Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) appear more likely than individuals with other mental disorders to evoke negative countertransference reactions. The current study examined countertransference toward BPD across client- (e.g., client age and gender) and clinician-level (e.g., age, discipline, clinical experience, training) factors. Participants (N = 560) completed an anonymous online survey in which they read case information describing a client with BPD and answered questions to assess their reactions toward the client. The study used a 2 × 2 between-subjects design in which client age and gender were experimentally manipulated. Despite receiving the same vignette, clinicians were more accurate in diagnosing the female client with BPD than the male client, and clinician reactions differed as a function of client age and clinician experience. Specifically, clinicians viewed adolescent clients with BPD as less ill, less trustworthy, and more dangerous than adults with BPD; more clinical experience among clinicians was associated with more positive reactions to clients. Findings help to better understand countertransference reactions and the ways they may impact diagnostic choices and treatment decisions. The implications of these findings for facilitating better clinician-client matching, reducing clinician burnout, and improving treatment experiences for individuals with BPD are discussed.


Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is related to multiple complications including insulin resistance (IR), endothelial dysfunction, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was widely used to measure OSA severity but poorly correlated with complications above. This study aimed to evaluate whether a new metric, the sleep breathing impairment index (SBII), was associated with cardiovascular risk in patients with OSA. Methods This study enrolled 140 consecutive male OSA patients without overt atherosclerotic CVD events, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, or heart failure. Data on baseline medical history, anthropometric and polysomnographic parameters, fasting biochemical measurements and endothelial function tests, and common questionnaires were collected. The SBII was calculated by the product of the duration of each obstructive event and the associated desaturation area. The primary outcome was the moderate-to-high Framingham 10-year CVD risk. Results The median age of enrolled patients was 40 (35–48) years. Eighty subjects had a moderate-to-high Framingham CVD risk. Patients with SBII in the third and fourth quartile had an increased proportion of moderate-to-high Framingham CVD risk with an adjusted OR 6.28 (95% CI 1.10–36.04) and 11.78 (95% CI 1.25–111.38). Significant association was not demonstrated in AHI and the Framingham CVD risk. Conclusion Higher SBII was associated with an increased 10-year CVD risk after adjusting for multiple potential confounding factors. Additional valuable information derived from polysomnography besides AHI deserves to be paid more attention.


The Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology Arts building is the world's first commercial implementation of a post tensioned Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) shear wall system based on EXPAN technology. Full-scale, in-situ dynamic testing and monitoring of the building was combined with finite element modelling and updating to obtain an understanding of the structural dynamic performance within the linear range. Ambient testing was performed at three stages during construction and was combined with forced vibration testing for the final stage. System identification was also performed using dynamic data from the continuous monitoring system. The results show that addition of non-structural elements, such as cladding and staircase, increased the natural frequency of the first and second mode by 19% and 24%, respectively. The addition of the concrete floor topping as a structural diaphragm significantly increased the natural frequency of the first mode but not the second mode, with an increase of 123% and 18%, respectively. Damping ratios of the building were between 1.6% and 5.2% and depended on vibration amplitude. Using FEM simulations, the maximum deflection for a 25 year return period seismic event was estimated to be 8mm.


: The influence of the duration of the organ cultivation on the protective potential of mouse fetal liver hemopoietic cells was investigated. The protective potential was evaluated according to a 3-week viability of the lethally irradiated (mean LD88/21) mice following syngeneic transplantation. During 20 days of cultivation the protective potential (calculated per number of injected cells) remained at the initial level. With more prolonged cultivation (24-62 days) the protective potential was retained only in part of cultures and the mean effect was reduced. No parallelism has been revealed between the totipotent hemopoietic precursors capable of replacing the hemopoietic cells of an irradiated recipient and the CFUs in long-cultivated fetal liver cultures.


Current trends in the education literature currently point to school leadership as responsible for the professional growth of the faculty (Fullan, 2010; Reeves, 2006) leading to the desired academic growth of the students. The Christian school community, however, has limited resources compared to those in the public sector. Unfortunately, the literature rarely includes the 400,000 teachers or the school leaders who have chosen to work in private education and their influence on the lives of over 5 million children (Broughman & Swaim, 2006). By examining effective professional development and its relationship to the development of professional learning communities specifically for Christian schools, this study's findings provide much needed research for leadership in the private school community. Because participating in professional development is important to continued teacher growth and quality as well as student achievement (Darling-Hammond, 2004; Haycock, 1998; National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, 1996), it is hoped this study will lead to improved teacher and student performance under the guidance of school leadership. While Headley's (2003) work surveyed 60 ACSI schools, providing an overview of professional activities most commonly provided for teachers in those schools, additional knowledge is needed about which activities are of most value to professional learning community development, leading to teacher growth and student success. This article is available in International Christian Community of Teacher Educators Journal: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/icctej/vol5/iss2/6


Based on a metanarrative analysis of the self-reflexive process I undertook during my research into the "solidarity encounter" between Indigenous women and White women in a contemporary Canadian context, I argue that self-reflexivity is a fraught mechanism for grappling with and dismantling structural privilege. I recount how, despite my best self-reflexive efforts and expectations to the contrary, I could not completely forestall some of the ways in which my subjectivity and hence power would infuse the research—specifically, in how the specter of the liberal subject would haunt it. This haunting, I contend, is indicative of the limits of self-reflexivity when it is underpinned by modernist/liberal ideologies of subjectivity. In short, I convey the perils and promises of self-reflexivity as a mechanism for revealing researcher impact on and for leveling power relations in social justice research (and beyond). Specifically, I identify in my own practice elements of the "validated reflexive strategies" critiqued by Wanda S. Pillow. I conclude that self-reflexivity is most valuable when approached as a window into structural oppression and privilege and not only into the power of researchers as individuals. Building on Sara Ahmed's reflexive "double turn," I argue that radical reflexivity is a better model for avoiding the vortex of a self-reflexivity performed by modernist/liberal subjects. I propose that radical reflexivity can assist researchers to identify the ways in which our structural positions overdetermine (though never absolutely or seamlessly) the contours of our scholarly and political commitments.


Anti-angiogenic therapy can produce transient regression in tumor in case of Glioblastoma (GBM); however, no prolongation of patient survival rate had so far been achieved.To address this problem, an effort was made to design and characterize a temozolomide loaded nanosystem for targeting the tumor vasculature in the brain using polymeric nanoparticles. It included the formation of Temozolomide (TMZ) loaded Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) and their conjugation with polysorbate-80 (P-80) which enhanced the penetration of drug to blood-brain barrier resulting in the enhancement of pro-apoptotic activity.Conjugating nanoparticles with a tumor-penetrating polymer (P-80) further enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of the drug.The animal studies indicated the enhanced potential of the developed system in the effective treatment of glioblastoma.


Many reasons have been given for weak antitrust enforcement in Japan. In this paper we explore one reason that has been overlooked - the concentration of enforcement authority in Japan's Fair Trade Commission. The paper begins with a description of Japan's antitrust enforcement system, with a particular focus on the current position and activities of the JFTC. We then compare Japan's system to the antitrust enforcement system that has evolved in the United States, primarily to provide the contrast of a system where enforcement is more deconcentrated and enforcers operate in a networked environment rather than in a hierarchical one. We conclude with three suggestions for opening up antitrust enforcement in Japan: Increase the networking of the JFTC and other ministries regarding competition matters; strengthen the support structure for private litigation; and encourage the JFTC to participate fully in the growing internationalization of antitrust enforcement.


This paper deals with the socio-spatial relations of changes in the concept of place. Since the 1970s, place has been one of the key terms of humanistic geography. Therefore, this paper reflects how the concept of place, its functions and meanings could be applied in the changing space-time and social contexts. The 'exotic' phenomenon of the American Bar which had penetrated into Europe in the first half of the 20th century can be regarded as a representative of place when it had emerged during Americanisation as a new cultural element. This article compares the interwar development of this phenomenon in two European capitals (Berlin, Prague) and analyses both differences and the common attributes of the process of forming place. Emphasis is placed not only on the localisation of the American Bar, but also on more complex historical and geographical analysis  of its development and perception that were characteristic exclusively for the Central European region. Using  the archive materials, the contemporary press, legislative measures and professional and memoir literature, the study confirms that the American Bar phenomenon had acquired different meanings within different contexts which had changed over time and which can be documented through the "spreading" of this phenomenon in  space.


1. Respiration of the climbing perch Anabas has been studied under five different experimental conditions. ( a ) The mean O2 consumption of a fish allowed free access to air, is about 113 c.c./kg/h at 25°C. The fish obtain nearly equal amounts of oxygen through the gills and through the accessory organs. ( b ) The overall O2 consumption from water of a fish allowed free access to nitrogen is nearly the same as during normal respiration from water with access to air. ( c ) The O2 consumption is reduced when the fish is out of water and obtains all its oxygen from air. ( d ) The O2 consumption from air increases considerably when the fish is maintained in de-oxygenated water and depends upon surfacing for its oxygen supply. ( e ) The O2 consumption of a fish kept in aerated water and prevented from surfacing remains at a minimum level relative to the other four conditions.

2. Much more carbon dioxide is released through the gills than through the accessory organs (10:1) when the fish respires from aerated water with access to air. The accessory organs are much more important for O2 uptake.

3. The respiratory quotient is approximately 1 when the fish is in aerated water, with or without access to air, but is only 0.7 when the fish is out of water.

