The 1991 Budget, described by Ruth Richardson in the news media as "the Mother of all Budgets", in effect represents the most brutal assault on the welfare state we have witnessed in New Zealand. Its provisions have been even more far-reaching than the Treasury ideologues and other members of the New Right might have dreamed possible in the heady days of the 1980s. In terms of social policy we have seen a disestablishment of the foundations of the welfare state: the move from universalistic premises to targeting social assistance; the privatisation of the health system; the commercialisation of the Housing Corporation; a reneging on promises in superannuation and education; the emergence of greater state surveillance in the form of "information sharing" between government agencies. All this as part of devising "a strategy for enterprise and growth" based on three objectives – the reform of the labour market (completed under the Employment Contracts Act, 1991), "redesigning" the welfare state, and managing fiscal problems. Ironically, like Saddam's conquest of Kuwait, Ruth Richardson's strategy has turned out to be full of empty promises and U-turns. The "Mother of all Budgets" gave birth to a puny child which has needed all the life support systems that modern neo-liberal politics demand: expert PR to obfuscate the real issues; sheer repetition of claims; the stifling of internal dissent; and the stubborn ideological refusal to admit that many policies have been the product of haste, compromise and collusion. The tertiary education "reforms" put in place as a result of the 1991 July Budget are a perfect illustration – a case in point.

The Minister of Finance's speech as the preamble to the Budget reveals in general technocratic terms the place of education: A key element of the Government's strategy is to boost skills and technological knowledge throughout society. In an increasingly competitive world, the quality of our education, science and technology will play a big role in our future prosperity (Budget 1991, p. 7).

In practical policy terms for education what does this mean? The document, Education Policy (1991, p. 3) lays out the four key elements of the new policy: Parents as First Teachers; The Achievement Initiative; The National Certificate; and Study Right. Only the last of these is in the area of tertiary education. This paper, accordingly, will concentrate mainly on examining the changes brought about by the introduction of Study Right. It will also outline briefly and make some comment on the new capital charging regime to be introduced for all tertiary institutions in 1993. The paper concludes with a discussion of the notion of competitive neutrality...


PREFACE Frei Otto SPECIALIST CONTRIBUTIONS Peter Sturzebecher, Sigrid Ulrich, Hamburg/Berlin/Vatilieu (Grenoble) Architecture of Sport New ways of integration -- Economy and modern living Thomas Beyer, Hamburg Mad and Made for Sports Sport in everyday life Benjamin Hossbach, Berlin Sports Worlds Work and Sport -- Inside opinions from Nike, Reebok, adidas Heinz W. Krewinkel, Boblingen Glass Exteriors Transparent facings and constructions Niccolo Baldassini, Florence/Paris Aerodynamic Expanses Architecture without perspectives or angles Peter Sturzebecher, Sigrid Ulrich New International Architecture of Sport 25 Constructions PROJECTS International Athletic Centre Sydney, 2000 -- Philip Cox, Richardson, Taylor, Peddle, Thorp STADIA Retractable Roof over the Centre Court at Rothenbaum in Hamburg -- Werner Sobek Stade Charlety in Paris -- Henri and Bruno Gaudin Stade de la Licorne in Amiens -- Philippe Chaix and Jean--Paul Morel Stade de Gerland in Lyons -- Tony Garnier/Albert Constantin San Nicola Sports Stadium in Bari -- Renzo Piano Building Workshop STANDS Rankhof Football Stadium in Basle -- Michael Alder Sepang International Circuit in Sepang -- Hermann Tilke, Peter Wahl, Ulrich Merres SPORTS HALLS Sports Hall in Losone -- Livio Vacchini Buchholz Sports Hall in Uster -- Stefan Camenzind and Michael Grafensteiner A Hall for Sport and Culture in Meiningen -- Peter Kulka Horst--Korber Sports Centre in Berlin -- Langhof--Hanni--Meerstein Sports Hall in the Sixth Form College in Berlin -- Leon Wohlhage Wernik Architekten Sports Facilities in a School for the Physically Disabled in Ingolstadt -- Vogel and Brunninger National Training Centre for Rhythmic Gymnastics in Alicante -- Enric Miralles a Dojo regionala Judo Hall in Bretigny--sur--Orge near Paris -- Patrick Berger Sports Hall and Playing Field in the Candie--Saint--Bernard Block of Flats in Paris -- Massimiliano Fuksas Gymnase du Lycee Gustave Eiffel in Talange -- Alain Pelissier Baseball Hall: O--Shaped Dome in Odate -- Toyo Ito SWIMMING POOLS Columbia Swimming Pool in Berlin -- Peter Sturzebecher San Fernando de Henares Swimming Centre in Madrid -- Luis Moreno Mansilla and Emilio Tunon Swimming Pool in a Shopping Centre in Tokyo -- Tadao Ando Adventure Pool in a Hotel in Oulu -- Paavo Karjaleinen and Arktes Oy MUSEUM OF SPORT River and Rowing Museum in Henley--on--Thames -- David Chipperfield INSTITUTE OF SPORT Netherlands Sport Museum in Lelystad -- Victor Mani SPECIALIST CONTRIBUTIONS Martin Wimmer, Berlin Subterranean Movements In Earth Architecture Ulrich Stock, Hamburg Body and Rock A thermal spring of natural stone in the Swiss village of Vals Peter Zumthor Peter Sturzebecher Art Room -- Sports Room Work in Progress by Tadashi Kawamata and Bathing Resort in Zug by Alfred Krahenbuhl Peter Sturzebecher Architecture Room -- Sports Room Bath House for Saint Nazaire by Sven Liebrecht Peter Sturzebecher, Sigrid Ulrich Asphalt Sport A private appearance in the urban space Stephane Courarie--Delage, Paris The City as a Stadium -- Paris, Press report Ulrich Pramann, Worthsee (Munich) A Magical Place Called a Stadiuma APPENDIX Index of Projects Short Biographies Architects and Structural Designers/Engineers Index of Photographers for the Specialist Contributions


In support of the development of sustainable palm oil and strengthening the image of the palm oil industry in Malaysia, YAB Prime Minister has announced the mandatory implementation of Malaysia's Sustainable Palm Oil Certification Scheme (MSPO) by 31 December 2019. MSPO will be implemented nationwide and will be the basis for palm oil branding Malaysia in the future. MSPO provides certification for private smallholders with seven (7) core principles, together with 22 criteria and 33 benchmarks. This study had been conducted to identify factors influence acceptance MSPO among independent smallholders. The input obtained by distributing random survey questions to 80 out of 100 respondents in the small districts of Alor Gajah, Melaka. Factors that can affect the acceptance in the implementation of MSPO are management commitment & responsibilities, transparency, compliance to legal requirement, and social responsibility, health, safety & employment conditions. The effect of each factor on the acceptance of MSPO can be identified by using Pearson and Double Linear Regression Correlation, and therefore the most important factor can be identified. Based on this project, management commitment & responsibilities is the factor that has the greatest impact on acceptance in the implementation of MSPO among independent smallholders. Through the use of Regression Analysis, the management commitment & responsibilities factor show the largest value of 0.436. Pearson's Correlation also showed a high value for the management commitment & responsibilities factor of 0.481 indicating that it has a very strong relationship with acceptance in implementing MSPO amongst independent smallholders.


Correlations between the type Permian System of Russia and North American strata have been difficult for decades because of biostratigraphic and nomenclatural confusion. Consequently, a standard Permian section was established in west Texas that is widely accepted throughout North America. Series of the North American standard section are, in ascending order, Wolfcampian, Leonardian, Guadalupian, and Ochoan. This nomenclature was adopted for usage in Kansas in 1951, but was later abandoned in favor of local terminology. However, direct biostratigraphic correlations between Kansas and the west Texas standard section have now been firmly established, and local chronostratigraphic names, i.e., Big Blue, Lyon, Geary, Cimarron, and Custer, have not been widely accepted. The Kansas Geological Survey has now readopted usage of the Wolfcampian Series for rocks of the Admire, Council Grove, and Chase Groups; the Leonardian Series for rocks of the Summer and Nippewalla Groups; and the Guadalupian Series for rocks of the Whitehorse, Day Creek, and Big Basin Formations. The Wolfcampian Series in Kansas (and elsewhere in North America) contains post-Virgilian (latest Carboniferous) strata that predate the classical Permian System of the Russian type section. Consequently, the Pennsylvanian/Permian boundary will probably have to be raised stratigraphically to conform to global usage.


A computational approach is taken to studying a range of light-matter interactions which are interesting in terms of their potential applications as well as from a fundamental point of view. Two different types of polariton, part-light, part-matter quasiparticles, namely exciton-polaritons and Tamm plasmon-polaritons (a type of surface plasmon-polariton) are considered. The conditions required for the strong coupling of optical whisperinggallery modes and bulk excitons in submicron spheres are ascertained for the materials gallium arsenide, gallium nitride and zinc oxide. It is shown that the strong coupling regime may be accessed by optical modes with a low decay constant, typically exhibited by those modes with higher angular momentum quantum numbers. Tamm plasmon-polaritons have previously been shown to exist at the boundary between a metal and a planar Bragg reflector structure. The conditions required for the formation of Tamm plasmon-polaritons in cylindrical multilayer structures with a metal core, cladding or metal in both of these locations are determined. The cylindrical Tamm plasmon-polaritons are shown to have low effective masses and low group velocities. It is also shown that it is possible to obtain split polariton modes in structures containing metal in both the core and the cladding. The effect of disorder on a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure consisting of air holes in a slab of dielectric material is studied. It is shown that the defined threshold disorder is not significantly affected by the different relative band widths of the ideal crystal structures considered.


