In economics there are two main domains of explanation for understanding unequal outcomes. The first considers differences in individual preferences, while the second concerns differences in how individuals are treated.Part I of the thesis comprises four articles pertaining to the first explanation. The main focus of these articles is gender differences in preference. The behaviors studied therein are risk preferences, competitiveness, altruism and cooperativeness. The first study finds no gender differences in performance under a competitive setting, across tasks with varying gender stereotyping. In the second study we find the gender gap in choosing to compete to be present only in the mathematical and not the verbal domain among adolescents. Moreover, its presence can largely be accounted for by other factors, such as performance beliefs. The third and fourth study compares children in Colombia and Sweden. In this sample there are no gender differences in Colombia, but in Sweden boys choose to compete more than girls. In risk-aversion however we find the gender gap to be larger in Colombia. Girls compared to boys also seem to be less cooperative in Colombia, whereas we find the opposite in Sweden.Part II comprises two articles relating to how individuals are treated by others. The first article explores how social status influences third party punishment. Punishment decisions made by male third parties in response to a norm violation are in this study found to be affected by both the social status and the gender of the judged individual. The second article investigates how transient anonymity interacts with discrimination in online markets. The results show buyer discrimination in the feedback system against male sellers with foreign-sounding names. This discrimination only occurs when sellers are anonymous; that is, if they chose not to reveal their name in their username.


Abstract This article explores the previously neglected history of civilian internment in South Africa during World War I. German, Austro-Hungarian and Turkish nationals were classified as 'enemy aliens'. They included mostly male immigrants, but also several hundred women and children deported from Sub-Saharan colonial contact zones. The main camp was Fort Napier in Pietermaritzburg, holding around 2,500. Based on sources in South African, German and British archives, this multi-perspectival enquiry highlights the salience of the South African case and integrates it into wider theoretical questions and arguments. The policy of civilian internment was rolled out comprehensively throughout the British Empire. Not least lessons learnt from the South African War (1900–1902), when Britain had been widely criticised for harsh conditions in its camps, led to relatively humane prisoner treatment. Another mitigating factor was the pro-German sympathies of the Afrikaner population. Nevertheless, suffering occurred through isolation and deportation. Remembering the First World War mainly as a 'soldiers' war' on the Western Front generates too narrow a picture. Widening the lens on civilians of both sexes in overseas territories supports notions of war totalisation.


Objectives To analyse treatment outcomes and share clinical data from a large, single-centre, well-curated database (8174 eyes/6664 patients with 120 756 single entries) of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). By making our depersonalised raw data openly available, we aim to stimulate further research in AMD, as well as set a precedent for future work in this area. Setting Retrospective, comparative, non-randomised electronic medical record (EMR) database cohort study of the UK Moorfields AMD database with data extracted between 2008 and 2018. Participants Including one eye per patient, 3357 eyes/patients (61% female). Extraction criteria were ≥1 ranibizumab or aflibercept injection, entry of 'AMD' in the diagnosis field of the EMR and a minimum of 1 year of follow-up. Exclusion criteria were unknown date of first injection and treatment outside of routine clinical care at Moorfields before the first recorded injection in the database. Main outcome measures Primary outcome measure was change in VA at 1 and 2 years from baseline as measured in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters. Secondary outcomes were the number of injections and predictive factors for VA gain. Results Mean VA gain at 1 year and 2 years were +5.5 (95% CI 5.0 to 6.0) and +4.9 (95% CI 4.2 to 5.6) letters, respectively. Fifty-four per cent of eyes gained ≥5 letters at 2 years, 63% had stable VA (±≤14 letters), 44% of eyes maintained good VA (≥70 letters). Patients received a mean of 7.7 (95% CI 7.6 to 7.8) injections during year 1 and 13.0 (95% CI 12.8 to 13.2) injections over 2 years. Younger age, lower baseline VA and more injections were associated with higher VA gain at 2 years. Conclusion This study benchmarks high quality EMR study results of real life AMD treatment and promotes open science in clinical AMD research by making the underlying data publicly available.


Abstract This paper centers on the problem of influence in Latin American art analyzing some of the changes its conceptualization underwent during the 1970s and 1980s. Taking the case of Chilean conceptual practices during Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship known as "escena de avanzada," particularly the art actions of the collective CADA, and the isolationist discourses woven around it, this article attempts to reconnect what has been regarded as original political art forms to larger networks of relations where the question of what is proper to Latin American art was disputed.


Abstract As a qualitative study, the aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the 2005 Social Studies Course Curriculum in multigrade teaching according to teacher opinions. The data of the research were obtained by interview method applied to 58 teachers teaching in multigrade classes in 2008-2009 academic year. The data obtained in the research were analyzed and evaluated in accordance with qualitative research methods. In the analysis of the data, Nvivo 7 software has been used. As a result of the research, it has been seen that the teachers of multigrade classes found Social Studies curriculum qualitatively positive. However, it was found out that some kind of defects and difficulties have been encountered concerning skill/acquisitions, content, teachinglearning process, measurement and evaluation aspects, in terms of the implementation of the Social Studies curriculum in multigrade teaching having more different conditions, which was indeed prepared to be used in independent classrooms. In addition, taking into account the views of multigrade classroom teachers, practical suggestions have been made about the changes that can be made in the curriculum. Key Words Social Studies, Multigrade Teaching, 2005 Social Studies Syllabus. Before coming into the primary education, the world of children is limited to the opportunities that their families and immediate surroundings offer. The school offering new experiences to students, enables them to have a broader world. The first and the most important lesson to undertake this duty is Social Studies (Hereafter SSC). According to Ozdemir (1998), the child entering through the school gate, who promoted from infancy to childhood, meets with a new society, new authorities, new rules, and new roles. The child starts to share the life, which she/he begins to learn along with his/her family, with teachers. A planned, scheduled, and organized education takes place of the unplanned and unscheduled family education. The most important goal of this education is to enable children to adapt the natural and social environment in which they live. This education that Ozdemir has explained can be firstly given by SSC in primary schools. In addition with SSC a systematical adaptation service is given to the child, against life. Another function of SSC is to form the basis of Social Sciences, and Science and Technology courses which will be taught in the years ahead. From this point of view, SSC has a prior and different place from other courses. In recent years, the educational understandings in many countries have shown a change from traditional approaches to modern approaches. These changes have also affected the education system in our country and have brought along innovations. A change compatible with the age has begun in the learning environments in schools, teachers, students and learning materials (Kucukozer, Bostan, Kenar, Secer, & Yavuz, 2008). The SSC curriculum put into practice in 2005 was prepared considering the principles that give importance not to teaching, but to learning. It considered learning as a process, supported the curiosity and research of the learner, took the intelligence differences according to multiple intelligences theory into account, supported co-operative learning, enable the learner to form new knowledge, and provided the opportunity to derive meaning from real experiences. The principles mentioned correspond to the principles of constructivist education approach (Milli Egitim Bakanligi [MEB], 2005). Whereas this course has been taught with the name SSC since the Unification of Education Law (Kafadar, 1997), it is separated into two as village and city applications in some primary education curricula (1939, 1997), it has been taught with the application of the same program all across the country in some others ( 1948, 1968, 2005) (Arslan, 1997). The conflict created by the opinion that the same curriculum should be taught all across the country in terms of the unification of the National education and the difficulties that can be created by the implementation of the curricula, which are suitable to be taught in cities, in villages, can be seen as the reason for these differences in the curricula. …


This thesis is going to analyze the effects of promotion to increase the sales volume in "Restaurant and Brasserie, de Kelderhof". The writers define that the promotion has a possibility to make people choose a certain restaurant. The writers think it is necessary to put this case into the surface because basically by doing the attractive promotion, it will affect the number of the guests who come and it will gain more profit for the restaurant itself. The first part of this thesis will give an introduction about "Restaurant and Brasserie, de Kelderhof". "Restaurant and Brasserie, de Kelderhof" serves international menu in the Restaurant part and Spanish menu in the Brasserie. "Restaurant and Brasserie, de Kelderhof' is located in Prinsengracht 494, in the heart of Amsterdam. The second part of this thesis is a qualitative research, which is staiced by reviewing the literature. The literature reviews show how to do the promotion as a management tool. The process starts by asking the travel agents what kind of guests they bring to Amsterdam, what kind of food they want to serve to their clients and then decide the menu, set up the price, and offer the set menu to the travel agents. The third part is about an analysis case. In this part, the writers will analyze the steps that have been taken by "Restaurant and Brasserie, de Kelderhof" management to keep and maintain their performance. In this chapter, the writers also analyze the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunity and Threats from "Restaurant and Brasserie, de Kelderhof based on the observation in "Restaurant and Brasserie, de Kelderhof". To know about the response of the tour operators, the writers have sent the questionnaires to the certain tour operators who are recommended by the manager of "Restaurant and Brasserie, de Kelderhof". The case study is based on the literature reviews, in depth interviews with the manager and supeivisors and also observes in the restaurant. The writers will make a conclusion based on the questionnaires' reply from the tour operators. By analyzing the questionnaires, the writers will have a description about the remark and also the expectation of the tour operators about "Restaurant and Brasserie, de Kelderhof". Then at the latest chapter, the writers will decide what steps should be kept and should be taken in order to increase the sales volume due to the promotion strategy. The writers hope that the recommendation and the suggestion can help "Restaurant and Brasserie, de Kelderhof" to decide what type of promotion to gain more profit in the future.


