Groundwater quality is a crucial parameter for sustainable wetland management. The evaluation of the aquifer vulnerability is important for the protection of groundwater resources. The DRASTIC model is the most significant technique for the assessment of aquifer vulnerability. This study aimed to build a vulnerability map for groundwater of the Salda Lake wetland basin by DRASTIC method in a GIS environment. Seven environmental parameters depth to water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone media, and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer were used in the DRASTIC method and GIS was used to constitute a groundwater vulnerability map. This study showed that 13.71% of the area had high pollution potential, 10.13% had moderate pollution potential, and 76.15% had low pollution potential in respect to groundwater pollution. Intensive agricultural activities are carried out in the study area. The DRASTIC vulnerability index value of the study area was well correlated with the nitrate map of the study area. In addition, Salda Lake protection areas were determined. All of the defining protection areas of the Salda Lake are within the most sensitive areas in DRASTIC map.


This thesis provides a history of the National Baseball Congress (NBC) tournament in Wichita, Kansas, from its founding in 1935 to 2005. The NBC tournament, since its inception, has had an impact culturally, economically, and socially on the city of Wichita, and to a lesser degree, an impact on Major League Baseball and other facets of organized baseball. By using a decade-by-decade over view of the history of the NBC tournament, one finds how social and cultural events have played a role in the success of the NBC tournament, and how the tournament influenced the baseball world. Raymond \Hap" Dumont, the founder and master promoter of the NBC tournament, created an environment that would push his tournament to the forefront of the minds of Americans. He did this by using the mass media and by instituting unique promotions to enhance the game of baseball. Dumont also created opportunities for minorities, military baseball teams, and eventually college baseball players to participate in his semipro tournament. This thesis, based on newspaper articles, Raymond Dumont's biography, and other assorted histories of baseball in the twentieth century, argues that the success of the NBC tournament was due to Dumont's ingenuity and desire to succeed. When Dumont passed away, the tournament went through a series of ownership changes that initially weakened the overall economic effectiveness of the tournament. However, the originality and tradition of the tournament endured because of the dedicated employees that Dumont hired to help run the event. When the Rich family from Buffalo, New York, bought the National Baseball Congress in 1985, they also purchased a Wichita institution, a tradition that has endured into the twenty-first century.


This paper investigates the effect of international remittances and migration on household welfare in Ethiopia. We employ both subjective a households subjective economic well-being and objective measures asset holdings and asset accumulation to define household welfare. A matching approach is applied to address self-selection, and by exploiting information before and after the households began receiving remittances, the study sheds light on the changes in welfare associated with international migration and remittances. The results reveal that remittances have a significant impact on a welfare variable that has previously not received much attention in the migration literature, namely household subjective economic well-being. In addition, we find that remittances have positive effects on consumer asset accumulation, especially in rural areas, but no effect on productive assets.


Like other areas of linguistic study, toponymy as a domain of analysis does not present itself as being overly reflective of its own assumptions. I ask whether a sub-category or sub-analysis dedicated to toponymy is required at all if we analyse toponyms, landscape terms, and geographical names within the scope of general linguistic analysis (lexical semantics, morphosyntax, and phonology). Or put succinctly: Is toponymy necessary? Data from a longitudinal study of Norfolk Island and Kangaroo Island toponymy indicate there are no marked aberrancies in either sets of data which cannot be accounted for by either more general Norf'k (the Norfolk Island language) or English rules. I conclude by suggesting future studies in landscape terminology should be more mindful of the requirements of the linguistic study of toponymy, especially within lexical, morphosyntactic, and phonological concerns, rather than just within the semantic domain.


A high fidelity, reliable and extensible real-time CDU simulation system is built on the basis of self-made membrane keyboard and object-oriented simulation method in this paper to improve the visual feelings and simulation fidelity of CDU in flight management system research. Based on embedded PC104 CPU and 8255 programmable peripheral equipment interface card, the membrane keyboard hardware circuit and the keyboard code scanning program are designed. Accordingly, the confused logical problem of keystokes is solved and meanwhile, the emulation CDU keyboard is realized. And then, an extensible and reliable CDU pages system is constructed utilizing object-oriented simulation technique, inheritance and polymorphism mechanisms. Thus, the tiresome generation and management problem of pages system is tackled. Simulation experiments illustrate that routing data and performance parameters can be input and displayed realistically on the CDU system developed in this paper.


This contribution to the panel on the future to EMU discusses the tensions that arise from the fact that banks are, on the one hand, an essential element of the monetary transmission mechanism and, on the other hand, an integral part of local, regional or national polities. Banking union can eliminate or at least reduce some of the procrastination that has allowed maintained bank weaknesses to persist and harmed the transmission of monetary policy but, whereas the SSM has been fairly successful, resolution is still not working properly and needs further reforms. At the same time, banking union suffers from the problem that interventions from Brussels or Frankfurt are seen as infringements of national sovereignty that lack political legitimacy. The conflict between supranational and national interests is ultimately irresolvable but, if EMU is to survive, measures must be taken to limit its impact.


Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic self-organized network which comprises of wireless mobile nodes. Ad hoc networks can be merged or can be partitioned into separate networks, without relying on a fixed infrastructure to manage the operation. The performance of MANET diminishes significantly because of misbehaviour of nodes due to selfish reasons. A selfish node refuses to share its resources with neighbouring nodes and uses for its own purpose. So this may lead to packet loss in MANET. To improve the performance of MANET it is important to detect and isolate the selfish nodes. In this paper, ESDIT (Efficient Selfish node Detection and Isolation Technique) is proposed to efficiently detect and isolate selfish nodes in MANET. The proposed technique has been carried out to analyze the selfish nodes detection on essential function such as network routing. The simulation study demonstrates that the proposed ESDIT enhances the packet delivery ratio and throughput.


A quantitative morphologic study of the capillary endothelium of striated muscle was performed in diabetic rats one hour after injection of insulin. Diabetic and nondiabetic rats injected with saline constituted the reference groups. In a randomized sample of capillary profiles, morphometric data on micropinocytotic vesicles (MPV) and on various capillary characteristics were collected. The numeric density of MPV was higher in diabetic rats injected with insulin than in diabetic rats injected with saline (44.2 ± 8.5 versus 34.0 ± 4.5 MPV/μ2 endothelial cytoplasm (mean ± S.D.), 2p = 0.045), thereby approaching the control value of 48.0 ± 7.3, 2p = 0.51. The insulin-injected animals, furthermore, differed markedly from the diabetic reference group as regards the ratio of free-to-attached vesicles, since they showed a large increase in the numeric density of free MPV (1.40 ± 0.18 versus 1.00 ± 0.23/μ circumference, 2p = 0.015, control value 1.59 ± 0.20) and a small decrease in the density of attached MPV (0.19 ± 0.03 versus 0.23 ± 0.02/μ circumference, 2p = 0.022; controls: 0.15 ± 0.04). Both the height of the endothelial cytoplasm and the size of the MPV were similar in all groups. These findings may be the morphologic counterpart of the clinically demonstrated decrease in plasma volume and in the intravascular pool of albumin in diabetic patients after insulin injection. The present results demonstrate that insulin has an acute effect on the endothelial cells, including a change in the kinetics of the vesicular transport pathway


Reconstructing four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (4D-CBCT) images directly from respiratory phase-sorted traditional 3D-CBCT projections can capture target motion trajectory, reduce motion artifacts, and reduce imaging dose and time. However, the limited numbers of projections in each phase after phase-sorting decreases CBCT image quality under traditional reconstruction techniques. To address this problem, we developed a simultaneous motion estimation and image reconstruction (SMEIR) algorithm, an iterative method that can reconstruct higher quality 4D-CBCT images from limited projections using an inter-phase intensity-driven motion model. However, the accuracy of the intensity-driven motion model is limited in regions with fine details whose quality is degraded due to insufficient projection number, which consequently degrades the reconstructed image quality in corresponding regions. In this study, we developed a new 4D-CBCT reconstruction algorithm by introducing biomechanical modeling into SMEIR (SMEIR-Bio) to boost the accuracy of the motion model in regions with small fine structures. The biomechanical modeling uses tetrahedral meshes to model organs of interest and solves internal organ motion using tissue elasticity parameters and mesh boundary conditions. This physics-driven approach enhances the accuracy of solved motion in the organ's fine structures regions. This study used 11 lung patient cases to evaluate the performance of SMEIR-Bio, making both qualitative and quantitative comparisons between SMEIR-Bio, SMEIR, and the algebraic reconstruction technique with total variation regularization (ART-TV). The reconstruction results suggest that SMEIR-Bio improves the motion model's accuracy in regions containing small fine details, which consequently enhances the accuracy and quality of the reconstructed 4D-CBCT images.


The problems of gender education in its modern interpretation have practically been built in the context of the Soviet implementation of the women's issue, the creation of institutional conditions for the legal equality of men and women in all spheres of public life, including in education. Proceeding from this, the posed problems are topical. The main goal of the work is to study the Soviet transformation of gender in post-war Kazakhstan. To achieve this goal, the authors used various methods of historical interpretation of sources, historical and chronological, comparative and historical, generalization and systematization. This made it possible to concretize the study. As a result, the historical experience of setting and solving issues of women's education was analysed. Also, a large factual material was put into scientific circulation. The authors presented a modern interpretation of the understanding of the state policy nature regarding the educational level of women. It was also established that public policy played an important role in the education of women.