In early 1990s, Tanzania, like other African countries, introduced user fees in public health systems. Although user fees were considered important in promoting health, they appear to reduce people's access to health services. To counteract the detrimental effects of the user fees, various types of health insurances were introduced, including the Community Health Fund (CHF). Drawing from the review of minutes, health facility visits and key informant interviews, this study explored why implementation of the CHF in Tanzania has been more successful in some districts than in others. The findings indicate that in Lindi district, the enrolment rate for the CHF was very low. This was attributed to high premium rates, frequent drug stock-out, lack of trust by the community members to the health providers, low incentives and local politics. In contrast, in Iramba district, the performance was better. Availability of drugs in the health facilities, effective supervision, commitment of the top district-level officials and incentives to the health facility committees were the main factors that facilitated good performance of the fund in Iramba district. The focus of the implementation needs to be placed on the active engagement of the local-level leaders and politicians who are responsible for the implementation of the policy. Equally important is the availability of quality health services in the health facilities.


In a model that emphasizes technological progress and human capital creator as essential features of economic development, this paper establishes a theoretical link between the financial system and per capita output growth. More specifically, it demonstrates that stock markets--by facilitating the ability to trade ownership of firms without disrupting the productive processes occurring within firms--naturally encourage technological innovation and economic growth. Along with recent studies of the role played by financial institutions other than stock markets in promoting growth, this paper contributes to a theoretical foundation upon which financial policy recommendations may more confidently rest. ; The paper finds that direct and indirect taxes associated with stock market transactions slow real per capita output growth. Thus, given different policies toward financial markets, this paper helps to explain simultaneously the observed differences in growth rates across countries, the inability of measured factor inputs to explain these differences, and the close empirical association between the size of financial markets and the rate of economic growth.


Magazines, leaflets, weblogs, and a variety of other media incessantly spread messages advising us on how to achieve or maintain our health or well-being. In such messages, the iconic representation of the face is predominant, and reveals an interesting phenomenon: the "face of health" seems to be unattainable as such, and is generally represented in a differential way, that is to say, by making reference to its opposite – the "face of illness", or at least of malaise. In fact, the face is crucial in the medical domain: since ancient times, face observation has played an essential role in diagnostic practices, both in Western medicine (which resorts to the concept of facies, intended as the distinctive facial expression or appearance associated with a specific medical condition, for the description of pathological states) and Eastern preventive and healing techniques (within which the so-called Mian Xiang, or 'face reading', is fundamental, and connects the medical sphere with other aspects such as personality, talents, and dispositions). Drawing on the semiotic analysis of relevant case studies extending from classical iconography to present-day digital mediascapes, this paper investigates the representation of the face of health (and illness) across time and space, specifically focusing on the analogies and differences between the Western and the Eastern semiosphere. To this purpose, it relies on both literature concerning the representation and understanding of the face and studies on medical sign systems and discourses.


Abstract Over the last decades scholars of Victorian literature, modernism, gender and art history have investigated Walter Pater's complex literary texts and essays from new angles. Due to the intense cross-cultural, intermedial and interdisciplinary nature of his work Pater is still a topical writer. Against the backdrop of current academic debates on intermediality, transculturality, cultural memory, biofiction and the construction of classical antiquity this article readdresses Pater as an ekphrastic writer and innovative historian of culture. His imaginary portrait Denys l'Auxerrois is read as a comparative, transcultural and transhistorical narrative which allowed Pater to transgress disciplinary boundaries, to experiment with the Victorian genre rules, to fathom the relationships of the media and to contribute significantly to historiography.


Synchronous programming languages are well-suited for the implementation and verification of real-time systems. The main benefit for the estimation of real-time constraints is thereby that the macro steps provided by the semantics of synchronous languages can be directly used as building blocks for runtime analysis. We describe a new approach to determine the execution times of the macro steps of a synchronous program with respect to given microprocessors and generate real-time formal models endowed with notions of physical time for formal verification purposes. The execution times are exact, since we consider all possible input sequences.


Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is an inherited metabolic disease and a member of the group of lysosomal storage disorders. Its hallmark is a deficiency of lysosomal enzymes involved in the degradation of mucopolysaccharides, also known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The products of GAG degradation accumulate within lysosomes and in the extracellular space, thereby interfering with the degradation of other macromolecules. This process leads to chronic degeneration of cells, which in turn affects multiple organs and systems. There are seven distinct types of MPS (I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, and IX), which are divided into subtypes according to the deficient enzyme and the severity of the clinical picture. Although clinical manifestations vary considerably among the different types of MPS, the central nervous system (CNS) is characteristically affected, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice to evaluate brain and spinal cord abnormalities. Enlarged perivascular spaces, white matter lesions, hydrocephalus, brain atrophy, cervical spinal canal stenosis with or without spinal cord compression and myelopathy, and bone abnormalities in the skull and spine (dysostosis multiplex) are typical imaging findings described in the literature and reviewed in this article. The differential diagnosis of MPS is limited because the constellation of imaging findings is highly suggestive. Thus, radiologists should be aware of its typical neuroimaging findings so they can recognize cases not yet diagnosed, exclude other metabolic diseases, monitor CNS findings over time, and assess treatment response. (©)RSNA, 2016.


Incomplete multi-view clustering is a significant but challenging task. Although jointly imputing incomplete samples and conducting clustering has been shown to achieve promising performance, learning from both complete and incomplete data may be worse than learning only from complete data, particularly when imputed views are semantic inconsistent with missing views. To address this issue, we propose a novel framework to reduce the clustering performance degradation risk from semantic inconsistent imputed views. Concretely, by the proposed bi-level optimization framework, missing views are dynamically imputed from the learned semantic neighbors, and imputed samples are automatically selected for training. In theory, the empirical risk of the model is no higher than learning only from complete data, and the model is never worse than learning only from complete data in terms of expected risk with high probability. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior performance and efficient safe incomplete multi-view clustering.


ABSTRACT The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics does not sufficiently acknowledge the challenges posed for anthropologists who "study up" and "across" rather than "down" the partly imagined power hierarchy within which the researcher and her host members position themselves. The Code proves inadequate for the ethical dilemmas that emerged from the four projects presented in this volume on the worlds of urban feminists and right-wing conservatives, activists and policy-makers of a local community revitalization project, an indigenous minority in the process of reclaiming its present, and corporate soccer functionaries. Several features distinguish these articles from previous work on the subject of ethics in anthropology: It is no longer necessarily nor exclusively the ethnographer who does the writing. The contested claims to ethnographic authority, access, and representation are closely related to the importance of the production and circulation of texts. The will to be loyal to one's consultants does not in all projects appear as the most ethical manner to pursue fieldwork. The power relations that anthropologists engage mirror the fluidity and flexibility of power relations among their research subjects that appear exacerbated in study-up projects. As anthropology's focus has become increasingly urban, cosmopolitan, and Western, conventional understandings of ethnographic authority, access, and power relations are contested and problematized in new, more complex ways.


Measurements of the distortions of the tracks in a cloud chamber were made using a multiple exposure technique. It was determined that the chamber, when used in a magnetic field of 8000 gauss, was capable of yielding measurements of the momentum of ionizing particles up to approximately 5 Bev/c. This corresponds to an uncertainty in the motion of the droplets forming a track of 0.005 cm. The operation of the chamber in different thermal conditions was studied, and it was concluded that the chamber should be operated with a top temperature several hundredths of a degree C higher than that of the bottom. An analysis of the motion of the gas in the chamber was made and compared with the experimental values. The behavior of tracks near the chamber walls was studied.


This paper reports the oxidation of inulin using varying ratios of sodium periodate and the characterization of the inulin polyaldehyde. The physicochemical properties of the inulin polyaldehyde (oxidized inulin) were characterized using different techniques including 1D NMR spectroscopy, 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The aldehyde peak was not very visible in the FTIR, because the aldehyde functional group exists in a masked form (hemiacetal). The thermal stability of the oxidized inulin decreased with the increasing oxidation degree. The smooth spherical shape of raw inulin was destructed due to the oxidation, as confirmed by the SEM result. The 1HNMR results show some new peaks from 4.8 to 5.0 as well as around 5.63 ppm. However, no aldehyde peak was found around 9.7 ppm. This can be attributed to the hemiacetal. The reaction of oxidized inulin with tert-butyl carbazate produced a carbazone conjugate. There was clear evidence of decreased peak intensity for the proton belonging to the hemiacetal group. This clearly shows that not all of the hemiacetal group can be reverted by carbazate. In conclusion, this work provides vital information as regards changes in the physicochemical properties of the oxidized inulin, which has direct implications when considering the further utilization of this biomaterial.


: Twelve young chickens of the Tumor Progressor and Tumor Regressor Lines were studied in respect to their humoral immunologic response to challenge with Rous sarcoma virus via inoculation into the wing web. On day 1, prior to virus inoculation and on days 10, 15, and 20 after injection of virus, the birds were bled and their serums tested for the presence of anti-RSV factors by standard procedures of serum-neutralization tests. From the conducting of statistical analyses of the data, it was determined that a strong association occurs between an early, increasing, and sustained presence of biologically active anti-RSV factors in the blood of the chicken and its ability to effect complete regression of the Rous sarcoma.