Taking the cue from the controversial speech of Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg in 2006, this paper explores the connection between the apparently divergent positions taken by the Catholic Church and the European secular establishment on the question of European identity and Islam. The argument is advanced that the proceduralism of the European secular establishment contributes to breed its nemesis, a conservative politicised church, but also converges with it in identifying Islam as 'the Other.' It is thus asked whether a critical valorisation of Europe's emotional attachments may not actually strengthen its capacity to embrace the 'difference' represented by Islam.


This paper describes a satellite-mediated experiment in accessing biomedical databases. The experimental tool is MIRS, a prototype client/server, SQL-based system for the retrieval and display of medical information from mixed text/image databases. We have installed the MIRS client at the Laboratory for Radiological Informatics at the University of California at San Francisco and the MIRS server in our Image Processing Laboratory at the National Library of Medicine (NLM). We have run the MIRS client to do database queries and access images over a T-1 satellite link. Our initial performance evaluation has yielded results which relate to the ability of client/server systems such as MIRS to perform effectively over geosynchronous satellite links. We have developed an application-level method that allows for the efficient use of the standard TCP protocol. We have evaluated this method on the T-1 link provided by the NASA geosynchronous ACTS, and measured faster delivery of cervical spine x-ray images by a factor of 2.7:1, as compared to conventional FTP.


Multidimensional (MD) systems are widely used to model scientific applications such as image processing, geophysical signal processing, and fluid dynamics. Such systems, usually, contain repetitive groups of operations represented by nested loops. The optimization of such loops, considering processing resource constraints, is required in order to improve their computational time. Most of the existing static scheduling mechanisms, used in the high-level synthesis of very large scale integration (VLSI) architectures, do not consider the parallelism inherent to the multidimensional characteristics of the problem. This paper explores the basic properties of MD loop pipelining and presents two novel techniques, multidimensional rotation scheduling and push-up scheduling, able to achieve the shortest possible schedule length. These new techniques transform a multidimensional data flow graph representing the problem, while assigning the loop operations to a schedule table. The multidimensional rotation scheduling is an iterative "heuristic" method, depending upon user input, while the push-up scheduling algorithm is able to compute the new schedule in polynomial time. The optimal resulting schedule length and the efficiency of the algorithms are demonstrated by a series of practical experiments.


This paper presents illustrative estimates of the costs and benefits of investments in municipal water and sanitation systems in developing countries. Four sources of information on the economic benefits households receive from improved municipal water and sanitation services are reviewed: (1) prices charged for vended water, (2) avertive expenditures, (3) avoided costs of illness, and (4) stated preference studies. There is little evidence to suggest that the current monthly benefits of improved water and sanitation services exceed the monthly costs. The most important limitation of such comparisons of annual costs and benefits is that benefits per household may well grow over the life of the investments, but this possibility does not ensure that such projects will pass a cost-benefit test.


The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in an aging population is steadily increasing as a consequence of the chronicity of the disease and the increased life expectancy. The phenotype of the disease differs according to the age at which RA first appears. In elderly-onset RA (EORA), the most important differential diagnosis is polymyalgia rheumatica. The use of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologicals in older patients is currently not optimal. Literature data indicate that a higher disease activity in this age group is tolerated before adapting the pharmacotherapeutic management. Yet, there is no indication that the safety and efficacy of RA-specific drugs are essentially different between older and younger patients. An important criterion for making a decision is the biological age of the person to be treated. A discrepancy between the biological and the chronological age may be caused by frailty, multimorbidity and the presence of geriatric giant conditions (cognitive limitations, depression, sensory disorders, disturbed mobility and incontinence). In case of a favourable biological age, a sharp therapeutic target should be formulated and pharmacotherapy should be designed to reach such a target. If a person ages less successfully with an unfavourable biological age, drugs with a safety risk should be prescribed with more restraint and more safety surveillance. Non-pharmacotherapeutic care (exercise therapy, occupational therapy), in addition to drug therapy, has an important role for older patients with RA.


A cDNA encoding Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in proline biosynthesis in plants and bacteria, has been cloned from the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae. Genomic DNA blots indicated that P. nicotianae and P. cinnamomi each contain a single P5CR gene, whereas P. infestans contains one or two genes. Complementation of a strain of Escherichia coli defective in the P5CR protein by the P. nicotianae P5CR cDNA confirmed that the gene encoded a functional P5CR. RNA blots revealed that P5CR was expressed at a much higher level in P. nicotianae zoospores than in vegetative hyphae, sporulating hyphae, or germlings. Furthermore, P5CR mRNA levels increased with time in zoospores, demonstrating that transcription occurs in zoospores. mRNA encoding histidine and tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes was not highly and specifically expressed in zoospores, indicating that the developmental pattern of P5CR expression was not simply a reflection of overall amino acid biosynthesis as might be required for protein synthesis. Measurement of free proline in P. nicotianae at different stages of the life cycle revealed that proline concentration was highest in sporulating hyphae. Vegetative hyphae and germlings contained about 50% of this concentration of proline, and zoospores contained only about 1% of this level. Substantial amounts of proline were measured in the medium into which the zoospore had been released. Hypoosmotic shock of P. nicotianae hyphae led to an approximately 50% decrease in free proline concentration within 30 min of transfer to low-osmolarity medium and was accompanied by an increase in the level of P5CR mRNA. These data are discussed in terms of the possible role of proline in osmoregulation in Phytophthora.


Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 5 species of chymosin with different concentrations on the dynamics of the traits measured by mechanical lactodynamograph, characterizing the coagulation ability of buffalo milk. The coagulation properties of buffalo milk were evaluated on 420 milk samples taken during morning milking from whole milk. Five enzymes (MAXIREN 600, FROMASE 750, MAHIREN XDS, MAXIREN 180 and MAXIREN PREM P) were tested with 4 concentrations each and one control group with a standard, recommended by the manufacturer of the biosensor – mechanical lactodynamometer chymosin (Polo Trade – Computerized Renneting Meter, Italy). The effect of the concentration of each enzyme was determined by examining 20 milk samples. The use of enzymes at various concentrations resulted in substantial variation in the magnitude and direction of changes. Different chymosins with different concentrations actively affect the curd firmness. The shorter coagulation time will provide sufficient time for the curd firming time and its curd firmness. Over 50% of milk samples coagulate by 6 minutes. The effects of enzymes and their different concentrations on measurement were in different groups, which in our opinion was a good prerequisite for using the obtained data for modelling of the measurement process.


Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIR-B) (p91) molecule has been proposed to function as an inhibitory receptor in B cells and myeloid lineage cells. We demonstrate here that the cytoplasmic region of PIR-B is capable of inhibiting B cell activation. Mutational analysis of five cytoplasmic tyrosines indicate that tyrosine 771 in the motif VxYxxL plays the most crucial role in mediating the inhibitory signal. PIR-B–mediated inhibition was markedly reduced in the SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 double-deficient DT40 B cells, whereas this inhibition was unaffected in the inositol polyphosphate 5′-phosphatase SHIP-deficient cells. These data demonstrate that PIR-B can negatively regulate B cell receptor activation and that this PIR-B–mediated inhibition requires redundant functions of SHP-1 and SHP-2.


OBJECTIVES
Our aim was to prove the outcomes in varicocele treatment during last 10 years in our institution regarding to the recurrence rate and reactive hydrocele in children and adolescents treated with open technique, laparoscopic approach or embolization.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Medical charts of patients with varicocele younger than 17 years old were reviewed. Age, weight, surgery indications, treatment (open surgery, laparoscopic Palomo varicocelectomy or embolization), location, varicocele grade, hospital stays, recurrence, postoperative hydrocele, genitofemoral nerve damage, infection, bleeding, postoperative incisional hernia and re-do varicocelectomy were collected.

RESULTS
From 2000 to 2010, 98 boys with varicocele diagnosis were treated in our institution. Mean age of patients was 12 years. The varicocele location in all cases was on the left side. Grade III varicocele was found in 94 boys and grade II in 4 patients. Indications for surgery were high grade in 81, chronic pain in 16 and testicular hypotrophy in 1. Treatment approach was as follows: 12 patients underwent open surgery (Palomo or Ivanissevich technique), 32 underwent embolization and laparoscopic Palomo varicocelectomy was performed in 54. We found a global recurrence rate of 14.3% and an overall postoperative hydrocele of 24.5% Recurrence rate was higher in the embolization group than the open surgery and laparoscopic group. Three patients presented intraoperative bleeding in the laparoscopic group and there was one conversion to open surgery.

CONCLUSIONS
Our retrospective review proves that laparoscopic Palomo varicocelectomy is a safe and efficient approach to treat varicocele in pediatric population, because of its low recurrence rate without any major adverse outcome. Due to our high secondary hydrocele formation, lymphatic sparing laparoscopic procedure should be taken into account in order to decrease this complication.


Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used as a powerful tool to solve many problems of machine learning and computer vision. In this paper, we aim to provide insight on the property of convolutional neural networks, as well as a generic method to improve the performance of many CNN architectures. Specifically, we first examine existing CNN models and observe an intriguing property that the filters in the lower layers form pairs (i.e., filters with opposite phase). Inspired by our observation, we propose a novel, simple yet effective activation scheme called concatenated ReLU (CRelu) and theoretically analyze its reconstruction property in CNNs. We integrate CRelu into several state-of-the-art CNN architectures and demonstrate improvement in their recognition performance on CIFAR-10/100 and ImageNet datasets with fewer trainable parameters. Our results suggest that better understanding of the properties of CNNs can lead to significant performance improvement with a simple modification.