4. Anabas can live out of water for 6-10 h if protected from dehydration. It continues to breathe quietly in air-saturated water using its gills alone for shorter periods (6-8 h) when denied free access to air.


Given an automaton, its behaviour can be modelled as the sets of strings over an alphabet A that can be accepted from any of its states. When considering concurrent systems, we can see a concurrent agent as an automaton, where non-determinism derives from the fact that its states can offer a different behaviour at different moments in time. Non-deterministic computations between a pair of states can then no longer be described as a 'set' of strings in a free monoid. Consequently, between two states we will have a labelled structured set of computations, where the structure describes the possibility of two computations parting from each other while maintaining the same observable steps. In this paper, we shall consider different kinds of observation domains and related structured sets of computations. Structured sets of computations will be organised as a category of generalised trees built over a meet-semilattice monoid formalizing the observation domain. Theorems allowing us to introduce the usual concurrency operators in the models and relating different models will then be obtained by first considering ordinary functors (on and between the observation domains), and then lifting them to the categories of structured sets of computations.


A total of 366 bimonthly (January 1978-January 1979) samples taken with six types of gear (otter trawl, gill net, bag seine, small seine, drop net, square enclosure - all
with replication except the gill net) at four stations in
upper Newport Bay, California yielded 51,816 fishes belonging to 46 species and weighing over 353 kg. Atherinops affinis (topsmelt) was the most abundant species accounting for 76% of total individuals. Seven species, all of low trophic levels, made up over 97% of the total catch. Mugil cephalus (striped mullet) ranked first in biomass (= 36% of the total) with six species accounting for more than 80% of the total biomass. The largest number of individuals (71%) was collected with the bag seine, the greatest number of species (35) was captured with the otter trawl and the largest percentage of the biomass (56%)was obtained with the gill net. Species richness, number of individuals and biomass were lowest in January (1978 or 1979) or March and highest in July (numbers, biomass) or September (species). Bimonthly diversity (H') values ranged from 0.48 to 2.17 (overall value 1.05) and tended to be inversely related to abundance levels. Species richness was greatest at Station 4 (the lowermost station) and least at Station 1 (the uppermost station). Numbers of individuals and biomass peaked at Station 2 and reached lowest levels at Station 1.
Length-frequency analysis of six of the most abundant
species indicated utilization of the upper bay by two or
more stages in the life history of these species.
More than 92,000 eggs belonging to seven taxa and an
unknown category and 426 larvae from 20 taxa were collected
with a 0.5 m net mounted on an epibenthic sled during the
same bimonthly periods and at the same stations as the
juvenile/adult samples. Most of the eggs were collected at
Station 2 in May with the numbers overwhelmingly dominated
by those of Anchoa compressa (deepbody anchovy) (99.7% of
total numbers). The most abundant larva was that of
Clevelandia ios (arrow goby). Nearly 60% of the total
larval catch was made up of members of the family Gobiidae.
Larval taxa and individuals were fewest in January (1978).
The number of taxa was highest in March, September and
January (1979) whereas larval numbers peaked in May. The
number of taxa and of individual larvae varied only slightly
among the four stations.
Asymptotic species accumulation curves indicated adequate sampling of juvenile/adult fishes. Cluster analysis
produced eight species groups of resident and periodic
species that variously utilize the three main habitats
(channel, inshore, pannes) in the upper bay. Species
richness and abundance were positively correlated with both
temperature and salinity. Temperature, salinity and depth
of capture were frequently correlated with individual species abundances and were used in combination to partially explain the spatial utilization of species and species groups.
The upper bay fish community is important and worthy of
preservation for at least three reasons: 1) it contains
species assemblages not duplicated in any other coastal
environment; 2) it contains life history stages of a
variety of coastal fish species; and 3) it contains large
populations of small, low-trophic level species and juveniles of other species which serve as forage for larger, predatory species that are frequently of economic importance. Members of the fish community respond noticeably to altered environmental conditions such as the heavy rainfall (and accompanying low salinity and high turbidity) that occurred during the early months of 1978. The short and long term, as yet often unpredictable, fluctuations in the populations emphasize the need for periodic monitoring and for the development of a mathematical model of the fish community if it is to be thoroughly understood and properly managed. (102pp.)


International mobility of researchers is increasingly constructed both as a science policy problem to be solved and as a goal to be pursued. Yet evidence on the experience of mobility and the factors associated with propensity to mobility remains patchy. We analyse comprehensive survey data on the mobility experience of university and non-university research institute researchers in the EU. Our results both confirm and challenge assertions about mobility made in the literature and in policy debates. We find that 57% of university respondents and 65% of institute respondents have experienced international mobility at least once in their research careers. We find that research visits are the most commonly experienced form of international mobility but that job migration (cross-country changes of employer) is also surprisingly common. International student mobility, and also industrial placement experience, seems to be a good predictor of subsequent mobility during the research career.


We studied the role of IL-2, IL-15, IL-10, TNF and IL-2 receptor complexes (IL-2R) produced constitutively by a T-cell lymphoma line (LBC) on their own proliferation. The constitutive expression of surface alpha, beta and gamma chains IL-2R was detected in tumor cells by flow cytometry. Using reverse-transcription PCR, mRNA for IL-2, IL-15, IL-10 and TNF were found to be present in LBC. In addition, tumor cells were found to constitutively express intracellular IL-2, IL-15, IL-10 and TNF. Despite the production of these cytokines by tumor cells, specific neutralising antibodies did not inhibit LBC proliferation; surprisingly, anti-IL-15 increased LBC cell growth. We also demonstrated that recombinant IL-2 or IL-15 enhanced LBC cell proliferation. Our data suggest that endogenous IL-2 and IL-15 may trigger the proliferation of lymphoma LBC cells, and so their growth could be regulated, at least partly, by IL-2/IL-15/IL-2R system. In addition, IL-10 and TNF, immunosuppressor and pro-metastatic cytokines, respectively, may promote the in vivo growth of the tumor. The fact that leukaemia-lymphoma cells produce simultaneously both IL-2 and IL-15 should be taken into consideration in the design of immunotherapy protocols directed to IL-2R.


The scope of this paper is to investigate the reasons as to why employees and managers in the workplace engage willingly in unethical practices. The paper begins by exploring the concept of ethics in the corporate world. It further highlights the different forms of unethical practices in the various companies in the contemporary world. The various theories that explore the issue of unethical practices in the workplace are highlighted and how they relate to the occurrence of unethical demeanor. The social contract theory and the psychological theories are highlighted in the paper. The study further delves in exploring the various types of reasons as depicted in different forms of literature in the world. The reasons include the pressure for performance at work, the effect of groupthink in the workplace, pressure from management, management control, demographic factors, and psychological traps, broken window theory. The paper also recommends the executive techniques that can be used to curb the psychological traps in the corporations. The paper also explores the broken window theory as a cause for unethical practices in the workplace. In conclusion, the paper comes up with recommendations for corporations. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department Management First Advisor Anushri Rawat Second Advisor Fraya Wagner-Marsh


The practicability and feasibility of using alcohol ignition interlock devices has been discussed for more than 15 years in Germany. Thereby, judicial issues have been treated conversely. Consensus exists about the fact that the voluntary use of alcohol ignition interlocks is in all areas of possible use recommendable. Great reservation is shown concerning the operation of the devices for DUI (Driving Under Influence) offenders. Main doubts regard the missing legal base for application in such cases and potential circumvention attempts while the need of supportive psychological measures is unquestioned. In 2011, the Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs entered this topic in its newly released traffic safety programme as a matter of future research. Almost in parallel, the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) launched an alcohol ignition interlock project for DUI offenders. The study at hand aimed at developing a comprehensive programme concept for the use of alcohol ignition interlocks as additional measure to psychological rehabilitation for DUI offenders. Expert surveys serve as input for the establishment of a widely accepted innovative concept for nationwide implementation. By means of a pilot trial, the added value of using a combination of structural (alcohol interlock) and individual (psychological measure) intervention for DUI offenders to the existing countermeasure system should be studied. In addition, selection criteria for DUI offenders eligible for future programme participation should be defined. The majority of the experts evaluate the introduction of alcohol ignition interlocks as a good option to enhance traffic safety. The possibility of early psychological rehabilitation is emphasized in the process. Those who do not approve alcohol ignition interlock usage estimate the amount of offenders eligible for such programmes too small. The survey also revealed that legal regulations for issuing an alcohol interlock restricted licence to DUI offenders is missing. Hence, a possible amendment to the German Driving Licencing Regulation was developed within the project. Consultations with the Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs and the Ministry of Justice disclosed the need for a change of the road traffic law before an amendment to the existing regulations may be put into force. At least, the person responsible in the Ministry of Justice developed a proposal for the law section that needs revision. All in all, it became clear within the process of the project that a field trial in Germany is still a distant vision. Nevertheless, all institutions involved are motivated to deal with the matter further on in order to pave the way for a soon start of the pilot trial. (A)


This article examines the relationship between participation in the Catholic Church and the consciousness and protest behavior of the most strategic sector of the Peruvian labor force. It explores two ideal models of church influence: traditional and liberation. Although Liberation Theology has some of its deepest roots in the writings and practice of Peruvian priests, the association between participation in church ritual in general in Peru and the consciousness and behavior of workers suggests that the overall influence of the Peruvian Church is best described by the traditional model. Participation in Church ritual and its associated religiosity increase fatalism, retards concientizacion, reduces protest participation, and integrates workers into the hierarchy and discipline of the industrial enterprise. The article agrees with Gramsci (1971) that the control of consciousness is as significant an area of political struggle as the control of production, and that the two are related. Through its influence on social consciousness, the church can indirectly affect political action and national patterns of production and distribution. Church acculturation may affect economic growth rate by reducing worker-management and worker-state conflict. It seems equally likely that the conservative effect of church acculturation increases distributional inequality.


