Szűcs, Balázs: "The bond of bonds" – Identities in the early philosophical eork of Moses Hess and Karl Marx, with special reference to the economic philosophical interpretation of money
In my essay, I attempted to demonstrate the similarities between the two philosophers, Hess and Marx, especially regarding the essence of money. I present the effect of Hess on the young Marx. In the first section of the essay, a short biography of the French Jewish philosopher, Moses Hess is presented and a brief analysis of the most important works of Hess, like European Triarchy (1841), The Philosophy of Action (1843) and Rome and Jerusalem (1862) is given. In these works, there are a number of philosophical categories and definitions that appear in Marx's works in similar formulation, for instance the determinism of activity, raw possession and the concept of an authority based (Autoritaten) and repressive state, which is the greatest barrier to free self-accomplishment (Selbstbestimmung). But another striking similarity is that Prometheus is regarded, by both philosophers, as the personification of freedom. The second part of the essay provides a detailed analysis of On the Essence of Money (1845). In this work, Hess gives a unique perspective on human history from its beginning to his own age, with many sharp and prophetic philosophical conclusions. Money has entered this system of philosophy, of history as a necessary evil and by staying for too long in the system, it causes alienation. At the end of the study, there is a comparison of the categories and their explanations that can be found in both philosophers' works. Comparison of On the Essence of Money and Marx's Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, where Hess's influence on Marx is most evident.


A dominant feature of environmental education in British schools has been
the centrality of the concepts of 'nature' and 'conservation'. Since the late
1970s, two influences have shifted educational attitudes away from purely
considering rural nature and conservation, towards a more balanced
approach which includes urban nature and conservation.
The first influence was of the development of 'urban studies'. The second
was the growth of 'Urban Wildlife Groups' (UWGs). U\VGs have influenced
teacher approaches to urban nature at KS2 - not by using new ideas adapted
to the unique circumstances of urban ecosystems, as the founders of the
UWG movement had intended, but by using rurally-based ideas from their
own progenitors: the County Wildlife Trusts.
It is the contention of this thesis that curriculum planners and teachers at
KS2 have been influenced by UWGs, who have selected and promoted
concepts from a set of ecological values, theories and practices. The
distinction between 'native' and 'alien' plant species on the basis of utility to
wildlife is a key concept which permeates UWG theory and practice, and has
influenced teachers.
The 'alternative' approach provides both the contextual and theoretical
underpinnings for the study of urban nature at KS2, through the entity of
the Multicultural City Ecosystem and the process of multicultural ecology.
It provides a framework for thought and practical reflection amongst
education officers in UWGs, curriculum planners and teachers. It accepts
dynamism in ecology, especially in cities. It accepts change over different
scales of time and space in linking introduced species from overseas to
prehistoric and historic cultural, social, economic and other human
processes and agencies in cities. In so doing, it provides curriculum
planners and teachers with an approach to urban nature at KS2 which is
based upon an analysis of real events, historical (and prehistoric),
contemporary and future. In essence, it focusses on what is there and why
it is there, not on what urban ecologists say should be there. The KS2 text
'People, Plants and Places' (Agyeman (1995)) is an outcome of this
approach.


The technique of virtualization and cloud computing to manage system functionality and resources regardless of their physical locations is changing the way businesses and users interact with IT resources. Although several commercially available virtualization solutions already exist in the market, both for server and embedded real-time based systems, the deployment of virtualization and cloud-based technologies into the industrial automation domain is new. In this paper, we will first present the emerging trends of industrial automation domain and identify the architectural sustainability challenges that follow. Based on these challenges, we will then analyze how virtualization technology can contribute to cope with them, as well as the additional opportunities that it brings to industrial automation domain. The contributions of this paper are (1) to communicate the main trends happening in industrial automation, (2) clarify the architecture sustainability challenges that the automation domain is facing, and (3) identify the potentials of further utilizing virtualization technology in the industry domain.


The recently discovered prokaryotic signal transducer HemAT, which has been described in both Archaea and Bacteria, mediates aerotactic responses. The N-terminal regions of HemAT from the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum (HemAT-Hs) and from the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis (HemAT-Bs) contain a myoglobin-like motif, display characteristic heme–protein absorption spectra, and bind oxygen reversibly. Recombinant HemAT-Hs and HemAT-Bs shorter than 195 and 176 residues, respectively, do not bind heme effectively. Sequence homology comparisons and three-dimensional modeling predict that His-123 is the proximal heme-binding residue in HemAT from both species. The work described here used site-specific mutagenesis and spectroscopy to confirm this prediction, thereby providing direct evidence for a functional domain of prokaryotic signal transducers that bind heme in a globin fold. We postulate that this domain is part of a globin-coupled sensor (GCS) motif that exists as a two-domain transducer having no similarity to the PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS)-domain superfamily transducers. Using the GCS motif, we have identified several two-domain sensors in a variety of prokaryotes. We have cloned, expressed, and purified two potential globin-coupled sensors and performed spectral analysis on them. Both bind heme and show myoglobin-like spectra. This observation suggests that the general function of GCS-type transducers is to bind diatomic oxygen and perhaps other gaseous ligands, and to transmit a conformational signal through a linked signaling domain.


BACKGROUND
Few studies have evaluated the causes of physical inactivity in rural teachers from South America. Determining the causes and effects of physical inactivity in rural teachers could be the base for future intervention studies aiming to improve physical activity (PA) engagement in this population.

OBJECTIVES
To examine the levels of PA in rural teachers and evaluate the associations between their jobs, interest in PA, body composition and practice of PAMETHODS:Body mass index (BMI) and body fat % (BF) of rural teachers from the Valparaiso Region in Chile were measured; interviews regarding PA habits, interests and PA practice were conducted. The relationship between BF% and interest in PA and the practice of sports was analysed stratifying by sex.

RESULTS
Around 71% were overweight/obese and 80% of the teachers reported not practicing any PA. These figures are higher than the Chilean national average for adults (64.5% overweight/obese). Moreover, females presented a higher BF% than male teachers (35.98% vs. 26.44%, p <  0.05). The main causes of not performing PA were: firstly, the lack of time (51.8%), and secondly, fatigue after work and/or finishing work late. In addition, rural teachers claim that in their free time they continue to finish tasks that they were not able to complete during their working hours.

CONCLUSIONS
Rural Chilean teachers show a high prevalence of obesity and low PA levels. Moreover, rural teachers have a work overload stemming from their jobs, and this could be an important link to an overall sedentary lifestyle. Further studies should focus on the relationship between teacher obesity, physical activity, nutrition and work overload.


To facilitate the structural and functional analysis of Human T-cell leukaemia virus typeI (HTLV-I) a recombinant proviral expression system was to be employed in which viral protein expression is uncoupled from the inefficient process of infection. Several molecular genomic HTLV-I proviral clones were isolated and used to express viral proteins. However, none of these molecular HTLV-I proviral clones were found to be fully competent for virus expression and did not allow the further development of the expression system. HTLV-I is etiologically linked to a rapidly progressing T-cell malignancy known as adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) and a degenerative neurological disorder called HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). These diseases are noted for their poor response and high resistance to chemotherapy. Clinical drug resistance has been associated with the overexpression of the mdr-1 gene and its protein product P-glycoprotein (PGP). The presence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) cell phenotypes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HTLV-I infected patients was assessed and enhanced mdr-1 mRNA expression and PGP drug efflux activity was observed. MDR phenotypes were found in nine out of ten HTLV-I infected subjects tested. Development of MDR was independent of disease type or status with significant MDR activity being found in ATL, lymphoma type ATL, TSP/HAM and asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore the demonstration of stimulation and trans-activation of the mdr-1 gene suggests potential molecular mechanisms for the development of drug resistant cell phenotypes induced by HTLV-I infection.


All rights reserved. Vineyards have proven to be one of the most degraded agricultural ecosystems due to very high erosion rates, which are typically measured at fine temporal and spatial scales. Long-term soil erosion measures are rare, but this information may be indispensable for a proper understanding of the vineyard soil system, landscape evolution, and crop production. The stock unearthing method (SUM) is a common topographical measurement technique developed to assess long-term erosion rates. The reliance of the SUM has been questioned and should be replaced by an improved measurement technique. In this paper, we demonstrate the added value (improved accurate, low cost, and faster than photogrammetrically methods) of the improved stock unearthing method (ISUM). It was shown that large errors may have been made in previous assessments of soil erosion on vineyards, as the old method did not make measurements in the inter-row area or consider the timing of the erosion assessment in relation to tillage events. We found that this caused the SUM to severely underestimate soil erosion rates by –14.2 and –37.8% in 1- and 86-d tillage vineyards in one location, respectively. Furthermore, the increased measurement resolution attained from the ISUM allowed for the detailed assessment of micro-topographical change. Soil loss maps were able to detect the locational ch anges in soil depletion and accumulation, as well as continuous soil movement features in the inter-row areas. Ultimately, this leads to a more accurate estimate of the actual soil erosion rates in vineyards.