Mixture models are a flexible tool to uncover latent groups for which separate models hold. The Rasch model can be used to measure latent traits by modeling the probability of a subject solving an item through the subject's ability and the item's difficulty. A crucial assumption of the Rasch model is measurement invariance: each item measures the latent trait in the same way for all subjects. Measurement invariance is violated if, e.g., an item is of different difficulty for different (groups of) subjects. Mixtures of Rasch models can be used to check if one Rasch model with a single set of item difficulties holds for all subjects and thus measurement invariance is not violated. However, estimation of the item difficulties in a Rasch mixture model is not independent of the specification of the score distribution, which is based on the abilities. The latent groups detected with such a Rasch mixture model are not solely based on the item difficulties but also – or even only – the scores and thus subject abilities. If the aim is to detect violations of measurement invariance, only latent groups based on item difficulties are of interest because different ability groups do not infringe on measurement invariance. This thesis aims at making three different yet connected contributions: The methodological, psychometric contribution is a new specification of the Rasch mixture model. It ensures that latent classes uncovered by a Rasch mixture model are based solely on the item difficulties and thus increases the model's suitability as a tool to detect violations of measurement invariance. The computational contribution is open-source software in form of the R package psychomix for estimation of various flavors of the Rasch mixture model with or without concomitant variables and several options for the score distribution including the newly suggested specification. The statistical contribution connects and compares mixture models to model-based recursive partitioning. This is another method to detect subgroups in the data for which a stable set of model parameters holds and has also been applied to Rasch models to detect violations of measurement invariance. Here, mixture models and model-based recursive partitioning are presented in a unifying framework and the relative (dis-)advantages are illustrated in a simulation study.


While the evolution of cooperative behaviors has generated an intense debate among
evolutionists and animal behaviorists, the proximate mechanisms underlying cooperative
relationships have received much less attention. In recent years, it has become clear that an
understanding of proximate causation of cooperation is needed in order to obtain a more
balanced and complete picture of the phenomenon. The proximate cause of cooperation refers
to the immediate situation that triggers behavior, and the role of learning, memory, physiology,
and neural processes. Since from an evolutionary point of view cooperative relationships are
maintained because of the subsequent benefits they bring, there has been the tendency to
erroneously assume that they are also motivated by their future benefits. This assumption
would imply that animals engage in social interactions in order to gain future benefits, or that
they are able to remember the services given by another individual in order to offer a service
in return at a later date. While this "rational" calculation offers a possible explanation, it is
currently unclear whether or not some animal species have these cognitive capacities. Here I
will argue that, while complex cognitive mechanisms may be present in some species, less cognitively
demanding mechanisms, based on emotions, could be at the basis of the flexibility
needed to form complex, enduring cooperative relationships in both human and non-human
animals.


Diabetes mellitus the ticking bomb has multifaceted impact on the lifestyle of a patient. Apart from physical limitations and stress, Diabetes adds to economic burden for the patients. Diagnosis of diabetes mostly do not happen at the right time and many live with it till it was explored through the lab tests done when the patient goes for the treatment of some other ailment. This study was intended to look into the correlation between HbA1c and Lipid profile, so as if any correlation exists the same can lead to a decrease in the economic burden as well as can save many punctures done to the body of the already suffering patient using correlation coefficient. Many studies in the past had been done with the same objective and there are mixed results. In this southern part of India, where people are still not so cohesive with the health advisory of going for regular health check-ups after one reaches the age of 40 yrs., it was necessary to understand the correlation between HbA1c and the lipid profile parameters. Also with this correlation the impact of the pharmacists counselling on medication adherence and other drug & disease related information was also to be observed using chi square test. Except for HDL & TG, All other clinical parameters like FBG, PPBG, HbA1c, LDL, VLDL & TC showed significant positive changes in 4th visit compared to baseline. There was no correlation between HbA1C and Lipid values both at the baseline (except some small association in TGL values) and that too at the fourth visit. The limitation of high drop-out rates in the study should not be ignored while interpreting the results of this study.


Anomaly detection is vital in many domains, such as finance, healthcare, and cybersecurity. In this paper, we propose a novel deep anomaly detection method for tabular data that leverages Non-Parametric Transformers (NPTs), a model initially proposed for supervised tasks, to capture both feature-feature and sample-sample dependencies. In a reconstruction-based framework, we train the NPT to reconstruct masked features of normal samples. In a non-parametric fashion, we leverage the whole training set during inference and use the model's ability to reconstruct the masked features to generate an anomaly score. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to successfully combine feature-feature and sample-sample dependencies for anomaly detection on tabular datasets. Through extensive experiments on 31 benchmark tabular datasets, we demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming existing methods by 2.4% and 1.2% in terms of F1-score and AUROC, respectively. Our ablation study provides evidence that modeling both types of dependencies is crucial for anomaly detection on tabular data.


ABSTRACT Morocco's international development enterprise, the National Initiative for Human Development (INDH), aims to boost the economy and stimulate the integration of marginalised groups, including rural women. Has the INDH achieved social impact? Are attitudes changing toward women's economic independence, literacy, numeracy, political participation, and overall freer participation in a society that has long disadvantaged women? This mixed-methods approach to impact evaluation compares rural women's and men's views toward democratisation and women's empowerment in developing communities where INDH-supported argan oil cooperatives exist and in similar, undeveloped communities where they do not. Using two survey instruments tailored to women and men, the American-Moroccan research team collected quantitative and qualitative data through 829 surveys with randomly selected, overwhelmingly Amazigh (Berber) participants in fifty-four communities in the Atlas Mountains and their foothills. Results reveal the core tension of the INDH mission. While the impact of these programmes, or treatment, is clearer on women than on men—the men being profoundly conflicted—positive correlations exist between treatment and women earning money and viewing opportunity in their communities. At the same time, in some regards treatment adversely correlates to greater gender parity, and in crucial ways other variables, such as basic math skills, more strongly predict favourable attitudes than treatment. In effect, rather than transforming society, these INDH-funded programmes strengthen the state's stability and control, giving just enough help to rural women to have a modest positive impact without eroding the bedrock of traditional rural society, which the argan tree poetically symbolises for Moroccans.


Welcome to the first issue of the Irish Journal of Paramedicine (IJP). It gives me great pleasure to launch this journal, a first for Irish paramedics, and pre-hospital care in Ireland. I am also honoured to announce that the IJP has been adopted as the official journal of the Irish College of Paramedics, the professional body for prehospital emergency care practitioners in Ireland. A newly emerging profession, paramedicine is now poised at  a crossroads. Previously alluded to with  colleagues from around the globe, the role of the paramedic is one that is rapidly evolving, and yet paramedicine as a discipline has yet to figure out where it belongs.(1) Are we public safety professionals, first responders or healthcare professionals? Williams has previously stated that the road less travelled requires the paramedic profession to pursue identity as a healthcare profession and not as emergency responders, EMS workers, or ambulance drivers, which we are so commonly identified as.(2) Initiatives within Ireland such as the Centre for Prehospital Research national research agenda, the move to higher education for paramedics in University College Dublin and the University of Limerick, and the publication of high-quality peer-reviewed research, undertaken for paramedics, led by paramedics, and published in paramedicine journals are key components in this pursuit of professionalism. It is our hope that the Irish Journal of Paramedicine will play its part as a vehicle in this endeavour. It is important however to point out that the Irish Journal of Paramedicine is not exclusively for paramedics. Within Ireland, and around the world, there are many other prehospital care providers, including community responders, volunteer first responders, EMT practitioners, nurses, physicians and others who deliver high quality patient care and are as committed to their personal and professional development as any paramedic. This journal is for the entire prehospital care community, within Ireland and abroad. On behalf of the editorial board and the executive of the Irish College of Paramedics, I would like to outline our vision for this journal. We aim to deliver a high quality, freely accessible, peer-reviewed journal that will help to further the professionalisation of paramedicine and prehospital care provision both in Ireland and internationally. Our aim is to provide you with access to research, reviews, appraisals, clinical updates, case reports and opinions that will help you to provide the best quality service – whether you are a student, clinician, educator, manager or researcher. We aim to present a wide range of topics relating to clinical practice, professional issues, role development, education and training, policy and service delivery, thereby representing all aspects of paramedicine and prehospital care. Our editorial board consists of respected academics, researchers, clinicians and educators from Ireland and abroad who are committed to furthering the cause of paramedicine, and encouraging its future development of professional standing. I am indebted to them for the time they gave so freely in helping to establish this journal. We strongly encourage you to submit articles, reports, letters and other contributions to the journal. It is also our vision to publish abstracts of research activity undertaken by Irish prehospital care providers and practitioners, which has been presented at various conferences and scientific meetings, such as the EMS Gathering, and Irish College of Paramedics Scientific Days to name but two. Remember this is your journal and it will be as successful as you want it to be. This journal has been a long time in the making, and we look forward to helping it to develop into a true academic and clinical resource along with your assistance. Thank you. Alan M. Batt Editor Source of support/funding: None. Conflict of interest: AB is Editor of the IJP. Provenance and review: Commissioned, not peer-reviewed. References 1. Morton J, Kloepping K, Buick J, Todd J, Batt A. The evolution of the paramedic. Can Paramed. 2015;38(5). 2. Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T. Is the Australian Paramedic Discipline a Full Profession ? J Emerg Prim Heal Care. 2010;8(1):3. How to cite this article: Batt AM. Welcome to the Irish Journal of Paramedicine (Editorial). Irish Journal of Paramedicine, 2016; 1(1). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ ),which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work and any attributes thereof are properly cited, are distributed under the same licence, and that the work is not used for commercial purposes. Content copyright remains with the authors, who grant the IJP a licence to reuse and distribute.


