban spatial database manages the geodata. We describe the prerequisites, procedures, and software development steps for coupling different types of applications by providing an example of the Enterprise Application Integration System (EAI). Our innovative integration process aims at making information from the spatial database available in FMS and vice versa, and allows updating the corresponding databases. Our work shows the potential of open-source software for cadastral data processing and visualization as well as accounting procedures for urban planning projects.


A deterministic finite-state automaton (FSA) is an abstract sequential machine that reads the symbols comprising an input word one at a time. An FSA is symmetric if its output is independent of the order in which the input symbols are read, i.e., if the output is invariant under permutations of the input. We show how to convert a symmetric FSA A into an automaton-like divide-and-conquer process whose intermediate results are no larger than the size of A's memory. In comparison, a similar result for general FSA's has been long known via functional composition, but entails an exponential increase in memory size. The new result has applications to parallel processing and symmetric FSA networks.


Kay Jamison provides unique insights for psychiatrists in this captivating autobiographical memoir. She writes prose eloquently, has lived as a person with manic-depression for 30 years, has treated and cared for bipolar patients as a clinical psychologist, and has performed and published thoughtful clinical research on this disorder. From these many perspectives, Jamison gives an informative autobiographical account of the symptoms and phases of manic-depressive illness, which is enriched by her masterful analysis of the broader implications, not only for the life she has lived, but also for illnesses occurring in clinicians and physicians involved in patient care. She also delves into deep philosophical issues raised by modern medical treatments and genetic discoveries. Jamison demonstrates a wonderful ability to shift from a deeply emotional subjective experience to an objective vantage of analysis, classification, and empiricism. From my perspective as a research psychiatrist having a special interest in bipolar illness, I


Random third party quality audits are mandatory by the regulations for public construction projects in Taiwan. This project and auditor selection process is a difficult work assignment problem because there are normally hundreds of projects and dozens of auditors to choose from. The purpose of this research is to establish a genetic algorithm based model to assist with the project selection and auditor assignment process. The model is set up to find the optimal match between the project characteristics and auditor expertise from approximately 5.09E+29 possible combinations. Information provided by the Kaohsiung County Government is used to test the model. The results show that the model is not only valid but also able to produce a "much better match" between projects and auditors when comparing to manual assignment.


Supported by field accident data and monitoring results of European Regulation (EC) No. 78/2009, recent plans of the European Commission regarding a way forward to improve passive safety of vulnerable road users include, amongst other things, an extension of the head test area. The inclusion of passive cyclist safety is also being considered by Euro NCAP. Although passenger car to cyclist collisions are often severe and have a significant share within the accident statistics, cyclists are neither considered sufficiently in the legislative nor in the consumer ratings tests. Therefore, a test procedure to assess the protection potential of vehicle fronts in a collision with cyclists has been developed within a current research project. For this purpose, the existing pedestrian head impact test procedures were modified in order to include boundary conditions relevant for cyclists as the second big group of vulnerable road users. Based on an in-depth analysis of passenger car to cyclist accidents in Germany the three most representative accident constellations have been initially defined. The development of the test procedure itself was based on corresponding simulations with representative vehicle and bicycle models. In addition to different cyclist heights, reaching from a 6-year-old child to a 95%-male, also four pedal positions were considered. By reconstruction of a real accident the defined simulation parameters could be validated in advance. The conducted accident kinematics analysis shows for a large portion of the constellations an increased head impact area, which can reach beyond the roof leading edge. The average values for the head impact velocity are below the vehicle speed and with regard to the head impact angles, the average values are almost exclusively below the respective pedestrian protection test angles. Based on the simulation data obtained for the different vehicle models, cyclist-specific test parameters for impactor tests have been derived, which have been further examined in the course of head and leg impact tests. In order to study the cyclist accident kinematics under real test conditions, different full scale tests with a Polar-II dummy positioned on a bicycle have been conducted. Overall, the tests showed a good correlation with the simulations and support the defined boundary test conditions. Typical accident scenarios and simulations reveal higher head impact locations. An extended head impact area with modified test parameters will contribute to an improved protection of vulnerable road users including cyclists. However, due to significantly differing impact kinematics and postures between the lower extremities of pedestrians and cyclists, these injuries cannot be addressed by the means of current test tools such as the flexible pedestrian legform impactor FlexPLI. Based on the findings obtained within the project as well as the existing pedestrian protection requirements a cyclist protection test procedure for use in legislation and consumer test programmes has been developed, whose requirements have been transferred into a corresponding test specification. This specification provides common head test boundary conditions for pedestrians and cyclists, whereby the existing requirements are modified and two parallel test procedures are avoided.


