Nineteenth-century American reformers were concerned about the influence of immaturity and development in juvenile offenses. They responded to their delinquent youths through the creation of juvenile courts. This early American juvenile justice system sought to treat children as different from adults and to rehabilitate wayward youths through the state's assumption of a parental role. Although these rehabilitative goals were never fully realized, the field of American child psychiatry was spawned from these efforts on behalf of delinquent youths. Early child psychiatrists began by caring for juvenile offenders. The function of a child psychiatrist with juvenile delinquents expanded beyond strictly rehabilitation, however, as juvenile courts evolved to resemble criminal adult courts-due to landmark Supreme Court decisions and also juvenile legislation between 1966 and 1975. In response to dramatically increased juvenile violence and delinquency rates in the 1980s, juvenile justice became more retributional, and society was forced to confront issues such as capital punishment for juveniles, their transfer to adult courts, and their competency to stand trial. In the modern juvenile court, child psychiatrists are often asked to participate in the consideration of such issues because of their expertise in development. In that context we review the role of psychiatrists in assisting juvenile courts.


This paper presents the experimental investigation of vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of a flexibly mounted circular cylinder in combined current and wave flows. The same experimental setup has previously been used in our previous study (OMAE2020-18161) on VIV in regular waves. The system comprises a pendulum-type vertical cylinder mounted on two-dimensional springs with equal stiffness in in-line and cross-flow directions. The mass ratio of the system is close to 3, the aspect ratio of the tested cylinder based on its submerged length is close to 27, and the damping in still water is around 3.4%. Three current velocities are considered in this study, namely 0.21 m/s, 0.29 m/s and 0.37 m/s, in combination with the generated regular waves. The cylinder motion is recorded using targets and two Qualisys cameras, and the water elevation is measured utilizing a wave probe. The covered ranges of Keulegan-Carpenter number KC are [9.6–35.4], [12.8–40.9] and [16.3–47.8], and the corresponding ranges of reduced velocity Vr are [8–16.3], [10.6–18.4] and [14–20.5] for the cases with current velocity of 0.21 m/s, 0.29 m/s and 0.37 m/s, respectively. The cylinder response amplitudes, trajectories and vibration frequencies are extracted from the recorded motion signals. In all cases the cylinder oscillates primarily at the flow frequency in the in-line direction, and the in-line VIV component additionally appears for the intermediate (0.29 m/s) and high (0.37 m/s) current velocities. The cross-flow oscillation frequency is principally at two or three times the flow frequency in the low current case, similar to what is observed in pure regular waves. For higher current velocities, the cross-flow frequency tends to lock-in with the system natural frequency, as in the steady flow case. The inline and cross-flow cylinder response amplitudes of the combined current and regular wave flow cases are eventually compared with the amplitudes from the pure current and pure regular wave flow cases.


Aims The aim of this Cochrane review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atypical antipsychotics compared with placebo in treating tics in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). Methods We cross referenced atypical antipsychotics-risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, amisulpiride, quetiapine, loxapine, ziprasidone, clotiapine, aripiprazole, remoxipride, sertindole, zotepine, sulpiride and their proprietary names with "Tourette Syndrome" and its derivations and searched the Cochrane Movement Disorder Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2010, issue 3), MEDLINE (1950–2010), EMBASE (1980–2010), PsycINFO(1987–2010), and CINAHL (2010). Grey literature, reference lists, hand searching, clinical trials websites and pharmaceutical company sites were also searched. All relevant randomised, controlled, double blind studies were considered for inclusion in this review. Results The search identified three randomised controlled trials, two comparing risperidone and one comparing ziprasidone with placebo. Risperidone was superior to placebo in one trial although the 95% CIs were very large. Two trials showed no statistical difference between risperidone and ziprasidone against placebo. Methodological quality was rated as "unclear". Clinical heterogeneity made meta-analysis inappropriate. Conclusions It is difficult to draw clear conclusions from the identified trials in the review as evidence is limited. Placebo controlled trials with longer duration and larger groups are needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of atypical antipsychotics as a pharmaceutical class in TS populations.


The effect of sintering additives on dielectric loss tangent and microstructure of AlN ceramics have been investigated. Different amounts of Y2O3 and La2O3 were added as sintering additives to AlN powder and pressureless sintering was performed at 1900 °C for 2 h in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere. Bulk densities of sintered AlN were found to be 3.27 and 3.32 Mg·m-3 when Y2O3 contents were 0.5 and 1 mol%, respectively. The bulk densities of AlN-Y2O3 increased with increasing La2O3 content. Densities of 3.41 and 3.42 Mg·m-3 were obtained for 0.5 mol%Y2O3-1 mol%La2O3-AlN and 1 mol%Y2O3-1 mol%La2O3-AlN ceramics respectively. A decrease in tan δ was observed with increase in La2O3 content and a minimum value of 1.3 x 10-3 was obtained for 0.5 mol%La2O3-1 mol%Y2O3-AlN ceramic in the present study.


The theory suggests that investment activities and monetary policy influence the development of the global business cycle. The oil price and other raw material prices also play a key role in the economic development and there is a co-movement among oil consumption and global output. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explain the development of this set of variables by ARs, small-scale VARs and ECMs. The lag length and the rank of the time series models have been determined using information criteria. Then one-step ahead forecasts have been generated. It was found, that the ARs generate the best forecasts at the beginning of the forecasting horizon. However, when the forecasting horizon increases the VARs outperform the ARs. Comparing the forecasting performance of the ECMs, it was found that the forecasting ability of the ECMs in first differences outperform the level based ECMs when the forecasting horizon increases.


A total 1400 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Alaska natives, 824 men and 576 women of all ages, were followed up prospectively over a period of 7815 carrier years for the development of sequelae related to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. During the observation period, 20 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 14 cases of chronic active hepatitis, 8 cases of cirrhosis, and 1 case of glomerulonephritis developed in this cohort. The annual incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was 387 per 100,000 for men and 63 per 100,000 for women. The incidence of chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis was 193 and 107 per 100,000 in men and 158 and 95 per 100,000 in women, respectively. No cases of either essential mixed cryoglobulinemia or necrotizing vasculitis were seen. Sixty of the hepatitis B surface antigen-positive carriers died, with 13 (21.7%) of the deaths due to hepatocellular carcinoma. The leading cause of death in this group was malignant neoplasms compared with accidents in the general Alaska native population.


Abstract An interdisciplinary undergraduate atmospheric science modeling course was cotaught at a midsize public university by three professors from atmospheric science, statistics, and design using a blended learning approach. The in-class portion of the course taught upper-level students numerical weather prediction modeling and statistical evaluation methods. Online modules were used to teach data visualization techniques and three foundational design principles upon which their efficacy depends : legibility, visual hierarchy, and appropriate use of color. Geoscience students need data visualization skills to prepare for careers in government, industry, and research that increasingly require work with big data and communication with diverse collaborators and audiences. This article focuses on the instructional approach for the visualization component of the course—specifically, the three teaching innovations used: online modules, an interdisciplinary teaching team, and design-focused data visualization instruction. Although course enrollment was low at four students, several valuable lessons were learned that can improve the teaching of visualization in geoscience courses, including the utility of structuring visualization instruction around two separate but complementary visualization skills: visualization for analysis and visualization for sharing knowledge. Evaluation of students' visualization work at the conclusion of the course demonstrated improvement in the foundational design principles as well as improved ability to select appropriate visualization strategies for different situations. The methods used to assess these improvements are presented alongside illustrative examples of student work. Pre- and postcourse surveys indicate the students felt more confident in creating data visualizations upon completion of the course, and qualitative assessments of student work confirm increased application of foundational design principles in visualizations created by the students. The authors argue that teaching visualization as an online supplement to other geoscience instruction is a potentially replicable model for improving students' learning about visualization. This is especially true when such instruction relies on open-source programs and materials and leverages interdisciplinary expertise in course design.


Hydrogen can be readily used in spark-ignition engines as a clean alternative to fossil fuels. However, a larger burning velocity and a shorter quenching distance for hydrogen as compared with hydrocarbons bring a largercooling loss from burning gas to the combustion-chamber wall. Because of the large cooling loss, the thermal efficiency of a hydrogen-fueled engine is sometimes lower than that of a conventionally fueled engine. Therefore, the reduction of the cooling loss is very important for improving the thermal efficiency in hydrogen-combustion engines. On the other hand, the direct-injection stratified charge can suppress knocking in spark-ignition engines at near stoichiometric overall mixture conditions. Because this is attributed to a leaner end gas, the stratification can lead to a lowered temperature of burning gas around the wall and a reduced cooling loss. This paper proposes the direct-injection stratified charge as a technique for reducing the cooling loss in hydrogen-combustion engines. The characteristics were experimentally analyzed in a constant-volume combustion chamber. The direct-injection stratified charge has a very high effect to reduce the cooling loss in hydrogen combustion especially at larger excess-air ratios. Adequate degree of stratification and excess-air ratio can reduce the cooling-loss fraction without deteriorating the degree of constant volume.