The central critical object of this essay collection is an interesting one. The authors gathered here undertake to consider how Blake's commitment to sexual liberation can be extended to include queer sexualities (defined, perhaps needless to say, not simply as homosexual but more broadly in the terms of post-structuralist theory). They are also considering, in many cases, how a "queered" Blake intersects with the history of Blake's period and the history of Blake studies. In the introduction, for example, the volume's editors make the salient point that the critical investment in Blake's working-class political radicalism may have resulted in a bias against reading for homosexual or homosocial references in his work or his biography, because both were frequently coded as aristocratic "vices" (5-6).


This paper presents an adaptive wavelet-based blind digital watermarking scheme for copyright protection. The wavelet coefficients in the same spatial directions at different decomposition levels are grouped into family trees. The watermark is embedded by quantizing the family trees. The trees are adaptively quantized using the characteristics of the human visual system in the wavelet domain so the maximum allowable changes can be made to the original image without any visible distortions. In the meantime, the quantized trees exhibit a large enough difference for blind watermark extraction. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves comparable performance as the fixed quantization approach. Specifically, the proposed system is robust against common image processing attacks and more resistant to the compression attacks than the fixed quantization approach.


Preman Pensiun which is directed by Aris Nugraha is a popular TV sitcom (soap opera) on top rating in one Indonesian TV channel. This series is about daily life of retired bodyguards and their family in one of biggest city in Indonesia with all highlifestyle, Bandung. This series also shows portrait of the marginality through main characters, such as bodyguards who are displayed so playful with strong locality discourse. The purpose of this study is to see the practice of watching television through ethnographic method. This is an important issue seen in the context of great change in Indonesian media especially television after political transition in Indonesia since 1998, because it has created the number of people living below the poverty line and also various television programs have increased quickly in this time period, for example situation comedy. Based on my research, the practice of watching television is categorized as multiple activity in one time and the existence of television in various rooms such as in family room and bedroom shows that television has been integrated and cannot be separated from everyday life.


Professional liability insurance is an important tool to manage risks to a medical physicist's assets that can result from errors or omissions in the course of professional practice. AAPM has partnered with Mercer Consumer to offer coverage tailored to the professional activities and specific risks encountered in medical physics practice. This program has specific eligibility criteria, benefit options, exclusions, and enrollment options for both self-employed medical physicists and those who practice in an employment setting. There are important nuances to the form of coverage chosen and the determination of the coverage period for individual policies. The need for and role of professional liability insurance varies for each individual physicist, and one of the most important factors is the physicist's employment or self-employment status and involvement in consulting activities. This session will provide an overview of the AAPM-sponsored program (administered by Mercer) and the various options available to consulting and employed physicists. The fundamental concepts of professional liability insurance in general will be reviewed, and the roles of occurrence and claims-made coverage forms within the AAPM program will be explained. Information drawn from claims data from the AAPM program will be used to illustrate the role of professional liability insurance benefits in realistic cases involving losses and liabilities due to errors and omissions in medical physics practice.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Explain how professional liability insurance protects a medical physicist in the event of a lawsuit. 2. Understand the basic concepts of the professional liability insurance coverage forms: occurrence and claims-made. 3. Explain AAPM's professional liability insurance program for the consulting and non-consulting medical physicist. 4. Understand the recent claim/expense data from AAPM's professional liability insurance program. Graham Fuller is an employee of Mercer Consumer.


It has been demonstrated that turbo codes substantially outperform other codes, e.g., convolutional codes, both in the non-fading additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel as well as multiple-transmit and multiple-receive antenna fading channels. Moreover, it has also been reported that turbo codes perform very well in fast fading channels, but perform somewhat poorly on slow and block fading channels of which the broadband fixed wireless access (FWA) channel is an example. In this paper, we thoroughly compare the performance of turbo-coded and convolutional-coded broadband FWA systems both with and without antenna diversity under the condition of identical complexity for a variety of decoding algorithms. In particular, we derive mathematical expressions to characterize the complexity of turbo decoding based on state-of-the-art Log-MAP and Max-Log-MAP algorithms as well as convolutional decoding based on the Viterbi algorithm in terms of the number of equivalent addition operations. Simulation results show that turbo codes do not offer any performance advantage over convolutional codes in FWA systems without antenna diversity or FWA systems with limited antenna diversity. Indeed, turbo codes only outperform convolutional codes in FWA systems having significant antenna diversity.


In celebration of the 400th anniversary of the King James Bible, these long-awaited volumes bring together succinct introductions to each biblical book, detailed explanatory annotations, and a wealth of contextual and critical materials. Archaic words are explained, textual problems are lucidly discussed, and stylistic features of the original texts are highlighted. For the New Testament and the Apocrypha, the introductions and annotations by Austin Busch and Gerald Hammond provide necessary historical and cultural background, while illuminating the complexity of the original texts. Supporting materials are divided into five sections. "Historical Contexts" excerpts Greek, Roman, and Jewish sources, such as Josephus, Philo, Tacitus, Pliny, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Selections from Papias, Marcion, and Valentinus, among others, provide insight into the diversity of early Christianity. "Exegesis" explores classic New Testament commentary from Origen and Augustine to Strauss, Nietzsche, Wrede, and Schweitzer, who focus on the Gospels' vexing relationship to history. Essays by contemporary scholars and critics complete the section by exemplifying a range of interdisciplinary approaches to New Testament literature. The New Testament's powerful language and images have inspired some of the finest poems in the English language. This volume collects a wide selection of lyric poems, hymns and spirituals, and epics, from the Dream of the Rood to works by Countee Cullen, Elizabeth Bishop, and Anthony Hecht. Case studies designed to stimulate classroom discussion trace the development of Pontius Pilate as a character in post-biblical literature, follow the centuries-long exegetical debate about Romans 7, and survey competing hermeneutical approaches to Revelation. A final section samples fifteen translations of 1 Corinthians 13, from Wycliffe to contemporary versions.


We study and discuss some of the consequences of the inclusion of torsion in three-dimensional Einstein-Chern-Simons gravity. Torsion may trigger the excitation of non-physical modes in the spectrum. Higher-derivative terms are then added up and tree-level unitarity is contemplated.


Cordyceps militaris has been used extensively as a crude drug and a folk tonic food in East Asia due to its various pharmacological activities. Our study aims to investigate the effect of Cordyceps militaris fruit body extract (CM) on antifatigue in mouse model. Two week CM administration significantly delayed fatigue phenomenon which is confirmed via rotating rod test, forced swimming test and forced running test. Compared to nontreated mouse, CM administration increased ATP levels and antioxidative enzymes activity and reduced the levels of lactic acid, lactic dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species. Further data suggests that CM-induced fatigue recovery is mainly through activating 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways and regulating serum hormone level. Moreover, CM-enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK contributes to its antioxidant effect. Our data provides experimental evidence in supporting clinical use of CM as an effective agent against fatigue.


Combustion instabilities (thermo-acoustic pressure oscillations) have been recognised for some time as a problem limiting the development of low emissions (e.g., lean burn) gas turbine combustion systems, particularly for aviation propulsion applications. Recently, significant research efforts have been focused on acoustic damping for suppression of combustion instability. Most of this work has either been experimental or based on linear acoustic theory. The last 3-5 years has seen application of density based CFD methods to this problem, but no attempts to use pressure-based CFD methods which are much more commonly used in combustion predictions. The goal of the present work is therefore to develop a pressure-based CFD algorithm in order to predict accurately acoustic propagation and acoustic damping processes, as relevant to gas turbine combustors.

The developed computational algorithm described in this thesis is based on the classical pressure-correction approach, which was modified to allow fluid density variation as a function of pressure in order to simulate acoustic phenomena, which are fundamentally compressible in nature. The fact that the overall flow Mach number of relevance was likely to be low ( mildly compressible flow) also influenced the chosen methodology. For accurate capture of acoustic wave propagation at minimum grid resolution and avoiding excessive numerical smearing/dispersion, a fifth order accurate Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory scheme (WENO) was introduced. Characteristic-based boundary conditions were incorporated to enable accurate representation of acoustic excitation (e.g. via a loudspeaker or siren) as well as enable precise evaluation of acoustic reflection and transmission coefficients. The new methodology was first validated against simple (1D and 2D) but well proven test cases for wave propagation and demonstrated low numerical diffusion/dispersion. The proper incorporation of Characteristic-based boundary conditions was validated by comparison against classical linear acoustic analysis of acoustic and entropy waves in quasi-1D variable area duct flows.

