Plant pathology has developed a wide range of concepts and tools for improving plant disease management, including models for understanding and responding to new risks from climate change. Most of these tools can be improved using new advances in artificial intelligence (AI), such as machine learning to integrate massive data sets in predictive models. There is the potential to develop automated analyses of risk that alert decision-makers, from farm managers to national plant protection organizations, to the likely need for action and provide decision support for targeting responses. We review machine-learning applications in plant pathology and synthesize ideas for the next steps to make the most of these tools in digital agriculture. Global projects, such as the proposed global surveillance system for plant disease, will be strengthened by the integration of the wide range of new data, including data from tools like remote sensors, that are used to evaluate the risk of plant disease. There is exciting potential for the use of AI to strengthen global capacity building as well, from image analysis for disease diagnostics and associated management recommendations on farmers' phones to future training methodologies for plant pathologists that are customized in real-time for management needs in response to the current risks. International cooperation in integrating data and models will help develop the most effective responses to new challenges from climate change. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 60 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


The phase behavior of (PS-PIB)2-s-PAA miktoarm star terpolymers with varying volume fractions of PAA was investigated directly by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering, and indirectly by thermogravimetric analysis and degree of water sorption. The microdomains of (PS-PIB)2-s-PAA demonstrate a unique and unexpected progression from highly ordered cylinders, to lower ordered spheres, to gyroid structures with increasing PAA content from 6.6 to 47 wt %. Interestingly, the phase behavior in the miktoarm star polymer system is significantly different from that reported previously for the linear counterpart of similar composition (PAA-PS-PIB-PS-PAA), where a steady progression from cylindrical to lamellar morphology was observed with increasing PAA content. At low PAA concentrations, the morphology is driven primarily by the relative solubility of the components, while at high PAA content the molecular architecture dominates. Thermal annealing demonstrated the thermodynamic stability of the morphologies, indicating the potential for design of novel microstructures for specific applications through precise control of architecture, composition, and interaction parameters of the components. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 916–925


In the Validation procedure proposed by the ASME V&V 20 Standard, the quantification of the modeling error of mathematical models solved by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) requires the estimation of the experimental, numerical and parameter uncertainties. In its simplest form, these uncertainties are assumed independent. Parameter uncertainty is typically a consequence of lack of exact values for the boundary conditions and/or fluid properties. Its evaluation is handled by the broad field of uncertainty quantification. However, this evaluation requires simulations that are unavoidably affected by numerical errors. Therefore, it may be questionable if parameter and numerical uncertainties are really independent or, alternatively, how small must be the numerical uncertainty to estimate parameter uncertainties without its influence. In this paper we address the relation between parameter and numerical uncertainties using two test cases: the transition from laminar to turbulent flow on a flat plate at a Reynolds number of 107; the flow around the Eppler 387 airfoil at an angle of attack of 1o and Re = 3 × 105. The mathematical model for the three cases is the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations supplemented by the k–ω SST eddy-viscosity turbulence model and the one-equation γ transition model. Sensitivity coefficients are determined for the selected quantities of interest using the local sensitivity method and finite-differences. These estimates are performed for different levels of grid refinement to check its dependency on the estimated numerical error obtained from power series expansions. Results obtained in this study suggest that the evaluation of the parameter uncertainty only becomes independent of the numerical error when the simulation results are in the asymptotic range.


This paper/poster describes the development of an experimental listening game called Locus Sono; a 3D audio puzzle game where listening and exploration are the key forms of interaction. The game was developed by a motivation to create an interactive audio environment in which sound is the key to solving in-game puzzles. This work is a prototype for a larger planned work and illustrates a first step in a more complex audio gaming scenario, which will also be partially described in this short paper.


The field of knowledge creation within organizational studies has pointed to the importance of an organization establishing an enabling context for fostering innovation and knowledge production. Factors identified as critical for enabling include the existence of structures and practices that foster solid collegial relations and enact a climate of care. Based on ethnographic research, this thesis adopts a broadly sociolinguistic approach to an exploration of interpersonal relations within a New Zealand IT company, in order to identify the ways in which a knowledge enabling context is instantiated.  Using, in particular, the rapport management framework developed by Helen Spencer-Oatey (2000, 2008) and highlighting the variable of participant relations, the study analyses the discourse of the organization as both language and action, to provide a more extensive account than has so far been achieved in the knowledge enabling literature, as well as extending the sociolinguistic work on language in the workplace into new domains of discourse.  The study shows that facilitation of and support for collegial relations occurs at all levels of the selected organization, from the spatial configuration and connectivity of the organization as a whole, through its component social structures, to the management of relations across levels of hierarchy. At the level of the organization as a whole, one organizational activity - the weekly company meeting - through its frequency, regularity, inclusiveness and management, facilitates and sustains collegial relations in multiple and distinctive ways. Two distinct kinds of organizational community are identified: the widely recognized community of practice (CofP); and a different kind of community, referred to in knowledge creation literature as a micro-community of knowledge. As well as identifying distinctive characteristics of these two communities, the analyses show that rapport is managed differently in each, while shedding new light on the productive interdependence of these two types of community.  An interactional ethos characterized by care is reflected in the communication style at all levels of the organization. Despite substantial differences in power and status, the study finds that associative expressiveness, low distance and generally positive affect dominate interaction throughout.  In closing, this thesis discusses the implications for future research into knowledge creation. It suggests, in particular, that including considerations of spatiality in the analytical framework has potential to contribute further to the field of language in the workplace through its influence as a vector of interaction.


To characterize T cells surviving elimination following strong in vivo responses, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to mark the V beta 6+ CD4+ T cells proliferating after exposure to MLsa superantigens. Though a portion of the surviving V beta 6+ cells failed to label with BrdU, many were BrdU+, indicating that some proliferating cells escape elimination. Both the portion of V beta 6+ cells responding to MLs Ag in vivo and the number of responding cells that escaped elimination were influenced by the MHC haplotype; weaker responses correlated with enhanced survival of BrdU+ V beta 6+ cells. As expected, some of these cells expressed cell surface markers generally associated with an activated/memory phenotype. Significantly, however, a large proportion of BrdU+ V beta 6+ cells were phenotypically indistinguishable from naive cells.


Critique of naturalist discourse about gender domination must allow the denaturalization of gender relations, including its biological representation — sex. From this perspective, two major feminist ideas seem determinant : queer thought and black feminism are related in calling into question binary categories — male-female, men-women, force-weakness — that are said to be naturel. Queer thought develops subversive techniques that trace the ethical contours of body language ; there are no practices or identities against nature. For black feminism, racist conceptions of feminity ("to be women" and "to be black") are designed to lend support to a complex system of domination in which racial, gender, sexual and class oppressions are combined to maintain the material conditions of reproduction.


Background: Due to the deregulation of the European airline industry within the 1980's, competition between airlines has intensified greatly. The emergence of low-cost carriers has given rise to the competition on price. However, meeting customer demands and delivering high-quality service, beyond the mere price factor, is still crucial for an airline's survival. Previous literature has focused on the interactive marketing aspect between employees and passengers when it comes to service quality and customer satisfaction. Today, there is a gap between what management does to satisfy its employees. This research will evaluate what should be done by management in order to meet customer expectations and perform an excellent service. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent Germania's management inhibited its employees in delivering superior service quality and how distributed communication within the Service Marketing Triangle negatively affects the Internal Marketing Model. The study's empirical findings contribute to existing internal marketing literature and result in an extension of the Internal Marketing Model according to Ahmed and Rafiq (2002). Method: A qualitative method consisting of semi-structured interviews with four former airline employees and two focus groups of 13 students was applied. This setup gives insight into both the consumer and employee perspective. Additionally, to handle the great amount of data, a thematic analysis was applied. Conclusion: This study shows how Germania inhibited its employees from performing their work and deliver the service quality that was expected by customers. These inhibitions were mainly found in the tools that the company provided. The shortcomings can be found within the Service Marketing Triangle and an extension of the Internal Marketing Model is concluded from these. The findings and existing theory prove, that employee motivation, job satisfaction and employee empowerment are crucial aspects when it comes to meeting customer expectations and hence, delivering excellent service. The degree of the employees' empathy, competence, and professionalism determine, whether the customer is satisfied and whether they are loyal to the airline.


In the paper, we present the mobile robot "MAX" developed at the Systems Engineering Laboratory, Hochschule Ravensburg-Weingarten, which serves as a mock-up of an automated guided vehicle intended for transportation of materials, and connection between different parts of a production line in industry. The subject of the paper is autonomous robot motion along a specified track formed with a one-colored insulation tape marked on the surface, on which the robot moves. The paper focuses on track detection provided by real-time processing of the video stream from an installed on the front of the robot web-camera that is the key feature of this work. In the paper, brief overview on the construction of the mobile robot "MAX" is introduced, the task of line following and motion criteria are formulated, some approaches to track detection and its presentation with mean points are proposed. Three motion control algorithms which are ensued are also presented and verified with experiments on the mobile robot "MAX" to show their real appropriateness.


