How can a new material technology create growth? Is having a better material a guarantee for industrial success? This work suggests that technological growth requires a different level of analysis to enable a holistic understanding of issues around the production capability for a new material technology. In this paper issues around the development of the composite material industry are explored. The main tenet behind this work is that the composite industry is locked in a capability trap; the paradox of fixating on seemingly profitable short-term results, while losing focus on the strategic vision. A qualitative study and interviews with experts in composites provide the basic evidence to initiate the discussion around this phenomenon.


Practicable methods are now available for whole population screening of neonates for cystic fibrosis. Although diagnosis and treatment of the disease from birth has not yet been unequivocally shown to improve prognosis, existing evidence suggests that this is likely. Further ethical reasons are proposed in support of neonatal diagnosis and early treatment. The development of tests for prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection is under active investigation, and raises ethical problems for heterozygotes and their medical advisers. The heavy financial and emotional burden this disease imposes on the patient and the family should not be underestimated when policy decisions are made.


The objective of this study was to determine amenability of different tropical maize genotypes to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the NPK1 gene for conference of drought tolerance. To achieve this, immature embryos fro m thirteen maize genotypes (IL1, IL3, IL15, IL16, IL28, IL38, IL42, IL43, Hudiba-1, Hudiba-2, Mojtamma-45, A188 and KAT) were transformed by cocultivating with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 harboring the pSHX004 vector. Transgenic tussues were recovered on PPT (3 mg/l)-containing mediu m. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed between the genotypes with respect to transformation frequency (TF). Overall, IL3 was identified as the most amenable to transformat ion with a TF of 31.7% and proved to be superior to A188, which recorded a TF of 5.82%. Hudiba-2 was identified as the most transformable open pollinated variety (OPV) with a TF o f 8.7% co mpared to that of 7.3% for KAT. IL1 and Mojtamma-45 proved to be poor responders to transformation with TFs of 2.5% and 1.7%, respectively. Putative transgenics were recovered fro m IL3, IL15, Hudiba-2, IL1, IL38, Hudiba-1, A188 and KAT. The frequency of regeneration of PPT resistant shoots varied from 6% for A 188 to 100% fo r Hudiba-2. Stable integration of the transgene was confirmed by PCR. In conclusion we have demonstrated that tropical maize genotypes adapted to Sudan are transformab le with the NPK1 gene. Keywo rds Tropical Maize, Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation, NPK1, Drought Tolerance


ABSTRACT Different mixes of the same policy attributes at different levels can deliver different ecological and social results. The prediction and assessment of policy impacts can help policy makers make better decision. Using the results of a contingent behaviour study, the ability of alternative policy instruments to reduce stocking rates in Inner Mongolia to levels that are regarded as ecologically sustainable is assessed. The policy mixes that are shown to satisfy the ecological criteria are then ranked using a choice model in terms of their utility relative to what the current policy mix provides herders. Only, policy mixes that combine incentives (such as increased pensions, more generous loan provisions and greater subsidies) with penalties (including increased monitoring and enforcement of stocking rate rules) are able to achieve both the stocking rate reduction and herder utility improvement goals.


Two kinds of SnS2 materials were prepared through the hydrothermal route, respectively using thioacetamide (TAA) and thiourea as the sulfur source. The as-prepared SnS2 samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N2-sorption. The results showed that the SnS2 sample prepared with TAA had a lengthening shape, a smaller size and surface area, but a better adsorption of rhodamine B (RhB). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was used to confirm that there was an interaction between RhB molecule and SnS2 contributing to the strong adsorption of RhB.


Abstract Background: The Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) responses that emerge from spontaneous reactions to cigarette warning labels remain understudied. We identified the EPPM responses in reactions to cigarette warning labels and evaluated their predictors and relationship with warning perceptions. Methods: U.S. adult current smokers, transitioning smokers (quit in the past two years or currently quitting) and never smokers (n = 1838) saw nine of 81 cigarette warning labels. Participants freely wrote their thoughts after viewing the first label and reported perceived informativeness, negative emotions, and denial for this label. Responses were coded for the presence of the EPPM response categories. Multivariable logistic regression models described adaptive and maladaptive respondent characteristics, and linear regression models assessed the relationship between the response categories and label perceptions. Results: Participants' responses contained adaptive (65.4%), maladaptive (16.5%), no response (14.7%), and mixed responses (both adaptive and maladaptive; 3.4%). Current smokers had decreased odds of adaptive response compared to never and transitioning smokers. Compared to text warnings, pictorial warnings were associated with increased odds of adaptive and decreased odds of maladaptive responses. Adaptive response was associated with increased odds of intentions to quit smoking. Adaptive respondents reported the highest levels of informativeness and negative emotions among the four response categories. Conclusions: The finding demonstrating predominantly adaptive (and few maladaptive) responses to warning labels supports the continued use of fear appeals in warning label design. The greater adaptive and lower maladaptive responses to pictorial warnings could serve as additional evidence for FDA to implement pictorial warning labels. Graphical Abstract


The construction of Facial Deformable Models (FDMs) is a very challenging computer vision problem, since the face is a highly deformable object and its appearance drastically changes under different poses, expressions, and illuminations. Although several methods for generic FDMs construction, have been proposed for facial landmark localization in still images, they are insufficient for tasks such as facial behaviour analysis and facial motion capture where perfect landmark localization is required. In this case, person-specific FDMs (PSMs) are mainly employed, requiring manual facial landmark annotation for each person and person-specific training. In this paper, a novel method for the automatic construction of PSMs is proposed. To this end, an orthonormal subspace which is suitable for facial image reconstruction is learnt. Next, to correct the fittings of a generic model, image congealing (i.e., batch image aliment) is performed by employing only the learnt orthonormal subspace. Finally, the corrected fittings are used to construct the PSM. The image congealing problem is solved by formulating a suitable sparsity regularized rank minimization problem. The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the art methods that is compared to, in terms of both landmark localization accuracy and computational time.


Linkage of household survey responses with administrative data is increasingly on the agenda. Unique individual identifiers have clear benefits for making linkages but are also subject to problems of survey item non-response and measurement error. Our experimental study that linked survey responses to UK government agency records on benefits and tax credits elucidates this trade-off. We compare five linkage criteria: one based on a respon-dent-supplied National Insurance Number (NINO) and the other four using different combinations of sex, name, address and date of birth. As many linkages were made using non-NINO-based matches as were made using matches on NINO and the former were also relatively accurate when assessed in terms of false-positive and false-negative linkage rates. The potential returns from hierarchical and pooled matching are also examined.


The question of how to test if collected data for a case-control study are misclassified was investigated. A mixed approach was employed to calculate the Bayes factor to assess the validity of the null hypothesis of no-misclassification. A real-world data set on the association between lung cancer and smoking status was used as an example to illustrate the proposed method.


Therapeutic proteins (TPs) comprise a variety of modalities, including antibody-based drugs, coagulation factors, recombinant cytokines, enzymes, growth factors, and hormones. TPs usually cannot traverse cellular barriers and exert their pharmacological activity by interacting with targets on the exterior membrane of cells or with soluble ligands in the tissue interstitial fluid/blood. Due to their large size, lack of cellular permeability, variation in metabolic fate, and distinct physicochemical characteristics, TPs are subject to different absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes as compared with small molecules. Limited regulatory guidance makes it challenging to determine the most relevant ADME data required for regulatory submissions. The TP ADME working group was sponsored by the Translational and ADME Sciences Leadership Group within the Innovation and Quality (IQ) consortium with objectives to: (1) better understand the current practices of ADME data generated for TPs across IQ member companies, (2) learn about their regulatory strategies and interaction experiences, and (3) provide recommendations on best practices for conducting ADME studies for TPs. To understand current ADME practices and regulatory strategies, an industry-wide survey was conducted within IQ member companies. In addition, ADME data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration was also collated by reviewing regulatory submission packages of TPs approved between 2011 and 2020. This article summarizes the key learnings from the survey and an overview of ADME data presented in biologics license applications along with future perspectives and recommendations for conducting ADME studies for internal decision-making as well as regulatory submissions for TPs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This article provides comprehensive assessment of the current practices of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data generated for therapeutic proteins (TPs) across the Innovation and Quality participating companies and the utility of the data in discovery, development, and regulatory submissions. The TP ADME working group also recommends the best practices for condu-cting ADME studies for internal decision-making and regulatory submissions.


In this paper, Saint-Venant end effects for plane deformations of transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials are investigated. The stress decay rates in linear piezoelectric strips that are traction free with two kinds of electrical boundary conditions are considered. The characteristic equations for decay rate are obtained for symmetric and antisymmetric deformations. Numerical values are given for the roots with the smallest positive real part, which are associated with the slowest decay. Saint-Venant end effects of piezoelectric materials of crystal class 6mm penetrate much further into strip than those of elastic isotropic materials.


Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of functional constipation in obstetric population in our context and to explore the extent to which pregnant females were aware of the problem and their usual practices to deal with it. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted on 332 pregnant females, from June 2017 to June 2018 in gynaecology unit 3, Karachi Medical and Dental College (using a convenient sampling technique after taking ethical approval). All the pregnant females visiting antenatal out-patient department from age 17 - 46 years were included in the study. The validated Rome III criteria were used to diagnose functional constipation. Information regarding awareness of constipation and demographic data, with the measure used for relief of constipation identified.The data analysis was performed by SPSS version 20. Qualitative data was presented as frequency and percentage. Bar graph was also used for presentation of the qualitative data. Results: Out of the total of 332 pregnant females, functional constipation was observed in 207 (62.3%) females according to the Rome III Criteria. Evaluating the awareness of constipation and its associated problems during pregnancy our study showed that 61.1% pregnant females responded positively when reporting to doctor about constipation. While encountering functional constipation the most commonly used remedial measure was Ispaghol (Husk) observed in 74 (35.7%) pregnant females. The observations of our study revealed that 89 (43.0%) pregnant women having functional constipation were well aware about constipation and its consequences in pregnancy. Conclusion: It is concluded that functional constipation occurs commonly in pregnancy in our context. Moreover, these females were mostly well aware of constipation and its worst outcomes during pregnancy.


