Maps showing immigration into Europe are a potential source of journalistic bias. Limited time and funding to create maps of migration can lead to dependence on data from institutions dedicated to controlling migration, in effect promoting a logic of surveillance directed at immigrants rather than a logic of hospitality based on respect for human rights. There are organizational and logistical barriers to overcome if migration is to be portrayed in ways that support thoughtful, democratic, rights-based deliberation but efforts need to be made to map migration in ways that reveal the geographical experiences of individual immigrants including their movement paths and the risks they face. This article examines unusual maps of migration, drawing on examples from news media as well as from non-governmental organizations, research teams, book authors, private companies, and entertainment media based in several European countries. The examples provide a foundation for concrete recommendations regarding the responsible use of cartographic visualization as a component of immigration news.


Thank you very much for downloading transforming process theism s u n y series in philosophy. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their favorite books like this transforming process theism s u n y series in philosophy, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious virus inside their computer.


The concept of wildlife embodies two sources of controversy regarding de-extinct animals. First, the multifaceted dependence of these animals on humans; and second, the property rights to de-extinct animals. Both provide reasons for not counting them as wildlife. A subsequent question is, however, whether we should maintain this divide or allow the boundaries to blur. If we aim to maintain it, we end up trying to stop a process that is evolving rapidly and difficult to curb by legal means. If we relinquish these boundaries, we give up customary cultural models and re-lated cultural practices. In biology, the divide between domestic and wild species is usually considered arbitrary and the degree of synanthropy (degree of association with humans) to present a continuum. Still, wildlife is normally defined through the notion of domestication: those animals that are not domesticated are wildlife. De-extinction turns the setting upside down: the de-extinct animals would normally be classified as domesticated, since they are generated by human action and could be owned as private property, but the problem is that they are not intended as domestic – de-extinct animals are ultimately created to be wildlife. Thus the concept of wildlife calls for refinement so as to allow their inclusion. We present a classification of animal species based both on their degree of synanthropy and the complex ownership issues. It appears that de-extinct species would probably initially represent species with a low synanthropy index but a high need for human care, but might later evolve into "real" wildlife in the strict sense of the term.


Objective. To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and of insulin resistance (IR) in an ethnically homogeneous cohort of established psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and to identify clinical associations of MetS and IR in patients with PsA. Methods. A cohort of 283 patients with PsA all meeting ClASsification for Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) criteria was included. All underwent detailed skin and rheumatologic assessments, along with cardiovascular risk factor evaluation. IR was defined as an elevated homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) value of > 2.5. Severe PsA was defined as the presence of 1 or more of the PsA-related radiographic damage features (peripheral joint erosions, osteolysis, sacroiliitis), and PsA requiring tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy. Results. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort were mean age 54.6 ± 12 years, 52% female, mean PsA duration 19 ± 9 years. MetS was present in 44% of the studied patients (n = 283). On multiple regression analysis, a significant association of MetS was noted with more severe PsA (OR 4.47, p < 0.001), higher smoking pack-years (OR 1.03, p = 0.02), and worse EQ-5D scores (OR 1.28, p = 0.02). Data on IR were available for 263 patients, and among them, the mean HOMA-IR was 1.43 ± 1.09. Forty-one patients (16%) had IR. On multiple regression analysis, a significant association of IR was noted with more severe PsA (OR 3.49, p = 0.03), later psoriasis age of onset (OR 1.07, p = 0.001), and higher body mass index (OR 1.22, p < 0.001). Conclusion. Among patients with PsA, MetS and IR are highly prevalent, and are independently associated with the severity of underlying PsA.


A significant issue in training deep neural networks to solve supervised learning tasks is the need for large numbers of labelled datapoints. The goal of semi-supervised learning is to leverage ubiquitous unlabelled data, together with small quantities of labelled data, to achieve high task performance. Though substantial recent progress has been made in developing semi-supervised algorithms that are effective for comparatively small datasets, many of these techniques do not scale readily to the large (unlaballed) datasets characteristic of real-world applications. In this paper we introduce a novel approach to scalable semi-supervised learning, called Local Label Propagation (LLP). Extending ideas from recent work on unsupervised embedding learning, LLP first embeds datapoints, labelled and otherwise, in a common latent space using a deep neural network. It then propagates pseudolabels from known to unknown datapoints in a manner that depends on the local geometry of the embedding, taking into account both inter-point distance and local data density as a weighting on propagation likelihood. The parameters of the deep embedding are then trained to simultaneously maximize pseudolabel categorization performance as well as a metric of the clustering of datapoints within each psuedo-label group, iteratively alternating stages of network training and label propagation. We illustrate the utility of the LLP method on the ImageNet dataset, achieving results that outperform previous state-of-the-art scalable semi-supervised learning algorithms by large margins, consistently across a wide variety of training regimes. We also show that the feature representation learned with LLP transfers well to scene recognition in the Places 205 dataset.


Currently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attracting extensive interest due to their potential for overcoming the energy crisis. However, increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs to realize outdoor applications is still one of the crucial issues in PSC research. In this study, metallic nanostructures including Au, Ag and Au–Ag nanoalloy with different sizes and morphology were synthesized via a chemical solution method and embedded into an electron collecting TiO2 layer in PSCs based on the physical deposition method, which allows control over the incorporation of the metallic-nanostructures. The best improvement in the PCE was obtained using the Au–Ag nanoalloy, exhibiting an efficiency of 14.8%, which increases 17.5% compared to the bare PSCs. We believe that the increased device performance originates from increased light harvesting due to the increased optical path length caused by the light scattering of the metallic nanostructures. This strategy demonstrates a novel way to enhance the performance of photovoltaic devices.


Complications in rectum and sigmoid due to radiation are usually called radiation proctosigmoiditis. It can be acute or chronic based on the onset of symptoms during radiation treatment. There are some treatment modalities aimed for reducing rectosigmoid bleeding and improving symptoms of chronic radiation proctosigmoiditis, which include medication, endoscopy and surgery. Most data about the effectiveness of those various modalities are provided by short-term studies with small sample size. A female patient, 59 years old, came with a chief complaint of passing persistent fresh bright red bloody stool since 1 year before admission. The patient was then diagnosed with stage IIIB cervical cancer and she received 25 times of external radiation, 3 times of internal radiation and 3 times of chemotherapy. She was diagnosed with chronic radiation proctosigmoiditis and treatment to stop the bleeding was carried out by performing argon plasma coagulation through colonoscopy. The problems in the patient were formulated as chronic radiation


Malaysia has become a signatory party to international biodiversity regimes since 1992. However, no study to date has comprehensively assessed to what extent Malaysia has implemented its commitment to the regimes. This paper assesses Malaysia's implementation of the biodiversity regimes at the governmental levels. By focusing on Malaysia's policy convergence in the regimes, it examines the implementation within the land biodiversity policies. This paper finds that the federal agencies and some of the state governments are progressively implementing the biodiversity regimes at the level of the land biodiversity policies. However, there are loopholes in the implementation that need to overcome in order to put the country on the appropriate implementation track. This finding is useful, as it provides a basic understanding of Malaysia's implementation of international biodiversity regimes.


Normally, the initial response from staff when you mention The Joint Commission is "I hope I'm not working the day they come." As a leader, you need to communicate to staff the importance of understanding that the survey is actually a real-time assessment of how the organization effectively and safely manages the care of patients and families. Engage your staff from the beginning and utilize your internal resources to assist you with staff preparation. First, start with the basics. Spend a week with staff to assess if the unit is compliant with crash cart checks, refrigerator temperature logs, separating clean and dirty equipment, keeping hallways free of clutter, cleanliness, hand hygiene, and personal protective equipment. Next, I would recommend you start with assessing the current knowledge base of your staff members regarding the following: 1. Are they familiar with The Joint Commission's National Patient Safety Goals and what your organization is doing to address these goals? 2. Do they know what performance improvement efforts are being done in your department to improve quality, safety, and patient care? 3. Are they familiar with The Joint Commission standards that apply to their job and department? 4. Do they understand the organization's policies and procedures for fire, disaster, infection control, various code alerts, occurrence reporting, medication errors, adverse drug events, patient assessment and reassessment, restraints, care plans, advance directives, and suicide risk and domestic violence screening? 5. Can they review a chart accurately for the following? —Is the assessment complete? —Is there a documented care plan? —Is the entry dated, timed, authenticated, and legible? —Are there unapproved abbreviations in the documentation? —Is pain assessed and reassessed at the required intervals? —Is the status of the patient's advance directive documented? —Are restraints in accordance with your organization's policies? —Is handoff/transfer documentation present? —Was suicide screening completed? 6. Do they understand what a tracer is? When you explain tracer methodology, keep it simple. For example, tracer methodology is The Joint Commission's process of tracing the care of patients throughout their stay. Surveyors utilize tracer activities to assess patient care and system process issues for standard compliance. Tracer activities are also used to assess interdisciplinary relationships and communication between all departments or services. It's important to utilize the trends of tracer activity to improve processes. Always communicate to staff about the ongoing improvements demonstrating compliance with The Joint Commission standards. Finally, to maintain the gain, emphasize to staff that the changes made based on the outcomes of tracer activity and department audits will be continued after the survey is over. Preparing for a Joint Commission survey is a lot of work, but staff members will be proud when they realize their hard work is affirmed by an accrediting body. NM


Monitoring of distributed systems for management purposes is a complex task aggravated by heterogeneity and distribution of resources and tools. This paper presents a method for monitoring distributed systems by applying concepts from the field of relational databases. The user may request information from the entire network by means of simple relational queries which are automatically optimized and implemented with flexible agents. This approach solves a large class of problems, adapts well to changes in the network, is not dependent on a central site and presents a usable example of flexible agent technology. The approach is illustrated by means of examples in service and systems management.


