Circulation disorder of blood at a person is related to metabolic process, and it can not be as the normal equilibirum, and later can affect to appearance of disseases. Dew water, can be produced from destilation process (Systemized Dew Process), filtered process and disinfection with ozoniation. Dew water is stated can be used for disorder of blood circulation treatment. For the examination effect of dew water for blood circulation disorder, dew water was tested for blood description and biochemistry blood description at the animal model with cholesterol diet.It was the experimental pharmacology method, with the blood description as hamoglobline, erythrocyte, leucocyte, thrombocyte, hematochrite value; biochemistry description as total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, trigliserid; freeze time of blood; the arteri thickness ; body weight and the volume of intake water. Base on the normally of dosage at human, dew water intake for animal model were all day long admintration and of all of research time, every day for 2 month. The result of research has shown decrease of the body weight; increase need for intake water ; repairing haematology and biochemistry of blood, escpecially decrease of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol; diluting blood; decreasing ateroschlerosis disorder at arteri vessel.


Volcano monitoring goes into the deep Axial Seamount is a large and active submarine volcano along the Juan de Fuca midocean ridge off the coast of the western United States. Eruptions in 1998 and 2011 were followed by periods of magma recharge, making it an ideal location to include in the Ocean Observatories Initiative Cabled Array. Wilcock et al. present real-time seismic data from the most recent eruption in April 2015 that allow the tracking of magma before and during eruption. Nooner and Chadwick show that eruptions are predictable on the basis of deformation data. As magma pools underneath it, Axial Seamount inflates and erupts when the inflation hits a threshold. Both studies elucidate the dynamics of submarine volcanoes, which vastly outnumber their aboveground counterparts. Science, this issue p. 1395, p. 1399 Seismic data track the movement of magma during the April 2015 Axial Seamount eruption. Seismic observations in volcanically active calderas are challenging. A new cabled observatory atop Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca ridge allows unprecedented real-time monitoring of a submarine caldera. Beginning on 24 April 2015, the seismic network captured an eruption that culminated in explosive acoustic signals where lava erupted on the seafloor. Extensive seismic activity preceding the eruption shows that inflation is accommodated by the reactivation of an outward-dipping caldera ring fault, with strong tidal triggering indicating a critically stressed system. The ring fault accommodated deflation during the eruption and provided a pathway for a dike that propagated south and north beneath the caldera's east wall. Once north of the caldera, the eruption stepped westward, and a dike propagated along the extensional north rift.


Abstract Medical simulation is not developed and integrated into plastic surgery unlike other surgical specialties despite the procedures being complex and require practice. First step in enhancing simulation in plastic surgery is to clarify the need among peers. The objective of the study was to identify and prioritize the technical procedures that should be included in a simulation-based curriculum for residency training in plastic surgery. A panel of participants with key roles in the Danish plastic surgery specialist training program was appointed. Participation was voluntary. A national need assessment study was performed using a three-round Delphi process to collect information from the participants. In round 1, participants reported all the procedures that a newly qualified specialist in plastic surgery should be able to perform. In round 2, participants replied to a survey exploring the frequency of the procedures, the number of surgeons performing the procedure, the risk or discomfort for patients treated by an inexperienced surgeon and the feasibility of training the procedure in simulation, resulting in a preliminary ranking of procedures. In round 3, participants eliminated and reprioritized the identified procedures according to importance. Thirty-five of 37 agreed to enter the expert panel. The response rate was 97%, 86% and 86% for rounds 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Twenty-nine of 136 procedures identified in round 1 reached the final prioritized list of procedures relevant for simulation training in plastic surgery.


Due to the huge exposure of personal information in social media, a challenge now is to design effective privacy mechanisms that protect against unauthorized access to social data. In this paper, a trust model for social media is first presented. Based on the trust model, a trust-aware privacy control protocol is proposed, that exploits the underlying inter-entity trust information. The objective is to design a fine-grained privacy scheme that ensures a user's online information is disclosed only to sufficiently trustworthy parties.


Editor's column
 JPT editors frequently get questions about how to get articles and information published in the print magazine or online. Both SPE members and nonmembers have several avenues to choose from that could lead to publication.
 To paraphrase, SPE's mission is to collect, disseminate, and share technical knowledge and enhance professionals' competency, while its stated mission is to enable the oil and gas industry to share technical knowledge needed to meet the world's energy needs. JPT, SPE's other online periodicals, and its peer-reviewed journals all play a key role in meeting this goal. Because every SPE member receives JPT, it is the association's most recognizable publication vehicle, and contains a variety of departments of interest to both members and companies. It fills a dual role as being a key channel of information to members about important SPE programs and services and features a monthly column from the SPE president, to also being one of the upstream industry's leading trade publications.
 Unique to JPT compared with other trade publications in the field is its monthly summaries of the best technical papers presented at SPE's scores of conferences, as well as several multisociety conferences such as the Offshore Technology Conference, Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, and the International Petroleum Technology Conference. Each issue of JPT features four main technical topics and the JPT Editorial Committee chooses the best technical papers presented at conferences to appear in each issue.
 The 47-person editorial committee is made up of practicing professionals world-wide, serves 2-year terms that can be renewed, and represents major operators, in dependents, national oil companies, the service sector, and academia. The committee's current membership can be found adjacent to this column. The best way to get published in this section of the magazine, which also appears online, is to deliver an outstanding paper at one of SPE's conferences. A list of upcoming SPE meetings, as well as calls for papers, can be found online at www.spe.org/events/calendar.
 The committee, all volunteers, sort through more than 4,000 papers a year to ensure that JPT is publishing the best information on current technical trends and technology applications. More than 140 paper summaries are published annually.
 In additional to the technical papers, JPT offers opportunities for guest article contributions about case studies, new products, as well as opinion pieces. Lengthier opinion pieces appear each month in the print magazine under the heading of Guest Editorial. These noncommercial articles are generally written by an industry executive about a particular trend or topical issue in the industry. Shorter opinion pieces are published on JPT's website under the heading Another View.
 Descriptions of newly commercialized technology are found in the Technology Applications section, while 2-page articles about the use of new technology and its impact are in the Technology Update section. Questions about submitting articles to any of these sections, in either the print or online format, should be made to the editor at firstname.lastname@example.com.


Data center migration relies heavily upon the ability to detect critical IT components in the original environment. Not all components are easy to detect using traditional discovery tools. For instance, load balancers are designed to b e transparent to network traffic, making them invisible to normal scans. Also, the discovery task must be minimally invasive, since the IT environment to be migrated is usually in a production state until the relocation is complete. Studying the configuration of discovered host machines can reveal the presence of the network appliances they use, allowing a "short list" of probable appliance locations to b e made, even if such appliances do not themselves respond to traditional network scans. This paper describes a collection of heuristics for detecting the presence of network devices in data centers, with a specific focus on detecting load balancers. Our approach lies in exploiting (1) host-based network data, which is often collected during data center migrations, and (2) knowledge of how load balancer appliances and managed servers are conventionally configured in an enterprise network. The effectiveness of our techniques is evaluated using data from an IBM data center migration project.


In standard design practice, it is often necessary to assemble engineered structures from individually manufactured parts. Ideally, the assembled system should perform as if the connections between the components were perfect, that is, as if the system were a single monolithic piece. However, the fasteners used in those connections, such as mechanical lap joints, are imperfect and highly nonlinear. In particular, these jointed connections dissipate energy, often through friction over highly localized microscale regions near connection points, and are known to exhibit history dependent, or hysteretic behavior. As a result, while mechanical joints are one of the most common elements in structural dynamics problems, their presence implies that assembled structural systems are difficult to model and analyze. Through rigorous experimental, analytical, and numerical work over the past century, researchers from several different disciplines have developed numerous damping models that give rise to the dynamical behavior attributed to joints. The present work seeks to review, compare, and contrast several linear and nonlinear damping models that are known to be relevant to modeling assembled structural systems. These models are presented and categorized to place them in the proper historical and mathematical context as well as presenting numerous examples of their applications. General properties of hysteretic friction damping models are also studied and compared analytically. Connections are drawn between the different models so as to not only identify differences between models, but also highlight commonalities not normally seen to be in association.


Trypanocidal effect of cysteine protease inhibitors in vitro and in vivo in experimental Chagas disease. Endemic in most American countries, Chagas' disease causes high morbidity and mortality. Recent experimental and clinical evidence shows the importance of chemotherapy in both the acute and chronic phases of this disease. However, treatment is yet limited by the toxicity associated to available drugs. This review describes the design, evolution, and selection of dipeptides that interrupt the intracellular cycle of T. cruzi and cure acute experimental infections in laboratory animals. Peptido-mimetic inhibitors specifically bind cruzain, a T. cruzi cystein protease. The inhibitors cause alterations in the Golgi complex and ER, accumulation of unprocessed enzyme within Golgi cisternae, and decrease of mature cruzain within lysosomes. The most effective compound, N-Pip-F- hF-VSφ, cured an acute lethal infection in experimental animals. Myocardial lesions, lymphocyte infiltration and intracellular amastigote clusters were absent in treated animals. Preliminary toxicology and pharmacokinetic analyses suggest the lack of toxicity associated to high doses and prolonged treatment regimes. Protease inhibitors may soon become good chemotherapeutic alternatives for acute and chronic Chagas' disease.