This paper reports a network based computer simulation and control platform for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The complete platform has been built by a complex software integration in NIST/ECMA model having user interfaces on distributed platforms, open-source and educational vertical tools accessing public domain maps, satellite images and tool libraries. Entire platform is setup to use UDP for interprocess message communication. Successful integration is illustrated for a UAV and simulation results are presented.


With increasing use of the Internet, different social and economic groups are appropriating its resources in various ways. As such, politicians have adopted this new media for varying reasons. From an ideological classification of political parties represented in Brazilian Congress, this paper evaluates whether it is a variable that can distinguish federal congressmen's adoption and use of Twitter. A total of 512 profiles of congressmen who use Twitter to post content and connect with citizens and colleagues from Congress were analysed in December 2013. Twitter's programming platform was used to collect data on the use of profiles and connections between them and with other social network profiles. This data was related to the ideological classification of different parties. The results show that it is possible to distinguish Twitter groups of different ideologies represented in Congress because they adopted its use at various times, have different levels of popularity, follow congressional colleagues with varying patterns of interest and have diverging activity indicators in the digital environment.


Experience has shown that simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in a biological aerated filter is possible. However these systems react very sensitively to the aeration control strategies applied. Poorly adapted control strategies induce a strong decrease in treatment efficiency. A new control strategy for simultaneous N/DN is developed. The strategy proposed makes use of ammonia measurements and the inlet and outlet: a Feedback/Feedforward block. Passing by a calculation of the load to be eliminated, an estimation of the air flow velocity to be applied is carried out dynamically. A retroactive loop corrects this prediction in order to reach exactly the desired set point. This control approach has been implemented and tested at pilot plant scale for a period of 18 months. The pilot plant consists of two coupled BAF cells, reflecting closely industrial scale situations. Comparative studies reveal clearly the improved performance of the developed FF/FB control strategy compared to classical controllers. The benefits include 5% increase in nitrogen removal performance and a reduction of 15 to 20% in air requirement, offering a rapid return of investment costs.


Volume rendering is an efficient tool for analyzing and understanding volumetric data in many scientific applications such as medical imaging and computational fluid dynamics. The paper presents a data-parallel volume rendering algorithm for shear-warp factorization of the viewing transformation with the binary-swap compositing method to achieve real-time rendering. This algorithm is suited to distributed-memory multiprocessor systems with a message-passing mechanism. Volume is subdivided into subvolumes to be allocated to PEs. Each PE shears an allocated subvolume and generates a subvolume image from the sheared subvolume in parallel. In order to carry out fast compositing of subvolume images, the binary-swap method is employed, which can keep the overheads due to compositing low. The authors implement the parallel shear-warp factorization algorithm with binary-swap compositing on the IBM SP2 with 32 PEs, and show volume rendering of 256/sup 2//spl times/128 to 256/sup 3/ voxels for a screen of 256/sup 2/ pixels at 15 to 22 frames/sec. As a result, message-passing multiprocessor systems using the algorithm are also suitable for achieving real-time volume rendering.


This study investigates how the tenor of the political climate during a person's youth affects his or her attitudes towards immigration in adulthood. We analyze why cohorts formulate distinct patterns in attitudes towards immigration through a collective process of political socialization during the formative years. The theoretical arguments are tested using hierarchical age-period-cohort modelling across twelve cohorts in nine European countries using micro attitudinal data (2002 2016) integrated with historical macro political data. We find that contextual exposure to principles of equality and tradition in the formative political climate are central to the formulation of a person's attitudes towards immigration later in life. While the prevalence of the principle of equality affects immigration attitudes in adulthood positively, the principle of tradition does so negatively. The findings imply that even subtle and cyclical shifts in national politics affect the political orientations of those undergoing the process of political socialization.


In this interview, Professor Seyyed Hossein Nasr highlights the impact of modern technologies on human habitats and ecosystems. The destruction of environment by modern technology is seen as one of the most serious threats faced by humanity. Modern technologies have also replaced traditional methods of making objects of daily use. This replacement has serious consequences for the spiritual health of humanity. In discussing the impact of modern technology on the Muslim world, suggestions are made to preserve various aspects of Islamic civilization. Keywords: Modern technology and its impact; Muslim world and modern technology; aspects of Islamic civilization; role of machine-made objects in the destruction of natural balances; traditional crafts and their spiritual significance; Islamic urban design; modern technology and Islamic civilization. ********** In this article, modern technology refers to technologies which have been developed during and after the Industrial Revolution mostly in the West and which have now spread all over the world. There are two very different dimensions to this discussion: one pertains to the actual situation that exists in the world, that is, what is going on now; the other pertains to the question of what we believe should go on as far as the Muslim world is concerned. Let me give an example. There is no government in the Muslim world today which does not support any form of technology that brings with it either power or wealth. No one resists any form of technology that is believed to bring certain conveniences, like the cell phone which has spread like wildfire all over the world, and which has many detrimental effects upon the brain, as many studies are showing, though most people usually do not care too much about such negative factors--at least for now. So, at that level, discussing the relationship between Muslims and modern technology is not efficacious in the sense that whatever form of technology comes on the market--and it is usually from the West, and occasionally from the Japanese and a few other peoples who invent new things--if these new technologies are perceived to bring wealth, power, or conveniences, they spread very rapidly among Muslims as elsewhere and it is no use talking to them about the danger of their spread with the hope of having any positive influence. But there are other questions which can be discussed, for instance, the destruction of the environment which modern technology is causing. Then there is the dimension of this issue concerning what should take place. What should be the Muslims' attitude toward modern technology whose negative effects are obvious? It is about this dimension that I wish to say something and this is where the deepest issues lie. Otherwise, if we go on debating whether this particular country, or that particular country, has or is going to have or should have knowledge of nuclear engineering or certain types of lasers or this or that, this I think is a wasteful effort at the present moment, because we, who are supposed to be the intellectual figures of the Islamic world, who are supposed to clarify these issues, cannot do much at the level of action by Muslim governments and companies in relation to technology. There is, however, something very important that we can do and that is to create an understanding for the future as far as these issues are concerned. We are responsible for creating an awareness of what is really involved for Muslims when it comes to the adoption of modern technology. And in this domain, in fact, a number of people in the West have a much greater awareness of the dangers of technology than do people in Asia or Africa, who are on the receiving end of modern technology, and this itself is one of the major issues that should be discussed. In light of this, I think we should turn to the issue of what the problems are which modern technology poses for Muslims, not only as ordinary human beings, but more specifically as people who belong to the Islamic religion and are rooted in the Islamic worldview; then to try and analyze these problems, and in light of that, to discuss what can be done, if anything, and what Muslims should do. …


Achieving a high rate of response to a mail survey is important from several viewpoints. Aside from any statistical considerations, it is obviously a waste of time and money to address envelopes and to mail questionnaires to people who do not return them. The Statistical aspects of the problem are even more serious. A low return usually means that the reported data are not representative of the universe the investigator is trying to sample. The various geographic areas may not be covered in their proper proportions and the few people who do respond from each locality may differ considerably from the average in that locality with respect to the item being estimated. Such differences tend to be predominantly in one direction. They lead to serious biases for which satisfactory adjustments cannot always be made. Even when the bias is kept under control by interviewing samples of nonrespondents, investigators find that it pays to have a high response to the mailed inquiry. The higher the response, the smaller the sample of interviewed nonrespondents needs to be to attain the desired level of statistical precision. Rates of response can be stimulated by several different devices. This paper considers one of these--the effects of personal visits to the individuals on a mailing list.


A total of 225 NPAs (103 for RSV and 122 for hMPV) were analyzed by real time RT-PCR, conventional PCR and virus culture. Real time RT-PCR detected RSV in 75 and hMPV in 29 samples as compared to 35 and 16 detected by conventional RT-PCR. By culture, only 27 and 16 NPAs revealed RSV and hMPV respectively. Hence real time RT-PCR detected 53% and 64% additional RSV infection as compared to conventional RT-PCR and culture and 45% additional hMPV infection when compared to both. Positive correlation between viral loads and disease severity for RSV but not for hMPV was observed. Low birth weight with both RSV and hMPV whereas bronchiolitis with RSV and prematurity with hMPV infection showed significant association. Eight cases of co-infection were detected by real time RT-PCR; conventional RT-PCR detected one and culture none. Real time RT-PCR should be the method of choice for rapid and sensitive detection of RSV and hMPV alongwith culture.