The advances in information and communication technologies have generated a radical shift in the experiences and interests of the twenty-first century learners. The new digital technologies embedded in people's daily life along with the massive adoption of computer games has created a diversity of new needs and preferences that has extended to reach the educational environment. The integration of computer games into the educational process has emerged as a necessity, as well as a challenging opportunity for many teachers. While researches reveal the multiple benefits that the use of computer games bring to education in terms of skills development, increased motivation and collaborative capacity, evaluation, decision-making, game development and implementation is not an easy endeavour. Moreover, many teachers are not fully aware of the pedagogical uses and benefits of computer games. Under this premises, the authors advance commercial computer games as a valid, cost-efficient alternative for teachers that wish to experiment the potential of using games in education, and present the results of a case study that investigates potential uses of commercial computer games in education. The purpose of this paper is to inform educators on factors that could contribute to the adoption of computer games within educational environments. The paper analyses how commercial computer games can genuinely add value to education, and explores the main strength and weaknesses of employing commercial computer games for educational purposes. The results have indicated that commercial computer games represent an alternative solution for game-based learning and it can be employed successfully within specific learning processes.


This article reviews the progress which has been made in the uses of Learning Technology (LT) to support teaching and learning in the Post Compulsory Education and Training (PCET) sector. It argues that progress in terms of the depth and breadth of overall impact is limited and disappointing, despite significant investment from government and others. Across the PCET sector as a whole, despite progress in a number of areas, the use of technology is far from embedded in teaching and learning, and little real 'transformation' on any major scale has taken place. The possible reasons for this situation are discussed, as is the particular situation of teachers in PCET. The lack of progress is not, it is argued, due to any lack of willingness by staff to experiment and innovate, but to a range of other sector wide issues. The article concludes with some recommendations relating to how this important sector of UK education could move forward to a more positive future in relation to LT.


Globally, the construction industry is one sector that contributes to economic growth in Malaysia. The construction industry is developing rapidly and become one of the backbones of the country compared with other developing countries in the world. As developing countries are now moving towards sustainable development is in line with the 9th Malaysia Plan, development should be built to meet current and future needs for achieving sustainability of economic development, social and environmental responsibility for the prosperity without compromising the needs of future generations. Therefore, to ensure the government's objective was achieved construction industry must implement the Life Cycle Costing (LCC) method to construct the structures and infrastructure projects that it will not cause losses to the industry itself and government. Each stage of construction project begins with planning, design, construction, operation, maintenance and demolishes the project and it cost should be considered to ensure the overall project costs as are known. Through this LCC, factors and maintenance costs for a building products accounted at the design stage to obtain a more accurate projection of the cost. This paper will describe the LCC as a vital element in all sectors of the construction industry because this method can drive quality improvement by taking into account the cost of a comprehensive project. The aim of this paper is to understand the LCC for the construction industry in Malaysia expecially in maintenance phase. Secondly is to identify the process of LCC in buildings construction and last but not least is recommending that appropriate measures to implement the LCC in the construction industry in Malaysia. The main sources of the literature research will be taken through articles, journals, references books in the resources centre and internet search. Hopefully the implementation of LCC in the construction industry in Malaysia could be accessed and used for research reference by future researcher and as reference materials for the construction management industry in Malaysia.


The locomotory muscles represent an important determinant of the athletic potential of the horse and hence the ability to compete at a high level. For efficient raising and training, it would be useful to predict the potential of a horse early in life based on the characteristics of the locomotory muscles evaluated by biopsy specimens. The muscle characteristics are partly determined at birth by genetic influences, but are still able to adapt to different demands, such as altered neuromuscular activity as occurs during development and training as well as in neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the aim of the present thesis was to obtain a better understanding of the equine muscular system and its ability to adapt to different (patho)physiological conditions. For this purpose small biopsies were taken and investigated from various muscles from different groups of horses at certain time points allowing longitudinal comparison of alterations induced by different exercise regimens or neuromuscular disease. The characteristics of skeletal muscle in general can be described by parameters such as power output and resistance to fatigue. Power is the product of contraction speed and force generated by the muscle and is reflected in the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) fiber type composition and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the different fibers. Resistance to fatigue of a muscle depends on oxygen delivery by capillaries (quantified as diffusion index: i.e. the area one capillary has to supply) and on a number of enzymes for maintenance of energy metabolism (citrate synthase (CS) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)) and excitability (Na+, K+-ATPase). Methods were developed or adjusted to evaluate these parameters with maximum reproducibility in small muscle biopsies of the horses. It was demonstrated that the muscle of an immature horse is a heterogeneous tissue that achieves its adult form by a process of functional adaptation. Muscle biopsies are an important complementary tool for ante mortem diagnosis of lower motor neuron disorders, but are of limited value for the prediction of athletic potential, because the distinctive characteristics at a young age disappear throughout later life. During development the muscle shows an enhancement in power and fatigue related properties. For an optimal development exercise is considered to be essential, especially during the first year after birth. On the other hand, training a horse before conventional training starts does not have huge benefits for muscle performance. Apparently, the developmental adjustments reflected in the measured variables represent sufficient adaptation to meet the demands of training. The enhancement in membrane excitability and maintenance of force indicated that the training the foals were subjected to was intense enough to initiate reactions in the muscle. This means it is possible that alterations occur in parameters at another level. Therefore, it would be very interesting to further explore the adaptations to (patho)physiological conditions on, for example, the molecular level where subtle changes can be detected, i.e. the expression of mRNA for the relevant proteins.


This paper is devoted on the numerical simulations of incompressible stratified fluid. The implicit algorithm for solving the Navier-Stokes in Boussinesq approach equations based on the use of compact approximations of the third order for convective terms for equations is used. The diffusion terms of equations are approximated by the fourth order of accuracy. The results of the calculations are received. AMS Subject Classification: 76-XX


On the basis of literature data the effects of external factors (oxygen presence, pH of environment, temperature) and internal ones (chemical structures of macromolecules, crystallization degree, physical state of material) on the course of biodegradation process of polymer in natural conditions were discussed. Poly(vinyl chloride) /cellulose composites, with cellulose part 25, 50 or 75 wt. % (Table 1), were obtained by pouring out from solutions. The samples obtained were stored in forest soil for 6 months. During biodegradation, pH of soil was measured (Table 2) and samples' biodegradation degree (B) was evaluated (Fig. 4) on the basis of respiration analysis. Thermal stability change (Fig. 3, 6-8, Table 3) caused by biodegradation was studied by thermogravimetric method. The sample structures were observed using optical microscopy (Fig. 1 and 2) and by atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Fig. 5). It was found that biodegradation of PVC/cellulose composites depended on polysaccharide content and was more effective than PVC itself while dehydrochlorination, characteristic for PVC, was inhibited in the presence of natural polymer. Probable crosslinking among the molecules of both polymeric components in the composites improved thermal stability of the samples degraded.


The three-dimensional development of controlled transition in a flat-plate boundary layer is investigated by direct numerical simulation (DNS) using the complete Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical investigations are based on the so-called spatial model, thus allowing realistic simulations of spatially developing transition phenomena as observed in laboratory experiments. For solving the Navier-Stokes equations, an efficient and accurate numerical method was developed employing fourth-order finite differences in the downstream and wall-normal directions and treating the spanwise direction pseudo-spectrally. The present paper focuses on direct simulations of the wind-tunnel experiments by Kachanov et al. (1984, 1985) of fundamental breakdown in controlled transition. The numerical results agreed very well with the experimental measurements up to the second spike stage, in spite of relatively coarse spanwise resolution. Detailed analysis of the numerical data allowed identification of the essential breakdown mechanisms. In particular, from our numerical data, we could identify the dominant shear layers and vortical structures that are associated with this breakdown process.


Abstract Release of Galliformes species is common management practice in Europe and North America. Here, we attempt to synthesise available information on the release of wild-caught and captive-reared galliforms, and discuss how rearing and release techniques affect release success. Galliforms are released into the wild to increase hunted populations with after-hunting-season releases, to establish new populations, to augment threatened populations, and to be used for 'put and take' shooting. We conclude that the release of artificially reared galliforms after the hunting season is not suitable practice to increase an already viable population. Release for 'put and take' shooting is an alienated form of hunting, and it raises ethical questions. 'Put and take' should be strictly examined in the context of wildlife conservation, hunting culture, philosophy and economy. In the case of population establishment and augmentation, translocation of wild-caught birds is by far the best choice. The alternative choice is release of naturally or semi-naturally reared birds and anti-predator trained birds. Galliform release should not be a stereotyped process with many failures, but rather a practice in which correct techniques are used for the pursued aim.


