Obesity is a global phenomenon with unfavourable clinical and economic outcomes. The prevalence of maternal obesity has risen at similar rates to global obesity and has two distinct population pathways. Firstly, pregnancy has been identified as a risk factor for the development of obesity due to extreme gestation gain and/or prolonged postpartum weight retention. Secondly the number of pre-gravid obese women has increased dramatically over recent years, making this a high-risk medical group. As such, effective interventions are necessary to prevent and reduce the incidence of excessive gestational weight gain and persistent postpartum weight retention, particularly in overweight and obese women. The focus of this review is on the postpartum period, which includes the first twelve months following childbirth. Exercise has many potential benefits for these women, but, despite considerable interest in the effects of physical activity on maternal body mass, few exercise-based randomised controlled trials exist. Two studies have implemented low to moderate intensity walking programmes as weight management interventions, with limited success. Two, more recent studies have used resistance exercises and active videogames to promote weight loss, however while both types of interventions resulted in significant weight loss, these reductions were not significantly different from the corresponding control groups. As such, a proof of principle with regards to exercise and weight retention in overweight and obese women is not available. More investigation is warranted in this important research area and future studies should be based on accessible, progressive, appropriate and effective exercise strategies.


Abstract Measuring party agendas is a central enterprise in agenda-setting studies, but there is no consensus on which empirical material to use to capture such agendas, and no study systematically compares different communication channels of individual parties. A crucial question arises: To what extent do political parties campaign on the same issues in different channels of campaign communication? Using quantitative content analysis to measure the agendas of Danish parties in six campaign channels during five national elections, the article empirically demonstrates that parties emphasise quite different issues in different channels, most likely due to strategic considerations. Potentially, this conclusion has profound implications for the research field: acknowledging the dissimilarity of the same party's issue attention in different empirical material, scholars may not be able to directly compare agenda studies based on e.g. election manifestos and commercial ads. Thus, future agenda-setting studies should include multiple channels or begin a search for a standard source.


This paper presents how the industry, universities, and government agencies are working to develop in-situ wiring sensor systems to detect, diagnose, predict and prevent wiring related problems in aerospace vehicles. The authors begin with a brief introduction to wiring related problems and the safety and economic impacts caused by deterioration and abuse. Next, the authors present how the Navy is funding development of "smart" wiring systems such as arc fault detecting circuit breakers, wiring harnesses and connectors. The paper presents how smart wiring incorporates real time signal processing, rule based reasoning and microsystems and sensor technologies to form an early warning system using web-based information technologies. Next the paper present plans to install and test smart wiring in new and legacy aircraft. The paper concludes with a discussion of how smart wiring has a far reaching impact in aerospace systems through application in prognostic health management of engines, avionics, and control systems attached to smart wiring.


Extensive experimental and clinical literature attests to the importance of iron in tumor cell growth. For example, high levels of dietary iron have been linked epidemiologically to the increased development of tumors in humans; in animal models, levels of dietary iron affect tumor growth. However, pathways that underlie the apparent demand for iron by tumors remain largely uncharacterized. We recently discovered that an iron efflux pathway plays a role in breast cancer growth and metastasis: expression of the iron efflux pump ferroportin and its regulator hepcidin were predictive of metastasis-free survival in multiple independent breast cancer cohorts. To determine the optimal "iron gene regulatory signature," we used microarray datasets comprising 674 breast cancer cases to systematically investigate how expression of genes related to iron metabolism is linked to breast cancer prognosis. Of 61 genes involved in iron regulation, 49% were statistically significantly associated with distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). Optimal risk stratification was achieved with a model comprising 16 genes, which we term the iron regulatory gene signature (IRGS). Multivariable analysis revealed that the IRGS contributes information not captured by conventional prognostic indicators (hazard ratio 1.61; 95% CI 1.16–2.24; p=0.004). The IRGS successfully stratified homogeneously treated patients, including ER+ patients treated with tamoxifen monotherapy, both with (p=0.006) and without (p=0.03) lymph node metastases. To test whether multiple pathways were embedded within the IRGS, we evaluated the performance of two gene dyads with known roles in iron biology in ER+ patients treated with tamoxifen monotherapy (n=371). For both dyads, gene combinations that minimized intracellular iron content (anti-import: TFRCLow/HFEHigh; or pro-export: FPHigh/HAMPLow) were associated with favorable prognosis (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr C64.


This study examined the contraceptive utilisation among patients treated in a University Teaching Hospital for complications of illegal abortion aimed at utilizing such information to proffer solution to the problems of unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion.
In this study, 93.3% of patients had never used contraceptive and of this patients 31.1% have had previous induced abortion. Also 94.7% of the patients who have had previous induced abortion had never used contraceptive.
Contraceptive promotion and utilization were proffered as solution to the problem of unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion. Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol. 9, No. 2 (June 1999) pp. 167-168


A case is made for defining runology as runic philology, the ultimate goal of which is to arrive at a "basic" interpretation of rune-texts. Scandinavian runestones from the Viking Age are not, however, only sources for old languages and writing practices. They may tell us much about contemporary cultures and the social role played therein by runic monuments, information which may in turn be used to understand better the texts themselves. A discussion is offered of the different angles from which the social aspects might be studied: stone types, monument location, carving technique and ornamentation, monument status levels, runic usage, phonology, morphology, as well as lexemes, including names.


We study dynamical and energetic instabilities in the transport properties of Bloch waves for atomic multicomponent Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices in the tight-binding limit. We obtain stability criteria analytically, as a function of superfluid velocities and interaction parameters, in several cases, for two-component and spinor condensates. In the two-species case we find that the presence of the other condensate component can stabilize the superfluid flow of an otherwise unstable condensate and that the free space dynamical miscibility condition of the two species can be reversed by tuning the superfluid flow velocities. In spin-1 condensates, we find the steady-state Bloch wave solutions and characterize their stability criteria. We find that generally more regions of dynamical instability arise for the polar than for the ferromagnetic solutions. In the presence of magnetic Zeeman shifts, we find a richer variety of condensate solutions and find that the linear Zeeman shift can stabilize the superfluid flow in several cases of interest.


In the last decade, several image and video quality metrics have been proposed, which incorporate perceptual quality measures by considering the HVS characteristics. All this metrics do the differences pixel to pixel in image. Therefore a local fidelity of the colour is defined. However, the human visual system is rather sensitive to a global quality. In this paper, we propose a new objective full reference quality metric for colour images called Global Delta E and noted: ~ G E Δ . Th is me tric is based on human visual system properties in order to obtain the best correspondence with judgments. Some experimentations and assessments prove the performance of our metrics and tha t interrelationship with the SVH.


Soil degradation and low productivity are among the major agricultural problems facing farmers of the newly reclaimed agricultural area in the Nile Delta region, Egypt. High content of clay and silt characterizes the soil texture of all farms in the area, while farmers still rely on the traditional mole drainage (MD) system to reduce the salinity of the farm soil. We present a comparison of innovative geo-resistivity methods to evaluate mole drains and the salinity affected clay soils. Geoelectrical surveys were conducted on three newly reclaimed farms to image the subsurface soil drainage conditions and to evaluate the efficiency of using the traditional MD systems in these heavy clay environments. The surveys included measuring the natural spontaneous potential (SP), apparent resistivity gradient (RG), and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Integrating the results of the three methods reduced the ambiguous interpretation of the inverted ERT models and allowed us to determine the subsurface soil structure. The inverted ERT models were suitable for locating the buried MDs and delineating the upper surface of the undisturbed clay beds. The proximity of these layers to the topsoil reduces the role played by MDs in draining the soil in the first farm and prevents the growth of deep-rooted plants in the second farm. Time-lapse ERT measurements on the third farm revealed a defect in its drainage network where the slope of the clay beds opposes the main direction of the MDs. That has completely obstructed the drainage system of the farm and caused waterlogging. The presented geo-resistivity methods show that integrated models can be used to improve the assessment of in situ sub-surface drainage in clay-rich soils.


This paper maps the positionality of two soldiers embodied experiences as snipers for the US military. One, Chris Kyle who is labeled as "the most lethal sniper in US military history," wrote a book uncritically glorifying his experiences, which was later turned into the Oscar nominated film American Sniper. His attempt to help veterans heal from PTSD by taking them shooting was a possible trigger that reignited the traumas of war, which can be traced to his eventual death. The other, Garett Reppenhagen, who was the first active duty member of the antiwar group Iraq Veterans Against the War, and currently works to help others heal from the traumas of war by getting them engaged in wilderness programs and environmental activism. Both stories expose a range of traumas of war, both within wartime and in peacetime, and we see the ways in which their narratives of war have different reflections of what it means to heal during times of peace. This paper juxtaposes these two stories, their war imaginaries, and how one works to reinforce the military dispositif, while the other works to impede it in favor of human rights.