Purpose: To test the hypothesis: 4D-CT ventilation imaging can show the known effects of radiotherapy on lung function: (1) radiation-induced ventilation reductions, and (2) ventilation increases caused by tumor regression. Methods: Repeat 4D-CT scans (pre-, mid- and/or post-treatment) were acquired prospectively for 11 thoracic cancer patients in an IRB-approved clinical trial. A ventilation image for each time point was created using deformable image registration and the Hounsfield unit (HU)-based or Jacobian-based metric. The 11 patients were divided into two subgroups based on tumor volume reduction using a threshold of 5 cm3. To quantify radiation-induced ventilation reduction, six patients who showed a small tumor volume reduction (<5 cm3) were analyzed for dose-response relationships. To investigate ventilation increase caused by tumor regression, two of the other five patients were analyzed to compare ventilation changes in the lung lobes affected and unaffected by the tumor. The remaining three patients were excluded because there were no unaffected lobes. Results: Dose-dependent reductions of HU-based ventilation were observed in a majority of the patient-specific dose-response curves and in the population-based dose-response curve, whereas no clear relationship was seen for Jacobian-based ventilation. The post-treatment population-based dose-response curve of HU-based ventilation demonstrated the average ventilation reductions of 20.9±7.0% at 35–40 Gy (equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions, EQD2), and 40.6±22.9% at 75–80 Gy EQD2. Remarkable ventilation increases in the affected lobes were observed for the two patients who showed an average tumor volume reduction of 37.1 cm3 and re-opening airways. The mid-treatment increase in HU-based ventilation of patient 3 was 100.4% in the affected lobes, which was considerably greater than 7.8% in the unaffected lobes. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that 4D-CT ventilation imaging shows the known effects of radiotherapy on lung function: radiation-induced ventilation reduction and ventilation increase caused by tumor regression, providing validation for 4D-CT ventilation imaging. This study was supported in part by a National Lung Cancer Partnership Young Investigator Research grant.


The observations in geodetic networks are measured repetitively and in the network adjustment step, the mean values of these original observations are used. The mean operator is a kind of Least Square Estimation (LSE). LSE provides optimal results when random errors are normally distributed. If one of the original repetitive observations has outlier, the magnitude of this outlier will decrease because the mean value of these original observations is used in the network adjustment and outlier detection. In this case, the reliability of the outlier detection methods decreases, too. Since the original repetitive observations are independent, they can be used in the adjustment model instead of the estimating mean value of them. In this study, to show the effects of the estimating mean value of the original repetitive observations, a leveling network that contains both outward run and backward run observations were simulated. Tests for outlier, Huber and Danish methods were applied to two different cases. First, the mean values of the original observations (outward run and return run) were used; and then all original observations were considered in the outlier detection. The reliabilities of the methods were measured by Mean Succes Rate. According to the obtained results, the second case has more reliable results than first case.


Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is one of the crippling complications of sickle cell disease (SCD), and to date there is no classification that could identify patients in the early phase of the necrosis. Based on the experience of 66 ANFH in 43 patients with SC hemoglobinopathy, the necrosed hips were classified into four grades, Grade I to Grade IV, based on patient history, clinical evaluation, and radiologic examination. In Grade I, the patient complains of the mildest symptoms with minimal clinical signs and radiologic changes. The most severe form, Grade IV, is where the findings are unbearable pain with disability and marked roentgenographic evidence of osteonecrosis. This classification identifies patients in Grade I and II, which, with early diagnosis and proper management, could delay further deterioration of the necrosed femoral head.


This study aims to improve students' mathematics learning outcomes in the material wake up flat through the learning model Team Games Tournament in grade 2 students SDN Majaksingi Borobudur. The study design uses Class Action Research with II cycle where each cycle consists of 2 meetings. The subjects of the study were class II of 26 students. The population of this research is 26 students. The sampling technique used is total sampling. research variables using 2 variables that are learning outcomes Mathematics and learning model Team Games Tournament. Methods of data collection using tests and observations. Data analysis used is descriptive percentage. The results showed, TGT learning model can improve learning Mathematics about wake flat. This is evidenced by data from the initial condition until cycle II. In the initial condition the percentage of students completeness reached 61.53% and in cycle II, the percentage of students mastery reach 88.46%.


We demonstrate a sinusoidal-gated InGaAs/InP single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) pair with high photon detection efficiency (PDE) and low dark count rate (DCR). The photodiode pair is biased in a balanced configuration with only one of the SPADs illuminated. The advantage of balanced detectors is cancellation of the common component of the output signal, which in this case arises from sinusoidal gating. In conventional sinusoidal gating, narrow-band RF filters are used to eliminate the gating signal while imparting minimal change to the avalanche pulses. A disadvantage of this approach is that the requisite filters fix the operating frequency, whereas the balanced SPAD receiver is frequency agile. At a laser repletion rate of 1 MHz and a temperature of 240 K, the DCR and PDE are 58 kHz and 43%, respectively. The afterpulse probability is lower than a single sinusoidal-gated SPAD. Jitter of 240 ps is achieved with one photon per pulse and an excess bias of 1.6%.


Perianal fistulas (PAF) are a common complication in Crohn's disease (CD) and can be associated with an increased burden of illness. A global study was conducted to assess the burden of illness in patients with Crohn's perianal fistulas (CPF) compared with patients with CD without PAF (non-PAF CD). Here we present patient symptom burden and impact on HRQoL.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted in seven countries (France, Germany, Spain, UK, Canada, Australia and Japan) in patients aged ≥21 and ≤90 years with self-reported physician-diagnosed CD. Patients were classified as having non-PAF CD (cohort, 1) or CPF without PAF-related surgery (cohort, 2) or CPF with PAF-related surgery (cohort, 3). Customised questions and validated general and disease-specific patient-reported outcome data were collected via a, 45-min IRB/EC-approved web-enabled questionnaire. Symptom burden and impact on HRQoL were evaluated using the Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ, scores, 1–7 [low–optimum] with, 2-week recall period) in all cohorts and Quality of Life in Patients with Anal Fistula (QoLAF, scores, 14–70 [low–high impact]) in cohorts, 2 and, 3. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.

 Of, 929 patients recruited (cohort, 1, n=620; cohort, 2, n=174; cohort, 3, n=135), 58–69% were male and, 55–67% were aged, 21–40 years across all cohorts. Cohorts, 2 and, 3 experienced a significantly higher frequency of CD-related complications than cohort, 1 (mean [standard deviation, SD]:, 9.4 [4.5] and, 11.1 [5.2] vs, 6.0 [4.1], respectively; both p <0.05, Table, 1) and had a higher number of CD-related surgeries (other than PAF-related surgeries) in the past, 12 months (mean [SD]:, 1.8 [1.1], p =0.109 and, 2.2 [1.3], p <0.0001 vs, 1.5 [0.9], respectively). In patients with CPF, a smaller proportion in cohort, 2 had active PAF vs cohort, 3 (136 [78%] vs, 119 [88%], respectively; p =0.022) and a smaller proportion had experience with post-treatment PAF recurrence/persistence in cohort, 2 vs cohort, 3 (84 [48%] vs, 80 [59%], respectively; p =0.055). Overall SIBDQ scores were significantly lower (worse) in cohorts, 2 and, 3 than in cohort, 1 (3.8 and, 3.7 vs, 4.1 respectively; both p <0.001). In patients with CPF, total QoLAF scores were comparable between cohorts, 2 and, 3 (41 and, 42, respectively), although patients in cohort, 3 had a significantly higher (worse) score in the physical impact domain compared with cohort, 2 (21 vs, 19, respectively; p <0.05).

 In this large global study, we observed that patients with CPF had incrementally higher symptom burden, owing to both CD and PAF, compared with patients with non-PAF CD. For patients with CPF, there was no difference in HRQoL irrespective of whether they had received PAF-related surgery or not.


The utilization of programming language (PL) models, pre-trained on large-scale code corpora, as a means of automating software engineering processes has demonstrated considerable potential in streamlining various code generation tasks such as code completion, code translation, and program synthesis. However, current approaches mainly rely on supervised fine-tuning objectives borrowed from text generation, neglecting unique sequence-level characteristics of code, including but not limited to compilability as well as syntactic and functional correctness. To address this limitation, we propose PPOCoder, a new framework for code generation that synergistically combines pre-trained PL models with Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) which is a widely used deep reinforcement learning technique. By utilizing non-differentiable feedback from code execution and structure alignment, PPOCoder seamlessly integrates external code-specific knowledge into the model optimization process. It's important to note that PPOCoder is a task-agnostic and model-agnostic framework that can be used across different code generation tasks and PLs. Extensive experiments on three code generation tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach compared to SOTA methods, achieving significant improvements in compilation success rates and functional correctness across different PLs.


The mechanism of bleb formation in unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between peri-aneurysmal contact (PAC) and bleb formation. Forty-five aneurysms were classified depending on the presence of blebs and PAC using computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Aneurysmal hemodynamics were assessed using computational fluid dynamics. The independent variables associated with bleb formation were statistically assessed. Fourteen aneurysms (31.1%) had blebs, all of which were located at the site of PAC (group A). Thirty-one aneurysms (68.9%) had no bleb, of which 13 had a PAC (group B) and 18 had no PAC (group C). PAC was the only independent variable associated with bleb formation ( p  < 0.05). Aneurysmal volumes were significantly higher in group A, followed by groups B and C in series. Aneurysmal wall shear stress (WSS) tended to be lowest in group A, followed by groups B and C in series. The maximum WSS at the blebs was only 17% of the maximum WSS at the aneurysmal domes. This study demonstrated that bleb formation in UIAs was associated with the establishment of PAC during their growth, which may have more detrimental effects on bleb formation than hemodynamics.