This paper deals with the efficient parallel search of square m-sequences on both modern CPUs and GPUs. The key idea is based on applying particular vector processor instructions with a view to maximizing the advantage of Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) and Single Instruction Multiple Threads (SIMT) execution patterns. The developed implementation was adjusted to testing for the maximum-period of m-sequences of some particular forms. Furthermore, the early abort sieving strategy based on the application of SAT-solvers were presented. With this solution, it is possible to search m-sequences up to degree 32 exhaustively.


This thesis explores the role human rights can play in relation to global challenges which require large scale international responses. States' international actions shape how such global challenges are confronted. They can have substantial impact on human rights, but the issue of whether states have human rights obligations in this context remains controversial. Controversy surrounds the legal status of human rights obligations in the context of international action, the theoretical plausibility of imposing human rights obligations in such contexts, as well as more practical considerations. This thesis addresses these three areas of controversy, moving the debate forward with three important conclusions: first, a legal basis for human rights obligations in the context of international action is established through the interpretation of articles 55(c) and 56 of the UN Charter. Second, despite doubts regarding the specificity and claimability of seemingly imperfect duties, it is shown that articles 55(c) and 56 can ground specific obligations claimable against states. Third, it is possible to build from these conclusions to specify what articles 55(c) and 56 must require if states are to take effective international action for human rights. Three state duties are posited: the duties to assess, participate and respond. The duties mark out a continuing and distinct role for Articles 55(c) and 56, as a potentially effective constraint on states' international actions. Through the development of three real world cases studies, this thesis specifies and clarifies the substantive content of the duties to assess, participate and respond. It demonstrates that these duties have significant practical utility. Within the context of climate change and beyond, the duties on states under articles 55(c) and 56 that result from the interpretation offered in this thesis have the potential to reshape the international actions of states such that they better protect human rights for all.


Objective:
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Disease stage still remains the best prognostic factor for patients with localized non-small cell lung cancer. The TNM staging system, however, does not address the heterogeneity of this disease. Sub-classification and identification of distinct prognostic sub-groups within each stage may allow the optimization of clinical trial design and potentially improve outcome. This is a retrospective pilot study, in which we attempt to identify genomic biomarkers predictive of recurrence in stage I lung cancer by analysing copy number (CN) data obtained by next-generation sequencing.

Materials and Methods:
Ninety eight patients with stage I NSCLC, who underwent elective radical surgery were identified from a tissue bank of 323 tumour samples. Their demographic and surgical data, including their recurrence status were collected and an extensive database compiled. The cases were split into two cohorts depending on their histology (adenocarcinoma vs. squamous cell carcinoma). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks were retrieved from the local pathology archive and DNA was extracted from macrodissected tumour tissue using the QiAmp DNA microkit. DNA libraries were prepared and samples were sequenced using Illumina Genome Analyzer II. The frequency of CN gain and loss along the entire genome was compared between the recurrent and non-recurrent cancers.

Results:
Comparative whole genome maps of the recurrent and non-recurrent cohort did not show any significant differences. Attempts to distinguish the recurrent from the non-recurrent cohorts with previously published algorithms, based on whole genome CN variation were also unsuccessful. However, a newly devised logistic regression model based on pan-genomic assessment of CN variation was able to differentiate recurrent from non-recurrent cancers in both histological subtypes.

Conclusion:
Although no single chromosomal region was associated with cancer recurrence, the two groups were distinguishable with an algorithm that assesses total genomic change. Analysis of a larger cohort will be required for validation.


EDITOR,-We read with great interest the paper by Roe et al (Gut 1993; 34: 382-5) who found no adverse effect on anal sphincters after 3 months of diversion. Recently we have performed physiological studies on a 70 year old woman who had a defunctioned rectal stump for 13 years. This woman, an immigrant from Russia, had a sigmoidectomy in 1977 for sigmoid cancer. Three years later recurrent anastomatic cancer was diagnosed. Left hemicolectomy with colostomy was performed leaving a rectal stump of 12 cm length. In 1993 she was referred to our outpatient clinic for evaluation before colostomy closure. Her symptoms were rectal pain, bleeding, and discharge with no change during the past 10 years. Endoscopy showed mucosal erythema, oedema, and friability. Cultures were negative. Histological examination of rectal biopsy specimens showed diffuse chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate. Anal manometry using water perfused manometric assembly with seven side hole catheters was performed. The Table shows the results.


The play in the performance of panata to the Black Nazarene in Quiapo, Manila, demonstrates an authentic religiosity that is manifested in materiality, and a modernity that is indigenous. The paper operates within the framework of a panata (devotion) as: (1) a personal (even inherited) secret vow; (2) that is performed publicly; and (3) is directed towards touching and being touched by God. The first part discusses the dynamics of how petition and thanksgiving are interior movements that reflect utang-na-loob (debt of gratitude) as dasal (prayer). But this movement, although essentially personal and secret, can only be expressed in the communal and public performance of the yearly procession (traslacion). The second part discusses this public and communal "translation" of the Black Nazarene as a construction of a relationship with the sacred that is embodied and embedded. And the third part investigates the encounter (hierophany) through the appropriation of the poon (icon) within the dynamics between hirap (difficulty, suffering, poverty) and ginhawa (rest, relief, ease) in the kalye (streets) of Manila.


Integral attack is a powerful method to recover the secret key of block cipher by exploiting a characteristic that a set of outputs after several rounds encryption has ( integral distinguisher). Recently, Todo proposed a new algorithm to construct integral distinguisher with division property. However, the existence of integral distinguisher which holds in additional rounds can not be denied by the algorithm. On the contrary, we take an approach to obtain the number of rounds which integral distinguisher does not hold ( upper-bound integral distinguisher). The approach is based on algebraic degree estimation. We execute a random search for a term which has a degree equals the number of all inputted variables. We propose an algorithm and apply it to PRESENT and RECTANGLE. Then, we confirm that there exists no 8-round integral distinguisher in PRESENT and no 9-round integral distinguisher in RECTANGLE. From the facts, integral attack for more than 11-round and 13-round of PRESENT and RECTANGLE is infeasible, respectively.


This thesis examines the representation of 'otherness' in postcolonial neo-Victorian fiction. It analyses a selection of novels that not only engage critically with the Victorian past but specifically with the legacy of Victorian Britain's empire. By looking at the ways in which neo-Victorian novels depict the (de)construction of their characters' identities, this thesis investigates whether these representations are able to provide insight in present-day constructions of who is seen as being at home in British or Western European society and who is defined as 'other'. Otherness, these novels show, is not limited to a binary of the Western 'self' and the stereotyped, non-Western 'other'. Rather, many of the novels' characters are made to discover the other(ness) within themselves. The introductory chapter considers neo-Victorianism's postmodern background and the way it relates to postcolonial theories of race and sexuality. Chapter One focuses on two novels: Julian Barnes' Arthur & George (2005) and Belinda Starling's The Journal of Dora Damage (2007). Both novels are set in Britain and engage with the figure of the other coming (too) close to home. The chapter employs a potentially multidirectional 'looking relation' to study how postcolonial neo-Victorian fiction constructs the other against which the British characters define their own identities. Moving away from Britain, Chapter Two looks at the notion of the journey, specifically sea voyages between metropole and colony. Using Gail Jones' Sixty Lights (2004) and Joseph O'Connor's Star of the Sea (2002), this chapter studies how the liminal experience of travel can function as an othering device. Chapter Three, finally, examines how Daniel Mason's The Piano Tuner (2002) and David Rocklin's The Luminist (2011) describe British society in the colonies. Away from the imperial mother country, making stable distinctions between self and other becomes increasingly difficult for the novels' characters. Ultimately, this thesis questions whether postcolonial neo-Victorianism maintains a binary between the Western self and a stereotyped figure of the other, or if it can play a role in changing readers' views of those people seen as 'other' in Western society.


Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a member of the C-C subfamily of chemokines, is important for the local recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammatory challenge. Here, we investigated endothelial signaling pathways involving members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily and studied their role for MCP-1 expression in endothelium. We show that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a potent inflammatory activator of endothelium, leads to activation of MAP kinases ERK, p38, and JNK in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Contribution of MAP kinase pathways to TNF-alpha-induced synthesis of endothelial MCP-1 was then studied by pharmacologic inhibition and transient expression of dominant negative or constitutively active kinase mutants using flow cytometry, Northern blot, and luciferase reporter gene assays. Inhibition of Raf/MEK/ERK or SEK/JNK pathways had no significant effect on MCP-1 levels, whereas blocking the MKK6/p38 pathway by p38 inhibitors SB203580 or SB202190 or by a dominant negative mutant of MKK6, the upstream activator of p38, strongly inhibited TNF-alpha-induced expression of MCP-1. Consistent with that finding, expression of wild-type or constitutively active MKK6 significantly enhanced the effect of limiting TNF-alpha concentrations on MCP-1 synthesis. These data suggest a crucial role for the MKK6/p38 stress kinase cascade in TNF-alpha-mediated endothelial MCP-1 expression.