Thus far, most systematic reviews commissioned to inform international development policy have focused on questions of 'what works', drawing on experimental and quasi-experimental studies of the effects of interventions. This article argues that systematic review methods can be applied to answer a range of different questions for international development and pays particular attention to methods of synthesising qualitative evidence that apply the key principles of systematic reviewing of being comprehensive, systematic and transparent. The article introduces readers to the types of questions for which reviews of qualitative evidence might be appropriate, the types of evidence such reviews might include and the range of methods available for their synthesis.


Received: 15.10.2016 Accepted: 08.01.2017 Abstract Objectives: This study was undertaken to observe the frequency of different diagnostic groups for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in patients who sought treatment for TMD in an outpatient clinic of a dental school. Methods: Files of patients who received a diagnosis of TMD in a period of 24 months were evaluated. Clinical and demographic data extracted from 213 patient files meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Results: According to the classification of RDC/TMD, 100 patients were diagnosed with myofascial pain and 113 patients were diagnosed with disc displacement. Myofascial pain was the most common diagnosis among women; disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) was the most common diagnosis in men. Self-reported bruxism was reported by 59% of the patients. The amount of maximal mouth opening showed a statistically significant difference among patients with different clinical diagnoses and also between males and females (P<0.05). The mean visual analog scale (VAS) score was 4.9±2.4 in all diagnostic subgroups, and pain severity was higher in female patients but not significantly (P>0.05). Conclusion: Demographic characteristics of patients with TMD presenting to a dental school clinic in Ankara, Turkey were similar to those reported in the literature. A thorough anamnesis can provide more detailed information about parafunctional activity and sociodemographic factors and enhance accurate diagnosis.


Molecular mechanisms of proton conduction in polymer electrolyte membranes are addressed by ab initio molecular dynamics calculations, utilizing the VASP program, on the model system trifluoromethane sulfonic acid monohydrate solid. After establishing that the experimental crystal is stably simulated, these computations are used to seek crystal defects that might contribute to proton conduction. The most favorable defect found involves formation of a Zundel ion, H5O2 , and H-bonded, paired sulfonate groups. The energy of this defect is 0.3-0.4eV above the energy of the undefected solid, in suggestive agreement with the observed activation energy for proton transport in minimally hydrated Nafion®.


Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of silymarin and silibinin, a plant derived flavonoid compounds against oral microorganisms that are responsible for dental caries. Methods: In the current investigation, we analyzed the comparative antibacterial and antifungal effect of silibinin and silymarin against clinical cariogenic oral pathogens through evaluating their minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration. We used clinical isolates that are responsible for dental caries and these include Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans to evaluate the anticariogenic potential of silymarin and silibinin. Results: In the present investigation, silymarin exhibit good antimicrobial effect against most of the oral cariogenic microorganisms tested when compared to silibinin. Interestingly, silymarin shows high sensitivity at a concentration of <5 µg/ml against S. mutans, L. acidophilus and C. albicans . On the other hand, silibinin also have significant antimicrobial effect against the oral pathogens. Conclusions: Silymarin and silibinin can be used as appropriate drug candidates that control dental caries, endodontic infections.


Genetic testing uptake for colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer has not increased over a 10-year period in spite of universal screening guidelines. More genetic testing education is needed at the provider and patient level to improve screening strategies for cancer patients who are most at risk for Lynch syndrome. Lynch syndrome is the most common inherited cancer syndrome that increases the risk of developing colorectal and endometrial cancer. Universal screening guidelines were first recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2009 and are updated annually by multiple societies. Therefore, one would expect genetic testing rates to increase over time. But testing remains underutilized among those with colorectal or endometrial cancer, even though early detection can improve prognosis and survival rates. In this study, we aimed to understand differences in genetic testing uptake among those with colorectal cancer or endometrial cancer from 2005, 2010, 2015, using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). We examined genetic testing uptake across cancer-type, age (≤50 or ≥51), sex, race, insurance, and education using a χ2 statistical analysis. Despite an upward genetic testing trend in 2010, we found no significant differences in genetic testing uptake over time. In 2010, non-White individuals experienced the highest increase from 2005 in comparison with White individuals. However, genetic testing rates declined for both groups by 2015. Our findings show that genetic testing for colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer did not increase over a 10-year period in spite of guidelines that recommend testing. Prevention Relevance: Genetic testing uptake for colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer has not increased over a 10-year period in spite of universal screening guidelines. More genetic testing education is needed at the provider and patient level to improve screening strategies for cancer patients who are most at risk for Lynch syndrome.


Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of two pregabalin regimens administered as adjunctive therapy to that of placebo in patients with medically refractory partial epilepsy. Methods: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial was performed. Following a prospective 8-week baseline phase, patients were randomized to 12 weeks of double-blind treatment with placebo or pregabalin 600 mg/day administered twice daily (BID) or three times daily (TID). Primary efficacy was measured as change in seizure frequency from baseline of either pregabalin regimen compared with placebo. Secondary efficacy comparisons included the proportion of patients experiencing ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency (responder rate) and median percentage change from baseline in seizure frequency. Safety/tolerability assessments included adverse events (AEs), physical and neurologic examinations, and clinical laboratory evaluation. Efficacy and safety analyses were performed on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Results: Pregabalin treatment resulted in seizure frequency reductions: 53% for pregabalin TID (p ≤ 0.0001) and 44% for pregabalin BID (p ≤ 0.0001) compared with a 1% increase for placebo. Responder rates were 49% for pregabalin TID and 43% for pregabalin BID compared with 9% for placebo (p ≤ 0.001). Both pregabalin regimens were similar in efficacy and tolerability. The most common AEs were dizziness, somnolence, and ataxia. Conclusions: Pregabalin administered at 600 mg/day is safe, generally well tolerated, and efficacious as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of patients with partial seizures, with or without secondary generalizations. This dose can be administered on a twice daily or three times daily schedule with similar efficacy and tolerability results.


The aim of this review is to gain the informations on applications and approaches that are presently available for non-destructive techniques (NDT) in composite materials. This review also will enhanced the knowledge in the NDT fields with available studies theories and research works done currently. Thus, it has been concluded the research that have been done in the past for military purpose but nowadays (NDT) technique is widely used in other various applications including composite materials, fire safety, land determine, food safety and quality and also famously practice in medical used.


Abstract Utilizing the occurrence of plesiadapid mammals, we recognize both Tiffanian and Clarkforkian ages in the Fort Union Formation of the Piceance Creek Basin of Colorado. Five species of plesiadapids are described from eighteen fossil localities. The presence of Nannodectes gazini, Plesiadapis fodinatus and a new species Chiromyoides gigas indicate that at most eleven of the reported fossil localities are Tiffanian in age. The majority of the fossil specimens come from UCM locality 92177 (USGSD-2001) located 35.8 meters above the base of the Fort Union Formation, which we place in the Ti5 lineage zone. The occurrence of Plesiadapis dubius and Chiromyoides caesor in the Plateau Valley area suggests a younger Clarkforkian age for these stratigraphically higher localities. We are the first to recognize Tiffanian aged fossils in the Piceance Creek Basin, extending the mammalian record back to more than 58 million years ago.


Genetic and environmental aspects are recognized in the obesity field and attempts to elucidate multiple genes and gene/environment interactions are necessary. In rare cases of monogenic obesities, genetic tools have proved extremely powerful for identifying the genes responsible and for defining new syndromes. Abnormalities of genes involved in the leptin/melanocortin axis have been described. In common obesity, most studies include the search for genotype/phenotype associations without taking into account the influence of environment (diet, sedentary lifestyle) in the relationship. Many genes and candidate regions have been proposed to be involved in the determinism of human obesity. Among the limitations to this integrated approach, one can cite the difficulty of having large enough samples as well as biocomputing tools that are still in their infancy for accessing the question of multiple interactions with no "a priori hypotheses". This picture will probably change rapidly in the future. The purpose of this paper is to present some examples of the knowledge acquired in the field of obesity genetics and the new ongoing tools and developments that aim at studying the contribution of genes to obesity and their response to environmental changes. The capacity for studying multiple genes at once at the DNA or RNA levels is rapidly growing. Finally, tremendous progress in biocomputing will allow the integration of information from different sources (i.e. environment, phenotype, genotype, gene expression) and thus improve our ability to deal with complexity. Examples of these approaches exist in humans and in animal models.


In the phytophagous corn earworm, Helicoverpa (Heliothis) zea, females delay their reproductive behaviors until they find a suitable host on which to deposit their eggs. Perception of volatile chemical signals from corn silk triggers the production of sex pheromone followed by its release, which leads to mating. Several natural corn silk volatiles, including the plant hormone ethylene, induced pheromone production in H. zea females. Because H. zea larvae feed on the fruiting parts of a wide variety of hosts, ethylene, which is associated with fruit ripening, could act as a common cue.