Background: Approximately 75% men have low-back pain, and most of them come to get treated for acute low-back pain and cure without operation. Conservative treatment procedures, including surgery, have never been evaluated carefully. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of conservative treatment in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (LSS) and how to choose the patient for conservative treatment. Material and Methods: As many as 30 patients (9 men and 21 women) who were undergoing treatment between January and December 2014 in Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga Unversity-dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Orthopaedic and Traumatology Hospital (RSOT) Surabaya were recruited for the study. The mean of age of the participants was 51.9 years LSS (diagnostic with plain radiography and MRI) without indicated operation and they were treated conservatively with TENS, WSD, and ultrasonography and NSAIDs for 6–12 weeks. We evaluate VAS and ODI and assigned scores to predict the efficacy of conservative treatment. Results: VAS decreased significantly in patients with mild and moderate VAS prior to conservative treatment 68.1% (p < 0.001). ODI improved significantly in a patient with a mild and moderate disability prior to conservative treatment 87.5% (p < 0,000). On the basis of scores assigned to predict the efficacy of conservative treatment, we fixed sensitivity and specificity at cut point £ 3.50. Conclusions: Conservative treatment can be effective in some LSS patients if the indications are correctly presented.


We discuss methods for statistically analyzing the output from stochastic discrete-event or Monte Carlo simulations. Both terminating and steady-state simulations are considered.


The star KIC 8462852 shows a very unusual and hard to comprehend light curve. The dip d7922 absorbs 16% of the starlight. The light curve is unusually smooth but the very steep edges make it hard to find a simple natural explanation by covering due to comets or other well-known planetary objects. We describe a mathematical approximation to the light curve, which is motivated by a physically meaningful event of a large stellar beam which generates an orbiting cloud. The data might fit to the science fiction idea of star lifting, a mining technology that could extract star matter. We extend the model to d1519 and d1568 using multiple beams and get an encouraging result that fits essential parts of the dips but misses other parts of the measured flux. We recommend further exploration of this concept with refined models.


Introduction: The critical roles of vitamin D on regulation of immune system and protection of antimicrobial pathways have been revealed; however the protective role of this vital element in protecting body against fungal infections remains uncertain. The present study aimed to compare plasma level of vitamin D in patients with Tinea versicolor and healthy individuals. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 40 patients with the diagnosis of Tinea versicolor who referred to clinic of dermatology of Rasoul Akram hospital in Tehran between 2016 and 2017. Also, 40 healthy individuals were included as the control. The plasma level of vitamin D was measured by the ELISA technique in both groups. Results: This study showed different frequency of vitamin D3 deficiency between two groups that this different was significant (P = 0.030). This means that frequency of vitamin D deficiency in Tinea versicolor group was higher than control group distribution but the mean plasma level of vitamin D was 17.77 in the group with Tinea versicolor and 21.93 in control group without a significant difference (p = 0.152). Using the multivariable linear regression model and with the presence of baseline variables, no difference was finally revealed in plasma level of vitamin D between those with Tinea versicolor and the healthy individuals (p = 0.164). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency may not have a critical role in pathogenesis of Tinea versicolor.


Data-intensive applications and throughput-oriented processors demand more memory bandwidth. Memory compression can provide more data beyond physical limits, yet new data types and smaller block sizes are challenging. This paper presents a novel and lightweight memory compression framework, Multi-Prediction Compression (MPC), to increase the effective memory bandwidth. Based on multiple prediction models and data-driven algorithm tuning, MPC can provide 31.7% better compression than state-of-the-art (SOTA) algorithms for 32B blocks. Moreover, MPC is hardware-friendly and scalable to support a growing number of data patterns.


Malignant tumors of suprarenal glands (MTSG) are characterized by aggressive course, inclination to recurrences and early metastatic spreading. Causes of the recurrence occurrence of MTSG were analyzed in 292 patients. There was revealed more frequent recurrence of tumor of the adrenal gland cortical substance than of medullary substance. In anaplastic and low differentiated forms of cancer the prognosis is poor, efficacy of treatment is extremely low. Most frequently (in 63.5% of observations) the recurrence is localized in regional collectors of the lymph outflow. Elaboration of operative interventions, which include prophylactic systemic dissection of retroperitoneal fat, would have to permit to lower the recurrence frequency after primary surgical intervention. Occurrence of the tumor recurrence after primary operation constitute a bad prognostic sign. Of the patients with the tumor recurrence 55.8% are considered incurable.


We present an orbit determination method based on genetic algorithms. Contrary to usual estimation methods mainly based on least-squares methods, these algorithms do not require any a priori knowledge of the initial state vector to be estimated. These algorithms can be applied when a new satellite is launched or for uncatalogued objects that appear in images obtained from robotic telescopes such as the TAROT ones. We show in this paper preliminary results obtained from an SLR satellite, for which tracking data acquired by the ILRS network enable to build accurate orbital arcs at a few centimeter level, which can be used as a reference orbit ; in this case, the basic observations are made up of time series of ranges, obtained from various tracking stations. We show as well the results obtained from the observations acquired by the two TAROT telescopes on the Telecom-2D satellite operated by CNES ; in that case, the observations are made up of time series of azimuths and elevations, seen from the two TAROT telescopes. The method is carried out in several steps: (i) an analytical propagation of the equations of motion, (ii) an estimation kernel based on genetic algorithms, which follows the usual steps of such approaches: initialization and evolution of a selected population, so as to determine the best parameters. Each parameter to be estimated, namely each initial keplerian element, has to be searched among an interval that is preliminary chosen. The algorithm is supposed to converge towards an optimum over a reasonable computational time.


Recent studies strongly indicate a bidirectional relationship between sexual distinction and sex steroid hormones. In this study, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to estimate the level of estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) in the liver, gonads, kidney, and intestine of female and male Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. The effects of a single injection of 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone on the gene expression of ER-β and AR-α1 were determined. The expression of ER-β in females was higher than in the male liver and gonad (P<0.05). AR-α1 expression in in males was higher than females in the liver, gonad, and intestine (P<0.05). E2 increased the expression of ER-β in the livers of female fish (P<0.05). Testosterone (T) increased the expression of AR-α in the liver and intestine of male fish (P<0.05). Contrary to the result of AR, a Western blot analysis indicated that the level of ER protein in the female liver and gonad was significantly higher than that of males (P<0.05). Immunopositive results were the highest in the gonad followed by the intestine and kidney. Moreover, the immunolabeling signal was intensified in females but not in males, as shown via Western blot.


Wedged hepatic venous pressure (WHVP) is equivalent to portal venous pressure in patients with alcoholic liver diseases. However, it may underestimate portal pressure in nonalcoholics, which is important because hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a frequent cause of chronic liver disease. We investigated the agreement between directly measured portal pressure and WHVP in alcoholic and HCV–related liver diseases. Seventy‐one patients with liver disease resulting from HCV infection (n = 32), alcohol (n = 25), or both (n = 14) underwent simultaneous measurements of WHVP (by hepatic vein catheterization) and portal pressure (by direct puncture). In 9 patients, measurements were repeated 20 minutes after acute iv propranolol administration. WHVP showed an excellent agreement with portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis resulting from either HCV, alcohol or both (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.94, 0.93, and 0.97, respectively;P< .001). A discrepancy of ≥5 mm Hg was observed in 7 cases. WHVP underestimated portal pressure in only 1 case and exceeded portal pressure by ≥5 mm Hg in 6 patients. The WHVP response to propranolol closely and significantly correlated with changes in portal pressure (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.87; P< .004). The simple and safe measurement of WHVP accurately reflects portal pressure in alcoholic and HCV–related liver disease. This technique also allows us to accurately assess the portal pressure response to propranolol in both alcoholic and HCV–related cirrhosis.


The claim that similarity plays a role in representation has been philosophically discredited. Psychologists, however, routinely analyze the success of mental representations for guiding behavior in terms of a similarity between representation and the world. I provide a foundation for this practice by developing a philosophically responsible account of the relationship between similarity and representation in natural systems. I analyze similarity in terms of the existence of a suitable homomorphism between two structures. The key insight is that by restricting attention to only those homomorphisms induced by causal processes, we can solve two philosophical problems with a single assumption. First, causal structure provides an adequate source for the bias required to ensure the similarity relation is non-trivial; second, it provides an adequate source for the directionality required to move from similarity to representation. I defend this account against objections by Goodman and van Fraassen and demonstrate that it is indeed the account of similarity's role in representation assumed by psychological practice.


Based on analogy between the charging and discharging of humans' tolerance to overheating stimuli and that of charge in an electrical capacitor, this paper proposes a simple mathematical model for predicting overheating risk given a set of measured / simulated environmental conditions. The model is analytically based, but uses coefficients to empirically tune its charging / discharging time constants to a given population and situation. The paper goes on to present an extension of this model, which takes into account occupants' actions to adapt their personal and environmental characteristics to alleviate discomforting stimuli: more specifically the probability with which such actions will take place and the corresponding impact of these actions on occupants' thermal satisfaction.


Deep neural networks and in particular, deep neural classifiers have become an integral part of many modern applications. Despite their practical success, we still have limited knowledge of how they work and the demand for such an understanding is evergrowing. In this regard, one crucial aspect of deep neural network classifiers that can help us deepen our knowledge about their decision-making behavior is to investigate their decision boundaries. Nevertheless, this is contingent upon having access to samples populating the areas near the decision boundary. To achieve this, we propose a novel approach we call Deep Decision boundary Instance Generation (DeepDIG). DeepDIG utilizes a method based on adversarial example generation as an effective way of generating samples near the decision boundary of any deep neural network model. Then, we introduce a set of important principled characteristics that take advantage of the generated instances near the decision boundary to provide multifaceted understandings of deep neural networks. We have performed extensive experiments on multiple representative datasets across various deep neural network models and characterized their decision boundaries. The code is publicly available at this https URL.