Purpose – This paper addresses the most important factors for the selection of additive manufacturing (AM) technology as a method of production of metal parts. AM creates objects by adding material layer by layer based on 3Dmodels. At present, interest inAM is high as it is hoped that AMcontributes to the competitiveness of Western manufacturing industries. Design/methodology/approach – A literature study is conducted to identify the factors that affect the selection of AM technology. Expert interviews and the best–worst method are used to prioritize these factors based on relative factor weights. Findings –Technology, demand, environment and supply-related factors are categorized and furthermapped to offer a holistic picture of AM technology selection. According to expert assessments, market demand was ranked highest, although market demand is currently lacking. Research limitations/implications –The composition and size of the expert panel and the framing of some of the factors in light of previous literature cause validity limitations. Further research is encouraged to differentiate the selection factors for different AM implementation projects. Originality/value – The paper presents a more complete framework of factors for innovation selection in general and the selection of AM technology specifically. This framework can serve as a basis for future studies on technology selection in the (additive) manufacturing sector and beyond. In addition to AM-specific factor weights, the paper explains why specific factors are important, reducing uncertainty for managers that have to choose between alternative manufacturing technologies.


In this paper we report on our ongoing project aimed at protecting the privacy of the user when dealing with location-based services. The starting point of our approach is the principle of geo-indistinguishability, a formal notion of privacy that protects the user's exact location, while allowing approximate information -- typically needed to obtain a certain desired service -- to be released. We then present two mechanisms for achieving geo-indistinguishability, one generic to sanitize locations in any setting with reasonable utility, the other custom-built for a limited set of locations but providing optimal utility. Finally we extend our mechanisms to the case of location traces, where the user releases his location repeatedly along the day and we provide a method to limit the degradation of the privacy guarantees due to the correlation between the points. All the mechanisms were tested on real datasets and compared both among themselves and with respect to the state of the art in the field.


In this new age of computational imaging, volumetric video, performance capture, visual effects, and a myriad of other technologies we are creating images that were never captured in the conventional sense. These new technologies offer an almost infinite range of creative options once a production is over: camera angles can be modified; virtual lenses can deepen or tighten the depth of field, expand or compress perspective, and even mimic the distortion of vintage lenses; actors can be replaced, or even brought back to life decades after they passed. On top of this imaging revolution, the rapidly evolving field of image display means that a final version for today may not be optimal or even adequate for the screens of tomorrow, whether due to increased color gamut, dynamic range, spatial resolution, size, aspect ratio, or frame rate. These issues bring up technical, financial, and ethical considerations about what to conserve, in which form, and for how long, with potentially conflicting priorities between the preservation of the original artistic intent and a content owner's desire to maximize the revenue and/or lifespan of a particular asset. For example, if a character is a computer-generated avatar of a performance given through motion capture, should we archive, on top of the on-screen performance, all the motion capture files, from the initial video capture to the computerized animation to the character models to the final render before it was composited into the shot? Could we, and should we, leave that door open for future generations to change characters in the finished product, eventually without the original creator's consent? On the other hand, if we do not conserve the original animation, do we hamper a creator's freedom to upgrade and refresh an asset when new technologies arise in the coming years? At what cost do all these decisions come? In this article, the author proposes a new definition for "image sequence-based works of art," to replace the traditional definition of "film," and details workflow options that strike the right balance between the protection of creative intent and future proofing of assets, combining technical, ethical, and philosophical considerations. With all the advances we have witnessed in the past 10 years, and what is to come in the next decade, the author believes there is an urgency to answering these questions and standardizing workflows before what we do today has an unalterable impact for future generations.


The focus of this work is on second chambers of parliament: their composition, functions, powers and effectiveness, and their reform. The work is comparative and considers different second chamber models within a context of the planned reform of the UK's House of Lords.
The research began in 1998, with a project that sought to draw lessons for House of Lords reform from seven other second chambers: in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland,
Italy and Spain. These represent a mix of second chamber models (directly elected, indirectly elected, appointed, and of varying powers) in advanced democracies of both federal and
unitary structure. Extensive desk research was carried out, coupled with study visits where interviews were completed with academics, current and ex-parliamentarians, parliamentary staff and other practitioners.
The main output of this project was a book published by Oxford University Press (publication 1). This is organised in three parts, amounting to around 120,000 words. Part 1 sets the context, looking at the House of Lords and the history and practice of bicameralism. The second, and longest, part analyses the seven overseas institutions thematically, covering issues such as history, composition, legislative work, relations with government, constitutional roles, public perceptions and calls for reform. The third part draws out general lessons and considers conclusions for the composition and functions of a reformed House of Lords. It is the only modem book which analyses second chambers in this thematic and comparative way.
The early results of the research (including publication 2) fed directly into the public debate on House of Lord reform during the time that the Royal Commission on Reform of the House of Lords was sitting in 1999-2000. After the Royal Commission reported, the work developed, including pieces which analysed their conclusions and recommendations in a comparative context (publications 3, 4 and 5).
The analysis developed through the later publications to draw more generic conclusions about modem second chambers. In publication 6 I set out to answer the fundamental question 'what are second chambers for?' by looking at classically defined functions, actuality, and what contributes to effectiveness. In publication 7 I examined the extent to which second chambers fuIfiI one of their classic functions - of representing territorial units within the state - and which factors contribute to their success. In publication 8 I consider
why, when second chambers are so often criticised, they remain so little reformed. Finally, publication 9 looked at some of the most recent developments in House of Lords reform in
he light of overseas lessons. It asked whether - despite concerns about reform having been frustrated - the most important reform might prove to be the removal of the hereditary peers in 1999, which had already taken place.
This PhD submission comprises the nine publications (summarised in the appendix) and a covering context statement, which explains how they fit together, what are their main conclusions, and what original contribution is provided by the publications taken together. It "claims that the work represents a Significant contribution to the theory of bicameralism and the role of second chambers in modem democracies. The conclusions of the work include new points about the role of political parties in second chambers, the influence of such chambers' particular relations with executives, and the importance of perceived legitimacy to
second chamber powers. After summarising these findings the context statement concludes by summarising the methodology employed, by examining some of the limitations of the book, and proposing some ideas for future research.


Frying of potatoes causes some changes in their microstructures. By studying these changes we have presented quite suitable features for automatic analysis of microscopic images taken from fried potatoes, and have also introduced a new mechanism based on machine learning for automatic quality control of fried potatoes. Experimental results show that the presented structure may well be used for controlling the quality of related products.


The technology of endoscopic interventions has been steadily developing and providing us a series of novel less-invasive alternatives to surgery. However, the application had been con fi ned within the gut wall for many years considering the risk of formidable extraluminal soiling with luminal contents by inadvertently breaking the integrity of the gut wall. Contrarily, we now greatly appreciate the synergy of the collaboration of endoscopists and surgeons with different skill and knowledge bases in various occasions and clinical settings day to day basis. The synergy has improved the safety of our practices and made the deeper layers of the gut wall and even extraluminal cavities working fi elds of endoscopic interventions. In this symposium, we would like to discuss and clarify the bene fi t of the collaboration of surgical and endoluminal approaches based on available clinical evidence regardless of target disease


This article explores the historical roots of the concepts and practices that constitute religious culture in the Mesoamerican cultural area. The author proposes a historical perspective to reveal the different social processes, institutions and historical events that have shaped popular religiosity in Mesoamerica. In summary, the article examines the most salient issues of the Mesoamerican religious experience, such as: Maya religion, the Catholic Church during the conquest, the colony and independence, religious syncretism, shamanism, the "cofradia", theology of liberation and the recent influence of the protestant churches.


Injury to the cervical spinal cord due to diving into shallow water is a frequent occurrence. The clinical and radiological features of 46 patients are described, and the mechanism of injury is discussed. These serious accidents are avoidable, and preventive measures are suggested. First-aid management is briefly outlined.


An entrepreneur needs to be physically and mentally prepared, with creative thinking skills, risk taker attitudes, as well as being a wise decision maker. Individuals aiming to be successful entrepreneurs need to have adequate entrepreneurial readiness with respect to knowledge, interests, motivation and abilities. The purpose of the research is to measure the level of readiness towards becoming entrepreneurs among participants of the lifelong learning programme in Malaysian community colleges. This research focuses on four elements of readiness comprising knowledge, interest, motivation and ability which were measured using a self-perception questionnaire. The sample for this research consisted of 236 participants from 305 students in the Lifelong Learning (LL) programme for Pastry making at Malaysian community colleges under the Ministry of Education. Data were analysed using mean and Kruskal Wallis test. The data analyses results show that the level of readiness from the aspect of knowledge (M = 3.67, SD = 0.58) is moderate, interest (M = 4.13, SD = 0.55) is high, motivation (M = 4.13, SD = 0.55) is high and ability (M = 3.8852, SD = 0.64) is moderate. No difference was found on entrepreneurial readiness between participants of different age groups indicating that age may not be a contributing factor towards entrepreneurship among pastry making LL programme participants.


Important inference problems in statistical physics, computer vision, error-correcting coding theory, and artificial intelligence can all be reformulated as the computation of marginal probabilities on factor graphs. The belief propagation (BP) algorithm is an efficient way to solve these problems that is exact when the factor graph is a tree, but only approximate when the factor graph has cycles. We show that BP fixed points correspond to the stationary points of the Bethe approximation of the free energy for a factor graph. We explain how to obtain region-based free energy approximations that improve the Bethe approximation, and corresponding generalized belief propagation (GBP) algorithms. We emphasize the conditions a free energy approximation must satisfy in order to be a "valid" or "maxent-normal" approximation. We describe the relationship between four different methods that can be used to generate valid approximations: the "Bethe method", the "junction graph method", the "cluster variation method", and the "region graph method". Finally, we explain how to tell whether a region-based approximation, and its corresponding GBP algorithm, is likely to be accurate, and describe empirical results showing that GBP can significantly outperform BP.