The relationship between premorbid and morbid factors relevant to the process-reactive distinction in schizophrenia and measures of posthospital adjustment were investigated in 33 schizophrenic and 44 nonschizophrenic patients. The data support the hypothesis that these premorbid and morbid factors are predictive of outcome for schizophrenics, although the correlations between the predictors and outcome indexes were not as uniformly high as theories based on the process-reactive distinction have proposed. For the nonschizophrenics the correlations between the predictors and outcome indexes did not show consistent associations. The premorbid factors employed were differentially related to the various outcome measures. The results provide some support for the hypothesis that different factors predict outcome for schizophrenic vs nonschizophrenic patients, and question the hypothesis that all mental illnesses form a continuum with the difference between them primarily being one of severity.


For a wireless LAN or a cluster of nodes in an ad hoc wireless network, multicast transmissions from a controlling station must be acknowledged by the nodes that are addressed. To ensure reliable reception at all the nodes, the multicast packet may be repeated on different transmissions, or on the same transmission as a form of diversity, or both. In this paper, policies for repeat transmissions of multicast packets are analyzed in terms of the average number of repeat transmissions required and the corresponding efficiency of the signaling on the multicast channel. The analytical results are parametric in packet/ACK error probability, the number of nodes, and the number of required ACKs. It is shown that a policy of accumulating ACKs and addressing only unacknowledged nodes on repeated non-diversity transmissions is more efficient than simply using a higher order of diversity on the multicast transmissions. Methods are shown for avoiding unnecessary repetitions in the case of a missing node.


In the paper, an econometric model is proposed to test the risk balancing hypothesis using farm level data. For the purpose, a constraint on expected utility maximization with respect to farm financial structure is given. Cluster method is applied to pick out the farms on the efficient frontier under expected utility maximization given risk attitude and actual interest rate. Regression results are given and compared to previous findings. Farm characteristics associated with the risk behaviors of farms with optimal utility are identified and compared with other farms.


The vascular bed in skeletal muscle plays an important role in the regulation of the systemic circulation. The present study was undertaken to investigate how capillary blood flow and oxygenation in skeletal muscle are affected by: a) a reduction in the levels of respiratory gases in blood, hypocapnia or hypoxia, and b) the interaction of anesthetics (pentobarbital, propofol, ketamine) during hemorrhage, and c) hypotension induced pharmacologically by adenosine, sodium nitroprusside or acetylcholine. The experiments were performed on the vastus medialis muscle in mechanically ventilated anesthetized rabbits. Skeletal muscle microvascular perfusion was investigated with a local hydrogen clearance technique (LHC) (using a multiwire microelectrode) and laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Skeletal muscle oxygen pressures (P,O,) and pH were assessed using a multiwire Clarktype oxygen or an antimony (pH) microelectrode. Hypocapnia (arterial K O 2 2.3 kPa) decreased LDF flow and PtOa whereas muscle tissue pH remained unchanged. This was interpreted as being due to a reduction in microvascular perfusion induced by vasoconstriction. This led to a decline in both tissue oxygenation and in the removal of acid metabolites, which counteracted a developing tissue alkalosis. Apart from the vasoregulatory role of carbon dioxide, it appears that muscle tissue pH is an important factor in the control of skeletal muscle perfusion. Hypoxia (arterial PO2 4.0 kPa) reduced LHC flow and Pt02. This was reversed by the administration of ritanserin (serotonin antagonist), despite a further reduction in blood pressure. This supports the concept that the decline in capillary perfusion during systemic hypoxia is at least partly mediated by serotonin. Hemorrhage was induced by withdrawal of blood to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mmHg, and measurements (LHC, LDF) were carried out during the spontaneous recovery period. When ketamine was used as anesthetic a higher capillary perfusion was found as compared to pentobarbital or propofol. These differences may be mediated, as suggested by the results from other studies, by the cardiovascular stimulating properties of ketamine, the effects on the renin-angiotensin system by pentobarbital and venomotor tone by propofol. Hypotension, 20-25% reduction in mean arterial blood pressure, induced by adenosine, as associated with a decrease in skeletal muscle capillary blood flow and an increase in Pt02 This may be explained by a redistribution of capillary flow and 1 or a reduction in local oxygen demand. Hypotension induced by sodium nitroprusside to a similar level, on the other hand, increased capillary blood flow, mostly in the high flow range, whereas the oxygen pressure distributions were reduced. This may be caused by an increased local oxygen demand. Acetylcholine-induced hypotension decreased capillary blood flow, which was most pronounced in the high flow range, while oxygen pressure distributions decreased homogeneously in a manner similar to that seen during hemorrhage. The findings presented may be of importance in clinical situations with compromised skeletal muscle circulation.


Hypertension prevalence in Indonesia has significantly increased from 25.8% in 2013 to 34.1% in 2018. In Banjar Datengan, Tumbakbayuh, Mengwi, and Badung, there were 57 elderly people, and 35 people (61.4%) were considered at risk of hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension in Banjar exceeds the average value in Badung Regency. The first objective was to examine whether using traditional therapy can help to lower systolic blood pressure. The second objective was to examine whether using traditional therapy lowers diastolic blood pressure. The third objective was to determine the best therapeutic juice among watermelon, starfruit, and watermelon-starfruit mixture in reducing hypertension. An experimental research design was employed in which a model of true pre-test and post-test was used. A sample of 33 people was selected by purposive sampling. The sample was divided into three equal groups, namely drinking watermelon juice, drinking star fruit juice, and drinking watermelon-star fruit juice mixture group. The mean systolic blood pressure of the three groups before and after drinking juice showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Likewise, the mean diastolic blood pressure of the three groups before and after drinking juice showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). All three groups have the same ability to reduce blood pressure, but the watermelon-star fruit juice group can reduce high blood pressure (hypertension) to become normal (norm tension). Hypertension patients should take antihypertensive medication along with drinking watermelon-star fruit juice. Future studies should explore the side effects of watermelon-star fruit juice.


Air traffic control (ATC) relies on communication via speech between pilot and air-traffic controller (ATCO). The call-sign, as unique identifier for each flight, is used to address a specific pilot by the ATCO. Extracting the call-sign from the communication is a challenge because of the noisy ATC voice channel and the additional noise introduced by the receiver. A low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the speech leads to high word error rate (WER) transcripts. We propose a new call-sign recognition and understanding (CRU) system that addresses this issue. The recognizer is trained to identify call-signs in noisy ATC transcripts and convert them into the standard International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) format. By incorporating surveillance information, we can multiply the call-sign accuracy (CSA) up to a factor of four. The introduced data augmentation adds additional performance on high WER transcripts and allows the adaptation of the model to unseen airspaces.


Many organizations have started to adopt knowledge management as one of their strategic initiatives that is to create, retain, share and use the valuable knowledge assets to achieve the organisational objectives. Although knowledge management (KM) is mainly adopted by the private sectors, the Knowledge-based Economy Master Plan, which was launched in 2002 by the government of Malaysia, has encouraged the public and government sectors to value and exploit their knowledge assets. While knowledge comprises both explicit and tacit, many organisations have created knowledge management teams with various KM designations/positions, led by Chief Knowledge Officers (CKOs) to manage the organization knowledge assets. As KM is considered a new, multifaceted and an evolving discipline, frameworks pertaining to KM activities are still lacking. Regardless of which approach an organisation embarks on, there must be a 'shared understanding' of the organisation KM direction so knowledge assets could be capitalized at every level in the organisation. It is crucial for KM team members being able to introduce and promote the organisation's KM direction; therefore, those who are responsible for managing the initiatives should have adequate skills and knowledge to perform their KM tasks. Besides having some managerial and generic competencies, KM team members must also have some essential technical skills (KM-related skills). The research highlighted two research questions - how do KM managers interpret the essential KM-related competencies needed in supporting their KM tasks? and how do these required KM competencies influence KM managers' attitudes towards KM-related training needs to improve their KM understanding and implementation? From the social constructionist philosophical stance, this interpretive study uses the qualitative research approach to explore and investigate the essential KM-related competencies required by KM managers in performing their KM tasks and how they influence the attitudes for KM related training. Adopting a qualitative case study approach, the researcher made a study of KM managers of XYZ; an organisation that adopted a strategic KM approach. An E-focus group was conducted for the pilot study and face-to-face interviews were used to understand the phenomenon based on the experience of KM managers. Findings suggested that six essential KM-related competencies are needed by KM managers; KM overview, Corporate Taxonomy, Communities of Practice (CoPs), KM Tools, Knowledge Measurement and Information Management. This is to make sure that KM could be easily justified in the terms of the benefits to the management and employees, especially relating it to the economic gains. Those competencies were also suggested based on their difficulties in delivering some KM activities such as measuring knowledge, developing taxonomies and establishing appropriate KM tools and CoPs. Indeed as KM managers' suggestions and views on KM competencies come from their KM involvements, KM managers also admitted that those competencies had influenced their preferences towards KM-related training. KM managers prefer some advanced KM-related courses and also certified KM training. The findings have implications for HR/KM personnel and researchers at XYZ as well as others in general. Hence, the major contributions of this research include the following: a. KM competencies framework for KM professions which contributes to b. Demonstrates the implications of the required KM competencies on training preferences c. Presents the design and development of an alternative way of data collection method in conducting e-focus group using blog


This paper presents a reference design of a solid-nitrogen cooled 300-MHz/25 mm Nb/sub 3/Sn NMR magnet based on a novel design/operation concept. The magnet operates in the temperature range 8-10 K with its cryocooler thermally decoupled from the magnet and idled. A mass of solid nitrogen in thermal contact with the magnet prolongs the magnet warm-up time to 17 h, during which NMR measurement may be performed under a quiet environment free of the cryocooler's microphonics. At 10 K, the magnet is re-coupled to the cryocooler for recooling to 8 K and ready for another 17-h measurement.