Human-Object Interaction (HOI) detection aims to localize human-object pairs and recognize their interactions. Recently, Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) has shown great potential in providing interaction prior for HOI detectors via knowledge distillation. However, such approaches often rely on large-scale training data and suffer from inferior performance under few/zero-shot scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel HOI detection framework that efficiently extracts prior knowledge from CLIP and achieves better generalization. In detail, we first introduce a novel interaction decoder to extract informative regions in the visual feature map of CLIP via a cross-attention mechanism, which is then fused with the detection backbone by a knowledge integration block for more accurate human- object pair detection. In addition, prior knowledge in CLIP text encoder is leveraged to generate a classifier by embedding HOI descriptions. To distinguish fine-grained interactions, we build a verb classifier from training data via visual semantic arithmetic and a lightweight verb representation adapter. Furthermore, we propose a training-free enhancement to exploit global HOI predictions from CLIP. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms the state of the art by a large margin on various settings, e.g. +4.04 mAP on HICO-Det. The source code is available in https://github.com/Artanic30/HOICLIP.


This paper describes the first use of aerial observations by a drone as an additional means for choosing sampling points during field studies of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in selected Bulgarian waterbodies and the use of HPLC analysis of marker pigments for the fast determination of phytoplankton composition and biomass. The selection of waterbodies was based on the authors' personal expertise and data collected over a 25-year period. In all sites chosen by drone, there were high levels of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins were present: microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR in Durankulak Lake and MC-LR and MC-RR in the Sinyata Reka Reservoir), cylindrospermopsin (in the Vaya Lake and in the Mandra Reservoir) and saxitoxins (in Durankulak Lake). The finding of cylindrospermopsin is the first in Bulgaria, the detection of saxitoxins is the first for Durankulak Lake and the microcystins records are the first for Sinyata Reka Reservoir. Considering the high total number of wetlands in Bulgaria, many of which are lowland, small and shallow and therefore vulnerable to CyanoHABs, we recommend further use of drones and HPLC in monitoring, which should speed up detection and reduce sampling efforts while enabling valuable information to be gathered.


The 1999 Supreme Court of Canada decision in the case of R. v. Donald Marshall Jr. brought about a dramatic change in Aboriginal (First Nations) fishing and harvesting rights in Canada's Maritime Provinces. Marshall argued that a series of eighteenth-century treaties signed between the Mi'kmaq and the British government guaranteed his right to fish for commercial purposes. The British and, later, the Canadian governments accorded little priority to these treaties, despite repeated protests by the Mi'kmaq. The Supreme Court's decision caught most observers by surprise, particularly because of the sweeping provisions it made for Aboriginal participation in the commercial fishery. Political controversy followed, sparked by the absence of decisive action by the federal government, by the First Nations' determination to commence commercial fishing, and by growing anger at "judicial activism" by the Supreme Court. The resulting tensions exacerbated long-standing ethnic tensions in the region. The Marshall decision represented a major turning point in Aboriginal harvesting rights in Canada. The Supreme Court's judgment gave new power to treaties that non-Aboriginal governments had chosen to ignore. At the same time, the decision provided Aboriginal Maritimers with assured access to important fisheries (particularly the lucrative lobster trade) and therefore a key role in the evolving regional economy.


The present study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity and relationships of two Visayan native chicken genetic groups (Boholano and Darag), the native chicken (Labuyo) and commercial breed layer chicken (Lohman). Thirteen microsatellite or simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers were used covering 8 linkage groups or chromosomes. Four to eight alleles per locus were detected across all the breeds. The highest PIC value (0.773) was detected in primer ADL0268 and the average across primers was 0.6114. The mean number of alleles per locus (MNA), the observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He) and the inbreeding coefficient (FIS) were obtained for the Boholano (5.08, 0.6859, 0.6433, and -0.0998 respectively), the Darag (5.61, 0.6667, 0.6646, and -0.0225 respectively), the Labuyo (4.46,0.5944, 0.6486, and 0.0711 respectively) and the Lohman (2.46, 0.5, 0.3943, and 0.0258 respectively). The degree of genetic distance of the Boholano was moderate from Darag but great from Labuyo; but close between Darag and Labuyo. These indicate that the Darag, but not the Boholano, may have originated from the Labuyo. The high MNA, Ho, He, negative inbreeding coefficient and high interpopulation genetic differentiation (FST) [D1] values between genetic groups shows the richness of our native chicken genetic resource in Bohol and Panay Islands." Key Words: Boholano, Darag, Labuyo, microsatellite, native chicken


RT-SHIV is a chimera of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) containing the reverse transcriptase (RT)-encoding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) within the backbone of SIVmac239. It has been used in a non-human primate model for studies of non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We and others have identified several mutations that arise in the "foreign" HIV-1 RT of RT-SHIV during in vivo replication. In this study we catalogued amino acid substitutions in the HIV-1 RT and in regions of the SIV backbone with which RT interacts that emerged 30 weeks post-infection from seven RT-SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. The virus set points varied from relatively high virus load, moderate virus load, to undetectable virus load. The G196R substitution in RT was detected from 6 of 7 animals at week 4 post-infection and remained in virus from 4 of 6 animals at week 30. Virus from four high virus load animals showed several common mutations within RT, including L74V or V75L, G196R, L214F, and K275R. The foreign RT from high virus load isolates exhibited as much variation as that of the highly variable envelope surface glycoprotein, and 10-fold higher than that of the native RT of SIVmac239. Isolates from moderate virus load animals showed much less variation in the foreign RT than the high virus load isolates. No variation was found in SIVmac239 genes known to interact with RT. Our results demonstrate substantial adaptation of the foreign HIV-1 RT in RT-SHIV-infected macaques, which most likely reflects selective pressure upon the foreign RT to attain optimal activity within the context of the chimeric RT-SHIV and the rhesus macaque host.


The Arabian-Nubian shield was produced by the episodic cratonization and accretion of intra-oceanic arc systems over the period 1100–500 Ma BP. The easternmost part of the Arabian shield is dominated by the N-S Al Amar fault zone, long believed to represent an easterly-inclined Upper Proterozoic suture between either two island arc systems or oceanic and continental lithosphere. In the area studied there are two N–S ophiolitic mélange zones which separate a central belt of metamorphosed trench sediments (Abt Schists) from flanking granitoid zones that represent the plutonic cores of arc systems. The mélange blocks are of layered gabbro, chromitite, homogeneous gabbro with dykes, plagiogranite, sheeted dykes and pillow lavas set in a sheared serpentinite matrix. The blocks are large (c. 1 km) and gabbroic in the western zone and smaller (1–100 m) and of fine-grained basic rocks in the eastern zone; all are compositionally similar and petrographically typical of rock types found in ophiolite complexes elsewhere. However, the Zr, Ti and Nb content of all these rocks is too low even for the back-arc, marginal basin setting commonly invoked for ophiolite genesis. To explain the unusually low high field strength element abundances, it is suggested that either these rocks were generated in or near a transform fault zone and then deposited in an oceanic trench when they began to be subducted, or that their boninitic character identifies them as the products of fore-arc igneous activity and, by analogy with the tectono-magmatic evolution of the W. Phillipine-Mariana region in the W Pacific, they mark the site of arc separation prior to back-arc sea-floor spreading; the latter explanation is preferred.


Berle and Means' analysis of the corporation, and in particular their view that those in control are not the owners of the corporation, raises questions about actions that corporations take to counter concerns regarding management's influence. What mechanisms, if any, do corporations implement to balance the distribution of power in the corporation? To address this question, we analyze the board of directors' propensity to voluntarily adopt recommended corporate governance practices that are designed to enhance their oversight capabilities. Since board independence has been advocated as a way to enhance shareholders' ability to monitor management, we ask whether firms with an independent board of directors are more likely than firms without an independent board to adopt these practices. Using hand-collected data from Canadian firms listed on both US and Canadian stock exchanges, we find that firms with both types of boards voluntarily adopt governance practices designed to enhance their monitoring capabilities and that independent boards are no more likely to adopt these practices than their non-independent counterparts. One exception to this statement is the formation of board committees. When boards are independent, the audit and compensation committees are far more likely to be staffed exclusively with independent directors. For other voluntary governance practices, the board's propensity to adopt recommended practices is sensitive to the presence of a controlling shareholder.


Hypolimnetic oxygenation is an increasingly common lake management strategy for mitigating hypoxia/anoxia and associated deleterious effects on water quality. A common effect of oxygenation is increased oxygen consumption in the hypolimnion and predicting the magnitude of this increase is the crux of effective oxygenation system design. Simultaneous measurements of sediment oxygen flux (JO2) and turbulence in the bottom boundary layer of two oxygenated lakes were used to investigate the impact of oxygenation on JO2. Oxygenation increased JO2 in both lakes by increasing the bulk oxygen concentration, which in turn steepens the diffusive gradient across the diffusive boundary layer. At high flow rates, the diffusive boundary layer thickness decreased as well. A transect along one of the lakes showed JO2 to be spatially quite variable, with near‐field and far‐field JO2 differing by a factor of 4. Using these in situ measurements, physical models of interfacial flux were compared to microprofile‐derived JO2 to determine which models adequately predict JO2 in oxygenated lakes. Models based on friction velocity, turbulence dissipation rate, and the integral scale of turbulence agreed with microprofile‐derived JO2 in both lakes. These models could potentially be used to predict oxygenation‐induced oxygen flux and improve oxygenation system design methods for a broad range of reservoir systems.


This paper presents the applications of Bayesian-filters (BF) with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations for probabilistic lifing assessment of aircraft fatigue critical components. Uncertainties in damage growth parameters are updated with new information obtained through structural health monitoring (SHM) systems and the remaining useful life (RUL) are predicted. State transition function representing virtual damage growth of a component and measurement function representing the SHM measurements of the component are defined. State transition function is described by a typical Paris equation for fatigue crack propagation. In the equation, the initial crack size and crack growth rate are updated by incoming SHM measurements. Measurement functions are assumed in this study which describe the relationship between the damage features derived from SHM signals and the damage sizes. Damage tolerance (DT) and risk-based remaining useful life of fatigue critical structural components are determined at various reliability levels. The variabilities of RUL are also quantified for various magnitudes of random measurement noise and various measurement frequencies. It is found that the variability of the RUL is proportional to that of the measurement noise. In addition, more frequent measurements will result in less variability in RUL.


