Architecting IoT systems able to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) levels can be a challenging task due to the inherent uncertainties (induced by changes in e.g., energy availability, network traffic) that they are subject to. Existing work has shown that machine learning (ML) techniques can be effectively used at run time for selecting self-adaptation patterns that can help maintain adequate QoS levels. However, this class of approach suffers from learning bias, which induces accuracy problems that might lead to sub-optimal (or even unfeasible) adaptations in some situations. To overcome this limitation, we propose an approach for proactive self-adaptation which combines ML and formal quantitative verification (probabilistic model checking). In our approach, ML is tasked with selecting the best adaptation pattern for a given scenario, and quantitative verification checks the feasibility of the adaptation decision, preventing the execution of unfeasible adaptations and providing feedback to the ML engine which helps to achieve faster convergence towards optimal decisions. The results of our evaluation show that our approach is able to produce better decisions than ML and quantitative verification used in isolation.


This study focuses on the slip prediction in a cable-drum system using artificial neural networks for the prospect of developing linear motion sensing scheme for such mechanisms. Both feed-forward and recurrent-type artificial neural network architectures are considered to capture the slip dynamics of cable-drum mechanisms. In the article, the network development is presented in a progressive (step-by-step) fashion for the purpose of not only making the design process transparent to the readers but also highlighting the corresponding challenges associated with the design phase (i.e. selection of architecture, network size, training process parameters, etc.). Prediction performances of the devised networks are evaluated rigorously via an experimental study. Finally, a structured neural network, which embodies the network with the best prediction performance, is further developed to overcome the drift observed at low velocity. The study illustrates that the resulting structured neural network could predict the slip in the mechanism within an error band of 100 µm when an absolute reference is utilized.


Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) is a high free volume polymer exhibiting preferable properties such as a very high permeability for application in gas separation. Still, the poor selectivity of PTMSP need to be dealt with before the polymer can be economically and technically viable to utilize. This thesis will focus on creating a mixed matrix membrane by addition of nanoparticles into the polymer phase. The nanoparticles are ZIF-7, ZIF-8 and ZIF-8L which are known to have good properties in relations to gas separation and an affinity for CO2, and the theory is that the nanoparticles can enhance the separation properties of the membrane. Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) were also used as fillers. Analyzes show that the thermal stability of the mixed matrix membranes is good, and that the particles are evenly distributed throughout the membrane matrix when the membranes are fabricated using a casting knife. The solvent used for membrane preparation has proved to be very important. For a pure PTMSP membrane the permeability was reduced by 40% while the separation factor was increased by 150% when changing from chloroform to cyclohexane. The addition of nanoparticles into the membrane matrix was done with varying results. Only the addition of ZIF-7 increased the separation factor to an extent compared to the linked pure membrane. Overall, the particles were well embedded in the matrix, but did not enhance the separation properties to a great extent. ZIF-8L also showed instability in contact with water vapour.


The effect of addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to a layer of hydrophobically modified ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (HM-EHEC) preadsorbed on hydrophobized mica has been studied with an interferometric surface force apparatus (SFA). The force between the surfaces was always repulsive on both compression and separation. The range of this force, which is 1500 Angstrom for the HM-EHEC layers, undergoes a non-monotonic change on addition of SDS. Initially, at low SDS concentrations the layer expand, while at higher surfactant concentrations a contraction of the adsorbed layer is observed. At 1.5 mM SDS the range of the force is at maximum, while at 6 mM SDS the layer is significantly thinner than before addition of SDS. The results are discussed in terms of polymer-surfactant interfacial association and competitive adsorption. The data obtained by surface force measurements agree qualitatively with ellipsometry findings on the same system.


Macroeconometric models, in many ways the flagships of the economist's profession in the 1960s, came under increasing attack from both theoretical economist and practitioners in the late 1970s. Critics referred to their lack of microeconomic theoretical foundations, ad hoc models of expectations, lack of identification, neglect of dynamics and non-stationarity, and poor forecasting properties. By the start of the 1990s, the status of macroeconometric models had declined markedly, and had fallen completely out of, and with, academic economics. Nevertheless, unlike the dinosaurs to which they often have been likened, macroeconometric models have never completely disappeared from the scene. This book describes how and why the discipline of macroeconometric modelling continues to play a role for economic policymaking by adapting to changing demands, in response, for instance, to new policy regimes like inflation targeting. Model builders have adopted new insights from economic theory and taken advantage of the methodological and conceptual advances within time series econometrics over the last twenty years. The modelling of wages and prices takes a central part in the book as the authors interpret and evaluate the last forty years of international research experience in the light of the Norwegian 'main course' model of inflation in a small open economy. The preferred model is a dynamic model of incomplete competition, which is evaluated against alternatives as diverse as the Phillips curve, Nickell-Layard wage curves, the New Keynesian Phillips curve, and monetary inflation models on data from the Euro area, the UK, and Norway. The wage price core model is built into a small econometric model for Norway to analyse the transmission mechanism and to evaluate monetary policy rules. The final chapter explores the main sources of forecast failure likely to occur in a practical modelling situation, using the large-scale nodel RIMINI and the inflation models of earlier chapters as case studies.


Current artificial lungs, or membrane oxygenators, have limited gas exchange capacity due to their inability to replicate the microvascular scale of the natural lungs. Typical oxygenators have a surface area of 2 - 4 m2, surface area to volume ratio of 30 cm-1, and gas diffusion distances of 10 - 30 microns. In comparison, the natural lungs have a surface area of 100 m2, surface area to volume ratio of 300 cm-1, and diffusion distances of only 1 - 2 microns. Membrane oxygenators also suffer from biocompatibility complications, requiring systemic anticoagulation and limiting length of use. The goal of this thesis was to utilize microfabrication and tissue engineering techniques to develop biohybrid artificial lung modules to serve as the foundation of future chronic respiratory devices. Microfabrication techniques allow the creation of compact and efficient devices while culturing endothelial cells in the blood pathways provide a more biocompatible surface. Soft lithography techniques were used to create 3-D modules that contained alternating layers of blood microchannels and gas pathways in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The blood microchannels were fabricated with widths of 100 microns, depths of 30 microns, and inter-channel spacing of 50 microns. The diffusion distance between the blood and gas pathways was minimized and a surface area to blood volume ratio of 1000 cm-1 was achieved. The gas permeance of the modules was examined and maximum values of 9.16 x 10-6 and 3.55 x 10-5 ml/s/cm2/cmHg, for O2 and CO2 respectively, were obtained. Initial work examining thrombosis in non-endothelialized modules demonstrated the need for endothelial cells (ECs). Several surface modifications were explored to improve EC adhesion and growth on PDMS. Finally, endothelial cells were seeded and dynamically cultured in prototype modules. Confluent and viable cell monolayers were achieved after ten days. The work described in this thesis provides a strong foundation for creating more compact and efficient biohybrid artificial lungs devices.


: Secretin and somatostatin are two peptides released by H+ ions. The fact that blood levels of these peptides increase during the postprandial period makes them the most probable candidates for gastric acid secretion retrocontrol . The aim of our study was to determine whether a potentiation of inhibitory effects exists when the two peptides are administered simultaneously. Seven dogs were provided with a gastric fistula. Gastric acid secretion was stimulated by intragastric infusion of a bactopeptone solution or by pentagastrin (1 microgram X kg-1 X h-1). Acid outputs and gastric emptying rates were measured at regular intervals. The tests were repeated during intravenous infusion of secretin (0.125 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1), somatostatin (0.2 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1) or both peptides together at the same doses. Both secretin and somatostatin inhibited acid secretion and gastric emptying. The inhibition was not greater when both peptides were administered together. Under the conditions used, no potentiation or additive effects between the two peptides were observed on gastric acid secretion or gastric emptying.


The current research on oxidation of carbonaceous materials is primarily aimed at detailed understanding the mechanism of interaction of carbon with oxygen and at studies of the influence of inorganic substances on the process. Oxidation of graphite as a model compound with oxygen is a complex process, the interpretation of which is still contradictory, above all in the field of an influence of structure arrangement on the oxidation reactivity. Studies of soot oxidation has been recently focused on determination of the process kinetics and searching for substances lowering the soot combustion temperature. As catalysts, oxides and inorganic salts of metals are investigated. The study of catalytic oxidation of coal and coke, containing both organic and inorganic substances, is complicated. The research is aimed at common substances in ashes and at substances used as additives to coal and coke used as energy sources. Attention is also paid to coal pyrolysis and its potential affecting by various catalysts.


We studied the influence of cyclosporin-A (Cy-A) on resistance of mice to systemic infection with Candida albicans. Cy-A clearly inhibited resistance to C. albicans. The effect was dose-dependent and time and route of administration of the drug were important. This immunodepressive effect was due, at least in part, to an impairment of polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) candidacidal activity, as demonstrated in vitro by a reduction of phagocytic and cytotoxic activity and in vivo by protection when PMNL from untreated mice were transferred into cyclophosphamide-treated hosts challenged with C. albicans. The decreased activity of PMNL could be partly restored by adoptive transfer of normal T-lymphocytes into Cy-A-treated mice, as well as by exposure of PMNL to gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) in vitro.