This article by Golub and Crum presents six important lessons worth remembering from the credit crisis of 2007–2009.The recent credit crisis revealed the inadequacy of many standard methods in quantitative risk management and called into question the general efficiency of markets. Golub and Crum's analysis of the six lessons learned provides insights into what went wrong and offers advice on steps that institutions can take to avoid similar failures in the future.The authors present detailed analysis on risk management issues relating to liquidity, securitized products, certification,market risk, and policy risk.


Objective: To assess the influence of alkalinization of lignocaine on pain character during open carpal tunnel release. Methodology: This prospective, randomized and double blind investigation included 103 subjects, of both gender, aged 51-63 years, classed I-II physical status according to the American society of Anesthesiologists and scheduled for elective outpatient open carpal tunnel decompression under local anesthesia at Prince Hashim Military Hospital, Zarqa, Jordan from December 2015 to June 2017. Participants were divided into two groups; Group I (n=50) patients were administered plain lignocaine 2%(5 ml) mixed with 5 ml of isotonic normal saline and Group II (n=53) patients were administered alkalinized lignocaine 2% (5 ml of plain lignocaine 2%) mixed with 1 ml of sodium bicarbonate 8.4%(1mmol/1 ml) and 4 ml of normal saline. Local anesthesia was achieved at the incision from proximal to distal direction. Infiltration pain was evaluated using a 0-10 numerical score of Likert verbal Analogue Scale after infiltration. Anesthesia satisfaction was scored on a scale from 1(least satisfied) to 5(most satisfied). Statistics were performed using ANOVA test.
Results: Total median pain score on local anesthetic infiltration was 3.9 (range 3.5-4.2) in group I, while it was 1.6 (range 1.3-1.9) in group II (P


Invisibility has attracted intensive research in various communities, e.g., optics, electromagnetics, acoustics, thermodynamics, etc. However, the most of them have only been experimentally achieved by virtue of simplified approaches due to their inhomogeneous and extreme parameters imposed by transformation-optic method, and usually require challenging realization with metamaterials. In this paper, we demonstrate an advanced bilayer thermal cloak with naturally available materials first time. This scheme, directly from thermal conduction equation, has been validated as an exact cloak rather than a reduced one, and we experimentally confirmed its perfect performance (heat-front maintenance and heat protection) in an actual setup. The proposed scheme may open a new avenue to control the diffusive heat flow in ways inconceivable with phonons.


Powder metallurgy (P/M) is known as an industrial part manufacturing by powder pressing and sintering using ceramic and metal based particulars, but, P/M method has incorperated the additive manufacturing as a new method which is combined in technologies of laser, machine, design and software. The manufacturing of prototype and/or useful industrial parts has become possible as layer upon layer with today's additive manufacturing technology by using suitable laser, electron and ultraviolet beam in form of powder, wire, sheet and melt from polymer, ceramic and metal based materials. The literature survey has been done about the powder bed/feed additive manufacturing methods, the powder characterizations used in these methods and powder manufacturing methods in this study. In addition, the effect of dimension, shape, physical properties, and chemical purity of powders on the product properties manufactured by powder bed/feed additive manufacturing can be expressed with respect of investigations in the literature.


Abstract Much of the current conversation about social justice, economic responsibility and individual self-realization is informed by an explicit or implicit comparison between capitalist and socialist modernities. The Soviet Union's variety of socialism understandably serves as a critical master referent in this conversation. In this regard, a dominant historical narrative that ties the history of Soviet socialism to the Bolshevik origins imposes serious limitation to available depictions of socialism and histories of the twentieth century. This article turns the Bolshevik fundamentals assigned to the Soviet project into a problem of historical analysis and argues that the Soviet experience has more than one normative vision of socialism to offer. The goal is to foreground the divergence of normative conceptions of the socialist society and individual by historicizing the two principal and presently closely identified ideological-educational undertakings: those of the New Man and the 'New Soviet Person'. By tracing the histories of the two projects, the article shows how the collectivist ethos of the Bolshevism of the 1910–1920s that rejected the ontological differentiation between the individual and his or her social milieu failed to retain its ideological, institutional, and cultural currency even during the 1930s, not to mention throughout the Soviet period.


Since the 2015 'refugee crisis', the lens of researchers has been increasingly focused upon asylum seekers and refugees around the world. Nevertheless, working in the field of refugee studies poses several methodological and data challenges. For example, there is a relative paucity of detailed statistical data on refugee stocks, which has led to researchers favouring the collection of personal, qualitative stories from refugee populations. Although this produces a substantial volume of rich narratives, these can be geographically and temporally specific. The collection of qualitative data is also expensive, time consuming, and labour intensive. Therefore, alongside the increasing institutional and mandatory demands to deposit qualitative material in open access repositories, there is growing recognition of the value of archiving refugee accounts. There are also significant challenges in archiving refugee interview transcripts to enhance broader knowledge. In this paper, we discuss the process of archiving refugee accounts to highlight the practical and ethical challenges of depositing sensitive material. Specifically, we draw upon the archival process that was required upon completion of two Research Council funded projects in the UK. This involved the preparation and depositing of interview transcripts from over 100 refugees. Key challenges that arose included the need to uphold interviewees' confidentiality, the process of anonymisation, and determining the level of access to grant future users. Subsequent issues have involved responding to data requests, permitting selective release of data, and stipulating conditions for release. We then reflect more widely upon the tensions we encountered between procedural and micro-ethics, namely the difference between decisions based upon rules rather than judgement. In doing so, we consider key processes and highlight best practice to be adopted in the future archival of refugee stories.


Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. We studied its mechanisms by addressing the role of inflammasomes in monocytes and their activation by circulating metabolites to produce inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IL18. Blood samples were collected from patients with T2D. Serum was filtered at 3 kDa to remove macromolecules. Inflammasome activation was analyzed by gene expression of various Nod Like Receptors by RT-quantitative PCR as well as IL1β and IL18 secretion from these monocytes in culture (ELISA). Twenty-one patients (38% women) were included in 2016. They were 57±10 years old, BMI were 33.1±6.3 kg/m2. They had T2D for 14±9 years and HbA1c at 9.5±1.2%. Their C Reactive Protein levels was 8.1±8.0 mg/L. Each subject was sampled twice at 4 days of interval: in hyperglycemia (2.56±0.86g/L) then in normoglycemia (1.23±0.41g/L). Two inflammasomes were transcripted: NLRP1 and NLRC4, with significant high level whether in normoglycemia (fold-change 1.47, p=0.01 and 1.33, p=0.02) and hyperglycemia (fold-change 1.41, p=0.02 and 1.31, p=0.04). This transcriptional priming seems to have a functional consequence with IL1β production by monocytes of some T2D patients. Healthy monocytes were collected from voluntary blood donors (Glycaemia: 0.97±0.17g/L). Incubation of them with filtered serum of T2D patients recapitulated the priming signal. The same two inflammasomes were transcripted: NLRP1 and NLRC4, whether in normoglycemia (fold-change 1.35, p=0.002 and 1.23, p=0.02) and hyperglycemia (fold-change 1.31, p=0.01 and 1.30, p=0.052). Although it did not induce activation of mature cytokines. We have shown the activation of NLRP1 and NLRC4 inflammasomes and their secretion of inflammatory cytokine in T2D patients. Some soluble serum metabolites seem directly involved in this inflammatory cascade. Our next objective will be to identify these molecules, which are potential biomarkers of predictive of chronic immune activation in T2D. Disclosure M. Monlun: None. V. Rigalleau: None. L. Blanco: None. K. Mohammedi: Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Other Relationship; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Sanofi. Other Relationship; Self; Sanofi, Takeda Development Centre Europe Ltd., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. P. Blanco: None.


This paper discusses the basic constitutional problem of modern international law since the UN Charter: How can the power-oriented international legal system based on sovereign equality of states be reconciled with the universal recognition of inalienable human rights deriving from respect for human dignity and popular sovereignty? State representatives, intergovernmental organizations, international judges and non-governmental organizations often express different views on how far the universal recognition of human rights has changed the subjects, structures, general principles, interpretative methods and object and purpose of international law (e.g. by the emergence of erga omnes obligations and jus cogens limiting state sovereignty to renounce human rights treaties, to refuse diplomatic protection of individuals abroad, or domestic implementation of international obligations for the benefit of domestic citizens). The paper explains why effective protection of human rights at home and abroad requires multilevel constitutional protection of individual rights as well as multilevel constitutional restraints of national, regional and worldwide governance powers and procedures. While all European states have accepted that the European Convention on Human Rights and EC law have evolved into international constitutional law, the prevailing paradigm for most states outside Europe remains constitutional nationalism rather than multilevel constitutional pluralism. Consequently, European proposals for reforms of international economic law often aim at constitutional reforms (e.g. of worldwide governance institutions) rather than only administrative reforms, as they are frequently favoured by non-European governments defending state sovereignty and popular sovereignty within a more power-oriented international law among states.