Studies on the chemotherapeutic action of rifampicin in treatment of staphylococcal sepsis and sepsis caused by gramnegative organisms showed its high efficacy only in treatment of the staphylococcal infection. By the level of its efficacy rifampicin was much superior to benzylpenicillin and especially tetracycline. No difference in the activity level of the antibiotic in treatment of staphylococcal infections caused by sensitive and multiple resistant staphylococcal strains was found. In treatment of the infections caused by gramnegative organisms the drug activity was moderate.


In this paper, the problem of rule pruning in associative text categorisation is investigated. We propose a new rule pruning method within an existing associative classification algorithm
called MCAR. Experimental results against large text collection (Reuters-21578) using the developed pruning method as well as other known existing methods (Database coverage, lazy pruning)
are conducted. The bases of the experiments are the classification accuracy and the number of generated rules. The results derived show that the proposed rule pruning method derives higher quality and more scalable classifiers than those produced by lazy and database coverage pruning approaches. In addition, the number of rules generated by the developed pruning procedure is usually less than those of lazy pruning and database coverage heuristics.


I am honored to have the opportunity to write this profile of Harvey Blank, MD, and his impact on dermatology. Having trained in dermatology in his department, having served on his full-time faculty for nine years, and, last year, having been appointed chairman of the department he founded and led for 29 years have made me intimately familiar with his impact. In my mind, however, my most compelling qualification for being given this opportunity is that I have lived through being an anxious admirer and student of Harvey's to being an admiring, longstanding friend. It is in this context that this view is given. Harvey Blank, an only child, was born in Chicago in 1918. Science and the Boy Scouts interested him most as a youth. His interest in dermatology first developed when he was a medical student at the University of Chicago, where Samuel Becker, Sr, Maximilian Obermeyer, and


This paper was presented at the 15th International Conference of the International Trade and Finance Association in Istanbul, Turkey, May 20, 2005.


Lead is a naturally occurring metal found deep in the ground. It occurs in small amounts in ore, along with other elements such as silver, zinc, or copper. Even though it is found in small amounts, there is an abundant supply of lead throughout the earth. Because it is widespread, and easy to extract and work with, lead was used for hundreds of years in a wide variety of products found in and around homes, including paint and gasoline. Lead can get into our body in two ways — through breathing it in or by eating it. For example, lead can enter the body through eating or inhaling paint dust or chips. The soil, drinkable ground water around our home can pick up lead from sources such as exterior paint. Lead can also enter in drinking water through our plumbing. In drinking ground water samples of uttarakhand (garhwal region) the level of lead was estimated through ICP mass spectroscopy. The presences of lead in ground drinking water samples of uttarakhand were high as compared to BIS desirable and permissible limits. Both children and adults are vulnerable to the effects of lead. Young children under the age of 5 are particularly vulnerable, because their body, brain, and metabolism are still developing. Two-year-olds tend to have the highest blood level concentration, because they put many things into their mouth, including toys or other products that may contain lead. On the basis of present study we observed that due to the excess quantity of Pb, and others heavy metals in uttarkhand India, the human beings of that region are suffering with various diseases like gastrointestinal, speech disorder, Irritability aggressive behaviors temper tantrums, Sleep difficulties/ disturbances, Anorexia symptoms reflecting eating disorders loss of appetite/weight, behavior, Speech and Language Deficits, Cognitive Impairments and thyroid diseases etc.


Elliptical reflectors are widely used in illumination engineering as a means to concentrate the light of a source in the secondary focal plane. To collect as much light from the source as possible, the reflector must cover a wide angular range of the emitted radiation, hence forward and backward reflections on the reflector must be discussed and conditions for paraxial optics do not apply. We develop a framework of relations that describe the image of an extended source in the secondary focal plane of the ellipsoid. After deriving basic relations between object and image spaces, the propagation of rays depending of their origin and on their direction is investigated. As a result, the function and the aberrations of the reflector can be expressed in terms of an angular dependent magnification for longitudinal and lateral coordinates. With that, one cannot not only calculate luminance and illuminance distributions in the secondary focal plane in a straightforward manner, but can easily understand their properties and their dependence on ellipse parameters. On the basis of the developed relations, implications for the design of "elliptical" short arc high-intensity-discharge (HID) lamps for video projection are discussed.


The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the cross-modal effects of an auditory organization on a visual search task and to investigate the influence of the level of detail in instructions describing or hinting at the associations between auditory stimuli and the possible locations of a visual target. In addition to measuring the participants' reaction times, we paid special attention to tracking the hand movements toward the target. According to the results, the auditory stimuli unassociated with the target locations slightly ‐but significantly- increased the deviation of the hand movement from the path leading to the target location. The increase in the deviation depended on the degree of association between auditory stimuli and target locations, albeit not on the level of detail in the instructions about the task.


Despite advances in multimodal treatment for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, recurrence rates remain high, providing an opportunity for new therapeutic modalities that may improve oncologic outcomes. Much recent attention has been paid to the molecular interactions between the tumor cells with the adjacent peritumoral microenvironment, in which immunosuppressive molecular changes create a landscape that promotes tumor progression. The rationale for the introduction of immunotherapy is to reverse the balance of these immune interactions in a way that utilizes the host immune system to attack tumor cells. In the preoperative setting, immunotherapy has the advantage of priming the unresected tumor and the associated native immune infiltration, supercharging the adaptive anti-tumor immune response. It also provides the basis for scientific discovery where the molecular profile of responders can be interrogated to elucidate prognostic markers to aid in future patient selection. Preoperative immunotherapy is not without limitations. The risk of surgical delay due to immune adverse events must be carefully discussed by members of a multidisciplinary treatment team and patient selection will be critical. One day, the discovery of predictive biomarkers may allow for algorithms where pre-surgical immunotherapy decreases the size of surgical defect and impacts the intensity of adjuvant therapy leading to improved patient survival and decreased morbidity. With further study, immunotherapy could become a key component of future treatment algorithm.


Sliding mode control is a well-known approach to the problem of the control of uncertain
systems, since it is invariant to a class of parameter variations. Well-established investigations
have shown that the sliding mode controller/ observer is a good approach from
the point of view of robustness, implementation, numerical stability, applicability, ease of
design tuning and overall evaluation.
In the sliding mode control approach, the controller and/ or observer is designed so
that the state trajectory converges to a surface named the sliding surface. It is desired to
design the sliding surface so that the system stability is achieved.
Many new methods and design techniques for the sliding controller/ observer are
presented in this thesis.
LQ frequency shaping sliding mode is a way of designing the sliding surface and
control. By using this method, corresponding to the weighting functions in conventional
quadratic performance, a compensator can be designed.
The intention of observer design is to find an estimate for the state and, if the input
is unknown, estimate a suitable input. Using the sliding control input form, a suitable
estimated input can be obtained. The significance of the observer design method in this
thesis is that a discontinuous observer for full order systems, including disturbance inputs,
is designed. The system may not be ideally in the sliding mode and the uncertainty may
not satisfy the matching condition.
In discrete-time systems instead of having a hyperplane as in the continuous case,
there is a countable set of points comprising a so-called lattice; and the surface on which
these sliding points lie is named the latticewise hyperplane. Control and observer design
using the discrete-time sliding mode, the robust stability of the sliding mode dynamics
and the problem of stabilization of discrete-time systems are also studied.
The sliding mode control of time-delay systems is also considered. Time-delay sliding
system stability is studied for the cases of full information about the delay and also lack of
information. The sliding surface is delay-independent as for the traditional sliding surface,
and the reaching condition is achieved by applying conventional discontinuous control.
A well-known method of control design is to specify eigenvalues in a region in the
left-hand half-plane, and to design the gain feedback matrix to yield these eigenvalues.
This method can also be used to design the sliding gain matrix. The regions considered in
this thesis are, a sector, an infinite vertical strip, a disc, a hyperbola and the intersection
ii
of two sectors. Previous erroneous results are rectified and new theory developed.
The complex Riccati equation, positivity of a complex matrix and the control of
complex systems are significant problems which arise in many control theory problems
and are discussed in this thesis.


The study was conducted to determine workplace relationship between employer and employees and among employees of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Sur, Philippines and its effect on the job satisfaction. Literatures and studies were reviewed, and questionnaires were used to gather the data related to workplace relationship and job satisfaction. The respondents of the study are employees of the colleges of Ilocos region which include Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte. The study is a descriptive study involving survey and fact-finding inquiry. Weighted mean and Pearson r were used to determine the workplace relationship and its correlation with job satisfaction. The study found that there is a significant correlation between workplace relationship and job satisfaction. Therefore, the study recommends that management need to monitor and improve workplace relationship between employer and employees and among employees and also improve and monitor factors that affect job satisfaction.


The alternative use of effluent turbidity to determine the dilution field of a domestic marine outfall located off the city of Rio de Janeiro was evaluated through field work comprising fluorescent dye tracer injection and tracking with simultaneous monitoring of sea water turbidity. A preliminary laboratory assessment was carried out with a sample of the outfall effluent whose turbidity was measured by the nephelometric method before and during a serial dilution process. During the field campaign, the dye tracer was monitored with field fluorometers and the turbidity was observed with an optical backscattering sensor interfaced to an OEM data acquisition system. About 4,000 samples were gathered, covering an area of 3 km × 3 km near the outfall diffusers. At the far field - where a drift towards the coastline was observed - the effluent plume was adequately labeled by the dye tracer. The turbidity plume was biased due to the high and variable background turbidity of sea water. After processing the turbidity dataset with a baseline detrending method, the plume presented high correlation with the dye tracer plume drawn on the near dilution field. However, dye tracer remains more robust than effluent turbidity.