The developed method was then applied to the prediction of experimental measurements of the acoustic absorption coefficient for a single round orifice flow. Excellent agreement with experimental data was obtained in both linear and non-linear regimes. Analysis of predicted flow fields both with and without bias flow showed that non-linear acoustic behavior occurred when flow reversal begins inside the orifice. Finally, the method was applied to study acoustic excitation of combustor external aerodynamics using a pre-diffuser/dump diffuser geometry previously studied experimentally at Loughborough University and showed the significance of boundary conditions and shear layer instability to produce a sustained pressure fluctuation in the external aerodynamics


Entering the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, interventions referred to as nature-based solutions (NBS) are at the forefront of the sustainability discourse. While applied in urban, natural forest or wetland ecosystems, they are underutilized in agricultural landscapes. This paper presents a technical framework to characterise NBS in agricultural systems. NBS in the agriculture sector is proposed as "the use of natural processes or elements to improve ecosystem functions of environments and landscapes affected by agricultural practices, and to enhance livelihoods and other social and cultural functions, over various temporal and spatial scales." The framework emerges from a review of 188 peer-reviewed articles on NBS and green infrastructure published between 2015 and 2019 and three international expert consultations organized in 2019–2020. The framework establishes four essential functions for NBS in agriculture: 1) Sustainable practices — with a focus on production; 2) Green Infrastructure — mainly for engineering purposes such as water and soil, and slope stabilization; 3) Amelioration — for restoration of conditions for plants, water, soil or air and climate change mitigation; and 4) Conservation — focusing on biodiversity and ecosystem connectivity. The framework connects the conventional divide between production and conservation to add functionality, purpose and scale in project design. The review confirmed limited evidence of NBS in agricultural systems particularly in developing country contexts, although specific technologies feature under other labels. Consultations indicated that wider adoption will require a phased approach to generate evidence, while integrating NBS in national and local policies and agricultural development strategies. The paper concludes with recommended actions required to facilitate such processes.


This article gives an overview of the current practical approaches under study for a scalable implementation of multicast in layer 2 and 3 VPNs over an IP-MPLS multiservice network. These proposals are based on a well-known technique: the aggregation of traffic into shared trees to manage the forwarding state vs. bandwidth saving trade-off. This sort of traffic engineering mechanism requires methods to estimate the resources needed to set up a multicast shared tree for a set of VPNs. The methodology proposed in this article consists of studying the effect of aggregation obtained by random shared tree allocation on a reference model of a representative network scenario.


Intramolecular
motion is commonly more detrimental to room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP)
than to prompt fluorescence because long-lived triplet excitons offer more possibilities
of quenching. Inspired by the mechanism of aggregation-induced emission (AIE),
a single molecule is endowed with AIE and RTP features at the same time. By utilizing
triphenylamine (TPA) as AIE activator as well as electron donor and an sp3
linkers as a bridge between donor and acceptor, five TPA-based AIE-active
RTP luminophores were designed. RTP and low-temperature emissions reveal the
co-existence of ternary emission, including fluorescence and dual
phosphorescence. Single-crystal analyses and theoretical calculations suggest
dual phosphorescence derives from local excitation and charge-transfer component.
By utilizing hot exciton emission, color-tunable phosphorescence can act as an
indicator for temperature estimation. This combinatory approach pioneers a new
route for designing versatile AIE-active RTP materials.


We demonstrate cuprous oxide (Cu2O) based screen engineered field effect solar cells with a record breaking efficiency, exceeding 3.486%, for Cu2O based p-n homojunction. In this architecture, CuO nanowire interphase is successfully employed in the Cu2O fabrication by effectively serving as a simultaneous ohmic current collector. These screen engineered field effect photovoltaic principles are essential in developing promising photovoltaics architectures for hard-to-dope materials that, in principle, enable extremely low-cost, high efficiency solar cells.


Fast Reroute (FRR) and other forms of immediate failover have long been used to recover from certain classes of failures without invoking the network control plane. While the set of such techniques is growing, the level of resiliency to failures that this approach can provide is not adequately understood. We embark upon a systematic algorithmic study of the resiliency of immediate failover in a variety of models (with/without packet marking/duplication, etc.). We leverage our findings to devise new schemes for immediate failover and show, both theoretically and experimentally, that these outperform existing approaches.


The incidence and growth rate of stomach cancer in the US population is modelled, for each sex, as a partially observed, discrete state stochastic process. Explicit evaluation of the transition rates between the states of the model is made possible by identifying them as specific functions of the time spent within each state. The functions used in the model were selected from the medical and epidemiological literature. With the model it was found possible to obtain fits to the age distribution of deaths due to stomach cancer for white males in 1975 and for selected age ranges for white females. These results suggested that the natural history of stomach cancer is different for females above and below age 65.


Adaptive lattice noise cancelling algorithms have features that make them appear attractive for the realisation of realtime adaptive noise cancellers with single chip digital signal processors. Two popular adaptive lattice noise cancelling algorithms have been evaluated for this application. Considered are stochastic gradient lattice and least squares lattice algorithms. For the purpose of comparison, the stochastic gradient transversal algorithm is also evaluated. Their performances under a variety of signal and noise excitations are summarised and compared in terms of operating rates and misadjustments.


Background Medicines adherence is a significant, global problem presenting challenges across populations as well as on an individual patient level. Medicines non-adherence has consequences on social, biological and economical outcomes of the health service. Although there is a plethora of research investigating adherence to develop interventions to improve adherence, a recent Cochrane Review concluded that there was insufficient evidence of the efficacy of adherence interventions to date. Additionally there is on-going conflict about the definition of adherence and how it can be measured across different disease states. The aim of our research is to deliver key insights into the experience of medicines adherence in men with diabetes using transcendental phenomenology to describe the essential textural and structural aspects of adherence. Methods Participants were convenience sampled and recruited through community pharmacy and general medical practice. Interviews took place in patients' homes, the university and public locations. Eight qualitative semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed (by hand and QSR NVivo10). Results The themes identified were i) experimentation ii) function iii) construction/personalisation and iv) habituation. Patients in the study reported experiencing a period of fear of death and disablement when they were first prescribed a medicine. This led to experimentation with medicines socially (socialisation as a 'tablet taker') and symptomatically (relating symptoms to adherence). Patients initially felt that experimental non-adherence was 'naughty' but that this deviance could be sanctioned through increased socialisation with healthcare practitioners, family and friends. Patients experimented with adherence as a functional phenomenon; adherence appeared to have latent and manifest functions, resulting in a constructed personalisation of adherence. Patients also reported an aspect of adherence as habitual; a task-based, easy, outcome-driven phenomenon. Taking medicines appeared not to be about adherence to the prescription but adherence to a socially normalised tool for survival; functionalised, personalised and habituated through time, exposure and experience. Conclusion In essence; adherence is an intrinsically personal yet socially-enforced phenomenon which exists manifestly as a procedure of symptom-management and latently as a normalised habit of survival. Interventions to improve adherence in men with diabetes might emphasise a process of personalisation to facilitate the habituation of adherence, rather than non-adherence. A limitation of recruitment meant that only patients accessing pharmacy or GP services were involved in the study; excluding a set of arguably non-adherent patients. This study is not generalizable but may be transferable to other contexts. The study has the potential for impact, as it recognises that adherence, despite years of research, is still predominantly understood as a bio-medical phenomenon, and presents a novel, phenomenological approach to understanding adherence in a hard to reach group.


Abstract Objectives To study the relationship between exercise by the mother and breast-feeding initiation and duration, and its effect on infant growth. Design A cohort study of mothers and infants, recruited at birth. Infant feeding methods were recorded in detail and breast-feeding was categorised as 'any' or 'full'. Exercise levels were categorised using the metabolic equivalent tasks approach based on details of physical activity recorded in questionnaires. Setting Perth, Western Australia. Subjects A total of 587 mothers were interviewed on seven occasions over a period of 12 months. Results There was no difference in the means of infant weight and length changes, indicating that exercise appeared to have no significant influence on infant growth up to 52 weeks after birth (P = 0.236 and 0.974, respectively). The mother's level of exercise was not significantly associated with breast-feeding to 6 or 12 months. This applied to 'full' and 'any' categories of breast-feeding. Conclusion Exercise does not affect breast-feeding outcomes at the usual levels of activity undertaken by mothers. Breast-feeding and exercise are important for maintaining and promoting health, and this study provides reassurance to health professionals wishing to encourage mothers to continue both behaviours.


The peculiar nature of African development presents unique technological challenges. This often requires African-induced innovation or a combination of frontier and local technologies to solve problems unique to Africa. However, most researchers study technological change in Africa in relation to some globally defined technology frontier. The diffusion of knowledge from this global frontier to other regions however decreases in intensity with geographic and relational distance. Given that African countries are geographically and relationally close to each other, this paper makes a departure from this existing literature and studies technological change and technological catch up within African by considering catch-up with respect to an African technology leader. We do this by using structural methods (Shift and Share catch-up decomposition) and nonparametric methods (Data Envelopment Analysis) to estimate an African production frontier. We further measure productivity change in sub-Saharan Africa and disentangle the change due to general technological progress and efficiency change using the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI). Our results show that Botswana and Mauritius are the only two countries in Africa which have converged to the productivity level as well as the efficiency level of the frontier. This successful convergence is driven more by efficiency catch-up and less by technological change. We explore the special role of efficiency catch-up by decomposing it into within-sector convergence, between -sector convergence and initial specialization. The results highlight the special role of structural change in catch-up. This paper contributes to recent evidence suggesting that countries can climb up the income ladder at a faster rate through a two-pronged transformation – i.e. structural change and technological catch-up.