Migration and the mobility of citizens around the globe pose important challenges to the linguistic and cultural homogeneity that nation-states rely on for defining their physical boundaries and identity, as well as the rights and obligations of their citizens. A new social order resulting from neoliberal economic practices, globalisation and outsourcing also challenges traditional ways the nation-state has organized its control over the people who have typically travelled to a new country looking for work or better life chances. This collection provides an account of the ways language addresses core questions concerning power and the place of migrants in various institutional and workplace settings. It brings together contributions from a range of geographical settings to understand better how linguistic inequality is (re)produced in this new economic order.


An analytical model for virtual topology reconfiguration (VTR) in optical networks is developed. It aims at the optical networks with a circuit-based data plane and an IP-like control plane. By identifying and analyzing the important factors impacting the network performance due to VTR operations on both planes, we can compare the benefits and penalties of different VTR algorithms and policies. The best VTR scenario can be adaptively chosen from a set of such algorithms and policies according to the real-time network situations. For this purpose, a cost model integrating all these factors is created to provide a comparison criterion independent of any specific VTR algorithm and policy. A case study based on simulation experiments is conducted to illustrate the application of our models.


An incisional hernia occurs in 11 % to 18.7 % of patients, within 10 years after laparotomy. Morbidity of reconstruction is high and long term results are poor with recurrence rates varying from 32 - 63 % after 10 years of follow-up. Oscar Ramirez described good results by using the Components Separation Method (CSM): non-mesh functional repair in which the external and internal oblique abdominal muscles are separated, allowing large abdominal defects to be closed primarily. All peri-operative measures, as well as technical details of the CSM and possible pitfalls are outlined. In eight human cadavers the CSM was performed and translation of the rectus abdominis muscle was measured. The hypothesis that rotation of separate tissue layers of the abdominal wall, largely accounts for the translation effect of the CSM was rejected. Release of the external oblique muscle produces more benefit than release of the posterior rectus sheath. In a 6 year period, 95 patients were treated with a mean defect-size of 230 cm2. After a median follow-up of 48 months we discovered 15 recurrences (15.7%), of which 13 patients were asymptomatic. We found 1 recurrence (3.8%) in patients with mesh augmentation and 14 (20%) in patients without mesh augmentation (p=0.036). Patients with massive abdominal wall defects can be treated by means of the CSM with good long term results. The additional use of mesh in the pre-fascial retromuscular space, seems to lower the recurrence rate without more restrictions in daily life activities. Detailed analysis of contaminated large abdominal wall hernias showed that they can be closed in one-stage procedures by the CSM with a low recurrence rate but considerable morbidity. In a prospective study we evaluated lung function, physical performance and quality of life before and six months after performing the CSM. Reconstruction by means of the CSM seems not to impair respiratory function on the long term and might improve physical performance and quality of life. Sustained reduction of perfusion of the muscular components of the abdominal wall in the postoperative phase might be an important factor in the origin of fascial dehiscence or incisional hernia formation in patients with increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). In 10 patients planned for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, we investigated the relation between IAP and tissue perfusion in the rectus abdominis muscle. Mean rectus pO2 decreases with rising IAP (p=0.015) and this impaired perfusion seems to be exclusively based on elevation of intra abdominal pressure. Prolonged raised IAP and subsequent impaired perfusion of the rectus muscles seems a risk factor for the development of incisional hernia. In a review we stated that treatment of large abdominal wall defects is not yet standardized. This is not surprising as there are so many variables which have to be respected including aetiology, size and site of the defect, duration of existence and idiosyncrasies of the patient, making controlled studies almost impossible and together with the wide spectrum of therapies, it is doubtful whether this will allow large trials to prove the superiority of one of the techniques over another.


We demonstrate here a controllable variation in the Casimir force. Changes in the force of up to 20% at separations of similar to 100 nm between Au and Ag-In-Sb-Te (AIST) surfaces were achieved on crystallization of an amorphous sample of AIST. This material is well known for its structural transformation, which produces a significant change in the optical properties and is exploited in optical data storage systems. The finding paves the way to the control of forces in nanosystems, such as micro- or nanoswitches, by stimulating the phase-change transition via localized heat sources.


Aso volcano started eruption at the end of November 2014 from the summit crater after dry up of the hot acid crater lake. We report variation of volcanic gas composition during the transition from a stable crater lake, dry up then to eruption. The lake water volume decrease started in early 2013 and almost dried up at the end of 2013. High temperature gas emission from the center of the crater was observed in early 2014. Continuous ash emission with small scale strombolian eruptions started in November 2014 at the center of the crater. During the quiescent period, acid gases are discharged from the surface of the hot acid crater lake (crater lake gas) and high-temperature fumaroles at the southern rim of the crater (south fumarole). The crater lake gas composition is similar to a typical high-temperature gases with high SO2 and H2 contents, suggesting that high-temperature gases continuously supplied to the crater lake. The crater lake gas and the south fumarolic gas have contrasting composition with low and high CO2/SO2 ratio, respectively and the contrasting compositions were interpreted as a results of gas-liquid separation in a hydrothermal system. The contrasting CO2/SO2 ratios, however, did not change by the transition from the stable crater lake to dry then to the eruption, implying that the contrasting compositions are not the results of the hydrothermal differentiation but imply the existence of two different magmatic gases, likely separated from a magma at different conditions. The stable gas compositions indicate that the degassing conditions remains similar during the activity transition.


Electroplated Cr, Ni and Cu were used as interlayer for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond coating on WC–Co cemented carbide cutting tools. The electroplated interlayers were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The CVD diamond coatings were studied by SEM and Raman Scattering Spectroscopy (Raman). The experimental results show that there is diffusion bonded interface between electroplated layer and WC-Co substrate after H plasma treatment, the bond between electroplated layers and WC-Co substrate changes from mechanical bond to metallurgical bond and the adhesion becomes stronger. Electroplated Cr interlayer forms new phases of Cr3C2 and Cr7C3 under CVD conditions, while electroplated Ni and Cu interlayers do not form carbides under CVD conditions. Cr carbides have good chemical compatibility to diamond, and they are propitious to diamond nucleation and growth during the deposition period. The diamond crystal microstructure, diamond quality and adhesion on Cr interlayer are better than those on electroplated Ni and Cu interlayers.


Using reconfigurable static random access memory (SRAM)-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for space-based computation has been a very active area of research for the past decade. Because these commercially available devices are only radiation tolerant in terms of total ionizing dose and single-event latchup, these devices must be qualified for other types of single-event effects to be used in spacecraft. Furthermore, mission requirements often dictate the need to do radiation experiments on the FPGA user circuit. Because both the circuit and the circuit's state are stored in memory that is susceptible to single-event upsets, both could be altered by the harsh space radiation environment. Both the circuit and the circuit's state can be protected by triple-modular redundancy (TMR), but applying TMR to FPGA user designs is often an error-prone process. Faulty application of TMR could cause the FPGA user circuit to output incorrect data. This paper will describe both device-level static testing and user circuit dynamic testing, including a three-tiered methodology for testing FPGA user designs for space readiness.


: A new hybrid microwave photonic link based on a polarization division multiplex- ing Mach-Zehnder modulator (PDM-MZM) is proposed. The link enables co-transmission of millimeter-wave (mmW) and sub-6 GHz wireless signals over a seamless single-mode fiber (SMF) and free-space optics (FSO) channels. Optimization of the chromatic dispersion (CD)-induced power fading regardless of the power fading due to the non-deterministic atmospheric turbulence (AT) is simultaneously demonstrated. Extensive simulation analysis is first presented to examine (i) the impact of CD on mmW (25 GHz) and sub-6 GHz (2.6 GHz) signals, envisioned for the 5th generation networks, and (ii) optimization of CD-induced power fading by changing the phase relations between the optical carrier and optical sidebands in each polarization channel using single tunable polarization controller. A proof-of-concept experiment is finally performed to simultaneously deliver 25 GHz and 2.6 GHz signals with 4/16/64-quadrature amplitude modulation over (i) 20 km SMF and 2 m radio wireless link and (ii) 20 km SMF, 4.2 m FSO (with AT) and 2 m radio wireless links. The optimization of the CD-induced power fading is experimentally verified and link performance shows high tolerance to CD with no power penalties and the measured error vector magnitudes well below the required limits. The predicted bit error rates are also below the forward error correction threshold of 2 × 10 − 4 .


Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond is known for its superior characteristics such as hardness, toughness and wear resistance. However, due to these factors, machining CVD diamond is a difficult material removal process. A new technique to polish CVD diamond film efficiently is reported in the present paper. In the CVD deposition process, boron was doped into diamond to fabricate high-quality semi-conductive film, which make it possible to machine diamond film by electro discharged machining (EDM) method. The relationship between EDM parameter and removal processing was investigated in details. The machined surface of boron doped (B-doped) diamond films was studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Raman Scattering Spectroscopy (Raman). The experimental results show that EDM polishing is a highspeed material removal and low cost method for CVD diamond polishing. When the discharge current and pulse-on time increase in a certain range, the cutting-off speed and roughness will increase correspondingly. The roughness of EDM polished CVD diamond film surface is Ra<0.5μm when the discharge current is at 4A and pulse-on time is at 200μs.