One of the most important causes of traffic danger is speeding. However, it appears that driving too fast in the traffic is a phenomenon, which is very difficult to influence. The author states that there is a need for a preventive approach and that this is why the concept of sustainable safety was introduced in The Netherlands. A concept, which is comparable with the Swedish "Vision Zero" approach. The concept is briefly presented. A part consists of government subsidies to local authorities if they can present overall accident countermeasure programs. The process of making submissions by the local municipalities could be stimulated by allowing residents to actively participate by applying at their local councils for more 30-km zones in their neighbourhood. An important part of this is that councils develop the plans in dialogue with residents. This also helps raise the public's acceptance of speed controlling measures. It is precisely these two aspects of public participation (mobilisation and activation, as well as the creation of a basis of support and acceptance) which have enabled The Dutch Traffic Safety Association - 3VO to develop concrete plans. These plans are twofold. On the one hand the public campaign "30 maakt je buurt weer prettig" ("30 km zones in front of your own home") and on the other hand, a methodology for interactive policy forming. The presentation in this paper details features of the campaign. For the covering abstract and the URL of the conference see ITRD E205706.


Tectonic activity generates topography, and the variability of tectonic forcing is responsible for topographic patterns and variability of relief in fluvial landscapes. Despite this basic relation, the inverse problem, by which features of the topography are used for inferring tectonic uplift rates, has proven challenging. Here we develop formal linear inversion schemes to infer a record of the rate of relative uplift as a function of space and time from the long profiles of rivers. The relative uplift rate is the difference between the rates of rock uplift and of the base level change. The inversion schemes are based on a closed‐form analytic solution to the transient linear stream power model, and to increase model resolution they make use of the multiplicity of information made available by multiple rivers and their tributaries. The distribution of the fluvial response time to tectonic perturbations is a key component of the inversion scheme, as this determines which tectonic events are preserved in the topography. We develop two inversion parameterizations that differ in their assumptions about the tectonic forcing: space‐invariant and time‐space variability with an assumed spatial distribution. The inversion schemes are applied to the Inyo Mountains, an uplifted block along the western boundary of the Basin and Range Province in California. Inversion results indicate that the range has been experiencing an acceleration of the relative uplift in the past ∼2‐3 Ma. We use the inversion results to constrain the paleotopography and paleo‐erosion rate along the range and to recover the throw rate history along the fault that bounds the Inyo range.


Signs of acute hemolytic anemia developed in 4 adult horses from 2 Georgia farms 3 to 4 days after the ingestion of wilted leaves from cut red maple trees (Acer rubrum). Clinical findings included weakness, polypnea, tachycardia, depression, icterus, cyanosis, and brownish discoloration of the blood and urine. Blood changes included methemoglobinemia, free plasma hemoglobin, decreased pcv, and Heinz bodies in erythrocytes. These findings plus hemoglobinuria suggested intravascular hemolysis. Three of the 4 horses diet 5 to 7 days after ingestion of the leaves. Gross pathologic changes included generalized icterus, splenomegaly and swollen, black kidneys. Microscopic changes including tubular nephrosis with hemoglobin casts, vacuolization of centrilobular hepatocytes, and sequestration of erythrocytes in splenic sinusoids. A disease indistinguishable from the field cases was induced in a pony by the oral administration of dried, ground red maple leaves at a dosage of 1.5 g/kg. The findings of methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, and Heinz bodies suggested that the toxic principle of the red maple leaf was an oxidant.


This thesis begins with the description of background ,aims and goals of the project. Afterwards, a brief explanation of the probability theory and some probabilistic distribution functions that are used in this work are given.Then the concept of structural reliability is explained. Subsequently the meaning of Monte-Carlo simulation technique in relation to this workis described. Traffic load models given indifferent codes cannot be used directly for the design of long-span bridges, i.e.bridges with span lengths larger than 200 meters. For the determination of the characteristic load values for such bridges, the Swedish National Road Administration (Vli.gverket) conducted traffic load measurements in five different locations in Sweden. All measurement data of course contain errors. Therefore, the collected data from one of the measurement series are investigated in this work. The investigation shows that among the collected data there are vehicles that are registered with unreasonable lengths or/and weights. Totally about 10% of the whole collected data are considered to be inaccurate and should be excluded before further analyses of the vehicle data. About 10%,of the whole collected data, are vehicle dataregistered with one axle. Because of the limited information, these vehicles could not be identified and therefore are not excluded. The characteristic and design traffic load values for different queue lengths are calculated using vehicle data both before and after filtration of inaccurate data. The results hows that the influence of inaccurate data is insignificant. The largest difference between characteristic load values calculated before and after filtration of inaccurate data is 3,5%. Comparing the characteristic as well as the design traffic load values with corresponding values according to BRO 94 shows that the code values are considerably higher than the actual values. In this work, the Monte-Carlo simulation technique is also used to generate vehicle data. The simulated vehicle data show good agreement with the collected data. Afterwards, the probability distribution functions from the simulated as well as the collected vehicle data are calculated and compared. The result shows that the probability distribution functions agree well specially for grater queue weight values.


Essay contributed to the catalogue that accompanied the exhibition 'Edmund de Waal: a line around a shadow' at Blackwell, The Arts & Crafts House, Bowness-on-Windermere, 8 October - 31 December 2005.

This exhibition of work in porcelain by potter and writer Edmund de Waal has been devised in close collaboration with the artist, who has made pieces inspired by Blackwell and its interiors. Showing alongside was work by nine of Edmund de Waal's studio apprentices, each of whom have gone on to establish their own practices. These include Helen Beard, Jacob van der Beugel, Georgina Frankel, Marie T Hermann, Olivia Horley, Chris Keenan, Hyejeong Kim, Sun Hyung Kim and Hortense Suleyman.


Background Socioeconomic inequality in maternity care is well-evident in many developing countries including Bangladesh, but there is a paucity of research to examine the determinants of inequality and the changes in the factors of inequality over time. This study examines the factors accounting for the levels of and changes in wealth-related inequality in three outcomes of delivery care service: health facility delivery, skilled birth attendance, and C-section delivery in Bangladesh. Methods This study uses from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey of 2011 and 2014. We apply logistic regression models to examine the association between household wealth status and delivery care measures, controlling for a wide range of sociodemographic variables. The Erreygers normalised concentration index is used to measure the level of inequalities and decomposition method is applied to disentangle the determinants contributing to the levels of and changes in the observed inequalities. Results We find a substantial inequality in delivery care service utilisation favouring woman from wealthier households. The extent of inequality increased in health facility delivery and C-section delivery in 2014 while increase in skilled birth attendance was not statistically significant. Wealth and education were the main factors explaining both the extent of and the increase in the degree of inequality between 2011 and 2014. Four or more antenatal care (ANC4+) visits accounted for about 8% to 14% of the observed inequality, but the contribution of ANC4+ visits declined in 2014. Conclusion This study reveals no progress in equity gain in the use of delivery care services in this decade compared to a declining trend in inequity in the last decade in Bangladesh. Policies need to focus on improving the provision of delivery care services among women from poorer socioeconomic groups. In addition, policy initiatives for promoting the completion of quality education are important to address the stalemate of equity gain in delivery care services in Bangladesh.


ABSTRACT This article provides a conceptual discussion of 'ownership' in various forms of participatory research. The discussion is grounded in our experiences from three research projects in science education. We seek to understand how and why ownership may be distributed between teachers and researchers at different stages in the research process. Looking at our projects in retrospect, we see that ownership was differently distributed at the initial stages. Then ownership distribution followed a similar pathway, as teachers gained ownership of implementation, whereas researchers reclaimed ownership of analyzing and disseminating the work. Our discussion departs from the idea that ownership relates to both 'risks' and 'benefits' as well as to both 'rights' and 'obligations'. Thereby, we can make visible some of the circumstances that steer ownership towards the teachers or researchers. For example, we highlight that ownership distribution may be influenced by guidelines for research ethics and inequalities in terms of administrative support structures available to researchers and teachers. Based on our discussion, we suggest a number of questions to initiate and support a continuous dialogue between teachers and researchers who plan to engage in participatory research.


This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C supplementation on some egg production traits and eggshell quality in Japanese quails reared under high ambient temperature. One hundred fifty-eight 11-week-old female Japanese quails were used. The birds were divided into 4 dietary treatment groups according to vitamin C levels as follows: control (basal ration), treatment I (basal ration + 150 ppm vitamin C), treatment II (basal ration + 250 ppm vitamin C) and treatment III (basal ration + 500 ppm vitamin C). The quails were housed for 9 weeks at high ambient temperature (34 - 2 iC). No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups for livability was observed. The mean egg production of the control and treatments I, II and III groups were 83.13%, 82.54%, 83.29% and 86.43%, respectively. Treatment III's average was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the other groups. Vitamin C supplementation had no effect on feed consumption, feed conversion ratio or eggshell thickness. The average egg and eggshell weights (g) of the control and treatments I, II and III groups were 9.77, 9.66, 9.89 and 9.63 g and 0.82, 0.80, 0.83 and 0.80 g, respectively. In conclusion, adding vitamin C to the quail ration under heat stress had no significant effect on production traits with the exception of egg production in laying Japanese quails.