The association of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA level at study entry and over time with clinical progression was evaluated in 187 patients from AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 116A who had little or no prior zidovudine treatment. Three-fold-higher HIV-1 RNA levels at study entry and 3-fold increases by week 8 were associated with progression (relative hazard [RH], 1.67 ; 95% confidence limits [CL], 1.20, 2.32 ; and RH, 1.45 ; CL, 1.02, 2.05, respectively). Having 3-fold-higher CD4 cell count at entry was independently associated with a 52% reduction in risk for progression (adjusted RH, 0.48 ; CL, 0.33, 0.70). When stratified by length of prior zidovudine therapy, RNA level was predictive in drug-naive patients (adjusted RH, 1.87 ; CL, 1.23, 2.85) but not predictive in patients with up to 16 weeks of prior therapy (adjusted RH, 1.11 ; CL, 0.70, 1.76). Analysis suggests that the acquisition of mutations at HIV-1 reverse transcriptase codons 215 and 74 is associated with subsequent increases in HIV-1 RNA level (relative risk, 7.00 ; CL, 0.86, 56.90).


Background: Dental caries is a pandemic disease affecting whole of the mankind. Methods of recording caries in a population are plenty, but researchers are still searching for an ideal caries recording system. Caries assessment spectrum and treatment (CAST) index is one such attempt where investigators' records spectrum of caries effects in an individual based on different codes and criteria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 224 adults of different socioeconomic (SE) background and their caries experience was recorded using CAST index. Kuppuswamy's scale was used to record SE status of individuals. SPSS version 17 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the 224 adults, 34.8% were suffering from chronic pulpitis and 10% had at least one tooth with periapical abscess/fistula in their mouth. Overall prevalence of caries was 45.9% and caries experience (decayed, missing, filled [DMF]) was 2.09 in the study population. Majority of subjects belonged to middle SE class. Conclusion: From the results of the present study, it is clear that CAST index is a simple, useful, and much more comprehensive tool in recording caries experience in a population than conventional DMF index.


Velour Dacron vascular grafts have been developed for clinical use because previous investigations of conventional fabric grafts in animals suggested that fibroblastic ingrowth contributed directly to neoendothelialization. In order to determine whether fibroblastic ingrowth was casually related to regeneration of endothelium in velour grafts, composite grafts of knitted and velour Dacron were used to replace either the carotid arteries or the abdominal aorta in 12 adult dogs and were studied by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Partial or complete endothelialization occurred in all aortic grafts. Regeneration of endothelium was identified in three of six carotid velour grafts but was not observed in carotid knitted grafts. although velour grafts stimulated more aggressive perigraft fibrosis in both carotid and aortic replacement than did knitted grafts, transmural migration of fibroblasts from perigraft tissues was not observed in any specimen. The results of this study do not support a causal relationship between fibroblastic ingrowth and regeneration of endothelium in dogs.


During heat stress, isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise causes cutaneous vasoconstriction, but it remains controversial whether neural mechanisms are responsible for this observation. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that cutaneous vasoconstriction during IHG exercise in heat stressed individuals occurs via a neural mechanism. An axillary nerve blockade was performed to block efferent nerve traffic to the left forearm in seven healthy subjects. Two intradermal microdialysis probes were placed within forearm skin of the blocked area. Forearm skin blood flow was measured by laser‐Doppler flowmetry over the microdialysis probes as well as from skin of the contralateral (unblocked) forearm. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated from the ratio of skin blood flow to mean arterial pressure. Effectiveness of nerve blockade was verified by the absence of tactile sensation, as well as an absence of sweating and cutaneous vasodilatation during a whole‐body heat stress. Upon this confirmation, adenosine was perfused through one of the microdialysis probes to increase skin blood flow similar to that of the unblocked site. After internal temperature increased ∼0.7°C, subjects performed 2 min of IHG exercise at 35% of maximal voluntary contraction using the non‐blocked arm. IHG exercise significantly decreased CVC at the unblocked site (82.3 ± 5.7 to 70.9 ± 5.4%max, P= 0.005, means ±s.e.m.) and the adenosine treated site of the blocked arm (75.2 ± 7.2 to 68.3 ± 6.6%max, P= 0.005), whereas CVC was unchanged at the blocked site that did not receive adenosine (15.7 ± 2.8 to 13.7 ± 2.0%max, P= 0.10). Importantly, the reduction in CVC was greater at the unblocked site than at the adenosine treated site (11.4 ± 2.6 vs. 6.9 ± 1.6%max, respectively, P= 0.01). These findings suggest that neural and non‐neural mechanisms contribute to the reduction in forearm CVC during IHG exercise in heat stressed humans.


This article argues that there is a strong role for empirical analysis to be used to address fundamental normative questions. Using human rights as an example, the article shows that the evolution of the international regime of human rights provides a standard against which country level performance can be both judged and explained through the application of empirical approaches in comparative politics. It argues further that different kinds of human rights measures (events, standards, surveys, and official statistics) and comparative methods (large-N, small-N, and single-country studies) offer systematic ways in which to map, to explain, and to understand the variation in human rights abuse around the world. The comparative politics of human rights is a prime example of how the "is" of the world can be used to address the "ought" of international human rights theory, philosophy, and law. The example of human rights analysis in comparative politics shows a strong role for value-based and problem-based research that remains systematic in its approach while at the same time producing outputs that are of public value.


The main challenge in the development of future wireless communication systems is to provide users with a wide range of services across different radio access technologies through a single mobile terminal, while maintaining the quality of service requirements. Thus, the need for seamless interworking between heterogeneous wireless communication systems consisting of multiple radio access technologies and overlapping networks emerges. In this article, we address the main issues that arise while implementing the interworking mechanisms between different radio access networks. An interworking mechanism based on IEEE 802.21 framework is proposed and described in detail. We combine concepts of autonomic networking in the design of the framework in order to use intelligence to provide flexibility, accessibility and transparency to the mobile users.


Background: AOC1 is a copper-containing amine oxidase that is responsible for catalyzing the deamination of polyamines, which produces reactive oxygen species. Previous studies have demonstrated that polyamines are involved in the regulation of proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of cells. However, very little is known about the functions and regulatory mechanisms of AOC1 in tumors. Methods: Based on GEPIA data, we found that AOC1 was signi fi cantly upregulated in human gastric cancer tissues. We knocked down AOC1 in human AGS and MKN45 cells using siRNA transfection, then utilized qRT-PCR assay and Western blot to verify the effectiveness of AOC1 knockdown in gastric cancer cells. Results: Function analysis demonstrated that knockdown of AOC1 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of human gastric cancer cells. Flow cytometry detection suggested that AOC1 knockdown induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. Mechanism investigation suggested that AOC1 knockdown increased the ratio of Bax/ Bcl2 and induced activation of the caspase cascade. Furthermore, the AKT signaling pathway was inactivated when AOC1 was silenced, including downregulated phosphorylation level of AKT and expression of downstream effectors, Cyclin D1, and p70S6K. Finally, we found that knockdown of AOC1 inhibited the epithelial – mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human gastric cancer by increasing the expression of epithelial markers E-cadherin, as well as decreasing mesenchymal marker N-cadherin, SNAIL and Slug. Conclusion: Our study suggests that AOC1 functions as an oncogene in human gastric cancer by activating the AKT signaling pathway and EMT process and maybe a target of 6-mercaptopurine, which provides new insight in the clinical use of AOC1 in gastric cancer therapy.


Date Presented 04/06/19
 This scoping review examined research on the association between sensory processing and internalizing behavior among individuals ages 1-22 years. Findings suggest that sensory processing sensitivity was positively associated with various conditions, personality characteristics, aspects of family life, anxiety, and mental health difficulties. Findings from this scoping review may inform intervention approaches that target the sensory processing underpinnings of internalizing behaviors.
 Primary Author and Speaker: Kasey Kotsiris
 Additional Authors and Speakers: Lauren Little


This literature review's main focus discussed how number sense effect students' mathematical achievement and what strategies teachers can use to build students' number sense. While researching number sense, it was often found that explicit instruction, teacher knowledge, and socio-economic status impacts students' knowledge of number sense. It has been found that the earlier students start learning simple math skills the better it will be on their math development as they go into kindergarten and get older. In knowing the importance of number sense, teachers have to know what strategies they should use to support all students build number sense. A common instructional strategy used to teach number sense, is explicit instruction. A few of the many instructional strategies explained in more detail include: Five frames, number lines, think alouds, and concrete to abstract representations. Teachers need to have the knowledge of how strategies can be used to support students' mathematical understanding. This literature review will also look at instructional strategies, future research, memorizing versus understanding, and the literacy connection of number sense.


The diversity of basal ungulates is significant in the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Myanmar). However, the precise identification or attribution of some fossils is sometimes difficult because of the scarcity and poor preservation of the material. We describe here a new genus and species of a Dichobunidae from Paukkaung Kyitchaung 2 locality, that is morphologically and probably phylogenetically close to a taxon from the early-middle Eocene of Pakistan, and we discuss the attribution of dental material to Myanmarius chitseini Tsubamoto, Egi, Takai, Htike & Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein, 2013, an inderterminate artiodactyl from Pondaung. This study also confirms that dispersals were possible between the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia during the first part of the Eocene.