The huge organism called the Indian economy, with its complexities, diversities, and paradoxes, is both fascinating and puzzling. The Oxford Companion to Economics in India (2007) brought together expertise on each slender aspect of the economy. Taking forward the huge popularity of its predecessor, The New Oxford Companion to Economics in India has not only substantially revised and updated many of the original entries but also includes several new entries on emerging areas. The New OCEI focuses on India's role as a global player in the highly volatile financial scenario—the great global recession, the sub-prime crisis, and the revival of G-20 in which India has found itself taking an active role. The New OCEI contextualizes these events and the accompanying policy changes while providing a rich portrait of a dynamic and resilient economy. It is also a 'who's who' of economists on India.
Culled from the collective wisdom of distinguished contributors, including economists, policymakers, and corporate chiefs, the New OCEI is a definitive scholarly reference that will serve the needs of academics, policymakers, journalists, and corporates, as well as all those interested in understanding the unique Indian experience


Phytochemical analyses on the bark of two Clusiaceae plants, Mesua elegans and
Mesua kunstleri, were carried out. Twenty-four compounds were successfully isolated
using several chromatographic techniques; column chromatography (CC), thin layer
chromatography (TLC), preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC), centrifugal
partition chromatography (CPC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using various spectroscopic
methods; 1D-NMR (1H, 13C and DEPT), 2D-NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC and
NOESY), UV, IR, HRESIMS and by comparison with data from the literature.
A total of twenty-two compounds were isolated from M. elegans, namely mammea
A/BA 28, 5,7-dihydroxy-8-(2-methylbutanoyl)-6-[(E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-4-
phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one 47, 5,7-dihydroxy-8-(3-methylbutanoyl)-6-[(E)-3,7-
dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one 48, mammea A/BB 55, mammea
A/BA cyclo D 187, mesuagenin A 189, mesuagenin B 190, mesuagenin C 191,
ochrocarpin E 192, mammea A/BB cyclo F 193, mammea A/BA cyclo F 194,
mesuagenin F 195, mesuagenin D 196, isodisparfuran 197, mesuagenin G 198,
mesuagenin H 199, mesuagenin I 200, mesuagenin J 201, mesuagenin K 202,
mesuagenin L 203, mesuagenin M 204 and mesuagenin N 205, of which thirteen are
new; mesuagenin A 189, mesuagenin B 190, mesuagenin C 191, mesuagenin F 195,
mesuagenin D 196, mesuagenin G 198, mesuagenin H 199, mesuagenin I 200,
mesuagenin J 201, mesuagenin K 202, mesuagenin L 203, mesuagenin M 204 and
mesuagenin N 205.
iii
From M. kunstleri, a total of ten compounds were isolated, which are mammea A/BA
28, 5,7-dihydroxy-8-(2-methylbutanoyl)-6-[(E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-4-phenyl-
2H-chromen-2-one 47, 5,7-dihydroxy-8-(3-methylbutanoyl)-6-[(E)-3,7-dimethylocta-
2,6-dienyl]-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one 48, mammea A/BB 55, mammea A/BB cyclo
D 186, mammea A/BA cyclo D 187, mesuagenin E 188, mesuagenin A 189,
mesuagenin B 190 and mesuagenin C 191, of which one is new; mesuagenin E 188.
Bioassay-guided study of the bark from M. elegans afforded mesuagenin B 190 from
the hexane fraction as the active constituent for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition
activity with an IC50 value of 0.70 μM. Further isolation work carried out on this hexane
extract afforded more natural 4-phenylcoumarins Semi-synthetic work was done on the
major 4-phenylcoumarins from this extract, which afforded seventeen semi-synthetic
compounds. All of the natural and semi-synthetic 4-phenylcoumarin analogues were
subjected to a SAR study for AChE activity. Another bioassay-guided study was carried
out to isolate and evaluate the neuroprotective compounds from the hexane extract of
the bark of M. kunstleri. Mesuagenin C 191 was isolated as the most active compound;
cell viability data demonstrated that this compound significantly increased cell viability
(78.99 ± 3.49%) after NG108-15 cells were exposed to 2 mM H2O2 and 2 hours of
pretreatment with mesuagenin C 191.


Multicast communication allows a single message packet to be routed to multiple nodes simultaneously. Membership in a multicast group is dynamic, allowing nodes to enter and leave the multicast session. Besides the benefits, multicast communication presents the challenge of securing the communication. In order to preserve confidentiality the general encryption mechanism used for point to point communications are used. A specific encryption mechanism rather a general one is needed to suit the multicast communication requirements wherein the life time of a secret key is very short and requires a frequent change. Moreover, the next generation wireless networks have very limited resources and need a light weight security mechanism. The proposed cipher, Multicrypt, is similar to the One Time Pad and Hill cipher based on a sub band coding scheme using the principle of Orthogonal Vectors. The proposed cipher is based on the assumption of Computational Diffie Hellman problem and insolvability of Hadamard conjecture. It is designed to have multiple keys to decrypt the message like asymmetric cryptosystem so that a (key) compromise of a member would not lead to compromise of the entire system, less computational and communicational overheads, less storage complexity and there is no need for state-full members. This study also presents an extensive security analysis and the performance analysis with RSA, a public key encryption mechanism used to establish session keys. With the help of security analysis the study proves that brute force attack does not compromise the system. Multicrypt cryptosystem has the capability of dynamically adding and revoking members. The performance of Multicrypt is relatively better in terms of key setup time, encryption time, decryption time, encryption throughput and decryption throughput than RSA in the simulated setup. The proposed cipher is also proved to be secure against IND-CPA and IND-CCA attacks.


The last decade has seen an increased accumulation of media snapshots of celebrity activism on the international stage, to a point where world leaders scramble to get access to figures like Bono and Bob Geldof. This paper argues that the global capabilities of celebrity diplomats should not be undervalued or dismissed. Where traditional sites of statecraft, such as the Group of Eight (G8), face a myriad of challenges of legitimacy and efficiency, a new type of transnational advocate has surfaced - one in which movie stars, musicians, and CEOs have eased into quite dramatically. Their ability to gain extended face-time with prominent national leaders, while their message is heard at both the mass and elite level means that they are engaging in the kind of widespread communication that underpins successful diplomacy. This paper demonstrates that above all others, Bono and Bob Geldof have become significant, ascendant diplomatic actors in a global system that is open to their inclusion in ways that very few would have anticipated.


The article presents two love songs in Afghan Balochi recorded in March 2001 and July 2003 respectively (in Iranian Sistan). The singer is a Baloch man from Afghani Sistan. The poems are typical love songs from a pastoral nomadic society describing the beauty of the beloved in terms of his natural environment. Dialect: Afghan Rakhshani.


The recommender system is one of indispensable components in many e-commerce websites. One of the major challenges that largely remains open is the cold-start problem, which can be viewed as a barrier that keeps the cold-start users/items away from the existing ones. In this paper, we aim to break through this barrier for cold-start users/items by the assistance of existing ones. In particular, inspired by the classic Elo Rating System, which has been widely adopted in chess tournaments; we propose a novel rating comparison strategy (RAPARE) to learn the latent profiles of cold-start users/items. The center-piece of our RAPARE is to provide a fine-grained calibration on the latent profiles of cold-start users/items by exploring the differences between cold-start and existing users/items. As a generic strategy, our proposed strategy can be instantiated into existing methods in recommender systems. To reveal the capability of RAPARE strategy, we instantiate our strategy on two prevalent methods in recommender systems, i.e., the matrix factorization based and neighborhood based collaborative filtering. Experimental evaluations on five real data sets validate the superiority of our approach over the existing methods in cold-start scenario.


Glinkowski was the lead policy officer in the Visual Arts Department at Arts Council England National Office (2001-03) concerned with strategy for artists' studios. In this role, Glinkowski masterminded a series of three National Studios Conferences, and authored and edited an accompanying publication 'Open Studios: A Gem Worth Polishing'[http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/1814/]

Consequently, Glinkowski was re-engaged by ACE to research and develop a major conference/seminar event to address the following questions: Do artists' studios organisations in England need an agency to represent their collective interests? If so, what form should it take and what steps and resources would be needed to bring it into being?

Following a period of extensive consultation with studio groups across England, Glinkowski developed and delivered an event, held at the DCMS office in Central London in May 2005, which brought together representatives of around 60 studio organisations (representing all nine RDA regions of England) to debate and produce an outline action plan to deliver a national artists' studios agency. Glinkowski produced a report of the conference, for internal use by ACE, and also as the foundational document for a new organisation. The outcome of this piece of action research and the event in which it culminated was the formation in 2005 of the National Federation of Artists' Studios Providers (NFASP), 'the professional membership body for groups and organisations providing affordable artists' studios in England'. The provision of suitable and affordable artists' workspace has been identified by Arts Council England as a priority development need within the overall infrastructure of the visual arts in the UK. The NFASP will be a key strategic organisation in enabling this development to happen.


This study evaluated risk factors for injurious and noninjurious slips, trips, and falls among painters and investigated the hypothesis that exposure to solvents influenced the risk of such accidents. The data were collected longitudinally over an 11 month period. Weekly self-administered questionnaires detailed paint solvent exposure; work-related slips, trips, and falls (STFs); and potentially hazardous job tasks and environmental conditions. An initial questionnaire ascertained personal data, such as age, solvent exposure history, and alcohol consumption. During the study, 2,088 person-weeks of data were collected. Some participants provided many weeks of data, while others responded sporadically. Exposure to potentially hazardous environmental conditions was significantly related to the occurrence of STFs during a week. Several measures of solvent exposure were evaluated for their effect on STFs. Low solvent exposure during a week significantly increased the occurrence of slips, trips, and falls compared to no exposure. Moderate and high weekly exposure were not associated with increased risk, however. Week-to-week variability in the amount of solvent exposure was a strong positive predictor of STFs. Further analysis showed that both increases and decreases in solvent exposure between the preceding 2 weeks and the week of the STF were positively related to the risk of such events. The strongest effect was observed for exposure increases over the preceding 2 weeks. Overall, the results suggest that solvent exposure variability may increase accident risk, and possible explanations are explored.