Abstract Background: Working memory (WM) problems influence most activities of daily living. The aim was to evaluate if computerized working memory training after brain injury has a significant effect on functioning in daily life. Method: Outpatients with WM deficits, aged 22–63 years, were randomized to either intervention group (IG, n = 20) or control group (CG, n = 18) and received 5 weeks standard rehabilitation. The IG also received WM training with the Cogmed QM training program. Assessments were made before (A1), immediately (A2) and 3 months (A3) after intervention. After follow-up, the CG was offered the computerized training and assessed after this (A4; n = 8). Assessments included the WAIS-III Digit span reversed, Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS), Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test-II (RBMT-II) and a WM questionnaire. Results: The IG improved on digit span and FIS, A1–A2, and significantly more than the CG on the WM questionnaire, A1–A3. Both groups improved in AMPS motor skill and the AMPS process skill score tended towards significant improvement in the IG, from A1–A3. After training (A3–A4), the CG improved in digit span and RBMT-II. Conclusion: The WM training seems to have a generalized effect on functional activity and lessens fatigue.


The centennial of the four economists' Report on Double Taxation (1923) (League of Nations, Economic and Financial Commission, Report on Double Taxation Submitted to the Financial Committee by Professors Bruins, Einaudi, Seligman and Sir Josiah Stamp, E.F.S.73. F.19 (League of Nations 1923) (the Report).) provides a good opportunity to reflect on the extent the international tax regime (ITR) that was founded on the Report has changed in the past decade. While on the surface the changes brought about by the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project seem radical enough to consider them an 'international tax revolution', this article will argue that the principles developed in the Report are still influential a hundred years later.
League of Nations 1923 report, double taxation, BEPS, Pillar One, Pillar Two, Edwin Seligman


Part design and process parameters directly influence the spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and associated heat transfer in parts made using additive manufacturing (AM) processes. The temporal evolution of temperature in AM parts is termed herein as thermal profile or thermal history. The thermal profile of the part, in turn, governs the formation of defects, such as porosity and shape distortion. Accordingly, the goal of this work is to understand the effect of the process parameters and the geometry on the thermal profile in AM parts. As a step towards this goal, the objectives of this work are two-fold: (1) to develop and apply a finite element-based framework that captures the transient thermal phenomena in the fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts, and (2) validate the model-derived thermal profiles with experimental in-process measurements of the temperature trends obtained under different feed rate settings (viz., the translation velocity, also called scan speed or deposition speed, of the extruder on the FFF machine). In the specific context of FFF, this foray is the critical first-step towards understanding how and why the thermal profile directly affects the degree of bonding between adjacent roads (linear track of deposited material), which in turn determines the strength of the part, as well as, propensity to form defects, such as delamination. From the experimental validation perspective, we instrumented a Hyrel Hydra FFF machine with three non-contact infrared temperature sensors (thermocouples) located near the nozzle (extruder) of the machine. These sensors measure the surface temperature of a road as it is deposited. Test parts are printed under three different settings of feed rate, and subsequently, the temperature profiles acquired from the infrared thermocouples are juxtaposed against the model-derived temperature profiles. Comparison of the experimental and model-derived thermal profiles confirms a high-degree of correlation therein, with maximum absolute error less than 10%. This work thus presents one of the first efforts in validation of thermal profiles in FFF via in-process sensing. In our future work, we will focus on predicting defects, such as delamination and inter-road porosity based on the thermal profile.


A Protean specification language (B. Bloom, 1995) based on structured operational semantics (SOS) allows the user to invent appropriate operations to improve abstraction and readability. This is in contrast to traditional specification languages, where the set of operations is fixed. An efficient algorithm, described by A. Dsouza and B. Bloom (1995), uses binary decision diagrams (BDDs) to verify properties of finite specifications written in a Protean language and provides the basis for a model checker we have developed. The paper provides a synthesis of our work on Protean languages and relates the work to other specification techniques. We show how abstraction and refinement in the Protean framework can improve the effectiveness of model checking. We rewrite and verify properties of an existing Z specification by defining suitable operations. We also show how a Protean language can be used to model restricted I/O automata, action refinement, and 1-safe and k-bounded Petri nets.


Improved Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) is an internationally accepted standards system. It is the foundation of the technology standards and metrology specifications. Uncertainty is one of the most important concepts in improved GPS. In the improved GPS standards system, uncertainty is used as an economic tool to enable optimum allocation of resources amongst specification, manufacturing and verification. Estimation of uncertainty in measurement according to improved GPS can improve the reliability of the measurement. A method to estimate the uncertainty in straightness measurement is proposed according to the requirements of improved GPS standard system. Based on the mini-zone method and the transparent box model, the calculation equation of uncertainty in straightness measurement is deduced. The experiment indicates that this method may assure the integrity of the verification result and improve the reliability of measurement.


The Instruments of Place Branding: How is it Done? Place branding is the idea of discovering or creating some uniqueness, which differentiates one place from others in order to gain a competitive brand value. This article is not about the concepts or justifications but about how it is actually done at the local level, especially as part of broader conventional place management policies. Three main local planning instruments are widely used throughout the world in various combination in diverse places, each of which is described and exemplified here. These are first, personality association, where places associate themselves with a named individual, from history, literature, the arts, politics, entertainment, sport or even mythology, in the hope that the necessarily unique qualities of the individual are transferred by association to the place. Secondly, the visual qualities of buildings and urban design is an instrument of place-branding available to local planners. This could include flagship building, signature urban design and even signature districts. Thirdly, event hallmarking is where places organise events, usually cultural or sporting, in order to obtain a wider recognition that they exist but also to establish specific brand associations. Lessons are drawn from practice about the importance of combining these instruments and integrating them into wider planning and management strategies.


Copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) and copper selenocyanate (CuSeCN) combine a high work function with a high optical transparency. To elucidate their potential as transparent hole selective materials, herein, first‐principles calculations of the structural and electronic properties are reported, with special attention to the band offsets with crystalline Si and hybrid perovskites (CH3NH3PbI3, CH3NH3PbBr3, and CHN2H4PbBr3). The structural parameters and electronic band structure are obtained using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional, resulting in indirect and direct bandgaps of 2.13 and 1.81 eV for CuSCN and CuSeCN, respectively. The (100) surfaces of the two materials do not feature in‐gap states, maintaining the semiconducting nature. Band offsets are determined by the electrostatic potential lineup method using slab calculations. Small valence band offsets of 0.10 eV for CuSCN/Si and 0.08 eV for CuSCN/CH3NH3PbI3 are desirably found, i.e., a promising hole transport layer character of CuSCN for Si and CH3NH3PbI3‐based solar cells. Type‐II band alignment is obtained for all studied heterojunctions.


Objective To examine incidence rates and trends of childhood Type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire from 1978 to 2007. Methods Data from the population-based Yorkshire Register of Diabetes in Children and Young People was used to analyse the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in children aged <15 years diagnosed in the former Yorkshire Regional Health Authority. Incidence rates (per 100 000 per year) were estimated using mid-year population estimates stratified by sex, age and ethnicity: south Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) or non-south Asian (all other ethnicities). Ethnicity was assigned using two name recognition programs (Nam Pehchan and SANGRA) and a local expert. Age-sex standardised rates were calculated between 1978 and 2007 and by ethnic-group between 1990 and 2007. Poisson regression was used to assess incidence trends and estimate predicted rates up to 2020. Goodness-of-fit, AIC and likelihood-ratio tests were used to assess model fit. Results 3896 children were diagnosed in Yorkshire between 1978 and 2007. Overall incidence was 18.1 (95% CI 17.5 to to 18.6), increasing from 13.3 (1978 to 1987) to 16.9 (1988 to 1997) to 24.1 (1998 to 2007). Incidence increased significantly over time: average annual percentage change (AAPC) was 2.8% (1.8 to 3.8). The inclusion of an age-sex interaction term provided evidence for differences in trends between sexes depending on age, with females having higher incidence and AAPC than males for those aged 5–9. Overall incidence for non-south Asians (21.4; 20.6 to 22.3) was significantly higher than that of south Asians (14.6; 12.3 to 17.0) over the entire study period. A significant increasing trend in incidence was observed for non-south Asians of 3.3% (1.3 to 5.2) compared to a non-significant trend seen in south Asians (1.9%; –0.4 to 4.3). Overall forecasted incidence for 2020 is 38.3 per 100 000. Conclusions Type 1 diabetes incidence rates have risen almost uniformly for non-south Asians of all ages but not for south Asians, contrary to findings in the Bradford area of Yorkshire between 1978 and 1998. Overall incidence increased most quickly in the 5–9 age-group. Incidence doubled from 12.5 to 25.2 between 1978 and 2007. If current trends continue, rates will rise by 52% to 38.3 between 2007 and 2020.