Currently the major issues in applying the laser as an illumination source for projectors are beam shaping and laser speckle. We present a compact total solution for both issues by using a diffractive beam shaper associated with a cylindrical lens for the illumination optics and a vibrating motor attached to the beam shaper to eliminate speckle on the projection screen. The diffractive beam shaper features a double-sided microlens array with a lateral shift to each other. The illumination pattern is free of zero diffraction order mainly due to the continuous and spherical surface relief of the lenslet, which can be accurately fabricated with diamond turning and injection molding without quantizing surface relief, so that the illumination pattern on the microdisplay can match the design very well with high diffraction efficiency. In addition, the vibration of the diffractive beam shaper in the longitudinal mode has been found effective for eliminating the dot pattern in the illumination and reducing laser speckle on the projection screen. The proposed laser illuminator has been implemented on a three-panel LCoS projector engine to replace the traditional UHP lamp. The uniformity and speckle contrast are measured to be 78% and 5.5% respectively, which demonstrates the feasibility and potential of the proposed scheme.


In this paper, we define and investigate the properties of continuous family groupoids. This class of groupoids is necessary for investigating the groupoid index theory arising from the equivariant Atiyah-Singer index theorem for families, and is also required in noncommutative geometry. The class includes that of Lie groupoids, and the paper shows that, like Lie groupoids, continuous family groupoids always admit (an essentially unique) continuous left Haar system of smooth measures. We also show that the action of a continuous family groupoid G on a continuous family G-space fibered over another continuous family Gspace Y can always be regarded as an action of the continuous family � !


X-Linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the common cytokine receptor gamma chain, yc, resulting in profound defects in both cellular and humoral immunity. Although allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has proved highly successful, HLA-mismatched procedures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This disease is therefore a good candidate for gene therapy and sustained correction of 19 SCID-X1 patients have been reported in two clinical trials. However, the occurrence of severe adverse advents in one trial has highlighted the potential side-effects of retroviral gene transfer and reinforced the need to develop safer gene therapy vectors. A series of self-inactivating (SIN) gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors for the treatment of SCID-X1 have consequently been developed. To reduce the potential for insertional mutagenesis mediated by the duplicated viral LTR sequences, alternative internal regulatory elements have been incorporated into the vector backbone. These include both endogenous (human elongation factor la - EFS) and viral (spleen focus forming virus - SFFV) promoters. In vitro, the SIN retroviral vectors were able to regulate yc expression on the cell surface of SCID-X1 cell lines and restore the lymphoid differentiation potential of Il2rg" haematopoietic progenitor cells. Functional correction of the immunological defect in the SCID-X1 mouse model was also achieved at similar levels for the both the SIN retroviral vectors and the LTR-regulated clinical vector. To further improve upon safety, lentiviral vectors were developed incorporating the endogenous human IL2RG promoter to regulate physiological expression of yc. In vitro and in vivo analysis of the promoter indicated a degree of haematopoietic tissue specificity and restoration of functional yc-receptor complexes was achieved following transduction of a SCID-X1 T cell line with a lentiviral vector incorporating this promoter however phenotypic correction of the yc-deficient mouse was unsuccessful. These results demonstrate that SIN retroviral vectors for SCID-X1 are effective in restoration of the immune defect in the yc-deficient murine model. The SIN design together with an endogenous (EFS) promoter might provide a potentially less mutagenic but equally effective vector for gene therapy of SCID-X1.


Dithiocarbamates are a class of sulfur-based metal-chelating compounds with various applications in medicine. A new series of new transition metal [Cu(II), and Fe (II)] complexes of Dithiocarbamates were synthesized from Phenethylamine and Carbon disulfide and further characterized. The investigation of these complexes confirmed that the stability of metal–ligands coordination through, S & S,N atoms as bidendate chelates. Docking studies showed that blocking the division of cancer cells and resulting in cell death. It is necessary to understand the binding properties in developing new potential Protein targeting against neurological disorders.


Background: The high number of visits by sufferers of some environmental-based diseases to health service centers shows that the disease is still a serious problem in Indonesia, and one of them is Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Sragen regency has become endemic, especially in the Masaran sub-district reportedly still an endemic area of dengue fever. Geographically, the endemicity of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in an area can be described using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Research Objectives: This study aims to provide an overview of the Spatial and Temporal Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) distribution based on population density and rainfall factors as well as to provide a description of the endemicity of the area against DHF in Masaran District, Sragen Regency with the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Methods: The design of this study was Observational Analytic with Crossectional approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) modeling. The data used are secondary data about the incidence of DHF from the Sragen District Health Office in 2016-2018. The research subjects were determined by a Registry Based Study approach with a saturated sampling technique. The collected data will be analyzed descriptively by displaying a frequency distribution table, bivariate analysis with the Pearson Product Moment test and spatial-temporal analysis using the Geographic Information System (GIS) function. Results: The results of this study indicate that the spatial distribution of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) events is distributed randomly to all regions in Masaran District, Regency. The incidence of DHF in Masaran Subdistrict, Sragen Regency was related to Rainfall (p = 0.006) with a negative correlation direction (r = -0.741). The incidence of DHF in The Masaran Subdistrict, Sragen Regency was not related to population density (p = 0.839). Spatially-Temporal shows that there are 6 Villages in Masaran Subdistrict, Sragen Regency which are endemic areas of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DBD), namely Sepat, Dawungan, Masaran, Jati, Pringanom and Krikilan villages. Conclusion: Incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Masaran Subdistrict, Sragen Regency is related to Rainfall, where low rainfall tends to increase the incidence of DHF. During 2016-2018 in Masaran Subdistrict, Sragen Regency, there were 6 villages which were endemic areas of DHF, namely Sepat, Dawungan, Masaran, Jati, Pringanom and Krikilan villages.


The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 has had a great impact on the implementation of Accessible Pedestrian Systems that target accessible and safety impediments faced by pedestrians with mobility and visual impairments. Intersection geometries are not uniform, and the traffic signal timing varies widely from one intersection to the next as well as days of the week and even hours of the day. The customization of the traffic signal operations is generally oriented to improving the performance of the vehicular traffic; the resulting changes in traffic patterns almost always impact the pedestrian access. Longer cycle lengths require pedestrians to cope with inclement weather or become impatient resulting in crossing without a WALK signal. For pedestrians who have vision impairments, the challenges become daunting. No longer is vision the primary means of communicating information that directly affects the safety when crossing a street. To allow safer and more reliable pedestrian access at signalized intersections, the pedestrian systems should be able to be customized easily and quickly. Pedestrians can be faced with confusing or conflicting directions resulting in unsafe actions and could be tempted to assume increased individual risks if there is no ability to tune the pedestrian information for each intersection. These systems are intended for use by pedestrians possessing a wide range of physical and cognitive abilities, and this research seeks to provide direction and alert these pedestrians of potential dangers in ways that are clear and quickly comprehended. This research leverages off Smart Signals Research that started in 2004. The goal from the beginning was to develop a system that can provide capability for advanced technologies to improve the safety for pedestrians at signalized intersections. At early stages in this research, it was realized that the technologies currently being used do not provide the necessary infrastructure. Hence, past research focused on an enabling technology that has resulted in an innovative highly customizable pedestrian control system that has been commercially offered to a national market since 2010. Feedback from transportation agencies, pedestrian advocacy groups, and transportation equipment manufacturers has directed the research in areas that can provide the enhanced capabilities for precise and reliable systems to assist the general pedestrian population. Through workshops with an advisory group, extensive dialogs with experts, and technology development, the authors have developed a second generation of accessible pedestrian systems capable of being expanded to include direct interaction with selected pedestrians. A pilot test was also conducted to determine an appropriate tone for the second speaker navigation. Technical reviews involving the research designers and the engineers with equipment manufacturers for the first generation pedestrian control system hardware and software brought out several key elements that needed improving. The hardware and software underwent extensive redesign, testing and performance evaluation. The resulting equipment has lower cost and improved capability and performance. The major system design improvements are wider operating temperature range, independent audio outputs, simplified power circuit design, extensible communications capability using diverse wireless and direct wired network technologies, and equipment that is less expensive to install. The results of the pilot testing gave direction for future larger-scale testing and insights on how individuals cope without vision. The benefit of the advanced features will be realized when the pedestrian navigation and guidance features are integrated with the second generation hardware.


SYNOPSIS. In 1989, zebra mussels received national attention in North America when they reached densities exceeding 750,000/m 2 in a water withdrawal facility along the shore of western Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Although water withdrawal problems caused by zebra mussels have been of immediate concern, ecological impacts attributed to mussels are likely to be the more important long-term issue for surface waters in North America. To date, the epizoic colonization (i.e., infestation) of unionid bivalve mollusks by zebra mussels has caused the most direct and severe ecological impact. Infestation of and resulting impacts caused by zebra mussels on unionids in the Great Lakes began in 1988. By 1990, mortality of unionids was occurring at some locations; by 1991, extant populations of unionids in western Lake Erie were nearly extirpated; by 1992, unionid populations in the southern half of Lake St. Clair were extirpated; by 1993, unionids in widely separated geographic areas of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River showed high mortality due to mussel infestation. All infested unionid species in the Great Lakes (23) have become infested and exhibited mortality within two to four years after heavy infestation began. Data indicate that mean zebra mussel densities >5,000-6,000/m 2 and infestation intensities >100-200/unionid in the presence of heavy zebra mussel recruitment results in near total mortality of unionids. At present, all unionid species in rivers, streams, and lakes that sympatrically occur with zebra mussels have been infested and, in many locations, negatively impacted by zebra mussels. We do not know the potential consequences of infestation on the 297 unionid species found in North America, but believe zebra mussels pose an immediate threat to the abundance and diversity of unionids.