A previously described method for determination of hyaluronic acid is modified for the analysis of pleural and ascitic fluids. After 20 tL of the acellular supernate is precipitated with ethanol, the precipitate is digested overnight with chondroitinases and chondroitin sulfatases. The content of hyaluronic acid-derived disaccharide is then analyzed by "high-performance" liquid chromatography. The high sensitivity (detection limit, <0.1 g of hyaluronate-derived uronic acid per milliliter) and reproducibility (SD = 4% of the mean) enable accurate determination of hyaluronic acid, even in effusions from patients without signs of mesothelioma. The range of values obtained for pleural and ascitic fluids from patients without signs of this kind of tumor is the same as that found by using other techniques, being slightly higher in those patients showing signs of tissue destruction. The concentrations of hyaluronic acid were considerably increased in most, but not all, of the cases of mesothelioma.


Car cultures have social, material and, above all, affective dimensions that are overlooked in current strategies to influence car-driving decisions. Car consumption is never simply about rational economic choices, but is as much about aesthetic, emotional and sensory responses to driving, as well as patterns of kinship, sociability, habitation and work. Through a close examination of the aesthetic and especially kinaesthetic dimensions of automobility, this article locates car cultures (and their associated feelings) within a broader physical/material relational setting that includes both human bodies and car bodies, and the relations between them and the spaces through which they move (or fail to move). Drawing on both the phenomenology of car use and new approaches in the sociology of emotions, it is argued that everyday car cultures are implicated in a deep context of affective and embodied relations between people, machines and spaces of mobility and dwelling in which emotions and the senses play a key part – the emotional geographies of car use. Feelings for, of and within cars ('automotive emotions') come to be socially and culturally generated across three scales involved in the circulations and displacements performed by cars, roads and drivers: embodied sensibilities and kinaesthetic performances; familial and sociable practices of 'caring' through car use; and regional and national car cultures that form around particular systems of automobility. By showing how people feel about and in cars, and how the feel of different car cultures generates habitual forms of automobilized life and different dispositions towards driving, it is argued that we will be in a better position to re-evaluate the ethical dimensions of car consumption and the moral economies of car use.


Source apportionment using the bilinear model through a multilinear engine (ME-2) was successfully applied to non-refractory organic aerosol (OA) mass spectra collected during the winter of 2011 and 2012 in Zurich, Switzerland using the aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM). Five factors were identified: low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA), semivolatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA), hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA) and biomass burning OA (BBOA). A graphical user interface SoFi (Source Finder) was developed at PSI in order to facilitate the testing of different rotational techniques available within the ME-2 engine by providing a priori factor profiles for some or all of the expected factors. ME2 was used to test the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, the fully constrained chemical mass balance (CMB) model, and partially constrained models utilizing a values and pulling equations. Within the set of model solutions determined to be environmentally reasonable, BBOA and SV-OOA factor mass spectra and time series showed the greatest variability. This variability represents the uncertainty in the model solution and indicates that


Abstract Over time, the concept of social movement has evolved as society has changed, but has always implied collective action in the public space. The form of social contestation has changed, according to the conjuncture of each historical period. In 18th century, the transition from the Old Regime to Liberalism provoked movements considered by some authors as "primitive" or "premodern", as they were spontaneous, sporadic and depoliticized. Industrial society of the 19th century gave rise to the labor movement and trade unionism, which from then on organized the social movements. In the 20th century there were changes and innovation in the collective way of acting, there was the emergence of a series of social movements that differ from the traditional in terms of the objectives and actors involved, such as the pacifist, ecologist, feminist movements, acting on the fringes of parties and unions. The 21st century has witnessed a set of movements that begin on social networks, such as Generation Scratch, Outraged, Occupy Wall Street, Screw the Troika, and quickly outgrow local scales to become global. Through the use of a theoretical and conceptual framework derived from the theories of social movements and taking into account the current transformation of collective action that has been witnessed in the 21st century, we intend to verify if we are facing a new social phenomenon or another phase of "repertoire" change.


Author(s): Hsieh, Amy Lee | Abstract: Cardiac mechanotransduction is the process by which mechanical signals are transduced into biochemical signals in cardiac myocytes. It is important for moderation of changes in sarcomeric protein assembly, hypertrophic markers, and cell survival. Within a single cardiac myocyte, costameres are complex multi-protein structures which have been shown to be the site where forces generated by cardiac myocytes are transmitted to the external extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as the site where forces externally applied by the ECM are transmitted into the cardiac myocyte. Defects in vinculin and its isoforms, metavinculin, have been implicated in the development of dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Due to vinculin's role in contributing to the development of cardiomyopathy and its position in forming a bridge between the ECM and the cytoskeleton, it is hypothesized that vinculin is required for normal mechanotransduction. To study vinculin's role in mechanotransduction, a method using laser tweezers and multifocal multiphoton fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy was developed. This method allowed the application of calibrated localized forces to cardiomyocytes and the measurement of the cell's response to the force. Results demonstrated that this system can be used to study cardiac mechanotransduction, and that focal adhesion kinase autophosphorylation (FAK-P) as reported by a FRET biosensor changed locally in the cell, but not distally from the site of force application. Additionally, in wildtype cells, FAK-P responses were dependent on cell geometry. These results reveal that types of load depending on orientation of a cell may trigger regulation of hypertrophy. Lastly, using this system, it was determined that anisotropic responses to mechanotransduction as reported by the FAK FRET biosensor is mediated by vinculin. These results reveal the role of the microanatomy of the costamere in determining mechanotransduction events and alterations in hypertrophic signaling. In conclusion, an optically based novel method for studying cardiac mechanotransduction has been developed and it has been used to determine that abnormal vinculin levels alter the biochemical signaling of FAK in response to directionally applied forces. These alterations may contribute to the development of cardiomyopathy and possibly in the development of heart failure


This article presents a conceptualization of action research which articulates Paulo Freire's pedagogy with feminist methods of consciousness-raising. It aims to contribute to wider comprehension of the problems which affect Brazilian youth by presenting questions of daily life as they are experienced by young men and women who live in the Complexo da Mare, an extensive area of favelas in the city of Rio de Janeiro. These questions were identified through a process of action research which articulated young people in consciousness-raising groups that adopted the 'generating themes' of gender identity, sexuality and reproductive health. These themes were connected to other significant questions which gradually emerged from the wider sociocultural and political dimensions that affect the lives of young people, particularly those who live in contexts of poverty, violence and exclusion from basic rights. An attempt is made to conceptually and empirically consolidate an outlook that transversalizes gender in social class and a paradigm of knowledge that legitimates new subjects of knowledge who are engaged in transformative social action.


Quantum physics can be understood in terms of classical thermodynamics, which is already considered to be a complete field. However, inconsistencies in classical thermodynamics have been discovered in the area of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The use of samarium-doped ceria (SDC) electrolytes in SOFCs lowers the open-circuit voltage (OCV) below the Nernst voltage (Vth). The low OCV is calculated with Wagner's equation, included in the Nernst-Planck equation, which is based on the first and second thermodynamic laws. Experimental and theoretical limitations of Wagner's equation have been discovered. Considering the separation of the Boltzmann distribution and Maxwell's Demon, only carrier species having sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy can contribute to current conduction, as determined by incorporating different constants in the definitions of the chemical and electrical potentials. This means that an additional thermodynamic law is needed. Furthermore, quantum physics can be explained by the additional thermodynamic law.


The scope of financial systemic risk research encompasses a wide range of interbank channels and effects, including asset correlation shocks, default contagion, illiquidity contagion, and asset fire sales. This paper introduces a financial network model that combines the default and liquidity stress mechanisms into a "double cascade mapping". The progress and eventual result of the crisis is obtained by iterating this mapping to its fixed point. Unlike simpler models, this model can therefore quantify how illiquidity or default of one bank influences the overall level of liquidity stress and default in the system. Large-network asymptotic cascade mapping formulas are derived that can be used for efficient network computations of the double cascade. Numerical experiments then demonstrate that these asymptotic formulas agree qualitatively with Monte Carlo results for large finite networks, and quantitatively except when the initial system is placed in an exceptional "knife-edge" configuration. The experiments clearly support the main conclusion that when banks respond to liquidity stress by hoarding liquidity, then in the absence of asset fire sales, the level of defaults in a financial network is negatively related to the strength of bank liquidity hoarding and the eventual level of stress in the network.


The purpose of this study was to describe school working conditions perceived by beginning teachers about their first year of teaching in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The specific working conditions that were examined were those identified in the research as contributing to either teacher retention or attrition. The researcher developed three research questions that guided her study. The Pennsylvania State Board of Education aided the researcher in reaching a random sample of Instructional I certificate holders by mail. The letter asked potential subjects to log on to the state board's website and complete an electronic survey concerning the conditions surrounding their first year of teaching in Pennsylvania. Two hundred and seventy-nine certificate holders, who had completed one, two, or three years of teaching, completed the survey. The researcher surmised that the poor response rate was due to insufficient addresses and large numbers of certificate holders who are not currently teaching or not currently teaching in Pennsylvania. Quantitative data were analyzed using percentages, means, and standard deviations. The researcher applied qualitative analysis to interpret the data obtained from the open-ended questions concerning induction programs at the end of the survey.The results of this study indicated that approximately 26% of survey respondents said they had left teaching altogether or had migrated to another school district. The researcher also found that some of the workplace conditions identified in the literature were causes for this rate of attrition. Many respondents felt their schedule was the same or more challenging than those of veteran teachers, while over half said they taught four or more subjects a day. Many said they were unhappy with their salary and administrative support, citing these as reasons for migrating to other school districts or leaving the teaching profession altogether.Another important finding is that nearly all Pennsylvania teachers participated in an induction program. However, many respondents felt the content of the induction program was impractical and felt time spent in induction could have been better spent in preparing lessons.