Since the economic crises of 1994 in Mexico, 1999 in Brazil, and 2001 in Argentina, the neoliberal model has been loosing its legitimacy all over Latin America. Being confronted with massive popular protests, more than ten governments have had to step down in the last couple of years. But so far, the Latin American left has not been able to come up with an alternative project, which could effectively challenge the neoliberal hegemony. In fact, the recently elected left governments of Lula in Brazil and Tabare Vazquez in Uruguay continue their predecessors' politics of fiscal adjustment. The article discusses the origins, strengths, and weaknesses of neoliberal hegemony in Latin America, and the future perspectives for a strong antineoliberal movement.


Despite known risks of inappropriate disposal of biomedical solid waste; most cities in developing countries are still disposing unsorted and untreated solid biomedical waste in common dumpsites. While many studies reported the presence of pathogens in fresh biomedical waste from hospitals, none has reported on the abundance and diversity of bacterial community in aged solid biomedical waste from a common dumpsite. A qualitative survey was done to identify types of solid biomedical waste on the dumpsite. Soils, sludge or washings of biomedical wastes were sampled. Total DNA was extracted and v4 region of 16S rRNA amplicons were sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. A total of 1,706,442 sequences from 15 samples passed quality control. The number of sequences per sample ranged from 70664 to 174456 (mean 121765, SD 35853). Diversity was high with an InvSimpson index of 63 (Range 5 – 496, SD 121). Thirty five phyla were identified, but only 9 accounted for 96% of all sequences. The dominant phyla were Proteobacteria 37.4%, Firmicutes 34.4%, Bacteroidetes 14.1 %, Actinobacteria 5.6% and Chloroflex 1.7%. Catchall analysis predicted a mean of 9399 species per sample. Overall, 31402 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, however, only 19.8% (6,202) OTUs were found more than ten times. The most predominant OTUs were Proteinclasticum (10.4%), Acinetobacter (6.9), Halomonas (3.9), Pseudomonas (1.7%), Escherichia/Shigella 1.5% and Planococcus (1.3%). Proteiniclasticum spp and Acinetobacter spp were found in 67% (10/15) of all samples at relative abundance of 1%. Taxonomic-to-phenotype mapping revealed the presence of 36.2% related to bacteria involved in dehalogenation, 11.6% degraders of aromatic hydrocarbons, 14.8% chitin degraders, 8.5% chlorophenol degradation and Atrazine metabolism 8.3%. Taxonomy-to human pathogen mapping found 34% related to human pathogens and 39.4% were unknown. Conclusions There's rich and diverse bacterial community in aged solid biomedical waste. Some of the predominant OTUs are related to bacteria of industrial use. We found a good number of OTUs mapping to human pathogens. Most of OTUs mapped to unknown metabolism and also to group unknown whether they human pathogens or not. To our knowledge, this is the first reports on bacteria related to industrial use from solid biomedical waste. This finding will facilitate to design further research using functional metagenomics to better understand the potential of bacteria from aged solid biomedical waste.


For spectroscopically confirmed Type Ia supernovae we evaluate models of intrinsic brightness variations with detailed data/Monte Carlo comparisons of the dispersion in the following quantities: Hubble-diagram scatter, color difference (B − V − c) between the true B − V color and the fitted color (c) from the salt-ii light curve model, and photometric redshift residual. The data sample includes 251 ugriz light curves from the three-season Sloan Digital Sky Survey-II and 191 griz light curves from the Supernova Legacy Survey 3 year data release. We find that the simplest model of a wavelength-independent (coherent) scatter is not adequate, and that to describe the data the intrinsic-scatter model must have wavelength-dependent variations resulting in a ∼0.02 mag scatter in B − V − c. Relatively weak constraints are obtained on the nature of intrinsic scatter because a variety of different models can reasonably describe this photometric data sample. We use Monte Carlo simulations to examine the standard approach of adding a coherent-scatter term in quadrature to the distance-modulus uncertainty in order to bring the reduced χ2 to unity when fitting a Hubble diagram. If the light curve fits include model uncertainties with the correct wavelength dependence of the scatter, we find that this approach is valid and that the bias on the dark energy equation-of-state parameter w is much smaller (∼0.001) than current systematic uncertainties. However, incorrect model uncertainties can lead to a significant bias on the distance moduli, with up to ∼0.05 mag redshift-dependent variation. This bias is roughly reduced in half after applying a Malmquist bias correction. For the recent SNLS3 cosmology results, we estimate that this effect introduces an additional systematic uncertainty on w of ∼0.02, well below the total uncertainty. This uncertainty depends on the choice of viable scatter models and the choice of supernova (SN) samples, and thus this small w-uncertainty is not guaranteed in future cosmology results. For example, the w-uncertainty for SDSS+SNLS (dropping the nearby SNe) increases to ∼0.04.


The search for increased trustworthiness of SAT solvers is very active and uses various methods. Some of these methods obtain a proof from the provers then check it, normally by replicating the search based on the proof's information. Because the certification process involves another nontrivial proof search, the trust we can place in it is decreased. Some attempts to amend this use certifiers which have been verified by proofs assistants such as Isabelle/HOL and Coq. Our approach is different because it is based on an extremely simplified certifier. This certifier enjoys a very high level of trust but is very inefficient. In this paper, we experiment with this approach and conclude that by placing some restrictions on the formats, one can mostly eliminate the need for search and in principle, can certify proofs of arbitrary size.


Ammonites of the subgenus Platysphinctes , represented by the species Perisphinctes ( Platysphinctes ) perplanatus  (TINTANT, 1961), both microconchs and macroconchs, were recently found in the Middle Oxfordian of the Czestochowa Upland (Polish Jura Chain, Central Poland). Their appearance marks an invasion of ammonites of Mediterranean affinities into the Submediterranean Province. This episode is represented in the studied succession by a distinct horizon, named herein the Platysphinctes event – horizon, that is located in the upper part of the newly erected Arkelli Subzone of the Plicatilis Zone. An emended description of  Perisphinctes ( Platysphinctes ) perplanatus and a description of a new species, Perisphinctes ( Otosphinctes ) arkelli sp. nov. are provided.


The CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been widely utilized for knocking out genes involved in various biological processes in zebrafish. Despite this technology is efficient for generating different mutations, one of the main drawbacks is low survival rates during embryogenesis when knocking out some embryonic lethal genes. To overcome this problem, we developed a novel strategy using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene knockout with primordial germ cells (PGCs) transplantation to facilitate and speed up the process of zebrafish mutant generation, particularly for embryonic lethal genes. First, we optimized the procedure for gRNA targeted PGCs transplantation (PGCT), by increasing the efficiencies of genome mutation in PGCs and induction of PGCs fates in donor embryos for PGCT. Second, the combined CRISPR/Cas9 with PGCT was utilized for generation of maternal zygotic (MZ) mutants of tcf7l1a (essential gene for head development), pou5f3 (essential gene for zygotic genome activation) and chd (essential gene for dorsal development) at F1 generation with high efficiency. Finally, we revealed some novel phenotypes in the maternal zygotic mutant of tcf7l1a and chd, while MZtcf7l1a showed elevated neural crest development, and MZchd have stronger ventralization than its zygotic counterparts. Therefore, this study presents an efficient and powerful method for generating MZ mutants of embryonic lethal genes in zebrafish.


This article introduces the emic–etic debate in the scientific study of religion\s and provides a frame for the special issue's six articles on the topic. Departing from the broader debate's early history in the 1960s, this article contextualizes the emic–etic debate and locates its point of entry into the scientific study of religion\s in the 1980s. This article argues that in the course of the debate the insider–outsider and emic–etic complexes have become entangled. In order to facilitate an understanding of the debate, this article maintains that the emic–etic debate in the scientific study of religion\s touches upon three central dimensions (existential–political, methodological, and epistemological). In order to move toward a clearer methodological and epistemological framework, this article furthermore proposes an iterative model that locates insider–outsider at the level of observers and emic–etic at the level of categories.


Before Peyton Rous died at the age of ninety he had been acclaimed as an outstanding leader in the field of pathology and particularly in cancer research. Before he received the well-merited award of a Nobel prize in 1966, he had worked unremittingly for more than fifty years, piling fact upon solid fact: yet for many of those years his outstanding discovery of a virus causing a tumour in fowls was disregarded. Rous, however, was throughout his working life constantly excited by every new fact he brought to light and this made his life a truly satisfying one. There is no evidence of any scientific achievement among his forebears. His great-grandfather had come to America from Henham in Suffolk in the early 1800s. His father, Charles Rous, was a grain broker in Baltimore; he had married Frances Anderson Wood from Virginia. Peyton was born on 5 October 1879. When he was eleven, with two younger sisters, their father died. Their mother, though she had been brought up in Texas, remained in Baltimore, though with little money, so that her children could have the best possible education. So Peyton was taught at a public school and a public high school in Baltimore and from there he obtained a scholarship to Johns Hopkins University and Medical School. While an undergraduate he earned some money—in fact five dollars—by writing articles for a Baltimore newspaper on 'The Flower of the M onth'. His ambition was to be a naturalist.