The CALICE collaboration is currently developing an engineering prototype of an analog hadron calorimeter (AH-CAL) for a future linear collider (LC) detector. It is based on scintillating tiles that are individually read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). The prototype will contain about 2500 detector channels, which corresponds to one calorimeter layer and aims at demonstrating the feasibility of building a detector with fully integrated front-end electronics. The concept and engineering status of the prototype, as well as results from the DESY test setups are reported here.


Both reference [1~2] method and partitioned design method (GB 50010-2002) were adopted to design complex shear walls, and some factors such as axial compression ratio, reinforcing ratio, section dimension, concrete strength grade and effective flange width were considered, then their limited loading capacity would be compared with each other when axial force was considered as a fixed value. It was found that there were some defects of complex shear wall partitioned design method. And its applied conditions were suggested, which included section restricted condition and limited value of axial compression ratio. When these conditions couldn't be satisfied, the adjusted reinforcement partitioned design method of reference [3] was suggested. If the uneconomical problem of partitioned design method could not be accepted, whole section design method of reference [1~2] would be suggested.


The purpose of this study was to perform a simple percutaneous transfemoral implantation of a portcatheter access system using a new catheter coating for hepatic artery chemotherapy infusion, and to evaluate the complications of transfemoral infusion port implantation. The methods of treatment for complications were also studied. The port-catheter system was percutaneously implanted via femoral artery access in 180 patients with malignant liver tumors. Blood flow redistribution was performed using embolization coils. An unfixed 5 Fr catheter was placed in a hepatic artery, and connected to a port implanted subcutaneously below the level of the inguinal ligament. The success rate of implantation was 99%. Complications after placement were observed as follows: port system obstruction (9.6%); dislocation of the catheter tip (8.4%); drug toxicity (4.5%); and infection (3.4%). Notable is the avoidance of cerebral infarcts. In 3 of 17 patients with port obstruction, recanalization of the port was achieved. In 11 of 15 patients with catheter dislocation, replacement of the catheter-port system was successful. In 5 patients with hepatic artery occlusion, the replacement of a microcatheter-port access system was achieved, and hepatic artery chemotherapy infusion was resumed. This percutaneous transfemoral implantation of a catheter-port access system would seem to be a very simple and useful method for many clinical doctors, and it may improve the quality of life in patients with an unresectable malignant liver tumor.


ABSTRACT West German society faced the emergence of a new calibre of right-wing terrorism in the 1970s. Right-wing terrorist groups evolved that showed themselves willing and able to commit violent attacks such as bombings and murder. This article explores the genesis and development of right-wing terrorism in West Germany between 1970 and 1980 while examining 22 identifiable groups and lone actors and taking into consideration the radicalization within the far right as well as the prevailing social conditions. West German right-wing terrorism until 1990 has remained a blind spot in historiography to this day. This article contributes to historical terrorism studies as well as to studies into the far right while applying historical-qualitative methods and interpreting primary sources. Using an approach informed by social history, this paper sheds new light on the individual participants, groups, and networks of right-wing terrorism as well as on its topics and targets. While taking into account a more dynamic definition of right-wing terrorism, this paper disengages from definitions that identify terrorism solely as a threat to the state itself. This makes possible a multidimensional approach employing contemporary history and studies in both terrorism and right-wing extremism.


The associations were quantified between daily and interannual variation in the timing of a closed population of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens migration and arrival at spawning sites with stream environmental and lunar covariates. Spawning data were gathered from 1262 fish in Black Lake, Michigan 2001 to 2008 and by video monitoring 2000 to 2002. Sex-specific variation in responses to external cues was also tested. Results showed that a greater number of individuals initiated migration from lake to riverine habitats at dawn and dusk relative to other times of the day. Current and lagged effects of water temperature and river discharge, and periods in the lunar cycle were important variables in models quantifying movements into the river and timing of adult arrival at spawning sites. Different suites of covariates were predictive of A. fulverscens responses during different periods of the spawning season. The timing of initiation of migration and spawning, and the importance of covariates to the timing of these events, did not differ between sexes. Stream flow and temperature covaried with other variables including day length and the lunar cycle. Anthropogenic disruption of relationships among variables may mean that environmental cues may no longer reliably convey information for Acipenseriformes and other migratory fishes.


This study presents signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements of single crystalline dots or layers of SiGe/Si in multilayer structures in terms of Ge content, interfacial and layer quality. All multilayers were processed in form of mesas and the noise behavior of electrical signal was investigated by comparing the power spectral density curves and K1/f values. The SiGe/Si multilayer structures were also characterized by the conventional material analysis tools and the results were compared to the noise measurements. The quality of SiGe/Si interface or SiGe layer was monitored by intentional exposure to oxygen in range of 2–1600 nTorr either during or prior to SiGe growth. The results demonstrated that SNR was sensitive to the interfacial and layer quality, and the Ge content in a multilayer structure. The noise level became very high when the strain fluctuated within SiGe layer and this occurred for SiGe with high Ge content or SiGe dots.


Abstract The discovery of an unusual early medieval plough coulter in a well-dated Anglo-Saxon settlement context in Kent suggests that continentally derived technology was in use in this powerful kingdom centuries before heavy ploughs were first depicted in Late Saxon manuscripts. The substantial investment required to manufacture the coulter, the significant damage and wear that it sustained during use and the circumstances of its ultimate ritual deposition are explored. Investigative conservation, high-resolution recording and metallographic analysis illuminate the form, function and use-life of the coulter. An examination of the deposition contexts of plough-irons in early medieval northern Europe sheds important new light on the ritual actions of plough symbolism in an age of religious hybridity and transformation.


The efficiency and effectiveness of lean practices have always been the major concerns for manufacturers. The current research highlighted the role of lean tools on leanness level in automotive industry. The main problem of automotive industry is its focus on process Kaizen instead of flow Kaizen. As a matter of fact, selecting and applying lean tools should comprehensively and holistically be considered in the principles and concepts within a systematic approach. Therefore, developing a systematic method to facilitate lean tool selection more precisely is required in this industry. The proposed method was developed within a five step group decision making procedure to reach the desired aims. To fulfill the objectives of this study, a variety of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods were employed, also the designed software used MATLA to experience the systematic lean tool selection. The results of the study displayed that each of the lean attributes (lead time, cost, defect,and value) did affect the tool selection among companies. Furthermore, based on the results of the current research, a modified VIKOR method was developed. It is noteworthy to state that the suggested model for lean tool selection (defined in software) was validated within a panel of experts and companies indicating the effectiveness and usefulness of the model. There is the likelihood that this new developed method may enhance the competence and qualifications of practitioners to spot the possible problems and find solutions once the alternatives (lean tools) possess their own exclusive criteria. The developed software probably assists manufacturers in applying the systematic lean tool selection. Based on the systematic features of this algorithm, the efficiency and effectiveness of the model in presenting optimizing techniques for lean tool selection with the automotive industry seems reasonable and useful. According to the findings of this study, lean practitioners can choose tools systematically via this recommended method in a dual approach i.e. attribute based (individually) and/or leanness based (wholly). The current research paves the path to propose a generalized method that makes it possible for a user to holistically recognize and evaluate the tools influencing the application of lean manufacturing developments. Consequently, it should be borne in mind that taking tools performance into consideration while implementing lean practices has been of a great benefit for companies.


This paper presents another contribution
to the understanding of flow phenomena for measuring flumes. The
particular regime of submerged flow has been largely neglected, although
there have been a number of attempts to establish criteria and methods for
analyzing submerged flow as referenced by the authors. The common
approach has been to develop the theory to a point and then proceed with an
empirical and experimental approach. In this manner it has been possible to
develop relationships which are usable for particular flumes of given geometry.
However, because of the empirical approach, it is not possible to use the relationships
for designs other than those for which they were developed. This
paper also summarizes a study for particular design geometries and has
contributed to the knowledge of submerged flow. There still exists the need
for good, sound theoretical developments so that the relationships include the
geometry of the measuring flume, as well as those items usually assumed to
be of negligible effect, such as frictional losses and nonuniform velocity distribution.
The geometry variables have been included for the free flow case
by Ackers and Harrison with apparent success. Flume geometry is important
since such things as length of throat, contraction ratio (B), shape of section
(rectangular or trapezoidal), and geometry of the downstream diverging
section all contribute to submergence effects.