The current study investigates the grain-size distribution of the sediments in two surveys along coastal line of the Gaza Strip, at the tide and shelf zones. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, Co, and Cd in the surface sediments of the study area were evaluated from thirty location sites selected in the two zones. The grain size-distribution of the sands in tide zone along the study area shows that the predominant grain-size was medium- to fine-grained, while the predominant grain-size in the shelf was fine- to very fine-grained. For the heavy metal concentrations, the results show that the mean concentration values in the shelf along the study area are higher than those in tide zone, except the Pb. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the tide zone of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, Co, and Cd are 11.56, 15.86, 20.49, 1.72, 3.24, and 0.90 mg/kg respectively, while the concentrations in the shelf are 14.92, 14.07, 198.07, 2.00, 4.51, and 1.30 mg/kg, respectively. Generally, the results suggest that the heavy metal levels increase with decreasing the average grain-size of the sediments in the study area. The beach of Gaza Strip is considered as one of the most polluted areas due to the adverse effect of effluents from land-based sources. Domestic untreated wastewater discharges and fishing activities in the harbors area may possibly the major source of the observed higher levels of heavy metals contamination, especially the cadmium and lead. However, the concentration levels of the studied heavy metals in the study area are under the limits comparing with EPA and Ontario guideline standards, except the Cd level is mainly above the limits of EPA and Ontario.


Various deepfake detectors have been proposed, but challenges still exist to detect images of unknown categories or GAN models outside of the training settings. Such issues arise from the overfitting issue, which we discover from our own analysis and the previous studies to originate from the frequency-level artifacts in generated images. We find that ignoring the frequency-level artifacts can improve the detector's generalization across various GAN models, but it can reduce the model's performance for the trained GAN models. Thus, we design a framework to generalize the deepfake detector for both the known and unseen GAN models. Our framework generates the frequency-level perturbation maps to make the generated images indistinguishable from the real images. By updating the deepfake detector along with the training of the perturbation generator, our model is trained to detect the frequency-level artifacts at the initial iterations and consider the image-level irregularities at the last iterations. For experiments, we design new test scenarios varying from the training settings in GAN models, color manipulations, and object categories. Numerous experiments validate the state-of-the-art performance of our deepfake detector.


Abstract Sea urchin skeletons, or tests, comprise rigid calcareous plates, interlocked and sutured together with collagen fibres. The tests are malleable due to mutability in the collagen fibres that loosen during active feeding, yielding interplate gaps. We designed an extraterrestrial simulation experiment wherein we subjected actively growing sea urchins to one factor associated with zero-gravity environments, by growing them under conditions in which reactionary gravitational forces were balanced, and observed how their tests responded. Preventing tests from adhering to surfaces during active growth produced more-spherical bodies, realized as increased height-to-diameter ratios. Sea urchin tests constitute ideal systems for obtaining data that could be useful in extraterrestrial biology research, particularly in how skeletons grow under altered-gravity conditions.


Summary Palaeocyclus porpita (Linnaeus) is a highly distinctive and biostratigraphically important early Silurian rugose coral, widespread in north-west Europe and with scattered records in North America. In eastern North America, Palaeocyclus rotuloides (Hall) occupies a similar biostratigraphical position, but differs from P. porpita in possessing a thin or imperfectly developed epitheca with septal ridges or exposed septal plates and a distinct profile to the undersurface. The calicular surfaces of P. rotuloides and P. porpita are essentially indistinguishable. The relationship between P. porpita and P. rotuloides is resolved by material from the Coralliferous Group of Dyfed, south-west Wales. Collections from siliciclastic horizons have P. porpita type epitheca, whereas material from thin bioclastic limestone beds has P. rotuloides type epitheca. P. rotuloides from eastern North America also appears to be associated with thin bioclastic limestones. It is suggested that these two forms were ecomorphs of the same species, P. porpita , in which epithecal development was influenced by the character of the substrate. The stratigraphical and palaeoecological distribution of the species is briefly reviewed.


This paper assesses the differences in technical efficiency of, and the cassava production systems employed by, male-managed (MMF) and female-managed (FMF) cassava farms in the Fanteakwa District of Ghana. The study employs the translog stochastic meta-frontier model to analyse data obtained from 300 randomly selected smallholder cassava farmers and finds an average metafrontier technical efficiency (MTE) of 0.06 and 0.03 among MMF and FMF respectively. The technology gap ratios (TGR) are 0.25 and 0.04 for the MMF and FMF respectively. The results suggest that both MMFs and FMFs are technically inefficient. However, the production technology operated on MMFs is relatively superior to that operated on FMFs, as shown by the relatively higher TGR for MMFs. The results also reveal that proximity to markets, extension access, off-farm economic activities and formal education are the major contributors to the technical efficiency of the farmers.


Background
Inguinal hernia repair is a common surgical procedure in children. Caudal block is an appropriate technique for the treatment of post operative pain in children undergoing herniotomy. This study compared the effects of Ropivacaine and Bupivacaine in caudal block in children undergoing herniotomy.
Methodology
A total of 74 patients between 5-16 yrs undergoing herniotomy were randomized in two groups. In Group B, 0.75ml/kg of 0.25 % caudal Bupivacaine was administered whereas Group R received 0.75 ml/kg of 0.25 % caudal Ropivacaine. Pain score was assessed using Wong Baker pain scale in post operative period and motor power was assessed using modified Bromage scale till 6 hours.
Results.
The mean duration of post operative analgesia was found to be 253.51 ± 11.48 minutes in Bupivacaine and 258.1 ± 12.10 minutes in Ropivacaine group. The median duration of motor block was 180 (Q1 60- Q3 180) minutes in Bupivacaine and 30 (Q1 22.5- Q3 45) minutes in Ropivacaine group which was statistically significant. There was complete recovery of motor block by 2 hour in Ropivacaine and by 4 hour in Bupivacaine group. (p value< 0.001)
Conclusion
From the current study, it is concluded that caudal Ropivacaine at 0.25% concentration and 0.75ml/kg provides similar duration of post operative analgesia with less motor block in comparison to Bupivacaine.


To identify the most important sources of inoculum of Botrytis cinerea (causal agent of gray mold) in commercial strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fields in Norway, soil and overwintered plant material were collected from planting beds and alleys at five locations in 2000 to 2002 (13 samples altogether). Plant material was sorted by category (e.g., leaves, stems, mulch, and weeds). After subsamples of each material were incubated for 5 days at 20°C at high humidity, conidiophores of B. cinerea growing from mycelia and sclerotia were counted. Overwintered plant debris within planting beds yielded more than 96% of total conidiophores counted, the remainder originating from plant debris collected from alleys or soil. Overwintered strawberry plant debris produced 98% of the conidiophores within planting beds and 80% of the conidiophores in the alleys, while the remaining was produced by weeds. Senescing and dead leaf laminae produced 45% of the conidiophores while stem residues (i.e., petioles, stolons, inflorescences, and unidentifiable stem parts) produced 50% and mummified fruit produced 5% within planting beds. The contribution of sclerotia, compared with mycelia, to conidiophore production varied greatly between fields and years. Overall, 47% of the total number of conidiophores produced in plant material within planting beds originated from sclerotia. More than 90% of the conidiophores from sclerotia were found in dead stem residues.


The New Books and Multimedia column contains brief reviews of new books in the computer communications field. Each review includes a highly abstracted description of the contents, relying on the publishe'r's descriptive materials, minus advertising superlatives, and checked for accuracy against a copy of the book. The reviews also comment on the structure and the target audience of each book. Publishers wishing to have their books listed in this manner should send copies and appropriate advertising materials to Ioanis Nikolaidis at the address below, with an indication that books are intended for the IEEE Network New Books and Multimedia column. Appropriate books will he reviewed in the column. The role of storage area networks (SANs) is to satisfy the demand for scalable and high-performance storage infrastructures through the use of dedicated internet-working and. switching hardware. The SAN architectures dis: solve the one-to-one correspondence of the host-storage pair traditional storage environments imposed; thus, the advantages of S A N s come from the particular interconnection flexibility, which is driven by site-specific concerns. As such, the task of SANs is unglamorous, and better appreciated in niche environments and applications where certain 110 behavior needs t o be supported. Authors capable,of relating their experiences with the applicatidn of SANs are expected to come from companies with large data processing centers. Daniel Pollack's position as system administrator with AOL fits the bill, and his book is geared toward an audience of system administrators. T h e scope of the book ranges from understanding (including measuring) the I 1 0 loads to selecting hardware and composing SAN.topologies. Without resorting to exotic tools, Pollack uses short Per1 scripts whenever a bit of hands-on measurement is deemed nec-essaty, and, in general, he has in mind the set of tools and capabilities a system administrator is expected to possess in hislher environment. A good part of the book is dedicated to how to understand the I10 behavior of the applications and systems at a.site, including identification of the peak storage I10 bandwidth demands of applications. A further elaboration considered in the book is expressed by splitting and studying the configuration of a SAN as belonging to one of five broad classes: a replacement for network attached storage (NAS), storage consolidation infrastructure, part of a capacity planning (thus scaling) strategy , a new " from scratch " project of storage infrastructure, or a flexible " experimental " configuration. Photonic …


Inorganic-(bio)organic interfaces are of central importance in many fields of current research. Theoretical and computational tools face the difficult problem of the different time and length scales that are involved and linked in a nontrivial way. In this work, a recently proposed hierarchical quantum-classical scale-bridging approach is further developed to study large flexible molecules. The approach is then applied to study the adsorption of oligopeptides on a hydrophilic Pt(111) surface under complete wetting conditions. We examine histidine sequences, which are well known for their binding affinity to metal surfaces. Based on a comparison with phenylalanine, which binds as strong as histidine under high vacuum conditions but, as we show, has no surface affinity under wet conditions, we illustrate the mediating effects of near-surface water molecules. These contribute significantly to the mechanism and strength of peptide binding. In addition to providing physical-chemical insights in the mechanism of surface binding, our computational approach provides future opportunities for surface-specific sequence design.