Several palm plants have social and economic roles worldwide by providing drinks from their sap. In Cote d'Ivoire, management of the coconut sap is not yet practiced. In this study, parameters related to production of sap have been assessed from four coconut cultivars namely PB 113+ and PB 121+ hybrids and WAT and MYD varieties. From all the unopened inflorescences (spathes) studied into the coconut crown, whose ranks varied from 7 to 9, that of rank 8 yielded the highest volume of sap. From this spathe, the PB113+ hybrid provided the best yield of sap (61.81 ± 20.41 l). Most important proportion of that sap volume was recorded at the morning harvesting. The sap production duration of a spathe varied from 24 ± 1.87 days (MYD) to 46.78 ± 1.86 days (PB 113+). That duration depended on the length of spathes and regular sap flow allowed by them. Furthermore, the PB 113+ had the highest number of fruits (NBF = 174.33 ± 78.45 fruits). The results showed that volume of sap available is closely related to the length of production (r = 0.78) and the cultivar's nut yield (r = 0.82). The use of PB 113+ hybrid which provided highest quantity of sap is recommended for promoting the production of coconut sap in Cote d'Ivoire in order to improve the benefits derived from this plant.


All available evidence suggests that over 60% of new Ph.D.s in science in the United States will not have careers in academic research, yet graduate training in science has followed the same basic format for almost 100 years, heavily focused on producing academic researchers. Given that so many students will not join that community, the system is failing to meet the needs of the majority of its students. Many academic, governmental, and professional leaders and organizations have lamented this disconnect and have suggested worthwhile adjustments, but most of these have been minor changes in graduate course offerings. It is time for the scientific and education communities to take a more fundamental look at how graduate education in science is structured and consider, given the current environment, whether a major reconfiguration of the entire system is needed.


Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women; however, many of them relapse following primary treatment. The pattern of treating breast cancer has been changed over last decades. Dendritic Cell/tumour hybrid, hydroxyphenyl-tyrosinamide-chlorambucil, SNIPER, hybrid radiopharmaceutical and photoactive hybrid nanoparticles should be regarded as potential molecular targets for novel anti-cancer therapies. DC-based vaccines have emerged as a promising tool in cancer immunotherapy because of their low toxicity. Nanotechnology-based differential combination therapy and the hybrid radiopharmaceutical could be potentially useful as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancers. The protein knockdown system with SNIPERs would expand a possibility to develop a variety of novel molecular target drugs. The meta-hydroxyphenyl-tyrosinamide-chlorambucil derivatives have shown high anticancer efficacy in hormone dependent and hormone-independent breast cancer cell lines compared to ortho- and para- analogs. Thus, the hybrid molecules are effective in controlling breast tumors, however; long-term confirmation is required. This article reviews the emerging role of hybrid molecules in the breast cancer treatment.


Popul Space Place. 2017;e2128. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2128 Abstract China has been undergoing a rapid industrialisation and urbanisation process with an ongoing transfer of people and economic resources from rural to urban areas. Labour migration from rural to urban areas has been massive and become a "rite of passage" for rural young people. There is a widespread view that modernisation and the subsequent transformation of peasants, agriculture, and the countryside have undermined agriculture and hollowed out rural communities. However, due to the peculiarity of the hukou system and the circularity of rural urban migration, the large rural population can all be institutionally regarded as de jure rural stayers. The de facto rural stayers consist of the left‐behind ones and the non‐left‐behind ones. Yet these categories are quite fluid links with migration as people make different decisions at different stage in their life cycle. Motivations for migrating and staying in the countryside are highly complex. Those who migrate often do so because of economic pushes resulting from the commodification of subsistence. Many women who stay behind do so because of structural forces, such as the traditional culture of gender division and economic coercion. The non‐left‐behind people who are not stuck in the countryside are often able to actively pursue alternative rural livelihoods. These rural stayers develop diversified livelihood strategies that involve multiple job holding and make significant contributions to their household livelihoods and to driving rural development. The paper concludes that rural villages are not, as is often supposed, hollowed out, and many rural stayers do so voluntarily.


Background/Aims To evaluate the association between strabismus and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in a representative Korean population. Methods A total of 11 114 participants aged 20 years or older in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database for the years 2010 through 2011 were reviewed. A standardised protocol was used to interview every participant and to perform comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Glaucoma diagnosis was based on fundus photography and frequency-doubling technology perimetry results, according to the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology criteria. Ocular alignment was evaluated using the alternate prism and cover test, and clinically significant horizontal strabismus was defined as exodeviation of ≥15 prism dioptres (PD) and esodeviation of ≥10 PD. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to evaluate the potential risk factors for POAG. Results In the Korean population, subjects with clinically significant esodeviation had a much higher prevalence of POAG (12.32%) than those without clinically significant esodeviation (3.14%, p=0.016). After adjusting for age and intraocular pressure, clinically significant esodeviation was independently associated with POAG (OR 7.61, p=0.002). Conclusion Esodeviation was independently associated with POAG in the Korean population. This could be the result of, at least in part, ocular-adduction-induced greater strain on the temporal optic nerve head and peripapillary tissues, which makes eyes with esodeviation more vulnerable to POAG.


The recurrence of substorms in the terrestrial magnetosphere depends on many factors. Chief among these are (1) the mechanism(s) by which the magnetosphere stores and rids itself of excess magnetic flux accumulated in the tail (loading-unloading behavior) and (2) the way in which the power input from the solar wind to the magnetosphere (the coupling) varies with time. In this paper we explore the possible effects of the variability of the interplanetary medium on the statistical temporal distribution of substorms, using a simple substorm model. In this model, substorms recur at fixed time intervals in response to a steady solar wind power input, regardless of its level. In our simulations the power input into the magnetosphere is measured by the rectified north-south component, Bs, of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We use IMF data at 15-s resolution from long-term surveys to construct three statistical model inputs: (1) the random Bs model, (2) the shortwave Bs model, and (3) the longwave Bs model. We find that all the resultant distributions of intersubstorm intervals are skewed with respect to a clear modal peak and cover a wide range of intersubstorm intervals. We also find that the temporal succession of substorm onsets is sensitive to the ratio of the timescale of IMF variation to the assumed intrinsic intersubstorm period. For small values of this ratio the mode of the distribution can be greater than the intrinsic intersubstorm interval by a factor of 2 or more. For large values of this ratio the modal substorm recurrence rate approaches the intrinsic value. We also assess the effect on the temporal distribution of substorm onsets of random (failure to identify a substorm onset) and quasi-random (incomplete coverage) errors. We use our findings to interpret the results of a large-scale survey of substorm recurrence rates in the terrestial magnetosphere under nonstorm conditions recently undertaken [Borovsky et al., 1993]. Both shortwave and longwave Bs models could provide an interpretation for this empirical distribution but with certain provisos, which are different for the two alternatives. In the shortwave Bs model, allowance would have to be made for about a 45% failure rate in the identification of substorms. In the longwave Bs model the solar wind power input over the >8-month duration of the survey would have to be dominated by intervals, each longer than about 3 hours, when the power input was continuously on or off. Reasons are given for preferring the first of these alternatives. Thus, once the contribution of the variability of the solar wind power input on the substorm recurrence rate has been separated out, this would then show that the empirical distribution is not at variance with the notion that under constant solar wind power input, substorms recur periodically.


Abstract Not Available – First paragraph follows:
Today's concern for the quality of our environment has prompted investigations of the effects of irrigated agriculture on the underlying ground water. The work reported here is one phase of an intensive soil nitrate project being conducted by soil and water scientists of the U.C. Agricultural Experiment Station funded by the National Science Foundation's program on Research Applied to National Needs (RANN).


Context. Cumulative optical and infrared emission from galaxies accumulated over cosmological time scales, the extragalactic background light (EBL), could be probed by complementary techniques of direct observations and source counting in the visible and infrared as well as via its imprint on the signal of distant active galactic nuclei in γ-rays.
Aims. We compare the visible and infrared measurements with the γ-ray constraints and study if the discrepancies of the measurements with different methods could be due to the presence of features in the EBL spectrum that are localised in the micron wavelength range.
Methods. We combined data on time-averaged spectra of selected blazars that were obtained by Fermi and ground-based gamma-ray telescopes. We also modelled the effect of absorption on EBL while allowing for the existence of a previously unaccounted spectral feature.
Results. We show that a previously reported "excess" in EBL flux in the ∼1 micron wavelength range is consistent with γ-ray measurements, that is, if the excess has the form of a narrow feature of the width δλ <  λ and an overall flux of up to 15 nW m−2 sr−1 above the "minimal" EBL, which is estimated from the visible and infrared source counts. Such 'bump-like' spectral features could originate, for example, from decaying dark-matter particles, or either axions or peculiar astrophysical processes in the course of star-formation history. We discuss the possibilities for the search of spectral features in the EBL with the Cherenkov Telescope Array.


Although around 80% of endometrial cancers are diagnosed at early stages and present with a 5-year survival rate exceeding 95%, patients with advanced and recurrent disease show a poor prognosis and low response rates to standard chemotherapy. In the era of targeted therapy, the great advances in the understanding of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) upregulation in cancer cells, which is responsible for tumor immune escape, have contributed to the increasing interest in immune checkpoint inhibitors as a promising strategy for the treatment of several refractory solid malignancies, including endometrial cancer. Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in endometrial cancer, which already led to the approval of the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) antibody pembrolizumab as a satisfactory alternative for selected patients with unresectable or metastatic disease. As the future of cancer treatment will probably rely on combination therapy strategies, currently, innovative ongoing trials are exploring the potential role of immune checkpoint inhibitors associated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other targeted therapies. Moreover, further research is warranted to discover new specific biomarkers that can accurately predict the response to immunotherapy.