This thesis searches for the theoretical influence of corporate social performance (CSP) on corporate financial performance and to provide empirical evidence for this effect from the recent global crisis. Hence, the author investigates how and why CSP influences financial performance from the international perspective with a global dataset of Fortune World's Most Admired Companies in three distinctive studies. The first study develops a model on how and why independent directors using CSP disclosure affect profitability. The model is built on Schmidt and Keil's (2013) theory of the conditions and mechanisms that make resources valuable to a firm. The regression results support the proposed model in a way that the synergy of independent directors using CSP disclosure probably increases profitability. The second study tests the agency theory on the impact of executive remuneration combining with CSR disclosure on profitability. The study finds that a combination of executive remuneration and CSP disclosure are likely to improve profitability; however, higher salary and stock might be the drivers that affect executives to disclose more information on CSP, which enhances the corporate reputation in CSP. The third study tests the theory of transaction costs in a model on the influence of CSR on profitability intervened by corporate governance. The data support the model, suggesting that well-informed and good governance is the condition for a positive influence of CSP on financial performance. The novel contributions of the thesis are as follows. From an international perspective and use of a global-level dataset, the thesis confirms and extents the global theories related to corporate governance, and opens up the new research avenues. Empirically, this thesis is the first that proposes and tests a model on how and why independent directors using CSP disclosure affects profitability, underpinned by Schmidt and Keil's (2013) function. Methodologically, the studies used the two measures of CSP in terms of disclosure and reputational rank; the structures of two simultaneous equations were used to fit the data. Further, the problem of endogeneity was addressed in the studies. At the firm level, the thesis implies that first, the strategy in which independent directors use CSP is likely to improve financial performance due to the willingness to pay for the increased resources and social capital of their firm. Second, the study results raise the concerns on managerial manipulation of CSP disclosure due to agency problems and information asymmetry problems, thus recommending independent directors' role of monitoring CSP. Third, the study suggests that positive effect of CSP on financial performance is conditional on the intervention of transparent and good governance. Moreover, the thesis reveals the advantages of the two coordinating forms of economic activities from the recent financial crisis, one based on networks and the other on governance hierarchy. These should be macro policy considerations during periods of economic recession when the market mechanism might fail.


Abstract This paper presents an algorithm to solve the three-dimensional unsteady Euler equations on unstructured tetrahedral meshes using a dynamic mesh algorithm. The driving algorithm is an upwind biased implicit second order accurate cell-centered finite volume scheme. The spatial discretisation technique involves a naturally dissipative flux-split approach that accounts for the local wave propagation characteristics of the flow and captures shock waves sharply. A continuously differentiable flux limiter has been employed to eliminate the spurious oscillations near shock waves, generally arising in calculations involving upwind biased schemes. The temporal discretisation is also second order accurate and uses a Newton linearisation for unsteady calculations. To calculate time dependent flows a dynamic mesh algorithm has been implemented in which the mesh is moved to conform to the instantaneous position of the body by modelling each edge of each cell by a spring. The paper presents a description of the solver and the grid movement algorithm along with results and comparison that assess their capabilities.


The marketing discipline has traditionally focused on product and service satisfaction, but these measures alone are no longer sufficient to guide marketing-oriented organizations. Dramatic changes in our society in the last decade have created opportunities to develop and expand market research beyond product and service satisfaction to include the concept of life satisfaction. Attention to this concept in the development of socially responsive business strategies will become increasingly important as our population of older citizens grows in size. This article seeks to sensitize corporate managers to the changes that are taking place in the consumer environment and suggest the potential of the life satisfaction concept in creating and marketing effective products and services.


Sonic narratives on fixed media can take many forms. We may find complexly nuanced sound productions that rely on a broad range of implied and/or culturally shared non-verbal cues to convey a narrative progression. But we also frequently find creative productions centred upon the human voice, much like traditional storytelling but presented in the wider variety of performed, captured, or constructed contexts enabled by technology. In those productions, human voice without a visible physical source will represent, if only in the historic sense, the essence of the acousmatic – an unseen speaker addressing assembled listeners. And, although precise listener responses to that unseen voice will certainly vary, we typically respond quite strongly when directly addressed by another human voice. What are some of the attributes of voice that can trigger those strong responses? And, more pragmatically, what questions should composers consider as we attempt to harness that power for our own creative ends? In this article, we raise some of those questions for consideration, with the hope that readers – particularly those who are also sonic creators – will seek to answer them through their own creative practice.


Abstract The main purpose of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties and measurement invariance across gender and age of the Student Stress Inventory-Stress Manifestations (SSI-SM) scores in a large sample of adolescents. The sample was comprised by a total of 1108 students (482 were male), with a mean age of 14.61 years (SD = 1.71). The results indicated that the SSI-SM scores presented adequate psychometric properties from both classical test theory and Item Response Theory (IRT). Confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA), showed that both the bifactor model and a three-factor model (emotional, physiological, and behavioural) were adequate. Multi-group CFA showed that the three-factor model had strong measurement invariance across gender and age. Statistically significant differences in gender were found between latent means as well as raw scores of SSI-SM. Ordinal alpha was .78 for Physiological, .90 for the Emotional, and .79 for the Behavioural subscales. Using IRT, the SSI-SM provides more accuracy information at the medium level of the latent trait. SSI-SM subscales were associated with emotional and behavioural problems. These results provided new sources of validity evidence of the SSI-SM scores in adolescents from general population. The SSI-SM appears to be a useful, brief, and easy to administrate self-report instrument for the screening of stress manifestations at school and educational settings.


INTRODUCTION
Escitalopram, fluoxetine, and amitriptyline are the drugs commonly used in the treatment of depression. The pharmacoeconomic evaluation of these drugs becomes relevant as they are prescribed for a long period of time, and depression causes a significant economic burden. The cost-minimization study would contribute to bringing down the annual treatment costs, leading to better medication adherence and ultimately better patient outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
All drug prices are mentioned in Indian National Rupee (INR). All expenses are based on 2022 pricing. No cost discounting was used because all expenditures were calculated over a year. We considered hypothetical scenarios where the patient was prescribed the lowest possible dose for depression, an equivalent antidepressant dose, a defined daily dose, and the maximum acceptable therapeutic dose for depression.

RESULTS
Annual average treatment costs of amitriptyline, escitalopram, and fluoxetine in patients with depression at baseline with equivalent dosing as mono-drug therapy were 2765.53, 2914.78, and 1422.72 rupees (INR), respectively. Savings were high when the patient was shifted to fluoxetine from either escitalopram or amitriptyline. The savings from switching to fluoxetine were 50.66% and 56.42% from escitalopram and amitriptyline, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The choice of an antidepressant depends on multiple aspects, among which the cost of treatment plays a crucial role. Among the drugs compared, fluoxetine seems to offer greater value for money. The study emphasizes that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants not only because of their favorable pharmacological profile but also because of their affordability.


Published in 1995, Michael Billig's Banal Nationalism is the fourth most cited text on nationalism and arguably the most influential book on the topic in the last two decades. Focusing on contemporary and everyday expressions of nationhood, the study marked a profound shift away from previous attempts to map the transformation to an era of nations and the association of nationalism with political violence, civil conflict and extremist movements. Billig's arguments have been picked up by scholars working in an impressive range of disciplines as part of the recent turn to the 'everyday', and the term 'banal' has come to form a short hand for the study of the ways in which particular representations, forms of social organisation and cultural practice become normalised and taken-for-granted. While, however, there have been numerous journal papers and monographs that have made reference to Billig's work, there has yet to be an in-depth, critical and comprehensive evaluation of the study or how it has impacted on both studies of nationalism and the social sciences as a whole. In the latter case, it's worth noting that the Banal Nationalism thesis has not been made redundant by the burgeoning literature on globalisation but instead has been extended by scholars looking to theorise new forms of sociability, most notably Urry and Beck's influential work on 'banal globalism' and 'banal cosmopolitanism', respectively. This edited collection, drawing together scholars from a range of disciplines, will assess the contribution of Billig's work but, above all, draw on recent developments in theories of practice, material culture, media and communications and affect to highlight new developments in the field. These discussions will place it at the cutting edge of current research into social and cultural identities. Another key contribution will be the provision of a range of perspectives, including empirical research focusing on Canada, Hong Kong, Serbia, Turkey, Germany, the UK, Azerbaijan and the USA, thereby having the potential to engage a global audience of academics and social researchers. Finally, it will include a response from Michael Billig, which will draw together some of the main threads from the preceding chapters and further develop the appeal of the collection.


Human reproduction is a complex process and can be disturbed in many phases by both host and environmental factors. Therefore, it has been difficult to distinguish the occupational causes of spontaneous abortion and congenital malformations from other factors related to the parents' characteristics and their living environment. The extrapolation of results of animal studies to humans is often complicated because there are structural and functional differences between the species and the mechanisms of harmful effects are seldom known. There is also a lack of conclusive epidemiologic studies on the topic. At present knowledge on the potential reproductive toxicity of even rather common occupational exposures is limited and in many cases only suggestive. Paternal exposure to organic solvents before conception and maternal exposure during pregnancy may have adverse effects on the pregnancy and offspring. Heavy physical work during pregnancy may increase the risk of spontaneous abortion.