Problem statement: The demographics of New Zealand are changing and the country is getting older. The literature shows the housing needs of older people are different, and that many would prefer to stay in their existing neighbourhood and age in place. In addition to the shortage of houses, low residential densities, the fast growth of land and house costs over income, and an aging population are all current issues in New Zealand housing. Projections also show the shortage of energy resources and environmental pollution will affect the future of housing, as the housing industry is responsible for over one-third of global energy use and CO₂ emissions.  Aim of the research: This thesis aims to design and evaluate the practicality and efficiency of a prefabricated Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU) as a partial response to New Zealand housing needs. Prefabrication was selected as the method of construction as it has been claimed to be more efficient in terms of energy and material use, as well as leading to a shorter construction time and lower environmental impacts. The use of ADUs could increase residential density and add to the housing stock by using existing developed land and infrastructure. ADUs also offer smaller houses within the existing social context, which the literature suggests is the main housing requirement of older people. As a result, the ADU in this research was designed to suit older residents, whilst recognising that it would also be suitable for small households of all ages.  Methodology: This research used design as a tool with which to explore the potential of prefabricated ADUs as a contribution to New Zealand housing needs. The design was then tested against housing needs by using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). This part of the research was conducted in the three phases of life-cycle energy, life-cycle cost, and life cycle CO₂ emissions of the ADU as designed.  Results: While the transport limitations pushed the design to be narrow (the maximum allowed load width was 2.55m), the Lifemark accessibility standard asked for doors, corridors, and spaces wide enough to ease the movement of disabled people. Despite these difficulties, it was possible to design an ADU which could be manufactured in New Zealand and transported anywhere in the country without any need for over-dimension load permissions. However, the analysis in the last phase, looking at the ADU during its life span, showed there was no substantial difference between its performance and that traditionally made houses. The results of the analysis suggest that, despite the importance of the construction method, the building energy efficiency, CO₂ emissions and cost, the environmental impact of a house is more dependent on the choice of materials than the method of making it.  Future research: The results suggest the importance of further investigation into the choice of materials used to make residential buildings and the effect such choices have on life-cycle impact. There is also a need to seek feedback on the ADU as designed from both potential users and potential manufacturers.


Strongly interacting quantum systems subject to quenched disorder exhibit intriguing phenomena such as glassiness and many-body localization. Theoretical studies have mainly focused on disorder in the form of random potentials, while many experimental realizations naturally feature disorder in the interparticle interactions. Inspired by cold Rydberg gases, where such disorder can be engineered using the dipole blockade effect,we study a Heisenberg XXZ spin model where the disorder is exclusively due to random spin-spin couplings, arising from power-law interactions between randomly positioned spins. Using established spectral and eigenstate properties and entanglement entropy, we show that this system exhibits a localization crossover and identify strongly interacting pairs as emergent local conserved quantities in the system, leading to an intuitive physical picture consistent with our numerical results.


If constructed properly the European legal semantic web will improve access to legal information, stimulate innovative applications and legal services, and reinforce judicial and legal cooperation within Europe. In this paper we will discuss why we still we do not have one-click answers on very basic legal questions, what building blocks are already in place and what still has to be done to have the European Legal Semantic Web really functioning. We will start with some illustrations from legal practice to demonstrate the blessings of the semantic web, and the definition of some terminology (§ 1). Next, we will review the state of play regarding the most important building blocks for identifying legal sources (§ 2). In § 3 we will summarize the most necessary steps that have to be taken in the near future, both at European and national level, to make substantial headway. One of these steps might be the development of a European Legal Doctrine Identifier. Some concluding remarks are made in § 4.


The neonatal progeroid syndrome represents a complex of symptoms with unknown cause and pathogenesis. At 37 weeks of uncomplicated pregnancy a boy of non-consanguineous turkish parents was delivered by section. The weight of 1740 g and the length of 43 cm were striking, the circumference of the head was still within normal range. Further on the patient showed the diagnostic criteria of Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome: Beside growth failure and nearly absence of subcutaneous fat, old-looking face with hydrocephalic appearance, prominent scalp veins and sparse scalp hair, large hands and feet with long fingers and toes were found. Neonatal teeth didn't exist. But neonatal teeth are not always present in this syndrome. Among 19 published cases they were also not described in 6 cases (31.6%). Cataract was not found. A skin biopsy taken at the age of four months revealed an extremely thin dermis with pronounced rarefication of elastic material by light microscopy. On the electron microscopical level, no qualitative morphological aberrations or signs of degeneration were found, but normal although very small elastic fibres. With increasing age the appearance was nearly unchanged. In spite of high-caloric nutrition the increase of weight was not sufficient. The clinical symptoms of this patients were compared with the 19 already published cases of Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome. This shall be a contribution to the exact description of that extremely rare syndrome. We hope to facilitate, that hereby the differential diagnosis in difficult cases will be more easy. Because of heterogeneity it has to discuss if the Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome really represents a separate genetic entity within the group of premature aging syndromes.


The work at hand attempts to propose a local pile design method based on pile load test results for a reference site. Such LPDM is simply based on the identification of three dimensionless quantities, such as the capacity ratio CR, the stiffness ratio SR, and the group settlement ratio Rs. To prove the LPDM reliability, experimental data collected during years in the Neapolitan area (Italy) have been used to obtain the abovementioned coefficients. Then, LPDM has been applied, as a preliminary design method, to three well-documented case histories applying capacity and settlement-based design (CBD and SBD) approaches. The satisfactory agreement between the geometry in the original design of piles and the one obtained by applying the LPDM proves that the proposed methodology may be very helpful for preliminary design, allowing for reasonable accuracy while requiring few hand calculations.


Karimunjawa islands are located in the middle of the Java Sea, approximately 83 km northwest of Jepara city. These islands have become an Indonesian marine tourism destination and since 2001 had been designated as a national park. The Indonesian government has chosen Muria peninsula in the district of Jepara, Indonesia as a site for a potential nuclear power plant (NPP). The purpose of this study was to determine the current level of radiocesium (137Cs) activity and forecast its spread if an NPP is operated at Jepara. To determine the distribution of 137Cs in Karimunjawa waters, a sampling of water was done in six stations. Simulation modeling was used to map the distribution of 137Cs should an NPP be constructed in Jepara. The results showed that 137Cs activity in Karimunjawa waters ranges from 0.12 to 0.39 mBq.L-1 with an average of 0.24 mBq.L-1. This value is slightly higher than previous studies in the coastal waters of Gresik, which had an average activity of 0.200 mBq.L-1 because the waters around Karimunjawa have a lower dilution rate than the coastal waters of Gresik. However, these values were considerably lower than those in the waters of Northeast Japan before the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident which registered 137Cs activity at 2-3 mBq.L-1.This indicates that 137Cs in Karimunjawa is not entirely from Fukushima rather from the global fallout. The 137Cs distribution model suggests that after 15 days, a leakage in the Muria Peninsula nuclear plant will not contaminate Karimunjawa waters because the current in the Java Sea is relatively weak and dominant in the westward direction. Thus, when an NPP leak only runs for 15 days, Karimunjawa waters remain safe. Keyword: 137Cs, Karimunjawa, NPP, modeling, Muria Peninsula


This paper undertakes an analysis of articles published in the area of Creative Technologies to inform the future development of the field. Articles were collated in a corpus and analysis conducted around keywords, content and authorship. The observations arising from the analysis is that there is some empirical evidence to support that Creative Technologies is an interdisciplinary field of research, with individuals having expertise across multiple domains having the potential to connect otherwise disparate disciplines. The results of the paper support some assertions around the nature of Creative Technologies, however it also suggests that more work is required to scope the field and change is required to secure a future for the Creative Technologies communities of practice.


ABSTRACT Although Saudi Arabia is producing high gross national income per year in the Jeddah city, the sewage treatment and disposal systems does not meet the needs of people sufficiently. The disposal and industrial solid waste treatment and the collection of municipal sewage have been creating problems for a long time in Jeddah. The predictions showed that only 25% of raw sewage has been treated and cesspool system usage is still very common which increases underground water level. Moreover, the investigations depicted that the current location is unsuitable for the sewage and industrial dumping. In this sense, the processes of aerobic digestion carry out the organics through the presence of oxygen. It is well known that as a biological process, aerobic sludge digestion occurs in the existence of oxygen and in this process the bacteria in activated sludge consumes organic matter with oxygen and converts them into carbon dioxide. The achievement of aerobic digestion depends on using diffuser systems or jet aerator for sludge oxidation. The bubble diffusing is a cost-efficient diffusion method, however plugging occurs problems mainly due to sediment trapped in smaller air holes. The positive displacement blowers provides air with high volumes two digesters to establish aerobic conditions. Under these conditions, the bacteria digest the organic substances in the mixture quickly and convert them into carbon dioxide and others. For the reduction of pathogen content, elimination of offensive odors, and reduction/elimination of the putrefaction, during the processing the sludge is stabilized. The stabilization technologies are the lime stabilization, heat treatment, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion and composting. The composting process includes the aerobic degradation of organic matters and aerobic microorganisms which converting the organic matters into carbon dioxide and leaving relatively stable odor free has value for fertilizer products.