The thesis consists of three essays in development and political economics.Political Connection, Government Patronage and Firm Performance: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing FirmsThe paper tests whether politically connected firms receive preferential favor from the government, as measured by state capital investment from the central government and subsidies. My results suggest that firms connected with one more top leader from the State Council receive 9.4 percent more subsidies, firms connected with one more leader who holds positions on both the Central Committee and the State Council obtain 23 percent more state capital and then have a 2 percentage point higher product markup. When there is extra state capital due to political connections, other domestic capital is crowded out. The heterogeneous effects find that firms with more employees, but lower sales and less profit tend to receive more state capital if equally connected, while firms with higher sales tend to obtain more subsidies. This additional state capital and these subsidies do not seem to improve the firm's performance.The Determinants of Media Bias in ChinaWe measure and investigate the determinants of political control of newspapers in China. We find that more strictly politically controlled newspapers cover disasters and corruption more than their commercial competitors, most likely in order to monitor lower level officials. We also find that they cover leaders and the official news agency Xinhua to a larger extent. We find that in the cross section, the political control correlates negatively with GDP per capita and population size, but there is no time trend in the political control of Chinese newspapers in the 2000s. Finally, we analyze the effect of a reform to close down all county papers in 2003. The reduced competition significantly affected the degree of political control of the remaining papers.Chinese Microblogs and Drug QualityThis paper examines the impact of the introduction of Sina Weibo, the most popular microblog in China, on the quality of drugs on the market. I find that the number of bad drugs is decreasing in Sina Weibo use: if the Sina Weibo use is doubled, the number of bad drugs found will be reduced by 21 percent. I show that the reduction of bad drugs is driven by two mechanisms: Sina Weibo induces more effort from the Drug Administration and it deters the production of bad drugs. The results suggest that microblogs can play an important role in monitoring both the public and the private sectors, especially in a context with media censorship.


Data communication stack on Internet of Things (IoT)-devices is traditionally implemented in software as a part of their operating systems. In IoT-applications for which resource constrained IoT-devices are deployed, leveraging microprocessor(s) for both computing and data communication tasks may result in poor application performance and high power consumption. In order to alleviate these performance and power issues, using System on Chip (SoC) field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for the hardware acceleration of the performance- or power-critical software tasks is a recent, popular trend in the literature. On the other hand, constrained application protocol (CoAP) is a pivotal network protocol for many IoT-applications. Motivated by these facts, in this article, a hardware accelerator for a CoAP server network stack is proposed and realized on a SmartFusion2 SoC FPGA. The hardware accelerated CoAP server network stack is thoroughly evaluated and compared in terms of its performance, latency, power consumption, and FPGA resource utilization against a baseline software implemented CoAP server network stack. The evaluation results obtained clearly show that the CoAP hardware accelerator provides significantly higher performance and lower response message latency, while consuming significantly less power. Consequently, the CoAP hardware accelerator proposed seems to be a strong viable solution for the resource constrained IoT-devices.


This article examines the interactions between the opinions of London financiers and politics in New South Wales and the Commonwealth of Australia at the onset of the twentieth century. It focuses in particular on the appointment and early activities of Timothy Augustine Coghlan, who, with several breaks, held the post of agent-general for New South Wales between 1905 and 1926, although he is better known as a pioneering statistician and economic historian. In particular the article examines the context surrounding his appointment, his attempts to improve his state's image and his reflections on the way debt curtailed Australian independence. Through this the article contributes to the ongoing debate surrounding Cain and Hopkins' writings on structural and relational power and the 'rules of the game', arguing that these are useful starting points for the analysis of a pervasive politics of finance within the British World.


This article examines the intertextual relationships between Carl Froelich's Ich für Dich—Du für mich (I for You—You for Me), a film commissioned by the Nazi party to promote the Women's Labor Service, and Leontine Sagan's Mädchen in Uniform (Girls in Uniform), a well-known Weimar women's film about same-sex desire in a Prussian boarding school. Close readings of Ich für Dich and discussion of it in the trade press show how the film exploits references to Mädchen in order to help spectators envision the role of women in an idealized National Socialist community, and to illustrate how the modern New Women, female sexuality, and filmic styles associated with the Weimar era can be successfully integrated into that community. Analysis shows, however, that Ich für Dich's cooptation of elements from Mädchen also has presumably unintended consequences, by evoking desires, identities, and styles that fascism struggled to contain. (VW)


Since workforces are aging, governments, organizations, and researchers are increasingly interested in the topic of successful aging at work. In this article, I viewed successful aging at work from a sustainability perspective, and argued that a continuous person–job fit between the changing person and changing work is required for employees to be able to maintain their health, motivation, and work ability, and thus age successfully at work. Since one important way to achieve current and future fit is by engaging in proactive behaviors, I aimed to extend and specify the proactive behaviors proposed in lifespan psychology literature (e.g., selection) with proactive behaviors proposed in organizational psychology literature (e.g., job change negotiation) to identify proactive behaviors for successful aging at work. For example, job crafting can help aging workers to adjust their job to changing goals and motives, improving current person–job fit, and proactive career planning can help aging workers to set new career goals, improving future person–job fit.


Modernisation has been a key objective of many national governments for at least the last two decades. A significant element of the modernisation agenda has been the focus on improving the governance of public sector and, more recently, voluntary sector organisations. In the UK voluntary sport sector, this has involved policy statements, governance monitoring systems linked to public funding and a number of 'good governance' guides, aimed primarily at the boards of national governing bodies of sport (NGBs). Previous research has critically analysed modernisation and explored its effects, most often at a macro level. Very little research, to date, however, has looked at the influence of modernisation on the boards of NGBs. This article seeks to do just that, drawing on the first national survey of board-level governance in the UK and an in-depth, longitudinal case study of one UK-based NGB. It empirically examines which board roles NGBs consider most important and statistically compares large and small NGBs. It then draws on direct observation of board and committee meetings, in-depth interviews and analysis of key organisational documents to examine how modernisation influences the way board members perceive and enact their roles. In so doing, this article draws together the political science research on modernisation and the sport governance research on board roles and seeks to promote closer integration between these complementary streams of research.


Individual states increasingly rely upon targeted economic sanctions to achieve their foreign policy goals. The legality of such unilateral sanctions remains debatable in public international law. However, their proliferation and possible negative repercussions encourage targeted states to question their legality before international tribunals, including the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system. Against this backdrop, the article analyses three types of recently enacted unilateral targeted sanctions. In particular, sanctions imposed on human rights grounds ('Magnitsky-style sanctions'), those targeting perpetrators of cyber-attacks, and sanctions impacting trade in information and communications technology and services (ICTS) (e.g.,Huawei sanctions) are discussed. The subsequent analysis focuses on the possible WTO-inconsistency of these economic restrictions. Following this, the possibility to justify such sanctions under the national security exception of Article XXI(b)(iii) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is explored. The conclusion emphasizes that the national security exception cannot be used to justify all types of unilateral economic sanctions, even if these measures are introduced to address national security concerns. This conclusion not only demonstrates inevitable boundaries of the national security clause but also reinforces the general tendency of questioning the legality of unilateral economic sanctions.
economic sanctions, national security, WTO, Magnitsky-style sanctions, cyber sanctions, information and communications technology and services, Huawei sanctions


Power dissipation of analog and mixed-signal circuits has emerged as a critical design constraint in today's VLSI systems. This paper presents a multilevel design optimization approach for reducing the power dissipation of a pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC). At the circuit-level, device-types and supply-voltages are jointly optimized for the residue amplifier of a pipeline stage to minimize power. At the architecture-level, the nonlinearity contribution from stage gain error is optimally distributed to further minimize combined power dissipation. The optimizations take advantage of an analytical optimization method based on geometric programming for a quantitative tradeoff analysis. All of the proposed power optimizations are applied to the design of a two-way interleaved 8-bit 320 MS/s pipelined ADC in 90-nm CMOS technology. Measured performance from a prototype chip shows 7.30-bit of ENOB at Nyquist input frequency with DNL of -0.35/+0.45 LSB and INL of -0.72/+0.89 LSB, while dissipating 12.77 mW from 2.1 V/1.2 V supplies. The achieved conversion efficiency is 253fJ/conv-step.


This article draws parallels between the use of public leisure spaces in the city, such as parks and squares, and the use of certain forms of digital networks. Similarities between these two sorts of social contexts are worth considering, particularly their political dimension. This effort places the current conversation about social media as sites of political mobilization into dialogue with the historical analysis of public parks as spaces that, in a similar fashion, were designed for leisure and consumption but was appropriated as sites of resistance. It brings together the literature on urban parks as centers of democracy and the literature on new media spaces as portals of cyber-protest, extending the spatial history of digital politics.