Bacground: Promotion tour area is the activities promoted a tour area to prospective customers / tourists. Means for the promotion of the tourist area with take photo from common camera less attractive from aesthetics aspect.Promotion tour area must make very attractive in other that tourists can interest to visit it. Objectives: Integrating quadcopter with the camera as a device documentation of tourism area with interactive visualizations. Methods: collecting the information, literature and discussions with experts supported aeromodelling especially quadcopter, conducted by making design tool, the main function of the tool implementation and effectiveness of the test tool. Results: Quadcopter creation tool that is integrated with a high resolution camera to get a picture of the tourist area of the air. The workings of this system is the photography with a camera into the air using a quadcopter until it reaches a certain height and is used to take pictures of tourist areas from wider viewing angles. The results of the shooting will be displayed on the website as an attraction partners to increase the number of visitors on the footflag website and attract much the tourists to related tour object. Conclutions: ROCO Pantura (Robot Copter photographer reserve) a fly Devices used to take pictures from the air. This tool is equipped with a high resolution camera to get the maximum image Keywords: promotion, quadcopter, photography, tourism, website


The three-dimensional potential equation, motivated by representations of quantum mechanics, is investigated in four different scenarios: (i) In the usual Euclidean space $\mathbb{E}_{3}$ where the potential is singular but invariant under the continuous inhomogeneous orthogonal group $\mathcal{I}O(3)$. The invariance under the translation subgroup is compared to the corresponding unitary transformation in the Schr\"{o}dinger representation of quantum mechanics. This scenario is well known but serves as a reference point for the other scenarios. (ii) Next, the discrete potential equation as a partial difference equation in a three-dimensional lattice space is studied. In this arena the potential is non-singular but invariance under $\mathcal{I}O(3)$ is broken. This is the usual picture of lattice theories and numerical approximations. (iii) Next we study the six-dimensional continuous phase space. Here a phase space representation of quantum mechanics is utilized. The resulting potential is singular but possesses invariance under $\mathcal{I}O(3)$. (iv) Finally, the potential is derived from the discrete phase space representation of quantum mechanics, which is shown to be an \emph{exact} representation of quantum mechanics. The potential function here is both non-singular and possesses invariance under $\mathcal{I}O(3)$, and this is proved via the unitary transformations of quantum mechanics in this representation.


Vivek Bald wrote Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America to trace the untold story of Muslim Bengali men's migration from British colonial Bengal throughout the 19th and 20th centuries and integration into the U.S. during the Asian exclusion era. This book review deconstructs gaps around Muslim women's representation within Bengali Harlem through three analytical frameworks: self-orientalization and differential assimilation; masculinities and transnational migration; and the biopolitics of the racialized female body. This review aims to question how patriarchal constructions of Muslim masculinity impact men's decisions to migrate and establish communities in New York. It explores how transnational masculinities are reinforced and maintained post-migration through kinship networks supported by Muslim women. A close reading reveals how within this overlapping diaspora, the establishment of "Bengali Harlem" indirectly led to inter-ethnic female bonding and community building within racial and gendered limitations. While Bald gives credit to African American, Creole, and Puerto Rican women in building and growing a community, he barely acknowledges the work of the Muslim Bengali wives that migrant men have left behind. This raises questions around the gendered silencing of Muslim Bengali and American women and their invisible labor in establishing a male-dominated migrant network. Using the gaps in Bald's book as a starting point, this review deconstructs archival narratives from women included in the book. It also incorporates an examination of transnational Muslim masculinities and migrant precarity in relation to Bangladeshi labor, along with the comparative perspective of female migration, to reveal how Bangladeshi male migration to the United States has impacted women's socio-economic agency, Muslim identity, and gender relations in both the U.S. and rural Bangladesh.


Specimens of aluminum (Al), austenitic stainless steel (SUS304L), pure iron (Fe) and Oxygen-free high conductivity copper (Cu) were treated by argon ion bombardment, and then were bonded by diffusion bonding method. The effects of argon ion bombardment on diffusion-bonded joints of four kinds of metallic materials were compared from the tensile strength at real bonded area and the fractographs. The results showed that bonding temperature was lowered by argon ion bombardment treatment for four kinds of materials. The effect of argon ion bombardment on diffusion-bonded joint depended strongly on the chemistry of the surface to be bonded, and increased in Al, SUS304L, Fe, and Cu in turn.


This article examines how legal, political and economic change has produced a new adjudicatory mechanism for resolving disputes between patients and managed care organizations. In 43 states, external review laws allow patients whose claims for care or reimbursement have been denied by MCOs to appeal through a system that uses private judging companies to review the MCO decisions. Most of the claims concern whether a particular treatment is medically necessary, and the external review companies employ a mix of legal and health professionals to make those judgments. In essence, regulation of this critically important aspect of MCOs has been outsourced to a small but growing industry niche, which provides due process lite for patients. The article begins by describing how a substantive standard of deference to medical authority in tort law leaked into and defined process aspects of health law as well. Then, because of the transformation to managed care models for service delivery, the old deference model fell victim to economic constraints. External review laws were enacted as part of the backlash against the abruptness of that transformation. They emerged from political coalitions searching for a new mechanism of accountability for the private sector. Second, the article revisits procedural due process theory, which was a vibrant field of scholarship 25 years ago, but which today is virtually moribund. I describe how external review laws illustrate the use of dispute resolution procedures to achieve accountability and the emergence of accountability as a primary process value. I also argue that a second process value reflected in the new external review systems - deliberativeness - may be of equal or greater significance than the right to a hearing, the traditional flash point for debates about process. Third, I articulate both the link between procedure and regulation, and also the connection between regulation by procedure to theories of governance. Specifically I argue that we can understand the use of adjudicatory process as one technique of governing at a distance, a method through which preferred policies and norms can be advanced indirectly, by non-governmental as well as governmental actors, rather than by direct, command-and-control state policies.


Antarctica is one of the last earthly wildernesses. Its' ice covered wastes have only in the past century been explored by man, in some cases with great loss of life. The exploits of the early pioneers, such as Shackleton and Scott, have become modern legends. Antarctica is a rich continent, containing vast quantities of hugely valuable mineral resources. Because of this, countries have fought over ownership, and six countries currently lay claim to it. Following the demise of commercial Antarctic whaling in the thirties, the Earths largest landmass has been largely unoccupied. There are still vast unexplored areas of the coastline, providing thrilling, if arduous, cruising for the growing number of yachts which venture down. Inland, there are unclimbed mountain ranges, and terrain never before trodden. The scenery is awe inspiring, and the wildlife teeming. There is still much to be learned from the continent, and through this knowledge may come the ability to manage, protect, and conserve its near pristine state. The opportunity to create a design that might facilitate such exploration was too good to pass up. This study stems from a personal interest in Antarctic cruising; the result of a four month expedition with the British Army in 2001 – 2002. It is hoped that this experience might provide some insight into avenues hitherto unexplored. Whether it is the beautiful scenery, the prolific wildlife, the possibility of a first ascent or simply heading South to find oneself, this hostile, 'aweful', place will always exert a magnetic attraction for some. It is for these people that I have produced this project.


Abstract Besides the hallmark pathology of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, it is well documented that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), a critical neuronal protein kinase in nervous system development, function, and survival, when deregulated and hyperactivated induces Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease-like phenotypes in mice. In a recent study, we demonstrated that p5, a small, truncated fragment of 24 amino acid residues derived from the CDK5 activator protein 35 (NCK5A, p35), selectively inhibited deregulated CDK5 hyperactivity and ameliorated AD phenotypes in model mice. In this study, we identified the most inhibitory elements in the p5 peptide fragment. Each amino acid residue in p5 was systematically replaced with its homologous residues that may still be able to functionally substitute. The effects of these p5 peptide analogs were studied on the phosphotransferase activities of CDK5/p35, CDK5/p25, ERK1, and GSK3β. The mimetic p5 peptide (A/V substitution at the C-terminus of the peptide) in the sequence, KNAFYERALSIINLMTSKMVQINV (p5-MT) was the most effective inhibitor of CDK5 kinase activity of 79 tested mimetic peptides including the original p5 peptide, KEAFWDRCLSVINLMSSKMLQINA (p5-WT). Replacement of the residues in C-terminus end of the peptide affected CDK5 phosphotransferase activity most significantly. These peptides were strong inhibitors of CDK5, but not the related proline-directed kinases, ERK1 and GSK3β.


Ultra-thin composite carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes were fabricated on well-defined inorganic alumina substrates using a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) as a precursor. Details of the pyrolysis-related structural development were elucidated using focused-beam, interference-enhanced spectroscopic ellipsometry (both in the UV-vis and IR range), which allowed accurate determination of the film thickness, optical properties as well as following the chemical transformations. The pyrolysis-induced collapse of thin and bulk PIM-derived CMS membranes was compared with CMS made from a well-known non-PIM precursor 6FDA-DABA. Significant differences between the PIM and non-PIM precursors were discovered and explained by a much larger possible volume contraction in the PIM. In spite of the differences, surprisingly, the gas separation properties did not fundamentally differ. The high-temperature collapse of the initially amorphous and isotropic precursor structure was accompanied by a significant molecular orientation within the formed turbostratic carbon network guided by the laterally constraining presence of the substrate. This manifested itself in the development of uniaxial optical anisotropy, which was shown to correlate with increases in gas separation selectivity for multiple technologically important gas pairs. Reduction of CMS skin thickness significantly below ∼1 μm induced large losses in permeability coefficients with only small to moderate effects on selectivity. Remarkably, skin thickness reduction and physical aging seemed to superimpose onto the same trend, which explains and strengthens some of the earlier fundamental insights.