We have determined the expression pattern of arylsulfatase in embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Polyclonal antibodies raised against a fusion protein containing sequences encoded by SpARSI (Yang et al., 1989, Dev. Biol. 135: 53–61, 1989) detect several peptides of 65–70 kD on immunoblots. Treatment with glycopeptidase F shows that at least one of these peptides is modified by N‐linked glycosylation, which accounts for some of the peptide diversity. We have also identified a second arylsulfatase gene (SpARSII) whose sequence is highly similar to ARS, a gene expressed in the Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus embryo. Arylsulfatase activity is detectable in unfertilized eggs, in which only SpARSII mRNA can be detected. Both SpARSI and SpARSII mRNAs increase greatly in abundance during embryogenesis accompanied by parallel changes in arylsulfatase activity and immunoreactivity. Immunohistochemistry with the anti‐SpARSI antibody shows that arylsulfatase accumulates primarily along the apical surface of the aboral ectoderm of pluteus larvae, and to a lesser extent along portions of oral ectoderm. At earlier stages, the protein is more uniformly distributed along all presumptive ectoderm, reflecting a more uniform mRNA distribution. Treatment of embryos with glycine‐EDTA, which dissociates but does not lyse cells of the embryo, releases virtually all enzymatic activity and all immunoreactive protein. Embryos cultured in sulfate‐free sea water, which arrest at gastrula stage, show normal accumulation and secretion of peptide detected with the SpARSI antibody.


Abstract Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis was manifested as deep-type erythema annulare centrifugum. Sensitivity to progesterone was studied in vivo by means of intradermal and patch tests, which revealed immediate-type and delayed-type hypersensitivity, respectively. Sensitivity to progesterone was further confirmed in vitro by results of an interferon-γ release test, which imply a possible role for T H 1-type cytokines in autoimmune progesterone dermatitis. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:311-3.)


Air pollution is now recognized as an important independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and may be responsible for up to 3 million premature deaths each year worldwide. The mechanisms underlying the observed effects are poorly understood but are likely to be multifactorial. Here, we review the acute and chronic effects of air pollution exposure on the cardiovascular system and discuss how these effects may explain the observed increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.


In 1888 I published a brief account of this remarkable specimen, which has been since that time frequently referred to by writers on palæozoic Selachii. I regret that it is only now, after an interval of nearly nine years, that I send to the Secretary of the Society a detailed description, accompanied by drawings; but perhaps there is, after all, a counterbalancing advantage in having meanwhile been able to compare it with the descriptions and figures of other ancient Cladodont sharks given by American writers, namely, Newberry, Claypole, Bashford Dean, and Cope. But as the main object of the present paper is to lay before ichthyologists the facts which are shown in this unique specimen, I shall for the present avoid as much as possible the discussion of those theoretical points which may be suggested by the structures therein displayed. Description.—The specimen represented in Plate iv., fig. 1, as one half natural size, is in the collection of Mr. James Neilson of Glasgow, who obtained it from the late Mr. Andrew Patton of East Kilbride, by whom it was recovered from the quarry there. As the pieces of which it is composed came up separately from the workings, Mr. Patton did not, I understand, feel quite sure that they all belonged to the same specimen. They were, however, fitted together by Mr. Neilson, and after a most careful scrutiny of the whole, I came to the conclusion that the fragments did belong to the same specimen, and that they were This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract


ABSTRACT
The title of this research is "Jenis Interjeksi Panggilan dalam Bahasa Jepang dan Bahasa Indonesia.The thesis is finished in 2016, conducted by Fransiska Dewi Ekaweti a student of Japanese Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University. The first advisor of my research is Mrs Dra. Sri Puji Astuti, M.Pd and the second advisoris Miss Maharani Patria Ratna, S.S.,M.Hum.
My research problems are : 1. What are the interjection calls in One Piece's comic in volume 1-6 and Wind Rider? 2. How is the relationship between the speaker and partner about interjection calls a discourse?3.How to determined types of interjection calls in Japanese and bahasa Indonesia in term of politeness?
The purpose of this research are : 1. Describe interjection calls is used in One Piece's comic in volume 1-6 and Wind Rider. 2. Describe relationship connection between speaker and partner about interjection calls that used in a discourse.3. Classify the type of interjection calls in Japanese and bahasa Indonesia in term of politeness. The research method used is divided into 3 levels that are collect of the data,analys of data, and serving the result of the data. In the collect of the data is used library method with 'simak baca' technique.
The research is finded the kind of interjection calls in One Piece' comic volume 1-6 that is "oi,ano,oo,sa,hora,oioi,yaa,kora,you,chotto,nee and naa. While in Wind Rider's comic there is "hei,ayo,hoi,hai and ssst. Beside that based on the relation between speaker and partner about interjection calls that they say,it is the relation to the speaker as a friend,family,rival and stranger.
Keywords :interjection,pragmatic,interjection calls,context,relationship, politeness.


: Objective. To investigate the effects of different moving speeds on isokinetic dynamometry of knee flexors and extensors, and to provide normative data for comparative purposes in strength evaluations. Method. Thirty healthy male were tested at 60, 180, and 240 deg/sec angular velocities using a REV9000 testing and rehabilitation system. Result. Both PT (peak torque) and PT/BW (peak torque/body weights) showed significant differences (P< 0.01, P< 0.05) between flexors and extensors, and declined significantly with increased speed (P< 0.001). Peak torque differences between dominant and nondominant knee (Di%) was 10%. TPT (time to peak torque) tended to decrease as moving speeds increased (P< 0.001). APT (angle of peak torque) were 50%-70% for quadriceps, and 32%-45% for hamstrings; H/Q (hamstrings peak torque/quadriceps peak torque) was 50%-60%; WF (work fatigue) was 65%. Conclusion. The results provided a reference for strength evaluations in space medicine and space physiology, especially under simulated weightlessness and microgravity.


Importance
Blood pressure (BP) is a known risk factor for overall mortality and cardiovascular (CV)-specific fatal and nonfatal outcomes. It is uncertain which BP index is most strongly associated with these outcomes.

Objective
To evaluate the association of BP indexes with death and a composite CV event.

Design, Setting, and Participants
Longitudinal population-based cohort study of 11 135 adults from Europe, Asia, and South America with baseline observations collected from May 1988 to May 2010 (last follow-ups, August 2006-October 2016).

Exposures
Blood pressure measured by an observer or an automated office machine; measured for 24 hours, during the day or the night; and the dipping ratio (nighttime divided by daytime readings).

Main Outcomes and Measures
Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) expressed the risk of death or a CV event associated with BP increments of 20/10 mm Hg. Cardiovascular events included CV mortality combined with nonfatal coronary events, heart failure, and stroke. Improvement in model performance was assessed by the change in the area under the curve (AUC).

Results
Among 11 135 participants (median age, 54.7 years, 49.3% women), 2836 participants died (18.5 per 1000 person-years) and 2049 (13.4 per 1000 person-years) experienced a CV event over a median of 13.8 years of follow-up. Both end points were significantly associated with all single systolic BP indexes (P < .001). For nighttime systolic BP level, the HR for total mortality was 1.23 (95% CI, 1.17-1.28) and for CV events, 1.36 (95% CI, 1.30-1.43). For the 24-hour systolic BP level, the HR for total mortality was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.16-1.28) and for CV events, 1.45 (95% CI, 1.37-1.54). With adjustment for any of the other systolic BP indexes, the associations of nighttime and 24-hour systolic BP with the primary outcomes remained statistically significant (HRs ranging from 1.17 [95% CI, 1.10-1.25] to 1.87 [95% CI, 1.62-2.16]). Base models that included single systolic BP indexes yielded an AUC of 0.83 for mortality and 0.84 for the CV outcomes. Adding 24-hour or nighttime systolic BP to base models that included other BP indexes resulted in incremental improvements in the AUC of 0.0013 to 0.0027 for mortality and 0.0031 to 0.0075 for the composite CV outcome. Adding any systolic BP index to models already including nighttime or 24-hour systolic BP did not significantly improve model performance. These findings were consistent for diastolic BP.

Conclusions and Relevance
In this population-based cohort study, higher 24-hour and nighttime blood pressure measurements were significantly associated with greater risks of death and a composite CV outcome, even after adjusting for other office-based or ambulatory blood pressure measurements. Thus, 24-hour and nighttime blood pressure may be considered optimal measurements for estimating CV risk, although statistically, model improvement compared with other blood pressure indexes was small.


To date in literature, GARCH model has been described not suitable for non-linear foreign exchange series and therefore this paper proposes an Augmented GARCH model that could capture both linear and non-linear behavior of data. The properties of this new model is derived and found to have a minimum variance compared with GARCH model. We employ the use of Brock-DechertScheinkman (BDS) test statistic to confirm the suitability of GARCH model on the data; the new methodology proposed is illustrated with foreign exchange rate data from Great Britain (Pound) and Botswana (Pula) against United States of America (Dollar).