We study a problem faced by a major beverage producer. The company produces and distributes several brands to various customers from its regional distributors. For some of these brands, most customers do not have enough demand to justify full pallet shipments. Therefore, the company decided to design a number of mixed or "rainbow" pallets so that its customers can order these unpopular brands without deviating too much from what they initially need. We formally state the company's problem as determining the contents of a pre-determined number of mixed pallets so as to minimize the total inventory holding and backlogging costs of its customers over a finite horizon. We first show that the problem is NP-hard. We then formulate the problem as a mixed integer linear program, and incorporate valid inequalities to strengthen the formulation. Finally, we use company data to conduct a computational study to investigate the efficiency of the formulation and the impact of mixed pallets on customers' total costs.


Systems serology measurements provide a comprehensive view of humoral immunity by profiling both the antigen-binding and Fc properties of antibodies. Identifying patterns in these measurements will help to guide vaccine and therapeutic antibody development, and improve our understanding of disorders. Furthermore, consistent patterns across diseases may reflect conserved regulatory mechanisms; recognizing these may help to combine modalities such as vaccines, antibody-based interventions, and other immunotherapies to maximize protection. A common feature of systems serology studies is structured biophysical profiling across disease-relevant antigen targets, properties of antibodies' interaction with the immune system, and serological samples. These are typically produced alongside additional measurements that are not antigen-specific. Here, we report a new form of tensor factorization, total tensor-matrix factorization (TMTF), which can greatly reduce these data into consistently observed patterns by recognizing the structure of these data. We use a previous study of HIV-infected subjects as an example. TMTF outperforms standard methods like principal components analysis in the extent of reduction possible. Data reduction, in turn, improves the prediction of immune functional responses, classification of subjects based on their HIV control status, and interpretation of these resulting models. Interpretability is improved specifically by applying further data reduction, separation of the Fc from antigen-binding effects, and recognizing consistent patterns across individual measurements. Therefore, we propose that TMTF will be an effective general strategy for exploring and using systems serology. Summary points Structured decomposition provides substantial data reduction without loss of information. Predictions based on decomposed factors are accurate and robust to missing measurements. Decomposition structure improves the interpretability of modeling results. Decomposed factors represent meaningful patterns in the HIV humoral response.


The authors implement a new model for time-variation in implied volatilities and the correlations among them to look for common factors both at the aggregate market level and also within industries. The securities under consideration are ETFs and the largest of their component stocks. Krause and Lien find strong evidence of both market and industry factors in individual stock implied volatilities, with the latter being about one-third the size of the former and mean-reverting more quickly. They then explore how the amount of volatility spillover from the ETF to its components is influenced by option trading volume and the relative importance of the individual stock in the ETF portfolio.


BACKGROUND
The relationship between volume and outcome of total knee arthroplasties has never been evaluated in a nationally representative sample, to our knowledge. We hypothesized that surgeons and hospitals with higher patient volumes would have better outcomes, as defined by lower mortality rates, shorter hospital stays, and lower postoperative complication rates.

METHODS
The 1997 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Nationwide Inpatient Sample, Release 6, provided discharge abstracts of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty from a national stratified probability sample. Logistic and multiple regression models were used to estimate the adjusted association of surgeon or hospital volume with rates of in-hospital mortality, pulmonary thromboembolism, deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremity, and postoperative wound infection as well as length of hospital stay. Estimates were calculated for a target population of 277,550 patients. Models were adjusted for comorbidity, age, gender, race, household income, and procedure (primary or revision arthroplasty).

RESULTS
The patients were mostly white (70.2%) and female (62.7%), with a mean age of 68.9 years. The overall in-hospital mortality rate for the target population was 0.2%, and the average length of stay was 4.6 days for the primary total knee arthroplasties and 4.9 days for the revision procedures. Surgeon volumes of at least fifteen procedures per year and hospital volumes of at least eighty-five per year were significantly and linearly associated with lower mortality rates (odds ratio = 0.56 [0.24 to 1.31] for surgeon volume of > or = 60). No other association demonstrated a significant and directionally consistent linear trend for improved outcomes.

CONCLUSION
Patients treated by providers with lower caseload volumes had higher rates of mortality following total knee arthroplasty in 1997. Proposing volume standards could decrease patient mortality following this procedure.


The generalization error, or probability of misclassification, of ensemble classifiers has been shown to be bounded above by a function of the mean correlation between the constituent (i.e., base) classifiers and their average strength. This bound suggests that increasing the strength and/or decreasing the correlation of an ensemble's base classifiers may yield improved performance under the assumption of equal error costs. However, this and other existing bounds do not directly address application spaces in which error costs are inherently unequal. For applications involving binary classification, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, performance curves that explicitly trade off false alarms and missed detections, are often utilized to support decision making. To address performance optimization in this context, we have developed a lower bound for the entire ROC curve that can be expressed in terms of the class-specific strength and correlation of the base classifiers. We present empirical analyses demonstrating the efficacy of these bounds in predicting relative classifier performance. In addition, we specify performance regions of the ROC curve that are naturally delineated by the class-specific strengths of the base classifiers and show that each of these regions can be associated with a unique set of guidelines for performance optimization of binary classifiers within unequal error cost regimes.


A new family of ternary logic circuits that uses both depletion and enhancement types of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors is presented. These circuits use two power supplies, each below the transistor's threshold voltages, and do not include resistors. Circuit designs of basic ternary operators (inverters, NAND, NOR) are described. These basic ternary operators can be used as building blocks in the VLSI implementation of three-valued digital systems. An example of the design of a ternary full adder using this family of logic circuits is also presented.


Direct investments are the preferred vehicle for large institutional investors to have control over their portfolio investments. We study the deal structure of direct investments by sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in private equity transactions. We find that SWFs shift from investing in private equity funds to originating and co-investing together with private equity funds in deals. The choice for co-investment affects deal size, risk-bearing, fees and returns. Overall, our results show the strong interest of SWFs in direct investments in developed markets.


Ensemble algorithms are general methods for improving the performance of a given learning algorithm. This is achieved by the combination of multiple base classifiers into an ensemble. In this paper, the idea of using an adaptive policy for training and combining the base classifiers is put forward. The effectiveness of this approach for online learning is demonstrated by experimental results.


In this letter, we propose a new fully logic-process-compatible multitime programmable (MTP) memory cell for high-density logic nonvolatile memory (NVM) applications. A very small logic NVM MTP cell has been demonstrated on pure 0.18-μm CMOS process and logic design rules without extra masking and process steps. The MTP cell can be efficiently programmed and erased with a novel tiny contact coupling structure. Very small cell size, fast programming speed, and superior reliability characteristic make the new contact coupling gate MTP cell be one of the most promising solutions in advanced logic NVM application.


Since formulation of the cellular theory in the early 19th century—relatively not so long ago—it has become universally recognized that tissues and organisms are formed and shaped by cells of many different types, all operating in beautiful harmony. Many mechanisms of this orchestration remain largely a mystery to this day, yet are important for us to understand if we are to fully comprehend fundamental processes in disease, especially one as formidable and perplexing as cancer. In the current era of progressive technological advances, many areas of biology are converging, and we now recognize and expect differences between cells, even among those of the same type, but whose origins rest in different tissues. Yet, many core tenets are being universally applied. The detailed cellular composition of tissues is clouded with uncertainty for many tissue types, and this includes the breast. To clarify the cell types in the breast and build a solid foundation for future work, we have meticulously examined a large collection of normal breast tissues, microscopically and by flow cytometry. We developed a complex antibody panel and rigorous gating strategy capable of objectively resolving and sorting each major cell type. We have sequenced mRNAs expressed by even the rarest of cell subpopulations and refined or developed methods for culturing each. This includes: several different luminal and epithelial fractions, myoepithelial cells, adipocytes, leukocytes, pericytes, erythrocytes, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and both lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells –12 different types in all. Future studies are aimed at developing heterotypic culture models using these cells, but also to use our new knowledge and experience to similarly explore heterogeneity of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast cancers. We will present the development of this method and characterization to date of the sorted cell populations. Citation Format: William Curtis Hines, Ambrose Carr, Kate Thi, Zhenmao Wan, Dana Pe9er, Mina J. Bissell. Cytometric atlas of the human breast: Comprehensive characterization reveals 12 distinct cell populations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr A25.


Global environmental politics is emerging as a key field for South African diplomacy and foreign policy, in which Pretoria is endeavouring to lead by example. Environmental summits and conferences such as Johannesburg (2002) and Copenhagen (2009) have been crucial stages for the performance of this role as an environmental leader, and in December 2011 Durban will host the seventeenth Conference of the Parties (COP17) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. There are also signs from within policy-making circles that 'the environment' is seen as a field in which some of the lustre of South Africa's post-1994 international high moral standing could be recovered. However, tensions remain between South Africa's performance and rhetoric on the global stage, and domestic development paths which continue to be environmentally unsustainable. The article concludes by suggesting that while the visibility and prominence of South Africa as an actor in global environmental politics is likely to grow, it remains doubtful whether this represents a sustained and committed new direction in South African foreign policy.