During 2008, ENT-UK received a number of professional enquiries from colleagues about the management of children with upper airway obstruction and uncomplicated obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). These children with sleep related breathing disorders. (SRDB) are usually referred to paediatricians and ENT surgeons. In some general hospitals, (DGHs) where paediatric intensive care (PICU) facilities to ventilate children were not available, paediatrician and anaesthetist colleagues were expressing concern about children with a clinical diagnosis of OSA having routine tonsillectomy, with or without adenoidectomy. As BAPO President, I was asked by the ENT-UK President, Professor Richard Ramsden to investigate the issues and rapidly develop a working consensus statement to support safe but local treatment of these children. The Royal Colleges of Anaesthetists and Paediatrics & Child Health and the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists nominated expert members from both secondary and tertiary care to contribute and develop a consensus statement based on the limited evidence base available. Our terms of reference were to produce a statement that was brief, with a limited number of references, to inform decision-making at the present time. With patient safety as the first priority, the working party wished to support practice that facilitated referral to a tertiary centre of those children who could be expected, on clinical assessment alone, potentially to require PICU. In contrast, the majority of children who could be safely managed in a secondary care setting should be managed closer to home in a DGH. BAPO, ENT-UK, APA, RCS-CSF and RCoA have endorsed the consensus statement; the RCPCH has no mechanism for endorsing consensus statements, but the RCPCH Clinical Effectiveness Committee reviewed the statement, concluding it was a 'concise, accurate and helpful document'. The consensus statement is an interim working tool, based on level-five evidence. It is intended as the starting point to catalyze further development towards a fully structured, evidence-based guideline; to this end, feedback and comment are welcomed. This and the constructive feedback from APA and RCPCH will be incorporated into a future guideline proposal. Introduction


In recent years, symmetry breaking for constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) has attracted considerable attention. Various general schemes have been proposed to eliminate symmetries. In general, these schemes may take exponential space or time to eliminate all the symmetries. We identify several classes of CSPs that encompass many practical problems and for which symmetry breaking for various forms of value or variable interchangeability is tractable using dedicated search procedures. We also show the limits of efficient symmetry breaking for such dominance-detection schemes by proving intractability results for some classes of CSPs.


Chalcone synthase (CHS) and Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) are amongst the key enzymes responsible for the production of anthocyanins in plants. They are generally encoded by multi-gene families with some members of these families contributing to colour pigmentation. The study examined CHS and ANS genes in Clivia miniata; whose flowering tissues undergo colour changes. The RNA to cDNA was isolated from floral tissues and three unigene(s) (CmiCHS 11996, CmiCHS 43839 and CmiANS) of short sequence lengths were initially obtained using next-generation sequencing technique. Gene-specific primers were designed from the unpublished initial short sequences of CHS and ANS. The length of the amplified cDNA after PCR were CmiCHS 11996 (933 bp), CmiCHS 43839 (951 bp) and CmiANS (983 bp). The start translated ORF frame corresponding to the predicted protein of 390 amino acid deduced protein (AEN04070) for CHS genes, and predicted 355 amino acid in respect to ANS gene (AGD99672). In silico analysis revealed the calculated molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point (pI) CmiCHS 11996 and CmiCHS43839 were 31.0 kDa - 6.95 and 34.6 kDa - 7.54 respectively. The important motifs of the product binding site and active site were successfully identified from the deduced amino acid sequences. Multiple sequence alignment showed that the CmiCHS and CmiANS sequences were highly conserved and shared high sequence identity (>83%) with chalcone synthases from other plants. However, another assay was performed to determine the expression profiles of these genes in different tissues as well as the tepals (orange and yellow flower) using the real-time quantitative PCR. The expression levels of CmiCHS and CmiANS were higher in tepals compared to other tissues (leaves, style and stigma and scape). These expression patterns of the genes in the tissues corresponded to the accumulation of anthocyanin, suggesting that the orange and yellow colour pigments was certainly related to the regulation of chalcone synthase and anthocyanin synthase.


A fifty-five year old female patient presented with jaundice, subfebrile fever and dark yellow urine since one month before admission. She lost weight 10 kilograms during one month. One day before admission to Ciptomangunkusumo General Hospital, she complained of worsened abdominal pain at right upper quadrant urging her to come to the emergency room. An abdominal examination revealed Murphy sign, mild hepatomegaly and deeply icteric sclera. Serum bilirubin was 21.8 mg/dl, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels were significantly elevated (1090 IU/L and 560 IU/L consecutively) while the transaminases were moderately high (ALT 80 U/L). The C-reactive protein was 555 mg/L. An abdominal ultrasound examination revealed dilatation of right and left intrahepatic bile duct and presence of common hepatic duct stone. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic cholangiopancreatography (MRI/MRCP) revealed intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, multiple CBD stone and benign stricture at common hepatic duct causing right and left intrahepatic bile duct obstruction.We assessed the patient as acute cholangitis and obstructive jaundice suspected to be caused by biliary duct stone then we performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), we revealing stenosis at distal CBD, multiple CBD stone, giant stone in CHD and dilatation of bilateral IHBD. We performed CBD stone extraction then inserted biliary stent for drainage. Then we planned to do second ERCP with SpyGlassTM for giant stone extraction. After the first ERCP, the clinical condition of the patient improved and the bilirubin decreased to 10 mg/dL. In the next two weeks we performed a second ERCP to extract the giant stone with SpyGlass TM. However, after we inserted SpyGlassTM into the biliary duct, what we found were not as we expected before. We revealed that there was a mass in biliary duct and there was no CBD stone. We did the biopsy and inserted a new plastic stent (after removed the older one) to the common biliary duct. Surprisingly, the result of histopathology also supports our findings, which was the adenocarcinoma at common bile duct.


An extension of the Rotterdam model is developed that makes the model's income flexibility and marginal propensities to consume varying coefficients. Frisch's duality relationships that the second partial derivatives of demand with respect to income and prices are independent of the order of differentiation are imposed with the marginal propensities to consume specified as functions of income and price, and the Slutsky coefficients specified as functions of income only. A uniform substitute specification is used to analyze the conditional demands for a group of beverages.


Abstract We analyze the stability of efficiency rankings of German universal banks between 1993 and 2004. First, we estimate traditional efficiency scores with stochastic cost and alternative profit frontier analysis. Then, we explicitly allow for different risk preferences and measure efficiency with a structural model based on utility maximization. Using the almost ideal demand system, we estimate input- and profit-demand functions to obtain proxies for expected return and risk. Efficiency is then measured in this risk-return space. Mean risk-return efficiency is somewhat higher than cost and considerably higher than profit efficiency (PE). More importantly, rank–order correlation between these measures are low or even negative. This suggests that best-practice institutes should not be identified on the basis of traditional efficiency measures alone. Apparently, low cost and/or PE may merely result from alternative yet efficiently chosen risk-return trade-offs.


lecture deal with every side of his vast subject-sa s little of biophysics, and, I think, nothing of the properties of colloids? Iluti he of opinion that there are no features in these activities, inward and outward, of molecular groups or of colloids that verge or even trespass upon those of life? Before I close, may I reflect upon the word "environment," as ugly and ineffectual? Dr. Haldane probably feels this defect, as we,all have felt it. In certain of his sentences, especially in such sentences as the "internal environment of a cell" the phrase hardly speaks for itself; it does not tell. Cannot some other and better word be found ?-I am, etc.,


The city of Mosul, after the occupation of ISIS on 10/06/2014, the ensuing military operations, and military mistakes during the liberation of the city, was subjected to severe losses resulted in considerable destruction of lives and property. Where many individuals lost part or all of their human world in addition to the loss of part or all of their material world, for example, furniture, shops, wheels, vehicles.The Iraqi government has begun to open a sub-committee in the province whose task was to receive the claims of the victims, but what is noted is the delay in the performance of the committee in the performance of its tasks due to the difficult administrative and security measures on the one hand, and the delay in the payment of compensation to the victims after the completion of the procedures on the other.Hence the problem of the study to identify the implications of delayed payment of compensation on the restoration of stability in the city. The theoretical aspect of the study included the general theoretical framework, and described the work of the Compensation Department in the city of Mosul, while the field side of the study included the procedures of the field study, presenting and analyzing the results of the study, and submitting recommendations and proposals.