During its 2013-14 term, the Supreme Court focused on labor relations, wage and hour law, whistleblowing, and employee benefits in several cases. The Court also addressed constitutional issues concerning the First Amendment, the Recess Appointments Clause, and affirmative action. The Court did not decide any employment discrimination cases during the term. Even without employment discrimination cases, the 2013-2014 term provided ten key cases of importance to labor and employment lawyers. Three of these cases involved distinctly different matters of concern for organized labor. Two cases addressed employee whistleblowing matters. Three cases focused on employee benefits. Two cases addressed issues tangentially-related to employment law. One case involved affirmative action. Another case addressed taxation of severance payments. In assessing the past term, one has to note the remarkable number of unanimous rulings. On the other hand, many of those "unanimous" decisions arose from general agreement on a limited result with blistering opinions questioning the majority's rationale. At one point, commentators even referred to the unanimity of the Supreme Court this past term as "specious" or "faux-nanimity." To explore the common theme of false unanimity, this Article reviews both the unanimous components of the decisions as well as the Justices' existing divisions, especially over different approaches to interpreting the meaning of words. Finally, the Article identifies the significance of the Supreme Court's 2013-14 labor and employment decisions and forecasts similar issues likely in store for the Court in the near future.


Series Ti-Si-C-N coatings with different carbon were deposited on a high-speed-steel substrate by means of pulsed direct current plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The structure and hardness were subsequently investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and microindentation measurements. It was found that the carbon content had a profound effect on the microstructure and hardness of the Ti-Si-C-N coatings. The results indicated that these coatings consisted of the dominant nanocrystalline Ti(C, N), accompanying with a small amount of silicide (TiSi2, Si3N4 or SiC) dispersed within the dominant phase. An increase in C content resulted in the decrease in the grain size and the increase in fcc-structure lattice parameter. A maximum hardness of 48 GPa was achieved for a two-phase {Ti (C N) + SiC} structure at the C content of 38.6 at.%.


If emissions from a sector are unobservable, direct emissions policies are unlikely to be extended to this sector. However, alternative policies based on observable quantities may be able to reduce emissions from the unregulated source at costs similar to a first-best policy. This paper evaluates the costs of policy instruments for reducing GHG emissions from cropland agriculture, a large source of emissions that are unobservable, using an integrated biophysical and economic model. Results suggest that policies regulating readily observable quantities can reduce agricultural N2O emissions at costs approaching those of the unavailable emissions tax. However, alternative policies with costs similar to the emissions tax may have considerably different impacts on agricultural sector profit.


This paper reports on a choice experiment where respondents stated their preferences for different wetland parcels. The study used hypothetical surveys to measure respondents' preferences, but in one survey version respondents expected and received a follow-up question involving real monetary payments. The results indicate that those respondents who received hypothetical surveys that included a real-money question registered a different preference function from those respondents who received a survey that asked respondents to answer hypothetical questions only. The study finds that respondents may reverse their preferences for parcel attributes, such as public access to the parcel as related to presentation.


In recent decades, biocatalysis has attracted more and more attention, contributing significantly to synthetic organic chemistry and biotechnology and thereby advancing the development of greener and more sustainable synthetic processes. As a versatile enzyme, carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) are widely distributed in bacteria, fungi and plants. Recent seminal studies focusing on CARs have demonstrated that they can efficiently and selectively reduce a broad range of carboxylic acid substrates to their corresponding aldehyde moieties, which constitutes a very difficult transformation using chemical methods. However, the full potential of CARs is yet to be explored. In this review, we summarize the progress of CARs from an evolutionary point of view, including the convergence/divergence between CARs and knowledge of the catalytic mechanism. Particular emphasis is placed on recent advances in practical applications as well as future developments.


Local bed shear stress (Τw) is a fluid dynamic parameter of importance in determining the physical and biological characteristics of stream‐bed environments. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to measure Τw under field conditions. Herein we describe the use of a Preston‐static tube, which is essentially a surface‐mounted Pitot‐static tube, to measure Τw in mountain streams. Our results indicate that it is possible to measure local shear stress quickly, consistently, and inexpensively in the field. This technique also provides high spatial resolution, which should allow for detailed in situ studies of local shear stress at scales relevant to lotic organisms. Such information will be invaluable in studies of benthic organisms and hydraulically relevant phenomena in the near‐bottom zone of lotic systems.


The stochastic block model with two communities, or equivalently the planted bisection model, is a popular model of random graph exhibiting a cluster behavior. In the symmetric case, the graph has two equally sized clusters and vertices connect with probability p within clusters and q across clusters. In the past two decades, a large body of literature in statistics and computer science has focused on providing lower bounds on the scaling of | p - q| to ensure exact recovery. In this paper, we identify a sharp threshold phenomenon for exact recovery: if α = pn/log(n) and β = qn/ log(n) are constant (with α > β), recovering the communities with high probability is possible if (α + β/2) - √(αβ) > 1 and is impossible if (α + β/2) - √(αβ) <; 1. In particular, this improves the existing bounds. This also sets a new line of sight for efficient clustering algorithms. While maximum likelihood (ML) achieves the optimal threshold (by definition), it is in the worst case NP-hard. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm based on a semidefinite programming relaxation of ML, which is proved to succeed in recovering the communities close to the threshold, while numerical experiments suggest that it may achieve the threshold. An efficient algorithm that succeeds all the way down to the threshold is also obtained using a partial recovery algorithm combined with a local improvement procedure.


The Laplace equation in the exterior of the unit sphere with a Dirichlet boundary condition arises from geodesy, oceanography and meteorology. This problem is reformulated into a weakly singular integral equation on the sphere. We study the use of spherical radial basis functions to find approximate solutions to this integral equation using collocation methods. Experiments with data collected by a NASA satellite are performed to clarify the method. Our results illustrate how scattered data can be handled when solving boundary value problems in the exterior of the sphere.

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Bivalves influence both the ecology and the economy of coastal regions. By filterfeeding on particles in the water column, these organisms reduce turbidity and link benthic and pelagic production. In addition, production and sales of harvested bivalves are a source of income in coastal areas like the Eastern Shore of Virginia (USA). Phytoplankton are known to be a main food source to many bivalves; however, ocean-side lagoons off the coast of Virginia support extensive aquaculture of Mercenaria mercenaria (hard clams) in waters with relatively low chlorophyll concentrations. The ultimate energy sources supporting these clams are uncertain but significant because seagrass restoration, sea level rise, and climate change will potentially change the quality and quantity of primary production available to these populations. We measured the C, N, and H isotopic ratios of aquaculture clams and a variety of primary producers in a Virginia coastal lagoon over an annual cycle and conducted a Bayesian mixing model analysis to identify current energy sources for clams. By adding a third isotopic ratio (hydrogen), we were able to improve precision over a 2-isotope model based on C and N isotopes. Our analysis reveals that field-cultured clams in Virginia coastal lagoons are significantly supported by microalgae (23 to 44%) but gain most of their energy from macroalgae (55 to 66%), and only a small fraction from macrophytes (0 to 14%). While macroalgae are often an indicator of coastal eutrophication, these algae can be an important food source to bivalves when abundant in low nitrogen, oligotrophic systems. Our results also indicate hydrogen stable isotopes are useful in concert with other isotopes for tracing sources in coastal food webs.


The rise in divorce, cohabitation, single parenthood, and same-sex partnerships, along with an increase in surrogacy, adoption, and assisted reproductive technologies, has led to many diverse configurations of families, or intimate associations. J. Herbie DiFonzo and Ruth C. Stern chart these trends over the past several decades and investigate their social, legal, and economic implications. Drawing upon a wealth of social science data, they show that, by a number of measures, children of married parents fare better than children in a household formed by cohabiting adults. This is not to condemn nontraditional families, but to point out that society and the law do not yet adequately provide for their needs. The authors applaud the ways in which courts and legislatures are beginning to replace rigid concepts of marriage and parenthood with the more flexible concept of "functional" family roles. In the conclusion, they call for a legal system that can adapt to the continually changing reality of family life.


The thesis deals with the improvement in the tracking in model predictive control(MPC). The main motivation is to explore high embedding performance controllers with
constraint handling capabilities in a simple fashion. There are several techniques available for effectively using an infinite horizon rather than a finite horizon. First, there has been relatively little discussion so far on how to make effective use of advance information on target changes in the predictive control literature. While earlier work has indicated that the default solutions from conventional algorithms are often poor, very few alternatives have
been proposed. This thesis demonstrates the impact of future information about target changes on performance, and proposes a pragmatic method for identifying the amount of
future information on the target that can be utilised effectively in infinite horizon algorithms.
Numerical illustrations in MATLAB demonstrate that the proposal is both systematic and beneficial.
This thesis introduces several important issues related to model predictive control (MPC)tracking that have been hitherto neglected in the literature, by first deriving a control law for future information about target changes within optimal predictive control (OMPC) for
both nominal and constraints cases. This thesis proposes a pragmatic design for scenarios in which the target is unreachable. In order to deal with an unreachable target, the proposed design allows an artificial target into the MPC optimisation problem. Numerical illustrations
in MATLAB provide evidence of the efficacy of the proposals.
This thesis extends efficient, robust model predictive control (MPC) approaches for Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) systems to tracking scenarios. A dual-mode approach is
used and future information about target changes is included in the optimisation tracking problem. The controller guarantees recursive feasibility by adding an artificial target as an extra degree of freedom. Convergence to admissible targets is ensured by constructing a robustly invariant set to track any admissible target. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by MATLAB simulation.
The thesis considers the tractability of parametric solvers for predictive control based optimisations, when future target information is incorporated. It is shown that the inclusion of future target information can significantly increase the implied parametric dimension to
an extent that is undesirable and likely to lead to intractable problems. The thesis then proposes some alternative methods for incorporating the desired target information, while minimising the implied growth in the parametric dimensions, at some possibly small cost
to optimality.
Feasibility is an important issue in predictive control, but the influence of many important parameters such as the desired steady-state, the target and the current value of the input is rarely discussed in the literature. At this point, the thesis makes two contributions. First, it gives visibility to the issue that including the core parameters, such as the target and the current input, vastly increases the dimension of the parametric space, with possible consequences on the complexity of any parametric solutions. Secondly, it is shown that a simple re-parametrization of the degrees of freedom to take advantage of allowing
steady-state offset can lead to large increases in the feasible volumes, with no increases in the dimension of the required optimisation variables. Simulation with MAT LAB 2017a provides the evidence of the efficacy of all proposals.