Recent AASHTO specifications have placed a number of restrictions on the use of elastomeric bridge bearings. Elastomeric bearings with tapers built in to accommodate span end elevation differences were disallowed by the most current specifications even though no previous research into elastomeric bearing performance has included tests on tapered pads. The purpose of this study was to analyze elastomeric bearing performance on the basis of elastomer hardness, shape factor, reinforcing shim orientation, degree of taper and compressive stress level with the goal of developing a simple design procedure which standardizes as many of those parameters as possible. Particular emphasis was placed on comparing the behavior of flat and tapered bearings. Experimentation included shear, compressive, and rotational stiffness tests, shear and compression fatigue loading, long-term compressive loading, and tests to determine compressive stress limits. In many cases, bearings were intentionally loaded non-uniformly to define safe limits for bearing/girder slope mismatches. Research showed that tapered elastomeric bearings performed equally as well as flat bearings and that manufacturing tapered bearings with steel shims oriented parallel to one another offers several benefits over spacing shims radially. Additionally, bearings made from elastomers with lower hardness ratings displayed several advantages over those made from harder elastomers, particularly rotation capacity far in excess of the current AASHTO limitation. More highly reinforced bearings performed better in compression fatigue and creep tests and easily accommodated compressive stresses in excess of 6.9 MPa (1000 psi). Mismatches between the slope of the girder and the bearing taper had little effect on performance. Also, a field and laboratory investigation was performed into bearing slip and anchorage by friction. Bearings that had slipped while in service were subjected to comparable conditions in a laboratory test apparatus to study their behavior. Research showed that secretion of antiozonant waxes to the bearings' surfaces caused a dramatic lowering of the bearing's friction coefficient and resulted in slipping. Several tests were performed that established friction coefficients for natural rubber against a variety of steel and concrete surfaces. A standard design for Texas bearings is recommended. Recommended changes to the current AASHTO specification are presented.


This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of the motion
of regular shaped ice particles under the forces and
torques generated by aerodynamic loading. Ice particles
can occur during landing and take-off of aircraft at ground
level up to the lower bound of the stratosphere at cruising
altitude. It may be expected that the particle Reynolds
number is high because the flow around the aircraft is in
certain regions characterized by strong acceleration and
deceleration of the flow. In combination with this flow pattern,
the rotation of particles becomes important. Applicable
translational and rotational equations of motion combined
with a drag correlation taking into account rotation
will be derived for a Lagrangian type particle tracking. Orientation
is described with quaternions to prevent the singularities
associated with the description by Euler angles.
The influence of regular shaped particles on collection efficiencies
is investigated. Test cases are the flow past a
cylinder, a NACA0012 airfoil and a NHLP L1/T2 three element
airfoil. Due to the increased computational effort
compared to the purely translational approach, observed
trajectory simulation times are reported.


In this paper, the notion of biorthogonal two-directional shortly supported wavelets with poly-scale is developed. A new method for designing two-directional biorthogonal wavelets is proposed. The existence of shortly supported biorthogonal vector-valued wavelets associated with a pair of biorthogonal compactly supported vector-valued scaling functions is investigated. A novel constructive method for designing a sort of biorthogonal vector-valued wavelet wraps is presented and their biorthogonality traits are characerized. Two biorthogonality formulas regarding these wavelet wraps are established.


OBJECTIVE
Equianalgesic conversion methods are commonly used to switch patients from one opioid to another due to suboptimal pain relief or adverse events. There is no universally accepted opioid conversion method, however, and there is often significant variability between conversion resources. As a result, patients are at risk for undertreated pain and serious adverse events. The purpose of this survey was to compare the equianalgesic conversion estimates between nurse practitioners, pharmacists, and physicians for commonly prescribed opioids.

METHODS
A survey form was developed using Survey Monkey. Participation was solicited by providing a link to the survey via social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.) and emailing professional organizations for sharing with their members and followers. Data collected included demographics and estimated morphine equivalents (MEQs) of hydrocodone 80 mg, fentanyl transdermal patches 1,800 mcg (as 75 mcg/hour), methadone 40 mg, oxycodone 120 mg, and hydromorphone 48 mg. Participants were also asked to provide their choice of reference utilized to complete the conversions, including personal knowledge. Descriptive analyses were performed using measures of central tendency. Hypothesis testing was performed using Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's Exact Test for categorical data and the Kruskal-Wallis equality of populations rank test for continuous data to assess differences between median opioid doses by professional groups.

RESULTS
The total number of respondents included in the analysis was 319. Physicians, pharmacists, and nurse practitioners/physician assistants comprised 25.4%, 56.7%, and 16.3%, respectively, of respondents. The overall mean (± standard deviation) MEQ doses for fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, and oxycodone were: 176 (±117) mg, 88 (±42) mg, 192 (±55) mg, 193 (±201) mg, and 173 (±39) mg, respectively. For fentanyl, the mean (±standard deviation) MEQ doses were 180 (±122) mg, 178 (±128) mg, and 157 (±68) mg, for physicians, pharmacists, and nurse practitioners/physician assistants, respectively. For all three groups of clinicians, the median MEQ dose for fentanyl was 150 mg. The mean (±standard deviation) MEQ doses of methadone for physicians, pharmacists, and nurse practitioners/physician assistants were: 214 (±142) mg, 171 (±107) mg, and 185 (±129) mg, respectively. The median MEQ dose for methadone was 160 mg for each of the clinician groups.

CONCLUSIONS
As evidenced by large standard deviations, there was significant variation in mean opioid conversions to MEQ doses within each profession type, particularly for fentanyl and methadone. The median MEQ doses provided for opioid conversions were the same among each profession. No universal method exists that allows each of the five studied opioids to be accurately and consistently converted to another opioid (i.e., morphine).


The capabilities approach has emphasized that inequalities can be analyzed in various dimensions of human functioning. Indicators of these inequalities can be incorporated into assessments of well-being. The capabilities approach also highlights the intrinsic importance of agency and demonstrates empirically that agency is instrumentally valuable for achieving various functionings. This paper draws together these discussions to delineate the relationships among inequalities, agency, and well-being of disadvantaged persons. A person's relative deprivation (e.g., being illiterate or being in ill-health) negatively affects her well-being and contributes to her lack of agency. Conversely, some (but not all) expressions of agency by disadvantaged persons can help reduce inequalities. This model provides a complex understanding of the dynamics of deprivation—and its alleviation. The paper closes by considering ways agency and inequalities could be incorporated alongside well-being into indicators of development.


Insulinomas are the most common functioning endocrine tumors of pancreas. Approximately 10% are multiple, less than 10% can be malignant and 5-10% associated with the MEN-1 syndrome. Insulinomas are the most common cause of hypoglycemia resulting from endogenous hyperinsulinism. The aim of this lecture is to present the up-to-date information concerning the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of insulinoma.


The topic of this brief is the design and analysis of a control strategy for semi-active suspensions in road vehicles. Currently used closed-loop control strategies (like the Sky-Hook damping) require two sensors for each suspension. Typically, two accelerometers or an accelerometer combined with a stroke sensor are used. In this brief, a simple but innovative algorithm is proposed that is capable of providing quasi-optimal performance using a single accelerometer. The starting point of this work is the Mix-SH-ADD control algorithm, which has been recently developed and proposed. Starting from that idea, the single-sensor algorithm is derived. This algorithm pays a small price in terms of performance with respect to the mix SH-ADD algorithm, while guaranteeing cost reduction and augmented reliability.


Data augmentation aims to enrich training samples for alleviating the overfitting issue in low-resource or class-imbalanced situations. Traditional methods first devise task-specific operations such as Synonym Substitute, then preset the corresponding parameters such as the substitution rate artificially, which require a lot of prior knowledge and are prone to fall into the sub-optimum. Besides, the number of editing operations is limited in the previous methods, which decreases the diversity of the augmented data and thus restricts the performance gain. To overcome the above limitations, we propose a framework named Text AutoAugment (TAA) to establish a compositional and learnable paradigm for data augmentation. We regard a combination of various operations as an augmentation policy and utilize an efficient Bayesian Optimization algorithm to automatically search for the best policy, which substantially improves the generalization capability of models. Experiments on six benchmark datasets show that TAA boosts classification accuracy in low-resource and class-imbalanced regimes by an average of 8.8% and 9.7%, respectively, outperforming strong baselines.


Early detection of pancreatic cancer has long eluded clinicians because of its insidious nature and onset. Often metastatic or locally invasive when symptomatic, most patients are deemed inoperable. In those who are symptomatic, multi-modal imaging modalities evaluate and confirm pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In asymptomatic patients, detected pancreatic lesions can be either solid or cystic. The clinical implications of identifying small asymptomatic solid pancreatic lesions (SPLs) of < 2 cm are tantamount to a better outcome. The accurate detection of SPLs undoubtedly promotes higher life expectancy when resected early, driving the development of existing imaging tools while promoting more comprehensive screening programs. An imaging tool that has matured in its reiterations and received many image-enhancing adjuncts is endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). It carries significant importance when risk stratifying cystic lesions and has substantial diagnostic value when combined with fine needle aspiration/biopsy (FNA/FNB). Adjuncts to EUS imaging include contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS and EUS-elastography, both having improved the specificity of FNA and FNB. This review intends to compile all existing enhancement modalities and explore ongoing research around the most promising of all adjuncts in the field of EUS imaging, artificial intelligence.


Quality management (QM) has been popular and widely used in Taiwan since the 1960s. However, it has been found that a review of its development is lacking. Hence, this paper aims to examine the history and the evolution of QM in Taiwan, and to take a step further to look for cues for shaping its future development. The research purpose of this paper is more specifically to review the development of QM during the period from 1970 to 2012. Quality Magazine, the most popular reading material on QM in Taiwan, has been selected as the search database. The overall review result shows that the development of QM in Taiwan has three developmental phases: (1) the quality technologies and tools focus period (1970–1985); (2) the QM system integration period (1986–2000) and (3) the quality in service industry development period (2001–2012). In light of the overall as well as the detailed review results, senior quality experts were invited for consultation, discussion and prediction of the needs and the future development of QM in Taiwan.