Abstract Using the Princeton nuptiality index Im, we analyzed historical developments in the proportion of married women of reproductive age in Spain. We show the internal diversity in nuptiality patterns and offer an explanatory statistical model based on panel data analysis to identify the main variables influencing these changes over more than a century (1887–1991). We found that Spain has been the developed country with the greatest contrasts in its provincial nuptiality patterns (measured by Im), although this diversity has lessened over the course of time. We also found that some socioeconomic variables (the gross domestic product per capita and the percentage of population living in cities) do not have a linear relationship with female nuptiality but rather have a U shape or an inverted U shape. This may partly account for some of the controversy that has raged on this topic over the past few decades on an international level.


Wireless networks are the key enabling technology of the mobile revolution. However, experimental mobile and wireless research is still hindered by the lack of a solid framework to adequately evaluate the performance of a wide variety of techniques and protocols proposed by the community. In this talk, I will motivate the need for experimental reproducibility as a necessary aspect for healthy progress as accepted by other communities. I will illustrate how other research communities went through similar processes. I will then present the unique challenges of mobile and wireless experimentation, and discuss approaches, past, current, and future to address these challenges. Finally, I will discuss how reproducibility extends to mobile and wireless security research.


Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly heterogeneous autoimmune disorder characterized by differences in autoantibody profiles, serum cytokines, and clinical manifestations. We have previously conducted a case-case genome-wide association study (GWAS) of SLE patients to detect associations with autoantibody profile and serum interferon alpha (IFN-α). In this study, we used public gene expression data sets to rationally select additional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for validation. The top 200 GWAS SNPs were searched in a database which compares genome-wide expression data to genome-wide SNP genotype data in HapMap cell lines. SNPs were chosen for validation if they were associated with differential expression of 15 or more genes at a significance of P < 9 × 10−5. This resulted in 11 SNPs which were genotyped in 453 SLE patients and 418 matched controls. Three SNPs were associated with SLE-associated autoantibodies, and one of these SNPs was also associated with serum IFN-α (P < 4.5 × 10−3 for all). One additional SNP was associated exclusively with serum IFN-α. Case-control analysis was insensitive to these molecular subphenotype associations. This study illustrates the use of gene expression data to rationally select candidate loci in autoimmune disease, and the utility of stratification by molecular phenotypes in the discovery of additional genetic associations in SLE.


SUMMARY. A method for the repeated long-term restraint of young turkey toms was developed. Fifteen mg xylazine/kg body weight was administered intramuscularly (IM) to each of 60 toms whose heads and bodies were then covered with surgical stockinette secured with adhesive tape during a total of 229 restraint events (RE). Toms then were restrained in dorsal recumbency for 2, 4, or 6 hr daily for 4 days. Those restrained for 6 hr received an additional IM injection of 10 mg xylazine/kg body weight after 3 hr of restraint. RE were uneventful in 215 cases; in 14, the toms struggled violently or escaped their restraints. Three toms with airsacculitis or pneumonia died during restraint, and one with pneumonia died during the night between RE. The mean body temperature of restrained toms declined during the first 150 min of RE and then stabilized. Toms restrained 6 hr daily lost weight during the 4 treatment days. Toms restrained 2 hr and 4 hr gained weight, but the latter group did not gain weight as quickly as the former. RESUMEN. Combinacion de m6todos fisicos y quimicos para sujetar pavos frecuentemente


Using hundreds of XMM-Newton and Chandra archival observations and nearly a thousand RXTE observations, we have generated a comprehensive library of the known pulsars in the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds (SMC, LMC). The pulsars are detected multiple times across the full parameter spaces of X-ray luminosity ($L_X= 10^{31-38}$~erg/s) and spin period ( P$ $1000s) and the library enables time-domain studies at a range of energy scales. The high time-resolution and sensitivity of the EPIC cameras are complemented by the angular resolution of Chandra and the regular monitoring of RXTE. Our processing %$\sim$15 year pipeline uses the latest calibration files and software to generate a suite of useful products for each pulsar detection: event lists, high time-resolution light curves, periodograms, spectra, and complete histories of $\dot{P}$, the pulsed fraction, etc., in the broad (0.2-12 keV), soft (0.2-2 keV), and hard (2-12 keV) energy bands. After combining the observations from these telescopes, we found that 28 pulsars show long-term spin up and 25 long-term spin down. We also used the faintest and brightest sources to map out the lower and upper boundaries of accretion-powered X-ray emission: the propeller line and the Eddington line, respectively. We are in the process of comparing the observed pulse profiles to geometric models of X-ray emission in order to constrain the physical parameters of the pulsars. Finally we are preparing a public release of the library so that it can be used by others in the astronomical community.


From a British perspective, the idea that psychoanalysis might ever have played a central role in academic psychiatry is scarcely believable – and from your reviewer's point of view highly enviable. Yet for a generation almost every Chair of psychiatry in the USA was occupied by a psychoanalyst. From 1950 to the mid1970s personal analysis was an essential part of psychiatric training; being able to listen to and interpret patients' feelings and fantasies were as important skills as mastering the latest drug and its sideeffects. Today all has changed: with a few honourable exceptions (Glen Gabbard in Texas is the outstanding example), those same prestigious seats are now occupied by geneticists, psychopharmacologists and neurobiologists, while trainees learn how to set up their office practice for 15 minute drug reviews, leaving psychotherapy (usually time-limited and cognitive) to psychologists and social workers. Joel Paris is a US-trained Canadian personality disorder researcher and Professor of Psychiatry in Montreal. In this compulsively readable account – part history of American psychiatry, part personal memoir, part anti-psychoanalysis hatchetjob – he charts the decline and fall of academic psychoanalysis. He describes the immense charisma of the psychoanalytic emigres – but their failure to brook any ́ ́ opposition. He bemoans the lack of solid evidence for the efficacy of psychoanalytic treatments. He makes great play of the Osheroff case at Chestnut Lodge, where a depressed physician successfully sued the psychoanalytic Mecca, Chesnut Lodge in Washington, for failing to treat him with antidepressants. He accuses psychoanalysts of ignoring those with severe mental illness, and concentrating on 'easy' cases that would have improved anyway. He is thus something of a cult escapee, and therein lies the weakness of a book that is more polemic than balanced assessment of the case for and against psychoanalysis. It perpetrates many of the very faults of which he accuses his adversary. He relies on anecdote and personal experience – 'none of Professor X's cases ever got better', etc., tendentiously cites those research findings that support his case, but plays down contrary evidence. Attachment theory gets a grudging thumbs-up for being generally evidence-based, but contemporary psychoanalysts like Fonagy, Bateman, Westen, Kernberg, Schore and Solms, who are attempting to integrate attachment theory with neurobiology, are portrayed as mavericks rather than the leaders of a new psychoanalysis committed to outcome studies, integration with modern neuroscience, and forging links with other psychotherapies such as cognitive–behavioural therapy. Seeing that the quasi-parental gods of one's youth have clay on their boots is a necessary part of maturation; but sadly, Paris's disillusionment is more catastrophic than optimal. In the ever-skeptical UK things are different: perhaps the marginalisation of psychoanalysis here means, ironically, that it can still claim its rightful place as an essential component of psychiatric education and research. Rumours of psychoanalysis's death continue to be exaggerated.


Mobile ad-hoc networks are temporary wireless networks. Network resources are abnormally consumed by intruders. Intrusion detection techniques are used for the network attack detection process. The receiver collision, low transmission power and misbehave report authentication attacks are generated in the routing process. The acknowledgement scheme is used to control the routing based attacks. Service level based attacks are raised using service requests. Classification methods are used to discover the service level based attacks. The nodes are grouped into clusters. The leader nodes are assigned for the clusters. Cluster Dependant Leader Election (CDLE) and Cluster Independent Leader Election (CILE) schemes are used in the system. The system optimizes the leader election and intrusion detection process. The system uses the Enhanced Adaptive ACKnowledgment (EAACK) scheme for routing based attack detection process. RSA and Secure Hash Algorithms are used to secure the EAACK scheme. The Bayesian Classification algorithm is used for service level attack detection process. Node mobility is managed by the system.


The paper presents the modelling, simulation and analysis of the transient behaviour of a 340 MW pump-turbine in case of emergency shutdown in turbine mode with focus on possible draft tube water column separation. The model of a pumped storage power plant with simplified layout is presented. This model includes a penstock feeding one 340MW pump-turbine with the related rotating inertia and a tailrace tunnel. The model of the tailrace tunnel allowing for water column separation simulation is introduced. The simulation results of the transient behaviour of the pump-turbine in case of emergency shutdown in generating mode, with and without downstream water column separation model are presented for different degree of severity triggered by the submergence and the tailrace tunnel length. The amplitudes of the pressure peaks induced by the cavity collapse are analysed with respect to the pressure drop magnitude and tailrace dimensions. The maximum and minimum pressure amplitudes obtained along the tailrace tunnel are analysed for different test case conditions.


High levels of HbF may ameliorate the clinical course of β-thalassaemia and SCD. Hydroxyurea (HU) is the only HbF inducer approved for the treatment of patients. However not all patients respond to the treatment, for this reason it is noteworthy to identify new HbF inducers. Ruxolitinib is a JAK inhibitor that decreases the phosphorilation of STAT proteins. In particular STAT3 is a repressor of gamma-globin gene. The decrease of STAT3 phosphorilation could derepress gamma-globin gene and reactivate its trascription. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of ruxolitinib as inducer of HbF production. The analyses were performed in cultured erythroid progenitors from 16 beta-thalassemia intermedia (TI) and 4 sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. The use of quantitative RT-PCR technique allowed us to determine the increase of gamma-globin mRNA expression in human erythroid cultured cells treated with ruxolitinib. The results of our study demonstrated an increase in vitro of gamma-globin mRNA expression in almost all patients. These data suggest that ruxolitinib could be a good candidate to be used in vivo for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies.