Abstract Co-operation is presented as a technique for radically improving human-computer interaction with complex knowledge bases during problem-identifying and problem-solving tasks. A study of human-human co-operation literature indicated the importance of creating an environment where the refinement of solutions can be based on argument and the resolution of differing viewpoints, as it is through this interaction that the nature of the problem is revealed. To bring about such an environment, the work identified and created three mechanisms now considered to be central to human-computer co-operation; goal-oriented working (GOW), an agreed definition knowledge base (ADKB), and a model which, using problem-domain rules, stimulates the interaction between the user and the machine: the partner model (PM). To identify the requirements of the co-operative machine more completely, a software exemplar was constructed, using the task metaphor of spatial design. The result of the work is the implementation of a machine software architecture which demonstrates the functioning of co-operation. This co-operative computer, its evaluators believe, supports a user-machine interaction having a totally new and different quality. The machine architecture and software tools and techniques developed in the work can form the foundation for building future co-operative systems.


This study was designed to explore the relationship between certain attributes of a diagnostic problem and a particular information-seeking question. Using case vignettes under experimental conditions, fifty residents in internal medicine and family practice informed the experimenter of the most important thing they would need to know to make a preliminary diagnosis. These data were classified nominally using a preexisting taxonomy. Significant results indicated that Quantification questions tend to be asked under urgent conditions and Verification questions tend to be asked when the least amount of information is presented. While the taxonomy used to classify the questions did not prove rich enough to describe information needs fully, results did suggest some consistency in question asking, a skill that could be developed further during medical education.


Workflows for multiscale simulation include individual steps exchanging model data via so-called dataflows. The interoperability of the workflow steps is strongly limited by the inherent data heterogeneity and their mutually incompatible input and output formats. We solve this data interoperability challenge following an approach based on a data model and a layered architecture to separate the application realm from the storage formats. This abstraction enables seamless embedding of the individual simulation codes and thus helps workflow designers. We report on our progress implementing this concept by using the Chemical Markup Language standard and extending the OpenMolGRID library. Employing the solution in a proof-of-principle simulation of organic light-emitting diodes, we demonstrate its relevance for multiscale materials modelling for industrial deployment and suggest further exploitation measures.


The inaugural IndoUSrare Annual Conference was held virtually from 29 November to 2 December 2021 and was organized by the Indo US Organization for Rare Diseases (IndoUSrare). The event saw participation from over 250 stakeholders of rare diseases who joined in virtually by audio/video on the Zoom platform from around the world, with a majority of attendees concentrated in the Indian subcontinent and the United States. The conference was held over 4 days from 10:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Eastern Time on each day, which accommodated participation by speakers and attendees from both the eastern and western hemispheres. The agenda over 4 days holistically covered broad topics of interest to different stakeholder groups such as representatives from organizations working toward policy frameworks for rare diseases or orphan drugs (Days 1, 4), biomedical research institutions (Day 2), patient advocacy organizations (Day 3), and patient advocacy and engagement offices within Industry (Day 4). In this meeting report, we summarize the key highlights from each day of this conference, with a perspective on future directions encouraging cross-border multistakeholder collaborations to maximize diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in rare disease diagnosis, research, clinical trials, and treatment access. Each day included a keynote lecture on the theme of the day followed by a series of individual speaker presentations and/or a panel discussion. The goal was to understand current barriers and bottlenecks in the rare disease ecosystem. The discussions also helped highlight gaps and identify potential solutions that can be achieved through building multistakeholder collaborations across international borders, which we believe IndoUSrare is uniquely positioned to do with organizational programs such as rare patient foundation alliance, technology-enabled patient concierge, research corps, and corporate alliance program. The inaugural conference of the then 2+-year-old IndoUSrare organization laid the foundation for ongoing engagement of stakeholders between the two countries – the United States and India. The long-term goal is to scale the conference more broadly and serve as a model for other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Plain language summary IndoUSrare held its inaugural Annual Conference from 29 November to 2 December 2021. It was focused on the theme of cross-border collaborations for rare disease drug development, with each day dedicated to a specific patient-focused discussion topic, ranging from patient-led advocacy (Advocacy Day), research (Research Day), rare disease community support and engagement (Patients Alliance Day), to industry collaborations (Industry Day). The 4-day conference was held in virtual mode and attracted over 250 attendees from across the globe. This meeting report provides the key highlights of the event and summarizes learnings and future directions encouraging cross-border collaborations to increase diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in rare disease research and clinical trials.


The study aimed at examining the adequacy of the preferred presentation format of the income statement in providing information to investors. To achieve this, the study set out to identify the information that investors look for in the income statement and the most preferred income statement presentation format by investors. The study used 44 University of Nairobi MBA students as surrogate investors. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Primary data was used to accomplish the stated objectives. The primary data was collected using questionnaires which were administered by direct interaction with the respondents. Attached to the questionnaire were the 'by nature' and 'by function' presentation formats of income statements of a dummy company developed according to the provisions of IAS I. The respondents were required to indicate their preferred presentation format of the income statement. The questionnaire sought the investors' opinion on the two alternative presentation formats of the income statement, in meeting the qualitative characteristics of accounting information of relevance, understandability, comparability and reliability. The study also sought to identify the information investors look for in the income statement and its relative importance. The two alternative formats were then analyzed to find out which of the two displays the information considered to be important to the investors. The 'by nature' presentation format of the income statement was found to be the most preferred by investors and was the most adequate in providing information to investors. The study also showed that the income statement has several limitations.


We investigate the downlink performance of relay-aided heterogeneous networks (HetNet). An interference cancellation scheme employed at macro base stations is first proposed based on the cancellation of cross-tier interference from the macro base station to small cell users. Then, we derive the expressions of the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received SINRs of both macro and small cell users, and provide the closed-form average bit error rate (BER) and outage probability of the system. Through the derivation and simulation, we show the overall performance improvement of HetNet with interference cancellation in mathematical expression. The numerical results closely follow our analysis.


Shared-account cross-domain sequential recommendation (SCSR) task aims to recommend the next item via leveraging the mixed user behaviors in multiple domains. It is gaining immense research attention as more and more users tend to sign up on different platforms and share accounts with others to access domain-specific services. Existing works on SCSR mainly rely on mining sequential patterns via recurrent neural network (RNN)-based models, which suffer from the following limitations: 1) RNN-based methods overwhelmingly target discovering sequential dependencies in single-user behaviors and they are not expressive enough to capture the relationships among multiple entities in SCSR; 2) all existing methods bridge two domains via knowledge transfer in the latent space and ignore the explicit cross-domain graph structure; and 3) none existing studies consider the time interval information among items, which is essential in the sequential recommendation for characterizing different items and learning discriminative representations for them. In this work, we propose a new graph-based solution, namely, time interval-enhanced domain-aware graph convolutional network (TiDA-GCN), to address the above challenges. Specifically, we first link users and items in each domain as a graph. Then, we devise a domain-aware graph convolution network to learn user-specific node representations. To fully account for users' domain-specific preferences on items, two effective attention mechanisms are further developed to selectively guide the message-passing process. Moreover, to further enhance item-and account-level representation learning, we incorporate the time interval into the message passing and design an account-aware self-attention module for learning items' interactive characteristics. Experiments demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method from various aspects.


In the United States, police use of force experts often maintain that controversial police shootings where an unarmed person's hand gesture was interpreted as their "going for a gun" are justifiable. If an officer waits to confirm that a weapon is indeed being pulled from a jacket pocket or waistband, it may be too late to defend against a lethal attack. This article examines police policy norms for self-defense against "uncertain threats" in three contexts: (1) known in-progress violent crimes, (2) interactions with civilians behaving non-aggressively, and (3) interactions with civilians behaving aggressively. It is argued that the context of a known in-progress violent crime gives rise to threat probability-, fairness-, and lesser evil-based reasons for a norm permitting police officers to use lethal force. However, in the contexts of civilians behaving non-aggressively and civilians behaving aggressively, such a norm is not justifiable. In the former case, I introduce two conditions, the Justification condition and the Valuing Civilian Lives condition, which I argue are not presently met. In the latter case, these two conditions again not met; aggression may moreover be excused or justified due to background injustices around race and the criminal justice system.


BACKGROUND
Statistical methods are often considered as mere tools to address research questions. The lack of critical understanding can make their use sometimes highly questionable if not inappropriate. Biostatistics should be seen more as a paradigm than a set of tools. Knowledge of methods means a flexible utilization of them, in which modeling and prediction correspond more to an art than to a routine use dictated by circumstances and habits.

SUMMARY
Tree-based methods (or tree-growing techniques) are discussed here as a flexible statistical framework for modeling and prediction to address key questions such as prognostic stratification and treatment effects heterogeneity in both randomized clinical trials and observational studies.

KEY MESSAGES
We provide some examples in neurology and possible future extensions in which tree-based methods are shown to be crucial for the assessment of the best available therapy for a patient. We show how trees can represent a clinically interpretable and easy-to-implement approach for stratified medicine and treatment tailoring based on responsiveness, as well as for selecting populations for new studies.