As the aging Canadian population increases so does the demand for Health Care professionals. Vancouver Island University Faculty of Health & Human Services (H&HS) has begun to use alternate delivery models including Blended Learning (BL) to manage community demand for their graduates. BL is a thoughtfully integrated design and instructional delivery model that contains both face to face and computer-mediated components. BL allows for flexibility, responsiveness, and provides added value to H&HS programs. The intent of this project was to explore the process of development and design of an H&HS course via D2L using BL instructional design guidelines and best practice strategies. The course received positive and supportive feedback from the beta testing and a wealth of suggestions for improvement. Although the project was a solo adventure, the collegial nature of the feedback reflected team collaboration. Revisions, as per the beta testing, are complete, and the course goes to pilot early 2016. Plans include the transition of other H&HS courses online with this course as a template. Outcomes of the project include the H&HS course pilot and the development of a "best practices" web-based resource to support H&HS faculty in their development of BL courses. The H&HS course is available via D2L at: HCAS 103T: Health Care Assistant: Intro S15N01. However, given the restricted access to D2L, a video tour of the course outline is here. The best practice resource, Best Practices with Experience is available via Weebly at www.curiousden885.com


A tester system consisting of six isogenic strains was used to study the regularities of the induction of point mutations in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae after exposure to gamma-radiation. This system allowed the identification of all six possible substitutions in the Cys-22 codon of the CYC1 gene encoding iso-1-cytochrome c. The dose dependence of the frequency of these six base-pair substitutions was shown to be linear-quadratic. The pattern of base substitutions did not depend on the doses of gamma-irradiation used (from 125 to 1000 Gy) and predominantly included GC-->AT transitions and AT-->TA transversions. The possible mechanisms of gamma-ray mutagenesis leading to a nonlinear dose dependence were considered, and the spectra of mutations obtained for different yeast genes and for Escherichia coli were compared.


The foundations of weak turbulence theory is explored through its application to the (alpha) Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) model, a simple weakly nonlinear
dispersive system. A direct application of the standard kinetic equations would
miss interesting dynamics of the energy transfer process starting from a large-scale
excitation. This failure is traced to an enforcement of the exact resonance condition, whereas mathematically the resonance should be broadened due to the energy
transfer happening on large but finite time scales. By allowing for the broadened
resonance, a modified three-wave kinetic equation is derived for the FPU model.
This kinetic equation produces some correct scaling predictions about the statistical
dynamics of the FPU model, but does not model accurately the detailed evolution of
the energy spectrum. The reason for the failure seems not to be one of the previously
clarified reasons for breakdown in the weak turbulence theory.


INTERDISCIPLINARY CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SCIENCE & THEATRE Jessica Nicole Dotson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2015. Major Director: Dr. Noreen C. Barnes, Director of Graduate Studies, Associate Professor of Theatre In the 1990s, astronomer Peter Usher was searching for new ways to teach his introductory astronomy class at Pennsylvania State University. He began to engage his students by searching for astronomical connections from other disciplines. His focus was turned to the arts, especially the works of William Shakespeare. Usher found, while searching through the canon of Shakespeare's work, astronomical references that explored the "new astronomy" of the Elizabethan age (Falk 171). This thesis will explore the writings of Usher, in regard to the astronomy of Hamlet, along with the interdisciplinary connections between art and science in and outside the classroom and museum theatre. From interdisciplinary classroom methods, to arts and scientists collaborating together for the betterment of man-kind, the use of theatre is a way of rediscovering the humanity of human history. The collaboration between the disciplines serves as one of theatre's greatest purposes, to educate and represent a living history of man.


Purpose: To assess the ability of SUV measured on serial 18 F ‐ FDG PET/CT to differentiate radiotherapy (RT) responders from non‐responders. Method and Materials: Between November 2005 and August 2007, 88 eligible patients with AJCC stage III‐IVb HNSCC were enrolled in an IRB approved protocol to receive serial PET/CT imaging studies prior to and following RT. Analysis of similar anatomic volumes on temporally separated images was facilitated with a deformable image registration technique to map pre‐ and post‐RT CTimages to a reference image set, namely the RT planning CTimages. The resulting deformable transformations were applied to the pre‐ and post‐RT PETimages, thereby aligning both PETdata sets to the RT planning CTimages. SUV reduction factors were created from pre‐ and post‐RT SUV ratios and calculated for RT contours and fixed thresholds of the maximum signal intensity on PETimages. Variations in pre‐ and post‐RT PET/CT scannermodel and uptake duration were controlled to eliminate possible confounding factors for intrapatient analysis.Results: Cross correlation of patients whose serial PET/CT images were collected with the same scannermodel and with uptake duration differences ⩽ 15 min reduced the useable number of patients drastically from 88 to 10. For the controlled patient cohort, the average SUV reduction factor for responders (N = 7) vs. non‐responders (N = 3) calculated for the GTV contour was (1.4 ± 1.6) and (1.0 ± 1.7), respectively. For all contours (N = 4), nonparametric testing revealed [P > 0.05]. Conclusion: The average SUV reduction factor was not able to significantly differentiate responders and non‐responders in all contours studied. The large reduction in useable patients following strict data set control may be an important cautionary note for future studies investigating serial PET/CT for treatment response monitoring. Research sponsored by Varian Medical Systems.


This dissertation is based on a case study of 8 beginning English teachers who participated in a collaborative inquiry group at an urban, comprehensive, high school in the San Francisco Bay Area. Qualitative data (including audio-transcribed meeting data, individual interview data, and classroom observations) were collected over two school years, with a follow-up interview about teacher professional identity conducted in the school year following the dissolution of the inquiry group. The study utilizes a theoretical framework grounded in notions of agency, power and discourse as critical elements in the social construction of identity to examine how the focal teachers construct and enact a teacher professional identity in their early careers. Teacher professional identity is defined as the beliefs, values, and commitments an individual holds toward being a teacher (as distinct from another professional) and being a particular type of teacher (e.g. an urban teacher, a beginning teacher, a good teacher, an English teacher, etc.)The data indicated three types of factors that were important to focal teachers in establishing their early professional identities. The first type was individual factors such as personal experiences as students and pre-professional teaching experiences. A second group included practice-based or classroom-related factors such as subject matter, curriculum, instructional planning, and classroom based goals. Finally, the third type was connected with external discourses related to teaching and learning. These discourses came from theory, policy, contexts in which teachers were embedded and from collegial or expert models of practice. While all three types of factors were important to the focal group of teachers, individual teachers were oriented toward a particular set of factors over others in the construction of their professional identities. The orientation of teachers had consequences for their classroom practice as well as their sense of what it meant to be a teacher professional. The teacher who emphasized individual factors, constructing his teacher professional identity around a personal image of teaching, was described as an individually-oriented teacher. Teachers who emphasized classroom practice as the focal aspect of their identities were considered classroom-oriented teachers. Teachers who approached their classroom practice and professional decision making with a clear sense of external discourses related to teaching and learning and a sense that they might affect these discourses through their professional practice were called dialogically-oriented teachers. Dialogically-oriented teachers were the only group of teachers able to articulate both their classroom practice and the thinking which was underlying their choices as teachers. The collaborative inquiry group was embedded in a parent program which advocated a dialogically-oriented approach to teacher professionalism. Group meetings were structured to promote such a stance toward professional identity. The data indicated that there was a predominance of dialogically-based interactions within inquiry group meetings; however, in examining these interactions more closely, teachers' individual professional identity orientation connected closely with the focus and nature of their participation in the inquiry group. Further, although classroom-oriented and individually-oriented teachers engaged in various forms of dialogic interaction within meetings, these types of interaction did not seem characteristic of their self-descriptions of their own teacher professional identities. Implications of the study include: the importance of advocating a stance toward teaching as a profession; investing in teacher education programs which promote a dialogically-oriented stance toward teaching; exploring the expansion of university-based partnerships between the pre-service and induction phases of teacher education; promoting increased dialogue between K-12 teachers and educational researchers and encouraging a broader audience for educational research, particularly research focused on teaching and learning.


7. Harcourt C, Philpot CR, Edwards J. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in prostitutes. Med J Ausl 1989; 150: 540-541. 8. Mulhall BP, Crofts N, Donovan B. Heterosexual transmission of HIY-l in Australia: the "third wave" a gathering storm? Venereology 1989; 2: 113-117. 9. Donovan B, Tindall B. Behaviour change in STD patients. In: Richmond R. Wakefield D. eds. AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989: 19-30. 10. Harcourt CL. Edwards JM. Philpot CR. On the "Grim Reaper" campaign. Mea J Aust 1988; 149: 162-163. 11. Borland R, Lewis V. Changing behaviour to prevent spread of the human immunodeficiency virus. Med J Aust 1989; 151: 305-306. 12. Tindall B, Swanson C, Donovan B. Cooper DA. Sexual practices and condom usage in a cohort of homosexual men in relation to human immunodeficiency virus status. Med J Aust 1989; 151: 318-322.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to define social rewards, as acts and expressions which specifically signal respect, courtesy and benevolence to the other party, based on cultural scripts found in honor cultures. Second, to explore whether social rewards mitigate competitive aspirations and foster collaboration in competitive settings, with honor values being a culturally relevant mechanism for this effect.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper reports on two experiments assessing high-honor and low-honor culture participants' aspirations and behavioral decisions. In study 1, participants described a personal situation where they were praised by close others (social reward) or praised themselves (control condition), before responding to a buyer/seller negotiation scenario. In study 2, participants were either complimented (social reward) or not complimented (control condition), before engaging in live competition with a confederate for monetary outcomes.