What is it to explain away an intuition? Philosophers regularly attempt to explain intuitions away, but it is often unclear what the success conditions for their project consist in. I attempt to articulate some of these conditions, taking philosophical case studies as guides, and arguing that many attempts to explain away intuitions underestimate the challenge the project of explaining away involves. I will conclude, therefore, that explaining away intuitions is a more difficult task than has sometimes been appreciated; I also suggest, however, that the importance of explaining away intuitions has often been exaggerated.


While routine screening for group B streptococcus is not recommended in the UK, women are sometimes coincidentally found to be carrying these bacteria during investigations of symptoms in pregnancy. If such women decide to decline intravenous antibiotics for themselves in labour, they can seek support from midwives in appropriate roles. But once the woman's baby is born, the situation changes somewhat, as the legal context changes and the issue of safeguarding may be raised. This article considers the issues that arise in such scenarios and raises questions about who is there to support women who experience pressure to consent to their healthy newborn baby having prophylactic intravenous antibiotics.


In the emerging maker movement, clinicians have long played an advisory role in the development of customized assistive technology (AT). Recently, there has been a growing interest in including clinicians as builders of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) AT. To identify the needs of clinicians-as-makers, we investigated the challenges that clinicians faced as they volunteered in an AT building project where they were the primary designers and builders of assistive mobility devices for children. Through observation and co-building of modified ride-on toy cars with clinicians, we found that the rapid pace of development and transient relationship between user and builder did not allow for a complete assessment of the child's mobility. Furthermore, clinicians struggled to actualize concepts borne out of their clinical intent due to a lack of engineering skill. This study highlights the need for tools that support clinicians-as-makers in the AT maker process and a new conceptualization of the role of DIY-AT maker programs within the AT provider ecosystem.


Issue two contributors include: ArtstrA/Barbara Reise Archives, Steve Beard, Susanne Clausen, Marie Darrieussecq, Brian Dillon, Andrew Dodds, Thomas Hirschhorn, Gabriel Lester, Jo Melvin, Rashanna Rashied-Walker, Lisa Robertson, Andrew Shelley, Nick Thurston and Lynne Tillman.

The Happy Hypocrite is a semi-annual journal for and about experimental art writing. Informed by a lineage of modern experimental and avant-garde magazines, such as: Bananas, Documents, The Fox, Merlin and Tracks, HH aspires to unpack their methodologies whilst providing a new constituency for contemporary art writing. Providing a greatly needed testing ground for new writing and research-based projects, somewhere for artists, writers and theorists to express experimental ideas that might not otherwise be realised or published.


Oil jet peening is a surface modification process developed for the introduction of compressive residual stresses. In this process, a high-pressure oil jet impinges on the surface to be peened. Specimens made of AISI 1040 steel were peened at oil pressure of 50 MPa. Residual stresses induced on the oil jet peened specimen was in the order of -200 MPa. Standoff distance influenced the residual stress induced and also the erosion and surface roughness. Fully reversed cantilever bending tests conducted on the peened and unpeened conditions revealed the improved performance of the oil jet peened specimens.


Synthesis of nickel nanoparticles using bioreduction (lactobacillus assisted) method, an eco-friendly nano-biotechnological approach is reported. The synthesis is performed at room temperature. X-ray and transmission electron microscopy analyses are performed to ascertain the formation of Ni nanoparticles. Individual nanoparticles as well as a number of aggregates having the size of 30-50 nm are found. Possible involved mechanism of biosynthesis has also been discussed.