: A total of 116 female patients with painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis aged 32-78 years (mean age 56 +/- 2.4 years) entered the trial. They were divided into two groups according to treatment. Group 1 (n = 54) received 10-day combined conservative treatment consisting of antimicrobial drugs (if urinary infection was diagnosed), angioprotectors, mast cell activity stabilizers and bladder instillation with combined solution. Group 2 included 62 patients whose treatment included complex anti-inflammatory therapy in combination with HBO sessions (7-10 sessions in barochamber OKA-MT, 2.0 +/- 0.2 atm). Subjective (the disease course, pain intensity, 24-h and nocturnal pollakiuria, effective urine volume) and objective (microcirculation in the bladder wall) results were assessed. Dopplerograms revealed venous stagnation. Patients of group 2 had a persistent improvement of microcirculation in bladder mucosa as shown by better blood flow in the veins and arterioles. In group 1 the above improvement was less pronounced. Thus, HBO in combined treatment of interstitial cystitis improves treatment results and promotes long-term remission of the disease.


Get to grips with the principles and practice of signal processing used in mobile communications systems. Focusing particularly on speech, video, and modem signal processing, pioneering experts employ a detailed, top-down analytical approach to outline the network architectures and protocol structures of multiple generations of mobile communications systems, identify the logical ranges where media and radio signal processing occur, and analyze the procedures for capturing, compressing, transmitting, and presenting media. Chapters are uniquely structured to show the evolution of network architectures and technical elements between generations up to and including 5G, with an emphasis on maximizing service quality and network capacity through re-using existing infrastructure and technologies. Implementation examples and data taken from commercial networks provide an in-depth insight into the operation of real mobile communications systems, including GSM, cdma2000, W-CDMA, LTE, and LTE-A, making this a practical, hands-on guide for both practicing engineers and graduate students in wireless communications.


We consider a model for thermal contact through a diathermal interface between two macroscopic bodies at different temperatures: an Ising spin chain with nearest neighbor interactions is endowed with a Glauber dynamics with different temperatures and kinetic parameters on alternating sites. The inhomogeneity of the kinetic parameter is a novelty with respect to the model of Ref.[1] and we exhibit its influence upon the stationary non equilibrium values of the two-spin correlations at any distance. By mapping to the dynamics of spin domain walls and using free fermion techniques, we determine the scaled generating function for the cumulants of the exchanged heat amounts per unit of time in the long time limit.


Information geometry-based matrix constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector is an efficient solution to target detection, especially for the K-distributed clutter environment with respect to a small bunch of pulses. The main reason for the matrix CFAR detector to achieve better detection performance is covariance matrix captures the correlations between the data. However, most existing matrix CFAR detectors suffer from heavy computational complexity, which leads to a limitation in practical detection scenarios. Motivated by this, the authors utilise the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix to capture the correlation and propose an eigenvalue-based detection method with lower computational complexity. Based on the Neyman-Pearson criterion, they first analyse the likelihood ratio test (LRT) in the eigenvalue domain and derive the relationship between the LRT test statistic and the maximum eigenvalue. To meet the practical requirement, they further design a totally blind scheme: the maximum eigenvalue-based matrix CFAR detector. By employing the group invariant theory, they show that the proposed detector presents the CFAR property. In addition, the theoretical performance analysis is also provided. Simulation results based on the numerical experiment and real sea clutter data verify that the proposed method with a low computational complexity can achieve a better detection performance.


Spatial variability and distributions of soil chemical properties and the relationships between soil chemical and biological properties are not well characterized in agroecosystems that have been land leveled to facilitate more uniform delivery of irrigation water. The objectives of this study were to characterize the short-term impacts of land leveling on the magnitudes, spatial variability, and spatial distributions of soil chemical properties and to evaluate the impact of land leveling on the relationships between soil chemical properties and microbial biomass in a Stuttgart silt loam (fine, smectitic, thermic Albaqultic Hapludalf) used for irrigated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in the Mississippi Delta region of eastern Arkansas. A grid-sampling approach was used to characterize pre- and postleveling soil chemical properties and microbial biomass. Results of this study demonstrate that land leveling, a severe form of anthropogenic soil disturbance, causes significant alteration of the magnitudes, spatial variability, and spatial distributions of many soil chemical properties. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and the contents of P, K, Mg, Na, S, Mn, and Cu in the top 10 cm significantly increased, while soil pH and organic matter (OM) and Fe contents significantly decreased, as a result of land leveling. Land leveling also significantly altered many linear relationships among soil chemical properties and microbial biomass. The benefit of improved water distribution must be weighed against the relatively severe and immediate alteration of soil properties and natural processes brought on by land leveling. Further research is required to ascertain long-term effects of altered soil biogeochemical properties on crop growth as a result of land leveling.


Two-dimensional numerical modeling and geological and geophysical constraints from ancient and modern magmatic arcs demonstrate that magmatic heat advection is sufficient to produce low-pressure metamorphic belts in many areas, and that it is apparently necessary in some areas. In the western United States and other areas, regionally extensive low-pressure facies-series metamorphism (LPM) occurs where intrusions form >∼50% of the upper crust. Numerical models indicate that coalescence of thermal aureoles from multiple felsic intrusions can produce regionally extensive LPM where the abundance of intrusions exceeds ∼50%. This effect does not depend strongly on the rate of emplacement; LPM results even with complete cooling between intrusions. Models with geologically reasonable emplacement rates show that in an active magmatic arc, temperatures are near metamorphic maxima for only a small fraction of the time. Arc magmatism cannot sustain widespread thermal gradients of the magnitude indicated by the final distribution of LPM, a result consistent with heat-flow data in active arcs. Low-pressure metamorphic belts can thus develop through numerous local, short-lived metamorphic events while most of the crust remains considerably cooler. Metamorphic maxima largely depend on the biggest nearby intrusion; emplacement rates and other heat sources affect mainly the magnitude, not the distribution of metamorphism. A simulation based on the distribution and U-Pb geochronometry of the composite Sierra Nevada batholith compares favorably with the observed distribution of metamorphic grades and temperature histories; coeval medium-pressure facies-series metamorphism to the east of the batholith requires a different mechanism. Predicted surface heat flow is qualitatively similar in magnitude and distribution to that measured in modern arcs. Sequential intrusions can produce brief ( 10 km) uplift, and evidence for moderate over-all paleothermal gradients require high-level advection of heat. This model of relatively cool crust punctuated by local, short-lived thermal events differs significantly from the image of a broad, uniform thermal maximum that might be drawn from the spatial distribution of LPM; it has implications for crustal deformation igneous petrogenesis, and the interpretation of high metamorphic gradients in Archean terranes.


Recent compressive sensing results show that it is possible to accurately reconstruct certain compressible signals from relatively few linear measurements via solving nonsmooth convex optimization problems. In this paper, we propose a simple and fast algorithm for signal reconstruction from partial Fourier data. The algorithm minimizes the sum of three terms corresponding to total variation, `1-norm regularization and least squares data fitting. It uses an alternating minimization scheme in which the main computation involves shrinkage and fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), or alternatively discrete cosine transforms (DCTs) when available data are in the DCT domain. We analyze the convergence properties of this algorithm, and compare its numerical performance with two recently proposed algorithms. Our numerical simulations on recovering magnetic resonance images (MRI) indicate that the proposed algorithm is highly efficient, stable and robust.


CONTEXT
Infant regulatory disturbances are common, stable over time, and can compromise infant outcomes across a range of developmental domains. Many such problems have their origins within the parent-infant relationship and specialised parent-infant relationship teams provide support and intervention that is explicitly aimed at addressing such relationship difficulties. However, there are currently only around 27 such teams across the UK, and just under half of CAMHS do not accept referrals of children under two years of age.

AIM
The current research aimed to examine the views of commissioners of children's services regarding the reasons for commissioning (or not) infant mental health services.

METHOD
Fourteen in-depth interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders involved in commissioning children's services across 14 areas of England, half of which were commissioning specialised infant mental health services. A thematic analysis was undertaken.

RESULTS
A total of five themes emerged from the data as being key factors in the commissioning of infant mental health services: pressure from local practitioners; policy transfer through policy networks; opportunity for long-term cost reduction; potential to embed the service model within existing services; and perinatal mental health funding.

CONCLUSION
As with commissioning more widely, the commissioning of infant mental health services is a complex process, with a range of factors influencing whether such services are commissioned or not, and data to suggest that the process is currently driven by informal and contingent factors, as much as by the evidence regarding what works.


The Mediterranean is perceived by Southern stakeholders as a space of division, disparity and separation, performed into being through European depoliticizing, securitizing and technocratic practices in the spheres of politics, economics/development and migration. This imaginary holds up a mirror to the EU's boundary-drawing exercise and production of the "ideal European self against its imperfect Southern Mediterranean others" (Cebeci and Schumacher 2017: 22). In contrast to the EU's self-production, it is no longer externally perceived as a model; other models are emerging (Tunisia, Turkey, Russia) but do not yet represent an alternative. EU policies are seen as ineffective, mainly due to problems in EU visibility, coherence and a substantial gap between expectations in the South and actual EU output.