Introduction As the HIV/AIDS problem has reached epidemic or pandemic proportions, states are becoming more concerned about education as a means of informing people about the dangers. HIV/AIDS is a major problem in the United States, and even more so in Africa where, according to Bittner, Russo, and Whitaker (2001), 8.7 percent of the African population is infected. AIDS usually or always results in death, and is often sexually transmitted. Thus, adolescent sexual behavior and knowledge are important areas worthy of understanding (Keeling, 1986, 1988; Roscoe & Kruger, 1990; Russell, 1991; Strunin & Higinson, 1987) as they contribute to HIV/AIDS prevention or acquisition. The state of Louisiana requires AIDS education in all public schools, and some private schools also provide such education. But, what is really being taught? Are there differences due to minority vs. white enrollment in the schools? The present study was a statewide study of AIDS teaching practices in Louisiana. Finally, minorities have been at increased risk for AIDS, and thus have a higher rate of infection with HIV/AIDS (compared to non-Hispanic whites), often due to intravenous drug usage, homosexual behavior without condoms, or other unsafe sexual practices (Brannon & Feist, 1991; Burson, 1998; Centers for Disease Control, 1989; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999; Gaw, 1993; Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, 1990). Would predominantly minority schools differ from predominantly white schools with regard to the amount of information provided about the HIV/AIDS problem? If anything, minority schools should teach more about the HIV/AIDS problem than majority schools, since African Americans and Hispanics have a high rate of HIV/AIDS. At the very least, minority schools should offer just as much HIV/AIDS education as the majority schools. But, look at what was previously found to be the case regarding drug education. Shockingly, Eisenman (1993) found that schools with exclusive or predominantly African American student populations were less likely than schools exclusively or predominantly with white students to teach about drugs. Since drugs, especially crack cocaine, have had a horrible effect on many African-American youths and adults, one might have thought there would be more--or at least equal--education about drugs in the African-American schools. But, there was less education. AIDS Education The present report on AIDS education is based on data obtained by Denson, Voight, and Eisenman (1993, 1994), looking at variables associated with teaching about HIV/AIDS in the state of Louisiana. Questionnaires were sent to school principals, and they were asked to fill them out and report which areas of content were covered in their school, regarding teachings about HIV/AIDS. A one page questionnaire, asking about different content areas regarding HIV/AIDS and asking which HIV/AIDS areas were taught, was sent to the principal of 217 schools. The schools were selected in a geographically stratified fashion to reflect the make-up of schools in Louisiana. That is, since about three-fourths of the schools in the state are public, that percentage was chosen for study, with one-fourth of the schools studied being private schools. Likewise, a geographically stratified method was used for such variables as school setting (urban, suburban, rural), and region of the state (northwest, north central, northeast, central, southwest, south central, or southeast). Responses were returned by 98 of the 217 schools, for a response rate of 42.5%. The response rate was lower than what one would, ideally, hope for, but the responses did reflect the wished for geographical stratification. In other words, there was no greater or lesser likelihood for rural schools than urban schools to answer the questionnaire, and so on regarding all the geographical variables mentioned above. The respondents can be thought of as similar to volunteers, since they were the ones who agreed to answer the questions. …


The clinical display of the occlusal contact points is an essential part of the quality control of restorative work. Normally, articulating paper of different colors, occlusion foil or special waxes are used for this. A possible digital method has to date been to display the contact points and their distribution using a pressure sensor foil (T-Scan system). Occlusion bites in a silicone material are also possible alternatives. The Greifswald Digital Analyzing System (GEDAS) displays the strength, extent and localization of static contacts in intercuspation (IP) based on digitized silicone registrations. In 10 completely dentulous test persons (age 23 to 29 years), with 3 different examiners as well as 2 examination times spaced 14 days apart, the intraindividual reproducibility of the contact relations resulted in kappa values of 0.92, 0.96 and 0.99, and the interindividual reproducibility was between 0.90 and 1.00. Different versions of the GEDAS software are presented, including explanation and discussion of the possibilities of use.


The stratosphere is one of the constituents of thermal structure of the atmosphere. The maximum concentration of ozone is found at the stratospheric region where it is interacted by many species including chemical and physical processes. Atmosphere as a whole is an open system that is regarded as a non linear system and that seems to be complex. Therefore, a non-linear trend is plausible to explain phenomenon of ozone layer depletion (OLD). In this manuscript we have paid our attention in the analysis of the major portion of historic data on stratospheric O3 based on ground-based measurements by the Dobson Spectrophotometer. In this communication we have estimated parameters for describing non-linearity in the process using polynomial trend functions and predicted values are calculated for the period from 1960 to 1999. Future values for ozone depths are computed till 2006 and compared with the minor portion of the data set.


Abstract:  Dorfman‐Chanarin syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited lipid storage disease with congenital ichthyotic erythroderma due to an acylglycerol recycling defect. It is characterized by accumulation of neutral lipids in different tissues. Liver, muscle, ear, eye, and central nervous system are generally involved, so we presented a patient with severe ichthyosis, lipid vacuoles in neutrophils, and multiorgan involvement including a very rare complication, renal involvement. A 7‐month‐old girl was presented with frequent respiratory infection, congenital ichthyotic erithroderma and suspicion for immune deficiency. On her physical examination hepatomegaly, developmental delay, palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis and increased deep tendon reflexes with clonus and high tonus were found. Laboratory investigations revealed elevation at transaminases levels, hypoalbuminemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, presence of autoantibodies and eosinophilia. Vacuolization in leukocytes confirmed Dorfman‐Chanarin syndrome, whereas no mutation at RAG1‐2 and ARTEMIS genes ruled‐out immune deficient status of the patient. At the age of eight months the patient died from severe renal failure. Her necropsies demonstrated microvesicular lipid accumulation not only at the liver but also at the renal species. The variability of involvement of different systems in Dorfman‐Chanarin syndrome is well described, however the renal findings has not been reported previously at the literature.


Software contracts allow programmers to state rich program properties using the full expressive power of an object language. However, since they are enforced at runtime, monitoring contracts imposes significant overhead and delays error discovery. So contract veri cation aims to guarantee all or most of these properties ahead of time, enabling valuable optimizations and yielding a more general assurance of correctness. Existing methods for static contract verification satisfy the needs of more restricted target languages, but fail to address the challenges unique to those conjoining untyped, dynamic programming, higher-order functions, modularity, and statefulness. Our approach tackles all these features at once, in the context of the full Racket system—a mature environment for stateful, higher-order, multi-paradigm programming with or with- out types. Evaluating our method using a set of both pure and stateful benchmarks, we are able to verify 99.94% of checks statically (all but 28 of 49, 861). Stateful, higher-order functions pose significant challenges for static contract verification in particular. In the presence of these features, a modular analysis must permit code from the current module to escape permanently to an opaque context (unspecified code from outside the current module) that may be stateful and therefore store a reference to the escaped closure. Also, contracts themselves, being predicates wri en in unrestricted Racket, may exhibit stateful behavior; a sound approach must be robust to contracts which are arbitrarily expressive and interwoven with the code they monitor. In this paper, we present and evaluate our solution based on higher-order symbolic execution, explain the techniques we used to address such thorny issues, formalize a notion of behavioral approximation, and use it to provide a mechanized proof of soundness.


OBJECTIVE
To locate the cluster region of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and explore the new tumor suppressor gene.

METHODS
Allelic loss was analyzed by PCR with 15 microsatellite markers mapping on 6q16.3. The LOH was analyzed by bioinformatics. The relationship between LOH and clinical factors was further analyzed.

RESULTS
The frequency of LOH at least at one loci on 6q16.3 was 32.7%. The LOH in relapsed patients was higher than those in not relapsed. The higher frequency of LOH was observed in two regions of D6S1709-D6S1028 and D6S2160-D6S1580 at 6q16.3. GRIK2 may be a candidate of tumor suppressor gene. There are 12 ESTs may carry out new anti-oncogene. Patients with 6q LOH had higher WBC counts (P < 0.01), blast cells percentage (P < 0.01), relapse rate (P < 0.05) and chromosomal aberration (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
D6S1709-D6S1028 and D6S2160-D6S1580 are two regions of minimus deletion on 6q16.3 in which tumor suppressor gene may exist. The LOH on 6q16.3 may be a prognostic index of children with ALL.


This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of citric acid (CA)-C6H8O7 added MgB2superconductor. The relationships between microstructures, critical current density (Jc), critical temperature (Tc), upper critical field (Hc2), irreversibility field (Hirr), and normal state resistivity for 10 wt% C6H8O7added MgB2samples sintered at temperatures from 650°C to 950°C were systematically studied. A reduction in Tc and in lattice parameter a due to the C substitution and possible oxygen (O) effects occurs with C6H8O7 addition. Jc, Hc2, and Hirr are significantly enhanced, however, with the addition of C6H8O7. All the samples exhibit Jc above 104A/cm2 at 5 K and 8 T. This value is higher than for the un-doped MgB2 by a factor of 9. The significant improvement in the superconducting properties is attributed to the lattice distortion due to the C and possible oxygen (O) substitution for boron, with the C and O coming from the decomposition of C6H8O7.


This randomized double-blind controlled study analyzed the hemodynamic effects of penbutolol, a new levorotatory beta-blocker, using radionuclide angiography. Twenty cirrhotics with esophageal varices were randomized to two groups: 10 received 40 mg/day of penbutolol orally and the others placebo. Angioscintigraphy was performed before and after an 8-day treatment period. Three cases in the penbutolol group were lost due to software damage, hence the data of 17 patients were analyzed. The two groups were matched for age, sex, etiology of cirrhosis and hepatic function. The index of portal perfusion decreased significantly (-29%; p = 0.018) and the hepatic artery index increased significantly (+23%; p = 0.018), while no changes were observed after placebo. The heart rate decreased significantly after penbutolol (-9%; p = 0.028), while neither penbutolol nor placebo modified the ejection fraction. In conclusion, penbutolol decreased portal perfusion index (the compensatory increase in the hepatic artery index confirmed this change) without major modification of total hepatic blood flow or systemic hemodynamics. Angioscintigraphy is reasonably accurate, reproducible, safe and can be considered suitable for routine use in the assessment of liver hemodynamics.