Aim: To study whether rosiglitazone prevents the development of diabetic nephropathy through reduction of reactive oxygen species and its downstream signal transduction pathways.Methods: The rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes, meanwhile the rats in the therapeutic groups were given rosiglitazone (5 or 20 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks by intragastric administration. Blood glucose, serum lipid and creatinine, urinary albumin excretion were measured. Malondialdehyde content, the activities of nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-ĸB), antioxidant enzymes including Cu-Zn SOD and GSH-Px in kidney were also measured. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression of MCP-1 were semiquantitatively determined with PT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining respectively. Results: No significant difference of blood glucose and lipid were found between diabetic rats and rosiglitazone treatment groups. The renal histopathology was improved significantly. The expressions of MCP-1 mRNA and protein, malondialdehyde level and the activity of NF-ĸB were decreased markedly in rats treated with high-dose rosiglitazone, but the activities of renal Cu-Zn SOD and GSH-Px increased significantly. Conclusions: Rosiglitazone treatment prevented glomerular injury in diabetic rats, which was closely related with its roles of reducing reactive oxygen species, NF-ĸB activation and MCP-1 expression in the early phase of diabetic nephropathy.


Over the last decade, there has been a respectable level of scientific interest regarding the concept of a warp drive. This is a hypothetical propulsion device that could theoretically circumvent the traditional limitations of special relativity which restricts spacecraft to sub-light velocities. Any breakthrough in this field would revolutionize space exploration and open the doorway to interstellar travel. This article discusses a novel approach to generating the warp bubble necessary for such propulsion; the mathematical details of this theory are discussed in an article published in the Journal of the British Interpanetary Society. The theory is based on some of the exciting predictions coming out of string theory and it is the aim of this article to introduce the warp drive idea from a non-mathematical perspective that should be accessible to a wide range of readers.


Background: For teens with T1D, stress related to neighborhood disadvantage may exacerbate diabetes distress and contribute to disparities in care and outcomes.
 Objective: We explored associations among neighborhood disadvantage and clinical/psychosocial outcomes to identify patterns to inform future stress-resilience interventions.
 Methods: At baseline of a 2-site psychosocial intervention trial, 173 teens aged 13-18 years with T1D ≥1 year and elevated diabetes distress (57% Female, 2% American Indian/Alaska Native, 4% Asian, 15% Black, 11% Hispanic White, 6% Hispanic Non-White, 63% Non-Hispanic White, mean A1c= 8.7±2.1, 66% pump use) completed a demographics form and measures of resilience, diabetes distress, diabetes quality of life and family conflict.. We retrieved area deprivation index (ADI) scores for home addresses; this measure of neighborhood disadvantage considers factors related to income, education, employment, and housing quality at the census block group level and provides a state-relative decile score (higher scores indicate more disadvantage) . Fisher's exact tests and regression analyses were used to examine associations of ADI with A1c and survey data.
 Results: Participant ADI spanned all deciles, M = 3.7± 2.4. Hispanic White/Non-White and Black teens and those not using pump had higher mean ADI. Higher ADI was associated with higher A1c (β=.18 [.06, 0.29], p=.003) and higher family conflict (β=.63 [.12, 1.1], p=.015) . ADI was not significantly related to resilience, diabetes distress, or quality of life.
 Conclusions: In a diverse sample of distressed teens with T1D, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with Hispanic ethnicity and Black race, lower pump use, poorer glycemic control and greater family conflict. Considering neighborhood disadvantage may help providers deliver personalized care to target systemic sources of stress, ultimately improving clinical and psychosocial outcomes.

 M.B.O'donnell: None. M.E.Hilliard: None. J.Yi-frazier: None. B.Duran: None. C.Zhou: None. F.Malik: n/a. C.Pihoker: None. S.R.Scott: None. B.M.Ellisor: None. S.Garcia perez: None. D.Desalvo: Consultant; Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Research Support; Insulet Corporation.

 US National Institutes of Health R01DK121224


The supernatural world is prominent in many of today's movies, television shows, novels, and the popular imagination. But some of what is presented as grounded in a Christian worldview is in fact far from that. In Angels and Demons, Michael Patella, OSB, offers an accessible and fascinating look at supernatural realities as they really are presented in the Bible and Christian tradition. Among the topics Patella explores with a valuable combination of pastoral wisdom and academic rigor are: the role of angels in the ministry of Jesus the apocalyptic battle in Revelation the occult, possession, and the work of Satan what angels are and what they're not the Last Judgment: how? when? Readers will appreciate Patella's level-headed appraisal of the views of the supernatural world in the various sections of the Bible. They will be engaged by his lucid account of "Who's Who in Hell." They will be both comforted and inspired by his foundational conviction that Christ has claimed creation for the forces of good, evil is on the run, and there is no chance of the tide ever turning the other way, evil actions and human suffering notwithstanding.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to collect new evidence about the efficacy of the pedagogical principles derived from our earlier study on boosting students' financial literacy, with the aim of providing a theoretically and practically powerful account of how generative learning in the domain of financial literacy can be enhanced.

Design/methodology/approach
This is an example of learning study consisting of a design experiment, which aims to test the conjectures of the variation theory of learning. A total of 156 students who were aged from 14 to 16 years were taught under the three learning conditions which embedded the test criteria, and a total of seven lessons were used by the two participating teachers for each of the classes. To assess students' appropriation of the object of learning, four tests were conducted, i.e. a pre-test, post-test immediately after the lessons, delayed post-test after six weeks and second delayed post-test after six months.

Findings
This study shows that a systematic use of the pattern of "contrast-fusion-generalization" to deal with the individual core economic concepts identified can help students lay a solid conceptual foundation for developing financial literacy. Furthermore, with the use of the meta-level pattern of "contrast-fusion-generalization" through complex everyday financial problems or situations which transcend the specific concepts, students can make effective use of the core economic concepts learned and transform them organically into one's analytical framework. This enables students to discern and focus upon the critical aspects of novel financial situations and have a greater likelihood of making well-reasoned and sound financial decisions.

Originality/value
This paper sheds light on the ways in which students' generative learning in the domain of financial literacy can be enhanced through the conceptual approach grounded in the variation theory of learning.


Introduction
For traditional British anthropology the 'other' was overseas, to be found and studied in static, bounded fields.
Anthropology's intellectual agriculture of the 'field' is rightly celebrated as being fundamental to the discipline. In recent years though, it has turned into something
of a quagmire, in which anthropologists get stuck (or 'dwell') while others move around them. The sea meanwhile, and the movement of those upon it, has been sorely neglected. It has been given no place, theoretical or otherwise, by a discipline that from its beginning travelled
across the sea's 'vast emptiness' yet in which "The discourse of ethnography ('being there') is separated from that of travel ('getting there')" (Clifford, 1997: 23). Field-work, at most, has been muddy. Anthropological theory, rooted in the land, has often been constrained by
a sedentary bias.

In departing from the land I do not wish to go overseas but out to sea, to take travel as part of ethnography and to
uproot the groundedness of being and dwelling and see it instead in terms of fluidity, movement and change. The aim
of this paper, then, is to better understand perceptions of the sea and the movement of seafarers, and to explore the sea's potential as an idea, metaphor and human practice. In all, to set forth a prolegomena of an anthropology of the sea, an anthropology of "They that go down to the sea in ships, That do business in great waters" (Psalm 107).

It is unsurprising, I suppose, that anthropology has had so little concern with the sea, yet the sea affects the land
in countless ways. It has been the site of various European 'discoveries' and of numerous historical voyages, yet such
voyages are seen as liminal events between the more interesting aspects of colony and metropole. Britain in particular not only has a maritime climate but a maritime
culture. The sea is condemned as a blank environment, an empty space or void. Yet, to pass over a region so lightly – one that covers the majority of the earth's surface, that affects countless people's lives through fishing, tourism, travel or flooding, that mediates global trade, is a battleground of national powers, and has a dominating
role in global ecology – seems ill-advised. And so I wish to emplace the sea, to create a space for it within the anthropological domain. Not by 'grounding' it, but by conceptualising its very fluidity.


Collective action is often described in terms of the relationships, learning, principled processes, and community capacities it fosters. Despite this, human computation and collective action systems are often designed and evaluated with system outputs in mind: the quality of answers, the number of votes, the accuracy of content created. In this proposal, we review literature on the design values of "citizen-x" systems, put forward a series of models for describing the civic values in "citizen-x," and classify systems by those models. We conclude by urging greater attentiveness to civic values when designing and evaluating human computation and collective action systems.


To readjust the direction of social development and to enable sustainable learning for students at all levels, international policy emphasises the necessity to transform education systems based on a whole institution approach. The idea of involving all stakeholders in the transformation of educational environments shifts the focus of research in connection to education for sustainable development (ESD) also towards the teachers and students as protagonists of didactic situations, in order to gain knowledge on their respective potential to contribute to the desired change of learning and teaching environments.Concentrating on sustainability-related study programs at leading universities in Germany and Sweden, this comparative case study investigates how different actors in the field conceive of the role of students as change agents in higher education for sustainable development (HESD). Recent research has largely ignored learners as potential initiators of change in this regard. Taking a discourse analytical approach and referring to the concept of different educational traditions in environmental education (EE), the focus of this thesis is on didactic contracts among teachers and students, to analyse how the general organisation of learning as well as the degree to which students apply critical thinking and transformative action in class is perceived by experts, teachers and students themselves. It is investigated if and how active and critical participation on part of the students is actually seen to contribute to changing their own learning environments. The didactical perspective on students as critical change agents, shaping their own learning processes, helps to understand to what extent HESD in these two countries – both considered 'advanced' in implementing ESD – allows students to gain the experience of achieving change in learning, fostering their confidence to initiate change outside of academia also. The findings of this research indicate that students are generally expected and seen to act as change agents within their own learning processes. However, it is to emphasise that the degree of change agency on part of the students appears not only to differ between the examined institutions and course formats, but also to be depending on individual personality traits of students and the establishment of a critical learning culture.