This paper deals with the question of how hate leads to collective physical violence: Why is it that people who are filled with hateful emotions sometimes use violent action but mostly do not? By themselves, underlying emotions such as hate are not sufficient conditions for physical violence. However, emotions are not irrelevant for the emergence of violence. My main argument is that situational interaction sequences create emotional dynamics that make collective actors overcome their inhibition threshold and act violently. Insights into the micro-timing of interaction sequences prior to violence are therefore crucial. As social movement demonstrations have recently become reconstructable in great detail, they are especially promising for analyzing the connection of micro-timings to collective violence. If we are able to identify sequences of micro-interactions and emotional dynamics leading to violence, we might be able to avoid violence by interrupting decisive sequences.


Bacterial persistence is a phenomenon wherein small proportion of a bacterial population attains transient antibiotic tolerance likely by virtue of metabolic minimization. Type II Toxin–Antitoxin systems (TAs), small overlapping bicistronic negative auto-regulons, were recently shown to induce the persistence state. Maisonneuve et al., 2013 reported that TAs are activated by a regulatory cascade consisting of stochastic accumulation of ppGpp leading to accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP). PolyP supposedly is essential for Lon protease-dependent-degradation of antitoxins resulting in activation of toxins and induction of persistence phenotype. In contrast, using semi-quantitative primer extension, we show that transcriptional up-regulation of yefM/yoeB loci, one of the well characterized TAs of Escherichia coli, is independent of ppGpp and polyP. Similarly, we show that chromosome-encoded YoeB-dependent target mRNA cleavage is independent of polyP. Our results and meta-analysis of literature we conclude that the regulation of yefM/yoeB TAs is independent of ppGpp and polyP.


PURPOSE
To report and compare the surgical, visual, and anatomical outcomes following treatment of dislocated intraocular lenses (IOLs).

METHODS
The medical records of 28 eyes of 28 patients were evaluated. Age, gender, pre-and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), surgical methods, and complications were recorded.

RESULTS
Pre-and postoperative BCVA ranged from counting fingers to 20/32 and from counting fingers to 20/25, respectively. Late-onset dislocations were the most frequently observed complication. The most frequent surgical method was IOL repositioning in 15 of 28 patients, followed by IOL exchange in 11 patients, and IOL removal in 2 patients. Only 1 patient required surgical re-intervention with IOL capture.

CONCLUSIONS
Visual acuity improved following the use of either IOL repositioning or IOL exchange. No superiority of one method over the other was observed. In the present retrospective case series, management of dislocated IOLs with repositioning or exchange of the primary implant conferred comparable surgical and visual outcomes.


Task-oriented dialogue systems are either modularized with separate dialogue state tracking (DST) and management steps or end-to-end trainable. In either case, the knowledge base (KB) plays an essential role in fulfilling user requests. Modularized systems rely on DST to interact with the KB, which is expensive in terms of annotation and inference time. End-to-end systems, instead, use the KB directly as input, but they cannot scale when the KB is larger than a few hundred entries. In this paper, we propose a method to embed the KB, of any size, directly into the model parameters. The resulting model does not require any DST or template responses, nor the KB as input, and it can dynamically update its KB via fine-tuning. We evaluate our solution in five task-oriented dialogue datasets with small, medium, and large KB size. Our experiments show that end-to-end models can effectively embed knowledge bases in their parameters and achieve competitive performance in all evaluated datasets.


Diminution of antisecretory effect of H2-receptor antagonists with repeated oral dosing, termed tolerance, has been established in healthy volunteers. Anecdotal evidence indicates the development of tolerance with intravenous dosing. These findings demonstrate that tolerance may be clinically relevant in diseases where tight control of acidity is required. Patients with duodenal ulcer disease, however, do not develop significant tolerance, according to the sparse investigations available. Tolerance will, at most, only be of minor clinical significance in failures of DU to heal. The mechanisms implicated in the development of tolerance remain unclear.


Non-axisymmetric plasma boundary displacement is caused by the application of the external magnetic field with low toroidal mode number. Such displacement affects edge stability, power load on the first wall and could affect efficiency of the ICRH coupling in ITER. Studies of the displacement are presented for JET tokamak focusing on the interaction between error field correction coils (EFCCs) and shape control system. First results are shown on the direct measurement of the plasma boundary displacement at different toroidal locations. Both qualitative and quantitative studies of the plasma boundary displacement caused by interaction between EFCCs and shape control system are performed for different toroidal phases of the external field. Axisymmetric plasma boundary displacement caused by the EFCC/shape control system interaction is seen for certain phase values of the external field. The value of axisymmetric plasma boundary displacement caused by interaction can be comparable to the non-axisymmetric plasma boundary displacement value produced by EFCCs.


Performance of roughness measuring instruments is best compared by using Stedman diagrams. These make clear why the majority of roughness measurements for inspection and quality control in engineering industry are still made with stylus instruments. The design and construction of these instruments is described and compared with their predecessors, and their advantages, limitations and sources of error are discussed. The use of computers with modern stylus instruments raises problems of signal conditioning such as analogue-to-digital conversion and form and waviness removal. The former requires control of quantisation and aliasing, while the latter needs the design and implementation of specialised filters such as the robust Gaussian and valley removal filters. Characterisation of profile measurements includes both amplitude and texture parameters; functions such as probability distributions, autocorrelation functions and power spectra are also sometimes used, but their drawbacks need to be realised. Special amplitude parameters have been developed to describe the multiprocess surfaces now in common use. Roughness parameter specification in standards raises questions of sampling robustness. Applications are illustrated by case histories from fluid dynamics, heat transfer and automotive engineering.


Abstract. Enhancing children's literacy achievement has been identified as a top priority in education policy and research. Recent federal policies and legislation, such as the No Child Left Behind Act and the Reading First Act, have placed special emphasis on academic readiness for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. The present project evaluated the effect of the Stony Brook Emergent Literacy Project, an approach that combines teacher training, classroom-based activities, and teacher-evaluated performance using rubrics to target preschoolers' emergent literacy skills. Ten Head Start classrooms were matched and randomly assigned to implement the Literacy Project or serve as the comparison group. Teachers in Literacy Project classrooms implemented 20 group activities and evaluated children's mastery of skills during the activities through rubrics. Children were assessed on their emergent literacy skills by independent evaluators at the beginning and end of the school year. Classrooms that implemented the Literacy Project demonstrated gains in children's emergent literacy skills over the course of the academic year. Results demonstrate the effect of implementing the Literacy Project on children's growth in emergent literacy skills and emphasize the utility of including explicit emergent literacy instruction in early childhood. ********** Reading is a critical foundation for children's academic success. Children who read well read more and, as a result, acquire more knowledge in several domains (Stanovich, 1986). Children who read poorly experience problems with multiple reading-related tasks, such as fluency and comprehension, read less than more skilled peers, and do not benefit from the exposure to language and vocabulary as a result of reading (Cunningham & Stanovich, 1998; Echols, West, Stanovich, & Zehr, 1996). Research findings have consistently documented that children living in low-income environments enter school with lower levels of skills necessary for becoming good readers, and continue to trail behind peers from middle- and upper-income backgrounds throughout schooling (Arnold & Doctoroff, 2003). Research on remediation and intervention for children at risk for reading problems has focused on the construct of emergent literacy (Teale & Sulzby, 1986; Whitehurst & Lonigan, 1998), which refers to the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental precursors to reading and writing. Data highlight the importance of emergent literacy in predicting success in reading (Lonigan et al., 1999; Lonigan, Burgess, & Anthony, 2000; Storch & Whitehurst, 2002). Findings have demonstrated remarkable stability in literacy skills over time and have emphasized the importance of preschool-age competencies in developing critically important emergent literacy skills (e.g., Whitehurst & Lonigan, 1998). In a meta-analysis examining the predictive relationship between preschool and kindergarten skills and later reading outcomes, the National Early Literacy Panel (2008) documented robust relationships for a number of competencies measured in early childhood. Research on emergent literacy has identified a set of skills that are strong predictors of later formal literacy development. Multivariate longitudinal studies have documented two key areas that are most predictive of later reading development: phonological awareness and print awareness (Lonigan et al., 2000; Senechal & LeFevre, 2002; Storch & Whitehurst, 2002). In addition, studies have emphasized the contribution of emergent writing competencies in the preschool period to emergent literacy and early formal literacy (McBride-Chang, 1998; Storch & Whitehurst, 2002). Phonological awareness can be defined as an awareness of the sounds that compose words and the ability to manipulate those sounds (Snow, Burns, & Griffin, 1998); it is one of the strongest predictors of reading achievement (Torgesen & Burgess, 1998; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987; Wagner, Torgesen, Laughon, Simmons, & Rashotte, 1993). …


This paper presents a novel differential pA/V Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) topology. The circuit is suitable for the implementation of fully integrated operational transconductance amplifier-capacitance (OTA-C) filters with small feature size capacitors, suited for electrophysiological signal acquisition and conditioning. Unlike typical OTA-Cs, the proposed topology consists of transconductance reduction technique based on unbalanced output branches thatallow current subtraction thus enabling transconductances in the order of pA/V. The technique is demonstrated through the design of a 59pA/V transconductor, which is very suited for designing long-time-constant filters. This OTA-C achieved a worst-case 0.35% THD with just 61.7nW average power consumption, which allows its applicability to biomedical implants. Simulations were carried out with STMicroelectronics 0.13µm HCMOS9 node using Cadence's IC design tools. Weemployed the OTA in a design of a fourth-order bandpass filter with a narrow bandwidth of 12.5–21.8Hz. Similar results to the ideal transfer function, turn the proposed OTA ideal for biosensing-based applications.