Background Closed system drug transfer devices (CSTD) may significantly reduce the contamination of isolators to antineoplastic drugs,1 but persisting contamination remains. To date, no data are available to determine which of the CSTD or the cleaning process is mostly involved in contamination reduction. Purpose To describe the relative contribution of CSTD and the cleaning process in the control of occupational exposure inside isolators. Material and methods A comparative and prospective study was performed over 6 months in a new compounding unit equipped with two new isolators. Spikes and needles were used in one isolator and a CSTD (BD-Phaseal, Becton-Dickinson) was used in the other one. A standard biocide (Surfa'safe, Anios, Lezennes, France) was used daily in both isolators. 10 drugs (cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, doxorubicin, fluorouracil, ganciclovir, gemcitabine, ifosfamide, irinotecan and methotrexate) were monitored on three locations inside each isolator: gloves, workbench and window. Drugs were alternatively compounded in one or the other isolator between even and odd days. Sampling was performed before and after the daily cleaning on 24 sampling days progressively spaced over 6 months during the study. Monitoring was performed by a validated LC-MS/MS method. Probability of contamination for each drug was analysed using logistic models with repeated measures (PROC GLIMMIX, SAS version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results Since dacarbazine, doxorubicin, irinotecan and methotrexate were never or very rarely retrieved, our analysis included 6 drugs. For cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, ganciclovir and ifosfamide, the use of a CSTD was significantly associated with a risk reduction of contamination, either independently of other predictors or in interaction with time, leading to a risk reduction from about 70% for cytarabine to 98% for ganciclovir. For all drugs, except cyclophosphamide, the cleaning process alone or in interaction with time and/or localisation was significantly associated with a reduction in contamination by about 30% for gemcitabine to 80% for ifosfamide. Conclusion This study shows that the CSTD plays a major role for most drugs in controlling the occupational exposure inside isolators. Combining a CSTD and an improved decontamination process is required to remove the residual contamination by antineoplastic drugs. References and/or acknowledgements Simon, et al. PLOS One2016. Conflict of interest: Corporate sponsored research or other substantive relationships: The study was funded by Becton-Dickinson laboratories. Data analysis and interpretation, and the writing of all scientific communications, were performed independent of the funder.


OBJECTIVE To determine the occurrence of activated protein C resistance (APCR), to identify APCR is associated with thrombotic events (TEs), and acquired APCR is associated with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAs) in 30 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Laboratory tests included dilute Russell's viper venom time assay for LA (dRVVT-LA), ELISA assay for ACL, APC sensitivity ratio, and factor V Leiden were detected by PCR-Mnl/I digestion. RESULTS Acquired APCR was presented in 14(46.67%) of 30 patients. Factor V Leiden was not found in any patients. The incidence of TEs in the APCR-positive patients was significantly higher than that in the APCR-negative patients (42.85% vs 6.25%, P < 0.05). The incidence of TEs in the LA-positive patients was also significantly higher than that in the LA-negative patients (50% vs 11.1%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The presence of either APCR or LAs is associated with one of the risk factors of TEs (P < 0.05). There is not a significant interaction between APCR and LAs in the association with TEs. Acquired APCR may not reflect the interference of LAs with the protein C pathway which may represent a mechanism of LA-associated TEs.


SUMMARY We extend ambient noise surface wave tomography both in bandwidth (10‐50 s period) and in geographical extent (across much of Europe) compared with previous applications. 12 months of ambient noise data from 2004 are analysed. The data are recorded at about 125 broadband Seismic stations from the Global Seismic Network and the Orfeus Virtual European Broad-band seismic Network. Cross-correlations are computed in daily segments, stacked over 1 yr, and Rayleigh wave group dispersion curves from 8 to 50 s period are measured using a phase-matched filter, frequency time analysis technique. We estimate measurement uncertainties using the seasonal variation of the dispersion curves revealed in 3 month stacks. On average, uncertainties in group delays increase with period from ∼ 3t o∼7 s from periods of 10 to 50 s, respectively. Group speed maps at periods from 10 to 50 s are estimated. The resulting path coverage is denser and displays a more uniform azimuthal distribution than from earthquake-emitted surface waves. The fit of the group speed maps to the ambient noise data is significantly improved below 30 s compared to the fit achieved with earthquake data. Average resolution is estimated to be about 100 km at 10 s period, but degrades with increasing period and toward the periphery of the study region. The resulting ambient noise group speed maps demonstrate significant agreement with known geological and tectonic features. In particular, the signatures of sedimentary basins and crustal thickness are revealed clearly in the maps. These results are evidence that surface wave tomography based on crosscorrelations of long time-series of ambient noise data can be achieved over a broad period band on nearly a continental scale and yield higher resolution and more reliable group speed maps than based on traditional earthquake-based measurements.


In this paper, we have fabricated nanoscale silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) nonvolatile memory devices by means of the sidewall patterning technique. The fabricated SONOS devices have a 30-nm-long and 30-nm-wide channel with 2.3/12/4.5-nm-thick oxide/nitride/oxide film on fully depleted-silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) substrate. The short channel effect is well suppressed though devices have very short channel length and width. Also, the fabricated SONOS devices guarantee good retention and endurance characteristics. In 30-nm SONOS devices, channel hot electron injection program mechanism is inefficient and 2-b operation based on localized carrier trapping in the nitride film is difficult. The erase speed is improved by means of band-to-band (BTB) assisted hole injection mechanism. In 30-nm SONOS devices, program and erase operation can be performed efficiently with improved erase speed by combination of Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) tunneling program and BTB assisted hole injection erase mechanism because the entire channel region programmed by F-N tunneling can be covered by two-sided hole injection from source and drain.


New and improved bone-contacting medical devices are required to provide excellent bioactivity at the biointerface. Here, we have used coatings based on prebiotic chemistry inspired polymerization of aminomalonitrile (AMN) in combination with comonomers 3,4-di- and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHBA and THBA). The comonomers were incorporated into the AMN coatings to enhance polymerization kinetics, adhesive properties, metal binding efficacy, and human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) response. Incorporation of DHBA and THBA as separate comonomers enhanced the polymerization kinetics compared to that of AMN polymerization alone, with 30 mol % THBA (30T) resulting in a 6-fold increase in thickness over 24 h. Furthermore, the adhesion of AMN coatings to silicon was enhanced when copolymerized with the HBA monomers, where the interfacial adhesion of the 30T coating was increased 20-fold. The ability of the coatings to incorporate zinc ions was investigated, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that incorporating 30T increased the binding efficiency 4-fold compared to that of AMN alone. The attachment, proliferation, and morphology of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) on these coatings was investigated and reported. Finally, the utility of the coatings as osteogenic support matrices via the induced osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs is reported. The AMN and 30T coatings resulted in the greatest efficiency of osteogenic differentiation, as measured by intracellular ALP activity and mineralization. Incorporation of zinc had a stimulatory effect on hMSC proliferation with 30T coatings, while enhanced mineralization was observed with the zinc functionalized AMN and 30T coatings. This study highlights the potential of prebiotic chemistry inspired coatings in biomedical applications.


Current peer-to-peer architectures are hardly resistant against unanticipated exceptions such as the failure of single peers. This can be justified by the absence of sophisticated models for detecting and handling exception in peer-to-peer architectures. On the other hand, existing models for such self-adaptable architectures are rather generic and less practical for end-users. In this work, a component-based self-adaptability model for peer-to-peer architectures is presented that supports end-users in the handling of exceptions during use time. Support is also provided to handle exceptions during deployment and adaptation of an application. All these approaches are integral parts of DeEvolve, a peer-to-peer runtime environment for component-based peer services.


The diagnostic significance of the serological detection of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori has been established by numerous investigators. Reports of the clinical reliabilities of commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits available for this purpose vary as a result of the different H. pylori antigen sources and reference methods used. The 13C urea breath test (UBT) has been shown to be an extremely accurate and reliable method of detecting H. pylori infection. We used the 13C urea breath test as the confirmatory method for H. pylori status to evaluate three commercially available EIA kits designed to detect immunoglobulin G antibodies to H. pylori. These kits were the HM-CAP EIA kit (Enteric Products, Inc.), the PYLORI STAT EIA kit (BioWhittaker, Inc.), and the G.A.P. kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories/Biomerica, Inc.). The evaluations were performed in a double-blind manner with samples from 473 clinically characterized patients. This group included patients with symptomatic gastrointestinal disorders as well as nonsymptomatic volunteers. The sensitivities of the kits were as follows: HM-CAP, 98.4%; PYLORI STAT, 99.2%; and G.A.P., 100%. The specificities were as follows: HM-CAP, 96.4%; PYLORI STAT, 90.1%; and G.A.P., 26.0%. Although the HM-CAP and PYLORI STAT kits performed comparably, the G.A.P. test yielded significantly more false-positive results and an unacceptably high number of indeterminate results.


A novel theory of subtractive hybridization including (or based on) the kinetic model of this process was proposed. A computer program modeling the process of subtraction was developed. Basing on the theory, a novel method of subtractive hybridization was proposed allowing routine comparison of genomes and products of genome expression. The method was applied to studies of the genetic mechanisms of embryogenesis, regeneration, cell differentiation and tumor transformation.


In this paper, an approach is presented that identifies music samples which are difficult for current state-of-the-art beat trackers. In order to estimate this difficulty even for examples without ground truth, a method motivated by selective sampling is applied. This method assigns a degree of difficulty to a sample based on the mutual disagreement between the output of various beat tracking systems. On a large beat annotated dataset we show that this mutual agreement is correlated with the mean performance of the beat trackers evaluated against the ground truth, and hence can be used to identify difficult examples by predicting poor beat tracking performance. Towards the aim of advancing future beat tracking systems, we demonstrate how our method can be used to form new datasets containing a high proportion of challenging music examples.