This paper draws from a qualitative study of tobacco use by young women in Toronto, Canada. Narrative interviews were used to understand the multiple roles and functions of smoking within the everyday lives of female adolescents. Guided by a Bourdieusian theoretical framework this study employed the core construct of cultural capital in order to position tobacco and other substance use as field-specific capital that young women accumulate while navigating the social worlds of adolescence. Departing from the psychosocial or peer-influence models that inform the majority of tobacco research with young people, this analysis provides a nuanced understanding of how smoking, drinking, using drugs are much more than simple forms of teenage experimentation or rebellion, but can also serve as key resources for defining the self, acquiring status and making social distinctions within adolescent social worlds. In this context it is also argued that initiation into substance use practices is a way that young women demonstrate and develop social and cultural competencies.


1. A technique is described for the culture of germ-free Drosophila adults on defined diets. The complete larval diet, with the agar base replaced by cotton-wool, was found to be adequate for adults and permitted them to lay more or less normal numbers of eggs during a 16-day test period. 2. Omission tests showed that casein, the B vitamins (other than B 12 and biotin) K and Mg were essential for normal ovary development. 3. Casein could be replaced with an amino acid mixture. The ten 'essential' amino acids were all found necessary for egg production but arginine, histidine and methionine were apparently synthesized, although at an inadequate rate. The remaining essential amino acids seemed to be the nutrients required in the greatest amounts since egg production stopped soonest when they were omitted. Individual 'nonessential' amino acids could be removed from the mixture, but a supply of them was necessary for normal egg production and viability. 4. Omission of fructose lowers egg production but does not cause its cessation even after 16 days. 5. The difficulty of determining that essential supplies are not being met by contaminants is illustrated by examination of cholesterol requirements. In this case, and possibly also for choline, the requirement for egg formation is very much less than for larval development, and might be satisfied from contamination of the medium constituents. 6. Neglecting these trace supplies (which can be measured only in fractions of a microgram per 5 ml. medium) RNA, choline, cholesterol and biotin seem unnecessary for egg formation. The quantitative requirements of the normal adult female must therefore be different from those of the larva. 7. It was not possible to produce a true P deficiency, or to be certain that traces of Ca and Cl in the medium were not sufficient to permit normal fecundity. 8. The ovary is shown to be capable of recovery from protein starvation and to respond to omission of single essential amino acids by ceasing to form new chambers. The majority of deficiencies result in inhibition of vitellogenesis, after a period when inviable eggs are laid. Only Mg and pyridoxine omission produced distinguishable pathological changes, which are illustrated.


ABSTRACT Although enterprises in the informal food sector require energy to transform, cook and process food, energy-use patterns in this sector are not well understood by policymakers and the local-level authorities who regulate their trading activities. This paper reviews relevant literature and presents empirical data collected in Rwanda, Senegal and South Africa on the use of traditional and modern energy sources by informal food sector operators. Our sample includes male- and female-operated enterprises in the urban centres of three African countries where the informal food sector is important, not only for providing the convenience of affordable and readily prepared meals, but also as a source of income for women and men in developing countries. Multiple fuel-use and energy-stacking strategies are common among informal food enterprises and policy needs to acknowledge this if it is to intervene in ways that will benefit both enterprises and regulators.


We introduce Korean Language Understanding Evaluation (KLUE) benchmark. KLUE is a collection of 8 Korean natural language understanding (NLU) tasks, including Topic Classification, SemanticTextual Similarity, Natural Language Inference, Named Entity Recognition, Relation Extraction, Dependency Parsing, Machine Reading Comprehension, and Dialogue State Tracking. We build all of the tasks from scratch from diverse source corpora while respecting copyrights, to ensure accessibility for anyone without any restrictions. With ethical considerations in mind, we carefully design annotation protocols. Along with the benchmark tasks and data, we provide suitable evaluation metrics and fine-tuning recipes for pretrained language models for each task. We furthermore release the pretrained language models (PLM), KLUE-BERT and KLUE-RoBERTa, to help reproducing baseline models on KLUE and thereby facilitate future research. We make a few interesting observations from the preliminary experiments using the proposed KLUE benchmark suite, already demonstrating the usefulness of this new benchmark suite. First, we find KLUE-RoBERTa-large outperforms other baselines, including multilingual PLMs and existing open-source Korean PLMs. Second, we see minimal degradation in performance even when we replace personally identifiable information from the pretraining corpus, suggesting that privacy and NLU capability are not at odds with each other. Lastly, we find that using BPE tokenization in combination with morpheme-level pre-tokenization is effective in tasks involving morpheme-level tagging, detection and generation. In addition to accelerating Korean NLP research, our comprehensive documentation on creating KLUE will facilitate creating similar resources for other languages in the future. KLUE is available at https://klue-benchmark.com.


Change detection in system behavior and its root cause detection is essential for many large-scale systems such as, manufacturing plants, in order to keep systems running uninterrupted and avoid costly machine breakdown via predictive maintenance. In this paper, we present a novel graph based technique that uses time variant interdependencies and lagged dependencies among different components of a system to detect changes in the system behavior. We further find the root causes for these detected changes by pointing out the component and its historical values that are responsible for initiating and changing the system to the new state. The proposed mechanism extracts these time variant dependencies using a deep learning system and converts them into weighted directed graphs and applies graph based techniques for change detection. For each detected change, our system uses graph theoretic techniques to uncover the root causes for the change. Such a mechanism provides us with valuable insights about the inner workings of a system from a different perspective as opposed to traditional techniques for root cause analysis that directly apply statistical models to the time series data for analysis. Experimental results on real manufacturing data show, that we can detect changes in system behavior and accurately identify the root causes in almost 71% of the cases for which we have the ground truth. For synthetic data, our system can correctly identify root causes in 87% of the cases.


In this study, production methods and the structural and magnetic properties of melt-textured growth of YBa2Cu3O7-x bulk superconductors are discussed. During the research; various temperatures for melt texturing are tried for the optimization of the production of bulk YBCO. With the help of AC magnetic susceptibility measurements, some insights for the produced samples are handed out including critical phase transition temperatures and the effects of crystal growth inside the YBCO samples. XRD measurements showed bigger and greater number of crystal growth in a correlation with the increasing temperature and the microphotographs of the samples verified successive growth of YBCO crystals inside the samples. Sharper phase transition is reached with the increasing texturing temperature. Top seeding for the selected crystal orientation has also been tried at the 1070oC for the texturing temperature, but the resulting melt textured sample was not different with the only-textured sample in the means of magnetic properties. Optimization over the texturing temperature found out to be between 1070oC and 1080oC while this result only depends on magnetic and structural properties.


Extended system path integral molecular dynamics algorithms have been developed that can generate efficiently averages in the quantum mechanical canonical ensemble [M. E. Tuckerman, B. J. Berne, G. J. Martyna, and M. L. Klein, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 2796 (1993)]. Here, the corresponding extended system path integral molecular dynamics algorithms appropriate to the quantum mechanical isothermal–isobaric ensembles with isotropic-only and full system cell fluctuations are presented. The former ensemble is employed to study fluid systems which do not support shear modes while the latter is employed to study solid systems. The algorithms are constructed by deriving appropriate dynamical equations of motions and developing reversible multiple time step algorithms to integrate the equations numerically. Effective parallelization schemes for distributed memory computers are presented. The new numerical methods are tested on model (a particle in a periodic potential) and realistic (liquid and solid para-hydrogen and liquid butane) systems. In addition, the methodology is extended to treat the path integral centroid dynamics scheme, [J. Cao and G. A. Voth, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 10070 (1993)], a novel method which is capable of generating semiclassical approximations to quantum mechanical time correlation functions.


Purpose

In present research, the authors conducted the massive literature review and collected the information, in regards to material handling system (MHS) to build a multi criteria MHS hierarchical module consists of ecological cum fiscal criteria. Moreover, similar literature review assisted the authors to resolve and eventually construct the effectual and robust approach. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the managers for benchmarking the MHS alternatives operating under similar module via robust decision support system (DSS).

Design/methodology/approach

In present research, the proposed module dealt with ecological (subjective) and fiscal (objective) criteria, where subjective criteria associated with incompleteness, vagueness, imprecision, as well as inconsistency, solicited the discrete information in terms of Grey set via linguistic scale from experts panel. The objective information (capital) has been assigned by expert's panel in terms of Grey set. To robustly evaluate and select the admirable MHS, three approaches named: degree of possibility, technique for order preference similar to ideal solution as well as Grey relational analysis fruitfully applied to connect and unite discrete information.

Findings

The performance evaluation of MHSs has been carried out under concert of individual fiscal criteria excluding ecological criteria in past researches. Moreover the previous developed DSS tackled sole approach under individual fiscal criteria. The authors found the broad applications of fuzzy sets except Grey set theory in the same context for measuring the performance of MHS alternatives. Aforesaid research gaps have been transformed into research objectives by incorporating the module for both fiscal cum ecological criteria. This research embraces a robust DSS, which has been explored to select the admirable MHS alternative.