In a tunneling experiment across a quantum dot it is possible to change the coupling between the dot and the contacts at will, by properly tuning the transparency of the barriers and the temperature. Gate voltages allow for changes of the relative position of the dot addition energies and the Fermi level of the leads. Here we discuss the two limiting cases: weak and strong coupling in the tunneling Hamiltonian. In the latter case Kondo resonant conductance can emerge at low temperature in a Coulomb blockade valley. We give a pedagogical approach to the single channel Kondo physics at equilibrium and review the Nozières scattering picture of the correlated fixed point. We emphasize the effect of an applied magnetic field and show how an orbital Kondo effect can take place in vertical quantum dots tuned both to an even and an odd number of electrons at a level crossing. We extend the approach to the two channel overscreened Kondo case and discuss recent proposals for detecting the non Fermi Liquid fixed point which could be reached at strong coupling.


Indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conducting film was treated with oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to characterize the effect. The results suggested that the oxygen content in the surface was increased and maintained for more than 50 h compared with traditional plasma-treated samples. Meanwhile, the work function of ITO estimated by comparing the peak shift in the XPS diagram suggested a corresponding increase by more than 1 eV.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of innovation modes in understanding challenges of integrated NSD and NPD, and the use of
structured NSD processes in manufacturing firms.
Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a two-stage multiple case study. The first stage is an interview study of 17 key informants
representing manufacturing firms in the machine industry. The second stage is an in-depth study of three service innovations at three manufacturing
firms based on 16 interviews with key informants.
Findings – The results of the study show that NSD processes are often more structured if the service is developed separately from the product. The fact
that different innovation modes benefit from varying degrees of structure in the development process means that integrated service development can
be challenging. Furthermore, service innovations often follow a trajectory of innovation modes before succeeding in the market. Some innovation
modes occur within the NSD process, while others occur outside the process. One success factor for NSD is the fit between the innovation modes and
the NSD process, rather than the NSD process per se.
Originality/value – This research uses innovation modes to explain why NSD in manufacturing firms is often performed on an ad hoc basis, and how
service innovations go through a trajectory of innovation modes. In this way, the study contributes to theory development of service innovation, and
specifically service innovations in manufacturing firms.


Pharmacological, pharmaceutical, clinical, physiological and other aspects of drug supply of cosmonauts are discussed. The procedure of choosing a drug to be included into the medical kit is illustrated by way of a new tranquilizer--a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. The data are presented to describe the contents of the medical kit and their use in the flight of Soyuz-19/Salyut-4.


In order to get a feasible better machining path for holes machining, which could be used to the NC (Numerical Control) programming, the algorithm for Holes Machining Path Planning (HMPP) based on Ant colony optimization (ACO) were designed. The value of the algorithm parameters were determined by computer simulation experiment. The Roulette Wheel Approach (RWA) was used by each ant to select the next milling point, and only global pheromone updating was adopted. Finally, an example was given, and the approach was proved to be efficient and practical.


Numerical solutions for the integral curves of the velocity field (streamlines), the density contours and the accretion rate of a steady-state flow of an ideal fluid with p = Knγ equation of state orbiting in a core–dipole–shell system are presented. For γ ≠ 2, we found that the nonlinear contribution appearing in the partial differential equation for the velocity potential has little effect in the form of the streamlines and density contour lines, but can be noticed in the density values. The study of several cases indicates that this appears to be the general situation. The accretion rate was found to increase when the constant γ decreases.


This paper focuses on Vahshi Bāfqi (d. 991/1583), especially on the sources for the study of his biography and works. The various editions of his collected poems are assessed. Next, all of the known early sources on Vahshi's biography are presented, including a very important one that has not been published or cited before. Laying out all of these sources allows us to construct a more authoritative biography of the poet than has appeared to date. On a broader level, we learn that the careers and works of poets of Vahshi's era are best understood in connection to one another. The tremendous growth of the tazkera genre in the Safavid-Mughal period makes possible this kind of research, focused on interconnectivity and cosmopolitanism in literary culture. In fact, the sources not only permit such an approach; they demand it. The paper ends with a series of recommendations for future research on Vahshi, his contemporaries, and the tazkera s themselves.


The rice-powder paid to attention in Japan, because the various food made by rice-powder. But, conventional method of manufacturing rice-powder generates heat when crushing of rice. One the other hand, the pressure vessel of oval structure for manufactured rice-powder using underwater shock wave has been developed in Okinawa National College of Technology. The merits of this system manufacture rice-powder without heating. But, the efficiency of this system is low. Therefore, in this paper, we propose new design of pressure vessel for the highly effective rice-powder manufacturing. To design a new pressure vessel, it is clear that the performance of the oval structure pressure vessel. And, we design and manufacturing new pressure vessel for the highly effective rice-powder manufacturing.


This research project examines how video games can be programmed to generate the sense of the digital sublime. The digital sublime is a term proposed by this research to describe experiences where the combination of code and art produces games that appear boundless and autonomous. The definition of this term is arrived at by building on various texts and literature such as the work of Kant, Deleuze and Wark and on video games such as Proteus, Minecraft and Love. The research is based on the investigative practice of my work as an artist-programmer and demonstrates how games can be produced to encourage digitally sublime scenarios. In the three games developed for this thesis I employ computer code as an artistic medium, to generate games that explore permutational complexity and present experiences that walk the margins between confusion and control. The structure of this thesis begins with a reading of the Kantian sublime, which I introduce as the foundation for my definition of the digital sublime. I then combine this reading with elements of contemporary philosophy and computational theory to establish a definition applicable to the medium of digital games. This definition is used to guide my art practice in the development of three games that examine different aspects of the digital sublime such as autonomy, abstraction, complexity and permutation. The production of these games is at the core of my research methodology and their development and analysis is used to produce contributions in the following areas.
1. New models for artist-led game design. This includes methods that re-contextualise existing aesthetic forms such as futurism, synaesthesia and romantic landscape through game design and coding. It also presents techniques that merge visuals and mechanics into a format developed for artistic and philosophical enquiry.
2. The development of new procedural and generative techniques in the programming of video games. This includes the implementation of a realtime marching cubes algorithm that generates fractal noise filtered terrain. It also includes a versatile three-dimensional space packing architectural construction algorithm.
3. A new reading of the digital sublime. This reading draws from the Kantian sublime and the writings of Deleuze, Wark and De Landa in order to present an understanding of the digital sublime specific to the domain of art practice within video games. These contributions are evidenced in the writing of this thesis and in the construction of the associated portfolio of games.


To date, the anthropology of space has been largely grounded in phenomenology and practice theory, both of which emphasise the mutually constitutive relations between embodied subjects and place. Despite the important contribution made by these approaches toward describing the experiential and situated nature of human activity, phenomenology and practice theory offer limited insight into the cognitive complexity involved in 'place making'. Place is a dynamic state of mind undergoing constant update and revision in response to changing stimuli and available information, and grounded in a necessary interdependence between mind, body, emotion and environment. Based on my fieldwork in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, I contend that the pilgrim's ritual engagement with the 'holy of holies' exhibits an exceptional kind of place-making strategy – distinct from that employed in everyday life. Furthermore, I attempt to convey that it is because of the distinct nature of this cognitive strategy that the Holy Sepulchre has the enduring and extraordinary status it does in the Christian imagination.


Genotypes performance changes due to environmental pressures or stresses and differences in their ability to adapt to the stress factors. Drought is the main abiotic stress factor affecting bread wheat yield and yield component. The experiment was carried out in the experimental field of Trakia Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne (Turkey), in 2008-2009 and 2009-2010, and 15 wheat genotypes were planted in RCBD in a split-plot with three replications. The main plots were assigned to five moisture regimes, which included 3 drought stress environments, one non-stress and one non-treatment environment. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used to determine genotypes environment interaction. Grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, spike number per square meter, kernel and spikelet number per spike, length of spike and plant height were investigated. PCA indicated that the first (46.31%) and second (25.32%) components justified 71.63% of variations in the investigated yield parameters of the genotypes. Based on GGE biplot results, Kate A-1 and Tekirdağ genotypes were determined as the most stable cultivars for grain yield. Mean values of the genotypes varied between 3830-6583 kg ha-1 for grain yield, 20170-25394 kg ha-1 for biological yield, 68.6-110.9cm for plant height, 30.2-38.3 for kernel number in spike, 328.8-486.6 for spike number per square meter and 6.57-9.17cm for spike length. Clusters I and II were more clearly separated. In the first group of clusters 6 genotypes are located including one line and five cultivars. In the second group of clusters 8 genotypes are located including five advanced lines and four cultivars.


ABSTRACT We have replaced the ectodomain of the spike (S) protein of the Beaudette strain (Beau-R; apathogenic for Gallus domesticus chickens) of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV) with that from the pathogenic M41 strain to produce recombinant IBV BeauR-M41(S). We have previously shown that this changed the tropism of the virus in vitro (R. Casais, B. Dove, D. Cavanagh, and P. Britton, J. Virol. 77:9084-9089, 2003). Herein we have assessed the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of BeauR-M41(S). There were no consistent differences in pathogenicity between the recombinant BeauR-M41(S) and its apathogenic parent Beau-R (based on snicking, nasal discharge, wheezing, watery eyes, rales, and ciliostasis in trachea), and both replicated poorly in trachea and nose compared to M41; the S protein from the pathogenic M41 had not altered the apathogenic nature of Beau-R. Both Beau-R and BeauR-M41(S) induced protection against challenge with M41 as assessed by absence of recovery of challenge virus and nasal exudate. With regard to snicking and ciliostasis, BeauR-M41(S) induced greater protection (seven out of nine chicks [77%]; assessed by ciliostasis) than Beau-R (one out of nine; 11%) but less than M41 (100%). The greater protection induced by BeauR-M41(S) against M41 may be related to the ectodomain of the spike protein of Beau-R differing from that of M41 by 4.1%; a small number of epitopes on the S protein may play a disproportionate role in the induction of immunity. The results are promising for the prospects of S-gene exchange for IBV vaccine development.