Urinary catecholamines (CAs) have been examined for the screening of pheochromocytomas. The decision to perform screening is based on symptoms suggesting secondary hypertension or hyperactivities of the sympathetic nervous system. To elucidate the usefulness of urinary fractions and ratios of CAs, 79 patients in whom 24-h excretions of urinary CAs including adrenaline (AD), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) had been examined from 2015 until 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were no significant differences in urinary CA levels between two age groups, gender groups and two BMI groups. Patients with histories of preexisting hypertension and diabetes showed significantly higher levels of urinary NA excretion, and the urinary ratio of NA/DA was also increased in the patients with a history of hypertension. Heart rate (HR) was significantly correlated with the urinary ratio of NA/DA. Serum free thyroxine (FT4) concentration and ratio of FT4/thyrotropin (TSH) were correlated with the level of urinary AD. The levels of TSH and FT4/TSH showed negative and positive correlations, respectively, with the urinary NA/DA ratio. Thus, increases of HR are related to the enhanced conversion of DA to NA and increased thyroid hormones are involved in the increase in urinary AD and the conversion of DA to NA. History of lifestyle-related diseases and changes of HR and thyroid functions need to be considered for the evaluation of urinary CAs and their ratios.


Currently, the government has launched an acceleration of infrastructure development for economic growth. However, the government funds are very limited, hence, cost savings and efficiency are required. Transportation infrastructure is one of the jobs that often absorb a large portion of the funds. Projects that use large funds allow budget inefficiencies to occur, therefore the implementation of Value Engineering efforts is a solution to optimize the value of benefits while reducing unnecessary costs. Value Engineering is a systematic organized business, with a product or service function identification technique that aims to fulfill the required function at the lowest (most economical) price and Life Cycle Cost is the process of determining the sum of all costs associated with an asset or part of an asset, including acquisition, installation, operation, maintenance, renewal and removal costs. The application of Value Engineering is expected to produce optimum value in terms of quality, technology, efficiency and project innovation. This research was conducted to determine the best alternative in implementing Value Engineering and to find out the cost savings obtained from the application of Value Engineering. In this study, an analysis of two alternatives will be carried out, there are. I. combination of PCU girder with corrugated steel and foam mortar light deposit, and II corrugated steel and light heap of foam mortar. The method used is the value engineering analysis of the two alternatives. In the value engineering method, there are several stages that must be carried out, there are, the information stage, the function analysis stage, the creative stage and the development stage. The results showed that from 2 (two) alternatives, the second alternative was obtained with the most economical bridge structure, while alternative I was the next alternative.


The investigation is concerned with the effect of electrolytes on the rates of reaction of p-methoxybenzyl chloride and benzbydryl chloride in 70% acetone, where both compounds hydrolyse entirely by mechanism S(_N)1. The work was designed to test the possibility that better nucleophilic reagents than water could react with p-mothoxybenzyl chloride by the concurrent operation of mechanisms S(_N)1 and S(_N)2. Since electrolytes had been previously demonstrated to have specific effects on the rates of ionlsation of organic compounds(^29,86,87,) it was also necessary to measure their effect on an Ionization process before the quantitative treatment of the first problem was possible. Benzhydryl chloride, which is not susceptible to bimolecular attack(^61b), was chosen for this purpose because its rate of ionisation was known to have the same sensitivity as that of p-methosybenzyl chloride to changes in the solvent composition and to additions of sodium perchlorate(^29). The studies have shorn that the specific effects of electrolytes on the rate of reaction of benzhydryl chloride in the present solvent are consistent with the operation of two effects 1) a non-specific acceleration of the rate of reaction duo to ion-atmosphere stabilisation of the transition state for ionisation(^80), ii) a specific change in the "effective" solvent composition due to solvent of the electrolytes(^87). The effect is greater for p-methoxybenzyl chloride than for benzhydryl chloride by a constant small amount. The application of these principles to the effects of electrolytes on the rate of reaction of p-methoxybenzyl chloride, has confirmed that azlde ions and chloride ions react with this compound by the simultaneous operation of the S(_N)1 and S(_N)2 processes. This is probably also the case for the substitutions by bromide, nitrate and fluoride ions. The non-electrolyte, pyridine, has also been shown to react with p-methoxybenzyl chloride by concurrent operation of the two S(_N) mechanisms, but no allowance for the medium effect could be made in tills case, because other inert non-electrolytes were found to affect the rates of ionisation of beazhydryl chloride and p-methoxybenzyl chloride in different ways. Additional evidence is provided for the validity of the criterion(^61)of mechanism on which it was concluded(^29) that p-methoxybenzyl chloride hydrolyses by mechanism S(_N)1 70% aqueous acetone. This mechanistic criterion requires that the value of the ratio ΔC*/∆S* should be independent of the nature of the substrate for S(_N)1 reactions. The value of this ratio for the hydrolysis of p-nitrobenzhydryl chloride in 50% aqueous acetone is shown to be the same as the corresponding values for the structurally different compounds tert-butyl chloride, benzylidene chloride, p-methylbenzylidene chloride and benzotrichloride in the same solvent(^62), where the reactions all follow the S(_N)1 path.


Abstract Parents inluence the phenotype of their offspring by determining the environment in which early development occurs. The many factors that affect growth in avian brood parasites provide an excellent context in which to examine how ecological variables and sex differences influence plasticity of early development. We used a model-selection approach to determine the most important variable(s) for explaining patterns in growth rate of the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater). Using published growth-rate estimates across various host species, we found that the age-adjusted size of Brown-headed Cowbird chicks increases with increasing hatching synchrony between host and parasite chicks. We also quantified Brown-headed Cowbird growth rates in nests of Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) and Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia), two common host species at Mono Lake, California, to examine the role of variation in hatching synchrony in broods within host species. Statistical models to explain variation in Brown-headed Cowbird chicks' growth rates were constructed from ecological variables (host species, brood size, multiple parasitism, hatching synchrony between parasite and host chicks) and chick sex. The best model included only sex and there was a 99% chance that this was the best model, given the data set and models compared. Male Brown-headed Cowbird gained an average of 0.7 g day—1 more than females and weighed 13% more at the same age. The only significant ecological variable, host-parasite hatching synchrony, was found to be sex-dependent, with males more likely than females to hatch earlier than their nest mates. We discuss the possible mechanisms underlying this sex effect and the importance of determining sex when studying nestling growth and competition. Correlatos Ecológicos y Diferencias de Sexo en el Desarrollo Temprano de un Parásito de Nidada Generalista


Nowadays, the European Higher Education Area means an important change in the teaching/learning process: it is necessary to invol ve more efficiently to the students. Moreover, university education has undergone a significant ch ange to new models that encourage the active role of students in the teaching/learning process. This new framework includes the increase in the development and use of new Information and Communic ation Technology in education and the analysis of the academic performance of students an d their sensation of engagement and burnout. In the case study in this paper, a new teaching method ology is implemented and it is based on a kit of new software interactive tools for Power Electronic s. The main objective of this experience consists of the design, development and implementation of a new multimedia resources in order to use them in the teaching/learning process of the subject. To ev aluate the benefits and drawbacks of this new methodology and the compliance with the objectives, s veral surveys have been designed, for both students and lecturers. These results are complemen t d with the study of the student stress levels, information that will be complemented with an in-de pth analysis of the got marks of the students and with the sensation of engagement and burnout, measu r d in terms of academic stress.


This thesis examines the roles of and the relationships amongst the public, private, Third, and intergovernmental sectors, in order to understand the dynamics of Intersectoral Partnerships (ISPs) and its impact as a sustainable development strategy in community forest management (CFM) projects in Brazil. Partnership literature highlights the value of ISPs' ability to pool resources; however, it fails to evaluate the role for each sector within partnerships. This study of ISPs reviews the theory behind sectors to explain their influence in partnerships and propose a solution utilizing sector strengths to optimize the impact of ISPs on sustainable livelihoods. This research tracks the evolution of ISPs in relation to development theories in literature to eventually focus on three Brazilian CFM projects. Backed by intergovernmental sector support, each of the three case studies represents a partnership with one of the public, Third or private sectors. An analysis of the production and commercialization process of CFM projects pinpoints valuable practical sector contributions and limitations. Sector strengths such as public sector infrastructure investments. Third sector monitoring of communities, private sector knowledge of marketing, and intergovernmental aid coordination create the foundation for ISPs in productive livelihoods. The research identifies training, certification, community organization and political voice as indicators of CFM projects' sustainability. ISPs prove their added value as a sustainable development strategy by addressing these elements better than any individual sector. This research recommends the clear delegation of responsibilities according to inherent sector strengths to maximize use of the wealth of resources provided by an ISP. A proactive approach to partnerships capitalizes on sector strengths and compensates for sector weaknesses to facilitate cooperation amongst sectors in the pursuit of sustainable livelihoods. The strategic use of the public, private, Third, and intergovernmental sectors within ISPs in project development and implementation will contribute to further reducing poverty and deforestation through CFM projects by promoting sustainable livelihoods for forest communities.