X-ray spectroscopies have been applied on different inorganic materials with a main focus on 3d-metal materials and iron compounds in particular. Different theoretical treatments of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) are compared with each other and with experimental data. XAS calculations have been performed for iron to study the XAS shapes of different spin states of iron as well as the resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. XAS has been applied in-situ to study changes in 3d-metal materials in different gas environments and based on the experimental and calculations differences in the oxygen adsorption on the different studied 3d-metal compounds were observed. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed these results. Hard X-ray XPS was applied on iron oxide to show the abilities of Fe 1s XPS to obtain the important charge transfer parameters. Finally X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) has been applied to the hydrogen storage material LiBH4. XRS may show similar spectra as XAS and it is necessary if the elements Li and B have to be studied in-situ.


Aim In line with national recommendations for similar systems in other disciplines, the SSBCNN implemented an Early Warning System (EWS) for nursing observations in the at-risk neonate on the post natal ward. The impact on nursing workload, utility and efficiency of this EWS was audited, as part of an initiative to understand trigger events for intervention in at-risk babies. Method Case notes of 300 neonates following implementation of EWS, and 240 predating its implementation were reviewed. In the latter a retrospective EWS chart was completed using data extracted from notes. Early warning triggers were observations falling outside the acceptable colour coded range. Observations were analysed in at-risk neonates with meconium stained liquor, maternal history of prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal group B Streptococcus infection and small for gestational age. Feedback from 56 nurses in the network was obtained using a structured questionnaire. Results A nursing observation that was intended to trigger an intervention was reached in 261(48.3%) at-risk babies. Intervention was recorded in 25%; in the remainder, no action was taken, or none documented. Low temperature (<36.5°C) was the commonest trigger. In subgroup analyses, 41.8% of hypothermia was recorded within the first 2 h of birth. 1.7% babies were admitted to the neonatal unit in response to trigger observations. Fewer trigger observations were noted in the post-implementation group (144/240 vs 117/300; p= <0.01). This was specifically significant for hypothermia (125/240 vs 88/300; p= <0.001). The EWS did not increase the number of observations per category of stable at-risk neonates. The duration of hospital stay was 10–14 h shorter post-implementation of EWS in those babies delivered vaginally. Nursing feedback was positive in all; 82% had used the chart in >20 with 30% having used it in over 50 babies each, prior to responding. Conclusion The implementation of EWS was associated with a reduction in trigger observations, implying improved neonatal clinical condition, specifically temperature control. This improvement infers greater attention to detail accompanying systematic recording of observations; however, a direct association between the two cannot be proved. The EWS did not increased nursing workload, and contributed to increased efficiency, measured through shorter hospital stays for those born vaginally.


Abstract . Pericentric inversion of chromosome 2 was detected in two cases with cytogenetic analyses. Chromosome analyses were performed on routinely cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. Slides were processed for trypsin-Giemsa banding. This study, and data from the literature, suggests that the pericentric inversion of chromosome 2 is generally considered a benign familial variant without significant reproductive consequences. Generally, inherited phenotypic or developmental abnormality and, even in a rare de novo form, has been found to be benign. According to the literature, the implications for management in these cases are discussed. Key words: Pericentric inversion chromosome 2


Background: Work is understood to generally benefit health and well-being, while absence from work bestows costs to the health of the individual and to the economy. Return-To-Work plans are implemented in many workplaces to allow individuals to sustainably recommence their duties. A key factor which determines the success of Return-To-Work plans is the availability of social support in the workplace.
Objective: This review sought to deepen understanding of the factors that affect co-workers' provision of social support to returning colleagues.
Methods: Sixteen papers were selected and a meta-ethnography was used to synthesise novel insights from the data.
Results: Four categories of antecedent factors were identified, relating to: individual workplace actors, the condition, the culture of the workplace, and the quality of the organisation of the Return-To-Work plan. These factors are proposed to both directly and indirectly affect social support via co-worker perceptions of the fairness of work accommodations.
Conclusions: Improved formal communication within the workplace, education on stigmatising conditions, and the role of the supervisor in encouraging supportive behaviours emerged as key facilitators of social support. Suggestions are given for improving the availability of social support in the workplace.


2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidyltransferase (MCT) catalyzes the third reaction in the plastidial non-mevalonate pathway, which provides the precursors for ajmalicine. A full-length cDNA encoding MCT (RvMCT) was identified from hairy roots of Rauvolfia verticillata. The full-length 1,499-bp cDNA of RvMCT had a 945-bp coding sequence that encoded a 314-amino-acid protein with an N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide of 67 amino acid residues. RvMCT exhibited homology with other plant MCTs at the levels of sequence and structure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the plant MCTs could be divided into three separated clusters including gymnosperms, monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Gene expression of ajmalicine metabolism (DXR, MCT, MECS, HDS, HDR, STR and SGD) in hairy roots, roots, stems, old leaves, young leaves and barks was analyzed by quantitative PCR. All the seven genes had higher expression levels in hairy roots than in other plant organs. This suggested hairy roots of R. verticillata possessed more active alkaloid metabolism than other organs and it was the reason that hairy roots produced higher levels of ajmalicine. Furthermore, the expression of DXR, MECS, HDS, HDR, STR and SGD genes was not detected in stems (only MCT detected in stems), so it could be presumed that stem acted as a transporter tissue of ajmalicine. Finally, the colour complementation assay indicated that the function of RvMCT was the same as Arabidopsis MCT. Molecular cloning, characterization and functional identification of RvMCT will be helpful to understand more about the role of MCT involved in ajmalicine biosynthesis at the molecular level.


Twenty women suffering from chronic genital inflammations were screened for urogenital chlamydiosis using Abbott Testpack Chlamydia kit for enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and NIARmedik Chlamoscan kit for immunofluorescent method. The cells were scraped off from the cervical canal during the second phase of the cycle. In addition, smears were taken from the vagina and cervical canal to be screened for microflora using Romanowsky-Giemsa staining. EIA detected C. trachomatis antigens in 3 (15%) out of 20 examinees, whereas direct immunofluorescence revealed these antigens in only 2 (10%) patients. The results differed in a patient with urogenital candidiasis. Evidently, the system of special filters in the Testpack Chlamydia releases the cell suspension from concomitant cell dendrites, blood, mucus, and thus increases the sensitivity of the test.


The first find of a colony of a Coptotermes species smaller in size than the wellknown C. curvignathus Holmgr., was made while I was inspecting Acacia tomentosa trees growing on the forest boundary near Tanggung, in the teak area east of Semarang, in August 1920. The colony inhabited a deep fissure situated in the fork of a living tree. In the following years what appeared to be the same species was found on dry timber in a few other localities of the same area, and also, by my co-worker F. VERBEEK, in the forests near Randublatung and Tjepu, all in Central Java. In 1926/1927 the first complaints were received of damage done by this termite in a godown in Surabaya, East Java, and to a house at Bogor, West Java. Gradually more evidence came to hand of its not infrequent occurrence in the lowland forests and its occasional invasion of buildings in various parts of the country. In 1934—1937 observations on this Coptotermes were included in a scheme for incidental investigations into the termite life in the teak forests surrounding the field laboratory at Gedangan, near Semarang. Data on the attack on dry and green trunks of certain timbers were collected and a preliminary, rather unsuccessful search was made for the site of the central nest. The species was also included in various experiments. At Bogor some observations could be made concerning its occurrence in buildings and part of a colony was brought to the laboratory. Some results of these investigations have already been published (KALSHOVEN, 1941, 1952, 1955).


This study aims to investigate the motivation factors of labor turnover with a focus on the President's Office, Ethics Secretariat. It was observed that, at the Secretariat
while some people were employed, others left to seek alternative employment elsewhere. This was due to number of factors including lack of staff motivation plan. Since 2008, no studies were done at Secretariat on the effect of lack of staff motivation on labor turnover. Information needed for this study was meant to determine the factors that cause Labour Turnover at the Ethics Secretariat including the contribution of motivation on Labour Turnover. The ultimate goal of the study was to recommend solutions to this problem. This study used the case study research design. The sampling frame used included respondents from the President's Office, Ethics Secretariat, Public Service Management, and Treasury. Data was also collected from retired employees of the President's Office, Ethics Secretariat. Data was obtained through Questionnaires and interviews from forty nine respondents. Documentary review was also undertaken in
order to gather other useful information.The findings showed that, a good working condition was the most important factor contributing to low Labour Turnover. Factors such as lack of monetary incentives have little to do with Labour Turnover. Other factors include Job Satisfaction, Management Style and Leadership style, Professional recognition, Employee expectations and Job position. The current study did not fully explore the impact of Job Satisfaction, Management Style, leadership style, professional recognition, Employee expectations and Job Positions. This work provides practical actions on how an organizational Management can cope with Labour Turnover attributed to by lack of motivation strategies


Abstract : The Angora goat (Capra hircus) has been the main experimental animal used for many years. Knowledge of goat anatomy is important during both the planning and experimental stages of projects. Because no readily usable information on goat anatomy is available, a series of reports on the subject is being prepared. The first in the series described the skeletal anatomy. The second in the series described the anatomy of serial cross sections. The present report, Part III, Myology, describes the muscles on superficial and deep dissection of the head, neck, and pectoral and pelvic limbs. Part IV, Internal Organs, which will describe the major organs and its structures, is near completion.