Purpose To evaluate pediatric educators' use of and satisfaction with the Academic Pediatric Association's Educational Guidelines for Pediatric Residency. Method The authors used customized programming to document all registered users and downloaded files from the Guidelines Web site for a 30-month period after site completion. An online survey of volunteer users was conducted. Results Between July 2005 and December 2007, 1,747 individuals registered on the Web site, and 8,754 files were downloaded. Registrants who downloaded files (n = 1,239) represented 97% of the pediatric residency programs in 2008 that were approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. During 30 months, the frequency of downloads remained robust, peaking each spring. Curriculum-building tools were downloaded by 97% of programs using the site; the majority chose predesigned formats rather than self-selected lists of goals and objectives. Resident evaluation forms and tutorials were downloaded less frequently. A survey was completed by 111 site users, who indicated that the Guidelines tools were useful for Residency Review Committee site visit preparation. Most respondents said that the curriculum-building tools were easy to use, adaptable, and helpful in integration of competencies into residency programs. Respondents rated tutorials highly for educational content and clarity. Conclusions The data collection methods offer a practical strategy for evaluating access to online curriculum development tools. The majority of U.S. pediatric residency programs have accessed Guidelines' resources for curriculum development; patterns of use have been sustained over time. Most users preferred the predesigned versions of the materials. Users surveyed found the tools useful for planning rotations and integrating competencies into their programs and reported high satisfaction with the Guidelines.


A marine bacterium, Alteromonas elyakovii KMM 162T, which was described recently, and five strains isolated from spot-wounded fronds of Laminaria japonica have been subjected to phylogenetic analysis, and geno- and phenotypic characterization. The phenotypic features of Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii strains were closely related to that of Pseudoalteromonas espejiana IAM 12640T, but utilization of three carbon compounds (D-mannose, L-tyrosine and trehalose) distinguished both species. The G+C content of Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii was between 38.5 and 38.9 mol%. Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii KMM 162T and the five Laminaria isolates constitute a single species different from any other Alteromonas and Pseudoalteromonas species as revealed by DNA-DNA hybridization data, especially Pseudoalteromonas distincta KMM 638T (52.4%), Pseudoalteromonas citrea KMM 216 (49.5%), Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora NCIMB 302T (46.9%) and Pseudoalteromonas espejiana IAM 12640T (29.9%). All the data indicated that Alteromonas elyakovii KMM 162T should be reclassified as Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii and five strains isolated from Laminaria japonica have to be included in the species. Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii comb. nov. (type strain, KMM 162T = ATCC 700519T) is proposed and a set of phenotypic features which differentiate the Pseudoalteromonas species is described.


The occurrences of kill and killer are often understood as negative; however, evidence suggests that these words also have positive meanings. To many people, the use of kill and killer indicates physical death, but we found other meanings of these words. First, death is the worst possible outcome, but it is not necessarily a consequence of kill and killer. Second, killer, in particular, has a strong positive meaning that is extended from the 'deadly' meaning of kill. Third, we found that the figurative use of killer appeared more often in magazines and newspapers, as well as in fiction but with different purposes, when we compared the data from magazines and newspapers with those from different genres. The results obtained by analysing magazine and newspaper corpora in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) showed the importance of pragmatic interpretation in understanding meanings.


Background: Some schools implement peanut-free guidelines (PFG) requesting omission of peanut from lunches. Our study assessed parental awareness of, and adherence to, PFG by comparing the percentage of lunches containing peanut between primary school classes with and without PFG in Montreal, Québec. Methods: Parents, school principals and teachers were queried concerning the school's PFG and children's lunches were inspected by a dietician for peanut-containing foods. Results: When lunch peanut contents were compared in randomly selected classrooms, peanut was found in 5/861 lunches in classes with PFG (0.6%, 95% CI 0.2% to 1.4%) and in 84/845 lunches in classes without PFG (9.9%, 95% CI 8.0% to 12.2%), a 9.4% (95% CI 7.3% to 11.4%) difference. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that PFG are effective in reducing peanut in classrooms providing a basis for future research that should address whether or not the reduction in peanut achieved by restrictive lunch policies decreases the morbidity associated with peanut allergy in the school setting.


Keynes's discussion of "the state of long-term expectation" explains why uncertainty about the future makes investment unstable. Minsky used Keynes's ideas to explain why every economic boom sets the stage for a financial crisis. This paper extends the Keynes/Minsky framework by arguing that uncertainty about the future also biases scientific knowledge and human culture. Just like overly optimistic financial markets, the persistence of inaccurate scientific paradigms and cultural beliefs can also generate financial crises. For example, the debt toward nature that our capitalist culture continues to obscure is likely to be a case of Ponzi finance. The Keynes/Minsky framework is useful for analyzing diverse causes of potential economic instability.


The goal of this paper is to explore how different modeling approaches for constructing function structure models and different levels of model completion affect the ability to make inferences (reason) on the resulting information within the respective models. Specifically, the function structure models are used to predict market prices of products, predictions that are then compared based on their accuracy and precision. This work is based on previous studies on understanding how function modeling and the use of topological information from design graphs can be used to predict information with historical training. It was found that forward chaining was the least favorable chaining type irrespective of the level of completion, whereas the backward-chaining models performed relatively better across all completion levels. Given the poor performance of the nucleation models at the highest level of completion, future research must be directed toward understanding and employing the methods yielding the most accuracy. Moreover, the results from this simulation-based study can be used to develop modeling guidelines for designers or students, when constructing function models.


Today the retail trade represent about one third of the total private consumption in Sweden. It is important for the region's attraction and the inhabitant's quality of life. The retail trade has during the last decades gone through greater changes than most other industries. This is greatly due to the development of external shopping malls, which today stands for one fourth of the commerce. By offering free parking spaces, a large range of stores and extensive opening hours, the external shopping malls attract a lot of customers both from within and from other cities. These factors together with a better road network and the increased access to cars have contributed to the success of shopping malls. 1987 the shopping mall A6 opened in Jonkoping. The retailers in the city centre were now forced to compete for the customers with a shopping mall. The first years after the opening of A6, the city centre stores' turnover dropped by 20 % and many store owners experienced A6 as a big threat. To meet the new threat, a large amount of money was used to rebuild and fresh up the city centre. Since then, A6 has attracted a lot of customers and the city centre has taken part of that increase as well. Today cities compete for the customers just like companies do. They have to market the things that are unique in the city in order to attract customers from other cities and municipalities. By an attractive city centre with a wide range of stores, culture and entertainment cities will become more competitive. The purpose of this essay is to examine the retailing situation in Jonkoping. We want to see what the theories within the field say about the cooperation/competition between city centres and shopping malls and hear the opinions of the persons involved in the retailing trade in Jonkoping. As the competition between cities has become greater, we also want to examine what Jonkoping does and should do, in order to become a more attractive city for customers and inhabitants. To examine this we have chosen to use a quantitative method, in order to get a deeper understanding of the problem. We carried out a focus group interview to gather the empirical data. A focus group consists of a small number of people who meet once to discuss a subject that is chosen in advance. By an open discussion between the participants, opinions and answers to the questions are gathered. We chose to include participants in the focus group that represented A6, the city centre, the municipality and consumers in order to get opinions from all parts. Seen to our frame of reference and the results from the focus group interview, our conclusion is that A6 and the city centre complement each other. A6 attracts a lot of customers from other cities which also the city centre gains from, whereas A6 can utilise the strong brand name of Jonkoping. Together they have the common goal of attracting as much customers as possible to the municipality. For Jonkoping to become a more competitive market place, the complement thinking is a prerequisite. It is important for all in the city to cooperate and share common goals. An attractive and lively city centre would together with A6's wide range of stores attract even more visitors and customers to the city.


This authoritative collection presents an overview of the widespread significance of Schumpeter's thought. Part I examines the reception accorded to Schumpeter's ideas by his contemporaries. In Part II the impact of his scientific ideas from the 1950s to the 1970s is investigated. Part III covers the renewed influence of Schumpeter's thought in the 1980s. While the contributions on industrial economics are presented in neoclassical fashion, the studies of innovation economics and evolutionary modelling reveal further ramifications of Schumpeter's legacy. Part IV highlights the importance of Schumpeterian ideas on modern macroeconomic theories and the final part demonstrates the influence of his thought in other fields such as public finance, sociology, politics and history.


Abstract : This paper formulates a general linear programming problem for a multidivision firm where headquarters possesses probabilistic information regarding each division's opportunities. It is assumed that headquarters is willing to risk implementing a plan which may not be optimal in order to avoid collecting detailed information from the divisions. Headquarters willingness to take a risk is modelled via the use of chance constraints. An iterative procedure which is derived from the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition principle is presented which allows headquarters to combine deterministic information from the divisions with its stochastic information to arrive at a resource allocation plan. Characteristics of the resulting plan are discussed relative to headquarter's risk attitude and its probabilistic information. The procedure is adapted to situations where the size of headquarters programming problem has to be reduced.


A total of 9 304 birds representing 29 families, 55 genera and 78 species were captured at 10 sites within the Greater Cape Town area. Forty-one avian haemosporidian parasites from three genera were present in 20 avian families, with 1 978 (21.2%) individuals infected with one or more parasite species. Leucocytozoon spp. (12.6% of infected birds) exhibited the highest infection rate, followed by Haemoproteus spp. (9.6%) and Plasmodium spp. (0.6%). Prevalence of infection varied from 4.5% at Patryskraal to 28.0% at Tygerberg Nature Reserve. Columbidae had the highest infection rate by Haemoproteus spp. Ploceidae and Sylviidae were infected by all three haemosporidian genera, with Ploceidae the most heavily infected, with six species of avian haemosporidia. All study sites had similar seasonal patterns with two peaks. The first peak coincided with the end of the rainy season in August or September, and the second during January and February, when population sizes peaked on account of seasonal breeding and the presence of large numbers of immature birds susceptible to infection. The prevalence of infections had two seasonal lows, without a complete winter interruption, with the first low occurring in late autumn/early winter. The second low, known as 'spring relapse', resulted from acute primary parasitaemia, which follows a peak in haemosporidian infection. Seasonal prevalence patterns as recorded throughout the year in this study are typical of medium latitudes with mild climates and warm seasons. Avian haemosporidian parasites are classified according to the avian families or subfamilies that they infect; this is also taken as the maximum level of specificity for the practice of avian haemosporidian taxonomy. Description of a new species is based upon morphology of gametocyte development in the peripheral blood of the avian host. This does not distinguish between morphologically identical gametocytes from different avian host families, nor is species or family level a valid taxonomic character. Thus, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon spp. encountered in this study are considered to be relegated to synonymy with previously described, morphologically similar valid species in avian hosts of other families following the taxonomic path of Valkiunas, thereby eliminating duplication of species.