Originality/value

An empirical case study has been carried out in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of holistic Grey-MCDM method, implemented over multi criteria MHS hierarchical module. Proposed DSS seems to be the best for organisations, which believe to appraise and select the MHS including fiscal as well as ecological criteria excluding individual fiscal criteria. Moreover, subjective cum objective or individual subjective or objective criteria can be extended with respect to varieties of MHSs.


INTRODUCTION
L-thyroxine replacement therapy is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism. Recently, several studies suggested to complete it with l-triiodothyronine in acquired hypothyroidism.

AIM
To study the role of combined l-thyroxine and l-triiodothyronine therapy in special cases with congenital hypothyroidism.

METHOD
Data of 16 patients (age: 11.9 ± 6.3 years; mean ± SD) are presented who had high serum free thyroxine values or even above the upper limit of reference range (21.16 ± 2.5 pmol/l) together with nonsuppressed TSH levels (15.7 ± 5.7 mIU/l), and therefore received l-triiodothyronine in completion (0.18 ± 0.09 μg/kg) once a day.

RESULTS
The combined replacement therapy resulted in a rapid improvement of the hormone parameters (TSH: 4.2 ± 3.15 mIU/l; free thyroxine: 16.55 ± 2.4 and free triiodothyronine: 7.4 ± 1.8 pmol/l). The efficiency of this combined therapy proved to be more evident (TSH: 4.33 ± 3.2 mIU/l; free thyroxine: 16.85 ± 3.1 and free triiodothyronine: 6.4 ± 0.85 pmol/l) in 10 patients treated for a longer period of time (duration of treatment: 2.9 ± 2.0 years). The dose of thyroxine substitution decreased from 2.6 ± 0.9 to 2.18 ± 0.6 μg/kg/day), the ratio of these hormones was between 5:1 and 19:1 and the quotient of free fractions was normalized (3.8 ± 0.4→2.6 ± 0.3) during the replacement therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
According to the observation of the authors a serious disturbance of feed-back mechanism may develop in some (>5%) children with congenital hypothyroidism (increased TSH release despite elevated free thyroxine level) after normal function of the feed-back system for years. Hormone parameters of these patients improve, then become normal on combined therapy supporting the rationale for this treatment method.


International Journal of Exercise Science 12(3): 1023-1033, 2019. Although cognitive dysfunction is a common occurrence among breast cancer survivors, there is no widely recognized intervention for this debilitating condition. The purpose of this study was to determine whether floor/step aerobics (FSA) and/or treadmill walking (TMW) interventions can improve outcomes when compared to standard care (STC). Recent breast cancer survivors participated in 12 weeks of FSA (n=8), TMW (n=7), or STC (n=10) with pre/post assessments of cognition and fitness. Interaction effects between group and time were assessed with repeated measures ANOVA. Throughout the extent of cognitive and fitness assessments, there were found to be no statistically significant interactions between group and time. Because of the small sample size, these results should not be taken to mean that exercise cannot improve cognition in recent breast cancer survivors, but this study should be used as a baseline for designing similar studies with a longer intervention, more intense exercise program, or another alteration that might increase effectiveness of the intervention. More research is needed in this area, but until more specific study results are available, healthcare providers should continue to encourage breast cancer survivors to regularly participate in aerobic exercise to maintain physical function.


Advanced offshore floating structure utilizes dynamic positioning system to guarantee its automatic positioning without mooring system, realizing the offshore positioning requirements. The thruster is the key component of DP whose installation method directly affects the operation of DP and positioning accuracy of offshore floating structure. Based on the analysis of underwater installation methods of the existing large equipment, the paper proposes a new installation method of the large thrusters, using the L-shape floating platform as shift, orientation and position adjustment of thrusters. The new method can complete the precise position matching and installation of thrusters in the bottom of the structure.


ABSTRACT Isolates of Tilletia controversa and T. bromi were sampled from wheat and two Bromus species hosts, respectively, in the Pacific Northwest, and genetic variation within and among populations was determined. Fifty-one random amplified polymorphic DNA markers from eleven primers were treated as phenotypic 1 and 0 character state data to estimate similarities and analyze molecular variance (AMOVA) among populations and as putative genetic loci to carry out analyses of gene diversity. Phenotypic analysis of T. controversa and T. bromi isolates revealed two distinct clusters that were 37% similar. The T. bromi cluster was subdivided further into two groups, corresponding to host, with 40% similarity. Cluster analysis based on allele frequencies produced similar results and also supported two T. bromi groups based on host. No evidence of natural hybridization and introgression was detected between the T. controversa and T. bromi populations. Both AMOVA and gene diversity analyses detected moderate levels of differentiation among T. controversa populations, whereas T. bromi populations were highly differentiated. The level of genetic differentiation observed between the T. bromi populations on different Bromus species hosts supports the hypothesis that a high degree of host specificity exists in the wild grass-infecting smuts. We speculate that the higher level of genetic differentiation among the T. bromi populations compared with the T. controversa populations on wheat may be due to selection by a more genetically diverse host population.


Author(s): Richardson, Paul M.; Chapman, Jarrod | Abstract: The Human Genome Project has resulted in the elucidation of the genomic sequence of a number of model organisms as well as a reference sequence for the human genome. The utility of these available genomes has been demonstrated by researchers throughout the world, and spurred the desire to obtain additional genomic information from a number of sources. The United States Department of Energy s Joint Genome Institute has undertaken a project to sequence the genome of the amphibian Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis. The primary goal of the project is to produce a high-quality genome sequence and annotation to meet the needs of the research community. In March of 2002, a number of Xenopus researchers from around the world met at the JGI Production Genomics Facility in Walnut Creek, California to discuss goals and strategies for the project. The project is designed to make use of a whole-genome shotgun approach supplemented with extensive BAC end sequences and shotgun sequence from selected BACs. A high-quality draft genome is desired that will meet minimal criteria for contiguity and long-range linking information. At depths of 6-8X sequence coverage, we expect that a large fraction of features of interest (exons, promoters and regulatory regions) will be covered in large contigs of high sequence quality without gaps. In addition, long-range linking of contigs will be achieved through paired end gap-spanning clones so that contigs are ordered and oriented into large scaffolds with gaps of defined size. These scaffolds typically contain multi megabase-sized regions of the genome. This approach has led to high-quality draft genomes of the pufferfish (Fugu rubripes), Ciona intestinalis and the mouse. Since there will be extensive coverage of large inserts for Xenopus including BAC and Fosmid end sequencing, clones will be readily available for finishing selected regions of the genome.


Since its inception, the Wellesley Index has been a great resource for scholars wanting to know the identity of the numerous anonymous contributors to the nineteenth-century periodicals. However, when all the available external evidence was exhausted Wellesley attributors began to rely on internal evidence, and some of these attributions are now being queried as unduly speculative. This is the case with the attribution of certain articles in Tait's Edinburgh Magazine to John Stuart Blackie and John Hill Burton, two Scottish contributors in the 1830s and 40s, where the evidence is, as Eileen Curran noted in The Curran Index, often 'tenuous.'  Developments in computational stylistics over the last thirty years now offer statistical techniques for testing such doubtful attributions. Use of the Burrows Method, based on an author's relative usage or non-usage of common function words, allows the researcher to isolate an author's distinctive stylistic traits and to use these to compare his known articles with others of more doubtful provenance and to make informed judgments about the likelihood of his authorship of these. These methods were used to test the authorship of eight articles attributed to Blackie and eight attributed to Burton. The use of function words in the doubtful articles was compared to that in six articles reliably attributed to Blackie and ten reliably attributed to Burton and then to that by contemporaries also writing for other major periodicals. It was found that only four of the Blackie articles tested and two of those by Burton appear to have been correctly attributed in the Wellesley Index.


As the most important component of pervasive computing, context-aware system gets more and more attention from the researchers. One of the basic technologies used to implement the contexts' description and reasoning in context-aware systems is ontology which has the big advantage at knowledge presenting and sharing. However, the shortage of the existent methods with ontology is obvious that most of them are predefined which makes them too fixed to provide the flexible services. In this paper, a Distributed Active Service Providing System (DASPS) is proposed to provide more accurate and more proper services to the end users in an active manner through ontology based contexts' similarity comparison. Moreover, a semantic-adaptive service choosing machine (Sasrc_Ma) is used in DASPS to improve the accuracy of the contexts' similarity which can dynamically adjust its computing result to satisfy the real situation of the users by considering the forwarding feedbacks of users. An effective negotiating mechanism is used to solve the conflicts occurred in this distributed application when dealing with the concurrent transactions.


The Spanish imperfect subjunctive verb tense has two competing forms –ra and –se which vary in frequency of use according to the country of usage, the dominant political power, the century in question and context. These two forms of the imperfect subjunctive have their origin in two different verb tenses in Latin, namely the pluperfect indicative ( amaveram Latin  amara Spanish) and pluperfect subjunctive ( amavissem Latin  amase Spanish). This present study of peninsular Spanish is a diachronic examination of the hypothesis that the –se form has gradually decreased in use while its opposing form has gradually increased in use resulting in a linguistic shift of the imperfect subjunctive. In this preliminary study of the –se/-ra forms from early Castilian to modern Spanish, special consideration will be given to contextual variables affecting the selection of –ra or –se forms. These variables include the type of literature and the differing levels of formality thereof (narrative, historical and scientific prose) in which the verb forms are found in order to analyze the selection of one form or another as a potential function of the class of literature. Another factor under examination is the placement of the verb within the protasis or apodosis of the sentence (the if or then clause) to analyze the degree to which the reality vs. the probable/hypothetical nature of an action affects the verb choice. A review of the related literature, the analysis of data samples, historic linguistic trends and correlations observed in the usage of the imperfect subjunctive will be presented.