Secondary spectrum access emerges as a meansto increase spectrum utilization significantly in a near future.However, the technical availability and the economic value of thesecondary access have not been fully investigated. Particularly,the impact of the secondary access on the real-life primary systemsremains mostly unaddressed. Among the primary systemsof interest are aeronautical communication systems operating inthe radio frequencies under 6 GHz. In this paper, we presentan overview of various aeronautical communication systems asthe potential primary users. We describe the purposes, characteristics,and operational facts of not only existing but alsofuture aeronautical systems. We also discuss the opportunitiesand challenges of secondary access to aeronautical spectrumand suggest a secondary use case suitable for the aeronautical spectrum.


Using the case of desa wisata adat (official tourism and traditional cultural village) Ngadas, East Java, Indonesia, this thesis explores the meanings of success from the perspectives of rural young people and how the particular local context of Ngadas shaped their understandings of success. Unlike many rural young people in Indonesia, young people from Ngadas are known for their land ownership, successful farming, low rate of urbanisation and low participation in formal education. With its particular social, economic and cultural background, young people from Ngadas serves as a valuable case study to understand Indonesian rural youth success as it is situated within the village.  In this research, I utilise Bourdieu's theory of practice to focus on the practices of young people for success and explore the capitals and habitus within Ngadas (the field). In doing so, I explore how the adat (customs, rituals, values) is significantly embedded within young people's practices for success in three key aspects of their lives: work practices, familial/relational practices and religious practices. Drawing on six weeks of ethnographic fieldwork with six youth participants and four village leaders, data were collected through focus group discussion or klumpukan, auto-driven photo-elicitation, individual interviews, and participant observation.  My study shows that for young people in Ngadas, their success practices were underpinned by a form of social capital that is founded on reciprocity or a gift exchange which is embedded within and shaped by adat, and in turn also serves to maintain adat. The significance of social capital for young people's success explains how success in Ngadas is founded on strong relationships, reciprocity, a sense of belonging, and a sense of community to maintain harmony or guyub rukun. Thus, social capital for young people's success holds a symbolic value not only for the individual, but also for the field of Ngadas. The case study of young people in Ngadas also presents an understanding of success as illusio, a sense of purpose that is gained from investing in social relationships. It is an understanding of success as a sense of being and belonging with and for others that ties young people's individual success to the collective success of Ngadas as an economic, social and cultural community.


ABSTRACT Telomeres, the ends of the eukaryotic chromosomes, help to maintain the genome's integrity and thus play important roles in aging and cancer. Telomere length is strictly controlled in all organisms. In humans, telomeres shorten with age, and it has been proposed that telomere shortening may play a causal role in aging. We took advantage of the availability of yeast strains with genetically or physiologically generated differences in telomere length to measure the effect that telomere length may have on cellular growth. By comparing the growth rates affecting telomere length of various yeast mutants we show that there is no correlation between their telomere length and cellular fitness. We also show that wild-type yeast cells carrying extremely long telomeres (~5 times longer than the average) showed no signs of mitotic or meiotic defects, and competition experiments found no differences in growth between strains with normal telomeres and strains with long telomeres. No advantage or disadvantage of cells with long telomeres was detected under stress conditions either. Finally, telomere length had no effect in a chronological life span assay, which measures survival of post-mitotic-stage cells. We conclude that extreme telomere length has no effects (positive or negative) on the fitness of yeast cells. IMPORTANCE Telomeres protect the chromosomal ends from fusion, degradation, and unwanted repair. Therefore, telomeres preserve genome stability and cell viability. In humans, telomeres shorten with each cell duplication event and with age. It has thus been proposed that telomere shortening may be responsible for human aging and that elongation of telomeres may be a way to rejuvenate cells and to combat aging. However, it is difficult to prove this hypothesis in human cells. Yeasts are easy to manipulate and have telomeres whose length is strictly maintained. Here we show that yeast cells manipulated to have extremely long telomeres (~5-fold those of normal cells) did not show any improvement or reduction in fitness compared to otherwise identical cells with telomeres of normal length under all the conditions tested. Moreover, an assay that measures cell aging showed no effect of the presence of extremely long telomeres. We thus conclude that extreme telomere length, at least in yeast cells, does not affect cellular fitness, aging, or senescence. Telomeres protect the chromosomal ends from fusion, degradation, and unwanted repair. Therefore, telomeres preserve genome stability and cell viability. In humans, telomeres shorten with each cell duplication event and with age. It has thus been proposed that telomere shortening may be responsible for human aging and that elongation of telomeres may be a way to rejuvenate cells and to combat aging. However, it is difficult to prove this hypothesis in human cells. Yeasts are easy to manipulate and have telomeres whose length is strictly maintained. Here we show that yeast cells manipulated to have extremely long telomeres (~5-fold those of normal cells) did not show any improvement or reduction in fitness compared to otherwise identical cells with telomeres of normal length under all the conditions tested. Moreover, an assay that measures cell aging showed no effect of the presence of extremely long telomeres. We thus conclude that extreme telomere length, at least in yeast cells, does not affect cellular fitness, aging, or senescence.


This paper examines the connection between globalisation, with its growth in world trade links, and certain ecological effects especially concerning "North-South" relations. Although world trade in the mid-nineties was significantly uncoupled from growth trends in the world economy, so that since then it has increased nearly three times faster than the global GDP, certain indicators of energy use and CO2 emissions have not developed proportionately to world trade; globalisation evidently does not lead to a situation where pressures on the environment are increasing to the same extent worldwide. This de-linking may, however, result in the kind of shifts that we examine here with reference to the material trade flows of the European Union. It will be shown that, in the course of globalisation, the countries of the EU have increasingly shifted environmental burdens on to the countries of the South, especially in the form of ecological rucksacks of imported raw materials, while at the same time reducing the pressure on their own domestic environment by extracting fewer material resources. Furthermore, goods whose production places intensive pressure on the environment (industrial emissions into the atmosphere and water, heavy metal emissions, etc.) have been increasingly imported from newly industrializing or developing countries. The greater covering of material requirements from foreign resources has served not so much the EU's internal consumption as its own production of export goods; this shows that the EU has an increasing share in the resource requirement of other economies. The paper concludes that it is absolutely necessary to consider the international dimension in any strategy for more productive use of resources in industrial countries. In the long term, the EU's resource use should also be reduced in absolute terms. This will also be necessary in order to reduce the pressure on the environment due to imports and exports.


Limitations and Relationships of West Indian Mammal Faunas, Living and Extinct IN GENERAL The indigenous land mammals of the West Indies consist of three groups: (1) Insectivora, (2) hystricomorph rodents, (3) gravigrade edentates. No perissodactyls (horses, rhinoceroses, tapirs, etcetera), no artiodactyls (peccaries, deer, antelopes, etcetera), no proboscideans (elephants, mastodons, etcetera), no true carnivores (dogs, cats, raccoons, mustelines, bears, etcetera). Nor are there any sciuromorph, lagomorph, or myomorph rodents, shrews, moles, hedgehogs, or opossums. All these large groups, most of them abundant and varied in Tertiary North America, are wholly absent. Nor do the Insectivora, rodents, or edentates include anything at all nearly allied to any North American members of the order or derivable from anything known to have inhabited North America in the later Tertiary. Most of these North American groups invaded South America in the Pliocene and are part of its later fauna. In the Miocene and early Tertiary they are not found in South America, but their place is taken by . . .


South Korea and Taiwan are two leading economies in Asia Pacific. This study examines the relationship between the financial health, as measured by the Altman Z-Score, and corporate performance, as measured by the Return on Equity (ROE), of listed manufacturing companies in these two markets. A linear regression was conducted between these variables to determine the magnitude and direction of their relationships. The trends of Z-Scores over a fourteen-year period are also analyzed. The analysis covers the period from 2000 to 2013(inclusive) and yielded a statistically positive correlation between ROE and the Z-Score for both markets. South Korea and Taiwan both registered moderate-to-strong mean and median Z-Scores. However, Taiwan is comparatively healthier. These findings further support the economic stature of these two markets as Asian tigers.


In this research, new emulsions were prepared based on three different vegetables oil which are sunflower oil, virgin coconut oil and extra virgin olive oil with different non-ionic surfactant, namely Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitanmonooleate (Tween 80) and Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tri-oleate (Tween 85). Phase behaviors of vegetables oil/non-ionic surfactants/water were investigated. The effects of the surfactants on the emulsion system of the phase were elucidated. Thus, ternary phase diagram were constructed to find the suitable and stable emulsion system of vegetables oils/non-ionic surfactant/water for cosmeceutical purposes.


In the traditional model of consumer risk, the product that is consumed is understood to be the agent that is imbued with risks. In prostitution, it is the woman who is being consumed as a commodity who is at great risk, in spite of the fact that prostitution is sometimes (erroneously) described as "sex between consenting adults." Prostitution occurs because the person being consumed as product would not consent to sex with the buyer unless he paid for it. Thus, the notion that it is the consumer who is at risk for harm via consumption of a product is sometimes inappropriate and the model itself needs to be reframed. This is the case with prostitution, where the prostituted person is at far greater risk than the sex buyer or the pimp.