In this paper we present the key elements of the NICCI (Network-centric Infrastructure for Command, Control and Intelligence) infrastructure and compare and contrast them with similar capabilities provided by the OGSA (Open Grid Services Architecture) grid infrastructure. We also examine the advantages and disadvantages of using the OGSA grid infrastructure as a substrate for implementing NICCI and highlight some of the technology gaps. Finally, looking ahead at the future of the grid computing research, we identify several research thrusts where we believe there is a natural synergy and opportunity for cross-pollination between the NICCI-sponsored research and the ongoing efforts of the grid community.


Empirical studies of tropical forest hunting have shown the existence of marked spatial gradients of hunting effort, game harvest, and animal abundance, as hunters mostly hunt near villages, roads, and rivers. The mechanisms underlying these patterns have, however, hitherto been poorly known. This article presents a spatial bioeconomic model based on the concept of distance friction, that is, an increasing marginal cost of distance. The model is validated by comparison with an economic field experiment with Amazonian hunters and with previous empirical data on hunting. (JEL Q57)


The concept of human rights has a range of potential applications in conflict situations and weak institutional environments. In conflict situations, wherever civilians are at risk, there is by definition an infringement of the individual's right to personal security, and in most cases infringements of a number of other rights. Post-conflict situations and weak institutional environments are also defined largely by the state's inability to meet the basic needs of its population. In this paper, two sets of questions will be examined concurrently: how rights can best be protected in conflict and post-conflict situations; and the extent to which a rights framework can help guide policy interventions in these contexts.


This research was intended to study the impact of binding communication (Joule, Py, & Bernard, 2004), a procedure that is at the crossroads between persuasion and commitment, on Consideration of future consequences (CFC ‒ Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994) and individuals' decision-making in the field of environmental protection. Since pro-environmental behaviours often involve an investment directed towards the future, we hypothesized that time perspective and especially the consideration of future consequences, traditionally regarded as a personality trait, could be reinforced in a situation of social influence. The goal was to make people more sensitive to long-term consequences of their behaviours, since this sensitivity leads to an increased setting up of pro-environmental behaviours. The results showed an increase of subjects' CFC score after a binding communication procedure. We discuss the practical implications of these results as they relate to communication about environmental issues.


Reassessment of the nature and distribution of iron-titanium oxide minerals vs. pyrite in several South African Archean arenaceous sequences and conglomerates shows that in rocks of the Swaziland, Pongola, and Witwatersrand Supergroups, (1) pyrite of allogenic and/or authigenic origin is the predominant heavy mineral; (2) iron-titanium oxides generally take the form of very fine grained, dispersed retile-leucoxene replacements after earlier black-sand minerals; (3) iron-titanium oxides constitute 1%-6% of the total heavy minerals; and (4) the phenomenon of sulfidization of iron-titanium oxide minerals is evident only on a very local scale. Exceptions to points 1 and 3 occur in conglomerates of the Dominion Group, which were derived from a largely pegmatitic terrain. The lack of macroscopically visible iron-titanium oxide minerals in the Witwatersrand conglomerates is a result of a combination of two factors. First, recycling of older sedimentary material was critical to the genesis of the conglomerates; older sedimentary material was critical to the genesis of the conglomerates; about 60% of the source area consisted of arenaceous sequences. Iron-titanium mineral grains from this source had been altered to rutile-leucoxene prior to erosion, and thus did not contribute fresh iron-titanium minerals to the conglomerates. Second, those minerals derived from the remaining 40%more » of the source area were altered and decomposed to rutile-leucoxene in the Witwatersrand conglomerates. Furthermore, much of the resulting finely dispersed material helped to form brannerite, an important titanium sink. There is no need to invoke widespread sulfidization of black sands to sands to account for the supposed lack of iron-titanium minerals and abundance of pyrite in the Witwatersrand conglomerates and ores.« less


The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic aspect of sea transportation system between Inchon and Youngjong island in which Inchon international airport is being constructed. Total demand of sea transportation arising from in the airport and YongyuㆍMuwi leisure complex was estimated. To select optimum transportation route, environmental conditions in and around Inchon harbour and Youngjong island including the change of water depth by tide and current, fog, rain, wind and typhoon, etc., were investigated. The preliminary consideration on ships (size, velocity, transport capacity, price), routes, operational modes, terminals and berthing facilities were carried out. The transportation cost per passenger by sea transportation system was estimated to compare with that of land transportation system. It was found that sea transportation system proposed is competitive to the land transportation system.


Research into electrochemical sensing in paper devices has increased dramatically in the past few years because electrochemical methods allow sensitive, selective, and quantitative detection once incorporated into paper devices. This article provides a mini-review on recent advances in electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (PADs) that have been reported within the past 36 months. Specifically, this review discusses the recently reported PAD formats that have been successfully adapted into electrochemical sensing devices employing classic electrochemical concepts and methods. The electrochemical techniques coupled to those PADs include cyclic voltammetry, amperometry, coulometry, and potentiometry. The electrochemical systems employed by those PADs involve microelectrodes, convective mass transfer, surface-modified electrodes, flow injection, signal amplification, ion-selective electrodes, and ion-exchange membranes, respectively. This mini-review discusses general aspects of the aforementioned methods and the resulting electrochemical PADs.


This study was aimed at developing a new method for detecting the sodium-water reaction as a result of a water leakage into the liquid sodium boundary for the liquid metal reactor. In the case of a passive acoustic method, to develop the leak detection algorithm, several signal processing methods have been evaluated. When the acoustic emission signal has a relatively high signal-to-noise ratio for the acoustic noises the spectral estimation method could be used to detect the sodium water reaction. In the case of a low signal-to-noise ratio within -5 dB to -15 dB, the system modeling and the identification methods using an autoregressive and an adaptive algorithm could be used to detect the sodium-water reaction. Regarding the active acoustic method, the basic attenuation factors of the ultrasonic beam were evaluated in the case of normal and abnormal plant conditions.


A continuum thermomechanochemical model of the behavior of a plastic-bonded explosive PBX 9501 formulation consisting of the energetic crystal octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine HMX embedded in a polymeric binder is developed. Our main focus is on the study of the ↔ phase transformations PTs in crystalline HMX under a complex pressure-temperature path. To reproduce the pressure-temperature path, in particular during heating of PBX inside of a rigid cylinder, the ↔ PTs in HMX are coupled to chemical decomposition of the HMX and binder leading to gas formation, gas leaking from the cylinder, elastic, thermal, and transformational straining as well as straining due to mass loss. A fully physically based thermodynamic and kinetic model of the ↔ PT in HMX crystal is developed. It is based on a suggested nucleation mechanism via melt mediated nanocluster transformation and the recently revealed growth mechanism via internal stress-induced virtual melting. During the nucleation, nanosize clusters of the phase dissolve in a molten binder and transform diffusionally into phase clusters. During the interface propagation, internal stresses induced by transformation strain cause the melting of the stressed phase much below 120 K the melting temperature and its immediate resolidification into the unstressed phase. These mechanisms explain numerous puzzles of HMX polymorphism and result in overall transformation kinetics that is in good agreement with experiments. Simple phenomenological equations for kinetics of chemical decomposition of the HMX and the binder are in good correspondence with experiments as well. A continuum deformation model is developed in two steps. The geometrically linear small strain theory is used to prove that the internal stresses and macroscopic shear stresses are negligible. Then a large strain theory is developed under hydrostatic loading. The developed continuum thermomechanochemical model is applied in the accompanying paper V. I. Levitas, B. F. Henson, L. B. Smilowitz, D. K. Zerkle, and B. W. Asay, J. Appl. Phys. submitted to modeling the heating of PBX inside of a rigid cylinder. © 2007 American Institute of Physics. DOI: 10.1063/1.2817616


This research investigates the relationship between mindfulness and digital games, by identifying which aspects of mindfulness can be trained by digital games and which game elements influence factors of mindfulness. Games and interactive approaches with research evidence for their efficacy are presented for each individual mindfulness factor, as defined by the CHIME eight-factor model of mindfulness. Two experiments were conducted to validate whether games can improve mindfulness. First, an expert review was conducted, where domain experts rated the fit of games to their associated mindfulness factor. Second, a laboratory study tested the effect of games on mindfulness, revealing positive significant effects on state mindfulness. Elaborating on the research findings from all studies, a framework is proposed to inform the design of digital games for improving mindfulness, and implications plus limitations are discussed.