The Huron Claim rare-element pegmatite is located in the Winnipeg River pegmatite district, southeastern Manitoba. The pegmatite outcrops within the Archean Bird River greenstone belt, in the western part of the English river subprovince of the Canadian Shield. The pegmatite is hosted within metagabbroic rocks of the Lamprey Falls formation, in which it forms a thin, sub-horizontal, tabular body crosscutting the foliation; it is approximately 100 m long and 45 m wide, and has a maximum thickness of 3.9 m. The pegmatite is relatively poorly zoned, with discontinuous units of aplite and graphic pegmatite (albite plus quartz) along its margins, units of medium to coarse-grained albite and blocky microcline-perthite in its interior, and a segmented quartz core. A poorly-defined and texturally variable albite "replacement" unit occurs in the central part of the pegmatite, and may partially replace the blocky microcline unit. Late, metasomatic veinlets of albite are present in the medium to coarse-grained albite unit, and a late, hydrothermal, calcium mineral assemblage occurs in some abundance throughout the pegmatite. The Huron Claim pegmatite is best classified as a fully-differentiated, partly albitized, gadolinite-type, blocky microcline-biotite pegmatite, containing significant amounts of Be, Nb>Ta, REE, U, Th, Zr>Hf and Rb. Rare-element minerals occuring within the pegmatite include beryl, columbite-tantalite, fersmite, microlite, niobian, rutile, euxenite (?), uraninite, monazite, zircon, thorite, niobian titanite, bavenite, bityite and bertrandite. The pegmatite is a member of the co-genetic Shatford Lake pegmatite group, but differs from the rest of the pegmatites in this group by its high U and Rb, low Sn and F, enrichment in LREE> (HREE+Y), extensive albite development, wide-spread metasomatic replacement of beryl and columbite-tantalite, and isolated location east of the Lac du Bonnet batholith. The pegmatite crystallized at intermediate crustal levels and is genetically linked to the Lac du Bonnet leucogranite. It probably formed by continued igneous differentiation at the quartz-feldspar minimum, coupled with separation of supercritical fluids from a volatile-oversaturated residual melt. Although it is a past producer of beryl, columbite-tantalite and feldspar, the Huron Claim pegmatite is of no commercial importance due to its small size.


Abstract:The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between effortful control and language performance, and the mediation effect of sociometric status on this relationship. The sample comprised 472 Spanish children 6–8 years old. To measure temperament, the parents were given the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (TMCQ). The nomination method was used in the classroom context to measure social acceptance and rejection, whereas language performance was reported by the teachers at the end of the academic year. The results confirmed the positive relationship between effortful control and language performance. By using a causal mediation analysis, we found a mediation effect for both variables, which confirms the significant effect of self-regulatory skills on the integration of children in their group, and this social adjustment / maladjustment being what determines language performance.


The quality deterioration of Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) tail meat was monitored during ice storage. The K-value started at 0.7% and reached a value of 39.7% on day 14. Muscle pH followed a sigmoidal pattern that reached a plateau on day 6. Bacterial load and trimethylamine (TMA) increased only after a lag phase to reach considerable levels by day 14 (5.3 log cfu and 10.2 mg (100 g)−1, respectively). These analytical data were compared with sensory data. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that laboratory measures were correlated positively with the smell strength of cooked product (increasingly strong) and negatively with the smell character of raw and cooked product (sour-ammoniacal in raw and neutral in cooked products), flavour and aftertaste (both increasingly bland–bitter). The effects of icing delays on the quality of tail meat were also evaluated. Changes in K-values, microbial load, muscle pH and TMA indicated that the delay to icing should be no more than 4 h (at 16 °C) to ensure that quality is not compromised during subsequent post-harvest storage.


BACKGROUND
During the 1990s, endoscopic aqueductoplasty (AP) was considered to be a valuable alternative to endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in treating hydrocephalus related to idiopathic aqueductal stenosis (iAS), with promising short-term outcomes.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the long-term outcome of AP in the treatment of iAS.

METHODS
Long-term follow-up clinical examinations and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were performed for patients treated by an AP for iAS in our department.

RESULTS
Twenty patients (14 female, 6 male, mean age 41.7 yr, range 0.5-67 yr) were treated between 1996 and 2002. Two patients were lost to long-term follow-up. One patient died 6 mo after AP, but death was not related to the procedure. The mean follow-up for the remaining 17 patients was 120 mo. Clinically relevant aqueductal reclosure was observed in 11/17 patients after a mean follow-up of 53.4 mo. These 11 patients underwent ETV, which has been successful during further follow-up. Four of the six remaining patients presented with no clinical symptoms, although aqueductal restenosis was observed on MR imaging. Thus, the overall failure rate of AP was 88.2%. The failures were homogeneously distributed over the entire follow-up period.

CONCLUSION
AP has a high risk of failure during long-term follow-up and is not recommended as the first choice of treatment in hydrocephalus caused by iAS. ETV should be done instead. AP may be reserved for a limited number of patients in whom ETV is not feasible but should be combined with stenting to avoid reclosure of the aqueduct.


In this article, I identify a disconnect between the national policy relating to Indian affairs as established by Congress and the Executive branch and as interpreted by the Supreme Court. The Court recently decided a case called United States v. Lara, which involved an attempt by Congress to reign in the Court's common law jurisprudence relating to tribal criminal jurisdiction. What makes this case unusual was that some Members of the Court, as well as a large body of federal Indian law scholars, cannot find textual support for Congress's actions relating to tribal affairs and explicitly question whether Congress has any authority at all in this area. Though the Lara Court upheld the Act of Congress at issue, four Members of the Court (excluding Justice O'Connor) either dissented or ruled in favor of the United States solely because of a procedural technicality. In short, very little was decided in Lara. My article proposes a test whereby the Court follow a suggestion made by Justice Thomas (one of the four) to ignore Congress's legislation relating to tribal affairs, which may or may not be constitutionally authorized, but to focus instead on the explicit statements of federal Indian policy. This test avoids the constitutional questions while providing the Court a relatively simple means to decide its Indian cases. As Indian cases on tribal jurisdiction and taxation authority reach the Court in disproportionate numbers, this article should sharpen discussion on a frequently misunderstood area of constitutional law.


Allergy-related diseases, chemical sensitivities, and food intolerances have increased dramatically over the last 20 years in both the pediatric and adult populations, contributing to escalating rates of morbidity. Despite an abundance of literature supporting the negative impact food reactions can have in multiple disease states, food reactions continue to be seen as a modern enigma in medicine and are often met with great skepticism. There are a variety of interventions available to identify food reactions in both adults and children; yet, the traditional elimination diet remains the standard of care. Regardless of its utility and clinical effectiveness in the healthcare setting, the elimination diet is significantly underutilized by healthcare practitioners. The purpose of this project was to improve provider adherence rates with prescribing the elimination diet for patients with select diagnoses supported in the literature. The project was implemented in a Functional Medicine Clinic in Austin, Texas, with the goal of increasing adherence with prescribing the elimination diet in select patients from the current rate of 17% to over 80%. The project's interventions included creating a patient user-friendly elimination diet teaching guide for patients and electronic medical record integration to aid practitioners in prescribing and documenting the intervention. Implementing holistic, safe, cost-effective evidence-based interventions like the elimination diet to improve patient outcomes demonstrate how the Doctor of Nursing Practice prepared the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse to utilize their skills, knowledge, and experience to transform the future of healthcare.


Globally,
the governance and management of land and sea resources by Indigenous peoples
and local communities has existed for tens of thousands of years and continues
to exert influence over a quarter of the worlds' surface today (Garnett et al
2018). Yet the primacy of Western science still overshadows the bio-cultural
knowledges of Indigenous peoples and local communities. To move beyond
exclusions and disenfranchised worldviews, science theory and practice must
begin to embrace, engage, respect and support Indigenous peoples and local
communities' bio-cultural knowledges. We draw on the marine research sector,
specifically fisheries, to demonstrate where knowledges are providing useful
expertise and call for multidisciplinary approaches to co-productions of
science. (Prepared for Nature Communications review).