Abstract Constraining the accommodation, distribution, and circulation of hydrogen in the Earth's interior is vital to our broader understanding of the deep Earth due to the significant influence of hydrogen on the material and rheological properties of minerals. Recently, a great deal of attention has been paid to the high-pressure polymorphs of FeOOH (space groups P21nm and Pnnm). These structures potentially form a hydrogen-bearing solid solution with AlOOH and phase H (MgSiO4H2) that may transport water (OH–) deep into the Earth's lower mantle. Additionally, the pyrite-type polymorph (space group Pa3 of FeOOH), and its potential dehydration have been linked to phenomena as diverse as the introduction of hydrogen into the outer core (Nishi et al. 2017), the formation of ultralow-velocity zones (ULVZs) (Liu et al. 2017), and the Great Oxidation Event (Hu et al. 2016). In this study, the high-pressure evolution of FeOOH was re-evaluated up to ~75 GPa using a combination of synchrotron-based X‑ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and optical absorption spectroscopy. Based on these measurements, we report three principal findings: (1) pressure-induced changes in hydrogen bonding (proton disordering or hydrogen bond symmetrization) occur at substantially lower pressures in Ɛ-FeOOH than previously reported and are unlikely to be linked to the high-spin to low-spin transition; (2) Ɛ-FeOOH undergoes a 10% volume collapse coincident with an isostructural Pnnm → Pnnm transition at approximately 45 GPa; and (3) a pressure-induced band gap reduction is observed in FeOOH at pressures consistent with the previously reported spin transition (40 to 50 GPa).


In this issue of the Archives of Surgery , we are pleased to present the scientific transactions of the 96th Annual Program of the Western Surgical Association (WSA) held in San Diego, Calif. Founded in 1891, the Association elected S. S. Todd of Topeka, Kan, as its first president. The original name of the organization was the Western Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, which was changed to the Western Surgical and Gynecological Association in 1892 and to the Western Surgical Association in 1909. The WSA presidency has been held by such American surgical stalwarts as Drs Warren H. Cole, James T. Priestley, Charles Mayo (two generations, 1904 and 1963), O. Theron Clagett, Thomas Orr, and Chester B. McVay, and in more recent years by Drs George L. Jordan, Martin A. Adson, R. Dale Liechty, Alexander J. Walt, Melvin A. Block, and J. Bradley Aust, the current president. Dr Willis Gatek served


Objectives
We aimed to assess self-efficacy and the experience of depression-related emotions among non-pregnant adolescent and young women (15-23 years) living in rural Pakistan, and determine their association with measures of nutritional status.

Methods
Outcomes were assessed from the Matiari emPowerment and Preconception Supplementation (MaPPS) Trial baseline data (n = 25,279). Self-efficacy and depression-related emotions were determined and categorized using the general self-efficacy scale (low, moderate, and high) and DASS-21 tool (normal, mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe), respectively. Nutritional status was evaluated using hemoglobin concentration (HemoCue Hb 301 System) and body mass index (BMI). Associations were assessed using ordinal logistic regression, and multivariate models were adjusted for education, parity, wealth index, and clustering.

Results
The majority of participants were categorized as having moderate self-efficacy (50.6%) and experienced normal range depression-related emotions (76.3%). The mean hemoglobin concentration and BMI were 11.5 ± 1.9 g/dL and 20.2 ± 3.8 kg/m2, respectively. Each unit of increase in hemoglobin was associated with having higher self-efficacy (β = 0.018; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.005 to 0.031) and lower severe depression-like emotions (β = -0.018; 95% CI: -0.033 to -0.002). Similarly, BMI was associated with higher self-efficacy (β = 0.010; 95% CI: 0.004 to 0.017) and lower severe depression-like emotions (β = -0.014; 95% CI: -0.022 to -0.007). For all models, however, wealth index had a stronger effect on the outcomes of interest.

Conclusions
Poor nutritional status is suggested to be associated with behavioral organization and one's emotional state. In this setting with a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, we observed associations between lower hemoglobin and BMI with low self-efficacy and experiencing depressed mood, although the effect sizes were small. Findings may reflect potential confounding in the link between empowerment and mood, and poverty.

Funding Sources
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, World Food Programme.


The purpose of this study is to analyze the demand for reporting on internal control. Nine financial statement user groups were identified and surveyed to determine whether they agree that: (1) management reports on internal control (MRIC) are useful, (2) MRICs influence decisions, and (3) financial reporting is improved by adding MRICs. In addition, the paper examined whether responses varied based on: (1) the definition of internal control used (manipulated as broad, operational definition vs. narrow, financial‐reporting definition) and (2) user group. The results indicate that financial statement users agree that internal controls are important. Respondents agreed that voluntary MRICs improved controls and provided additional information for decision making. Respondents also agreed that mandatory MRICs improved controls, but did not agree about their value for decision making. Using a broad definition of controls, respondents strongly agreed that MRICs improved controls and provided a better indicator ...


0s D-sD+s 0s D-D+s The first measurement of the effective lifetime of the ¯ B 0 s meson in the decay ¯ B 0 s → D − s D þ s is reported using a proton-proton collision data set, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb − 1 , collected by the LHCb experiment. The measured value of the ¯ B 0 s → D − s D þ s effective lifetime is 1 . 379 (cid:1) 0 . 026 (cid:1) 0 . 017 ps, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. This lifetime translates into a measurement of the decay width of the light ¯ B 0 s mass eigenstate of Γ L ¼ 0 . 725 (cid:1) 0 . 014 (cid:1) 0 . 009 ps − 1 . The ¯ B 0 s lifetime is also measured using the flavor-specific ¯ B 0 s → D − D þ s decay to be 1 . 52 (cid:1) 0 . 15 (cid:1) 0 . 01 ps.


This paper presents an algorithm for arbitrary-ratio video downscaling in the compression domain. The existing video downscaling algorithms are special cases with respect to our algorithm. In addition, these algorithms are computationally complex for fractional ratio downscaling and are only suitable to integer ratio downscaling in some cases. A striking characteristic of our proposed approach is that it can perform downscaling for arbitrary factors with relatively few calculations. The proposed algorithm comprehensively uses the shift-matrix and discrete cosine transform (DCT)-base transformation matrix and employs a lookup-table to speedup the matrix multiplication. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a fast computation speed and has high PSNR compared with the traditional methods.


textabstractPurpose The purpose of the paper is to present a theory of organisational change within the setting of a governmental bureaucracy. Design/methodology/ approach Orthodox grounded theory is employed in the setting of a change programme in 12 Audit departments of the Dutch Ministries (public-sector). Findings The examined organisational change has specific characteristics. The Dutch 'ministerial autonomy' and the clearly recognizable role types of the key figures involved have a strong impact on the change programme and the realisation of its goals. Research limitations/implications Findings are derived on the basis of a substantive case study of the change programme of the Dutch Departmental Audit function. The research sheds new light on characteristics related to the occupational group of Chartered Accountants and characteristics of a governmental bureaucracy and it helps to understand change programmes within this bureaucracy. Practical implications The grounded theoretical model draws attention to the impact of key figures and circumstances on a change programme within the central government. Originality/value The paper builds on theories of organisational change but applies them in the typical context of the Dutch civil service where ministerial autonomy, on the one hand, and a move in the direction of more centrally organised activities (concern idea), on the other, require a difficult balancing act of all players in the change arena.


Immunotherapy has emerged as a potent approach for treating aggressive cancers, such as non–small-cell lung tumors and metastatic melanoma. Clinical trials are now in progress for patients with malignant gliomas; however, a better understanding of how these tumors escape immune surveillance is required to enhance antitumor immune responses. With gliomas, the recruitment of CD8+ T cells to the tumor is impaired, in part preventing containment or elimination of the tumor. In this issue of the JCI, Kohanbash and colleagues present an elegant dissection of how gliomas exploit an enzymatic activity acquired through a common mutation to abrogate the migration of CD8+ T cells to the tumor. They show that the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), generated by mutated forms of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 and IDH2), reduces the expression of STAT1, thereby limiting the production of the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. As a result, IDH1-mutated tumors are less effectively infiltrated by CD8+ T cells, contributing to tumor escape. Finally, in mice harboring syngeneic gliomas, an inhibitor of 2HG synthesis complemented vaccination to ameliorate tumor control. Understanding how to increase immune infiltration of gliomas represents a key first step in achieving tumor destruction through immunotherapy.


The care of people with intellectual disabilities is provided by a variety of sources. Of all these sources, the informal sector - made up of family caregivers - is the largest. This book is concerned with the geographies of carer support and how institutional structures at national, regional and local levels interlock to provide systems of care support. This book raises pertinent questions around the role of government, civil society and service providers in family support. At the national level, state and voluntary services are analysed in the US, England and Ireland by examining how caregivers are 'targeted' by the different models of welfare. A post-structuralist perspective is used to examine how carers and care recipients are socially constructed across space and place, and how care discourses have manifested themselves in the provision of care services. Interviews were carried out with statutory and voluntary carer support agencies on how policies are interpreted and implemented on the ground in each country. To explore these issues in more depth, this book examines the case of Ireland in more detail. Ireland has a very history level of support across scale and possesses a unique blend of Catholic conservative 'family' policy and 'neo-liberal' statutory provision which makes it a particularly interesting case in examining broader debates in welfare and redistributive justice. This case study is informed by the narratives of family caregivers who are affected by such policy. Particular attention is paid to the everyday geographies of care and experiences of support services by the families themselves. The caregivers' accounts illustrate both the social and spatial difficulties of navigating through a landscape of care characterised by insufficient and conflicting information on services, a lack of shared knowledge between service providers and limited available services, and how these problems shape the caregiving experience within the home.