In the present study, a low average power pulsed Nd:YAG laser is used for bead-on-plate welding of low carbon steel plate. The effect of laser process parameters on the weld quality and weld bead profile, welding penetration (P), welding surface width (W) and welding pool area (A), is studied. Focal point position, welding speed, pulse duration, and energy are selected as the process variables. The formation of a keyhole and weld bead profile is found to be highly dependent on laser pulse parameters. Results show that the maximum penetration accurse when the focal point is above the surface, in pulse duration of 6 ms, welding speed of 2 mm/s and pulse energy of 16.67 J.


Early clinical successes are driving enthusiasm for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the transfer of healthy gut bacteria through whole stool, as emerging research is linking the microbiome to many different diseases. However, preliminary trials have yielded mixed results and suggest that heterogeneity in donor stool may play a role in patient response. Thus, clinical trials may fail because an ineffective donor was chosen rather than because FMT is not appropriate for the indication. Here, we describe a conceptual framework to guide rational donor selection to increase the likelihood that FMT clinical trials will succeed. We argue that the mechanism by which the microbiome is hypothesized to be associated with a given indication should inform how healthy donors are selected for FMT trials, categorizing these mechanisms into four disease models and presenting associated donor selection strategies. We next walk through examples based on previously published FMT trials and ongoing investigations to illustrate how donor selection might occur in practice. Finally, we show that typical FMT trials are not powered to discover individual taxa mediating patient responses, suggesting that clinicians should develop targeted hypotheses for retrospective analyses and design their clinical trials accordingly. Moving forward, developing and applying novel clinical trial design methodologies like rational donor selection will be necessary to ensure that FMT successfully translates into clinical impact.


The entorhinal cortex is a gateway to the hippocampus; it receives inputs from several cortical associative areas as well as subcortical areas. Since there is evidence showing that noradrenaline reduces the epileptic activity generated in the entorhinal cortex, we have examined the action of noradrenaline in the superficial layer of the entorhinal cortex, which is the main source of afferents to the hippocampus. In a previous study we showed that noradrenaline hyperpolarized layer II entorhinal cortex neurons and reduced global synaptic transmission via α2‐adrenoreceptors. Here we present a detailed analysis of the effect of noradrenaline on membrane resistance and on the pharmacologically isolated postsynaptic potentials in layer II entorhinal cortex neurons of mice. Noradrenaline (50 μM) hyperpolarized most layer II entorhinal cortex neurons. This hyperpolarization corresponded to an outward current with a reversal potential following the Nernst equilibrium potential for potassium. The hyperpolarizing effect of noradrenaline was blocked by 10 μM yohimbine. These observations suggest that noradrenaline activates a potassium conductance via an α2‐adrenoreceptor. Noradrenaline (10–50 μM) reversibly reduced the amplitude of the pharmacologically isolated excitatory potentials mediated by both NMDA and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐isoxazole‐propionic acid (AMPA) receptors, the former being more strongly affected. Again this effect was blocked by 10 μM yohimbine. In contrast, GABAA‐mediated synaptic transmission was virtually unaffected by noradrenaline. Thus, noradrenaline appears to strongly inhibit the glutamate‐mediated synaptic transmission in the entorhinal cortex without affecting inhibitory post‐synaptic potentials. These observations suggest that α2‐adrenergic receptor agonists may exert a beneficial effect in the control of hyperexcitability in temporal lobe epilepsy.


One-dimensional metallic nanostructures have attracted ever increasing attention in recent years due to their potential applications in transparent electrodes, catalysts, surface enhanced resonance scattering (SERS) based sensors and electric heating elements. The controllable synthesis of high quality metal nanowires is of great importance for the optimization of devices based on metal nanowires. However, due to the intrinsic complexity of one-pot organic reaction systems, the reaction mechanism is still yet to be understood, which severely holds back the efforts towards the controllable synthesis of high quality nanowires. Herein, a two-step method for the synthesis of high-quality Cu nanowires with tunable diameters is proposed. The mechanism of a typical synthesis procedure is discussed through analyzing the apparent phenomena and intermediate products. Kinetically controlled synthesis is achieved by adjusting the species and concentration of halide ions to synthesize high-purity Cu nanowires with tunable diameters ranging from 20 to 90 nm. Electrodes with superior conductivity (FoM ∼ 140, 11 Ω sq−1@80%) are constructed and characterized on the basis of the Cu nanowires synthesized through this method. Red shifts in the LSPR peaks of Cu nanowire dispersions and increments in the haze factors of nanowire electrodes are observed as the average diameter of Cu nanowires increases. The method is also successfully expanded to the synthesis of Ag nanowires with tunable diameters.


Fetal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has emerged as a critical new approach for characterizing brain network development before birth. Despite rapid and widespread growth of this approach, at present we lack neuroimaging analysis pipelines suited to address the unique challenges inherent in this data type. Here, we present a comprehensive fetal data processing pipeline with provision of full code, and solve the most challenging processing step, rapid and accurate isolation of the fetal brain from surrounding tissue across thousands of non-stationary 3D brain images. Leveraging our library of more than 1,000 manually traced fetal fMRI images, we trained a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that achieved excellent accuracy (>90%) across two held-out test sets from separate populations. Furthermore, we unite the auto-masking model with a full processing pipeline and report methodology, performance, and comparison to available alternatives. This work represents the first open source, automated, start-to-finish processing pipeline for fetal fMRI data.


Abstract Education is a key factor that can contribute to the economic growth, supporting the social mobility and the living standard improvement. Both from the scientific point of view, as well as from the policy making process point of view, it is essential to know how individuals choose their educational path, in order to understand what is and can be the role of different educational routes in ensuring social mobility and improving standard of living. In this article we explore the factors that explain attitudes and decisions of individuals for vocational vs. general education in Romania. Our analysis is based on data from a national survey among adult Romanian population. Attitudes regarding the choice of vocational vs. general education are analysed by employing decision trees method in order to assess the extent to which vocational education is considered a valuable education path or an educational alternative for those with lower socio-economic background.


History of the tripodal mandibular subperiosteal implant and the evolution of its design are discussed. Basic principles of bone physiology are reviewed especially as they relate to bone response to loading. Modeling and remodeling are controlled by a strain-related environment. Modeling can alter the shape and volume of bone. This aspect of bone growth has been reported with transosteal implants. A case report is presented in which apparent bone growth occurred following placement of a hydroxylapatite-coated subperiosteal implant. The implant was successfully revised following an acute infection around one of the permucosal sites.


A nation's prosperity depends largely on its ability to raise the level of its productivity. The education level of its workforce, and how effectively the skills are used in the production processes, are considered important factors in this process. In this report we investigate the extent to which skills have contributed to recent productivity performance in the UK. We do this within a cross-country framework, where we compare the UK's productivity trajectories with those of other close competitors. We quantify the role played by different types of certified skills, both academic and vocational, taking account of the influence of other factors, such as capital investment and technological change. Furthermore, we assess the influence of intangible investments, usually excluded from published data and traditional growth studies. We use a wide range of data sources, and employ growth accounting and panel data econometric techniques.

The study begins with a comprehensive review of the literature on the role of human capital in productivity and growth, from both a theoretical and empirical point of view (section 1). We then provide a description of aggregate productivity and employment trends in section 2. Section 3 contains detailed results of the growth accounting decomposition and Section 4 summarises the econometric analysis. Sections 5 and 6 outline the key findings and conclusions emerging from this analysis.

The main research questions addressed in this report are:
• What have been the main sources of growth in the UK and other major economies since the recession? How have these differed relative to the previous periods?
• What is the link between skills and productivity/growth? How have skills contributed to growth over recent years?
• What is the contribution of different types of skills to growth? Where does the UK fare better and worse compared to international competitors?
• What is the role of training and other intangible assets in explaining productivity and growth outcomes? Do they interact differently with different types of skilled workers?


Abstract Mitochondria sense both biochemical and energetic input in addition to communicating signals regarding the energetic state of the cell. Increasingly, these signaling organelles are recognized as key for regulating different cell functions. This review summarizes recent advances in mitochondrial communication in striated muscle, with specific focus on the processes by which mitochondria communicate with each other, other organelles, and across distant organ systems. Intermitochondrial communication in striated muscle is mediated via conduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential to adjacent mitochondria, physical interactions, mitochondrial fusion or fission, and via nanotunnels, allowing for the exchange of proteins, mitochondrial DNA, nucleotides, and peptides. Within striated muscle cells, mitochondria-organelle communication can modulate overall cell function. The various mechanisms by which mitochondria communicate mitochondrial fitness to the rest of the body suggest that extracellular mitochondrial signaling is key during health and disease. Whereas mitochondria-derived vesicles might excrete mitochondria-derived endocrine compounds, stimulation of mitochondrial stress can lead to the release of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) into the circulation to modulate whole-body physiology. Circulating mitochondrial DNA are well-known alarmins that trigger the immune system and may help to explain low-grade inflammation in various chronic diseases. Impaired mitochondrial function and communication are central in common heart and skeletal muscle pathologies, including cardiomyopathies, insulin resistance, and sarcopenia. Lastly, important new advances in research in mitochondrial endocrinology, communication, medical horizons, and translational aspects are discussed.