We give a detailed and improved presentation of our recently proposed formalism for nonlinear perturbations in cosmology, based on a covariant and fully nonperturbative approach. We work, in particular, with a covector combining the gradients of the energy density and of the local number of e-folds to obtain a nonlinear generalization of the familiar linear uniform-density perturbation. We show that this covector obeys a remarkably simple conservation equation which is exact, fully nonlinear and valid at all scales. We relate explicitly our approach to the coordinate-based formalisms for linear perturbations and for second-order perturbations. We also consider other quantities, which are conserved on sufficiently large scales for adiabatic perturbations, and discuss the issue of gauge invariance.


Biotech crops, including those that are genetically modified (GM) with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxins for insect resistance, have been cultivated commercially and adopted in steadily increasing numbers of countries over the past 14 years. This review discusses the current status of insect resistant transgenic crops and the often raised concern that its resilience is limited and that its efficacy will be compromised by insect resistance. We consider this trait as it is currently deployed in fields across the world as well as potential candidates that are at various stages of development along the pathway between the laboratory and deregulation. Future trends and prospects for biotechnological applications to mediate crop protection against insects are also considered. These include strategies employing stacked genes, modified Bt toxins, vegetative insecticidal proteins, lectins, endogenous resistance mechanisms as well as novel approaches. In addition, the benefits and risks associated with the adoption of GM insect resistant crops, especially for developing countries and resource-poor smallholder farmers are also discussed. Key words : Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), endotoxins, Cry proteins, transgenic crops, insect resistance


This paper presents a new analytical propagation delay model for nanoscale CMOS inverters. By using a non-saturation current model, the analytical input-output transfer responses and propagation delay model are derived. The model is used for calculating inverter delays for different input transition times, load capacitances and supply voltages. Delays predicted by the proposed model are in good agreement with those of transistor level simulation results from SPICE, with accuracy of 3% or better.


Background Mitochondrial and neurogenetic diseases can present diagnostic challenges. We investigated if near infrared spectroscopy with the vascular occlusion test is able to differentiate between children with mitochondrial disease and children with neurogenetic disease or healthy controls. Methods Prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary children's hospital. Results Forty-three children with mitochondrial disease (including both genetically confirmed primary mitochondrial disease and cases with biochemical evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction), 19 children with non-mitochondrial neurogenetic disease and 13 healthy controls were recruited. The delta tissue oxygen index (ΔTOI) values showed greater variability amongst children with mitochondrial disease and neurogenetic disease than healthy controls despite the median ΔTOI being similar (median 14.1 and 18.8, t-test, p = 0.16). A low ΔTOI identifies cases with a higher probability of mitochondrial disease or neurogenetic disease compared to healthy controls (positive likelihood ratio: 3.67; 95%CI:1.01–13). A high ΔTOI with the near infrared spectroscopy with vascular occlusion test identifies cases with a lower probability of having a disease (negative likelihood ratio: 0.51; 95%CI:0.36–0.74). Conclusion Near infrared spectroscopy with vascular occlusion test might be able to discriminate children with mitochondrial disease and neurogenetic disease from healthy controls.


In this paper the desulphurization of gas streams using aqueous copper sulphate (CuSO4) solutions as washing liquor is studied theoretically and experimentally. The desulphurization is accomplished by a precipitation reaction that occurs when sulphide ions and metal ions are brought into contact with each other.

Absorption experiments of H2S in aqueous CuSO4 solutions were carried out in a Mechanically Agitated Gas Liquid Reactor. The experiments were conducted at a temperature of 293 K and CuSO4 concentrations between 0.01 and 0.1 M. These experiments showed that the process efficiently removes H2S. Furthermore, the experiments indicate that the absorption of H2S in a CuSO4 solution may typically be considered a mass transfer limited process at, for this type of industrial process, relevant conditions.

The extended model developed by Al-Tarazi et al. (2004) has been used to predict the rate of H2S absorption. This model describes the absorption and accompanying precipitation process in terms of, among others, elementary reaction steps, particle nucleation and growth. The results from this extended model and results obtained with a much simpler model, regarding the absorption of H2S in CuSO4 containing aqueous solutions as absorption of a gas accompanied by an instantaneous irreversible reaction were compared with experimental results. From this comparison it appeared that the absorption rate of H2S in a CuSO4 solution can, under certain conditions, be considered as a mass transfer rate controlled process. Under a much wider range of conditions the error that is made by assuming that the absorption process is a mass transfer controlled process, is still within engineering accuracy. Application of the simple model allows for a considerable reduction of the theoretical effort needed for the design of a gas–liquid contacting device, thereby still assuring that the desired gas specification can be met under a wide range of operating conditions.

A comparison of the experimental results and the simulated results showed that the extended model gives an under prediction of the H2S absorption rate for the experimental conditions applied.


Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP)‐expressing neurons undergo programmed cell death (PCD) within 24 hours after adult eclosion. A subset of the doomed CCAP neurons in the ventral nerve cord also expressed the neuropeptide bursicon and thus are referred to as bursCCAP neurons. In this study, we undertook comprehensive genetic and transgenic analyses to dissect the PCD mechanisms of bursCCAP neurons. Expression of a versatile caspase inhibitor, p35, blocked PCD of bursCCAP neurons, suggesting caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Further genetic analyses showed that Dronc/Dark and Drice are key caspases, but they are not sufficient to carry out the PCD fully. We did not find a role for other known caspases, Strica, Dredd, Damm, or Decay. Of interest, Dcp‐1 is required not for the death of bursCCAP neurons per se but for the removal of neural projections. DIAP1 is an important survival factor that inhibits premature death of bursCCAP neurons. We found that grim functions as a principal death inducer, whereas other death genes, hid, reaper, and sickle, show no endogenous function. Taken together with other studies, our work supports the role of grim as a major death inducer particularly for the removal of obsolete larval neurons during CNS metamorphosis. Results from the ectopic expression of the mutant grim lacking either N‐terminal IBM or internal GH3 domain indicated that both domains are necessary to induce CCAP cell death. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3972–3991, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


This article discusses the community-based vocational rehabilitation (CBVR) of persons with disabilities. In 1991, a pilot project was instituted by the International Labour Organisation and the United Nations Development Programme in conjunction with Oyo State Government in Nigeria. The aim was to facilitate the reintegration of persons with disabilities into their communities after a vocational rehabilitation programme. This project has resulted in the successful training of about 155 individuals with disabilities since its inception and a number of the trainees have benefited from a revolving loan scheme. The initial seven areas of vocational training have, over the years, expanded to 24. Recently, the project has been introduced to six other states in Nigeria. Various problem-solving strategies have been employed in the course of the project as the need arose and the community-based vocational rehabilitation programme has proved to be a success in Nigeria so far. In this paper, Eunice Alade, associate professor in the Department of Special Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya, provides an evaluation of an innovative alternative approach to vocational rehabilitation for people with disabilities. She discusses some of the problems experienced in Nigeria and offers suggestions about how to sustain the work. Her ideas will be of direct interest to those seeking to promote social inclusion in developing countries and elsewhere around the world.