Diabetes mellitus is the commonest of all metabolic diseases all over the world, as it is as well in Ethiopia. At present it is estimated that about 150 million people are affected by diabetes mellitus worldwide. In Ethiopia diabetes is being recognized as one of important health problem. Diabetes mellitus is associated with chronic complications like neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. To assess the awareness of diabetic patients about their illness and associated complications in Ethiopia. Institutionbased cross sectional study was conducted in Tertiary care hospital Ethiopia. Current medication use data were collected by reviewing patients' charts in the diabetic care follow up clinic and by interviewing diabetic patients who were on follow-up during data collection period using semi-structured questionnaire in Jimma University Specialized Hospital (JUSH). A total of 118 diabetic patients were included in the study. 53 (44.92%) of the respondents did not know the type of diabetes they were inflicted with, of those who know the type,40 (33.90%) of respondents were type II and 25 (21.20%) were type I. Incidental finding, or medical checkup as the main cause of first presentation with the disease was 61(51.69%) respondents. 52(61.18%) patients replied that meal omission is the main cause for developing acute complications, followed by insulin omission. 80 (67.79%) had knowledge about long-term complications. Majority of patients had good knowledge on actions to be taken on occurrence of acute complications and reasons for developing acute complications. In order to increase patients awareness, health care providers should provide regular diabetic education for patients during follow-up and pamphlets should be prepared and distributed consistently.


A set of integrative irrigation fuzzy control system is designed to the question of the north field crops irrigation in this paper. In this system, the biogas digester, generating system, irrigation system, and control system are combined organically; the power needed is supplied by the biogas generator; the signals of soil moisture and air temperature are collected by the PLC; according to the control scheme that mainly controls soil moisture while air temperature is considered secondarily, a three-dimension fuzzy controller is designed to irrigate precisely; the local and remote communications are realized via the Ethernet and GPRS respectively; four monitoring modes (local operator monitor, SMS, website and C/S client) are designed in this system. The automatic irrigation system can save water, power and fertilizer at the same time.


Background: Long-term adherence to physical activity (PA) following a cardiac event is uncommon. Interventions aiming to address this issue must take into account the influences and motivations of successful long-term adherers and strive to utilise available resources to ensure cost-effectiveness and sustainability. The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing sustained adherence to an established Phase IV community-based cardiac rehabilitation programme: HeartSmart. This information was used to design, implement and evaluate an intervention to increase adherence among programme newcomers.

Methods: Twenty-four long-term adherers of HeartSmart (N=15 men, 9 women; aged 67.7 years ± 16.7) took part in focus group discussions to determine factors assisting adherence. Results influenced the development of a Peer Mentor (PM) training programme. Eight long-term adherers (100% male, 64-77yrs) completed PM training (8 hours) covering social support, self-efficacy, benefits and barriers of PA adherence and goal setting. The PM role was to provide support, during 2 weekly exercise sessions, to programme newcomers (Mentees). Mentees (N=13, 82% male, 50-77yrs), who had recently experienced a cardiac event were recruited and paired with a PM. Outcome measures included focus groups with PMs and 1-1 interviews with Mentees. Attendance rates, psychosocial correlates (Mentees only) and PA levels were also measured.

Results: Social support, elements of the structured class, health benefits and self-efficacy were the strongest influences of long-term adherers of HeartSmart. PMs rated training highly and reported a positive experience in the role. Challenges identified included assistance with exercise mastery and gauging support required by the Mentees. Mentees: Eight Mentees (7 male) were still attending HeartSmart at 6-weeks (mean 67% adherence) and reported positive experiences of the PM intervention. Reasons for dropout included injury (N=2), illness (1), pace too challenging (N=1) and feeling too young for the class (N=1).

Conclusion: The intervention demonstrated positive results for both PMs and Mentees. It helped newcomers 'fit in' to an 'old programme'. However, peer mentoring alone was insufficient to address adherence issues for all participants; future research needs to examine this problem further.


Certain tumors of the head and neck use peripheral nerves as a direct conduit for tumor growth away from the primary site by a process known as perineural spread. Perineural spread is associated with decreased survival and a higher risk of local recurrence and metastasis. Radiologists play an important role in the assessment and management of head and neck cancer, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 2-[fluorine 18]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) is part of the work-up and follow-up of many affected patients. Awareness of abnormal FDG uptake patterns within the head and neck is fundamental for diagnosing perineural spread. The cranial nerves most commonly affected by perineural spread are the trigeminal and facial nerves. Risk of perineural spread increases with a midface location of the tumor, male gender, increasing tumor size, recurrence after treatment, and poor histologic differentiation. Focal or linear increased FDG uptake along the V2 division of the trigeminal nerve or along the medial surface of the mandible, or asymmetric activity in the masticator space, foramen ovale, or Meckel cave should raise suspicion for perineural spread. If FDG PET/CT findings suggest perineural spread, the radiologist should look at available results of other imaging studies, especially magnetic resonance imaging, to confirm the diagnosis. Knowledge of common FDG PET/CT patterns of neoplastic involvement along the cranial nerves and potential diagnostic pitfalls is of the utmost importance for adequate staging and treatment planning.


Introduction: Educational evaluation has an important role in decision making to find better educational systems and advance educational goals. Accordingly, this study was conducted to evaluate the satisfaction of medical students with education in the emergency department of the hospital. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of internship medical students who were included in the study by convenience sampling method. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire that included two sections of demographic information and specialized questions (related to satisfaction).Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 18. Results: The highest level of students 'satisfaction with professors was in the items of discipline, creating interest in students and providing the necessary clinical training by professors, while the lowest level of satisfaction was linked to professors' treatment of students. Their level of satisfaction with the nurses was poor. Students' satisfaction with the facilities was good, but they were not very satisfied with the educational and welfare facilities. The highest level of satisfaction of residents was easy access and disciplineof residents and the lowest level of satisfaction was related to creating interest in students and appropriate behavior. There was no statistically significant relationship between the gender of emergency department students and their satisfaction with professors (P = 0.271), nurses (P = 0.974), residents (P = 0.135) and emergency department (P = 0.165). No statistically significant relationship was found between students' age and their satisfaction with professors (P = 0.428), residents (P = 0.213) and emergency department (P = 0.861). A statistically significant relationship was found between the age of interns and their satisfaction with emergency department nurses (P = 0.009). The grade point averageof all students was not significantly related to their satisfaction with professors (P = 0.270), nurses European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 01, 2020 4463 (P = 0.571), and emergency department (P = 0.214). However, there was a statistically significant relationship between the total grade point average of students and their level of satisfaction with residents (P = 0.003). Conclusion: The level of students' satisfaction with the educational situation was reported to be moderate, but the situation of student was found to be far from ideal.


An experimental explanation of the forward bias Capacitance-frequency plots for intimate or MIS SBDs with perfect or imperfect ohmic back-contact has been made. It has been shown that there is no excess capacitance that could be ascribed to the interface states or minority carrier at the intimate SBDs (that is, without interfacial layer) with the perfect ohmic back contact (low-resistance). It has been found that the excess capacitance is only measurable at SBDs with imperfect back contacts or with an interfacial layer which separates the interface states from the metal. It has been found that excess capacitance can be generated by varying the resistance or quality of the back-ohmic contact to the bulk semiconductor substrate, that is, the density of minority carriers that are injected by the Schottky contact depends sensitively on the properties of the ohmic back-contact. Again, it has been seen that the excess capacitance has appeared owing to the interface states plus minority carriers in MIS SBDs with imperfect back contacts. Thus, it has been concluded that the excess capacitance at nonideal Schottky contacts has been caused not only by the interface states but also by the minority carriers or by the interface states plus minority carriers due to the poor frontside or poor backside contacts. Thereby, it has been experimentally shown that every forward bias C-f plots with excess capacitance cannot be used to extract the results related to the interface states.


Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) sulfide minerals and oil from deposits along the Cincinnati arch have almost identical [delta][sup 34]S values (-9% to +9% for MVT sulfides, -12% to +9% for oils). These values are very similar to those for MVT sulfides and oil in the Illinois-Kentucky district and support their proposed inclusion in a regional hydrothermal system. Many MVT deposits with low [delta][sup 34]S values are closely associated with oil, whereas MVT deposits with high [delta][sup 34]S values often contain bitumen. Reduced sulfur in MVT deposits with high [delta][sup 34]S values probably came from thermochemical sulfate reduction, whereas that in MVT deposits with low [delta][sup 34]S values probably came from oil and related organic matter. Oil-related sulfur could have been derived from oil fields or disseminated oil and other organic matter in regional wallrocks. 44 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.


This paper considers two aspects of this question. First, Brexit has already induced a devaluation of sterling of around 14 per cent since June 2016, which has started to work through to consumer prices: between June 2016 and July 2017 consumer prices increased by around 2.5 per cent. Second, while it is not government policy, nor the desire of the UK public, that the outcome of negotiations is a 'MFN Brexit', this remains a distinct possibility. Thus we ask how the imposition of tariffs on imports from the EU will work through into consumer prices. Making very conservative assumptions, we conclude that 'MFN Brexit' will increase the average cost of living by around 1 per cent and increase it for 8 per cent of households by 2 per cent or more. We present results for different groups of households according to their employment and structural characteristics and show that the impact will generally be largest on unemployed, single parent and pensioner households.


Intracranial aneurysms are lesions commonly encountered by neurosurgeons, usually as a result of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The preferred treatment of these aneurysms is either surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, both of which eliminate the aneurysm from the normal circulation to prevent aneurysmal enlargement or additional hemorrhage. Despite advances over the last several decades in the understanding of intracranial aneurysms, morbidity from treatment of these lesions remains significant. This review will discuss the epidemiology, anatomy and pathophysiology, clinical and radiographic diagnosis, various treatment options, and potential complications from aneurysm treatment.