We apply the transformation-optics approach to the design of a metamaterial radome that can extend the scanning angle of a phased-array antenna. For moderate enhancement of the scanning angle, via suitable parameterization and optimization of the coordinate transformation, we obtain a design that admits a technologically viable, robust, and potentially broadband implementation in terms of thin-metallic-plate inclusions. Our results, validated via finite-element-based numerical simulations, indicate an alternative route to the design of metamaterial radomes that does not require negative-valued and/or extreme constitutive parameters.


Physics-based models of diesel engines with exhaust gas recirculation and a variable geometry turbine (EGR/VGT) have been developed extensively in the control system design community. However, these models omit the heat transfer effects of the charge-air cooler and the recirculated exhaust gas cooler in order to avoid the added complexity in model order for online implementation. Generally, there is no need to include these effects if the purpose of the model is to control the target variables, such as boost pressure and air-to-fuel ratio. In this paper, after surveying the existing state of physics-based models for the EGR/VGT subsystem, a comprehensive model of the EGR/VGT subsystem is developed. This model includes heat transfer effects in the coolers, pressure drops across air filters and pipes, and mass flow rate calculations for a variable geometry turbine and an exhaust gas recirculation control valve. The purpose and scope of this work is offline modeling-for-diagnostics. Such models, though complex, will assist in the fault sensitivity analysis of a subsystem while avoiding any destructive testing when a major design modification in the EGR/VGT subsystem is proposed. For example, the impact of charge-water or EGR cooler degradation on the boost pressure and the air-to-fuel ratio can be studied with such models to further help in designing diagnostic reasoning strategies. Simulation performed using the proposed physicsbased model demonstrates a dominant failure effect of an EGR cooler coolant leak over a charge-water cooler water leak on the properties of the intake air.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the priming of immune responses. This antigen-presenting function of DCs develops in sequence in a process called maturation, during which they become potent sensitizers of naïve T cells but reduce their ability to capture and process antigens. Some heterogeneity exists in mouse-DC populations, and two distinct subsets of DCs expressing high levels of CD11c can be identified on the basis of CD8alpha expression. We have studied the phenotype and maturation state of mouse splenic CD8alpha(-) and CD8alpha(+) DCs. Both subsets were found to reside in the spleen as immature cells and to undergo a phenotypic maturation upon culture in vitro in GM-CSF-containing medium or in vivo in response to lipopolysaccharide. In vitro and in vivo analyses showed that this maturation process is an absolute requisite for DCs to acquire their T-cell priming capacity, transforming CD8alpha(-) and CD8alpha(+) DCs into potent and equally efficient activators of naïve CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance that environmental factors may have on the ability of DC subsets to influence Th responses qualitatively; i.e., the ability to drive Th1 versus Th2 differentiation may not be fixed immutably for each DC subset.


Nanotechnology is an extremely wide term, the definition of which varies from field to field. Most commonly, nanotechnology is defined as "…the understanding, control, and restructuring of matter on the order of nanometers (i.e., less than 100 nm) to create materials with fundamentally new properties and functions" [1]. Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules, by engineering matter at the atomic level.  At the nanoscale, familiar materials can have dramatically different properties: changes can affect color, elasticity, strength, conductivity, and other properties. Nanoparticles also have an increased surface area relative to their volume, making them especially reactive and useful in energy storage, for making composite materials, or as drug delivery devices. Nano materials are also able to be integrated with biological materials, producing new structures that have properties of both types of materials. There are two main types of approaches to nanotechnology: The "top-down" approach and the "bottom-up" approach. The "top-down" approach involves taking larger structures that are either reduced down in size until they reach the nano-scale, or are deconstructed into their composite parts. On the other hand, the "bottom-up" approach is where materials are constructed from the atomic or molecular components. Key Words: materials, structures, nanoparticles, Titanium dioxide,


Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the most commonly seen sexually transmitted infections in the world. Genital herpes is a serious health problem because the infection continues through life with remissions and relapses, it causes recur - ring painful ulcers, and there is no known cure for it. The real prevalence of the genital herpes infection is unknown due to asymptomatic cases. The majority of infected indi - viduals are not aware of the infection due to short duration of symptoms and signs or its asymptomatic nature. The clinical presentation of genital herpes shows certain dif - ferences in terms of the primary attack following the first encounter with the virus and recurrent attacks. There is a strong relationship between HSV-2 positivity and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A serious complication of genital herpes in the mother during pregnancy, neonatal herpes, has a mortality risk of 60% if not treated. Antiviral therapy is safe and effective, for both episodic treatment and chronic suppression of HSV. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory, and treatment options of genital herpes are summarized in this chapter.


Abstract Adolescents and young adults living with HIV (YLHIV) face numerous stresses that affect their care and medication adherence. The clinic social environment may play an important supportive role for YLHIV, influencing health outcomes. The aim of this article is to explore how YLHIV in Baltimore, Maryland understand the various forms of social support provided within the social environment of their HIV clinic. We used qualitative research methods including iterative, semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with 20 YLHIV interviewed up to three times each to explore HIV stressors, support systems, and medication adherence. We employed thematic content analysis to systematically code and synthesize textual interview data. We found that YLHIV experienced social embeddedness with their healthcare teams and through clinic activities. Participants largely perceived these social connections as support, acknowledging that these supports are available to them when needed. Support was enacted through the provision of instrumental support for issues outside of the young person's medical care (i.e., finding a crib for a participant's baby), appraisal (i.e., through respect of the young person's agency and decision making), and information about their HIV care and medication. Support was not always well received, however, as some young people found the support from clinicians demeaning. Limitations of the clinic social support environment included concerns about trust and privacy, and perceiving support as inappropriate or unwanted. Participants identified a number of ways in which the clinic provided meaningful social support. Future research should explore how these supports may improve care and medication adherence of YLHIV.


Magnetic Compton scattering, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy and bulk magnetometry measurements are performed on a set of medium (NiFeCo and NiFeCoCr) and high (NiFeCoCrPd and NiFeCoCrMn) entropy Cantor-Wu alloys. The bulk spin momentum densities determined by magnetic Compton scattering are remarkably isotropic, and this is a consequence of the smearing of the electronic structure by disorder scattering of the electron quasiparticles. Non-zero x-ray magnetic circular dichroism signals are observed for every element in every alloy indicating differences in the populations of the majority and minority spin states implying finite magnetic moments. When Cr is included in the solid solution, the Cr spin moment is unambiguously antiparallel to the total magnetic moment, while a vanishingly small magnetic moment is observed for Mn, despite calculations indicating a large moment. Some significant discrepancies are observed between the experimental bulk and surface magnetic moments. Despite the lack of quantitative agreement, the element specific surface magnetic moments seem to be qualitatively reasonable.


Three important physics issues for the ITER divertor design and operation are summarized based on the experimental and numerical work from multi-machine database (JET, JT-60U, ASDEX Upgrade, DIII-D, Alcator C-Mod and TEXTOR). (i) The energy load associated with Type-I ELMs is of great concern for the lifetime of the ITER divertor target. In order t o understand the physics base of the scaling models[1], the ELM heat and particle transport from the edge pedestal to the divertor is investigated. Convective transport during ELMs plays an important role in heat transport to the divertor. (ii) Determination of the SOL flow pattern and the driving mechanism has progressed experimentally and numerically. Influences of the drift effects on the SOL and divertor plasma transport were discussed. (iii) Carbon erosion and redeposition are of great importance in particular for tritium retention via codeposition. Characteristics of chemical yield at two different deposited carbon surfaces, i.e. erosionand redeposition-dominated areas, have been studied. Progress in the understanding of the chemical erosion is reviewed.


Immunological competence declines progressively with age, resulting in increased susceptibility of the elderly to infection and impaired responses to vaccines. Underlying mechanisms remain largely obscure as they have been related to complex, individual systemic immune properties that are challenging to investigate. In this study, we explored age-related changes in human immunity during a primary virus infection experimentally induced by immunization with live-attenuated yellow fever (YF) vaccine. Applying detailed serology, advanced FACS analysis, and systems biology, we discovered that aged subjects developed fewer neutralizing Abs, mounted diminished YF-specific CD8+ T cell responses, and showed quantitatively and qualitatively altered YF-specific CD4+ T cell immunity. Among numerous immune signatures, low in vivo numbers of naive CD4+ recent thymic emigrants and peripheral dendritic cells correlated well with reduced acute responsiveness and altered long-term persistence of human cellular immunity to YF vaccination. Hence, we reveal in this article that essential elements of immune responses such as recent thymic emigrants and dendritic cells strongly relate to productive immunity in the elderly, providing a conceivable explanation for diminished responsiveness to vaccination with neoantigens and infection with de novo pathogens in the aged population.


From the WMU Undergraduate Catalog: "The fundamentals of choral conducting are presented, including patterns and rehearsal techniques. The study and selection of literature appropriate to various levels of junior and senior high school choirs is included.