ISOCHRONOUS CONTROL AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF K-Ar ABSOLUTE AGE DETERMINATION Summary In the geochronology laboratory of the Geological Institute, where volumetric measurements of radiogenic argon are made, a precise method of separation and cleaning of argon from minerals has been worked out. The method guarantees in a maximum way the purity of the radiogenic argon produced, and highly decreases the possibility of contamination with atmospheric argon (T. Depciuch - paper in print). Mathematical method of interpretation of the results obtained has also been elaborated; the method allows us to ascertain and to take into consideration all systematic error. The principles of this method are based on the main elements of isotope geochronology. If a mineral in study makes a closed system from the moment of its formation, then the amount of the constant isotope Np, originated from a given amount of the radioactive isotope No in time t , is given in the following formula: Np=No(e λt -1) where: λ - radioactive isotope constant; e - base of natural logarithm. It results from this formula that the ratio Np/No is also a constant value for each moment of time t . Thus, in the mineral of a given age the ratio radiogenic argon Ar 40 – potassium represents a constant value (as compared with the constant isotope relations of the contemporaneous potassium). In this way the samples of minerals of the same age and with different amounts of potassium will reveal various quantities of radioactive argon, but will be always in a constant relation to potassium. When in the coordinate system we present the values of argon amounts on the X-axis, and the values of potassium amounts - on the Y-axis, the points corresponding to the same ratio of these two values will make a straight line that begins at the zero point of the system with the following formula: Ar 40 = b K, where: Ar 40 - amount of radiogenic argon in grammes; K - amount of potassium in grammes; b - tg of an angle between the straight line am Y-axis. The coefficient b expresses the radiogenic argon - potassium ratio. Seeing that t = 1/ λ ln (1 + Ar 40 /K 40 · (1 + R )/ R ), where: t - age in mill. of years, λ - general radioactive potassium constant λ k + λ β , R - λ k / λ β ratio, the straight line is an isochrone of samples of the same age, but with various content of potassium. Using special tables and coefficient b we may read off the isochronous age of a given geological object. In the case when the results of determinations are charged with a systematic error due to the presence of constant but not considered background of the instrument, or due to some constant losses of argon, the isochrone takes the following form: Ar 40 = ± a + b K. Coefficient a , expressed in grammes, reflects an intarsection point of isochrones and X-axis, and quantitatively determines the constant surplus or insufficiency of argon. In the case of isochronous interpretation of K-Ar results we use, according to the character of the samples examined, a different scheme of determinations: a - if the samples include a series of potassium-bearing minerals, where potassium content ranges considerably (e.g. rock with amphibole, potassium feldspar, biotite and muscovite) - determinations of argon are made using similar amounts of rock samples; b - if potassium amounts in samples are approximate, the weights of the individual samples should be chosen in a way allowing us to comprise the greatest interval of values; c - having at our disposal only one sample of mineral, we make a series of argon determinations taking various weights of sample. On the basis of analytical data, the isochrone is calculated by means of the method of least squares. Below, there are given two examples of age calculation and of control of determinations of argon using isochronous method for biotite samples from the Karkonosze granites (T. Depciuch, J. Lis - paper in print) and for one sample from the Strzelin granite (T. Depciuch, J. Lis, 1970). The following isochrone has been obtained for the Karkonosze granites: Ar 40 = 8,9·10 -9 + 23,008·10 -7 K. The ratio Ar 40 /K 40 = 23,008·10 -7 corresponds to an age of 299·10 6 years. The arithmetic mean of ages for samples, on the basis of which the isochrone has been calculated, amounts to 301,8·10 6 years. Thus, the difference between the arithmetic mean of ages and the isochronous age amounts approximately to 3 mill. years. The difference illustrates that the results of determinations were charged with positive systematic error of about 1%. As concerns the sample of the Strzelin granite from Gesiniec, the isochrone is as follows: Ar 40 = 14,0·10 -9 + 20,488·10 -7 K, and this corresponds to an isochronous age equal to 269·10 6 years. The difference between the isochronous age and arithmetic mean of the individual determinations amounts to 3 mill. years, too. In this case the results are also charged with a positive error of about 1%. The two examples are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. In the normal analytical practice the points making the isochrone do not lie precisely on a straight line, but they constitute a probability ellipse, as it may be seen on Fig. 1. The estimation of such a dispersal is made by calculation of linear correlation coefficient. It results from the practice of our laboratory that this coefficient is of higher values for an isochrone calculated on the basis of the determinations of the same sample (ca 0.999) than in the case of various samples of the same geological object. It appears that in any case it cannot be lower than 0,99. A considerably high dispersal of points round the isochronous straight line for rocks, most probably of the same age, may demonstrate either an incorrectness of analyses, or an unstable potassium-argon balance due to the activity of certain natural processes. In this case, this may be an advice for further research on the nature of these phenomena. The method of calculation of isochronous age and of control of determinations of radiogenic argon may be used in determinations of argon by means of both volumetric method and isotope dilution method. Normal 0 21 false false false PL X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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This article presents a comparative analysis of two country-specific cases. The comparative analysis is situated within the broad domain of the changing knowledge economy landscape for educational policy. The two cases examine the transfer, embedding and enactment of policies during the interactions between supranational, national, institutional and individual levels. Case study one concerns policy transfers and their mediation between the EU and the national levels, drawing from empirical research on the UK. Case study two explores the experience and interpretation of higher education mobility practices from the point of view of individual mobile academics located in, or connected to, the Dutch frameworks of higher education. We employ the concept of space to illuminate the effects on education policy and practice of the changing relationships between the national and inter-, supranational levels of discourse and practice. Our central thesis is that even though EU member states have lost sovereign power over defining education goals and outcomes, hindering dynamics remain. The extent to which policies and discourses from 'outside' the national level are integrated and adopted 'within' depends on the interaction between education–political discourses with existing institutionalised practices. In the case of the EU education policies we observe a weak form of policy transfer to the national level. In the UK there is a combination of a dense institutional field in education and a Eurosceptic political discourse. In the Dutch case of individual academics, on the other hand, we found a positive discourse around international academic mobility. A moderately adapted set of regulatory frameworks and emerging support structures facilitate to varying degrees the Dutch practice of academic mobility.


Abstract The paper is concerned with a comparison of the properties of RF coils of three configurations for MRI measurements on small animals. In comparison with the classical saddle coil the proposed modification of slotted-tube coil exhibits identical homogeneity of B1 field in a larger space. The parallel-plate coil has a satisfactory homogeneity of B1 field over the whole internal space. The signal-to-noise ratio measured for all three coils is roughly the same and is given by the magnitude of RF pre-amplifier noise. As the slotted-tube and parallel-plate coils have a lower inductance compared with the saddle coil, they can be tuned to resonance on the 200 MHz frequency even at larger dimensions. The results show that the parallel-plate coil has very good properties for the measurement of small animals.


Photobacterium profundum SS9 is a Gram-negative bacterium, originally collected from the Sulu Sea. Its genome consists of two chromosomes and a 80 kb plasmid. Although it can grow under a wide range of pressures, P. profundum grows optimally at 28 MPa and 15°C. Its ability to grow at atmospheric pressure allows for both easy genetic manipulation and culture, making it a model organism to study piezophily. Here, we report a shotgun proteomic analysis of P. profundum grown at atmospheric compared to high pressure using label-free quantitation and mass spectrometry analysis. We have identified differentially expressed proteins involved in high pressure adaptation, which have been previously reported using other methods. Proteins involved in key metabolic pathways were also identified as being differentially expressed. Proteins involved in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway were up-regulated at high pressure. Conversely, several proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway were up-regulated at atmospheric pressure. Some of the proteins that were differentially identified are regulated directly in response to the physical impact of pressure. The expression of some proteins involved in nutrient transport or assimilation, are likely to be directly regulated by pressure. In a natural environment, different hydrostatic pressures represent distinct ecosystems with their own particular nutrient limitations and abundances. However, the only variable considered in this study was atmospheric pressure.


OBJECTIVES
Management of colorectal cancer warrants mutational analysis of KRAS/NRAS when considering anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy and BRAF testing for prognostic stratification. In this multicenter study, we compared a fully integrated, cartridge-based system to standard-of-care assays used by participating laboratories.

METHODS
Twenty laboratories enrolled 874 colorectal cancer cases between November 2017 and December 2018. Testing was performed on the Idylla automated system (Biocartis) using the KRAS and NRAS-BRAF cartridges (research use only) and results compared with in-house standard-of-care testing methods.

RESULTS
There were sufficient data on 780 cases to measure turnaround time compared with standard assays. In-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) had an average testing turnaround time of 5.6 days, send-out PCR of 22.5 days, in-house Sanger sequencing of 14.7 days, send-out Sanger of 17.8 days, in-house next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 12.5 days, and send-out NGS of 20.0 days. Standard testing had an average turnaround time of 11 days. Idylla average time to results was 4.9 days with a range of 0.4 to 13.5 days.

CONCLUSIONS
The described cartridge-based system offers rapid and reliable testing of clinically actionable mutation in colorectal cancer specimens directly from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Its simplicity and ease of use compared with other molecular techniques make it suitable for routine clinical laboratory testing.


Abstract Introduction: This is the 37th Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' (AAPCC) National Poison Data System (NPDS). As of 1 January, 2019, all 55 of the nation's poison centers (PCs) uploaded case data automatically to NPDS. The upload interval was 6.52 [6.12, 8.68] (median [25%, 75%]) minutes, creating a near real-time national exposure and information database and surveillance system. Methods: We analyzed the case data tabulating specific indices from NPDS. The methodology was similar to that of previous years. Where changes were introduced, the differences are identified. Cases with medical outcomes of death were evaluated by a team of medical and clinical toxicologist reviewers using an ordinal scale of 1-6 to assess the Relative Contribution to Fatality (RCF) of the exposure. Results: In 2019, 2,573,180 closed encounters were logged by NPDS: 2,148,141 human exposures, 68,711 animal exposures, 351,163 information requests, 5,078 human confirmed nonexposures. Total encounters showed a 1.70% increase from 2018, while health care facility (HCF) human exposure cases remained nearly steady with a slight decrease of 0.495%. All information requests decreased by 4.58%, medication identification (Drug ID) requests decreased by 29.7%, and human exposure cases increased by 2.30%. Human exposures with less serious outcomes have decreased 2.08% per year since 2008, while those with more serious outcomes (moderate, major or death) have increased 4.61% per year since 2000. Consistent with the previous year, the top 5 substance classes most frequently involved in all human exposures were analgesics (11.0%), household cleaning substances (7.13%), cosmetics/personal care products (6.16%), antidepressants (5.32%), and sedatives/hypnotics/antipsychotics (5.21%). As a class, antidepressant exposures increased most rapidly, by 1,957 cases/year (3.90%/year) over the past 10 years for cases with more serious outcomes. The top 5 most common exposures in children age 5 years or less were cosmetics/personal care products (11.4%), household cleaning substances (10.5%), analgesics (8.97%), foreign bodies/toys/miscellaneous (7.17%), and dietary supplements/herbals/homeopathic (5.06%). Drug identification requests comprised 13.4% of all information contacts. NPDS documented 2,619 human exposures resulting in death; 2,048 (78.2%) of these were judged as related (RCF of 1-Undoubtedly responsible, 2-Probably responsible, or 3-Contributory). Conclusions: These data support the continued value of PC expertise and need for specialized medical toxicology information to manage more serious exposures. Unintentional and intentional exposures continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the US. The near real-time status of NPDS represents a national public health resource to collect and monitor US exposure cases and information contacts. The continuing mission of NPDS is to provide a nationwide infrastructure for surveillance for all types of exposures (e.g., foreign body, infectious, venomous, chemical agent, or commercial product), and the identification and tracking of significant public health events. NPDS is a model system for the near real-time surveillance of national and global public health.