Industrial control systems monitor and manage critical infrastructure assets. Every sector relies extensively on the proper operation of control systems and a major disruption could have devastating consequences to the economy and society. Protecting industrial control systems requires large numbers of well-trained security personnel to detect and respond to increasingly sophisticated cyber attacks. This chapter evaluates current government and industry training courses in the area of industrial control systems security. The results indicate that training is typically geared towards the basic or intermediate knowledge levels and that adequate advanced training programs are not readily available. A primary deficiency is the lack of robust training facilities that incorporate real critical infrastructure assets. Additionally, the curricula do not sufficiently incorporate the physical components and processes associated with industrial control systems. Indeed, there is a great need for training facilities that incorporate real-world industrial control systems and processes to provide trainees with a strong understanding of the effects that cyber-initiated actions have on physical processes. While major investments are required to create advanced curricula and training facilities, they will contribute significantly to the important task of protecting the critical infrastructure.


We present a novel application for the interactive exploration of cavities within proteins in dynamic data sets. Inside a protein, cavities can often be found close to the active center. Therefore, when analyzing a molecular dynamics simulation trajectory it is of great interest to find these cavities and determine if such a cavity opens up to the environment, making the binding site accessible to the surrounding substrate. Our user‐driven approach enables expert users to select a certain cavity and track its evolution over time. The user is supported by different visualizations of the extracted cavity to facilitate the analysis. The boundary of the protein and its cavities is obtained by means of volume ray casting, where the volume is computed in real‐time for each frame, therefore allowing the examination of time‐dependent data sets. A fast, partial segmentation of the volume is applied to obtain the selected cavity and trace it over time. Domain experts found our method useful when they applied it exemplarily on two trajectories of lipases from Rhizomucor miehei and Candida antarctica. In both data sets cavities near the active center were easily identified and tracked over time until they reached the surface and formed an open substrate channel.


Abstract. Phantomia vadimii S. He & W. R. Buck, a new moss genus and species, is described from Lào Cai Province, northern Vietnam. The new taxon is characterized by its abruptly convolute leaf shoulders; the presence of a median row of stereid cells in the upper lateral costal cross sections; a weakly differentiated marginal border at the leaf base; and the absence of a central strand in the stem. The new genus shares some characteristics with Chorisodontium (Mitt.) Broth. in having a narrow basal costa that flares outward at the midleaf and persistent, inflated alar cells. It also has an anatomical similarity to the leaf costal cross sections (especially the upper leaf costa) of Dicranodontium Bruch & Schimp. The similarities and differences of the new genus in comparison with the genera of Campylopodioideae and Dicranoideae are discussed.


We propose and demonstrate a simple and cost-effective technique to detect and localize the fiber failures in WDM passive optical networks. By reusing the downstream lasers as WDM light sources for the optical time-domain reflectometry, the proposed technique can localize the failures in both feeder and drop fibers without using the expensive tunable laser.


This article introduces the use of the Intel Galileo development board as a platform for sound synthesis and processing, in conjunction with the Csound sound and music computing system. The board includes an Arduino-compatible electronics interface, and runs an embedded systems version of the Linux operating system. The paper describes the relevant hardware and software environment. It introduces a port of Csound, which includes custom frontends that take some advantage of the board capabilities. As a case study, a MIDI synthesizer is explored as one of the many potential applications of the system. Further possibilities of the technology for Ubiquitous Music are also discussed, which use the various interfacing facilities present on the Galileo.


The proliferation of multimedia on the World Wide Web has led to the introduction of Web search engines for images, video, and audio. On the Web, multimedia is typically embedded within documents that provide a wealth of indexing information. Harsh computational constraints imposed by the economics of advertising-supported searches restrict the complexity of analysis that can be performed at query time. And users may be unwilling to do much more than type a keyword or two to input a query. Therefore, the primary sources of information for indexing multimedia documents are text cues extracted from HTML pages and multimedia document headers. Off-line analysis of the content of multimedia documents can be successfully employed in Web search engines when combined with these other information sources. Content analysis can be used to categorize and summarize multimedia, in addition to providing cues for finding similar documents. This paper was delivered as a keynote address at the Challenge of Image Retrieval '99. It represents a personal and purposefully selective review of image and video searching on the World Wide Web.


In view of the fact that large amounts of tonhaltig phyllite were found along the Shi-Tian expressway line, these soft rocks could not meet the roadbed filling requirements. It was necessary to improve the weathered soft rocks to satisfy the engineering demands. Interior comparative tests research on seven modified methods were carried out such as part in different proportions of cement、sand or stone bits, with soft rock of different water contents being artificial to mix and stir evenly, then unconfined compression strength of the samples at different cement quantity、different curing ages were compared; the optimum water content and and maximum dry density were determined through the compaction test; In addition, the principal effect of CBR value was analyzed. thus the best modified way was defined, the aim was to provide reference of theory and examination for further design and engineering application on weathered rock of expressway roadbed construction.


Many businesses have now realized that a Reverse Logistics system can be used to gain competitive advantage. Even the best retailers and vendors now have reason to review how their returns programs are managed. New technologies and service providers now offer an opportunity to improve overall 'total returns performance'. This means not only reducing the 'total cost of returns', but utilizing returns to improve customer loyalty, merchandising and product performance. Improving 'total returns performance' can transform an increasingly costly and complex process into a competitive advantage. It has forced businesses to reengineer their business processes and look into what can be the next practices in business rather than adopt best practices. Reverse Logistics is a very complex and specialized area of any supply chain and it involves handling individual incoming parcels, opening and inspecting products, communicating with internal departments, customers and vendors and then directing products into disposition channels which will provide the highest value. It is necessary to have a synchronized effort from all the supply chain partners for Reverse Logistics to be successful. This paper explains the various elements of reverse logistics, the need for cooperation in reverse logistics and the opportunities which arise through the processes of Reverse Logistics.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing behavior guidance technique utilization among practicing pediatric dentists and explore potential barriers to the incorporation of previously unused techniques.

METHODS
The data for this study were obtained from a web-based survey containing 15 multiple choice questions concerning the practitioners' past, current, and anticipated future behavior guidance technique utilization.

RESULTS
Most respondents received hands-on training in 10 of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry behavior guidance techniques. The type of training was associated with the practitioners' level of comfort using a given technique upon graduation and with the current frequency of technique utilization. Residency type impacted hands-on behavior guidance training, with 39 percent of respondents reporting no intravenous sedation training. The type of practice was associated with the frequency of behavior guidance technique utilization, as was graduation decade. Currently practicing dentists cited legal concerns, parental acceptance to change, and limited resources as perceived obstacles in the incorporation of new techniques.

CONCLUSIONS
Behavior guidance technique selection and utilization among practicing pediatric dentists was influenced by multiple factors, including advanced education training, residency type, graduation decade, and practice type. Obstacles to the incorporation of previously unused techniques appear to be multifactorial.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the information and communication technology adoption among rural based SMEs in Malaysia and identify the problems facing these SMEs in the implementation and usage of ICT. In addition, the study also attempts to determine whether significant relationships exist between owners' attitude, knowledge and innovativeness, and the ICT adoption. Questionnaire survey was used to obtain data from rural based SMEs in Malaysia. A total of 1000 questionnaires were distributed and 167 usable responses were received. The findings reveal a relatively high adoption of ICT among rural based SMEs while lack of funds and financing were the main problems to the success of its adoption and implementation. It was also found that only attitude had significant positive relationship with the ICT adoption. The findings of this study assist to owner/managers of rural based SMEs and also policy makers in Malaysia in finding strategies to cultivate culture of adopting and implementing of ICT for betterment of SMEs in Malaysia.


On the south side of the river Calder, at Mytholmroyd, is a plateau or terrace raised some 20 to 50 feet above the present banks of the river, from which it is separated by a narrow tract of alluvial holm land. This terrace is about half a mile long, by 300 to 400 yards wide, and is on the 330 to 360 feet Datum level.

It is bounded on the west by Stubbs Clough and Hawks Clough, and on the east it extends to within about 100 yards of the Cragg Brook, near its junction with the Calder, whilst on the south it abuts against and is bounded by the rising valley sides.

Although the Cragg Vale Brook has almost evidently cut through and worn back the eastern edge of this terrace, the stream is now seen running against a cliff of grit shales on its east bank, and there is no evidence of drift deposits on that side.

To the casual observer this terrace has the appearance of a well-defined alluvial river terrace only.

For many years, however, local geologists have known that the deposits forming the terrace contained more than the ordinary river alluvium and local rocks, and it appears somewhat strange that the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the Burnley Coal Field, which include this district, make no allusion to the discovery of erratics here.