This study are focused on the deformation zones occurring in the work piece in a machining process and the corresponding cutting forces. The fully coupled thermo-mechanical FE-model for orthogonal cutting, developed in [1] is utilized. The work piece material is modeled with Johnson-Cook plasticity including damage formulation. Simulations for different feed depths were performed. The cutting forces, the chip thickness ratio and the deformation widths were determined experimentally by the quick-stop images and a force measurements. The results from the simulations have been compared to experimental data for the cutting forces and the chip thickness ratio as a function of the theoretical chip thickness.


Although participation in multilingual communities around the world has been understood to be the raison d'etre for foreign language study, the Communities standard has been portrayed as an extracurricular experience and more difficult to weave into instruction than the other standards. This article addresses two questions: (1) Does a study abroad experience facilitate meeting the Communities standard? and (2) How can collegiate foreign language curricula enhance the study abroad experience and fulfillment of the Communities standard? Current trends in study abroad participation by U.S. undergraduates and key research findings on study abroad related to the Communities standard are reviewed. Numerous recommendations for programmatic courses of action at home and abroad targeting a fuller consideration of the Communities standard in collegiate foreign language study are offered.


Our students are captivated by the characters, storylines, and gossip provided by pop culture (television, movies, magazines, books, sports, music, advertisements, and the Internet). They always seem more engaged when we incorporate examples and analogies from popular culture into our lectures. This seems especially true regarding non-majors biology students--a demographic group most instructors find challenging to teach because many of these students are frustrated and bored with the topic of biology. In accordance with these observations, I believe that pop culture references can be used as an effective pedagogical platform and have the potential to reshape the approach taken by many professors to teach introductory biology. Why Refer to Pop Culture? Many students find their first college biology class intimidating, confusing, or boring, and as a result, fail to retain much information or express an educated opinion on these topics. These frustrated students go elsewhere to learn more about the biological topics that interest them. Based on national polls (Media Central, 2000), college students are much more likely to use the Internet to retrieve information than go to the library. Whereas the Internet provides them with megabytes of biological information, it also provides megabytes of misinformation at the click of a button. With this in mind, we should aim to make our college classrooms an engaging, interactive, educational environment for these students. Of course, we should also strive to facilitate their learning, encourage their critical thinking, and improve their communication skills. Pop culture provides an ideal medium with which we can achieve these goals. In my non-majors biology classes, I make sure I present the same vocabulary, hard facts, and concepts as do the other professors, but I do so via storytelling, role-playing, critique, and farce. At times, my classroom is much like a TV show in itself. (For example, to demonstrate exponential growth in my class, I refer to a classic episode of Star Trek ["The Trouble With Tribbles"] in which scientific Spock calculated the growth rate of fictitious, furry animals called Tribbles that were brought onboard the starship Enterprise. Details of this example can be found in Pryor [2003], and an online version is available at http://acsweb.fmarion.edu/ Pryor/tribbles.htm). Figure 1. The Evolutionary Fitness Challenge. In the late 1800s, the catch-phrase of Darwinism, "Survival of the fittest," was as popular as Paris Hilton's "That's hot!" and The Donald's "You're fired!" have been in recent years. The term "fittest," however, has a very different meaning to an evolutionary biologist than it does to the layperson. Evolutionary fitness is the reproductive success of an individual. It can be measured as the number of offspring produced in an individual's lifetime. Let's submit some physically-fit action heroes to an Evolutionary Fitness Challenge. In Table 1, evolutionary fitness (number of children sired) is compared among various hunky heroes in Hollywood. Keep in mind that, as a relative measure of fitness, the average American woman has two children during her lifetime (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). How Appropriate Is a Pop Culture Approach? Skeptics of this approach may be critical of the pop culture theme. Many believe that television rots the mind and is a poor substitute for the traditional presentation of biology in their courses. I counter by relating several cases in which non-majors students in my classes changed their major to biology because they became fascinated with the application of biology to their everyday lives. I also point out that some aspects of today's pop culture may become tomorrow's masterpieces, just as many literary, music, and film classics were pop culture phenomena in years past. Further supporting this approach, a marked contrast exists between the average American's knowledge of pop culture and more academic topics. …


Direct pulsed laser crystallization (DPLC) of large area printed nanoparticle-inks is investigated to form a crystalline copper indium diselenide (CIS) thin film. This technique has great potential to be utilized in scalable device production due to its atmospheric processing and high yield rate. It is found that CIS nanoparticles of 20 nm-diameter can grow to micro scale large crystals in a film after DPLC. The internal imperfections including grain boundary, inter crystal gaps and voids were reduced significantly. The effects of laser intensity and pulse number on the deposited thin film are investigated. The localized field enhancement around nanoparticle contacts is believed to be responsible for nanoparticle welding and crystal growth near the CIS film surface area during DPLC. The complete crystallization of CIS nanoparticles along the depth direction is attributed to thermal diffusion driven rapid melting/solidification. Moreover, it was found that the microstructure change in the CIS film after DPLC influences the optical and electrical performance significantly. A typical increase of 7.9% (visible range) and 19.2% (near infrared range) in the optical absorbance is obtained under optimal DPLC conditions and a band-gap shrinkage (ΔEg) of the CIS thin film after DPLC leads to broader acceptance of solar spectrum of 100 nm. The results from the Raman spectrum and photoluminescence (PL) of the thin films under various laser conditions reveal that the improvement of the optoelectronic properties of the CIS thin film is related to the reduction of the crystal defect level in the thin film.


Not all clinically eligible patients will necessarily accept a new treatment. Cost-utility analysis recognizes this by multiplying the mean incremental expected utility (EU) by the participation rate to obtain the utility gain per head. However, the mean EU gain over all patients in a defined clinical category is traditionally used as a proxy for the mean EU gain over the subpopulation of acceptors. Even for clinically identical patients, this may lead to a biased assessment of total benefit because a patient motivated to accept the new treatment is likely to value its effects more favorably than a patient who declines. An analysis that ignores this tendency will be biased toward an underestimate of true benefits of a health technology (HT). The extent of this bias is described within a qualityadjusted life year-based utility model for a population of clinically indistinguishable patients who differ with respect to the values that they place on the possible health outcomes of an HT. The size of the bias is sensitive to the proportion of patients who accept the treatment, under both deterministic and probabilistic models of individual decision making. In all cases in which decision making is correlated with personal utility gain, the bias rises steeply as the proportion of acceptors declines.


This study investigates a model of syntactic derivations that is based on a new concept of dislocation, i.e., of 'movement' phenomena. Derivations are conceived of as a compositional process that constructs larger syntactic units out of smaller ones without any phrase-structure representations, as in categorial grammars. It is shown that a simple extension of this view can account for dislocation without gap features, chains, or structural transformations, and for many basic generalizations that transformational theories express in terms of X-bar-Theory and various constraints on movement.


: A small number of malignant facial neoplasms recur or persist despite initial adequate local conventional therapy. Ten such cases treated by the author over a three year period demonstrate the aggressiveness of skin tumors when recurrence develops in the region of fusion lines. A major surgical resection was required to control the ensuing malignant process. An approach, with concepts and management of extensive recurrent facial lesions is presented with reconstructive techniques outlined.


Millimeter-wave (MMW) systems are high frequency wireless systems with a center frequency of around 60 GHz. This thesis deals with adaptive channel-superframe allocation (ACSA) for such system. An adaptive bandwidth or channel allocation algorithm is utilized in the piconet controller (PNC) and a new superframe structure is designed in order to distribute bandwidth among real-time (RT) and non-real-time (NRT) flows. We propose to serve RT and NRT flows separately in different channels instead of serving them in different times.
We also propose to 'change the sliced superframe of IEEE 802.15.3 to an adaptive unsliced superframe in order to decrease the TCP round-trip time. We simulated a MMW system with appropriate parameters using 802.15.3 MAC as well as ACSA MAC. We meaSured three performance metrics (throughput, delay and fairness), which we aimed to improve in our superframe design. The simulation results show that the adaptive superframe structure . could provide' throughput improvements not only for NRT flows, but also for RT flows.
The control algorithm in PNC could manage the bandwidth allocation in superframe and improve the throughput of RT flows. The channel access delay is improved by providing an unsliced superframe, which eliminated an imposed delay on TCP connections. Finally, the better distribution of bandwidth in ACSA MAC improves the fairness of the system. As a brief, the simulation results support the analysis of the proposed adaptive channelsuperframe
allocation algorithm, which could generally improve the quality of service for
MMW systems.


Abstract: With the world's growing population and increase in urbanization, the requirement for optimized agriculture has increased. Agricultural operations such as crop spraying and water management require rigorous monitoring of crops in order to identify the correct time to spray and irrigate the crops. Thus managing vast properties require an affordable spraying strategy. Advancement in computer processing speed and algorithms has made it possible to devise such strategies to optimize several agricultural operations. One of those operations is to spray crops with pesticides and monitor crops. This requires an airborne vehicle which can monitor and spray crops efficiently. Several optimization techniques have been used in recent years to optimize the path of the aerial vehicle due to limited fuel carrying capability of these vehicles as well as the increasing cost of fuel. A comparative study has been made in this paper to analyze the performance of some of the leading techniques used to optimize agricultural operations in recent years. Keywords: c rop spraying, optimization, airborne vehicles, pesticides, artificial intelligence


Software architecture allows us to make many decisions about a software system and analyze it even before it has been implemented, so as to make planned development possible. Similarly, architecture-based software evolution planning makes planned evolution possible by allowing us to make many decisions about the evolution of a software system and to analyze its evolution at the level of architecture design before software evolution is realized. In this paper, we develop a framework for architecture-based software evolution planning. It is done by defining various foundational terms and concepts, providing a taxonomy of software evolution plans, and then showing how to calculate values for various types of plans. By identifying and defining constituent foundational concepts, this conceptual framework makes precise the notion of "architecture-based software planning". By developing a value-calculation framework for software evolution plans, it also provides a basis for concrete methods for designing and evaluating evolution plans.