We explore artificial neural networks as a tool for the reconstruction of spectral functions from imaginary time Green's functions, a classic ill-conditioned inverse problem. Our ansatz is based on a supervised learning framework in which prior knowledge is encoded in the training data and the inverse transformation manifold is explicitly parametrised through a neural network. We systematically investigate this novel reconstruction approach, providing a detailed analysis of its performance on physically motivated mock data, and compare it to established methods of Bayesian inference. The reconstruction accuracy is found to be at least comparable, and potentially superior in particular at larger noise levels. We argue that the use of labelled training data in a supervised setting and the freedom in defining an optimisation objective are inherent advantages of the present approach and may lead to significant improvements over state-of-the-art methods in the future. Potential directions for further research are discussed in detail.


The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has recently released the Technical Report IEC/TR 61000-3-13 for the assessment of voltage unbalance emission limits to individual customer installations connected to medium-voltage (MV), high-voltage, and extra-high-voltage power systems. As in the counterpart IEC technical reports for harmonics (IEC 61000-3-6) and flicker (IEC 61000-3-7) allocation, IEC/TR 61000-3-13 also apportions the global emission allowance to customers in proportion to their agreed apparent power. However, noting that voltage unbalance at a busbar can arise due to load and system (essentially lines) asymmetries, IEC/TR 61000-3-13 applies a scaling factor Kue to the apportioned allowance. This factor Kue represents the fraction of the global emission allowance that can be allocated to installations. Conversely, the factor K'ue = 1 - Kue accounts for the emission arising as a result of system inherent asymmetries. This paper addresses the global voltage unbalance emission in MV power systems arising as a result of line asymmetries on which a systematic evaluation method is not given in IEC/TR 61000-3-13. First, a detailed study with the view to investigate the influence of line asymmetries on the global emission and its dependency on various load types is carried out by employing a simple radial network. Second, a matrix-based methodology, covering radial and interconnected networks, for the assessment of this emission at the nodal level taking line, system and load characteristics, system operating conditions, and downstream load composition into account are proposed. The methodology is verified by using unbalance load-flow analysis.


The paper analyzes the function of the prefix inter-, which allows to reduce the 15 main senses (described in the OLD) to the basic two. The sense of the prefix depends on the situation described with the compound: a) the situation of dividing space: 'a border between two or more points disconnecting them' (inter hostes flumen erat). Most of the verbs in this group are transitive and accompanied by a countable object: intercalare 'to insert a day or month into the calendar'; interloqui 'to interrupt, to speak between'. b) the situation of connected space: 'all the space (or time) between two points connecting them within the same situation' (inter arma tacent musae). The majority of these verbs are transitive and are used with an uncountable object: interbibere 'to drink dry, drain'; interlegere 'to pick off here and there, to thin'. Some verbs can have either sense depending on the context (interesse: a. 'to lie between, intervene' modo inter me atque te murus intersit (Cic. Cat. 1. 10.), b. 'to be in the company of, to take part' legit scripta de se carmina, legit historias, et posteritati suae interfuit (Plin. Ep. 2.1.2). On the basis of this classification principle four verbs are analyzed in which the meaning of the prefix interis unclear: interire, interficere, interimere, intellegere. Three of them have the prefix interin the sense of division and form pairs of compounds (an intransitive verb of state interire — a verb of action interimere, interficere). The verb intellegere has two senses as different stages of its semantic development: 1. 'to choose between', 'to notice, discern' and 2. 'to collect together (all the parts)' > 'to grasp, understand (the whole picture of an object or a situation)'.


The recent breakthroughs of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) technique in Alpha Go and playing Atari have set a good example in handling large state and actions spaces of complicated control problems. The DRL technique is comprised of (i) an offline deep neural network (DNN) construction phase, which derives the correlation between each state-action pair of the system and its value function, and (ii) an online deep Q-learning phase, which adaptively derives the optimal action and updates value estimates. In this paper, we first present the general DRL framework, which can be widely utilized in many applications with different optimization objectives. This is followed by the introduction of three specific applications: the cloud computing resource allocation problem, the residential smart grid task scheduling problem, and building HVAC system optimal control problem. The effectiveness of the DRL technique in these three cyber-physical applications have been validated. Finally, this paper investigates the stochastic computing-based hardware implementations of the DRL framework, which consumes a significant improvement in area efficiency and power consumption compared with binary-based implementation counterparts.


Although everyone agrees on the need to make government work better, few understand public bureaucracy sufficiently well to offer useful suggestions, either theoretical or practical. In fact, some consider bureaucratic efficiency incompatible with democratic government. Douglas Yates places the often competing aims of efficiency and democracy in historical perspective and then presents a unique and systematic theory of the politics of bureaucracy, which he illustrates with examples from recent history and from empirical research. He argues that the United States operates under a system of bureaucratic democracy, in which governmental decisions increasingly are made in bureaucratic settings, out of the public eye. He describes the rational, selfinterested bureaucrat as a minimaxer, who inches forward inconspicuously, gradually accumulating larger budgets and greater power, in an atmosphere of segmented pluralism, of conflict and competition, of silent politics. To make the policy process more competitive, democratic, and open, Yates calls for strategic debate among policymakers and bureaucrats and insists that bureaucrats should give a public accounting of their significant decisions rather than bury them in incremental changes. He offers concrete proposals, applicable to federal, state, and local governments, for simplifying the now-chaotic bureaucratic policymaking system and at the same time bolstering representation and openness. This is a book for all political scientists, policymakers, government officials, and concerned citizens. It may well become a classic statement on the workings of public bureaucracy.


Biomaterial scaffolds play an important role in cartilage tissue engineering. They act as a temporary extracellular matrix substitute and template for cellular growth in vitro and support mechanical integrity in vivo. Several limitations have been reported when natural and synthetic biomaterials were used individually. They are unable to satisfactorily mimic the actual substrate for tissue regeneration both structurally and functionally. The formation of hybrid scaffolds consisting natural and synthetic biomaterials has been proposed to improve the outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to form and evaluate three-dimensional (3D) 65:35 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA ("P") scaffold incorporated with and without atelocollagen ("A") and/or fibrin ("F"). The PLGA scaffold was formed using solvent casting and salt leaching method, freeze-dried, and crosslinked with the natural biomaterials. The hybrid scaffolds groups were "PAF", "PA" and "PF". The PLGA only scaffold was used as control. All scaffolds were evaluated using selected analytical techniques namely Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), porosity study, water uptake capacity, and cytocompatibility analysis in "chondrocyte-scaffold" constructs groups at week 1, 2 and 3 in vitro. The interaction of PLGA scaffold with fibrin and/or atelocollagen was evidenced based on the notable peaks of amide bonds. The microscopic pore structures appeared interconnected. Total porosity in all scaffolds were varied. All groups demonstrated porosity range from 56% to 61%. Proper swelling ratio of the scaffold is crucial to mimic the water uptake capacity in the living tissues. Despite its hydrophobicity, the PLGA only group demonstrated the highest swelling ratio when compared to other groups though, the difference is not significant. The cytocompatibility of all scaffolds except PA showed similar trends of cell proliferation. In this study, the incorporation of fibrin facilitates better microenvironment for cellular growth in terms of cell adherence to the scaffolds compared to the groups without fibrin. Based on the preliminary results, the 65:35 PLGA based hybrid scaffolds may have the potential for cartilage tissue engineering application.


The use of cables as structural members has become very popular in spatial structures. The hybrid barrel vault is an attractive structural form in the design and construction of long-span transparent glass roof structures. These hybrid structures are very slender and lightweight, and hence sequential consideration in the structural behavior is needed. The mechanical characteristic, static and dynamic behaviors of the hybrid barrel vault are investigated in this paper. The effects of the structural parameters, such as rise-to-span ratios, cross-section areas of steel beams, areas and pre-stresses of cables, on the structural behavior have been studied in detail. Results show that cables do increase the structural stiffness of the hybrid barrel vault. The hybrid barrel vault with a good translucence is more efficient in load resistance than the general single-layer reticulated shell structure. Rise-to-span ratio is found to be an important factor influencing the structural behavior. The nodal displacement initially decreases with the increase of the height-to-span ratio and then increases afterwards. Given a specific height-to-span ratio, the increase of the beam section greatly reduces the nodal displacement and member forces and increases the natural frequency. It can also be found that it is not economical to improve the structural behavior by increasing the areas and pre-stresses of cables.


Biotinylated complementary DNA (cDNA) and RNA probes were prepared from a specific and highly conserved section of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome coding for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Hybridization was conducted on FMDV-infected, bovine enterovirus (BEV)-infected, and noninfected swine kidney cell cultures. The detection system utilized the enzyme system streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase, the substrate phosphate, and the chromogen nitroblue tetrazolium. Intense cytoplasmic granular staining was present at 2 and 4 hr postinfection (hpi), with less staining observed at 24 hpi. The staining was specific for FMDV, as indicated by a lack of staining of noninfected cells and BEV-infected cells. With the RNA probe, positive cells were detected up to the highest viral dilution assayed, which was approximately 96 TCID50. The cDNA probe was slightly less sensitive, detecting positive cells at lo-fold lower dilutions. This technique could prove useful in the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in animals or in the detection of FMDV in biologics submitted for importation.