: One hundred cavitating pulmonary foci were examined by CT; the appearances have been analysed and compared with the histological findings. Three types of disease have been characterised: bronchial carcinomas, lung metastases and benign lesions. Compared with benign lesions, malignant disease shows a significantly higher incidence of cystic or multiple cavities: thick cavity walls; radiation of tumour tissue; enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes; ipsilateral displacement of the mediastinum; intrapulmonary satellite foci and infiltration of the thoracic wall. Morphologically, tumours can be most easily distinguished from metastases by their ill-defined outer contours. Non-epidermoid primary lung tumours have a higher incidence of pleural effusions and other pleural reactions than have tumours of other origins. 80% of cavitating lung tumours are squamous cell carcinomas, the remaining 20% consist of adeno- and large cell carcinomas. Small cell carcinomas practically never show cavitation.


In the paper the efficient and low-cost plasma cladding technique has been used to prepare Fe-Ni based alloy coatings on the surface of low carbon steel. The high-temperature isothermal oxidation behavior of the specimens has been tested at 700 °C and 800 °C in air using an electrical furnace for 100 h. The elements distribution, phase composition, and morphology of the alloy coatings after the oxidation test have been characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD. Isothermal oxidation test show that the Fe-Ni based alloy coating has excellent high temperature oxidation resistance at 700 °C and 800 °C. The oxidation rate of Fe-Ni based coating at 800 °C is higher than that of at 700 °C. At 800 °C, the oxidation kinetics basically follows the parabolic rate law before 80 h. A protective Fe0.99Fe1.97Cr0.03Ni0.01O4 and Cr1.3Fe0.7O3 based oxide film has been formed on the surface of the coating after oxidation.


ABSTRACT As a major importer of fossil fuels, the EU will likely see its position in the geopolitics of energy change following its commitment to carbon neutrality by 2050. This article analyses the implications of the energy transition for the EU's role in energy geopolitics, looking at declining and emerging energy dependences by investigating the EU's exposure to the material foundations of interdependence (sensitivity) and its ability to manage them (vulnerability). The EU is generally in a more advantageous geopolitical position in a clean energy order than in the current fossil fuel-based energy system. This is mostly a result of the geological distribution and specific material features of clean energy materials and the EU's ability to manage such interdependence, as decarbonisation involves a set of policy areas where the EU shows important external strengths. Weaknesses may persist, however, as growing contestation could render sectoral state-like industrial policies more central to geo-economic competition.


To solve challenging optimization problems with time-consuming objective and constraints, a novel efficient Kriging-based constrained optimization (EKCO) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The EKCO mainly consists of three sampling phases. In phase I of EKCO, considering the significance of constraints, feasible region is constructed via employing a feasible region sampling (FRS) criterion. The FRS criterion can avoid the local clustering phenomenon of sample points. Therefore, phase I is also a global sampling process for the objective function in the feasible region. However, the objective function may be higher-order nonlinear than constraints. In phase II, by maximizing the prediction variance of the surrogate objective, more accurate objective function in the feasible region can be obtained. After global sampling, to accelerate the convergence of EKCO, an objective local sampling criterion is introduced in phase III. The verification of the EKCO algorithm is examined on 18 benchmark problems by several recently published surrogate-based optimization algorithms. The results indicate that the sampling efficiency of EKCO is higher than or comparable with that of the recently published algorithms while maintaining the high accuracy of the optimal solution, and the adaptive ability of the proposed algorithm also be validated. To verify the ability of EKCO to solve practical engineering problems, an optimization design problem of aeronautical structure is presented. The result indicates EKCO can find a better feasible design than the initial design with limited sample points, which demonstrates practicality of EKCO.


This paper describes the participation of Dublin City University in the CriES (Cross-Lingual Expert Search) pilot challenge. To realize expert search, we combine traditional information retrieval (IR)using the BM25 model with reranking of results using the HITS algorithm. The experiments were performed on two indexes, one containing
all questions and one containing all answers. Two runs were submitted. The first one contains the combination of results from IR on the questions with authority values from HITS; the second contains the reranked results from IR on answers with authority values. To investigate the impact of multilinguality, additional experiments were conducted on the English topic subset and on all topics translated into English with Google Translate. The overall performance is moderate and leaves much room for improvement. However, reranking results with authority values from HITS typically improved results and more than doubled the number of
relevant and retrieved results and precision at 10 documents in many experiments.


Purpose To evaluate centering ability and canal transportation in curved root canals after using different nickel–titanium (Ni-Ti) preparation systems including two rotary systems [Revo-S and Twisted File (TF)] and hand Ni-Ti-Flex K-files using cone-beam computed tomography. Materials and methods Seventy-five extracted human premolars with similar range of canal curvature (25–35°) were used, after crown removal and working length determination, samples were randomly divided into three groups (n = 25) according to the type of instruments used. Group I (Revo-S), group II (TF) and group III (Ni-Ti-Flex). Preinstrumentation and postinstrumentation cone-beam computed tomography images were recorded at several root canal levels (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 mm) from the apex under the same circumstances, superimposed and then the centering ability and canal transportation were calculated using specific equations. Results Revo-S system produced less mean value of canal transportation and more centering ability than TF and Ni-Ti-Flex systems. In addition, the middle canal level (7 mm) recorded the least mean value of transportation with the highest centering ability for all used instruments. Conclusion Preparation of curved root canal using rotary systems produced less change in original canal path compared with the hand Ni-Ti files.


Consumers refer to reviews in online review systems to collect information for their purchasing decisions. Therefore, the introduction of 'verified purchase badges' in some review systems can make an interesting and dynamic impact on product sales. The main objective of this study is to find the differences in the effect of verified and non-verified purchase reviews on product sales from the perspective of WOM metrics (i.e., volume, valence, and helpfulness). Therefore, this study performs an empirical analysis by collecting 866,221 online movie reviews. The results show that volume and valence have a positive effect on the movie sale. However, two group analyses based on whether the 'verified purchase badge' or not show some contrasting results. Valence, helpfulness of verified reviews, and volume of non-verified reviews have positive effects on ticket sales. Furthermore, in terms of reviewers' rating patterns, as the ratio of clusters with a high ratings pattern in the verified group and the ratio of clusters with a varied ratings pattern in the mixed group increase, the effect on sales also increases. Our results break the preconception that all verified purchase reviews always affect sales.


While most discussions of corruption focus on administration, institutions,
 the law and public policy, little attention in the debate about societal
 reform is paid to the "internalities" of anti-corruption efforts,
 specifically to character-formation and issues of personal and corporate
 integrity. While the word "integrity" is frequently mentioned as the goal to
 be achieved through institutional reforms, even in criminal prosecutions, the
 specifically philosophical aspects of character-formation and the development
 of corporate and individual virtues in a rational and systematic way tend to
 be neglected. This paper focuses on the "internalities" of anti-corruption
 work with special emphasis on the pre-requisites that need to be ensured on
 behalf of the social elites in order for proper individual and collective
 character-formation to take place throughout the society. The author argues
 that a systematic pursuit of socially recognized virtues, both those
 pertaining to society as a whole and those specific to particular professions
 and social groups, is the most comprehensive and strategically justified way
 of pursuing anti-corruption policy, while institutional and penal policies
 can only serve an auxiliary role. The pursuit of institutional and criminal
 justice policies against corruption in a society that is subject to
 increasing relativism with regard to values and morality is at best
 ineffective, and at worst socially destructive. Thus the paper suggests a
 re-examination of the social discourse on the level of what the author calls
 "value strategy" and the gradual building of a plan to create and solidify
 specifically designed features of "corporate character" for key sectors of
 the society. This approach can serve as the main long-term strategy to
 improve the public profile of integrity and reinforce morality in both the
 public and civil sectors.


Parasitic infections can be extremely problematic for animals and humans. Host-parasite relationships may be different between species. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Haptoglobin (Hp), Serum amyloid-A (SAA), Alpha -1- acid glycoprotein (AGP), Albumin (ALB), Total protein (TP), Globulin (GLB), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) following natural infection with hydatid cysts in cows. This study was undertaken in a slaughterhouse in Torbate-Heidarie, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran, in January 2016. Four hundred cows were examined. Clinical examination prior to slaughter was done by an expert veterinarian and all clinically healthy cows were used in the study. The age determination was done according to the dental formula. Blood samples were obtained before slaughtering. Eventually, 60 cows with hydatid cysts and 60 apparently healthy cows were included in the study and control groups, respectively. The results indicated that acute phase proteins were not changed in naturally infected cows with hydatid cysts. It could be concluded that host-parasite relationship might be different in species such as cows and sheep. This finding may be due to a difference between species or a different behavior of hydatid cysts in cows and sheep.


This thesis will deconstruct the "grunge killed '80s metal" narrative, to reveal the idealization by certain critics and musicians of that which is deemed to be authentic, honest, and natural subculture. The central theme is an analysis of the conflicting masculinities of glam metal and grunge music, and how these gender roles are developed and reproduced. I will also demonstrate how, although the idealized authentic subculture is positioned in opposition to the mainstream, it does not in actuality exist outside of the system of commercialism. The problematic nature of this
idealization will be examined with regard to the layers of complexity involved in popular rock music genre evolution, involving the inevitable progression from a subculture to the mainstream that occurred with both glam metal and grunge. I will illustrate the ways in which the process of signification functions within rock music to construct masculinities and within subcultures to negotiate authenticity.