Findings

Both studies indicate that social rewards diminish competitive aspirations and offers among high-honor culture participants, but not among low-honor culture participants. Results of study 1 indicate that endorsement of honor values mediates this effect. In conclusion, social rewards can improve interactions with members of honor cultures.

Research limitations/implications

These studies advance our understanding of cultural differences in negotiations and provide insight into social rewards as one of the mechanisms necessary to successfully manage intercultural negotiations and collaboration. Future research should address the effect of social rewards on self-worth and empowerment.

Originality/value

This research is the first to shed light on the relevance and importance of social rewards as a device to facilitate social interactions in honor cultures.


Purpose : To present a new method for radioprobing a DNA triple helix structure by Auger electrons emitted in the decay of 125 I using theoretical/computational approaches. Materials and methods : A Monte Carlo track structure method was used to simulate the damage to a triplex resulting from Auger electrons emitted in the decay of an incorporated 125 I atom in plasmid DNA. Comparison of the theoretical frequency distributions of single-strand breaks induced on the Pu and Py strands with the experimental data and a knowledge of the distances from the strand breaks to the iodine provide information on the structures otherwise difficult to obtain with X-ray crystallography. Results : In comparing theoretical frequency distributions of singlestrand breaks with the experimental data it is found that the results are very sensitive to the conformation of the triplex model used. It is found that the best fit to the experimental data results from using a hybrid triplex model, in which the base-step geometry is A-like, while the sugar puckers adopt the B-like C2'- endo conformation. Conclusions : The approach and technique presented here represent a valuable new addition to the methods available for DNA structure determination since they provide information on medium-range structure otherwize difficult to obtain in the absence of X-ray crystallography. It is concluded that currently accepted models for triplex structure are not optimal, and a modified structure is proposed that fits the radioprobing results better, while maintaining agreement with the fibre diffraction and NMR data. Although the method has proved to be very useful for scoring alternative trial solutions, further studies combining experimental data from multiple iodine positions with track structure modelling are required for directing structural optimization.


He has hunted some of the most notorious and sadistic criminals of our time: The Trailside Killer in San Francisco, the Atlanta Child murderer. He has contronted, interviewed and researched dozens of serial killers and assassins -- including Charles Manson, Richard Speck, John Wayne Gacy, and James Earl Ray -- for a landmark study to understand their motives. To get inside their minds. He is Special Agent John Douglas, the model for law enforcement legend Jack Crawford in Thomas Harris's thrillers "Red Dragon" and "The Silence of the Lambs," and the man who ushered in a new age in bahavorial science and criminal profiling. Recently retired after twenty-five years of service, John Douglas can finally tell his unique and compelling story. With journalist Mark


In the review up-to-date information about postcholecystectomy syndrome was adduced. The main underlying pathogenetic links of different functional disturbs and organic pathology were considered. Necessity of this nosologic unit common diagnostic algorithm elaboration was proved by own and literature data analysing.


Bilayer ribbons were prepared by rapid quenching from the melt using a double-nozzle technique. The composition of the layers was selected from the Fe/Co-Si-B and Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B systems, respectively. Ribbons with typical thickness of 45-50 microns and width of 6 mm and 10 mm exhibited amorphous structure of both layers in as-quenched state. Temperature dependencies of electrical resistivity, dilatation and magnetization have been investigated in the amorphous state and during crystallization of both layers, which take place at different temperatures. The results combined with investigation of the structures formed in each layer and at the layer interface were compared to those of single-layer ribbons having the compositions of each layer, respectively.


The 3 November 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake resulted in 341 km of surface rupture on the Susitna Glacier, Denali, and Totschunda faults. The rupture proceeded from west to east and began with a 48-km-long break on the previously unknown Susitna Glacier thrust fault. Slip on this thrust averaged about 4 m (Crone et al., 2004). Next came the principal surface break, along 226 km of the Denali fault, with average right-lateral offsets of 4.5–5.1 m and a maximum offset of 8.8 m near its eastern end. The Denali fault trace is commonly left stepping and north side up. About 99 km of the fault ruptured through glacier ice, where the trace orientation was commonly influenced by local ice fabric. Finally, slip transferred southeastward onto the Totschunda fault and continued for another 66 km where dextral offsets average 1.6–1.8 m. The transition from the Denali fault to the Totschunda fault occurs over a complex 25-km-long transfer zone of right-slip and normal fault traces. Three methods of calculating average surface slip all yield a moment magnitude of Mw 7.8, in very good agreement with the seismologically determined magnitude of M 7.9. A comparison of strong-motion inversions for moment release with our slip distribution shows they have a similar pattern. The locations of the two largest pulses of moment release correlate with the locations of increasing steps in the average values of observed slip. This suggests that slipdistribution data can be used to infer moment release along other active fault traces. Online Material: Descriptions and photographs of localities with offset measurements.


Aims To review current adolescent opinion regarding a recent admission to the paediatric ward in a District General Hospital (DGH). The paediatric ward admits patients from neonates to their 15th birthday and does not have a separate adolescent bay. Methods A questionnaire was posted to all 11–18 year old patients who were admitted to the Paediatric Ward from July 2012–Sept 2012. The questionnaire was re-posted after 4 weeks to those who had failed to return the initial form. Results Returns 49/109 (46%); 29 surgical patients and 20 paediatric medical patients. 86% stated that their care was good or very good. 82% felt they had a good understanding of the reason for admission. 86% felt the medical staff took their opinion of board when deciding treatment plans. 4% had a question they wanted to ask but didn't, while 6% would have liked to have been able to speak to someone in private but felt they didn't have the opportunity to. 14% felt they could not speak to the medical team, either due to concerns about confidentiality or other reasons. 47% stayed in a bay with patients a lot younger than themselves with 74% preferring to stay in a bay with patients their own age group. 70% were bored some or most of the time. 78% were happy with the level of privacy while 20% felt it could have been better. Conclusions This audit identified a population that feels their opinion is taken into account (86%) and are happy with their level of care (86%). A proportion had concerns about confidentiality and other reasons (14%) that prevented them from speaking to the medical team while 6% would have like to speak to someone in private, raising the need to engage more with this demographic. Ward placement is also an issue with the majority (74%) preferring to stay in a bay with their own age group.


Summary Circulating microparticles (cMPs) are small phospholipid-rich microvesicles shed by activated cells that play a pivotal role in cell signalling related to the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of cMPs released from different vascular cells for cardiovascular event (CVE) presentation in asymptomatic patients at high cardiovascular risk factors under nutritional and pharmacologic treatment. This is a nested case-control study of 50 patients from the five-year follow-up prospective PREDIMED trial enrolled in the nuts arm of the Mediterranean diet (Med Diet-nuts). We randomly selected 25 patients who had suffered a CVE during follow-up and pair-matched them for sex, age, and classical CV risk factors to 25 patients who remained asymptomatic (no-CVE). Total Annexin V-(AV)+ cMPs and cMPs from cells of the vascular compartment were quantified by flow cytometry at baseline and after one year follow-up. MedDiet-nuts and pharmacological treatment neither modified levels nor source of MP shedding in CVE patients. However, no-CVE patients showed 40–86 % decreased total AV+, PAC-1+/AV+, CD61+/AV+, CD142+/CD61+/AV+, CD62P+/AV+, CD146+/AV+, CD63+/AV+ and CD11a+/AV+ cMPs at one year follow-up (p ≤ 0.046, all). CD142+/CD61+/AV+, CD146+/AV+ and CD45+/AV+ cMPs were decreased in no-CVE patients compared to CVE patients. A ROCcurve clustered model for CD142+/CD61+/AV+, CD45+/AV+ and CD146+/AV+ cMPs predicted a future CVE [p<0.0001, AUC=0.805 (0.672 to 0.938)]. In patients at high CV risk profile treated with a controlled MedDiet supplemented with nuts and receiving up-to-date CV drug treatment, reduced cMPs derived from activated platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells are predictive of protection against CVE within the next four years.


Background Didactic clinical skills training employing low fidelity simulation has been the traditional approach to teaching undergraduate nursing students the insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter. This approach, however, does not adequately prepare students for the intricacies and complexity of this procedure in the real world, which is associated with high rates of infection secondary to procedural contamination. Objectives To explore students' confidence levels in developing clinical psychomotor skills associated with the insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter in a high-fidelity simulation using Mask-Ed. Methods A mixed methods study was conducted involving final year Bachelor of Nursing students. Preproceduraland postprocedural confidence was rated by students using a 5-point Likert scale. A focus group consisting of eleven students was conducted to further explore student's experience of engaging with a Mask-Ed character and the procedural experience from a learning perspective. Results The findings indicated that students increased their procedure confidence when engaging with the Mask-Ed simulation (P=0.025). The ability to maintain procedural asepsis and ability to accurately identify the correct anatomical structures related to indwelling urinary catheter insertion were found to be related (rs=0.71, P<0.05). Three primary themes were identified: caring of a person, intimate care and communication. Conclusion Psychomotor skills related to communication, support and maintaining procedural asepsis were areas that required further clinical development, which are not concurrently integrated into the simulation approach using manikin based simulation. Mask-Ed provided a unique learning opportunity to replicate a clinically and anatomically realistic experience.