We measure the spin-resolved transport of dipolar excitons in a biased GaAs double quantum well structure. From these measurements we extract both spin lifetime and mobility of the excitons. We find that below a temperature of 4.8K there is a sharp increase in the spin lifetime of the excitons, together with a sharp reduction in their mobility. Below a critical power the spin lifetime increases with increasing mobility and density, while above the critical power the opposite trend is observed. We interpret this transition as evidence of the interplay between two different spin dephasing mechanisms: at low mobility the dephasing is dominated by the hyperfine interaction with the lattice nuclei spins, while at higher mobility the spin-orbit interaction dominates and a Dyakonov-Perel spin relaxation takes over. The excitation power and temperature regime where the hyperfine interaction induced spin dephasing is observed correlates with the regime where a dark dipolar quantum liquid was reported recently on a similar sample.


Major depression is a serious disorder of impaired emotion regulation. Emotion hyperactivity leads to excessive negative ruminations that daily hijack the patient's mental life, impacting their mood. Evidence from past researches suggest that depressive patients present several cognitive impairments in attention and working memory, leading to a more acute selective attention for negative stimuli and a greater accessibility of negative memories. Recently, is has been proposed that impaired inhibitory functioning with regard to emotional information processing might be one of the mechanisms of ruminations linking memory, attention and depression. It seems that inhibition deficit is present at both the input level (i.e., the ability to reduce the interference from emotional distracters) and the higher level (i.e., the ability to direct the attention away from emotional material that has already been processed) of emotional information processing. Event-related potentials (ERP) have widely been used to study inhibition in adults suffering from various psychopathological states. In particular, depressive disorder has been linked to ERPs modulations, at early as well as at latter stages of the information-processing stream, when processing affective material. For instance, deficits in inhibiting negative information have been indexed by changes in the parameters (amplitudes and latencies) of early P2, P1 and N1 components while other ERP studies have shown an ability to differentiate depressed patients from normal controls based upon response inhibition difficulties in go-nogo tasks, indexed by later NoGo P3 differences. In this review, we will focus on results of ERP studies investigating inhibition and its interaction with emotional related cue processing in depressive populations. Implications for future research and theoretical perspectives will be discussed within the framework of current models of depressive disorder, based upon the hypothesis that negative ruminations are at the center of depression processes.


Abstract The fashion industry cannot use 3 D Body Scanning to create custom garment patterns because its measurements fail to meet ISO 20685:2010's tolerances. To advance 3 D Body Scanning's precision, we present Gryphon: an algorithm that removes the two most extreme measurements from five body scans; removing potentially erroneous data. We assess Gryphon's precision against current industry practice, determine if consecutive and non-consecutive data capture influences precision, and determine 3 D Body Scanning's inherent imprecision inherent. We analyse 97 participants over 121 industry-standard measurements for consecutive and non-consecutive data-capture through MANOVA statistical analysis. Under current industry practice, only one measurement meets ISO 20685. However, under Gryphon and consecutive scanning, 97.5% of measurements meet ISO 20685. We also prove that the body's in-scan movement does not affect reliability. Ultimately, we offer the fashion industry, ergonomists, and practitioners an accessible method to increase 3 D Body Scanning's precision at a level unavailable under previous methods. Practitioner Summary: Ergonomists need precise data, yet we prove 0% of 3 D Body Scanning's measurements meet ISO 20685's tolerances. Our analysis of 97 participants scans, shows consecutive scanning is necessary to achieve data suitable for anthropometric applications. We develop the Gryphon process with consecutive scanning, making 97.3% of measurements meet ISO 20685. Abbreviations: ISO: International Organisation for Standards; Three Dimensional: 3D; MANOVA: Multivariate analysis of variance Graphical Abstract


In a world where anyone can become a media producer, everyone should know something about media law both to protect their own rights and to avoid violating the rights of others. Digital Media Law is the first media law text to respond to digitalization and globalization--the two most significant agents of change in the 21st century. The first book to explain how media law has evolved to meet the challenges posed by digital media, providing an introduction to all areas of digital media law and its overlap with traditional media law Covers areas such as Internet publishing, file sharing, satellite radio and cellular phone broadcasts Features explanations of traditional communication law concepts, illustrated with modern cases related to digital media that students know and use Expanded treatments are given to particularly interesting issues, cases, law projects, treaties, and litigants, etc. Accompanying website with ancillaries and updates on legal topics related to digital media


Impulsive-noise (IN) over power-line channels can cause serious performance degradations. As such, many IN mitigation techniques have been proposed in the literature, the most common of which is the blanking technique. The conventional way to implement this technique, however, requires prior knowledge about the IN characteristics to identify the optimal blanking threshold (OBT). When such knowledge cannot be obtained, the performance deteriorates rapidly. To alleviate this, we propose a lookup table (LUT)-based algorithm with uniform quantization to utilize estimates of the peak-to-average power ratio at the receiver to determine the OBT. To fully evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we investigate the impact of quantization bits on the system performance in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and symbol error rate under various IN scenarios. The results reveal that a 5-bit LUT is sufficient to achieve a gain of up to 3-dB SNR improvement relative to the conventional blanking method. It will also be shown that to maintain good performance, the resolution of quantization must be increased especially when the IN probability of occurrence is relatively high.


We modify the concept of consistent expectations equilibria introduced in Hommes and Sorger (1998) in two ways: (i) the consistency condition requires that the probability that the agents reject their perceived law of motion in any period does not exceed a given level and (ii) there may exist exogenous stochastic shocks. The concept is illustrated by two examples using a linear economic system. In one of the examples consistency implies rational expectations, in the other example it does not. (authors' abstract)


The wind power penetration in the power system has already reached a considerate proportion. An important step in that path was the requirement of wind farms to provide Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capacity, remaining connected to the grid during faults. More recently, grid codes are also requiring wind turbines to inject reactive power during the fault event so as to contribute to grid voltage support. The purpose of this work is to analyze a reactive current injection strategy for DFIG-based wind turbines that acts on the reactive power control loop during faults. The results of the simulations show, the behavior of the voltage, active power, and the total current injected in the system for different connection characteristics. The reactive current injection strategy helps in the voltage level during the fault, and the effectiveness is better for connections to the transmission system level.


The software industry and most multinational IT companies are starving for software engineers who can write high quality codes. Universities and colleges, being the most important educational institutions, should of course shoulder the burden to cultivate such qualified software engineers. Many methods have been explored to make this educational task more efficient. Peer code review (PCR) is such a teaching process that can be used to help instructors teach more efficiently. After three years' implementation, the advantage of PCR has been revealed while some major problems have been addressed, e.g. it is unacceptably troublesome to control the whole process manually, and its quality is hard to handle. So a web-based MIS with built-in PCR was developed. The detailed design and implementation of this system is presented. It is believed that the MIS will help teachers assure the quality of the PCR process.


Ketoconazole is used to treat fungal infections. Ketoconazole is most often used to treat fungal infections that can spread to different parts of the body through the bloodstream such as yeast infections of the mouth, skin, urinary tract, and blood, and certain fungal infections that begin on the skin or in the lungs and can spread through the body. Ketoconazole is also used to treat fungal infections of the skin or nails that cannot be treated with other medications. Ketoconazole is in a class of antifungals called imidazoles. It works by slowing the growth of fungi that cause infection. Branded as NizoralR ketoconazole is formulated as tablets, cream and over-the-counter ketoconazole shampoo.
The aim of this research was to study and to standardize an ultraviolet spectrophotometric (UVS) method, potentiometric and a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of ketoconazole in commercially available pharmaceutical preparations (tablets and creams). These three methods were compared and discussed with respect to their sensitivity and ready-applicability in routine analytical work.
Absorption spectra and spectrophotometric determination were carried out on a UVS spectrophotometer, in 1 cm cuvettes. The concentration of ketoconazole stock solutions was 10-4 molˑdm-3 in 0.1 molˑdm-3 HCl. Solutions in range of investigated concentrations were obtained by diluting of stock in range from 0.003 to 0.02 mgˑdm-3. The absorbance was measured at 224 nm.
Potentiometric titrations were made using glass and saturated (KCl) calomel electrode. The determined ketoconazole is dissolved in acetic acid. A solution of HClO4 (0.1 molˑdm-3) in acetic acid was used for titrations. Each cm3 of HClO4 (0.1 molˑdm-3) is equivalent to 0.02657 g of ketoconazole.
HPLC analysis of ketoconazole, in the presence of econazole as internal standard, was performed using Ultrapac LiChrosorb RP 18 (5 μm) column, with the mobile phase consisting of 0.2% diethilamin in methanole/0.5% ammonium acetate solution (78:22); flow rate = 0.9 cm3/min and UV detection at 224 nm.
The described methods for quantitative determination of ketoconazole in pharmaceutical preparations are simple and accurate. They can be performed directly without removing the ingredients. The differences in assay values in all methods were not statistically significant. The spectrophotometric method is recommended for quantitative determination in routine analysis. It is not only satisfactorily reproducible, but also selective with respect to the ingredients. Although, the potentiometric method cannot be considered as selective, it is rapid and reproducible enough to be used as an alternative routine method. The HPLC method is useful especially for determination of impurities and degradation products in stability studies.