This thesis explores the world of celebrity scandal, investigating what happens when journalists report on star transgressions that disrupt prevailing codes of behaviour. The central assertion of this thesis is that in circulating controversy, journalists ultimately strive not to inform or to educate the public, but rather to gain audiences and sell papers. The analysis, intertwining cultural and political-economic viewpoints, is guided by two overarching goals: to address the elements that give celebrity scandal its resonance within contemporary culture, and to clearly delineate how these elements are mobilized to reap the full economic benefits of scandal. Three case studies, involving Kate Moss, Lance Armstrong, and Charlie Sheen, are examined to expose the mutually dependent relationship between the key players in scandal stories: those reporting (journalists), those being reported on (celebrities), and those responding (audiences). Concentrating on what drives scandal news circuits and who benefits from these stories, this study aims to open the door to wider explorations of journalistic practices in times of controversy.


We have found that the disagreement between Returns-to-Assets (RTA) and Returns-to-Equity (RTE) proponents is not confined to agricultural economics. Depending on the course they are taking and the accompanying text, students are likely to learn that there is a "right" way to calculate Net Present Values (NPVs), either by the RTA method or the RTE method. In most cases, only one of the two methods is discussed and illustrated with numerical examples. Less common are texts that compare the two methods, discuss their underlying assumptions, or show how the NPVs from the two methods can be reconciled. The paper is organized as follows. The first section of the main body of the paper provides a comparative overview of the RTA and RTE methods; the second section discusses our textbook survey; the final section offers our conclusions. Appendix A contains a brief history of the theoretical development of discounted cash flow (DCF) concepts. Appendix B contains additional details on defining components of NPV models. Finally, Appendix C is a listing of some additional references.


As we introduce alternating phase-shifting masks (altPSM) to production we have been very aware of our inability to detect quartz defects in the phase-shifted well. Much work has been completed to establish the printability of various defects. This paper will show, using rigorous three dimensional electro-magnetic simulation, that it is the effect upon the aerial image of the surrounding features and the resultant CD variation that is most critical, not the actual printing of the defects. Data will be presented showing that smaller defects in the center of the shifted space than at the edge of the space cause the allowable CD variation to be reached. It will also be shown that the most sensitive position for a quartz defect in a shifted space is not at the edge or center of the space, but rather at a point between these two. We will further present work showing that asymmetrical aberrations enhance the effects of these defects, especially at defocus, while symmetric aberrations reduce the effect. We will then use advanced techniques, that take into account the extra non-planar incident waves we must consider in 1X imaging, to establish how these defects are 'seen' by 1X actinic mask inspection systems. In 1X imaging we will show again how the transmitted aerial images of these defects are effected by the aberrations present.


In two samples of 87 Kuwaiti and 73 American undergraduates, scores on the Arabic Obsessive-Compulsive Scale correlated .71 and .63 with those on another obsession scale, respectively, while they correlated .49 and .19 with scores on a depression scale. The differences between these correlations in the two samples indicated good convergent and discriminant validity of the Arabic Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in both cultures.


The 2005 session of the Georgia General Assembly was historic in a number of ways, including a "New Georgia" Republican leadership of both chambers and in the office of the Governor. For the first time since 1877, the Party of Lincoln now controls two branches of our state government. In addition, legislators were elected in brand-new districts, drawn by a federal court, which resulted in a record number of new members. Top environmental issues in 2005 related to funding, protection of property values, and open government. The Governor and the legislature did restore some of the solid waste and hazardous waste trust funds to the programs under which they were collected, but the problem of collections exceeding appropriations for those activities persists. An alternative funding source to support the permitting programs of the state Environmental Protection Division (EPD) through wastewater discharge permit fees (HB 550) was introduced by an impressive bi-partisan list of legislators, but it was not allowed to come to a vote in committee because of resistance from the "regulated community".


Since their independence in the early and mid-seventies, the South Pacific Island Countries (SPICs) have been pursuing fiscal and monetary policies for promoting growth and diversification of their economies. Their fiscal policies in the past were influenced by plentiful supply of foreign savings. Annual budgets were supported by grants from former colonial rulers for both recurrent expenditures such as wages and salaries and capital expenditures for investment in physical infrastructures (Jayaraman - 1995a, Jayaraman 1996a and Jayaraman 1997). The impact of fiscal and monetary policies on economic growth in SPICs appears to be uncertain, as there have been a number of factors, which are beyond the control of the decision-makers. The negative effects of physical limitations such as small resource base, long distances from external markets and limited export possibilities are now being overcome by increased efforts towards diversification into new and emerging economic activities of service-oriented nature, including tourism and off-shore finance centres. However, the single most important constraint to steady growth has been the annual occurrence of cyclones. Under these circumstances, it would be of interest to undertake an empirical investigation of the impact of fiscal and monetary policies on growth, which is the objective of this paper. The data limitations in terms of both availability and completeness have restricted the choice of the island nations to four: Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu. The paper is organised into three sections. The first section discusses some recent developments in the selected four SPICs, which would serve as a background for the analysis; the second section outlines the model adopted for the empirical analysis and presents the results; and the last section offers some conclusions and examines policy implications.


Introduction Chronic radiation proctopathy (CRP) is a recognised complication of pelvic radiotherapy. Symptoms include diarrhoea, rectal pain, bleeding and tenesmus. In 2014, we set up an enhanced, dedicated, multidisciplinary, specialist service for managing the gastro-intestinal (GI) complications of CRP, based on The Royal Marsden Protocol.1 Here we review the management of CRP at a tertiary referral centre over one year. Methods Patients with CRP reported at lower GI endoscopy (December 2014–15), were identified by an Endoscopy Database search for 'radiation'. Case notes were reviewed. Indication for procedure, previous cancer and radiotherapy, endoscopy findings, treatment and outcomes were recorded. Results 86 patients had endoscopic evidence of CRP. M:F ratio 8:1. Cancer history: prostate 87% (75), cervical 6% (5), rectal 4% (3), bladder 1% (1), ovarian 1% (1), endometrial 1% (1). Mean time since radiotherapy: 4.5 years (range: 1–13 years). 24% (21) were referred via the 2 WW pathway and 16% (14) by the bowel cancer screening program (BCSP). 23% (20) were identified during surveillance colonoscopies for cancer/ polyps or colitis. 36% (31) were referred from GI clinic. Indications: rectal bleeding 47% (40), change in bowel habit 5% (4), iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) 8% (7) and faecal occult blood 16% (14). 41% (35) were asymptomatic. 27% (23) required intervention for CRP (haemorrhagic angiectasia with rectal bleeding causing anaemia and/or significant impact on quality of life). Sucralfate enemas 2 g bd, ± metronidazole oral 400 mg tds, ± Normacol were prescribed. 65% (15/23) were referred to a Specialist Nurse for follow up, 53% (8/15), of which, responded to medical therapy within 8 weeks. One patient was unable to tolerate sucralfate enemas. 13% (3/23) patients required escalation to rectal formalin instillation. 'Off protocol',7% (6) were treated with Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC) as their index therapy. A solitary rectal ulcer was found in 5% (4) of patients, two were a complication of APC. Two patients were referred for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. 62% of patients did not require any therapeutic intervention. Conclusion A significant number of patients with CRP are now referred via 2 WW and BCSP. Full colonoscopic assessment is appropriate to exclude other pathology, however, the majority do not require medical or endoscopic intervention, many are asymptomatic and few have IDA. For patients that require intervention for CRP, a multidisciplinary approach should be employed, medical therapy is effective and well tolerated, endoscopic intervention should be reserved for individuals who fail medical treatment. APC should only be used in carefully selected cases due to risk of ulceration. CRP services should be audited to ensure appropriate management and minimise complications. Reference 1 Frontline Gastroenterol (2015) 6 (1): 53–72. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


Culinary tourism represents an emerging component of the tourism industry and encompasses all the traditional values associated with the new trends in tourism: respect for culture and tradition, authenticity and sustainability. Italy is known worldwide for the richness and variety of its gastronomy, and agri-tourism represents one of the most important places where culinary tourists can experience local food and beverages. By using a modified version of Kim and Eves' motivational scale, the present study aims to investigate which motivational factors affect the frequency of culinary tourists to experience local food and beverages in agri-tourism destinations. The findings of the present study reveal that the social and environmental sustainability, among the other motivations, has shown to play a crucial role in influencing Italian tourists' frequency to experience local food and beverage in agri-tourism destinations.


Best known as the longtime chief counsel to the Communist Party of the United States, John Abt also was one of Angela Davis's first attorneys and the man Lee Harvey Oswald wanted to defend him after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In Advocate and Activist, John Abt and Michael Myerson provide a detailed account of a life that touched and was touched by the labor and left-wing political movements in the United States for nearly sixty years. Abt went to Washington, D.C., in the early 1930s to join the New Deal. He worked in a succession of government posts and for the LaFollette Civil Liberties Committee. He was Sidney Hillman's counsel in the labor movement and a top aide to Henry Wallace's 1948 presidential campaign. At the height of McCarthyism he became the Communist party's chief counsel. Defending the party in the Smith Act and McCarran Act prosecutions, he succeeded at dismantling the acts piece by piece, establishing precedents and making sure that being a Communist was not illegal.