We analyze the problem of obstacle avoidance in an automated highway system (AHS). For a given scenario (traffic state, obstacle location, etc.), we synthesize the best possible avoidance manoeuvre for each vehicle. Our aim is to obtain a distributed strategy so that the obstacle avoidance manoeuvres can be executed by vehicle based controllers (with some inter-vehicle communication) as opposed to a roadside controller making decisions and communicating it to the individual vehicles.


Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent cardiovascular risk factor that depends on folate and vitamin B12 nutrition. Aim: To measure homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 serum levels in healthy children with and without a family history of cardiovascular disease. Subjects and methods: Forty children aged 6 to 15 years with a family history of cardiovascular disease, and 40 age and sex matched children without such history were studied. Serum homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 were measured in a fasting blood sample. Homocysteine was measured by a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), vitamin B12 by enzymatic microparticle assay, covered with intrinsic factor and folic acid by ionic capture, using commercial kits. Results: Children with family history of cardiovascular disease had higher homocysteine levels than their counterparts without family history (7.9±3 and 5.8±2 µmol/l respectively, p <0.03), but similar folic acid (5.2±1.8 and 5.5±1.4 pg/ml respectively) and vitamin B12 levels (431±213 and 445±209 ng/ml respectively). There was a negative and significant correlation between homocysteine and folic acid and vitamin B12 levels. Conclusions: Children with a family history of cardiovascular disease have higher levels of serum homocysteine than those without such history, despite having similar levels of folic acid and vitamin B12


The relationship between vision and learning has been reported by many authors in the optometric literature. Although not always in agreement as to how this relationship occurs, the fact that a relationship does exist has been the majority opinion. A short discussion of this relationship is presented along with examples of screening procedures which have been used to detect specific visual anomalies. Finally, a screening sequence developed by the author will be presented and the results of its use on twentyfour college-level students at the Pacific University Study Skills Center will be shown in tables and discussion.


Inter- and intra-state disparities in levels of literacy rates in India are striking, especially for the marginalized groups of women and low caste population. The present paper offers an explanation of this disparate development in terms of elite dominance that discriminates against the minority groups of people and systematically under-invests in mass education. We experiment with various indirect economic and political measures of elite dominance. Results based on the Indian state-level data for the period 1960-92 suggest that higher share of land held by the top 5% of the population (a) lowers spending on education as well as total developmental spending and (b) increases total non-developmental spending. Greater proportion of minority representations (female and low caste members) in the ruling government however fails to have any perceptible impact on development (including education) spending in our sample. This analysis also identifies land reform and poverty alleviation as two important policy instruments to erode the initial disadvantage of the marginalised people.


With its highly centralized politi-cal institutions, Israel is typical of the unitary, nonfederal politi-cal systems in the world. On the other hand, with its growing em-phasis on federalism, the United States reveals the functions and dysfunctions of the pluralist sys-tem. In this provocative book, Frederick Lazin compares the two types of political systems to show how municipalities in Is-rael, as in the United States, ex-ert considerable influence on implementation of national do-mestic policies. He argues con-vincingly that unitary systems have many of the same diffi-culties that their federal coun-terparts have in implementing social welfare policies. This study provides a the-oretical basis for understanding how administrative institutional system and socioeconomic sta-tus variables affect the potential influence of municipalities and make implementation of policies so problematic. It develops a model for policy implementation in unitary systems which then serves as a framework of analy-sis for a series of case studies of social welfare, education, and health policy in Israel. Com-parisons are then made with the federal political system of the United States in which the na-tional government needs the cooperation of local authorities to implement its policies. Refer-ence is made to federal housing policies and programs for low-in-come Americans. Similarities as well as differences are noted be-tween the two systems in order to reach conclusions about pol-icy implementation regardless of type of political system. The book contributes both to the general literature on policy implementation as well as to the politics of unitary versus federal systems. It provides a unique and important analysis of prob-lems confronting both types of system in the area of policy im-plementation of social welfare programs, which remain impor-tant concerns in political sys-tems throughout the world.


Adolescents are at heightened risk for the development of both depressive and substance-related disorders. These two disorders frequently co-occur in adolescents and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Given the substantial economic and psychosocial burden associated with the comorbid condition, the identification of causal mechanisms associated with their co-occurrence is of great public health importance. Although there is significant understanding of the environmental and neurobiological factors involved in depression and addictive disorders considered separately, the mechanisms underlying the comorbid illness have not been investigated carefully. The purpose of this review is to summarize the extant literature on genetic, environmental and neurobiological processes involved in the etiology of depressive and substance-related disorders in adolescents and adults. It is important to note that the data on common neurobiological systems that link addictive and depressive disorders are primarily from research with adult animals and humans. Given the ongoing maturation of these systems throughout adolescence and early adult life, it is not clear how these neurobiological processes influence the development and progression of both disorders. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the onset and course of these disorders during adolescence will be helpful in developing more effective preventive and treatment strategies not only for this population but also for adult patients with early-onset illness.


Recommendation systems help users identify interesting content, but they also open new privacy threats. In this paper, we deeply analyze the effect of a Sybil attack that tries to infer information on users from a user-based collaborative-filtering recommendation systems. We discuss the impact of different similarity metrics used to identity users with similar tastes in the trade-off between recommendation quality and privacy. Finally, we propose and evaluate a novel similarity metric that combines the best of both worlds: a high recommendation quality with a low prediction accuracy for the attacker. Our results, on a state-of-the-art recommendation framework and on real datasets show that existing similarity metrics exhibit a wide range of behaviors in the presence of Sybil attacks, while our new similarity metric consistently achieves the best trade-off while outperforming state-of-the-art solutions.


The socio-legal technology of licensing is one of the primary tools governments use to manage spaces and practices deemed risky or threatening to public order. Licensing requirements thus play a crucial role in shaping routine experiences in public space as well as the trajectories of emerging forms of public life. Yet licensing laws have largely been ignored in critical urban scholarship: too often concerned with the interpretation and critique of popular practices and public spaces, the mundane operations of urban governance are often left to practitioners and policy researchers. This article demonstrates how paying closer attention to licensure can provide valuable and unexpected insights into matters of social equality, urban amenity and economic opportunity. It does so through a comparative inquiry into practices of street food vending in New York City, Seattle, and Portland, Oregon. Drawing on ethnographic study and interviews, the article demonstrates how licensing can be involved in the production of quite peculiar and unjust geographies of practice, but also how shifts in popular culture can force a reconsideration of taken-for- granted laws. In conclusion, it is argued that a focus on licensing offers a productive pathway for new forms of critical urban research and provides a potential point of leverage in efforts to configure better and more democratic forms of urban public life.


The mechanisms involved in the hypotensive effect of apomorphine were studied in urethane anesthetized rats. The intravenous injection of apomorphine (0.01-0.75 mg/kg) produced a dose dependent fall in mean blood pressure. At the higher doses used (0.5-0.75 mg/kg) a marked bradycardia accompanied the hypotensive effect. These cardiovascular effects were prevented by pretreating the animals with pimozide (0.01-0.1 mg/kg). Low doses of haloperidol (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) did not antagonize the hypotensive action of apomorphine. Higher doses of haloperidol (1-3 mg/kg) reduced markedly the mean blood pressure. Atropine (1 mg/kg) partially antagonized the decrease in mean blood pressure induced by apomorphine and prevented completely the bradycardia. Hexamethonium (10 mg/kg) reduced the mean blood pressure and when apomorphine was administered, a residual hypotensive effect and no bradycardia was observed. It is concluded that the cardiovascular actions of apomorphine are central in origin and mainly due to the stimulation of a dopamine receptor. A probable peripheral effect could not be discarded.


A numerical simulation study is reported on the thermodynamic performance of several non-CFC refrigeration devices. The study includes complex compound absoiption, Brayton, Stirling, and thermoelectric devices. Comparisons are made to the more commonly applied vapor compression systems, including those using R-134a. The study examines the effect of thermal resistances between the device and the heat rejection or heat absorption space. A cool side temperature difference between 0 and 20° C is investigated, and this temperature difference accounts for both thermal resistance and cooling load. An outside temperature ranging between 35° C and 46° C is considered in the calculations, with a cooled space temperature of 22° C assumed throughout. Evaluations of the coefficients of performance for each of the units show the vapor compression machines demonstrate superior performance over the complete range of operating conditions examined. However, additional requirements, such as maintenance and environmental factors, indicate other desirable options.


Choice between alternative flexible functional forms has received little explicit treatment in many empirical agricultural studies. Theoretical criteria and empirical techniques for choosing between flexible functional forms are reviewed. Theoretical topics include definitions of flexibility, mathematical expansions, separability, and regular regions. Empirical techniques examined are Monte Carlo analysis, parametric modeling, bayesian inference, and nonnested hypothesis testing. Comparison of the full range of theoretical and empirical aspects may provide more credible and reliable empirical estimates when consumer or producer duality assumptions are appropriate in agricultural applications.