Summary— In the present study we report the occurrence of chaperonins, cpn 10 and cpn60, in Chromatium vinosum and rat hepatocytes, using specific polyclonal antibodies in conjunction with the protein A‐gold immunocytochemical technique. As demonstrated by quantitative evaluations, the immunolabeling for cpn10 and cpn60 in C vinosum cells was associated primarily with the bacterial cell envelope. In rat liver homogenates, Western immunoblotting analysis has shown that antibodies to cpn10 from C vinosum recognize an unique 25‐kDa protein that remains to be further characterized. On the other hand, the antibody to cpn60 from C vinosum revealed the presence of a 60‐kDa protein in the rat liver homogenates. Immunofluorescence on rat liver tissue revealed an intracellular granular labeling for both chaperonins. On the other hand, using the post‐embedding immunoelectron microscopy technique cpn10 and cpn60 were localized specifically in liver mitochondria and peroxisomes. Interestingly, further analysis of the labeling distribution confirmed the association of both proteins with the mitochondrial inner membrane whereas in the peroxisomes the chaperonins appeared to be located in the matrix, away from the limiting peroxisomal membrane. The colocalization of both chaperonins suggests that, as in other bacteria as well as eukaryotic cells, they may act in tandem for the proper folding of particular proteins.


Background: Neural activity is increasingly used in addition to behavioral measures to study anxiety and attentional biases toward threatening stimuli. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) might be particularly useful because of their excellent temporal resolution. In particular, the late positive potential (LPP) reflects increased attention to emotional stimuli—and was recently found to be larger with increasing state anxiety. This study sought to examine the LPP among individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods: Fifteen individuals with GAD and 15 healthy controls (HCs) viewed briefly presented pairs of aversive and neutral pictures that were presented to the left and right of, as well as above and below, fixation on each trial; ERP and behavioral measures were recorded as participants indicated whether the horizontal or vertical image pairs were the same or different. Results: Aversive pictures presented in unattended locations were associated with more errors overall, and this effect was larger in GAD than HC participants. Moreover, aversive targets elicited larger LPPs across all participants; this difference was larger in GAD than HC participants when distracters were neutral. Conclusions: Threatening stimuli presented in both target and distracting spatial locations have a greater impact on GAD than HC participants. Behavioral and ERP measures provide complimentary indices of attention toward threat in GAD. In terms of attentional control theory, behavioral interference indexes impaired processing effectiveness, whereas the LPP might index reduced processing efficiency in GAD. Both measures may provide unique windows onto how increased stimulus‐driven attention to threat impacts and characterizes GAD. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


For years plastic has been used for all kinds of applications due to its versatile properties.
As focus on sustainability has increased, the ability to melt and recycle plastic materials has
become increasingly important. This is already largely done in the production of e.g. plastic
bags where the quality is perhaps compromise, but a cleaner product will enhance the
possibility of using recycled plastic in a variety of products.
The general aim of this project is to develop a more sustainable alternative to one of the
most widely used additives in plastic; coloring by pigmentation. The idea is that color
decorations as we know them are to be replaced by the visual effects of periodic nano
structures on the plastic surface. In particular, we envision making nano imprint an
integrated part of the injection molding process and thereby eliminating both the additive
itself and also reducing the sequences of production steps that might also cause additional
transportation and thus further benefit the environment.
This study deals with the color effects of periodically spaced cylindrical PMMA structures. It
has previously been found that aluminum coating is necessary in order to obtain clearly
visible color effects, as these arise due to localized surface plasmons on the resulting
aluminum disks. In principle, this jeopardizes the vision of a single material. However, the
tiny proportion of aluminum (layer of 20 nm) in the product will not impact the reusability
before numerous cycles (100 cycles from rough estimates).
Samples with periods of 160 to 240 nm and E-beam exposure doses of 30 to 180 μC/cm2
were characterized optically and the reflected spectrum was found to depend strongly on the
diameter as the resonance frequency of the localized surface plasmons is highly dependent
on the height-to-width ratio of the Al disks.
The viewing angle dependency of the color, on the other hand, is related to the period, as
small periods result in more constant color effects, as disturbances due to diffraction are
found outside the visible range.


This paper explores a pragmatic approach to multiple object tracking where the main focus is to associate objects efficiently for online and realtime applications. To this end, detection quality is identified as a key factor influencing tracking performance, where changing the detector can improve tracking by up to 18.9%. Despite only using a rudimentary combination of familiar techniques such as the Kalman Filter and Hungarian algorithm for the tracking components, this approach achieves an accuracy comparable to state-of-the-art online trackers. Furthermore, due to the simplicity of our tracking method, the tracker updates at a rate of 260 Hz which is over 20x faster than other state-of-the-art trackers.


Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a highly efficient new type of coal mining technology with broad future prospects. In order to study the cavity extension formation in the early ignition stage of UCG, a block coal scale UCG simulation experiment was carried out. The results show that after the ignition, the temperature above ignition point rose fastest, and the coal combustion interface and high temperature area moved toward to the above of ignition point, while the temperature of the left and right sides of ignition point rose a little slowly. According to the results of dissected block coal, it is indicated that the extension scale in the vertical direction was significantly larger than other directions; the combustion cavity form was an irregular rectangle like a pear. The results of this experiment revealed the cavity extension process from ignition of UCG channels to the formation of cavity, which provided a foundation for the study of extension characteristics of UCG channel in the entire UCG process.


Since its publication in 1868, the beloved children's classic Little Women, has been handed down from mother to daughter. It has inspired an opera, three films and a musical. In this lavish four-colour edition, renowned Alcott expert John Matteson brings unprecedented vibrancy to the book, to the March family it creates and to the Alcott family who inspired it. With numerous photographs taken for this edition, readers discover the extraordinary links between the real and the fictional family. Matteson's annotations bring us back in touch with the objects and culture of a distant but still-relevant time. His introductory essays examine Little Women's pivotal place in children's literature and tell the story of Alcott herself, a tale every bit as captivating as her fiction.


The relationship between nationhood and sexuality has been increasingly examined in recent years, both in academia and by activists. This thesis analyses UK discourses on LGBT asylum in this context, focussing on heterogeneous corpora ranging from Home Office directives to media narratives. A first chapter is dedicated to a conceptualisation of LGBT asylum as a social problem; doing so, it conceives of the social problem as a travelling concept that can be applied productively in post-structuralist discourse theory. A threefold argument is built using this methodology. Firstly, the second chapter demonstrates how LGBT asylum is a central part of a larger discursive environment, which articulates human rights with a civilisation-related discourse linking sexual tolerance to modernity and liberalism. This chapter argues that LGBT asylum rights and the asylum seekers themselves bear particular significance in these larger discourses for they provide examples of victims of non-Western sexual intolerance that allow for the repetition of narratives about civilisation. The third chapter examines the consequences of these discursive articulations on how asylum is managed by the state. It proposes that the biopolitics of asylum are based on an apparatus of recognition of LGBT subjects that owes much to homonationalist representations. Finally the fourth and last chapter examines more closely the production of LGBT asylum seekers' subjectivities by focusing on the testimonial speeches that can be found in news media and NGO discourses. It argues that testimonies are part of a discursive economy in which the testimonies' truthfulness has a value that is used strategically by competing enunciators in public arenas. By engaging with the testimonial production of victims to be saved by the liberal state, this part makes connections between findings from the previous chapters. It concludes by looking at potential subversions of this discursive economy in an art project with lesbian asylum seekers.


Objective: Yolk sac is the first ultrasonographically visible extra embryonic structure within the gestational sac. In Early pregnancy, threatened and spontaneous abortions is the most common complication. As per some studies, enlarged or small yolk sac predicts poor pregnancy outcome. Whereas other studies, they conclude normal outcome. Thus, the purpose of this study is to study and evaluate the inner diameter and the shape of yolk sac in first trimester using transabdminal ultrasonography and to correlate it with pregnancy outcome. Materials and Methods: A prospective study conducted in Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Egmore, Chennai. Total of hundred pregnant antenatal mothers were chosen between the study period November 2017 to Octoberr 2018. Once selected, they were divided into two groups of 8 to 10 weeks and 10 to 12 weeks. They underwent transabdominal ultrasound to see the size and characteristics of yolk sac, results were recorded and patients are followed up till 20 weeks to see for pregnancy outcome like abortion or normal course. Results: In patients with normal outcome the mean diameter of yolk sac has been 4.35 mm. In patients with abortion as outcome, the mean yolk sac diameter has been ranging from 5.5 mm. Any deviation of more than 2 SD met with increased rates of spontaneous abortion. In this current study, about 88% of cases had abortion which were found to have abnormal size of the yolk sac Conclusion: Yolk sac size and characteristics are important determinants of outcome of pregnancy. This should be monitored in early pregnancy to assess the outcome of pregnancy.