Now that Congress has passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, regulators promulgating the rules under this new bill must tackle a major problem that the reform bill addresses only indirectly. This is the problem of excessive "leverage" – financing with too much debt. Leverage permeates the modern financial system. Leverage makes the system too large, in the sense that large parts of the system operate outside the reach of regulators, and the system has a tendency to create vastly too much money and credit, thereby causing asset bubbles. Asset bubbles create the illusion that the financial sector is adding substantially more value to the global economy than it really is, and expose the rest of the economy to too much risk. Moreover, too much of society's resources go to compensate the people in the system who are causing this to happen.


In the present study the deterministic thermo-chemical pultrusion simulation of a composite rod taken from the literature [7] is used as a validation case. The predicted centerline temperature and cure degree profiles of the rod match well with those in the literature [7]. Following the validation case, the probabilistic design of the pultrusion process, which has not been considered until now, is performed. The effect of statistical variations in the material (i.e. fiber and resin) and resin kinetic properties, as well as process parameters such as pulling speed and inlet temperature on the product quality (degree of cure) are examined by means of Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) with Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) technique. The variations in the activation energy as well as the density of the resin are found to have a strong influence on the centerline degree of cure at the exit whereas the other process parameters have smaller influences. Moreover, different MCS options are examined to investigate their effects on the accuracy of the random output parameter


Organic semiconductors have great potential as flexible thermoelectric materials. A fluorene-based covalent organic framework (FL-COF-1) was designed with the aim of creating an enhanced π-π interaction among the crystalline backbones. By the introduction of fluorene units into the frameworks, the FL-COF-1 had high thermal stability with a BET surface area over 1300 m2 g-1. The open frameworks were favorable for doping with iodine and followed with the improved charge carrier mobility. The compressed pellet of I2@FL-COF-1 exhibited a high Seebeck coefficient of 2450 μV K-1 and power factor of 0.063 μW m-1 K-2 at room temperature, giving the first example of COFs' potential application as thermoelectric materials.


Background Understanding patient experiences of detention under mental health legislation is crucial to efforts to reform policy and practice. Aims To synthesise qualitative evidence on patients' experiences of assessment and detention under mental health legislation. Method Five bibliographic databases were searched, supplemented by reference list screening and citation tracking. Studies were included if they reported on patient experiences of assessment or detention under mental health legislation; reported on patients aged 18 years or older; collected data using qualitative methods; and were reported in peer-reviewed journals. Findings were analysed and synthesised using thematic synthesis. Results The review included 56 papers. Themes were generally consistent across studies and related to information and involvement in care, the environment and relationships with staff, as well as the impact of detention on feelings of self-worth and emotional state. The emotional impact of detention and views of its appropriateness varied, but a frequent theme was fear and distress during detention, including in relation to the use of force and restraint. Where staff were perceived as striving to form caring and collaborative relationships with patients despite the coercive nature of treatment, and when clear information was delivered, the negative impact of involuntary care seemed to be reduced. Conclusions Findings suggest that involuntary in-patient care is often frightening and distressing, but certain factors were identified that can help reduce negative experiences. Coproduction models may be fruitful in developing new ways of working on in-patient wards that provide more voice to patients and staff, and physical and social environments that are more conducive to recovery. Declaration of interest None.


Due to the growing success of neural machine translation (NMT), many have started to question its applicability within the field of literary translation. In order to grasp the possibilities of NMT, we studied the output of the neural machine system of Google Translate (GNMT) and DeepL when applied to four classic novels translated from English into Dutch. The quality of the NMT systems is discussed by focusing on manual annotations, and we also employed various metrics in order to get an insight into lexical richness, local cohesion, syntactic, and stylistic difference. Firstly, we discovered that a large proportion of the translated sentences contained errors. We also observed a lower level of lexical richness and local cohesion in the NMTs compared to the human translations. In addition, NMTs are more likely to follow the syntactic structure of a source sentence, whereas human translations can differ. Lastly, the human translations deviate from the machine translations in style.


The condensation of phenanthroline-5,6-dione (phendione) with polyamines is a
versatile synthetic route to a wide variety of chelating ligands. Condensation with 2,3-
napthalene diamine gives benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (bdppz) a ligand
containing weakly-coupled orbitals of benzophenazine (bpz) and 2,2' -bipyridinde(bpy)
character. The bpy character gives Re and Ru complexes excited-state redox properties;
intramolecular electron transfer (ET) takes place to the bpz portion of the ligand. The
charge-separated state so produced has an extraordinarily-long 50 µs lifetime. The slow
rate of charge recombination arises from a combination of extremely weak coupling
between the metal center and the bpz acceptor orbital and Marcus "inverted region"
behavior. Molecular orbital calculations show that only 3% the electron density in the
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lies on the bpy atoms of bdppz, effectively trapping
the transferred electron on the bpz portion. The rate of charge recombination decreases
with increasing driving force, showing that these rates lie in the inverted region.
Comparison of forward and back ET rates shows that donor-acceptor coupling is four
orders of magnitude greater for photoinduced electron transfer than it is for thermal
charge recombination. Condensation of phendione with itself or tetramines gives a series of binucleating
tetrapyridophenazine ligands of incrementally-varying coordination-site separation.
When a photoredox-active metal center is attached, excited-state energy and electron
transfer to an acceptor metal center at the other coordination site can be studied as a
function of distance. A variety of monometallic and homo- and heterodimetallic
tetrapyridophenazine complexes has been synthesized. Electro- and magnetochemistry
show that no ground-state interaction exists between the metals in bimetallic complexes.
Excited-state energy and electron transfer, however, takes place at rates which are
invariant with increasing donor-acceptor separation, indicating that a very efficient coupling mechanism is at work. Theory and experiment have suggested that such behavior might exist in extended π-systems like those presented by these ligands. Condensation of three equivalents of 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine with
hexaketocyclohexane gives the trinucleating ligand hexaazahexamethyltrinapthalene
(hhtn). Attaching two photredox-active metal centers and a third catalytic center to hhtn
provides means by which multielectron photocatalyzed reactions might be carried out.
The coordination properties of hhtn have been examined; X-ray crystallographic
structure determination shows that the ligand's constricted coordination pocket leads to
distorted geometries in its mono- and dimetallic derivatives.


This paper presents a new system dedicated for in vitro study of neuron networks to mimic neurodegenerative diseases. It is designed to modulate neurotransmitter concentration in a local area of the neuron network with dielectrophoretic manipulations. Particle motion was observed at low voltages down to 4 V peak to peak. Different concentrations of neurotransmitters close to brain concentrations were used with GABA, Glutamate, Acetylcholine and Glycine. The conductivity of manipulated liquid composed of artificial cerebrospinal fluid and neurotransmitters was 16.5 mS/cm. It was not significantly affected by neurotransmitter concentration change. The proposed system was tested with an 8 electrode array (EA) and further extended to a 320 EA in order to cover the back side of a 2.5 inches Petri dish for neuron culture.


The purpose of this study was to identify benefits sought and use of the cosmetics. The results were as followes : 1. Most women spent less than 40.000 won monthly, used basic cosmetics most frequently but used functional cosmetics least when they went out. 2. The factors of cosmetics benefits sought were self-confidence. individuality, beauty, saving appearance, and supplement defect. The respondents were segmented into the beauty pursuit. the supplement defect pursuit, the individuality pursuit, and the self-confidence pursuit. 3. The beauty pursuit used all kinds of cosmetics more than other groups, but the supplement defect pursuit used functional cosmetics more. The individuality pursuit used color cosmetics more. but spent cosmetics expenditure least. The self-confidence pursuit used all kinds of cosmetics least and spent cosmetics expenditure least. 4. The beauty pursuit was found among the older, the less educated. and Jobless married women. The supplement defect pursuit was found among the late-teenagers. The individuality pursuit was found among married or unmarried working women, and the more educated. The self-confidence pursuit was found among college women. 5. The use of basic cosmitics was affected by cosmetics expenditure, age, supplement defect, and saving appearance. use of color cosmetics was by cosmetics expenditure. supplement defect, age, self -confidence, and individuality, and use of functional cosmetics was by cosmetics expenditure. supplement defect. and age.


Multiple births occur approximately once in every 87 pregnancies, and in almost all instances that result in live births the infants are approximately of the same degree of maturity and have relatively similar weights. Occasionally however, there is a marked difference in the size, weight, and apparent maturity of the infants. The purpose of this paper is to report a set of live-born dizygotic twins weighing 2 lb. 8 oz. (1130 gm.) and 6 lb. (2710 gm.), respectively, with a marked dissimilarity in size and maturity and to discuss the possible mechanisms involved in producing the variations noted. Case History Male twins were born at full term of a 33-year-old woman after a pregnancy which had been complicated by a nephrectomy during the second month of pregnancy because of hematuria, "staghorn calculus," and pyelonephritis. The first twin weighed 6 lb. (2710 gm.); the second, 2 lb. 8 oz. (1130 gm.).


The Journal of Teaching English for Specific and Academic English is announcing  2015 special issue - LANGUAGE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES. Recent rapid advancement in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has reflected on learning, teaching and education in general. Diverse features of the modern ICT offer enormous potential for integration with language learning, leading us towards more effective, seamless, pervasive, anywhere and anytime language learning. Language learning is no longer constrained to traditional environments, settings, methodologies, pedagogies, infrastructures, business models and approaches. Instead, thanks to the technology, language learning grows into an unprecedented new experience. However, as is usually the case with a paradigm shift, it does not come granted without difficulties, challenges and problems. This special issue calls for contributions towards a better understanding of the theoretical, practical, methodological and technical aspects of the language learning technologies and relevant research trends and societal needs.