Introduction: Lobular breast cancer represents 10%–15% of breast cancers in women but is virtually nonexistent in men, related to the typical absence of the anatomic breast lobule structure in male breast tissue. We describe donor-transmitted metastatic lobular carcinoma to a male after kidney transplantation. Determining whether a post-transplant cancer is transplant associated, donor transmitted, or donor derived is significant for treatment, prognosis, and possibly management of other organ recipients. Case Report: A 74-year-old Caucasian male presented to the emergency department with lower abdominal pain and macro-hematuria. Past medical history included two renal transplantations. Computed tomography identified a 4–5-cm space-occupying lesion in the native left kidney. A left native nephrectomy was performed. Histology pathologic examination demonstrated lobular (as opposed to ductal) breast carcinoma. Fluorescent in situ hybridization probes to identify X- and Y-chromosomes showed tumor cells with an XX genotype, whereas the surrounding host cells were of XY genotype. These findings confirmed the female-sex origin (donor) of the tumor within the XY native male (current patient) tissues. Discussion/Conclusion: Due to discordance between the donor and recipient sex, fluorescent in situ hybridization as a molecular technique correctly identified the origin of an individual's cancer in the post-transplant setting. The metastatic breast cancer behaved more indolently than usually seen. Expanded criteria donors (ECD) are those who cannot donate under standard criteria for organ transplantation; expanded criteria widen the potential organ donor pool at the expense of increased risk for post-transplant complications (e.g., graft failure, the transmission of malignancy). The case provides a potential area of future research into considering allowing ECDs with a distant history of cancer with very low transmission risk when the biochemical environment of the recipient would, in the unlikely event of transmission, induce the tumor to pursue an indolent clinical course.


Between about ages 40 and 55 years, women experience a transition known as the menopause, which marks the end of their childbearing years. Although the most striking feature of the menopause is the cessation of menstruation, other biologic and psychosocial events occur and can be classified as stressors and "facilitators". For a predisposed group of women the stressors are likely to cause psychiatric disorders. At the same time, the facilitators are opportunities for personal growth and development. Physicians who understand both types of events during this phase of life and who are sensitive to the overall effects of ageing on marital partners can provide comprehensive care to the menopausal patient rather than automatically pursuing drug therapy (substitution hormonal therapy) alone.


Methods for automatically managing the performance of computing services must estimate a performance model of that service. This paper explores properties that are necessary for performance model estimation of black-box computer systems when used together with adaptive feedback loops. It shows that the standard method of least-squares estimation often gives rise to models that make the control loop perform the opposite action of what is desired. This produces large oscillations and bad tracking performance. The paper evaluates what combination of input and output data provides models with the best properties for the control loop. Plus, it proposes three extensions to the controller that makes it perform well, even when the model estimated would have degraded performance. Our proposed techniques are evaluated with an adaptive controller that provides latency targets for workloads on black-box computer services under a variety of conditions. The techniques are evaluated on two systems: a three-tier e-commerce site and a Web server. Experimental results show that our best estimation approach improves the ability of the controller to meet the latency goals significantly. Previously oscillating workload latencies are with our techniques smooth around the latency targets


The use of electronics, including videogames, has been shown to affect sleep. However, previous results have been inconsistent. The current correlational study used a college-aged sample to look at how several variables are related to aspects of sleep. Measures included the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, a sleep app, and sleep and videogame play diaries. The diaries were designed to measure pre-bedtime videogame play each evening prior to sleep and to measure quality and quantity of sleep upon awakening. Hierarchical multiple regression models were used to test hypotheses. It was hypothesized that amount of time spent playing videogames and amount of gaming during the hour before bed (Step 2) would predict sleep quality, sleep quantity, and sleep onset latency, when controlling for PSQI and MEQ scores (Step 1). It was additionally hypothesized that social goals/pressures would moderate the relationships between the videogame and sleep variables (Step 3). However, no moderating effects were identified. Participant characteristics (i.e., PSQI scores) significantly predicted all sleep outcomes. Videogame variables only significantly predicted sleep onset latency, suggesting that the amount of time playing videogames had relatively no impact on sleep quality or quantity.


The characteristics of ambient noise over an onshore oil field in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, have been investigated using arrays of three-component broadband seismometers by means of spectral amplitude and array wavenumber analysis within a frequency range of 0.1–10 Hz. The experiment was conducted to better understand the characteristics and origins of microseism (0.15–0.4 Hz) and microtremor (about 2.0–3.0 Hz) signals that have been reported as being a hydrocarbon indicator above several reservoirs in the region. The results of this study indicate that the long-period double-frequency peaks of microseism signals are generated by oceanic storms in the Arabian Sea as confirmed by data acquired throughout the impact of Cyclone Gonu on the coast of Oman. The study demonstrates that a narrowband of microtremor signals has no clear correlation with the recorded microseism signals. Cyclical daily and weekly variations in the spectral amplitudes of the signals clearly correlate with human activity. The results of this study, therefore, indicate that in this location the microseism and microtremor signals are not related to the presence of hydrocarbons in the subsurface but may be attributed to meteorological and anthropogenic effects, respectively.


Despite a wealth of studies examining Muslim religiosity and democracy, uncertainty regarding Islam and attitudes toward democracy remains. Although the claims concerning the incompatibility of Islam and democracy are generally discarded, public opinion scholarship has yet to build much further from this important first step or incorporate a strong theoretical framework for analysis beyond this basic foundation. This paper seeks to integrate literature in social theory on religious worldviews with novel conceptualizations and measurement of distinct religious outlooks among the religious faithful to explain patterns in attitudes toward democracy. We construct a theory with clear expectations regarding these relationships and use the largest and best available survey data (Arab Democracy Barometer, Wave III) to test our predictions using latent class analysis and a series of multivariate regression estimations. The results of our empirical analysis reveal that there are important differences among practicing Muslims regarding the role that religion should play in the social realm and that these differences are relevant to the analysis of how faith shapes preferences for regime type and democracy. The analysis makes a significant contribution to the study of religion and political attitudes.


A complex interplay among host, pathogen, and environmental factors is believed to contribute to the risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The lack of replication of published genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings limits the clinical utility of reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We conducted a GWAS using 467 PTB cases and 1,313 healthy controls obtained from two community-based cohorts in Korea. We evaluated the performance of PTB risk models based on different combinations of genetic and nongenetic factors and validated the results in an independent Korean population comprised of 179 PTB cases and 500 healthy controls. We demonstrated the polygenic nature of PTB and nongenetic factors such as age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were strongly associated with PTB risk. None of the SNPs achieved genome-wide significance; instead, we were able to replicate the associations between PTB and ten SNPs near or in the genes, CDCA7, GBE1, GADL1, SPATA16, C6orf118, KIAA1432, DMRT2, CTR9, CCDC67, and CDH13, which may play roles in the immune and inflammatory pathways. Among the replicated SNPs, an intergenic SNP, rs9365798, located downstream of the C6orf118 gene showed the most significant association under the dominant model (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.32–1.92, P = 2.1×10−6). The performance of a risk model combining the effects of ten replicated SNPs and six nongenetic factors (i.e., age, sex, BMI, cigarette smoking, systolic blood pressure, and hemoglobin) were validated in the replication set (AUC = 0.80, 95% CI 0.76–0.84). The strategy of combining genetic and nongenetic risk factors ultimately resulted in better risk prediction for PTB in the adult Korean population.


One of the most common criticisms of contemporary free speech law is that it is too Lochnerian. What critics usually mean by this is that First Amendment doctrine, by extending significant constitutional protection to advertising and other kinds of commercially-oriented speech, makes the same mistake as the Supreme Court made in Lochner v. New York, and other early late nineteenth and early twentieth century Due Process Clause cases: namely, it grants judges too much power to second-guess the economic policy decisions of democratically-elected legislatures.

This Article challenges that argument — not to reject the idea that contemporary free speech law resurrects Lochner, but instead to reconceive what that means. It argues that contemporary free speech law is not Lochner-like in failing to defer to the legislature's economic policy decisions. Instead, it repeats the errors of the Lochner Court by relying upon an almost wholly negative and anti-redistributive notion of freedom of speech. The result is a body of law that, not just in its commercial and corporate speech cases, but in many other cases as well, replicates Lochner Era due process jurisprudence in both its doctrinal structure and its political economic effects.

By reconceiving the Lochner analogy, this Article illuminates fundamental problems with the contemporary First Amendment. By examining the ways in which the First Amendment once fit into the New Deal Settlement, but does so no longer, it also suggests a far more satisfying solution to the First Amendment's Lochner problem than the conventional account allows. Rather than narrowing the scope of the First Amendment or weakening the constitutional protection afforded commercially-oriented speech, it argues that courts should embrace a more positive conception of the free speech guarantee and one that can more effectively protect expressive freedom from the threats posed to it by private as well as public power. Doing so, it acknowledges, may make what are today relatively easy free speech disputes much more difficult. But there is ultimately no other way to vindicate First Amendment values — including, the core democratic value of ensuring a diverse and inclusive public debate.