Engineering degrees are predominantly taught by highly skilled engineers and scientists but, like most discipline experts, relatively few of them are ever exposed to significant pedagogical training. The concepts and understanding of what motivates and engages students are generally understood but seldom put into practice. Nevertheless, engagement and retention are becoming increasingly important topics as the demands and expectations of UK students are increasing in line with the much higher tuition charges that are the result of recent government changes in the funding of Higher Education. Furthermore, the mind-sets of twenty-first century students are often mismatched with the expectations of their lecturers, who tend to assume intrinsic career motivation and blame poor performance on a lack of drive or ability. The challenge for universities is to enhance the acquisition of knowledge and skills by providing motivators, beyond that gained by the award of marks. This paper describes an innovative year-long module for first-year mechanical engineering students, which embraces competitive challenges, student-centred learning activities, problem solving, creative design and skills workshops. The activities sit alongside and provide motivators for the unaltered, traditionally taught engineering science curriculum. The concept has been developing for three years and anecdotal evidence had suggested there were positive benefits, so an independent evaluation was commissioned; funded by a small grant from the UK Higher Education Academy. The evaluation used a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods of enquiry and demonstrated that such interventions can not only inspire students but also help to create improved inter-student and staff-student relationships.


This study utilized intra-firm, socio-cultural, geographical-proximity, and political-stability variables to explain bimodal foreign direct investment (FDI) patterns by agri-food and beverage multinational companies into and within the European Union. A logit framework incorporated a unique-count database of firm-level investment patterns from 1987–1998. The results showed the 1992 structural changes under the Maastricht Treaty increased the probability of wholly owned FDI modes such as greenfields and buyouts. The model also found that past modal strategies of firms, language barriers, and exchange-rate volatility all correctly explained modal investment patterns. The results provide important contributions toward understanding modal investment strategies including the role of macroeconomic changes within a custom union.


The main aim in this study was to determine the incidence of radiographically demonstrable calcification of the vas deferens (CVD) in adult diabetics. The second purpose was to relate the CVD to the severity and duration of the diabetes and to associated vascular calcification. Of 100 male diabetics, 11 had CVD. There was no true correlation between the incidence or duration or severity of diabetes and the associated vascular calcification. CVD is not specific for diabetes but is highly suggestive, certainly more so than is vascular calcification. From the material surveyed in this study it appears that most CVD is related to degeneration in the parietal structure rather than to infection in the lumen of the vas. About 70% of men with CVD can be expected to have diabetes.


Using cadmium acetate and sodium sulfuret as Cd and S sources, CdS samples were synthesized by chemical precipitation method. The conditions of supersaturation and aging time had been investigated, which could influence the activity of CdS for photocatalytic degrading methyl orange. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The CdS samples synthesized under low supersaturation showed better photocatalytic activities. A phase transformation of hexagonal CdS to cubic CdS was observed when CdS precipitation aging and the presence of proper amount of hexagonal CdS should improve the photocatalytic performance of cubic CdS.


Oil palm is by far the major oil-producing crop on the global scale, with c. 62 Mt oil produced each year. This species is a strong potassium (K)-demanding species cultivated in regions where soil K availability is generally low and waterlogging due to tropical heavy rains can limit further nutrient absorption. However, the metabolic effects of K and waterlogging have never been assessed precisely. Here, we examined the metabolic response of oil palm saplings in the glasshouse under controlled conditions (nutrient composition with low or high K availability, with or without waterlogging), using gas exchange, metabolomics and proteomics analyses. Our results showed that both low K and waterlogging have a detrimental effect on photosynthesis but stimulate leaf respiration, with differential accumulation of typical metabolic intermediates and enzymes of Krebs cycle and alternative catabolic pathways. In addition, we found a strong relationship between metabolic composition, the rate of leaf dark respiration, and cumulated respiratory loss. Advert environmental conditions (here, low K and waterlogging) therefore have an enormous effect on respiration in oil palm. Leaf metabolome and proteome appear to be good predictors of carbon balance, and open avenues for cultivation biomonitoring using functional genomics technologies.


Gasification is the process where carbon-rich feedstocks such as coal, petroleum, and biomass are transformed into gases consisting hydrogen, carbon monoxide, etc under the condition where the temperature is high, the oxygen supply is limited and the pressure is high. Palm biomass is one of the potential feedstocks for gasification process, primarily in Malaysia where palm oil production for each year is immense. Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) reported that there are 17,734,439 crude palm oil productions in year 2008. This indicated that the abundance palm wastes are as much and thus make it suitable to be the feedstock for gasification process due to its availability and sustainability. Realizing the essential of matching the right gasification technologies to right feedstocks in order to maintain high process efficiency and to avoid incurring more operating cost, this project is aimed to do characterization of palm biomass, physically and chemically. At least three types of palm biomass are tested in few analyses throughout this project which includes kernel shell, fronds and fibers. Among the analysis which involved experimental works are moisture analysis, elemental component analysis, heating value analysis, proximate analysis, and lignin content analysis. After all results been discovered and analyzed, Fronds has shown highest potential as gasification feedstock. This is because it has acceptable moisture content, high heating value, high in carbon and hydrogen elemental content, high in volatile matters, low ash content and low lignin content within the biomass itself. Other samples; kernel shell and fiber also show a good potential as biomass feedstock for gasification as it also fulfill the requirement characteristics. From this result, it will be a stepping stone to more development and technologies improvements in the area of renewable energy in order to accommodate the increment in energy demand of the world citizen while balancing it to the environmental requirement.


Abstract We study the problem of finding optimal plans for multiple teams of robots through a mediator, where each team is given a task to complete in its workspace on its own and where teams are allowed to transfer robots between each other, subject to the following constraints: 1) teams (and the mediator) do not know about each other's workspace or tasks (e.g., for privacy purposes); 2) every team can lend or borrow robots, but not both (e.g., transportation/calibration of robots between/for different workspaces is usually costly). We present a mathematical definition of this problem and analyze its computational complexity. We introduce a novel, logic-based method to solve this problem, utilizing action languages and answer set programming for representation, and the state-of-the-art ASP solvers for reasoning. We show the applicability and usefulness of our approach by experiments on various scenarios of responsive and energy-efficient cognitive factories.


Author: Elisabeth Wahlberg Title: "…I'll just get mum to help me" About Young Adults' Strategies for Coping with Reading and Writing Difficulties in Daily Life This study investigated how seven young adults, who during senior high school underwent a syllable based intervention due to reading and writing difficulties, developed their literacy skills, and what strategies they used to try to overcome reading and writing problems, whether at work, during studies or in their leisure time. The period from when the participants had left school ranged between three and eight years. Qualitative as well as quantitative data was compiled for the study. Qualitative data consisted of semistructured interviews and quantitative data of tests performed before the intervention and on two occasions after, in order to compare results over time. The study was a longitudinal case study with a phenomenological lifeworld approach and looked to increase awareness of the realities of living with reading and writing difficulties. It analysed how the participants dealt with their problems and what strategies they employed, in order to overcome them. Study results showed that even as participants improved their literacy skills compared to pre-intervention, reading and writing remained an issue. All participants were forced to adjust to the fact that they were affected in their daily lives, whether in choice of career or further education, or more everyday tasks involving reading and writing and also the inclination to read for pleasure. They avoided to expose their shortcomings if at all possible. Still, the participants all strived to tackle their reading and writing problems by applying elements from the syllable based intervention in conjunction with inventing individual strategies.


ABSTRACT Interprofessional collaboration is the foundation of hospice service delivery. In the United States, hospice agencies are required to regularly convene interprofessional meetings during which teams review plans of care for the patients and families they serve. A small body of research suggests that team functioning could be significantly enhanced in hospice interprofessional meetings; however, systematic investigation of this possibility has been limited to date. The purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand the experiences and perspectives of hospice providers who regularly participate in interprofessional meetings as a first step toward improving teamwork in this setting. We interviewed 24 hospice providers and conducted a template analysis of qualitative data to identify barriers and facilitators to effective team functioning in interprofessional meetings. Participants recognised the ways meetings supported high-quality, holistic patient and family care but voiced frustrations over meeting inefficiencies, particularly in light of caseloads they perceived as overly demanding. Time constraints were often viewed as prohibiting the inclusion of interprofessional content and full participation of all team members. Findings suggest that modifications to interprofessional meetings such as standardising processes may enhance meeting efficiency and team functioning.