Background: The application of bone tissue engineering for repairing bone defects has gradually shown some satisfactory progress. One of the concerns raising scientific attention is the poor supply of growth factors. A number of growth factor delivery approaches have been developed for promoting bone formation. However, there is no systematic comparison of those approaches on efficiency of neobone formation. In this study, the approaches using periosteum, direct supply of growth factors, or gene transfection of growth factors were evaluated to determine the osteogenic capacity on the repair of bone defect. Methods: In total, 42 male 21-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 to 400 g were used as the bone defect model to evaluate the bone repair efficiency. Various tissue engineered constructs of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-lactic acid) (PEG-PLLA) copolymer hydrogel with periosteum, with external supply of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), or with BMP2-transfected bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were filled in a 7-mm bone defect region. Animals were euthanized at 3 months, and the hydrogel constructs were harvested. The evaluation with histological staining and radiography analysis were performed for the volume of new bone formation. Results: The PEG-PLLA scaffold with BMMSCs promotes bone regeneration with the addition of periosteum. The group with BMP2-transfected BMMSCs demonstrated the largest volume of new bone among all the testing groups. Conclusions: Altogether, the results of this study provide the evidence that the combination of PEG-PLLA hydrogels with BMMSCs and sustained delivery of BMP2 resulted in the maximal bone regeneration.


Coal burning power plants are a frequent target of regulatory programmes because of their emission of chemicals that are known precursors to the formation of ambient particulate air pollution. Health impact assessments of emissions from coal power plants typically rely on assumed causal relationships between emissions, ambient pollution and health, many of which have never been empirically verified. We offer a novel statistical evaluation of some of these presumed causal relationships, integrating the formality of causal inference methods with repurposed tools from atmospheric science to accommodate the central challenge of long‐range pollution transport of emissions from power plants to exposed populations. The statistical approach follows recent work on Bayesian methods for deploying principal stratification and causal mediation analysis in tandem to characterize the extent to which decreased sulphur dioxide emissions from 410 power plants across the USA impact mortality and hospitalization outcomes across Medicare beneficiaries residing across 12370 locations in a manner that is mediated through reductions of ambient fine particulate pollution. The result is the first epidemiological investigation integrating causal inference methodology with direct measurements of coal emissions, pollution transport, ambient pollution and human health in a single analysis, indicating the potential for data science at the intersection of statistics, epidemiology and atmospheric science.


This study investigated the relation of muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) to difference power spectrum mean frequency (MF), their fatigue trends, and differences between their values and their fatigue trends in var- ious neuromuscular disorders. Electromyographic interference pattern was recorded inside the biceps in continuous isometric maximal voluntary con- tractions. Each subject was encouraged to pull for as long as possible. Fatigue was calculated as percent of time to complete inability to sustain contraction. The MFCV was computed by cross-correlation. The MF was computed by differencing, windowing, FFT, squaring of coefficient, and re-peat averaging. There were 33 healthy, 86 polyneuropathic, 28 myasthenic, 13 myotonic, and 32 myopathic patients. Both MFCV and MF changed significantly with fatigue-the MFCV linearly, while the MF in a markedly non- linear fashion. Both were found to be insensitive to the end stages of muscle fatigue- the MFCV did not change its slope toward complete fatigue, and the MF did not change at all beyond the 40% fatigue point. A statisti- cally sound fatigue regression equation was derived for each, and a nonlinear equation was found to best describe their relationship. Neither MFCV nor its fatigue changes were found to be significantly different across the neuromuscular disorders. The MF, however, was found to be significantly different in some neuromuscular disorders in both its average values and fatigue trends. This study showed, in contrast to the literature, a nonlinear relationship between MFCV and MF. It also shows that neither the MFCV nor the MF had reasonable diagnostic power on its own; however, the MF was very promising to serve as an adjunct to other variables.


This study was performed in ticks collected with the flagging method from localities situated along Anatolian side of Istanbul to the Bulgarian border of Turkey which is under the effect of Black Sea climate. All ticks which were collected seasonally were screened for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. and Rickettsia spp. in pools. As a result, indicated agents were revealed to be common in ticks of studied localities, Ixodes ricinus being the predominant tick which was active throughout the year.


This paper originates from a large EU programme designed to produce high performance coatings with superior mechanical and corrosion resistance properties to enhance high temperature corrosion behaviour of TiAl based alloy (Ti45Al8Nb).The paper here is concerned with studies of the hot corrosion behaviour of Ti – Aluminide alloys (Ti45Al8Nb mainly -TiAl with small amount 2 (Ti3Al)) coated with three coatings: (1) TiAlYN/CrN coating, (2) CrAl with 2%YN addition [1,2] (3) TiAlN with Al2O3 overlayer. Hot corrosion was induced by spraying salts mixture of 80%Na2SO4/20%NaCl with melting point around 700oC [1] [2] on heated sample surfaces, and subsequently heating the sprayed samples in a furnace at 750oC for various times. The extent of degradation, assessed by weight changes and examination by OM (Optical Microscope), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis) indicated that all samples suffered hot corrosion attack to various degrees. TiAlN with Al2O3 overlayer had the best corrosion resistance.We shall discuss these results within a mechanistic framework of hot corrosion degradation and describe their implications.


One value invoked in arguments for taking meaningful work seriously as an ethical aspiration, and for rearranging our working practices to accommodate this aspiration, is that of individual freedom. This appeal typically takes three forms. The first, drawing from an Aristotelian ideal of human flourishing, appeals to freedom conceived as self-realization. The second centers on freedom understood in the sense of personal autonomy or self-determination. The third appeals to freedom conceived as non-domination, which is deemed a precondition for enjoying self-realization and self-determination in work. These freedom-based claims for institutionalizing and maintaining meaningful work are compelling both in normative and empirical terms. Moreover, they are in no way undermined by counterclaims to the effect that meaningful work is not an appropriate public policy concern or that the ideals of self-realization and autonomy can be harnessed to legitimize exploitative work arrangements.


: The geographic distribution of chromosome races of two shrew species (Sorex araneus and Suncus murinus) was analyzed on the basis of published data and personal results. It was shown that expansion of both species was accompanied by fixation of different chromosome rearrangements (mainly Robertsonian translocations) in isolates. Chromosome polymorphism studied from the viewpoint of ecology and geography of these species allows reconstruction of their evolutionary history and understanding of the speciation process.


This paper presents a model that can be implemented to quickly estimate the resistive heating and the resulting transient temperature response. Quantifying the energy deposited in the rails and implementing an effective thermal management system will be key elements of an effective design for a large-scale electromagnetic launcher. The total current was divided between the inside, upper/lower and outside surface based on the results of a current distribution calculation. The diffusion of the magnetic field into each surface was modeled in order to determine the current distribution and the resistive heating. Cooling between shots was taken into account by solving the one dimensional transient heat diffusion equation within each surface. Repeating these calculations for a number of discrete segments down the length of the rail enabled the prediction of the total resistive rail heating and the temperature profile along the length of the rail. Experimental tests were conducted that verify the presence of localized heating in the corners of a U-shape conductor made of 7075 Aluminum. Taking into account the localized resistive heating near the surface of the conductor will become increasingly important with large-scale guns.


In this paper, we investigate the reduction of intermodulation distortion (IMD) in fiber-radio systems incorporating a dispersion-tolerant optical single sideband with carrier modulation. We present a systematic analysis and quantification of the third-order IMD generated due to optical components in the nonlinear optical front-end. Our proposed technique to improve the optical front-end linearity is by the removal of the optical components that contribute most to the third-order IMD in the RF domain. We experimentally demonstrated the proposed technique with two- and three-tone tests and showed more than 9-dB improvement in the overall carrier-to-IMD ratio. The proposed technique was also investigated via simulation analysis for a larger number of radio channels and showed an IMD suppression of >10 dB. In addition, the proposed technique is not only able to improve the carrier-to-interference of the radio signals but also to enable simultaneous baseband transmission, thereby facilitating the merging of millimeter-wave fiber-radio systems with other wired-access infrastructure. We present a detailed investigation and characterization of this technique.


In this article I trace the historical development of Peirce's semiotic rhetoric from its early appearance as a sub-discipline of symbolistic to its mature incarnation as one of the three main branches of the science of semiotic, and argue that this change in status is a symptom of Peirce's broadening semiotic interest. The article shows how the evolution of Peirce's theory of signs is linked to changes in his conception of logic. This modification is not merely a minor justification in his classification of the sciences; rather, it indicates a growing understanding of the interconnection between the different semiotic sub-disciplines. The scope and character of the mature discipline of rhetoric is further discussed in terms of a possible clash between rhetorical and methodological emphases, and a conciliatory strategy is suggested. The article concludes with some reflections on the relevance of Peircean rhetoric for future work in Peirce studies and semiotics.


In Neurospora crassa the conversion of quinate and shikimate to protocatechuate is catalysed by three inducible enzymes. Previous studies have demonstrated that the qa-r locus encodes a multimeric regulatory protein which is required for the synthesis of the three catabolic enzymes. The qa-2 locus has been shown to encode catabolic dehydroquinase. This work defines two new classes of mutants. The qa-3 locus is the structural gene for a bifunctional enzyme which catalyses the dehydrogenation of quinate and shikimate. Mutants of the qa-4 class specifically lack 5-dehydroshikimate dehydrase. Alleles of the four different qa mutant classes are tightly clustered and are located to the left of me-7 in L.G. VII.


Because of the great variety of lacustrine-source depositional characteristics and biological consortia, identification of a universally applicable indicator of freshwater or brackish-water organic input for crude oils and rock extracts has proven elusive. Tetracyclic polyprenoid compounds (TPP) are present in relatively high concentrations in oils and associated source rocks deposited under freshwater or brackish-water conditions, but typically are present in relatively low concentrations in samples from marine or coal-forming depositional environments. A TPP ratio, constructed from the gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry peak areas of a C30 tetracyclic polyprenoid divided by the sum of the peak areas of the C26 27-norcholestanes, revealed great specificity in identifying freshwater or brackish-water algal input, particularly in crude oils.