Image detection is an important technology which has been applied extensively to geometric measurement, industrial quality inspection, three-dimensional surface detection and the like. Because most of image detection algorithms are effective for specific problems so far, there is no detection algorithm can be applied to solve all image detection problems. Detection of tubular structures in 3D medical images is an important issue for vascular medical imaging. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive medialness measure for detection of tubular structures in 3D medical images. The adaptiveness of the medialness is based on the Hessian matrix of the image, its eigenvectors and eigenvalues. First we describe the proposed measure of medialness and ridge, Second we use a simple model of cylindrical vessel with circular Gaussian cross-section to illustrate our detection solution, meanwhile we give the relationship between the size of the structure and its selected scales. From this relationship, we explain the extraction of local extrema and make a full reconstruction of the vessels network. Thirdly synthetic and real images are used to verify our study under the suggested tubular structures. At last we draw some conclusions and give some areas for future research


Among the list of major threats to quantum computation, quantum decoherence poses one of the largest because it generates losses to the environment within a computational system which cannot be recovered via error correction methods. These methods require the assumption that the environmental interaction forces the qubit state into some linear combination of qubit eigenstates. In reality, the environment causes the qubit to enter into a mixed state where the original is no longer recoverable. A promising solution to this problem bases the computational states on the low lying energy excitations within topological materials. The existence of these states is protected by a global parameter within the Hamiltonian which prevents the computational states from coupling locally and decohering. In this paper, the qubit is based on non-local, topological Majorana fermions (MF), and the gate operations are generated by swapping or braiding the positions of said MF. The algorithmic calculation for such gate operations is well known, but, the opposite gates-to-braid calculation is currently underdeveloped. Additionally, because one may choose from a number of different possible qubit definitions, the resultant gate operations from calculation to calculation appear different. Here, the calculations for the twoand four-MF cases are recapitulated for the sake of logical flow. This set of gates serves as the foundation for the understanding and construction of the six-MF case. Using these, a full characterization of the system is made by completely generalizing the list of gates and transformations between possible qubit definitions. A complete description of this system is desirable and will hopefully serve future iterations of topological qubits.


We describe the rise of "opportunity markets" that allow well-off parents to buy opportunity for their children. Although parents cannot directly buy a middle-class outcome for their children, they can buy opportunity indirectly through advantaged access to the schools, neighborhoods, and information that create merit and raise the probability of a middle-class outcome. The rise of opportunity markets happened so gradually that the country has seemingly forgotten that opportunity was not always sold on the market. If the United States were to recommit to equalizing opportunities, this could be pursued by dismantling opportunity markets, by providing low-income parents with the means to participate in them, or by allocating educational opportunities via separate competitions among parents of similar means. The latter approach, which we focus upon here, would not require mobilizing support for a massive redistributive project.


A novel type of alendronate(ALE)-conjugated amphiphilic hyperbranched copolymer based on a hydrophobic hyperbranched Boltorn H40 (H40) core with ALE targeting moiety and many hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) arms was synthesized as a carrier for bone-targeted drug delivery. The star copolymer H40-star-PEG/ALE was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. Benefiting from its highly branched structure, H40-star-PEG/ALE could form micelles in aqueous solution, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. The cytotoxicity and hemolysis of the H40-star-PEG/ALE micelles were evaluated via methylthiazoletetrazolium (MTT) assay against NIH/3T3 normal cells and red blood cell (RBC) lysis assay, respectively. As a model anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated into the H40-star-PEG/ALE micelles. The anticancer activity of DOX-loaded micelles was evaluated by MTT assay against an HN-6 human head and neck carcinoma cell line. The strong affinity of H40-star-PEG/ALE micelles to bone was confirmed by the hydroxyapatite (HA) binding assay. These results indicate that the H40-star-PEG/ALE micelles are highly promising bone-targeted drug carriers for skeletal metastases.


The placenta develops in the uterus during the pregnancy. It provides nutrients and oxygen to the foetus and removes the excess waste from the fetus blood. It is attached to the wall of the uterus and the umbilical cord arises from it. The placental abnormalities are considered as the leading cause of mortality in both maternal and paternal. This is to assess the pregnancy induce hypertension and abruption of placenta among mothers who gave birth


Based on the stress characteristics of freeze shinking shaft lining at construction and operation stages, it is set up that The anisotropic damage model including initial damage, which suit to make Damage and Fracture Mechanics analysis for the shaft lining. A 3 dimensional anisotropic damage program is compiled using FEPG software, which take the following factors into consideration: temperature, conduction conditions, concrete facture energy and its aggregate gradation. Take the liangbosi mine shaft lining for example, its damage evolutionary process under complicated stresses such as permanence field stress, the gravity and vertical additional stress changed with time is obtained. It is discussed that the facture's position and its development process, and the mechanical mechanics of the shaft lining structure failure.


The objective of this study was to improve udder health and milk quality through the use of an on farm culture based treatment program. Milk samples were collected from mastitis cows, fresh cows, and high somatic cell count cows (cows with greater than 400,000 cells/mL in the last two DHIA tests) and cultured on bi plates; each side consisting of a selective medium for either gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria. The plates were then incubated for 24 hours and examined for growth. When growth was present, the infected quarter(s) were treated with cephapirin sodium for two consecutive milkings. After 30 days, milk samples were re-cultured to determine the effectiveness of the treatment and the on-farm testing program. The author found that with rapid treatment, 91% of fresh cows that had a positive culture result were cleared, 93% of mastitis cows that cultured positive were cleared, and 60% of high somatic cell count cows having a positive culture were cleared.


Following an ever-increasing tendency to underline the detrimental effects of alcoholic beverages on human health, wine consumption has also recorded a steady decrease. This is despite multiple beneficial effects on health demonstrated by research. This review presents the latest information regarding the effects of wine on human health. While the potential detrimental effect of alcohol is not disregarded, but acknowledged where science clearly demonstrated a negative impact, potential beneficial effects are also presented and discussed. Aside from alcohol, wine contains other compounds which have been shown to serve as antioxidants and anti-blood clotting agents or metabolic signaling molecules, with anti-proliferative, chemoprotective, immunomodulating actions. Accordingly, light to moderate but not heavy wine consumption can complement other dietary effects on human health. Recent research suggests that wine-derived compounds belonging to the phenolic compound classes are important to human health and some of their putative actions are presented in this review.


The kinematics of contact describes the motion of a point of contact over the surfaces of two contacting objects in response to a relative motion of these objects. In a previous work (Int. of Robotics Res., vol.3, p.17-32, 1988), the author derived equations that embody this relationship when the two objects are assumed to be rigid bodies. In the present work, he extends that analysis by dropping the assumption of rigidity. He derives a set of equations, called the compliant contact equations, which model the kinematics of contact with compliance. He discusses an example that illustrates the effect of compliance on the kinematics of contact. He measures the trajectory of the center of contact on a tactile sensor in response to a known motion and shows how the results fit the proposed model. He analyzes how two tasks that are based on the rigid-body model of the kinematics of contact have been designed to be robust with respect to compliance. For the task of contour-following he provides experimental results that confirm this analysis.<<ETX>>


Introduction: Today, the donation of embryos, produced in vitro, is a common way to help the infertile cases who cannot produce embryo themselves by any of assisted reproductive procedures. The quality of endometrium and the time of embryo transfer are the most important factors in achieveing high pregnancy rate in these cases. The aim of this study was the assessment of pregnancy rate after embryo donation in natural cycle. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out in the year 2005 at Hamadan Infetility Center on 24 couples. A total of 24 couples went through the treatment cycles with embryos donated by 17 couples. Embryo donation was done on days of 14-17 of natural cycle and 2-3 days after the progesterone administration to the recipients. A pregnancy test was performed 2 weeks after ET, and positive results were confirmed by sonographic evaluation of the embryo. Individual, hormone administration results and embryo donation data were collected in a questionnaire, analyzed by descriptive statistics and frequency distribution tables. Results: The mean age of the recipient and donor women were 32.2 and 26.2 years respectively.An average of 2.3 embryos were transferred on each occasion. The clinical pregnancy rate in the recipients was 30 (8.24) per embryo transfer. Conclusion: Transfer of donated embryos in natural cycle, results in a high pregnancy rate and is an easy, acceptable and cost-effective way of treatment for infertility.


Medical progress has always been directly related to scientifi c publications. Publication is the end point of research which permits universal dissemination of research fi ndings and conclusions. If research, "… is not published, it does not exist." Although this might seem like a truism, the current criteria for what constitutes authorship has been built gradually through debate. Complete uniformity in this respect has not yet been reached, and not all editorial boards of scientifi c journals have explicit concepts on this subject. A committee consisting of the editors of prestigious medical journals has proposed conditions to be met by people who appear as authors of scientifi c publications and have proposed an order in which authors should appear. Similarly, they have proposed that for multicenter studies which involve a large number of contributors, the real authors should be made clear and should be clear in the order that authors are listed as well in the fi nal document. It should be stated without any ingenuousness that practices may exist that corrupt the process of authorship or make it fraudulent and which therefore threaten the credibility of research.


The proportion of peripheral blood lymphocytes with cell surface b5 immunoglobulin (Ig) was compared with serum b5 Ig levels in allotype-suppressed and recovering b5 homozygous rabbits in order to establish the cellular defect in suppression and to determine the relation between lymphocyte membrane Ig and secreted Ig of the same allotype. In rabbits fully suppressed for b5, the absence of circulating b5 Ig is reflected in a complete deletion of b5-bearing lymphocytes. During spontaneous escape from suppression, the appearance of b5-bearing lymphocytes precedes the appearance of detectable serum b5. During recovery from suppression b5-bearing lymphocytes recover rapidly toward normal levels, but circulating b5 levels remain chronically and disproportionately depressed.