Although these Memoirs were published so late as A.D. 1874, the authors say in reference to this area, "The only part ...


Small bowel transplants provide an exceptional opportunity for long-term study of the microbial ecology of the human small bowel. The ileostomy created at time of transplant for ongoing monitoring of the allograft provides access to samples of ileal effluent and mucosal biopsies. In this study, we used qPCR to assay the bacterial population of the small bowel lumen of 17 small bowel transplant patients over time. Surprisingly, the posttransplant microbial community was found to be dominated by Lactobacilli and Enterobacteria, both typically facultative anaerobes. This represents an inversion of the normal community that is dominated instead by the strictly anaerobic Bacteroides and Clostridia. We found this inverted community also in patients with ileostomies who did not receive a transplant, suggesting that the ileostomy itself is the primary ecological determinant shaping the microbiota. After surgical closure of the ileostomy, the community reverted to the normal structure. Therefore, we hypothesized that the ileostomy allows oxygen into the otherwise anaerobic distal ileum, thus driving the transition from one microbial community structure to another. Supporting this hypothesis, metabolomic profiling of both communities demonstrated an enrichment for metabolites associated with aerobic respiration in samples from patients with open ileostomies. Viewed from an ecological perspective, the two communities constitute alternative stable states of the human ileum. That the small bowel appears to function normally despite these dramatic shifts suggests that its ecological resilience is greater than previously realized.


With Internet environment is getting optimized and users preferring mobile communications, Cloud Service Providers (CSP) aim to provide services to users depending on their geographic locations with higher service availability and faster access speed. Mobile cloud computing falls into this category, where mobile users can move around and request cloud services at any given geographic locations. To build such a geographic-based mobile cloud services, an effective mobile cloud resource allocation and service request scheduling scheme is highly desired. To this end, the presented service request scheduling scheme takes a comprehensive approach by considering system parameters from both CSP and mobile users such as computation, energy, connectivity, service payment, mobile users' satisfaction, etc. Finally, the performance evaluation of the proposed scheduling scheme is evaluated through simulations where the results show that the presented scheme achieves better system overall gain compared to traditional over-provisioning approaches.


High-temperature superconducting linear synchronous motors (HTS-LSMs) have many advantages, such as high thrust density, high efficiency, large electromagnetic gap, and liquid-helium-free refrigeration, because of the high operating temperature and good mechanical tolerance of high-temperature superconductors. Therefore, HTS-LSMs have broad application prospects in the field of high-speed maglev propulsion system. To study the dynamic stability of an HTS-LSM, this work aims at designing, fabricating and testing an HTS magnet as the mover magnet of an HTS-LSM. The HTS mover magnet is a monopole HTS magnet, and it is designed according to electromagnetic, structural, and thermal properties and the measurement system. A thermal model and structural dynamics model were constructed to analyze the dynamic refrigeration performance and structural dynamics characteristics of the HTS magnet. The validation of these models was verified by experimental results. The HTS coils in the HTS mover magnet were fabricated using epoxy impregnation with primary and secondary curing processes. Static tests and dynamic tests were performed to comprehensively study the characteristics of the HTS magnet. The magnet could be cooled to below 20 K and could be excited to 246 A with a certain temperature margin. An electromagnetic simulator was designed and manufactured to realize the off-line simulation of the actual operation of the HTS-LSM. The dynamic experimental results show that the HTS magnet could withstand a vibration environment of up to 18 gRMS without quenching and structural damage. This study provides useful information for the design and application of an HTS-LSM.


Connectivity limitations of the current Internet pose challenges to e-Science infrastructure, as communication between resources is of key importance for the sharing of hardware, software and data across geographically distributed institutions. To overcome such limitations many overlay networks have been developed. Existing solutions report performance that can keep up with slow wide-area links - however the question remains as to how overlay networks perform on new high-speed Internet connections. This paper characterizes the performance of user-level packet processing, which is at the core of most overlay networks implementations. To this end, building blocks of packet processing software are identified and characterized, and performance of IP forwarders developed in C and Java are compared through extensive measurements. Factors that affect the performance of overlay networks and limitations of existing solutions are characterized, providing insights on possible improvements. Experimental results show the following: to achieve maximum throughput, only a few microseconds (2 to 5) can be spent in virtual network processing; processing of small packets can limit TCP throughput; and overlays need to be carefully architected as encapsulation overheads can be substantial.


A medium-grained, foliated amphibolite found in the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic near the Haitian border yields concordant K-Ar ages of 123 ± 2 m.y. for hornblende and plagioclase. The rock exhibits a low Rb/Sr ratio (0.0217) and present-day 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7024) but differs in chemical composition from metamorphosed mafic rocks of the Duarte Formation. A previously reported K-Ar age of 127 ± 6 m.y., obtained on a hornblendite body from the Duarte Formation, agrees closely with the amphibolite age. The hornblendite also differs in composition from the metamorphosed mafic rocks of the Duarte Formation and from the amphibolite. The 123- to 127- m.y. ages are interpreted to represent a minimum date for a metamorphic event that affected the basement complex of Hispaniola. An unpublished K-Ar date for the Bermeja complex in Puerto Rico falls within this range, but older ages have been obtained from rocks in Cuba. A date of about 120 m.y. indicated by one interpretation of a previously reported conformable lead isotopic composition for galena from the Pueblo Viejo gold deposit in the upper part of the Los Ranches Formation volcanic rocks in the Dominican Republic also agrees closely with this 123- to 127-m.y. range; together with other data, it suggests that the extrusion of Los Ranchos volcanic rocks and metamorphism of the Duarte Formation could be genetically related.


This article proposes to use C++ template metaprogramming techniques to decide at compile-time which parts of a code sequence in a loop can be parallelized. The approach focuses on characterizing the way a variable is accessed in a loop (reading or writing); first to decide how the loop should be split to enable the analysis for parallelization on each part; and then to decide if the iterations inside each loop are independent so that they can be run in parallel. The conditions that enable the parallelization of a loop are first explained to justify the proposed decision algorithm exposed. Then; a C++ library-based solution is presented that uses expression templates to get the relevant information necessary for the parallelization decision of a loop; and metaprograms to decide whether to parallelize the loop and generate a parallel code.


Reversion to Islam while opening golden opportunities for a revert in terms of divine guidance and spiritual salvation is coming with somewhat insurmountable challenges in terms of Islamization of the self, family and contributions to the overall development of Malaysia as a multi-religious country. This is especially
so when Islam as an official religion has made the issue of Islamization of the Malaysian society and its systems amongst the pivotal national agendas in the country. As to what is the role of Chinese Muslims (reverts) in the process, studies, among others, have purported to present the statistics about their share in socioeconomic development. Similarly, empirical studies point to the
odds faced by this community at personal, family and community levels in their path for transition to the full Islamic way of life. To the presenters of this paper, however, the macro dimension of what it means to become a Muslim which is essential for adjustment to the Islamic requirements has not been sufficiently high-lighted in discourses in the area. Accordingly, this paper presents
the position statements on Islamic expectations from Chinese reverts with the purpose of motivating them to achieve greater things in the area of Islamization of their community and the nation to the effect.


This paper proposes a stack of three Byzantine-resistant protocols aimed to be used in practical distributed systems: multi-valued consensus, vector consensus and atomic broadcast. These protocols are designed as successive transformations from one to another. The first protocol, multi-valued consensus, is implemented on top of a randomized binary consensus and a reliable broadcast protocol. The protocols share a set of important structural properties. First, they do not use digital signatures constructed with public-key cryptography, a well-known performance bottleneck in this kind of protocols. Second, they are time-free, i.e. they make no synchrony assumptions, since these assumptions are often vulnerable to subtle but effective attacks. Third, they are completely decentralized, thus avoiding the cost of detecting corrupt leaders. Fourth, they have optimal resilience, i.e. they tolerate the failure of f = ⌊(n-1)/3⌋ out of a total of n processes. In terms of time complexity, the multi-valued consensus protocol terminates in a constant expected number of rounds, while the vector consensus and atomic broadcast protocols have O(f) complexity. The paper also proves the equivalence between multi-valued consensus and atomic broadcast in the Byzantine failure model without signatures. A similar proof is given for the equivalence between multi-valued consensus and vector consensus. These two results have theoretical relevance since they show once more that consensus is a fundamental problem in distributed systems.


Reducing energy consumption is an increasingly important issue in cloud computing, more specifically when dealing with a cloud distribution dispatched over a huge number of machines. Minimizing energy consumption can significantly reduce the amount of energy bills, and the greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, many researches are carried out to develop new methods in order to consume less energy. In this paper, we present an Energy-aware Multi-start Local Search algorithm for an OpenNebula based Cloud (EMLS-ONC) that optimizes the energy consumption of an OpenNebula managed geographically distributed cloud computing infrastructure. The results of our EMLS-ONC scheduler are compared to the results obtained by the default scheduler of OpenNebula. The two approaches have been experimented using different (VMs) arrival scenarios and different hardware infrastructures. The results show that EMLS-ONC outperforms the previous OpenNebula's scheduler by a significant margin in terms of energy consumption. In addition, EMLS-ONC is also proved to schedule more applications.