: Twenty crossbred Panama yearling ewes were used to determine the effects of feeding cull onions (Allium cepa) to sheep. Ten test ewes were fed onions free choice with supplemntal alfalfa hay and grain, whereas ten control ewes were fed only alfalfa hay and grain. Anemia developed within 3 weeks in the test ewes, but was not seen in the controls. All ewes remained clinically normal during the study. Onions were fed for about 130 days. Recovery of the erythrocyte system began before the end of the feeding period. Even though onions were fed during most of the gestation period, the numbers of lambs born in the test and control groups were essentially the same.


We report the crystal structure solution of the Intracellular Protease Inhibitor (IPI) protein from Bacillus subtilis, which has been reported to be an inhibitor of the intracellular subtilisin Isp1 from the same organism. The structure of IPI is a variant of the all-beta, immunoglobulin (Ig) fold. It is possible that IPI is important for protein-protein interactions, of which inhibition of Isp1 is one. The intracellular nature of ISP is questioned, because an alternative ATG codon in the ipi gene would produce a protein with an N-terminal extension containing a signal peptide. It is possible that alternative initiation exists, producing either an intracellular inhibitor or a secreted form that may be associated with the cell surface. Homologues of the IPI protein from other species are multi-domain proteins, containing signal peptides and domains also associated with the bacterial cell-surface. The cysteine peptidase inhibitors chagasin and amoebiasin also have Ig-like folds, but their topology differs significantly from that of IPI, and they share no recent common ancestor. A model of IPI docked to Isp1 shows similarities to other subtilisin:inhibitor complexes, particularly where the inhibitor interacts with the peptidase active site.


DeviantArt is an online community dedicated to sharing user-generated artworks. Launched in 2000, today this initiative has about 11 million members coming from over 190 countries. The website offers various web-based services to its members enabling and enforcing a strong social interaction. With its collection of around 100 million works, DeviantArt (DA) is the biggest art market of the world, presenting a new mode of displaying, evaluating and consuming arts. In that sense, DA generated a platform free of institutional and governmental politics, democratising the way arts are generated, shared and enjoyed. This paper discusses the collaborative aspects of this autonomous venue, and questions the potential of this initiative in becoming the new art venue of the 21st Century.


The bacterium Burkholderia glumae causes rice grain rot by producing toxoflavin, whose expression is regulated by quorum sensing (QS). We report a major deviation from the current paradigm for the regulation of bacterial polar flagellum genes. The N‐octanoyl homoserine lactone (C8‐HSL)‐deficient mutant of B. glumae is aflagellate and has lost the ability to swim and swarm at 37°C. Mutagenesis of the bacterium with the mini‐Tn5rescue identified an IclR‐type transcriptional regulator, called QsmR, which is important for flagellum formation. TofR, which is a cognate C8‐HSL receptor, activated qsmR expression by binding directly to the qsmR promoter region. From the flagellum gene cluster, we identified flhDC homologues that are directly activated by QsmR. FlhDC in turn activates the expression of genes involved in flagellum biosynthesis, motor functions and chemotaxis in B. glumae. Non‐motile qsmR, fliA and flhDC mutants produced toxoflavin, but lost pathogenicity for rice. The unexpected discovery of FlhDC in a polarly flagellate bacterium suggests that exceptions to the typical regulatory mechanisms of flagellum genes exist in Gram‐negative bacteria. The finding that functional flagella play critical roles in the pathogenicity of B. glumae suggests that either QS or flagellum formation constitutes a good target for the control of rice grain rot.


Summary Blossom-end rot (BER) in pepper fruits is known as a "physiological" disease which is evoked by climatic and osmotic stresses (e.g., high temperatures and salinity) and by deficit irrigation management. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in the stimulation of BER are still a matter of dispute. It has been proposed that BER occurs under cultivation conditions that accelerate fruit growth beyond calcium supply to the growing tissue. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis by recording fruit growth and sugar metabolism under normal and BER-inducing conditions.The results showed that pepper fruits grown in a ventilated-cooled greenhouse, which ameliorated BER, had a higher initial growth rate than those grown in a non-cooled greenhouse, but had lower calcium concentrations in the fruit pericarp. Fruits that grew without ventilation-cooling had higher concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic sucrose and reducing sugars, and higher levels of symplastic starch than those that developed in a cooled greenhouse. Concomitantly, fruits that developed in a non-cooled greenhouse had lower acid invertase, sucrose synthase and fructokinase activities than those that developed in a cooled greenhouse. Accordingly, the non-necrotic part of BER-affected fruits had higher concentrations of symplastic starch, reducing sugars and sucrose than healthy fruits. These findings indicate that the occurrence of BER in pepper fruits was associated with impaired sucrose metabolism in fruit tissues, which led to reductions in growth rate and final size. Thus, the present findings negate the notion that BER occurs when fruit growth rate is stimulated, and favour the idea that direct impairment of fruit sugar metabolism and of normal fruit growth are involved.


Abstract. The removal efficiency of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in constructed wetlands (CWs) is very inconsistent and frequently does not reveal whether the removal processes are due to physical attenuation or whether the different species have been transformed to other reactive forms. Previous research on nutrient removal in CWs did not consider the dynamics of pollution swapping (the increase of one pollutant as a result of a measure introduced to reduce a different pollutant) driven by transformational processes within and around the system. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap by reviewing the biogeochemical dynamics and fate of C and N in CWs and their potential impact on the environment, and by presenting novel ways in which these knowledge gaps may be eliminated. Nutrient removal in CWs varies with the type of CW, vegetation, climate, season, geographical region, and management practices. Horizontal flow CWs tend to have good nitrate (NO3−) removal, as they provide good conditions for denitrification, but cannot remove ammonium (NH4+) due to limited ability to nitrify NH4+. Vertical flow CWs have good NH4+ removal, but their denitrification ability is low. Surface flow CWs decrease nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions but increase methane (CH4) emissions; subsurface flow CWs increase N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, but decrease CH4 emissions. Mixed species of vegetation perform better than monocultures in increasing C and N removal and decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but empirical evidence is still scarce. Lower hydraulic loadings with higher hydraulic retention times enhance nutrient removal, but more empirical evidence is required to determine an optimum design. A conceptual model highlighting the current state of knowledge is presented and experimental work that should be undertaken to address knowledge gaps across CWs, vegetation and wastewater types, hydraulic loading rates and regimes, and retention times, is suggested. We recommend that further research on process-based C and N removal and on the balancing of end products into reactive and benign forms is critical to the assessment of the environmental performance of CWs.


This investigation used the survey method to analyze college students' (n = 458) perceptions on additional payments, beyond an athletic scholarship, to intercollegiate student-athletes. Four components of college students' perceptions were examined: Whether student-athletes should be allowed to receive payment, proponents' arguments, opponents' arguments, and the revenue source that should provide the funding if the NCAA were to allow payment. Results revealed: (a) College students' supported payment to college student-athletes, (b) College students' perceived illegal payments would decline if payment was allowed, (c) Opponents' of payment believed an athletic scholarship is adequate payment, and (d) The additional funding should come from the athletic department of the university. These findings suggest that for athletic conferences exhibiting high levels of "corporate athleticism" (Hart-Nibbring & Cottingham, 1986) college students' support paying intercollegiate student-athletes. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), formed in 1905, set bylaws requiring college student-athletes to be amateurs in order to be eligible for intercollegiate athletics competition (NCAA Manual, 1999). According to the NCAA, requiring college student-athletes to be amateurs protects them from being exploited by professional and commercial enterprises. However, intercollegiate athletics have changed dramatically over the past ninety-five years. Presently intercollegiate athletics generate tremendous amounts of gross revenue, especially football and basketball players. Hart-Nibbrig & Cottingham (1986) termed the current influx of revenue into intercollegiate athletics as corporate athleticism. Corporate athleticism represents the increasing influence of the business ethic causing the commercialization of intercollegiate athletics (Li, LaPoint & Mawson, 1998; Hart-Nibbrig & Cottingham, 1986). Several examples clearly signify the existence of corporate athleticism in intercollegiate athletics today. First, the revenue that the NCAA and some member institutions receive from television contracts and sponsorship agreements signify the prominence of professional and commercial enterprises. Since 1988 the NCAA has received in excess of $150 million per year from CBS for rights to broadcast the NCAA men's basketball tournament (Byers, 1995). Furthermore, in the mid-1990's it became commonplace for universities to sign exclusive sponsorship contracts. Florida State University, Penn State University, and the University of Michigan are just three examples of schools signing sponsorship agreements, worth over $2 million each, with the shoe and apparel company Nike (Ellis, 1995). Coaches' salaries are a second indication that professional and commercial enterprises are abound in intercollegiate athletics. Many head coaches, specifically men's basketball, football, and women's basketball, earn salaries well above $100,000 annually. Total compensation packages including endorsement contracts often exceed $1 million for coaches at top programs. Rabalais (2000) reported at least 10 head football coaches have total compensation packages worth over $1 million per season and expected that number to increase each season. Just one example of how lucrative endorsement contracts have become in intercollegiate athletics is Rick Pitono, then head basketball coach at the University of Kentucky, receiving $300,000 per year that his team wore Adidas brand basketballshoes (Fish, 1997). Another indication of an increasing corporate presence in intercollegiate athletics is the proliferation of cavernous stadiums crowned by luxury boxes sponsored by corporations (Schneider, 2000). Examples of new stadia construction include Ohio State Universities new $105 million Schottenstein Center, 110 luxury boxes at Neyland Stadium (University of Tennessee), and the University of Michigan spending $7.4 million to renovate Michigan Stadium. …


We develop a model of the impact of food quality management systems (QMS) on competitiveness and markets. QMS seek to control the quality of a product as determined by the array of individual attributes it possesses. To date only a few studies have attempted to better understand the effect of the introduction of quality management systems. No model has been introduced which captures the interactions within the supply chain and at the interface with consumers when these systems are introduced.