Abstarct. The purpose of this research is improving the narrative writing skills by applying concept sentence model. The form of this research is a Classroom Action Research with three cycles. The subject is 5th students at primary education school in the 2019/2020 school year, with a total of 31 students. Data collection techniques in this research using interviews, observation, field notes, test, and documentation. Then, data analysis of content by using validity and triangulation.While, the analysis of the data by using descriptive percentage and qualitative analysis technique.. The first cycle gets an average of 45,1%,, and the second cycle gets an average of 90,3%, ended the third cycle gets an average of 87%. Based on the result of the study, it can be conclude that the narrative writing skills of SD N Tunggulsari I in the 2019/2020 school year can be improved through the concept sentence model. The application of the concept sentence model can be applied by a teacher in improving narrative essay writing skills in the class. Keywords: Concept Sentence, narrative writing skill, classroom action research, primary education school


A rapidly emerging trend in the IT landscape is the uptake of large-scale datacenters moving storage and data processing to providers located far away from the end-users or locally deployed servers. For these large-scale datacenters, power efficiency is a key metric, with the PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) and DCiE (Data Centre infrastructure Efficiency) being important examples. This article proposes a belief rule based expert system to predict datacenter PUE under uncertainty. The system has been evaluated using real-world data from a data center in the UK. The results would help planning construction of new datacenters and the redesign of existing datacenters making them more power efficient leading to a more sustainable computing environment. In addition, an optimal learning model for the BRBES demonstrated which has been compared with ANN and Genetic Algorithm; and the results are promising.


There is increasing recognition that the existence of clusters can only be understood when studying their dynamics over time (Audretsch and Feldman 1996; Pouder and St. John 1996; Swann et al. 1998; Maggioni 2002; Brenner 2004; Iammarino and McCann 2006; Menzel and Fornahl 2010; Ter Wal and Boschma 2011). In fact, clusters may be best understood as products of a path-dependent process (Martin and Sunley 2006). In that context, scholars have described the main features of cluster development over time, and have explored the driving forces behind their evolution. In their seminal contribution, Menzel and Fornahl (2010) proposed a cluster life cycle model in which firms enter and exit the cluster, capabilities of cluster firms develop and interact (and might converge), and inter-organizational linkages within and beyond the cluster are established and dissolved along the cluster life cycle.


Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit, New York City (NYC) and many other cities in the United States and around the world are engaging in urban greening projects. Urban greening almost always involves planting trees... lots of trees. New York City, for example, has planted over 750,000 trees to date as part of a project that started in 2007 – a project with the goal of planting 1 million trees in 10 years. Many of these trees will be street trees, which are a major component of any city tree planting program, and even though they don't feel like 'forest,' we qualify them as part of what we call the urban forest. Imagine a canopied forest in a city – a place that actually looks and feels like a forest. Is there even room, though, for a traditional forest in densely populated places like NYC? According to the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation, nearly 40 percent of the city's parkland (total 11,700 hectares) is still natural. Of that, forests make up 2,400 hectares of the total parkland. The rest is rocky shorelines, beaches, wetlands and meadows. Million Trees New York City (MTNYC) is committed to planting trees on an additional 800 hectares of city parkland as part of a reforestation effort. Their plan is to create new, small forests, in the urban setting.


To the Editor .—I read the recent article in theArchivesby Leach et al 1 with great interest. The effect of propranolol hydrochloride on other types of aneurysmal disease could also be explored. For example, the incidence of coronary artery aneurysms in a coronary artery surgery study of 20087 patients was 5%. 2 The cause was primarily atherosclerotic or congenital, with over half secondary to atherosclerosis. The main complications reported were rupture with sudden death, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction secondary to embolization. Medical treatment generally consists of the use of antithrombotic drugs. Often a patient has associated coronary artery stenosis and poststenotic dilation and aneurysm formation. Often these patients are receiving propranolol for treatment of associated disease, such as hypertension, angina pectoris, and the control of certain types of cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, in a large medical center such as Yale (New Haven, Conn), where many coronary angiographic studies are


A Review of:
Hulseberg, A., & Twait, M. (2016). Sophomores speaking: An exploratory study of student research practices. College & Undergraduate Libraries, 23(2), 130-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10691316.2014.981907

Abstract

Objective – To understand sophomore undergraduate students' research practices.

Design – Mixed methods online survey and participant interviews.

Setting – A small liberal arts college in the Midwestern United States of America.

Subjects – The sample consisted of 660 second-year students; 139 students responded to the survey (21% response rate). In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 of the 139 survey respondents.

Methods – A 13-item survey was emailed to sophomore students during October 2012. To analyze the results, the authors and a library student intern developed a coding scheme to apply to open-ended survey questions.

Survey respondents could also volunteer for in-depth interviews. A total of 50 survey respondents volunteered, and 14 were invited for in-depth interviews between December 2012 and January 2013. The interview protocol included open-ended questions about students' research experiences. Students were also asked to identify and discuss one recent research project. Interviews were audio and video recorded; data from one interview was lost due to technology failure, resulting in data analysis of 13 interviews. Interview transcripts were coded by an anthropology doctoral student, the study authors, and a library student assistant.

Main Results – The survey found that students completed fewer research projects and used fewer library resources as sophomores than they did as first-year students. For example, only 4.9% (n=7) of students reported completing zero research assignments in their first year, compared with 34.5% (n=48) in their second year. When asked if there were library resources or skills they wanted to know about sooner in their academic career, students' top reply was "Nothing" (34.5%, n=48), followed by "Navigating the physical space" (15.8%, n=22), "Librarians/staff & reference desk" (11.5%, n=16), and "Effective searching & evaluating sources" (10.8%, n=15). Male and female students' responses differed, with male students less likely overall to express interest in library resources. While 42.4% (n=59) of students replied that they would consult with a librarian for help with their research projects, this option ranked third after professors (83.5%, n=116) and peers (70.5%, n=98). Again, responses varied by gender, with female students (49.5%, n=49) more likely than male students (26.3%, n=10) to contact a librarian about a research project.

Most interview participants replied that searching online, including library resources, was their research starting point. Students most often selected research topics, based on their interest, from a professor-approved list. Students identified "relevant content, familiarity . . . , and credibility" (p. 138) as important source evaluation characteristics. The majority of students also used library information sources in their research, including databases, research guides, and the catalogue. Students most often mentioned struggling with "finding sources/identifying keywords" (n=6) and "finding known items" (n=6). Unlike survey respondents, interview participants unanimously reported consulting with a librarian. Most students (n=11) received library instruction as first-year students, and some suggested that this instruction helped them feel comfortable asking for help. Finally, most students felt that their research habits improved from their first year to their second year, specifically with regards to "their research technique, improved confidence . . . and an expanded source horizon" (p. 143).

Conclusion – The authors recommend continuing strong information literacy support to first-year students, as well as working with faculty members and other campus partners to promote reference services to sophomores. When compared to previous research, the current study reports a higher percentage of students seeking librarian assistance; however, because some students also reported confusion about when and how to ask for help, further analysis could explore how reference librarians capitalize on peer and faculty "referral networks" (p. 145). Finding that students face significant challenges early in the research process was consistent with previous research, and future study might reveal more about this specific phenomenon in sophomores. Interviews should also be extended to include students who are non-library users. Finally, the authors suggest that the findings provide no evidence of a "sophomore information literacy slump" (p. 146).


In this reform era, the needs of the community will be the transparency of government services is very important to note. The development of information technology produces a
bright spot for the community in obtaining information, while also helping governments in obtaining input from the community. Use of this information technology to build a system between communities and the government, known as e-government. In order to implement e-government, a government institution can create a site (website) which contains a complete and accurate information about their institutions, both interactive and passive whose contents
should be able to serve all walks of media users. Based on the above, researchers want to know about the use of e-Government by community leaders in meeting the needs of public information.
According to Eko Indrajit In his book Electronic Governement (Indrajit, 2002: 2-4), Clay G. Wescott (senior Asian Development Bank), defines e-government as the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to inform cost-effective and efficient government, facilitate government services more convenient, allowing greater public access to information, and make government more responsible to the citizens. While information in the
Information Disclosure Act in section 1 of Public Information is defined as material containing elements - elements that can be communicated, the facts and or anything that can explain a thing by itself or through everything that has been arranged through the form of
documents , files, reports, books, diagrams, maps, drawings, photographs, films, visual, voice recording, recording through a computer or other methods that can be displayed. The focus of this research is the use of e-government by community leaders in the city of Malang.
Community leaders in this research are the NGO leaders who oversee their activities and performance of government policies in Malang City.
This research uses descriptive method of research was conducted using a qualitative approach. Informants in this study were community leaders in NGOs, Malang, and found
seven people from the determination of the informant informants using snowball technique.
Data analysis techniques used in this study is to proceed by induction, interpretation and conceptualization where data will be collected and analyzed by means of refining the rough empirical material to the consolidated field, then perform simplification of data into multiple
units of detailed information but has focused in genuine expression of the respondents From the data analysis, researchers can draw the conclusion that the public information contained in e-Government could meet the City Government of Malang less public information, because in these sites contain only about the activities of local government publications, Malang. While the function of the e-Government itself should contain the data or information about performance and issues relating to local government as a form of transparency between Malang Malang City Government with the community. In its utilization, the informant get dissatisfaction with e-Government City Government of Malang.
By reason of the information required does not exist or is inadequate to the needs of informant information. If related to the theory, this study according to the Uses and
Gratification theory, because the informants use the media to obtain public information requirement although in real public information needs are not met the informant in the e-
Government site Government of Malang City.