The residential care of children forms a major approach to children's welfare and their protection in the Philippines, however the reasons for the use of this welfare intervention in this context is unclear. This thesis expands understandings of residential care and community-based child protection efforts through the insights and experiences of children and young people as well as program and policy actors. The findings highlight the role of residential care as a child protection mechanism, operating amid a significant community need for welfare and safeguarding.


Australia conducts clinical surveillance for cases of polio-like illness in children in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended surveillance criteria for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). AFP cases are ascertained either by clinicians notifying the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or designated nurses enrolling cases as part of the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance system at four sentinel tertiary paediatric hospitals. The National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory (NERL), formerly the National Poliovirus Reference Laboratory, is accredited by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the testing of faecal specimens from cases of AFP and operates as a Poliovirus Regional Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region. In 2010 and 2011, for the 3rd and 4th consecutive years, Australia met the WHO AFP surveillance performance indicator. This is indicative of a sensitive surveillance system capable of detecting an imported case of polio in children. However, the faecal collection rate for the virological investigation of AFP cases was below the WHO surveillance performance indicator in both years and represented a gap in Australia's polio surveillance. Enterovirus and environmental surveillance were established in Australia as virological surveillance to complement the clinical surveillance schemes. No poliovirus was detected by the clinical or virological surveillance schemes in 2010 or 2011 and Australia maintained its polio-free status. India was declared polio-free in January 2012, a significant step towards global polio eradication, leaving Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan as the remaining countries endemic for wild poliovirus.


Phototaxis response of the toxic microalgae Gymnodinium catenatum was studied in vitro. The percentage of cells remaining at mid-depth 20 min after stirring increased with solar radio, X-ray and solar flares output. It also increased with geomagnetic activity and temperature, and was dependent on culture time. Increase in the local static magnetic field with a permanent magnet did not influence the positive phototaxis response. However, survival and growth to a provoked hypo-osmotic shock in an altered static magnetic field was dependent on culture time and geomagnetic activity at a threshold below 22 nT. The results from phototaxis and hypo-osmotic shock experiments were in line with the previous hypothesis for the existence of two separate deleterious mechanisms conditioning the natural blooms of G. catenatum: one that is dependent on solar radiation and the other that is related to geomagnetic activity. Variations in electromagnetic fields caused by tectonic activity were also capable of influencing G. catenatum phototaxis and growth response in vitro.


Background Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) reffers to acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy for which two different treatments methods show equal efficacy: plasmapheresis and high dose of immunoglobulins. Cost minimisation analysis compares expenses of different treatment methods which are assumed or proven to be equally effective. Purpose The aim of our study was to establish cheaper method of treatment and to identify possible saving mechanisms. Materials and Methods Literature search was performed on efficacy of plasmapheresis and high dose of immunoglobulins in treatment of GBS. Information on treatment procedure was acquired by shadowing physicians during the process, while the calculation of the treatment price per patient was based on the hospital pharmacy data. Results Depending on the choice of treatment method and the manufacturer of human albumins (HA) and immunoglobulins (IVIG), the cost of treatment per patient is from 4 475 to 8 826. Choosing the cheaper tretment method (plasmapheresis) along with cheaper HA and IVIG results in maximum saving of 4 350 per patient, while decreasing the plasmapheresis cycles number from six to five additional 5 074 could be saved. Possible annual savings for treatment of ten patients with GBS is from 43 500 to 50 740. Conclusions The treatment method of choice in GBS in the Clinical centre Banja Luka should be plasmapheresis due to significantly lower costs, with assurance that the cheapest manufacturer of HA is chosen. In treatment of other neurological diseases where efficacy of plasmapheresis and high doses of IVIG are shown to be equal lays the opportunity for significant financial savings. No conflict of interest.


The "Sistema Electrico Patagonico Interconectado (SEPI)" is an electric system that involves the southern Argentina region. This electric system is isolated from the other one in the north of the country. 60% of its load is consumed by an aluminum production plant consisting of two 160 MW series of 200 electrolytic cells. Dynamic and transient stability studies carried out over this system taking into account present and future situations, with load and generation growing at the aluminum plant and in the remaining system, require adequate modeling of this particular load. Tests and simulations carried out to obtain the electrolytic process load model are described. Statistical behavior of the aluminum plant load variations is analyzed, to estimate the spinning reserve in the system. Available load shedding mechanisms at the aluminum plant, as a system control element were tested and the results are analyzed.


Background and Objective: The evaluation of the hospitals performance in order to improve the quality of services provided is of great importance. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of teaching hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS) using Pabon Lasso graph before and after the implementation of the health system transformation plan. Materials and Methods: This project is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on 14 hospitals in SUMS before and after the execution of health system reform plan during the years 2013-2014. The data were collected by referring to monthly activities and AVAB hospital site (hospital data and statistics) and analyzed by Pabon Lasso diagram and paired t-test. Results: Before the implementation of the health system reform plan in 2013, of the total 14 hospitals, 14% were in zone 1 (poor performance) and 28% hospitals in zone 3 (good performance). In 2014, after the implementation of the health system reform plan, 21% of the hospitals were in zone 1 and 21% in zone 3. According to paired t test, the bed occupancy rate had significant difference before and after the health system reform plan (p=0.006). Conclusion: Performance indicators in educational hospitals of SUMS were not in a good condition as compared to the standards. After health system reform plan, changes in the location of hospitals occurred. Therefore, it seems to be necessary that managers and policy makers improve efficiency and increase resource utilization. Key words: Hospital, Performance assessment, Efficiency, Pabon-Lasso model, Health system reform plan, Shiraz Funding: This study did not have any funds. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical approval: The Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences approved the study How to cite this article: Bastani P, Lotfi F, Moradi M, Ahmadzadeh M.S. The Performance Analysis of Teaching Hospitals Affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Before and After Health System Reform Plan Using Pabon Lasso Model. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2016; 15(8): 781-92. [Farsi]


According to the FAIR guiding principles, one of the central attributes for maximizing the added value of information artifacts is interoperability. In this paper, I discuss the importance, and propose a characterization of the notion of Semantic Interoperability. Moreover, I show that a direct consequence of this view is that Semantic Interoperability cannot be achieved without the support of, on one hand, (i) ontologies, as meaning contracts capturing the conceptualizations represented in information artifacts and, on the other hand, of (ii) Ontology, as a discipline proposing formal meth- ods and theories for clarifying these conceptualizations and articulating their representations. In particular, I discuss the fundamental role of formal ontological theories (in the latter sense) to properly ground the construction of representation languages, as well as methodological and computational tools for supporting the engineering of ontologies (in the former sense) in the context of FAIR.


In the present work, bead-on-plate welds of mild steel and aluminum alloy are made with an automatic TIG arc welding machine, the traveller and filler rod feeder of which have been made to be driven by individual stepping motors manually and automatically controlled, and welding thermal cycles, weld bead shape and penetration are examined. Detailed discussions cover the heat flow in filler rod as well as in parent plate and the cross-sectional configuration of weld bead in connection with the process variables such as welding heat and ratio of feed speed to travel speed, i.e., length of rod deposited per unit weld length. The main results are summarized as follows:The traveller and feeder, individually, are smoothly driven at accurate speeds with acceptable step response. By increasing the welding heat, both the penetration depth and the cross-sectional area of molten base metal are increased linearly, and the bead width is increased by increments reduced with welding heat. For a given welding heat, increasing the ratio of feed speed to travel speed decreases the cross-sectional area of molten base metal as well as the high temperature region in parent plate during welding, and increases the ratio of bead width to penetration depth. The temperature distribution along the filler rod during welding can be approximately derived from the quasi-steady-state one dimensional heat conduction theory, and a fraction of the welding heat which is transferred into the filler rod is 2 to 5 percent and increases with an increase in feed speed of the filler rod.


The conformational stability of globular proteins is remarkably low. Under physiological conditions, the native globular conformation is only from 5 to 15 kcal/mole more stable than unfolded conformations. In addition, small changes in the structure of a protein such as removing one terminal residue or cleaving a single peptide bond frequently lead to a substantial decrease in the stability. Likewise, single substitutions in the amino acid sequence can increase or decrease the stability by several kilocalories per mole. The low conformational stability of globular proteins and the sensitivity to small changes in structure suggest a possible role for conformational stability in the intracellular degradation of proteins. Several lines of evidence from in vivo studies of protein degradation are consistent with this idea.


The NX-borehole jack is a widely used tool for estimating the deformability of rock masses in-situ. It applies unidirectional pressure to the walls of a rock borehole by means of two steel platens. In theory, the analysis of test data is straightforward: the modulus estimate requires a record of applied hydraulic pressure versus borehole diameter change, and a knowledge of the rock's Poisson's ratio. In practice, the above procedure, using the original theoretical formula, frequently has resulted in computing a material modulus that was demonstrably too low. Today, it is finally understood how one or more of the following factors can provide a low modulus estimate: (1) the longitudinal outward bending of the jack plates which gives artificially high readings of the displacement gages and (2) the mismatch between borehole and jack platen radii, which would negate the full platen/rock contact assumed in the original analysis, and (3) tensile cracking of the intact rock or tensile opening of natural joints around the borehole under the jack. The detailed discussion of the theoretical developments is contained in a separate paper, which should be a complement to this draft. This document outlines a suggested procedure for testing with the NX-jack, and analyzing the test results in a medium which is assumed to be isotropic, linear, clastic, and homogeneous.