We develop a two-stage oligopolistic network competition model where, first, firms simultaneously determine their prices and, then, users connected through a network determine their product's consumption. We show that denser networks (network topology) reduce prices and that a higher number of firms (market structure) reduces prices only when competition is weak. However, the price for the most influential users can increase with the number of firms when competition is very fierce and when there are enough network externalities. We also show that increasing competition always leads to a lower firm's profit while increasing network density leads to a clockwise rotation of the profit curve as a function of the number of firms. Finally, we study the effect of network topology and market structure on price dispersion and determine the optimal network structure from the perspective of both firms and users.


| A cost-effective route to build electrically as well as optically controlled modulators in silicon photonics is reviewed. The technology enables modulation at bit rates beyond 100 Gbit/s. This platform relies on the well-established silicon-based complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor processing technology for fabricating silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides, while an organic cladding layer adds the required nonlinearity. The strength of this hybrid technology is discussed, and two key devices in communications are exemplarily regarded in more detail. The first device demonstrates demultiplexing of a 120 Gbit/s signal by means of fourwave mixing in a slot-waveguide that has been filled with a highly nonlinear ð3Þ-organic material. The second device is a 100 Gbit/s/1 V electrooptic modulator based on a slow-light SOI photonic crystal covered with a ð2Þ-nonlinear organic


The last two decades has witnessed an unprecedented number of countries adopting international financial reporting standards (IFRS). Studies on the reasons for their popularity and adoption by countries have leaned towards statistical approaches, which may or may not necessarily be conclusive in explaining the cross-sectional variations in the reasons countries adopt the standards especially from developing countries. Common to this inconclusive literature so far is the monocausal rationale underlying conditions (pathways) leading to the adoption of IFRS. To reconcile these conclusions this article employs Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) methodology to study the adoption/non-adoption of IFRS by African countries. In contrast to work predicated on assumptions of causal homogeneity and causal competition on policy adoption, the results of the study reveals that multiple combinations of conditions lead to adoption/non-adoption of IFRS in Africa. This article contributes to the literature by suggesting greater leverage than current empirical studies in discerning the incentives facilitating or hindering African countries with regard to IFRS adoption/non-adoption.


In this paper, a deflagrative pressure gain combustor employing rotary valves is introduced that can reduce combustor length by allowing the combustion process to take place in the radial direction rather than in the axial direction with sufficient resident time. The engine is described in some detail with respect to geometry, components, and potential benefits. A demonstrator rig was designed, built, and tested for concept verification. A series of initial tests sweeping equivalence ratio from 0.4 to 0.8 using ethylene as fuel and mass flows from 75 g/s to 150 g/s is presented. The turbine rotor was driven to above 200 RPM with just four of the combustor passages operating. The initial results indicate the feasibility of the rotary valve radial engine concept and identified key challenges associated with the concept. Further studies are needed to address existing challenges and to promote the engine development.


A system is non-Hermitian when it exchanges energy with its environment and non-reciprocal when it behaves differently upon the interchange of input and response. Within the field of metamaterial research on synthetic topological matter, the skin effect describes the conspiracy of non-Hermiticity and non-reciprocity to yield extensive anomalous localization of all eigenmodes in a (quasi) one-dimensional geometry. Here, we introduce the reciprocal skin effect, which occurs in non-Hermitian but reciprocal systems in two or more dimensions: Eigenmodes with opposite longitudinal momentum exhibit opposite transverse anomalous localization. We experimentally demonstrate the reciprocal skin effect in a passive RLC circuit, suggesting convenient alternative implementations in optical, acoustic, mechanical, and related platforms. Skin mode localization brings forth potential applications in directional and polarization detectors for electromagnetic waves.


In the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), the long-term borehole monitoring system (LTBMS) has been planned for installation into boreholes in seafloor settings in the Nankai Trough, Japan. The LTBMS sensors are extremely sensitive instruments for collecting broadband dynamics to elucidate the mechanisms of megathrust earthquakes, which occur repeatedly in plate subduction zones. However, during IODP Expedition 319, it became apparent that the strong ocean current "Kuroshio" causes vortex-induced vibration (VIV) that damages sensors during installation. Consequently, the LTBMS sensors must be not only highly sensitive but also robust to prevail against VIV. Therefore, sensors with antivibration mechanisms were developed by a Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC, Kanagawa, Japan) project team. After development was completed, noise evaluation tests and vibration and shock tests simulating vibration and shock in the installation scheme were conducted to confirm that the antivibration mechanism was functional. Power spectral density analysis was conducted using background noise recorded in a low-noise location before and after the vibration and shock tests. Results show that the sensor response was not changed by the vibration or shock tests. Finally, all sensors were loaded onto D/V Chikyu for installation at the C0002 site during IODP Expedition 332.


Reflective learning and practice foster personal, professional, and interprofessional identity development within health professions education to encourage humanistic, competent patient care. Reflection on experience nurtures mindful presence and adaptive expertise/"practical wisdom," enabling the health care professional to recognize and address patients' and families' emotional, psychosocial, cultural, and spiritual needs for optimizing whole person care (WPC). By heightening awareness of strengths, values, biases, and/or limitations, reflection also helps the provider bring more of his/her "whole person" to WPC, strengthening the provider-patient therapeutic relationship (reciprocity for healing). The use of reflective writing (RW) to augment reflective practice is well documented. RW in the small group setting fosters narrative competence (hearing/responding to a patient's story, awareness of one's own stories), self-assessment, moral sensitivity, empathy, emotional processing, and provider well-being. At Alpert Med, we have implemented an "interactive reflective writing" (IRW) paradigm of guided individualized feedback from interdisciplinary faculty to students' RW in a Doctoring course and Family Medicine clerkship (with small group peer-based narrative sharing and collaborative feedback). Frameworks for enhancing educational value of feedback (BEGAN and REFLECT-reflective level evaluation rubric) were developed, incorporated into student and faculty guides, and applied in faculty development. INTERACTIVE WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES: 1) Participants will be familiarized with constructs of reflective learning/practice and IRW, 2) Participants will apply BEGAN and REFLECT to a student's reflective essay as exemplar, 3) Participants will engage in interactive dialogue with medical student presenters on positive learning outcomes of IRW for WPC 4) Participants will consider and share merits, limitations, and possible utility of presented curricula/evaluative tools for their settings.  FORMAT/ACTIVITIES: 1. Didactic - Reflective Learning/Practice for WPC 2. Participants provide feedback to student's RW 3. Discussion 4. Introduce BEGAN/REFLECT frameworks 5. Participants re-craft feedback with frameworks/Discuss 6. Student/faculty presenters share experiences of IRW pedagogy for fostering reflection and WPC 7. Wrap-up/Q and A.


Bakhtin's understanding of heteroglossia shows us, that a language can neither be a closed system that can be separated from other languages, nor that the border(s) are fluid and have to go crazy every now and then, but that the use of language borders in the sense of monolingualism serves normative verification or obsolete identifications. With the help of the concept desiring-machines by Deleuze and Guattari, in this paper I want to map the polyphonic literature by James Joyce and Milan Rakovac. The concept of heteroglossia should help to reveal possibilities of description that go beyond normative attributions. Desiring machines produce nomadic positions that create a multitude of possibilities, potentially infinite possibilities. This is accompanied by schizo-analysis, which connects different subject positions and eludes the Oedipal capitalist definition of the subject. Subjects are divided by the incisions of desiring machines and are multiplied by them. The selection of subject positions multiplies and potentially reaches infinite possibilities.


Heritage and its economies are driven by affective politics and consolidated through emotions such as pride, awe, joy and pain. In the humanities and social sciences, there is a widespread acknowledgement of the limits not only of language and subjectivity, but also of visuality and representation. Social scientists, particularly within cultural geography and cultural studies, have recently attempted to define and understand that which is more-than-representational, through the development of theories of affect, assemblage, post-humanism and actor network theory, to name a few. While there have been some recent attempts to draw these lines of thinking more forcefully into the field of heritage studies, this book focuses for the first time on relating heritage with the politics of affect. The volume argues that our engagements with heritage are almost entirely figured through the politics of affective registers such as pain, loss, joy, nostalgia, pleasure, belonging or anger. It brings together a number of contributions that collectively - and with critical acuity - question how researchers working in the field of heritage might begin to discover and describe affective experiences, especially those that are shaped and expressed in moments and spaces that can be, at times, intensely personal, intimately shared and ultimately social. It explores current theoretical advances that enable heritage to be affected, released from conventional understandings of both 'heritage-as-objects' and 'objects-as-representations' by opening it up to a range of new meanings, emergent and formed in moments of encounter. Whilst representational understandings of heritage are by no means made redundant through this agenda, they are destabilized and can thus be judged anew in light of these developments. Each chapter offers a novel and provocative contribution, provided by an interdisciplinary team of researchers who are thinking theoretically about affect through landscapes, practices of commemoration, visitor experience, site interpretation and other heritage work.