Peninsulas have always been sought by mankind as favorite residences, and have been visited in winter by those living in cold, inland countries, as resorts for health. Excluding the peninsulas of the Indian Ocean and those of the far north, the six great peninsulas of the earth are, Greece, Italy, Spain with Portugal, Florida, Central America, and Lower California. There are many well known smaller peninsulas on the Mediterranean, in France and Italy, which have climates peculiar to themselves. The distinction to be observed between the words "air" and "climate" is this: When speaking of air, only the qualities of the atmosphere are considered. The word "climate" embraces an assemblage of many facts, of which the atmosphere is only one of the factors. From its Greek derivation, climate literally means, the slope of the earth from the equator toward the pole. It has been defined as the condition of a


We previously identified a Foxo1 binding protein; Foxo1 CoRepressor (FCoR), in adipocytes. FCoR inhibits Foxo1 activity by enhancing its acetylation. FCoR is expressed in pancreatic α- and β-cells from the embryonic stage. Fcor knockout mice (FcorKO) show impaired glucose tolerance, decreased insulin secretion, increased glucagon secretion and increased α-cell mass. We have shown that FCoR suppresses the expression of master α-cell regulatory transcription factor Aristaless-related homeobox (Arx) by increasing the methylation of the CpG-rich promoter region, while Foxo1 induces Arx expression by hypomethylation of this area. These results suggest that FCoR and Foxo1 have an opposing action in the regulation of Arx expression and α-cell mass. We studied how Foxo1 regulates Arx expression. Arx promoter region contains a conserved forkhead responsive element (FRE). Foxo1 binds to the FRE and induces Arx expression. Binding of Foxo1 to the Arx promoter dissociates binding of DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a), and this may result in hypomethylation of the CpG rich region. Our results suggest that Arx is the target gene of Foxo1. Immunohistochemical staining of FcorKO islets showed Foxo1 nuclear localization and decreased Foxo1 in the cytosol. In isolated islets from FcorKO, we observed significant deacetylation of Foxo1, and decreased endogenous Foxo1 protein compared to control. These results are consistent with the previous finding that deacetylated Foxo1 is the active form, and is quickly ubiquitinated and degraded. To study the relationship between FCoR and Foxo1, we generated β-cell-specific Foxo1 knockout mice in the background of FcorKO (DKO). DKO showed further aggravation of glucose tolerance and insulin secretion compared to FcorKO. Foxo1 single knockout has normal glucose metabolism, thus, our results suggest that Foxo1 is activated to maintain β-cell function in FcorKO. We provide evidence that FCoR and Foxo1 function in harmonization to regulate pancreatic α-cell and β-cell identity. Disclosure N. Kodani: None. J. Nakae: None. H. Itoh: None.


Programmes provide a useful foundation for managing the classroom, many of the curriculum theories and approaches often appear too linear and inadequate for preparing teachers to manage the complex emotions and behaviours that their students may present on a day-to-day basis. This thesis investigates these claims and suggests that whilst effective teaching strategies can influence classroom behaviour a teacher's ability to cultivate a culture of learning necessitates that they have a sensitive awareness of their students and an ability to positively regulate their own emotions and behaviours. Whilst it may be assumed that teachers will already have these intuitive abilities, personal experience and research highlights that this cannot be guaranteed. Reflecting on past experience as a nurse therapist in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and drawing on the findings of empirical research studies, it is suggested that teacher education can learn a great deal from the world of therapy. In developing this area of research at a practical level this thesis reports on a small-scale action-based project that involved designing and trialling a Cognitive Behavioural Toolkit with groups of teachers in the second year of an initial teacher education programme. Data was collected through questionnaires, personal diary entries, interviews and classroom observations. The findings of this research suggest that the majority of teachers in the sample found CBT useful for regulating their thoughts, increasing their self-confidence and improving relationships with their students. Although the results of this small-scale study cannot be generalised to other teacher education programmes, it is suggested that it provides a foundation for supporting teachers to bridge the gaps which currently exist between the curriculum theories of behaviour management and the realities of classroom practice. At the time of writing no other studies have investigated this particular topic, hence there is no comparative data to validate these claims, and so this is a notable area for further research.


Capecchi Lyric poetry is a genre constantly being renegotiated and redefined. From the fragmented parchments of Sappho's ancient sung texts to the "American Lyrics" of Claudia Rankine, part of the thrill of the lyric form is its mutating nature. Solmaz Sharif's poetry book,  Look  , is a masterful adaptation of the lyric form. Her poems combine erasure, Department of Defense terms, Wikipedia entries, and references to the Iran-Iraq and US wars of imperialism, collaging experiences of soldiers, immigrants, and citizens on both sides of the United States' so-called War on Terror. In a world of political extremes, "cancel culture," and reactionary social media platforms, Sharif's political lyrics question representation itself. She calls upon her western reader: "It matters what you call a thing: Exquisite a lover called me. / Exquisite" (3), acknowledging the lyric's traditional apostrophe—the fragile woman.  Look  's opening lines juxtapose the speaker's exquisite body with the objectified targets of the Iraq war detailed throughout the poem: "Whereas the lover made my heat rise, rise so that if heat sensors were trained on me, they could read my THERMAL SHADOW through the roof and through the wardrobe" (3). The speaker is both the Petrarchan beloved and the military target, a target that refuses to remain outside the frame of war: "Whereas I thought if he would LOOK at my exquisite face or my father's, he would reconsider" (4). While beautiful,  Look  is not a fragile collection of poems: her work is emotionally haunting, filled with raw, violent images. Particularly when viewed against the backdrop of the white, masculine lyric, Sharif's


The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) gene family, involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, comprises proteins with a common enzymatic tyrosine kinase intracellular domain adjacent to a transmembrane region. The amino-terminal portion of RTKs is extracellular and made of different domains, the combination of which characterizes each of the 20 RTK subfamilies among mammals. We analyzed a total of 7,376 RTK sequences among 143 vertebrate species to provide here the first comprehensive census of the jawed vertebrate repertoire. We ascertained the 58 genes previously described in the human and mouse genomes and established their phylogenetic relationships. We also identified five additional RTKs amounting to a total of 63 genes in jawed vertebrates. We found that the vertebrate RTK gene family has been shaped by the two successive rounds of whole genome duplications (WGD) called 1R and 2R (1R/2R) that occurred at the base of the vertebrates. In addition, the Vegfr and Ephrin receptor subfamilies were expanded by single gene duplications. In teleost fish, 23 additional RTK genes have been retained after another expansion through the fish-specific third round (3R) of WGD. Several lineage-specific gene losses were observed. For instance, birds have lost three RTKs, and different genes are missing in several fish sublineages. The RTK gene family presents an unusual high gene retention rate from the vertebrate WGDs (58.75% after 1R/2R, 64.4% after 3R), resulting in an expansion that might be correlated with the evolution of complexity of vertebrate cellular communication and intracellular signaling.


A technique is proposed for stabilizing the output amplitude of a variable-frequency RC sine-wave oscillator. Amplitude settling time is reduced by converting amplitude to a d.c. voltage having only a small ripple content, which requires little filtering. A relationship between amplitude transient response and harmonic distortion is demonstrated, and the results are compared to those obtained by more conventional methods.


The applicatio is a message sending system which utilizes a sound signal detect n of IC ISD 2590or or what so-called "Mic codenser". The detector will activate the system if a high sound signal is detected and sent to a relay which already set there. The function of the relay is to switch on a lamp on and also turn on a sound recording system after the sound recorder is activated.  In this structure the sound message recorder uses an IC ISD 2590 which able to record a sound for 90 seconds. The duration is determined by the serial number behind the name of the IC. By the only recording a sound for a few second, the IC ISD 2590 saves it an available memory voice. So, when the relay is turned on, the chip enable pin (which its ground is set in IC ISD 2590) will be immediately connected and recorded sound is played which can clearly be listened through a speaker. This  therefore aims at developing the application using IC ISD 2590 and IC SN 7473 which utilizes a sound signal as its switch. The result or examination on the application system indicates that the using of logic gates is very effective and efficient because only by utilizing a digital system the switching process can be performed automatically. Keyword : Recorder activation, voice, signal, IC ISD 2590, IC SN7473.


Powdery mildew is a common disease of many monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species. In barley the disease is caused by the obligate Biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). In Western Australia powdery mildew is estimated to be the most economically damaging disease of barley, causing $33m in loses annually. Currently in WA the majority of fungicides registered for control of Bgh belong to the triazole class and numerous reports of resistance towards this chemical class have been reported globally. Instances of reduced efficacy of the in furrow application of fungicides has been noted recently in southern W A. In this study the level of fungicide sensitivity of current WA Bgh isolates was assessed by examining colony inhibition in the presence of both registered and novel fungicides. One strain with reduced sensitivity was genotypically characterized in the target site for triazole fungicides, the Cyp5I gene, and was found to harbor a mutation common in triazole resistant Bgh isolates. This is the first confirmed case of fungicide resistance in Australia.


Objective: This research aims to identify the channels of learning in a group of academics from the Pedagogy course.
Methodological procedures: To conduct this study, an exploratory research was carried out in the case study format with data collection through a questionnaire with 20 questions that were answered by all students in the class, corresponding to 18 participants.
Results: The results showed that most students are synesthetic and learn better if the strategy adopted by the teacher involves dynamic interactions and practical activities.
Benefits: In this way, it is understood that the tools and practices of Knowledge Management have a lot to offer teachers in view of their demands in the classroom, as well as academics can benefit when their learning channels are considered in conducting the teaching and learning process, which contributes to the formation of competent professionals who perform the profession with excellence.


Cyclic loading of a plane strain mode I crack under small scale yielding is analyzed using discrete dislocation dynamics. The dislocations are all of edge character, and are modeled as line singularities in an elastic solid. At each stage of loading, superposition is used to represent the solution in terms of solutions for edge dislocations in a half-space and a non-singularcomplementary solution that enforces the boundary conditions, which is obtained from a linear elastic, finite element solution. The lattice resistance to dislocation motion, dislocation nucleation, dislocation interaction with obstacles and dislocation annihilation are incorporated into the formulation through a set of constitutive rules. An irreversible relation between the opening traction and the displacement jump across a cohesive surface ahead of the initial crack tip is also specified, which permits crack growth to emerge naturally. It is found that crack growth can occur under cyclic loading conditions even when the peak stress intensity factor is smaller than the stress intensity required for crack growth under monotonic loading conditions; however below a certain threshold value of ΔK I no crack growth was seen.