The challenge of reducing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases calls for a wide variety of analyses to make the mitigation effort efficient and achievable. This thesis explores five different issues related to carbon abatement.
The first paper examines interactions between the stationary energy sector and the transportation sectors in a carbon constrained world. We find that an energy system dominated by solar energy or nuclear energy tends to make biofuels in plug-in hybrids cost-effective in a 400 ppm carbon dioxide scenario. If instead coal with carbon capture and storage dominates the energy system, hydrogen cars rather than plug-in hybrids tend to become cost-effective. From a Monte Carlo analysis we conclude that the stationary energy system does not alone determine how the transportation sector develops, but that its impact on the absolute and the relative cost of energy carriers has a significant impact.
The second paper examines induced technological change in a global energy system model with limited foresight. We find that the introduction of induced technological change reduces the total net present value of the abatement cost over this century by 3-9% (depending on the stabilization target) compared to a case where technological learning is exogenous. Further, we show that technology-specific policies can counter technology lock-in and reduce the abatement cost compared to a case with cap and trade system only.
The third paper concerns land-use competition between bioenergy plantations that reduce fossil fuels in the energy sector and long-lived carbon sinks that sequester and store atmospheric carbon. These two abatement options may compete for the same land under a stringent climate target. Using an energy system model we examine whether bioenergy or carbon sinks are the most cost-effective option. We show that long-rotation forests for the purpose of carbon sequestration will not be cost-effective in the long run under a stringent climate policy. Thus, economic efficiency considerations tend to favour short-rotation plantations for high carbon prices.
In the fourth paper a framework for analyzing the impact of energy policies in the EU-25 on the expected cost of oil disruptions is developed. We find that substituting pellets for oil in households is a cost-efficient policy if greenhouse gas benefits are included. Neither domestically-produced wheat ethanol nor hybrid cars are found to be cost-efficient, even if both the expected cost of oil disruption and greenhouse gas benefits are included.
In the fifth paper we investigate global income and resource inequality from 1960 to the late 1990s. We find that the inequality in terms of GDP/capita measured in purchasing power parity terms is rather stable in relative terms, but increasing in absolute terms. We also conclude that resource inequality tends to improve faster than income inequality, even though inequality in electricity and paper consumption in absolute terms has increased significantly since the 1960s.


This study examined what men and women faculty members expect of university presidential leadership, whether men see leadership in terms of authority and hierarchy and whether women look more for community. Using an analysis of discourse, the study interviewed 30 faculty members at a public, research university in the western United States. The university's president was male and new to the university although this was his third presidential position. The participants all thought that the most important quality a president needs is vision. In addition both male and female faculty viewed the ability to communicate and to interact with a variety of funding sources as a critical skill for a president. Other skills and qualities sought by faculty in a president were fostering collegiality in relations between faculty and president through shared scholarly experience and achievement as well as an ability to make decisions, particularly difficult budgetary ones. Though faculty wanted a significant voice in governance and preferred decisions reached via consensus, faculty also advocated the need for strong leaders to make the tough decisions. Overall, no significant differences were found between male and female faculty members' expectations and interpretations of presidential leadership along gender lines. Contains 24 references. (JB) ********************************k*********************************** Reproductions supplied by ELKS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** FEMALE AND MALE FACULTY: EXPECTATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSIIIP IN A RESEARCH UNIVERSITY


In this dissertation, the aim is to investigate the empirical relationship between the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and other ocean variables in the Southern Ocean, by using a small percentage of the available data. CO2 is one of the main greenhouse gases that contributes to global warming and climate change. The concentration of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere, however, would have been much higher if some of it was not absorbed by oceanic and terrestrial sinks. The oceans absorb and release CO2 from and to the atmosphere. Large regions in the Southern Ocean are expected to be a CO2 sink. However, the measurements of CO2 concentrations in the ocean are sparse in the Southern Ocean, and accurate values for the sinks and sources cannot be determined. In addition, it is difficult to develop accurate oceanic and ocean-atmosphere models of the Southern Ocean with the sparse observations of CO2 concentrations in this part of the ocean. In this dissertation classical techniques are investigated to determine the empirical relationship between pCO2 and other oceanic variables using in situ measurements. Additionally, sampling techniques are investigated in order to make a judicious selection of a small percentage of the total available data points in order to develop an accurate empirical relationship. Data from the SANAE49 cruise stretching between Antarctica and Cape Town are used in this dissertation. The complete data set contains 6103 data points. The maximum pCO2 value in this stretch is 436.0 μatm, the minimum is 251.2 μatm and the mean is 360.2 μatm. An empirical relationship is investigated between pCO2 and the variables Temperature (T), chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl), Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) and latitude (Lat). The methods are repeated with latitude included and excluded as variable respectively. D-optimal sampling is used to select a small percentage of the available data for determining the empirical relationship. Least squares optimization is used as one method to determine the empirical relationship. For 200 D-optimally sampled points, the pCO2 prediction with the fourth order equation yields a Root Mean Square (RMS) error of 15.39 μatm (on the estimation of pCO2) with latitude excluded as variable and a RMS error of 8.797 μatm with latitude included as variable. Radial basis function (RBF) interpolation is another method that is used to determine the empirical relationship between the variables. The RBF interpolation with 200 D-optimally sampled points yields a RMS error of 9.617 μatm with latitude excluded as variable and a RMS error of 6.716 μatm with latitude included as variable. Optimal scaling is applied to the variables in the RBF interpolation, yielding a RMS error of 9.012 μatm with latitude excluded as variable and a RMS error of 4.065 μatm with latitude included as variable for 200 D-optimally 3 Investigating the empirical relationship between oceanic properties observable by satellite and the oceanic pCO2 M.van der Walt 20238703 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Applied Mathematics at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University Supervisor: Prof G. Drevin Co-supervisor: Dr S. Kok Assistant supervisor: Prof J. Spoelstra


Rail-to-rail amplifiers are based on an input stage made up of two parallel-connected complementary differential pairs. The paper introduces a circuit technique for maintaining the small-signal behaviour (i.e. the transconductance, g m ) of the amplifier constant over the entire input common-mode (CM) voltage range. The operation principle consists in comparing the total amplifier transconductance with a reference transconductance value and then generating an appropriate bias current for one of the two pairs of the rail-to-rail input stage. Thus, the technique is universal, since it is valid regardless of the g m /I D characteristic and the operating region of the input devices. Also, the accuracy in providing a constant transconductance does not depend on precise matching between n-channel and p-channel input transistors, which makes the technique robust. Experimental results from a 0.8-μm CMOS test chip demonstrate that amplifier transconductance variations, obtained as a function of the input CM voltage, are lower than for any previously reported technique.


While marking rubrics offer a range of potential benefits for students and staff, educators are working to develop a richer understanding of the most effective ways to unlock these benefits. This study contributes by examining the link between rubrics and performance through the lens of student engagement. The work introduced an assessment rubric and examined student grades across three conditions: i) when students do/ do not have the marking rubric, ii) when students do/do not engage with a discussion about how and why to use the rubric, and iii) when students do/do not engage with the rubric discussion plus additional resources. The results indicate that simply providing a rubric does not necessarily lift student performance whereas higher grades are evident when students engage with discussing the rubric. Further analysis showed that grades were ever higher when students engaged with the rubric discussion plus additional resources. The findings have practical implications for effectively using rubrics and fostering improved performance through student engagement.


A method for calculating the Poisson CDF (cumulative distribution function) is presented. The method avoids computer underflow and overflow during the process. The computer program uses this technique to calculate the Poisson CDF for arbitrary inputs. An algorithm that determines the Poisson parameter required to yield a specified value of the CDF is presented. >


In this study, fast and clinically feasible model-based bootstrapping algorithms using a geometrically constrained two-tensor diffusion model are employed for estimating uncertainty in fibre-orientation. Voxels are classified based on tensor morphologies before applying single or two-tensor model-based bootstrapping algorithms. Classification of tensor morphologies allows the tensor morphology to be considered when selecting the most appropriate bootstrap procedure. A constrained two-tensor model approach can greatly reduce data acquisition times and computational time for whole bootstrap data volume generation compared to other multi-fibre model techniques, facilitating widespread clinical use. For comparison, we propose a new repetition-bootstrap algorithm based on classified voxels and the constrained two-tensor model. White matter tractography with these bootstrapping algorithms is also developed to estimate the connection probabilities between brain regions, especially regions with complex fibre configurations. Experimental results on a hardware phantom and human brain data demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithms compared to conventional approaches.


A recent study addressed the possibility of unintentional ingestion of clomiphene through residues in chicken eggs. The method developed here helped distinguish between microdose intake of (E/Z)-clomiphene citrate and consumption of clomiphene-containing eggs by the urinary pattern of four mono-hydroxylated clomiphene metabolites. However, reanalyses of doping-control samples, which showed an adverse analytical finding for clomiphene, revealed a hydroxy clomiphene (HC) isomer that was not found after microdose intake or after consumption of clomiphene-containing eggs and could not be assigned to any of the available reference compounds. The aim of the present follow-up study was to identify this HC isomer and to characterize this metabolite with respect to its potential properties as long-term metabolite in doping controls.

METHODS
(E/Z)-3'-HC and (E/Z)-4'-HC were synthesized involving the McMurry reaction. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and optimized after a derivatization step with dansyl chloride to separate eight HC isomers. Using this method, urine samples from a controlled clomiphene administration study were analyzed, in which male study participants received therapeutic doses of clomiphene for 30 days and collected urine samples for up to 8 months. Thus, isomer-specific HC elimination profiles could be monitored.

RESULTS
The metabolite previously found in doping-control samples was identified as (Z)-3'-HC. The elimination profiles of the different HCs confirmed previous results, with (Z)-3-HC being the most abundant urinary hydroxy metabolite shortly after administration. A new finding was that the data suggest that (Z)-3'-HC is excreted at higher relative concentrations only several weeks after drug intake.

CONCLUSION
These findings might be of particular importance in sport drug testing as they can assist in the decision-making process to distinguish between intentional doping and inadvertent exposure to clomiphene via food contamination.