Tumour purity is defined as the proportion of cancer cells in the tumour tissue. The impact of tumour purity on colon cancer (CC) prognosis, genetic profile and microenvironment has not been thoroughly accessed. Therefore, clinical and transcriptomic data from three public datasets, GSE17536/17537, GSE39582, and TCGA were retrospectively collected (n = 1248). Tumour purity of each sample was inferred by a computational method based on transcriptomic data. Stage III and MMR-deficient (dMMR) CC patients showed a significantly lower tumour purity. Low purity CC conferred worse survival and tumour purity was identified as an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, high tumour purity CC patients benefited more from adjuvant chemotherapy. Subsequent genomic analysis found that the mutation burden was negatively associated with tumour purity with only APC and KRAS significantly more mutated in high purity CC. However, no somatic copy number alteration event was correlated with tumour purity. Furthermore, immune-related pathways and immunotherapy-associated markers (PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and TIM-3) were highly enriched in low purity samples. Notably, the relative proportion of M2 macrophages and neutrophils, which indicated worse survival in CC, was negatively associated with tumour purity. Therefore, tumour purity exhibited potential value for CC prognostic stratification as well as adjuvant chemotherapy benefit prediction. The relative worse survival in low purity CC may attribute to higher mutation frequency in key pathways and purity-related microenvironmental changing.


Background:
 Very low CT perfusion (CTP)-derived cerebral blood volume (CBV) has shown promise in defining infarction and may also be used as a predictor of hemorrhagic transformation (HT). We sought to determine whether the CTP-CBV defect (CBVD) correlates with final infarct volume, as defined by a 3 month NCCT, and whether the CBV defect volume is associated with hemorrhagic transformation (HT).

 Methods:
 CBV defect (CBVD) volumes were outlined on all CBV functional maps using previously established CBV thresholds for infarction, CBV<1.1 ml•100g-1 and CBV<0.75 ml•100g-1 for gray and white matter, respectively. Final infarct volumes were traced on 3 month NCCT. Patients were separated into two sub-groups according to the percent truncation of the ischemic tissue TDC (ITDC) calculated at onset. A model of linear regression was used to observe whether the admission CBVD could predict final infarct volume on NCCTD. Average admission CBVD volumes for patients with hemorrhagic infarction (HI), parenchymal hematoma (PH) and no HT were calculated and compared.

 Results:
 Thirty patients were included. There were 21/30 patients (70%) whose onset CBVD volume was less than the NCCTD at 3 months; mean volume difference was 24.2 [range(1.5 to 88mL)]. Six of these patients had truncation of the ITDC at onset. There were 9 patients (30%) whose onset CBVD volume was larger than the final infarct volume from the 3 month NCCT (NCCTD); mean volume difference was -9.9mL [range(-28.5 to -0.2mL)]. Of these 9/30 patients, 8 had truncation of the ITDC at admission. For the onset CBVD versus NCCTD, the coefficients of determination (R2) were 0.56, 0.70 and 0.46 for all patients, truncation positive and truncation negative groups, respectively. 30% of patients had hyperemia at onset, defined as an increase in CBV relative to the contralateral side. HT was observed in 13/30 patients: 8 HI, 5 PH. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was found in 1 patient. Average CBVD volumes for HI, PH and non-HT groups were 15.7±17.4, 47.1±29.9 and 16.3±27.0, respectively (p > 0.05).

 Conclusions:
 The acute CBV defect remains an important diagnostic parameter for acute ischemic stroke if both truncation of the ITDC and variable perfusion states within tissue destined to infarct are taken into account.


Globalisation has begun to transform the processes through which citizens are differentiated and non-citizens are excluded. This article provides an in-depth qualitative interrogation of these processes of differentiation and exclusion, and argues that the transformation in these processes compels us to reconsider the conceptual dichotomy of passive/active citizens along the stayers/mobiles distinction. This transformation is most apparent in Europe, with the introduction of European Union (EU) citizenship. The article builds on Bourdieu's cultural capital in the cosmopolitan context, existing qualitative studies on citizens' sense of EU identity and citizenship, and illustrative focus group evidence of visiting EU and home students' perceptions of EU citizenship across three dimensions – identity, rights and participation. The evidence indicates that we can distinguish between four categories of citizens in the EU: passive EU citizens, including two groups of stayers; the potential EU (i) and member state-oriented (ii) citizens, and active EU citizens, including EU-15 (iii) and Central and Eastern European (iv) mobile citizens. These categories reveal that important distinctions are emerging between the perceptions and behaviour of stayers and mobiles as passive/active citizens.


Estimations of effects on precipitation downwind of a long-standing operational snowpack augmentation project in Utah are made, using an adaptation of the historical target/control regression technique which has been used to estimate the seasonal effects over more than twenty seasons within the project's target area. Target area analyses of December-March high elevation precipitation data for this project indicate an overall season-average increase of about 14%. Estimations of downwind effects are made for distance bands downwind as far as 150 miles. The downwind analyses indicate increases of similar magnitude to those for the target, expressed as percentages or ratio values, extending to about 100 miles downwind. Beyond 100 miles the ratio values decay, reaching 1.0 at about 125 miles. Expressed as average-depth precipitation amounts, the target area precipitation difference is about 1.4 inches of additional water, while the values within downwind distance bands range from 0.4 to 0.25 inches, reaching zero at about 125 miles.


The present investigation describes the manner in which a group of southern black college students structure their value preferences. Based upon prior research, especially among white college students, it was expected that our sampled respondents would embrace values associated with economic and materialistic success. However, results obtained suggest that rather than being preeminently concerned with economic pursuits, religion and family emerged as the joint modal category for the vast majority of both male and female students. Implications of the likely import of these findings are discussed in fight of the historical significance of family and religion for Black America. Introduction and Background Widespread research interest in the values, activities and general goal orientations of black college students began in earnest during the turbulent 1960s. During those years, campus unrest and black student protest activities were quite normative on many college campuses and black student activists were faced with the sometimes ominous task of reconciling their personal educational and occupational aspirations with their sense of commitment to and/or involvement in collectivist efforts to uplift the entirety of the black community (Yankelovich, 1972:151 ; Gurin and Epps, 1976; Taylor, 1977). This apparent dilemma seemed to have been related, on the one hand, to the black students' relative optimism regarding their own personal chances to succeed economically in America and their relative pessimism regarding the fate and treatment of those not fortunate enough to have made it to college, on the other (Yankelovich, 1972). In spite of this dilemma, such individualist versus collectivist goals were not irreconcilable for most black students. For most, their strong desire to promote the collective mobility of the black community actually served to enhance their individual achievement orientations. In other words, many black students who matriculated during the late 1960s and early 1970s believed that their individual success goals were integral parts of the success of the total black community (Gurin and Epps, 1976). With the passage of civil rights laws and an improving racial climate in America, much of the impetus for black college protest activities, particularly on black college campuses, began to recede during the following decade. From the late 1970s throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, the lives black college students were not that dissimilar to white college students, at least from the standpoint of student activism. Reporting on the results of a thirty year study of college students' values, Astin (1998) found that from the 1970s through the 1990s, American students evidenced an increasing orientation towards materialism and political conservatism and away from liberal social issues and policies. For example, the percentage of students agreeing with the statement that the chief benefit of a college education was to increase one's earning power increased from 54% to 71% between 1969 and 1989. Likewise, the percentage of all college students saying that they attended college to "make more money" increased from 50% to 75% between 1971 and 1991 (Astin, 1998). It should be noted, however, that the movement of college students away from many liberal issues and toward increased conservatism/materialism has not been uniform across all important college going subgroups. Indeed, during the past decade, we have witnessed the co-existence of a political conservatism/materialism along with a rising tide of multi-culturalism, cries for diversity, and the "politics of identity" among non-white college students (Rhoads, 1998; Arthur and Shapiro, 1995). In some quarters, multi-culturalism has been severely criticized as constituting a threat to national unity Schlesinger (1992) and D'Souza (1991). Yet, empirical assessments of the supposed adverse consequences of multi-culturalism and identity politics have not been found. …


The calculus of structures is a new proof theoretical formalism, introduced by myself in 1999 and initially developed by members of my group in Dresden since 2000. It exploits a new symmetry made possible by deep inference. We can present deductive systems in the calculus of structures and analyse their properties, as we do in the sequent calculus, natural deduction and proof nets. Typical properties of interest are normalisation and cut elimination. There are now many researchers around the world developing deep inference and investigating its consequences on proof theory. This document gives an overview of this research effort.


This contribution is a wake-up call to custodians of cultural heritage to get ready and prepare for the next platform – the 3D and 4D experiences of the nascent Mirrorworld. Built upon the first generations of online experience, the sprawling communication platform of the World Wide Web, and driven by the ubiquitous reach of social networks and online gaming, the Mirrorworld will breach the glass ceiling of 2D experiences to draw us into a fully functioning 3D environment. Public institutions that manage cultural heritage for visitors, such as galleries, libraries, archives and museums (GLAMS), are ideally placed to seed the spatial communications network that will drive the new platform. Despite the formidable challenges to be surmounted, it is up to custodians of cultural heritage to become proactive in building the Mirrorworld rather than to wait for third party actors to advance commercial interests with imitation culture, simulated histories, or made-up stories. As gatekeepers of cultural artefacts, GLAMs have the capability, the experience, and even the responsibility to tell their stories forcefully, accurately and in fully-functioning 4D.