We compare the effect of electrostatic boundary conditions and defects on the electrical properties of epitaxial nano ferroelectric thin film capacitors with various electrode configurations. The capacitor geometries studied are parallel plate, or so called sandwich type electrodes and the interdigitated finger electrodes grown on the ferroelectric film. The defects, when present, are frozen-in dipoles of the p-type. The Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire free energy coupled with the elastic and electrostatic boundary conditions is used to compute the electrical properties. A switchable ferroelectric polarization lying in the plane of the film for the case of interdigitated electrodes is weakly impacted by the presence of dead layers and asymmetrically distributed defects compared to a classical sandwich type nano film. An out of plane remanent polarization in a sandwich type capacitor, stabilized via compressive in-plane misfit, always forms in a multidomain configuration in ultrathin films with thin dead layers. An in-plane polarization stabilized by a tensile misfit, on the other hand, could be much more effectively used in memory device applications where interdigitated electrodes are possible to utilize. The latter also does not suffer as much from the possible presence of dead layers even in ultrathin structures (Film thickness < 10 nm). Switching fields is a strong function of defects in ultrathin finger electrode type systems. We also show how polarization vector configures itself in favor of the highly inhomogeneous field formed under applied bias in the finger electrode case for a film under tensile stress. Thus, switching and the related sensing technique has to be considered accordingly in applications. Presence of a bottom electrode for the case of the finger electrode capacitor also has a substantial impact on electrical properties. The hysteresis and domain characteristics of the two capacitor geometries as a function of interface conditions and defects are discussed for BaTiO3 strained on compressive and tensile single crystal substrates.


Tabulated results were derived from data obtained from a 1991 continuous forest inventory of Southwest Louisiana parishes (fig. I). Core tables (1 to 25) are compatible among Forest Inventory and Analysis units in Eastern U.S. Supplement tables (26 to 43) provide information beyond that provided by the core tables. All comparisons between the 1991 and 1984 surveys are based upon reprocessed 1984 data.


The role of serotonin3 (5-HT3) receptors in the initial food intake depression of rats ingesting amino acid imbalanced or high-protein diets was investigated. The 5-HT antagonists metergoline, pirenpirone, ICS 205-930, and MDL 72222, the dopamine antagonist pimozide, or the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine were injected 15-45 min before presentation of test diets. Food intake was measured at intervals for 3 days. The 5-HT3 antagonists, ICS 205-930 and MDL 72222, restored feeding of a mild isoleucine (Ile)-imbalanced diet to control levels, although MDL 72222 had a longer time course of action. ICS 205-930 also increased intake of a severe Ile-imbalanced diet and Thr-imbalanced diet but not a high-protein (44% casein) diet. Treatment with metergoline, which blocks 5-HT1, 5-HT2, and dopamine receptor sites but not 5-HT3 sites, increased intake of the basal diet at 3 and 6 h but did not significantly alter intake of the mild Ile-imbalanced diet. Although pimozide tended to increase intake of the mild imbalanced diet, neither dopamine nor alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonism significantly affected imbalanced diet intake. Thus 5-HT3 receptors may mediate the anorexigenic activity of 5-HT associated with feeding an amino acid-imbalanced diet.


Insulin resistance (IR) has been proposed as the strongest single predictor for incident type 2 diabetes and is mainly caused by adiposity as a result of chronic excessive energy intake. Loss of body weight and fat mass improve insulin sensitivity. However, independent of energy intake and changes in body weight/composition, dietary content and specific metabolic effects of certain nutrients may play significant additional roles in influencing IR. These effects are mainly relatively modest, with modulation of IR and diabetes risk within the range of 10–30%, but could be of major relevance on a population level. Examples include dietary concepts and patterns such as the traditional Mediterranean diet; the isoenergetic modulation of the composition of types of fatty acids in the diet; low‐carbohydrate–high‐protein diets; the quality of carbohydrate‐rich foods, which includes the concepts of glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load; and, not necessarily related to the GI concept, specific metabolic effects of high‐fibre diets, with relevant differences between the type of fibre consumed. Effects of further selected foods (e.g. coffee, tea and nuts) and micronutrients (e.g. magnesium, selenium and zinc) on the modulation of IR have been reviewed elsewhere. This study focuses on changes in IR by isoenergetic modulation of the main macronutrients (fat, carbohydrates including dietary fibre, and dietary protein), with discussion of novel concepts and the potential interplay of food components in the current dietary concepts.


Foreign body ingestion is an important problem in adult with psychological disorders. In literature ingestion such as fish bone, fork and several metallic elements were reported. The first attempt, after diagnosis, is endoscopic removal 1 . Surgical approach is necessary in it´s failure. In this paper is presented a successful endoscopic removal of a wristwatch which was ingested by a deaf patient.


"It's a striking evocation of the Canadian Maritimes, and a moving meditation on what haunts us and how we struggle to keep those specters at bay." (New York Times Pressure). As an underwater welder on an oilrig off the coast of Nova Scotia, Jack Joseph is used to the immense pressures of deep-sea work. Nothing, however, could prepare him for the pressures of impending fatherhood. As Jack dives deeper and deeper, he seems to pull further and further away from his young wife and their unborn son. But then, something happens deep on the ocean floor. Jack has a strange and mind-bending encounter that will change the course of his life forever! Equal parts blue-collar character study and mind-bending science fiction epic, The Underwater Welder explores fathers and sons, birth and death, memory and truth, and the treasures we all bury deep down inside.


Abstract : The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is an independent agency of the federal government created by ACT of Congress in May 1933. It is a corporation clothed with the power of government but possessed with the flexibility and initiative of private enterprise. It is charged by the TVA Act with the duty of planning for the proper use, conservation and development of the natural resource of the Tennessee River drainage basin. TVA has essentially completed the development of the major hydro sites in the Tennessee River basin, and thus has not designed any new dams since the mid-1970s. Consequently, the hydro design unit has decreased considerably in number of personnel since the earlier days of TVA. The present hydro effort at TVA consist of a continuing inspection and maintenance program and an evaluation and modification as needed of some 21 of our dams in compliance with the Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety. Therefore, our interest in their assessment of the stability of concrete structures on rock would be in support of these efforts.


INTRODUCTION : Exercise rehabilitation has previously been reported effective in attenuating numerous cancer treatment-related toxicities and enhancing the quality of life (QOL) of patients. However, approximately 85% of the patients we see at Maple Tree Cancer Alliance were previously sedentary. These individuals report experiencing much anxiety about starting an exercise program for the first time, and compliance with such programs has been an issue. Therefore, we created a group-based exercise class as an introduction to exercise. Our goal in doing so was to see the impact of this class on fitness parameters, QOL, and exercise compliance after the program ended. METHODS :82 individuals who were currently undergoing cancer treatment participated in this group-based exercise class. Their results were compared to 200 different individuals who completed one-on-one exercise training. Each group underwent a comprehensive fitness assessment and completed McGill QOL questionnaires at the start of their exercise training, and after 12-weeks of training.Compliance data was also measured for each group. Data was analyzed at the 0.05 level of significance using descriptive statistics RESULTS :Exercise has a positive impact on fitness parameters for both groups. On average, the one-on-one exercise group experienced greater improvements in all measured parameters. Likewise, QOL improved for both groups, but to a greater extent in the group exercisers. Finally, the group-based exercise had the highest compliance rate (70% vs. 32% in the one-on-one exercise group). (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS :Based on these data, it appears as though exercise can improve fitness parameters during cancer treatment. The individualized, one-on-one approach is the most effective at improving fitness. However, compliance and QOL was higher for those who exercised in a group-based setting. Therefore, this form of exercise may be appropriate to help individuals who are new to exercise get started on a program in a relaxed, supportive atmosphere.


Nuclear envelope (NE) expansion must be controlled to maintain nuclear shape and function. The nuclear membrane expands massively during 'closed' mitosis, enabling chromosome segregation within an intact NE. Phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacylglycerol (DG) can both serve as biosynthetic precursors for membrane lipid synthesis. How they are regulated in time and space and what are the implications of changes in their flux for mitotic fidelity is largely unknown. Using genetically encoded PA and DG probes, we show that DG is depleted from the inner nuclear membrane during mitosis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, but PA does not accumulate, indicating that it is rerouted to membrane synthesis. We demonstrate that DG-to-PA conversion catalysed by the diacylglycerol kinase Dgk1 and direct glycerophospholipid synthesis from DG by diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase / ethanolaminephosphotransferase Ept1 reinforce NE expansion. We conclude that DG consumption through both de novo and the Kennedy pathways fuels a spike in glycerophospholipid biosynthesis, controlling NE expansion, and ultimately, mitotic fidelity.


Background: Different treatment used for resolving menopausal problems. Some studies assayed effectiveness of citalopram but it had some side effects and other studies about medicinal plants in Iran, including Melissa (combination of officinalis and foeniculum vulgare) showed improvement insomnia and anxiety. This study decided to assay effectiveness of this drug and comparison with placebo and citalopram in treatment of sleep disturbance of menopausal women. Methods: Sixty postmenopausal women suffering from sleep disturbances that referred to Yas hospital between 2011-2013 were recruited to this double blind controlled study with 8 weeks' follow-up period. They were randomized in three groups of twenty patients each, group A: received Melissa 600 mg that made by traditional medical school, group B: received citalopram 20 mg from Arya company that increased to 30 mg after one week and group C: received placebo. The patients were evaluated by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire before and after treatment, also we checked the side effects of every drugs. Study was dissertation of one of the author with code 22263. This research has been supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Grant. This study was registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with code of IRCT2013072714174N1. Results: Pittsburgh sleep quality index improved significantly in all groups, there was significant differences between Melissa group and two other group, but there wasn't significance difference between citalopram and placebo group, there was a trend in favor of Melissa versus citalopram and placebo. All of seven field of PSQI improved significantly in all groups that showed improvement of sleep quality in all field of sleep disturbance. Conclusion: Melissa (compound of officinalis and foeniculum vulgare) may be recommended for the treatment of sleep disturbances in postmenopausal women. Although further investigation with more cases is needed to find long-term results and compare with hormone therapy. Abstract


Brings together N.T. Wright's most important and influential articles on Paul over the last 35 years. Includes previously unpublished exegetical essays on Paul's letters, specially written for this book. The book begins with N. T. Wright's auspicious essay of 1978, when as a young, aspiring scholar he gave the annual Tyndale lecture in Cambridge, and proposed, for the first time, 'a new perspective' on Pauline theology. The book ends with an expanded version of a paper he gave in Leuven in 2012, when as a seasoned scholar at the height of his powers, he explored the foundational role of Abraham in Romans and Galatians. In all, the thirty-three articles published here provide a rich feast for all students of Paul, both seasoned and aspiring. Each one will amply reward those looking for detailed, incisive and exquisitely nuanced exegesis, resulting in a clearer, deeper and more informed appreciation of Paul's great theological achievement.


Abstract. Conservation of species requires accurate population estimates. We used genetic markers from feces to determine bighorn sheep abundance for a herd that was hypothesized to be declining and in need of population status monitoring. We sampled from a small but accessible portion of the population's range where animals naturally congregate at a natural mineral lick to test whether we could accurately estimate population size by sampling from an area where animals concentrate. We used mark-recapture analysis to derive population estimates, and compared estimates from this smaller spatial sampling to estimates from sampling of the entire bighorn sheep range. We found that estimates were somewhat comparable; in 2009, the mineral lick sample and entire range sample differed by 20 individuals, and in 2010 they differed by only one individual. However, we captured 13 individuals in the entire range sample that were not captured at the mineral lick, and thus violated a model assumption that all individuals had an equal opportunity of being captured. This eliminated the possibility of inferring a total population estimate from just animals visiting the mineral lick, but because estimates were relatively similar, monitoring at the mineral lick can provide a useful index for management and conservation. We compared our results to a radio-collar study conducted in 2003–2004 and confirmed that the population remained stable since 2004. Our population estimates were 78 (CI 62–114) in 2009 and 95 (CI 77–131) in 2010. Between 7 and 11 sampling dates were needed to achieve a CV of 20% for population estimates, assuming a capture probability between 0.09 and 0.13. We relied on citizen science volunteers to maximize data collection and reduce costs; 71% of all fecal samples were collected by volunteers, compared to 29% collected by paid staff. We conclude that our technique provides a useful monitoring tool for managers. The technique could be tested and applied in similar populations where animals congregate with high fidelity at a mineral lick or other area.


Modern selection approaches are expected to bring about the cumulative and permanent improvement of animal performance and profitability of animal production. Breeding values of traits along with trait economic values (EVs) are utilised for economic selection purposes with many species all over the world. Currently, some challenges related to trait EVs in animal breeding should be considered. First, the selection response based on the higher accuracy of genomic selection may be reduced due to improper weighting of the trait breeding values of selection candidates. A comprehensive approach applied in bioeconomic models allows suitable trait EV calculations. Further challenges comprise the new breeding objectives associated with climate change, environmental mitigation and animal adaptability. The estimation of EVs for traits influencing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has been mostly based on including the value of CO2 emission equivalent in the trait EVs, on calculating EVs for feed efficiency traits and on methane yield as a direct trait of GHG emission. Genetic improvement of production, functional, feed efficiency and methane traits through the application of multi-trait selection indices was found to be crucial for mitigation of emissions and farm profitability. Defining the non-market values of traits connected with climate protection could be a useful solution for including these traits in an economic breeding objective. While GHG emissions mostly change the costs per unit of production, animal adaptability in its complexity influences animal performance. Clear definitions of disease, fertility, mortality and other breeding objective traits allow the proper calculation of trait EVs, and an accurate estimation of trait genetic parameters could lead to sufficient economic selection response. This complex approach could be beneficial for more effective utilisation of inputs and overall economic and environmental sustainability of animal production.


Biotherapeutics (BTs), one of the fastest growing classes of drug molecules, offer several advantages over the traditional small molecule pharmaceuticals because of their relatively high specificity, low off-target effects, and biocompatible metabolism, in addition to legal and logistic advantages. However, their clinical utility is limited, among other things, by their high immunogenic potential and/or variable therapeutic efficacy in different patient populations. Both of these issues, also commonly experienced with small molecule drugs, have been addressed effectively in a number of cases by the successful application of pharmacogenomic tools and approaches. In this introductory article of the special issue, we review the current state of application of pharmacogenomics to BTs and offer suggestions for further expansion of the field.


This dissertation deals with judicial review of governmental action and individual legal activism. It investigates whether judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism, within the field of public law, can be seen as an alternative or complement to electoral control of political and administrative powers. To discuss the effect of various standing rules and the potential societal function of public law adjudication, a model for analyzing the character of public law adjudication has been developed. The model allows for a characterization of public law adjudication as either Liberal or Republican, depending on features of standing rules, court proceedings, and court decisions. It concludes that judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism within the field of public law can be seen as an alternative or complement to electoral control of political and administrative powers, especially when public trust in, and the powers of, the legislative assembly and political parties is low and decreasing, and if the preconditions for individual legal activism are of such a character that access to justice is available to the larger public and not only a limited group of advantaged individuals. This theoretical framework is then used to analyse judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism in post-Socialist Russia. The results show that the Russian state is best described as authoritarian and that the traditional principal-agent relationship is weak. Thus, in order to strengthen the individual in relation to the state, alternatives for exercising control and participation are required. An analysis of the legislative framework, i.e., the law as it is laid down in the books, shows that Russian administrative law is rights-based and that the character of Russian public law adjudication is closer to the Republican model than the Liberal. However, the Russian support structure is still weak and finds itself in an increasingly inhospitable environment – legally, financially, and politically. In addition, this dissertation concludes that Russia's membership in the CoE has had an impact on judicial protection of individual rights within the sphere of public law in terms of: improving the legislative framework; developing Russian court jurisprudence referring to the ECHR and to the jurisprudence of the ECtHR; exerting pressure on the Russian state to improve practices of the state bureaucracy; stimulating individual legal activism, and increasing individuals' knowledge and awareness of their lawful rights and how to implement them.


Deep learning models have shown to be susceptible to universal adversarial perturbation (UAP), which has aroused wide concerns in the community. Compared with the conventional adversarial attacks that generate adversarial samples at the instance level, UAP can fool the target model for different instances with only a single perturbation, enabling us to evaluate the robustness of the model from a more effective and accurate perspective. The existing universal attack methods fail to exploit the differences and connections between the instance and universal levels to produce dominant perturbations. To address this challenge, we propose a new universal attack method that unifies instance-specific and universal attacks from a feature perspective to generate a more dominant UAP. Specifically, we reformulate the UAP generation task as a minimax optimization problem and then utilize the instance-specific attack method to solve the minimization problem thereby obtaining better training data for generating UAP. At the same time, we also introduce a consistency regularizer to explore the relationship between training data, thus further improving the dominance of the generated UAP. Furthermore, our method is generic with no additional assumptions about the training data and hence can be applied to both data-dependent (supervised) and data-independent (unsupervised) manners. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method improves the performance by a significant margin over the existing methods in both data-dependent and data-independent settings. Code is available at https://github.com/lisenxd/AT-UAP.


The purpose of this research paper is twofold. The first chapter gives a survey of the experimental literature on the perception of individuals concerning their tax burden and its effect on economic decisions. Within this chapter, several strands of literature are discussed, namely: perception of marginal tax rates, influence of tax complexity on tax perception, taxation and incentives to work, tax salience, and tax morale and fairness. The second chapter considers whether knowledge of the tax law is socially desirable. Here, whether knowledge of the tax law is desirable depends on three factors: expectations about the tax in the absence of knowledge, the type of tax, and the quality of the tax. Then, apply this to various policy decisions where knowledge of the tax law is a key variable, including the regulation of tax advisors, hidden taxes, and whether individuals have the socially optimal incentive to seek knowledge of the tax law.


ABSTRACT The portable, accessible nature of technology affords social workers opportunities to venture outside traditional service contexts by engaging in the virtual realm. This qualitative article uses two small-scale exploratory case studies to investigate the concept of ethical challenges in online peer networking and blogging by a social work student and social work practitioner. The article seeks to address the opportunities for and complexities of navigating technology and social media, while also emphasising the need for social workers to acquire a range of skills and competencies, and use well-established frameworks to engage in ethical online practice.